mhÂ kmlnxy · school of distance education novel sahithyam page 3 sam-uyqÄ h¶v t\mhÂ c¶p...

$: mhÂ kmlnXy · School of Distance Education Novel Sahithyam Page 3 sam-UyqÄ H¶v t\mhÂ C¶p tIcfobÀ¡v FÃm hn`mK§fnepw s]« t\mhepIÄ ]cnNnX §fmWvþ¢mÊn¡Â, sdmamân¡v,$
t\mhÂ kmlnXyw

tImÀ tImgvkv

_n.F.aebmfw

IV SEMESTER

2014 Admission Onwards

CUCBCSS

546

School of Distance Education

Novel Sahithyam Page 2

CALICUT UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

STUDY MATERIAL

CORE COURSE OF BA MALAYALAM

IV SEMESTER

X¿mdm¡nbXv

a\p tPmÀPv

AknÌâv s{]m^kÀ (FDP)

tZhamXm tImtfPv Ipdhne§mSv

Settings & Lay Out By: SDE



sam-UyqÄ H¶v

t\mhÂ

C¶p tIcfobÀ¡v FÃm hn`mK§fnepw s]« t\mhepIÄ ]cnNnX

§fmWvþ¢mÊn¡Â, sdmamân¡v, kÀ dnbenÌv, tamtUWnÌv F¶Ã t]mÌv

tamtUWnÌv t\mhÂ t]mepw. Chbvs¡Ãmw {]tXyI e£W§fpv.

\mtSmSn¡Ytbm A½q½¡Ytbm ]pcmWIYtbm H¶paÃ t\mhÂ; X\Xmb

khntijaqeyhyhØIfpÅ kaql¯nsâ ØeIme§fmÂ ]cn_²amb Hcp

Iemcq]amWXv. GsX¦nepw kmaqlnIþkmwkvImcnI ]cnXxØnXnbnÂ DÄs¸«

a\pjy³ BÀÖnXm\p`h§fnÂ¡qSn cq]s¸Sp¯nb aqey§sf t\mhÂ

]p\x]cntim[n¡p¶p. aqey hnaÀiw \S¯msX hnImtcm±o]\w km[n¡p¶

BJym\ \n_Ô\IÄ¡pw t\mhse¶p ]dbmdnsÃ¶nÃ; F¶mÂ Ah

t\mhensâ [À½w \ndthäp¶nÃ. Gsd¡mew P·n¯þ]utcmlnXy

ta[mhnXz¯n\v ASnas¸«ncp¶ P\X a[yhÀKambn cq]w ]qp h¶t¸mÄ,

PohnX¯nepw kmlnXy¯nepw aqey§fpsS ]p\À hnaÀi\¯n\v {]kànbpw

hym]vXnbpw hÀ²n¨p. auenIambn a[yhÀK¯nsâ kmlnXy cq]amWtÃm

t\mhÂ. Imew sN¶tXmsS AXnsâ ssh]peyhpw sshhn[yhpw hÀ[n¨p;

A§s\ AXn¶v AkwJyw \nÀhN\§fpapmbn.

t\mhÂ þ \nÀÆ-N-\-§Ä

""A¼-Xn-\m-bn-c-̄ n-tesd hm¡p-I-fpÅ GXp Iev]n-X-K-Zy-I-Ybpw

t\mhem''Ipsa¶v Cu.-Fw. t^mÌÀ hn[n-¡p-¶p. ""\S-¶tNm \S-¡p-¶tXm Bb

bYmÀ°-Po-hn-Xs¯ {]Xn-\n-[m\w sN¿p¶ kw -̀h-§-sebpw IYm-]m-{X-§sfbpw

Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡p-¶, k¦oÀ®X IqSn-btXm Ipd-ª-tXm-Bb Hcp CXn-hr-̄ hpw KWy-



amb ssZÀLyhpw DÅ Iev]n-X-K-Zy-I-Y-bmWv t\mhÂ'' F¶v HmIvkvt^mÀUv

Cw¥ojv \nLp t\mh-ens\ \nÀÆ-Nn-¡p-¶p. Cw¥ojv t\mh-ensâ Ncn{Xw hnh-cn-

¡p¶ GWÌv F. t_¡À ""Iev]nX KZy-I-Ym-cq-]-̄ n-epÅ a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-hym-

Jm\""amWv t\mhÂ F¶p ]d-bp-¶p. ""t\mhÂ þ kzbw ]qÀ®hpw \nÝn-X-

ssZÀLyw DÅ-Xp-amb bmYmÀ°ym-[n-jvTnX KZy-I-Y-bmsW''¶v BÀt\mÄUv

sIänÂ tcJ-s -̧Sp-̄ p-¶p. ""a\p-jy-cpsS hnIm-c-hn-Nm-c-§sf {]Im-in-̧ n-¡p-¶Xpw

kw`m-hy-hp-amb Hcp PmXn-hr-̄ s¯ BJym\w sNbvXv Imhym-\p-̀ qXn Dm-Ip¶

Hcp KZy-{K-Ù-am-Ip¶p t\mhÂ'' F¶v Fw.-]n. t]mÄ \nÀÆ-Nn-¡p-¶p. CXc

`mcXob `mjIfnse¶t]mse aebmf¯nepw t\mhÂ F¶ kmlnXycq]w

X\ntb s]m«napf¨XÃ; ]mÝmXy kmlnXy¯nsâ a®nÂ \n¶p ]dn¨p \«XmWv.

Ihn-X-sbbpw \mS-I-s¯-bp-a-t]-£n¨v {]mNo-\X hfsc Ipdª Hcp kmln-

Xy-cq-]-amWv t\mhÂ. F¦nepw kl-{km-_vZ-§Ä sImp Ihn-Xbpw \mS-Ihpw

t\Sn-b-Xn-s\-¡mÄ Bkzm-Z-Isc k¼m-Zn-¡m³ Cu Ime-̄ n-\n-S-bnÂ t\mh-en\p

Ign-ªp. t\mh-en\v an¡ kmln-Xy-cq-]-§Ä¡p-sa-¶-t]mse {]mNo\ kmln-Xy-

¯nÂ {]m{Kq-]-§-fp-v. Ah-bnÂ {][m-\-s¸-«h þ s]t{Sm-Wn-b-Ênsâ "kmän-dn-

t¡m¬', A¸p-en-b-knsâ "s]m³I-gp-X', temwK-knsâ "Um^v\nbpw t¢mbpw'

F¶o IrXn-I-fmWv. sI«p-d-̧ n-Ãm-̄ Xpw Akw-̀ -hyX \nd-ªXpw IYm-]m-{Xm-hn-

jvI-c-W-̄ nÂ {i²n-¡m-̄ -Xp-amb Ch-bnÂ\n¶p t\mh-en-tebv¡p henb Zqc-ap-

v.

t\mhÂ -]mivNmXykmlnXycq]w

{InkvXp-a-X-̄ n\p ap¼pw ]n¼p-ambn kwkvIr-X-̀ m-j-bnÂ KZy-cq-]-̄ nepÅ

[mcmfw IY-IÄ Dm-bn. ZÞn-bpsS "Zi-Ip-am-c-N-cnX'hpw _mWsâ "lÀj-N-

cnX'hpw "ImZw-_cn'bpw ]cm-aÀiw AÀln-¡p-¶p. Ah t\mh-embn hnI-kn-¡p-

Itbm AXnsâ BhnÀ`m-h-̄ n\p tlXp-hm-Ip-Itbm sNbvXn-Ã. ]Xn-s\m¶mw iX-

I-̄ nsâ Bcw-̀ -̄ nÂ apdm-kIn {]`zn Pm¸-\okv KZy-̄ n-se-gp-Xnb "K©n-bpsS

IY' t\mh-ensâ ]qÀÆ-am-Xr-I-I-fnÂ {][m-\-s¸« H¶m-Wv. a[y-bp-K-̄ nÂ Dcp-̄ n-

cnª sdmam³kpw ^mÉo-sbmbpw t\msh-Ãbpw \thm-°m-\-Im-e¯p cq]-s¸«

]n¡m-sdkvIpw t\mh-ense BhnÀ`m-h-̄ n\p ]Ým-̄ -e-sam-cp-¡n.



t\mhÃIfpw sdmam³kpIfpw

]{´mw \qäm-nsâ ]qÀÆmÀ²-̄ nÂ {^m³kn-ep-mb kmln-Xy-cq-]-

amWv "sdmam³kv'. BZy-Im-e¯p ]Zy-¯n-emWv CXv Fgp-X-s¸-«-Xv. {ItaW KZy-

¯n-tebv¡pw aäv bqtdm-]y³ `mj-I-fn-tebv¡pw AXnsâ cN\ hym]n-̈ p. cmPm-¡-

·mcpw {]`p-¡-·mcpw hoc-tbm-²m-¡fpw aX-{]-am-Wn-I-fp-a-S-§p¶ D¶-X-Ip-e-̄ nsâ

AXn-̀ m-h-\m-ß-I-amb IY-bmWv sdmam³kv. sdmam³kp-IÄ krjvSn¨ Zpxk-l-amb

Ir{Xn-a-Xzhpw Pohn-X-ssh-ap-Jyhpw AXn\p hn]-co-X-amb khn-ti-j-X-I-tfm-Sp-Iq-Snb

t\mh-en\p P·w \ÂIn. s_m¡m-̈ n-tbm-hnsâ "U¡m-a-tdm¬' IY-I-tfm-sS, ]Xn-

\memw \qäm-nse Cä-en-bnÂ hnI-kn-̈ p-h¶ t\msh-Ã, t\mh-en-t\mSp Ipsd-¡qSn

ASp-̄ p-\nÂ¡p-¶p. KZy-cq-]-̄ n-epÅ sNdnb IY-bmWv s\sh-Ã. A¡m-es¯

Cäm-en-b³ Pohn-X-¯nsâ hyXy-kvX-ap-J-§Ä Ah-X-cn-̧ n-¡p¶ "U¡m-a-tdm¬'

t\mh-en-sâbpw sNdp-I-Y-bp-sSbpw ]nXr-Øm\w Ae-¦-cn-¡p-¶p.

aebmf¯nse BZyIme t\mhepIÄ

t\mhÂ cq]¯nÂ aebmf¯nend§nb BZys¯ {KÙw "XoÀ°mSI

]ptcmKXn'bmWv. tPm¬ _\nbsâ Pilgrim’s Progress- \v dh.tPmk^v ]oäv

X¿mdm¡nb Cu hnhÀ¯\w 1840 þÂ ]pd¯ph¶p. 1878þÂ {]kn²s¸Sp¯nb

anknkv tImfn³knsâ "LmXIh[' (Slayer Slain F¶ IrXnbpsS

hnhÀ¯\w) amWv aebmf¯nse BZy t\mhembn ]ecpw IW¡m¡p¶Xv.

ImcWw, CXnsâ ]Ým¯ew tIcfamWv; CXv ChnSps¯ kndnb³ {InkvXy³

kaql¯nsâ aqey hyhØsb ]cntim[n¡p¶papv. lmcnbäv _o¨À

tÌmhnsâ Uncle Tom’s Cabin \pambn CXn¶v kmZriyapv. ]nÂ¡me¯p

h¶ kmaqly t\mhepIsft¸mse, LmXIh[hpw t{]aIYtbmsSm¸w kmaqly

]cnjv¡cW¯nsâ ktµihpw AhXcn¸n¡p¶p. F¦nepw cq]]ctam

ssieo]ctam Bb ta·sbm¶pw CXn¶hImis¸«p IqSm. 1882þÂ ]pd¯ph¶

BÀ¨vUo¡¬ tIminbpsS "]ptÃen¡p©p' Hcp {InkvXy³ D]tZinbpw Hcp



lnµphpw X½nÂ {InkvXpaX¯nsâ ta·Isf¡pdn¨p \S¯p¶ kw`mjWw

am{XamWv. F¦nepw C¯cw BJym\§fpw, hntZianj\dnamcmb KpÀ«v,

s_³Pan³ t_en, kztZi anj\dnamcmb dh.tPmÀPv am¯³ XpS§nbhcpsS

KZy \n_Ô§fpw aebmfKZy¯n¶p IqSpXÂ sabvhg¡hpw

`mhtZymX\iànbpw \ÂIn; CXv 19þmw \qämnsâ A´yL«¯nÂ t\mhÂ

F¶ kmlnXycq]s¯ k¼¶am¡ms\mcp§nb {]Xn`mimenIÄ¡p

klmbIambn `hn¡pIbpw sNbvXp.

Nne \ncq]I·mcpsS ZpjvSnbnÂ 1887þÂ shfn¨w I A¸p s\Sp§mSnbpsS

"IpµeX' bmWv aebmf¯nse BZys¯ t\mhÂ. tjIvkv]nbdpsS Cymbelin,

kÀ hmÄ«À kvtIm«nsâ Ivanhoe F¶nhbpsS I\¯ kzm[o\iàn

IpµeXbnÂ {]ISamWv. `mhpIXzapÅ hockmlknI IYbmWv IpµeX; AXv

IY ]dbp¶p, ckn¸n¡p¶p. AXnse KZyw kcfamWv, kw`mjWw kz`mhnIhpw.

F¦nepw AXv kmaqlyhnaÀiw \S¯p¶nÃ.aqey ]cntim[\bv¡v apXncp¶panÃ.

N´ptat\m\pw kmaqlyt\mhepw

BJym\ Ipie\pw \À½cknI\pw sXmgnÂhimÂ PUvPnbpambncp¶

H.N´ptat\m³ 1889 Unkw_dnÂ "CµpteJ' {]kn²s¸Sp¯n. CXmWv aebmf

¯nse BZys¯ e£Ww XnIª t\mhÂ."imcZ' F¶ ASp¯ t\mhÂ

]qÀ¯nbm¡p¶Xn\p ap¼v N´ptat\m³ ImeKXn {]m]n¨p. "imcZ' bnse

kmaqlyhnaÀiw Icp¯päXmWv. tIcfob lnµp¡Ä¡nSbnÂ \ne\n¶ acpa¡

¯mb k{¼Zmbs¯ "CµpteJ'bpw "imcZ'bpw hnaÀimßIambn

AhXcn¸n¡p¶p.

\nXyPohnX¯nÂ \n¶psaSp¯ IYm]m{X§sfbmWv "imcZ'bnÂ \mw

ImWp¶Xv. {]Xy£¯nÂ IYbpsS {]tabw kz´w A½bpsS kz¯nt·Â

aIÄ¡pÅ AhImi¯nsâ {]iv\amWv. A½ BZys¯ `À¯mhmb hr²



{_mÒWs\ Dt]£n¨p. a\ÊnW¡w tXm¶nb \mbÀ bphmhns\

hcn¨p.imcZbnse IYm]m{X§Ä¡p sshhn [yapv. Hcp hi¯v kmXznI\mb

i¦c³ \mbÀ; ZpjvSmt{Kkc\mb ssh¯n¸«À adphi¯pw. "CµpteJ'

bnse¶t]mse "imcZ'bnepw N´ptat\m³ hyànIfnepw kaql¯nepapÅ

\nch[n sshcp[y§sf s]mfn¨pImWn¨v \À½ckapWÀ¯pIbpw kmaqly

hnaÀi\w km[n¡bpw sN¿p¶p. imcZ DZb´fnaT¯nÂ sN¶p Xmakn¨p

hcpt¼mÄ AhnsS Hcp hmÀ¯ ]c¶p; imcZ GtXm apÉoan\p ]nd¶

s]®msW¶v. XpSÀ¶v AhnsS \S¶ _lf§Ä N´ptat\m³ \Àat¯msS

hnhcn¡p¶p! At±lw tIcf¯nse khÀ®cpsS CSbnepÅ hne¡pIfpsS

s]mÅ¯cs¯ A\nXckm[mcWamb ZoÀLZÀi\t¯msS hnaÀin¡pIbpw

D]lmk¯n\p hnt[bam¡pIbpw sNbvXp. "CµpteJ'bpw "imcZ'bpw Icp¯pä

krjvSnIfmWv. kmaqlyaqey§sf ]cntim[n¡p¶ kpZrV inev]§Ä,

\À½ck¯nIthmsS am\pjnI hnImc hnNmc§sf Ah ]IÀ¯p¶p.

kn.hn.cma³ ]nÅbpw Ncn{X t\mhepw

N´ptat\m³ ae_mdnse a[yhÀKs¯ ]IÀ¯nbt¸mÄ kn.hn.cma³]nÅ

{i² sNep¯nbXv XpSÀ¨bmbn ]e XeapdIÄ h©ncmPys¯ \ne\nÀ¯pIbpw

AXnsâ [mÀanI ]ucpjs¯ DbÀ¯pIbpw sNbvX Hcp \mbIhrµs¯

krjvSn¡p¶XnemWv. "[ÀtamkvaXvIpessZhXw' F¶ {hXw kzoIcn¨

cmPhwis¯ ]cn]men¨ [otcmZm¯cmb \mbÀ {]amWnIsf krjvSn¡phm\pÅ

AkwkvIrX hn`h§Ä At±lw XncphnXmwIqdnsâ Ncn{XtcJIfnÂ \n¶pw

tiJcn¨p. kn.hn.cma³ ]nÅsb kw_Ôn¨v AXyp¯aamb `cWw kÀhYm

kaÀYcpw Úm\nIfpambcpsS t\XrXz¯nÂ kÀÆcnepw IqSn kÀhcpsSbpw

]ptcmKXn Dd¸phcp¯p¶Xmbncn¡Ww. amÀ¯mWvUhÀasb A[nIcn¨p Hcp

t\mhepw [ÀacmPmhns\ tI{µam¡n cp t\mhepIfpw kn.hn.cma³ ]nÅ

cNn¨p. kn.hn bpsS `mj s]mXpth ]dªmÂ Kw`ochpw `mhmjvImc



kaÀYhpamWv. BhnjvIcWob `mh¯nsâ sshhn[yw ssienbnepw

A\p`hthZyamWv. {KmaoW PohnX¯nsâ ip²amb emfnXys¯sb¶t]mse

cmPIob PohnX¯nsâ BUw_c {]uVnIsfbpw kzm`mhnIXtbmsS

{]Imin¸n¡m³ AXn\p Ignbp¶p. kn.hn bpsS "t{]amarX'sa¶

kmaqlyt\mhÂ ^e{]Zambncp¶nÃ. hyànIfpsSbpw kaql¯nsâbpw

hnIeXIsfbpw sshcp[y§sfbpw Bt£]n¡p¶Xntem kmaqlyaqey§sf

hnaÀin¡p¶Xntem AXp hnPbn¡p¶nÃ. Ncn{Xt\mhepIfpsS {kjvSmsh¶

\nebnemWv kn.hn. klrZbmZchv kamÀPn¨ncn¡p¶Xv. At±lw tIcf

Ncn{X¯nse Nne cwK§sf AhnkvacWobam¡nbncn¡p¶p. kp`{Z,

N{´¡mc³, cmPtIihZmk³, [ÀacmPm XpS§nb {Xnam\IYm]m{X§sf

klrZba\ÊnÂ {]XnjvTn¡p¶p. al¯mb Nne am\pjnImZÀi§sf

km£mÂ¡cn¡phm³ A\phmNIÀ¡v {]tNmZ\w \ÂIp¶p. ià§fmb

hmIvinÂ]§sf¶ \nebnÂ kn.hn. bpsS Ncn{Xt\mhepIÄ aebmf¯nÂ

XebpbÀ¯n \nÂ¡p¶p. PohnX¯nsâ alXzw, AXnÂ A´Àeo\amb

Zpc´mwiw, a\pjymßmhv AXn\pw aosX t\Sp¶ A´nahnPbw

F¶nhsb¡pdn¨p kn.hn. cma³ ]nÅbv¡p AKm[t_m[apmbncp¶p.

XpS¡¯nÂ Xs¶ N´ptat\m\pw kn.hn.cma³ ]nÅbpw IqSn aebmf

t\mhens\ al¯mb taJebnse¯n¡pIbpw kz´w krjvSnIfnÂ IqSn

]n·pd¡mÀ¡v {]tNmZ\w \ÂIp¶ ]mc¼cy t{kmXÊpIÄ \nÀan¡pIbpw

sN¿p¶p.

t\mhensâ hfÀ¨

"CµpteJ' bv¡p At\Iw A\pIÀ¯m¡fpmbn. \mbnIamcpsS

a[pc\ma§Ä kwhln¡p¶ [mcmfw t\mhepIÄ {]Xy£s¸«p. Chsb

Bt£]n¨psImv Ingt¡¸m«p cma³ tat\m³ FgpXn "]dt§mSo]cnWbw'

(1892) aebmf¯nÂ Bt£]lmkyt\mhÂ F¶ cq]s¯ AhXcn¸n¨p. Imcm«p



A¨pXtat\m³ (1867þ1913) FgpXnb "hncpX³ i¦p' hmWv aebmf¯nÂ

"XkvIct\mhen'\p XpS¡an«Xv. lmkymßIamWv hncpX³ i¦p. Cu

iXI¯nsâ BZna ZiI§fnÂ Xs¶ aebmf¯nÂ UnäIvSohv t\mhepw

A\ym]tZi t\mhepapmbn. XncphnXmwIqÀ Znhmsâ tkzÑm[n]Xys¯

shdp¯ sI.\mcmbW ¡pcp¡Ä `cW¯nsâ ]pgp¡p¯pIÄ

Nqn¡mWn¡phm³ A\ym]tZi]camb Ncn{XIYIfpsS N«¡qSp {]tbmKn¨p.

Ipcp¡fpsS "]md¸pd¯v' (1906), " DZb`m\p' (1925) F¶o ià§fmb

IrXnIfmWv Bt£] lmky A\ym]tZi t\mhepIsf aebmf¯n\p BZyambn

ImgvNh¨Xv. BZys¯ A]kÀ¸It\mhÂ A¸³ X¼pcm³ FgpXnb

"`mkvIctat\m'\mWv. Cu IrXnt¡m, aqÀt¡m¯p Ipamcsâ "I\Iwaqew' (1905),

tIih¡pdp¸nsâ "am[h¡pdp¸v' F¶o IrXnIÄt¡m A\phmNIsc iànbmbn

kzm[o\n¡m³ km[n¨nÃ. A¸³ X¼pcmsâ ssienbpsS kmcfy am[pcy§Ä

sImp {it²bamb `qXcmbÀ (1923) Ncn{Xt\mhse¶ \nebnÂ hnPbn¨n«nÃ.

tIcfhÀ½ henb tImbn¯¼pcm³ Cw¥ojnÂ \n¶pw aebmf¯nte¡p

]IÀ¯nb "AIv_À'F¶ U¨p t\mhen\v, BJym\ `{ZX sImm sW¶v

]dbs«, At\Iw A\phmNIsc k¼mZn¡m³ km[n¨p.

Cu \qämnsâ BZyZiI§fnÂ kn.hn. bpsS inÂ¸Iuie¯nsâ hiyX

sImmhWw, A\phmNIÀ¡v Ncn{XmJymbnIItfmSv I¼w hÀ[n¨p.

ZmÀ\nIXbpsS `mcw teihpanÃm¯ kackmlknI t{]a Ncn{XmJymbnIIÄ

kar²ambn ]pd¯ph¶psImncp¶p. cma³ \¼oisâ tIctfizc³ (1941),

I¸\ IrjvWtat\msâ tNcam³ s]cpamÄ (aq¶mw ]Xn¸v, 1952),

sI.Fw.]Wn¡cpsS tIcfknwlw (1941), IeyWaÂ (1937), A¼mSn

\mcmbWs]mXphmfpsS tIcf]p{X³ (aq¶mw ]Xn¸v, 1924),

kn.Ipªncmatat\msâ hÅph¡½mc³, ]Å¯p cmasâ AarX]pfn\w (1923)

XpS§nbh P\{]oXnbmÀPn¨p.



{]mcwÌme¯pmb kmaqly t\mhepIfnÂ iàamb kmaqlyhnaÀi\w

aptJ\ GXm\pw t\mhepIÄ klrZbcpsS khntij {i² ]nSn¨S¡n.

Ip¶pIpgnbnÂ sIm¨psXm½³ cNn¨ ]cnjvImçmXn (1925) Cu \qämnsâ

BcwÌmes¯ kpdnbm\n {InkvXym\nIfpsS BNmcacymZIsf ]IÀ¯p¶

tXmsSm¸w Cw¥ojv hnZym`ymkw aqew kapZmb¯nte kv{XoIÄ¡p ssI h¶

kzmX{ýs¯ hc¨pIm«p¶papv. t]mt¯cn Ipª¼phnsâ "kckzXn hnPbw'

PmXn{`jvSbmb {_mÒW kv{Xo hnZym`ymk¯nÂ IqSn PohnX¯nÂ hnPbw

hcn¡p¶Xpw lcnP\ _me³ kz]cn{iaw aqew kaql¯nÂ Dbcp¶Xpw

Nn{XoIcn ¨ncn¡p¶p. ]mÝmXy kv{XoIsf Øm\¯pw AØm\¯pw

A\pIcn¡p¶Xp aqew A]lmkycmbn¯ocp¶ kv{XoIfpsS Nn{XWamWv

sI.Fw.]Wn¡cpsS "sZmcÈnWn'. t£{X{]thi\hnf_wcw lcnP\§Ä¡p

\ÂInb B\µ¯nsâ `mh\mßIamb AhXcWamWv "lcnZmkn'. Chsb

Iemaqey¯nepw kmaqlyhnaÀi¯nsâ iànbnepw AXnibn¡p¶p `h{XmX³

\¼qXncn¸mSnsâ "A]v^sâ aIÄ' (1933). \¼qXncnamcpsS hnhmlmNmc§fnepÅ

s]mcp¯t¡SpIsfbpw kmaqly Nmc§fnepÅ sshcp[y§sfbpw

s]mfn¨pIm«p¶ Cu t\mhÂ Ime¯n\\pkcn¨v amdp¶ Hcp A´ÀP\

IpamcnbpsS hfÀ¨sb PohÊpä ssienbnepw inev]¯nepw

AhXcn¸n¨ncn¡p¶p.

]ptcmKa\{]Øm\w

Bbnc¯ns¯mÅmbnc¯nap¸XpIfnÂ Cýbnse aäp

`mK§fnse¶t]mse tIcf¯nepw sXmgnemfnIfpw IÀjIcpw a[yhÀK¯nsâ

Xmgs¯ Xe¯nÂ s]«hcpw Bßt_m[w t\Sn kaql¯nsâ

ap³]ńbnse¯n. CµpteJ t]mepÅ kmaqlyt\mhensâ inev]¯n\v ]pXnb

hÀK¯nsâ BßmhnjvImcXzcsb DÄs¡mÅpI km[yambncp¶nÃ.

ap¸XpIfnÂ kmaply]cnjvIcW t{]anIfmb Hcp kwLw bphkmlnXyImc·mÀ



sNdpIYm cwK¯v IS¶ph¶v ]pXnb {]tab§Ä ]IÀ¯phm³ ]cym]vXamb

IYmcq]§Ä hmÀs¯Sp¯p. sNdpIYbnÂ t\Snb hnPbw t\mhÂ cwK¯p

{]thin¡phm³ AhÀ¡p ss[cyw ]IÀ¶p. Ime¯nsâ t{]cWIÄ¡pw

P\§fpsS A´xt{]cWIÄ¡pa\pkcn¨v aqey§sf ]p\x]cntim[n¡p¶Xn\v

kaÀYamb t\mhÂ krjvSn¡psa¶ Imcy¯nÂ AhÀ ZrV{]XnÚcmbncp¶p.

kaqls¯ A]{KYn¡p¶Xn\v amÀIvknkw AhÀ¡p \qXt\m]IcW§Ä

kw`mh\ sNbvXp. t{^mbUnb³ a\Èmkv{Xw hnhn[ ]Se§fpÅ

a\pjya\Ênsâ DÅdIfnte¡p Xpf¨nd§m\pÅ iàn kmlnXyImc¶v

{]Zm\w sNbvXp. PmXnhyhØbnÂ \n¶pw sshtZinI ta[mhnXz¯nÂ \n¶pw

P·n¯¯nsâ N«¡q«nÂ \n¶pw a\pjys\ hntamNn ¸n¡m\pÅ KmÔnPnbpsS

Blzm\w Cý³ P\Xsbbpw kmlnXy Imc·mscbpw Beky¯nÂ \n¶v

DWÀ¯n. F¦nepw AhcnÂ DÂ]XnjvWp¡Ä {]tNmZ\w ssIs¡mXv

A[zm\n¡p¶ P\hÀK¯nsâ hntamN\sa¶ kz]v\s¯ km£m Â¡cn¨

djybnse tkmjyenÌv hn¹h¯nÂ \n¶mbncp¶p. cmjv{Sob

kzmX{ýt¯msSm¸w km¼¯nI kzmX{ýhpw Dd¸phcp¯phm³ tkmjy enÌv

amÀK¯nt\ Ignbq F¶p AhÀ hnizkn¨p. hn¹hhocyw apän\n¶ tIcfob

kmlnXy Imc·mcpsS taÂ hSt¡ CýbnÂ lco{µ\mY

NtXm]m[ymbbpsSbpw t{]wNµnsâbpw t\XrXz¯nÂ iàn t\Snb

]ptcmKa\kmlnXy {]Øm\w \nÀWmb Iamb kzm[o\w sNep¯n.

]ptcmKa\kmlnXy{]Øm\¯nÂs]« ]pXnb kmlnXyImc·mÀ¡v

AXy´mt]£nXamb ss[jWnI iàn {]Zm\w sNbvXXv

]WvUnXmt{Kkc·mcmbncp¶ tIkcnbpw Fw.]n. t]mfpambncp¶p. ]pXnb L«

¯nsâ ssNX\y¯n¶pw t{]cWbv¡pw A\ptcm[ambn kmaqlyt\mhens\ ]mI

s¸Sp¯p¶Xn\v ]ptcmKa\ NnÍcmb sNdpIYmIr¯p¡Ä¡v

sshjayapmbnÃ.



aebmf t\mhensâ \thm°m\w

apl½Zv _joÀ

aebmft\mhensâ ZznXobL«w AYhm \thm°m\Imew \mev]XpIfnÂ

Bcw`n¡p¶p._jodnsâ _meyImekJnbpsSbpw (1944), ]n.tIihtZhnsâ

HmSbnÂ \n¶v (1944) F¶ IrXnbpsSbpw {]kn²oIcWt¯msS, Bcw`n¨ Cu

L«w Adp]XpIfpsS a[yw htc¡pw \ofp¶p. _meyImekJnbpw HmSbnÂ

\n¶pw cq] ]£¯v, tkmjyenÌp dnbenÌp kvIqfnÂ s]« sNdpIYbpsS

hym]\ ambncp¶p sh¶v hyàamWv. apl½Zv _jndnsâ {]JymX IrXnIfmWv

Fâp¸m¸m s¡mcms\mÀ¶p (1953), aXnepIÄ (1965), ]m¯p½bpsS BSv (1959),

i_vZ§Ä (1948), acW¯nsâ \ngenÂ(1951), B\hmcnbpw s]m³ Ipcnipw (1950),

am{´nI¸q¨ (1968) F¶nh. Hmtcm¶ns\bpw _jodnsâ A\\y hyànXzhpw

ssienbpw A]qÀÆ kpµcam¡p¶p. Hmtcm¶pw sNdpXpw A\p`qXn km{µhpw

kq£vakwthZ\ Iuie¯nsâ \nZÀi\hpamWv. `mh¯nepw cq]¯nepw

Hmtcm¶pw asäm¶nÂ \n¶pw hyXykvXamWv. "_meyImekJn'

hnjmZmßIamsW¦nÂ Fâp¸m¸ms¡mcms\ mÀ¶p {]kmZmßIamWv.

P·nIÄ¡v kaql¯nse XmW hÀK¯nsâ taepÅ A[nImcw thK¯nÂ

\jvSs¸«psImncn¡p¶ £bn¨ P·n¯dhmSpIfpsS anYym`nam\s¯ CXnÂ

t\mhenÌp `mh\m]qÀÆw ]cnlkn¡p¶p. cmw temIalmbp²Ime¯v

tPmenIn«msX sXn\S¶ AicWbphm¡fnsemcmfpsS \nÊlmbXsb

iànbmbn {]Imin¸n¡p¶p i_vZ§Ä. A¡me¯v tIcfob kaqls¯bpw

kwkvImcs¯bpw ImÀ¶pXn¶psImncp¶ Bbncambncw Xn·IÄs¡Xnsc

hncÂ Nqphm³ Cu {KÙ¯n\p Ignªp. "acW¯nsâ \ngenÂ' AXnsâ

ZÀi\[z\nsImp {it²bamWv. "am{´nI¸q¨' lmkymßIIrXnbmWv.

BßIYm]camb "]m¯p½bpsS BSv' F¶ IrXnbpsS t]eh kuµcyhpw

`mhmßINmcpXbpw AhymtJybamWv. aebmf¯nÂ CXn\p kam\ambn asämcp



IrXnbnÃ Xs¶. \ÀacknIXbpsSbpw IcpW¯nsâbpw Akpeàmb

kt½f\amWv "aXnepI'fnÂ A\p`hthZyamIp¶Xv. AXv GIIme¯p

bYmXYhpw ZmÀi\nIhp amWv.Imev]\nIhpw C{µnb]chpamWv. XShpImc\mb

IYm\mbI³ Xpdp¦nsâ aXnen¶¸pd¯p ]mÀ¡p¶ XShpImcnbpsS KÔw

BkzZn¨v elcn ]nSn¨p Ignbp¶p. kzmX{ýw aqew AhfpsS KÔ km¶n[yw

t]mepw \jvSs¸Sm\nSbmhcpsX¶v AbmÄ B{Kln¡p¶p. PohnXKÔ¯nÂ

\n¶pw tamN\w \ÂIp¶ kzmX{ýw BÀ¡mWp thXv? B\hmcn

cma³\mbcpsSbpw kplr¯p¡fpsSbpw IYIÄ aebmfnIsf ckn¸n¨p.\Àahpw

IcpWhpw IhnXbpsS Bć[z\nbpapÅ _jodnsâ ssienbpsS kwthZ\

iànbpw [z\\kaÀYXbpw \ncp]aamWv.

]n.tIihtZhv.

aebmf¯nse \thm°m\t\mhse¶ i_vZalmaµncw krjvSn¨

]©alminÂ]nIfmWv _joÀ, tZhv, XIgn, s]msä¡m«v, Ddq_v (]n.kn.

Ip«n¡rjvW³) F¶nhÀ. "_meyImekJn'sbt¸mse "HmSbnÂ \n¶v' F¶

t\mhepw Cu kmlnXyimJbnÂ ]pXnb Hcp bpKs¯ DZvLmS\w

sN¿pIbmbncp¶p. tZhnsâ ssien¡v iànbpw ]ucpjhpapv.duUn (1958), \Sn

(1951), De¡ (1958) F¶nh kmaqlyhnaÀisa¶ \nebnÂ ià§fmWv.

`mhXo{hXbnepw ssienbpsS iànbnepw "HmSbnÂ \n¶v' "{`m´mebw' (1949),

"AbÂ¡mÀ' (1963) F¶nh aäp IrXnIsf _lpZqcw ]n¶nem¡p¶p. Cým

hn`P\s¯¯pSÀ¶pmb hÀKob elfbmWv "{`m´meb'¯nse apJy

{]Xn]mZyw. B Ncn{XL«¯nsâ Zpc´`mhs¯bpw sshcp[ys¯bpw Cu

t\mhÂ GXmp ]qÀWambpw kwhln¡p¶p. Hcp tIcfob {Kmas¯bpw

AhnsSbpÅ \mbÀ Cugh ss{IkvXh kaql§fpsS hnImk]cnWma§sfbpw

Nn{XoIcn¡p¶ almImthym]aamb Hcp kmaqlyt\mhemWv "AbÂ¡mÀ'. Cu

t\mhense IYm]m{X§Ä¡v sXfnhpw angnhpapv.kmaqlyhniIe\w ka{Khpw



kÀÆXekv]ÀinbpamWv. tZhv tIcf¯nse XmW hÀKt¯mSp klX]n¨p. Xsâ

t\mhepIsf AhcpsS BßtcmZ\§sfbpw hntamN\m`nhm©vOsbbpw

]IÀ¯p¶ iàamb t\mhepIÄ tIcf¯nse A[zm\n¡p¶ hÀK¯nsâ

[mÀanI ]ucpjs¯ hfÀ¯n, AhcnÂ Bßm`nam\hpw [ocXbpw ]IÀ¶p.

XIgn

XIgn inhi¦c]nÅsb t{]w Nµv, biv]mÂ, apÂ¡v cmPv B\µv

XpS§nbhcpambn XmcXays¸Sp¯p¶XnÂ A\uNnXyanÃ. ap¸XpIfnÂ Xs¶

At±lw t\mhÂ cN\bnteÂs¸«p. F¦nepw B {]mcw`{ia§Ä th{X hnP

bn¨nÃ. 1948þÂ XIgn {]kn²s¸Sp¯nb "cnS§gn' s]s«¶v P\{i²

]nSns¨Sp¯p. hnjbkzoIcW¯nsâ ]pXpa sImpw {]Xn]mZ\¯nsâ iàn

sImpw AXp "HmSbnÂ \n¶v', "_meyImekJn' F¶nhbv¡p kam\ambncp¶p;

AhtbmsSm¸w "cnS§gn'bpw aebmft\mhens\ hninjvS`mcXob t\mhensâ

Xe¯nte¡pbÀ¯p¶XnÂ klmbn¨p. "cnS§gn'bnse IY efnXamWv. cp

kplr¯p¡Ä. Nm¯\pw tImc\pw. AhÀ NncpXsb t{]an¨p. NncpX tImcs\

`À¯mhmbn XncsªSp¯XnÂ Nm¯³ ]cn`hn¨nÃ. `mcysb am\`wKs¸Sp¯m³

{ian¨ P·nbpsS hnS\mb aIs\ sIm¶ Ipä¯n\p PbnenÂ t]mbt¸mÄ tImc³

KÀ`nWnbmb NncpXsb GÂ¸n¨Xv Nm¯s\bmWv. PbnÂ in£ Ignªphcp¶

tImcs\ Nm¯³ kzoIcn¨p. NncpXsbbpw aIs\bpw Abmsf Gev]n¨p.

klrZbsc BIÀjn¡p¶ kpµcamb Hcp PohnXIY. CXns\ A\\yam¡p¶Xv

IYsb {]XnjvTn¨ncn¡p¶ kmaqly kmwkvImcnI ]Ým¯e¯nsâ

Ne\mßIXbpw, hÀKkacw AXn\p ]Icp¶ BthihpamWv. tImc\pw

NncpXbpw Nm¯\pw ]pebcmWv, "sXm«pIqSm¯hÀ Xon¡qSm¯hÀ'. C´y

kzX{´ambtXmsS AhÀ¡pw Bßt_m[apmbn. amÀIvknÌp ]mÀ«nbpsS

t\XrXz¯nÂ tImcs\t¸msebpÅhÀ hntamN\¯n\pÅ kacamcw`n¨p.

"cnS§gn' aäp `mcXob `mjmkmlnXyImc·mcpsS {i² ]nSns¨Sp¯p.



tXm«nbpsS aI³ (1948) F¶Xnse tXm«nIfmbmepw, sN½o\n (1956) se

ap¡phcmbmepw FhnsSbpapÅ aÀ±nX hÀK§Ä XIgnbpsS a\Êm£nsb

X«nbpWÀ¯p¶p. AhÀ kzX{ćmhWsa¶v At±lam{Kln¨p.

tkmjyenÌp dnbenÌp amÀKamWv XIgnbptSXv. tZhns\t¸mse XIgnbpw

kar²ambn FgpXn. apIfnÂ ]cmaÀin¨ IrXnIÄ¡p ]pdta At±lw XetbmSv

(1948), \pcbpw ]Xbpw (1970), GWn¸SnIÄ (1964), IbÀ (1978) apXemb IrXnIfpw

cNn¨p. kzmX{ý]qÀÆ XncphnXmwIqdnsâ Hcp {Xnam\ cmjv{Sob kmaqly

Nn{XamWv "GWn¸SnIÄ'. "IbÀ' a®nt\mSpÅ a\pjysâ _Ô¯n\p ]e

XeapdIÄsImp XncphnXmwIqdnÂ h¶p tNÀ¶ hnImk]cnWma§Ä

hc¨pImWn¡p¶p. hnkvXrXamb ImeL«¯nÂ \nch[n IYm]m{X§sf

k¶nthin¸n¡m\pÅ XIgnbpsS Ignhns\ "IbÀ' hnfw_cw sN¿p¶p.

Fkv.sI.s]msä¡m«v

s]msä¡m«p Xsâ kmlnXyPohnX¯nsâ BZyL«¯nÂ

t{]cWbpÄs¡mXv amÀIvknÌv X¯zimkv{X¯nÂ \n¶mWv. F¦nepw

kmaqly hyXnbm\¯n\v amÀIvknÌp ]cnlmc§Ä kz´w IrXnIfnÂ H¶nepw

At±lw \nÀt±in¡p¶nÃ. aÀ±nXtcmSpw Zcn{ZtcmSpw klX]n¡pIbpw AhcpsS

A`yp°m\w tZi]ptcmKXn¡p AXy\nhmcyamsW¶p hyàam¡pIbpw

sNbvXpsh¦nepw kmbp[hn¹h¯nÂ IqSnbmWv AXp km£mÂ¡cnt¡sX¶v

At±l¯n¶p A`n{]mbapmbncp¶Xmbn tXm¶p¶nÃ. Cýmhn`P\L«¯nÂ

s]m«n¸pds¸« lnµpþapÉow elf s]mä¡m«nepbÀ¯nb hnImc§Ä "aqSp]Sw'

(1955) F¶ t\mhembn cq]w sImp. a\pjys\ N§fs¡«nem¡nb FÃm

kmaqly km¼¯nI aXLS\Isfbpw s]msä¡m«v FXnÀ¯p. 1954þÂ

{]kn²s¸Sp¯nb \mS³ t{]a¯nÂ \nÀaeIfmb {KmaI\yIIsf

aen\s¸Sp¯nb X{ímenIfmb [\nI \mKcnI Ipamc·mtcmSp {]Xntj[n¨p.



ae_mdnse ImSpIfnse ]pXphÂ`qan kzám¡m³ ]mhs¸« sXmgnemfcpsS

hnbÀ¸pw thZ\bpw A[zm\hpw D]tbmKs¸Sp¯p¶ apXemfnamcpsS

ZpjvSXsbbpw a®nsâ òIcamb amcI kz`mhs¯bpw "hnjI\yI' bnÂ

shfns¸Sp¯n. Im«pas®¶ acWhpambn aÃn«p Ipgªp hogp¶ \nch[n

a\pjymßm¡sf Cu IrXnbnÂ ImWm³ Ignbp¶p. t\mhensÌ¶Xn\p ]pdta,

s]msä¡m«p k©mckmlnXyImc\pw sNdpIYmIr¯pw Ihnbpw

{]_ÔImc\pw IqSnbmWv. Cu kn²nIsfÃmw sXcphnsâ IY (1963), Hcp

tZi¯nsâ IY (1972) F¶o henb t\mhepIfpsS cN\bv¡p At±lw

{]tbmP\s¸Sp¯n. k¼qÀ®PohnX§fpsS k¼qÀ®IYIsf¶Xn\p]cn \nch[n

PohnX§fS§nb sXcphnsâbpw {Kma¯nsâbpw k¼qÀWIYIÄ IqSnbmWnh.

s]msä¡m«nsâ {]IrjvSIrXnsb¶p hntijn¡s¸Sp¶ Hcp tZi¯nsâ IY

(CXv Úm\]oTw k½m\w t\Sn) BßIYm]camWv. AXncmWn¸mSsa¶

tIcfob {Kma¯nÂ P\n¨phfÀ¶ {io[c³ F¶ \Ã a\pjysâ IYbmWnXv.

CXnÂ \nch[n IYm]m{X§Ä {]Xy£s¸Sp¶p. Chsc Hmtcmcp¯scbpw

AhcptSXmb {]tXyIXIÄsImv XcwXncn¨dnbpIbpw HmÀ½n¡pIbpw

sN¿p¶p. lmky IcpW§Ä Cu IrXnbnÂ AIr{Xnaambn k½nfnXamWv.

AXncmWn¸mS¯nsâ {]IrXn`wKn lrZblmcnbmWv; AhnsS `n¶

kapZmb§fnÂ s]«hÀ kt´mjt¯msS \nhkn¡p¶p. Hmtcm

kapZmb¯n\papv AXnsâ {]tXyIXIÄ. PohnXsa¶ \mSIw; AXns\

ebhn\ymkt¯msS, hÀWi_fnatbmsS iànbmbn ]IÀ¯pIbmWv

s]msä¡m«v. PohnX¯nse [mÀanIhpw A[mÀanIhpamb iànIsf¡pdn¨pw,

sshcp[y§sf¡pdn¨pw \nKpVXIsf¡pdn¨psaÃmw t_m[apÅ Hcp

Fgp¯pImcs\ \mw Cu t\mhenÂ ImWp¶p. PohnX¯nÂ \·bmhpw

BXyńIambpw hnPbn¡p¶sX¶pw a\pjy³ ASnØm\]cambn \· \ndªh

\msW¶pw hnizkn¡p¶ henb Hcp lyqa\nÌmWv s]msä¡m«v. At±l¯nsâ



ssien¡v Imev]\nI `mhImhy§fpsS hiyXbpw kwthZ\iànbpw

kn²n¨n«pv.

Ddq_v

\thm°m\ t\mhenÌpIÄ, kaql¯nse aÀ±nX hn`mK¯nsâ hntamN\w

X§fpsS PohnX[Àa§fnsem¶mbn IW¡m¡nbncp¶p. kmaplyhn¹h¯n\p

P\§sf t_m[hÂ¡cn¡p¶Xn\pÅ ê{]Zamb D]IcWamWv

kmlnXysa¶pw AhÀ hnizkn¨ncp¶p. km¼¯nI kzmX{ý¯n\pthn

kv{Xo]pcpj·mÀ \ncćw bp²w \S¯p¶ cWthZnbmhmw PohnXw.

kmlnXycq]§fnÂ t\mhse¶Xv PohnX¯nsâ Kl\XIsf¡pdnt¨m

a\pjya\Êns\ aYn¡p¶ ZmÀi\nI {]iv\§sf¡pdnt¨m {]Xn]mZn¡p¶nsÃ¶p

hmZn¡p¶hcpv. Cu hmZw km[qIcn¡mhp¶XsÃ¶p sXfnbn¡p¶p

hnizkmlnXy¯nse hninjvS t\mhepIÄ.tIihtZhn\v

a\pjykzmX{ýambncp¶p PohÂ{]m[m\yaÀln¡p¶ hnjbw.

a\pjyPohnXs¯ Icp¸nSn¸n¡p¶XnÂ {]IrXnbnsebpw Ncn{X¯nsebpw

iànIÄ¡p henb ]¦ps¶v XIgn hnizkn¨p. PohnXs¯ _joÀ henb Hcp

{]tlfnIbmbn Ip. acW¯nsâ \ngenepÅ a\pjyPohnXs¯ F§s\

kzmÀ°Iam¡msa¶v At±lw Bcmªp. s]msä¡m«v a\pjysâbpw

\·bpsSbpw AXyńI hnPb¯nÂ hnizmkaÀ¸n¨p. ]n.kn.Ip«n¡rjvW³

a\pjys\ \nch[n taml§fpw At\Iw ]cmPb§fpapÅ kmaqly Pohnbmbpw

kuµcyk¼¶\mb [mÀanI ]pcpj\mbpw Ip.

XpS¡¯nÂ Ddq_v {KmaoWcpsS ss\kÀKnI am\pjnIXsb¡pdns¨gpXn.

Xn·bpambn Gäpap«p¶ a\pjy³ ASnØm\]cambn \·bpÅh\mWv. iàamb

`mh\bpÅhÀt¡ a\pjylrZb¯nte¡p Xpf¨nd§n AXnsâ

clkymßIXsb Is¯m\mhq. Ddq_nsâ "D½m¨p' (1954) Ipä¯nsâbpw



in£bpsSbpw kl\¯nsâbpw klnjvWpXbpsSbpw ]T\w IqSnbmWv. 1958þÂ

FgpXnb "anms¸®n'Â Ddq_v ]c¼cmKX at\m`mhhpw I¨hS at\m`mhhpw

X½nepw, {KmaoW \mKcnI ho£W§Ä X½nepapÅ kwL«\§sf

hyRvPn¸n¨ncn¡p¶p. Ddq_nsâ t\mhÂtemI¯nse tI{µIYm]m{Xw

kÀÆwklbmb kv{XobmWv. A§s\bpÅ kv{XoIfmWv "anms¸®n'se

Ipªpe£vanbpw "D½m¨p' hnse D½m¨phpw "kpµcnIfpw kpµc·mcpw' (1958)

F¶ t\mhense cm[bpw. "AbÂ¡mcn'se kz´w aI\pthn acn¡p¶

tZhInbpw "_meyImekJn'bnse kp{lbpw GWn¸SnIfnse ImÀ¯ymb\nbpta

aebmf kmlnXy¯nÂ ChÀ¡p kam\cmbpÅq. A½nWn (1972) kz´w

ImapIsâ ssIsImp acn¡p¶ Hcp k¦oÀW IYm]m{X§sf¡pdn¨pÅ

a\Èmkv{X]camb ]T\amWv. k^eamhm¯ t{]as¯¡pdn¨pÅ

ZrV\n_²amb t\mhemWv "AWnbd' (1967). Ddq_nsâ {]IrjvSIrXn

"kpµcnIfpw kpµc·mcp'amWv. a\pjy³ X\nasb km£mÂ¡cn¡phm³

\S¯p¶ At\zjW¯nsâ IYbmWnXv.

aäp t\mhenÌpIÄ

aebmf \thm°m\t\mhepIsf k¼¶am¡nb IrXnIsf¶ \nebnÂ

{]kvXmhy§fmWv ssI\n¡c ]Zva\m`]nÅbpsS "Hgp¡pIÄ' (1953), tPmk^v

aptÈcnbpsS "sIm´bnÂ \n¶p Ipcninte¡v' (1953), sh«qÀ cma³ \mbcpsS

"Pohn¡m³ ad¶pt]mb kv{Xo' (1952), \mKhÅn BÀ.Fkv.Ipdp¸nsâ "tXm«n'

(1947) F¶nh. kmaqly t\mhepItfmsSm¸w, a\Èmkv{X]camb t\mhÂ,

t_m[[mcm t\mhÂ XpS§nbhbpw \thm°m\t\mhens\ k¼¶am¡n.

klPamb \Àat_m[t¯mSpw kaqlLS\sb¡pdn¨pÅ DÄ¡mgvNtbmSpw

IqSn C.Fw. tImhqÀ cNn¨ ImSv (1964), sImSpapSnIÄ (1968), aeIÄ (1970) F¶o



t\mhepIfnÂ ss{IkvX a[yhÀKs¯ ka{Kambpw iànbmbpw

Nn{XoIcn¨ncn¡p¶p. KplmPohnIfnÂ (1975) `mcX¯nsâ ]pd¯p hkn¡p¶

tIcfobcpsS A\yXmt_m[s¯ At±lw ]IÀ¯p¶p. Pn.hnthIm\µsâ

"IÅns¨Ã½' (1965) kz´w kaql¯nÂ s]«hcpsS {Iqcamb ]oU\¯n\p

hnt[bbmIp¶ Xmtg¡nSbnÂ s]« Hcp bphXnbpsS ZpxJIY ]dbp¶p.

amÀIvknÌmb sNdpImSv cNn¨ "ap¯Èn' (1959),"i\nZi' (1959), a®nsâ amdnÂ

(1954) XpS§nbh tkmjyenÌp dnbenÌp coXnbnÂ DÄs¸Sp¶p. P·nhyhØ

XoÀ¯ N§es¡«pIfnÂ s]« a\pjysâ IYbmWv "a®nsâ amdnÂ'. hnhn[

hIp¸pIfnÂ s]« t\mhepIÄ cNn¨n«pv aebmäqÀ cmaIrjvW³. "b£n' (1967)

a\Èmkv{X]camb t\mhemWv. KrlmXpcXzamWv thcpIfnse (1966) A´À`mhw.

Ddq_pw XIgnbpw krjvSn¨ almImthym]a t\mhÂ imJbnÂ s]Sp¶ b{´w

(1967) kÀ¡mÀ `cWb{´¯nsâ {]hÀ¯\s¯ hniZam¡p¶p. tImhne³,

]md¸pd¯v, GIehy³, hn\b³, \´\mÀ F¶nhÀ ]«mf¡YsbgpXp¶hcmWv.

]t£ tImhne\pw ]md¸pd¯pw ]«mf¡YIÄ¡v A¸pdambn hfÀ¶hcmWv.

t_m[[mcmkt¦Xap]tbmKn¨v BZy t\mhÂ cNn¨psh¶ _lpaXn

AÀln¡p¶p t]mªn¡c dm^n . Hcp _mesâ HmÀaIfnÂ Hcp

P\kaql¯nsâ ]mc¼cys¯ sXcbp¶ kzÀKZqX³ (1958) {]XoI§sfbpw

hm¡pIfpsS kwKoXs¯bpw kÀ°ambn {]tbmP\s¸Sp¯ns¡mv \qX\amb

t\mhÂ cN\mk{¼Zmb¯n\v amXrI XoÀ¯p.sI.kptc{µsâ t\mhepIfpsS

amÀKw tkmjyenÌv dnbenk¯ntâsX¶Xn\p]cn a\Èmkv{X]camb dnbenk¯n

tâXmbncp¶p. kptc{µ³ a\pjysc hnImc§fpsS ASnaIfmbn Nn{XoIcn¨p.

At±l¯nsâ Xmfw (1960), amb (1961), Im«pIpc§v (1952), iàn(1970), acWw

ZpÀ_ew (1972) F¶nh ImWn¡p¶Xp PohnXsa¶Xv CutKmbpw kq¸À

CutKmbpw X½nepw, kpt_m[hpw hnImchpw X½nepÅ aÂkcsa¶mWv.

a\pjya\Ênt\mSpÅ kptc{µsâ kao]\w kXykÔamWv.



tImhne\pw ]md¸pd¯pw

kaql¯nepw A\pkrXambn kwkvImc cwK¯pw h¶ptNÀ¶p

sImncn¡p¶ ]cnhÀ¯\§sf kv]Àin\nIÄ sIms¶t]mse ap³Iq«n

Adn bphm³ Ignªp tImhne\pw ]md¸pd¯n\pw. a\pjykaqlw

\ne\nÂ¡Wsa¦nÂ, ]mc¼cym[njvTnX§fmb aqey§Ä iàns¸t« aXnbmhq;

F¶mÂ ]cnWmahnt[bambns¡mncn¡p¶ kmwkvImcnI ]cntXmhØbnÂ,

NncImeambn {KmaoWkaql§Ä ]men¨p t]m¶n«pÅ PohnXaqey§Ä

[n¡cn¡s¸«p sImncn¡p¶psh¶ kXys¯ \ncmIcn¡m\pw \nhr¯n bp

mbncp¶nÃ. LS\ bnepw aqey]cnt{]£y¯nepw \mKcnI {KmaoW

kaql§fnÂ \n¶pw hyXncnà ambncp¶ ssk\nIkaql¯nÂ \n¶pw kn²n¨

\qX\m\p`h§Ä PohnXs¯ \hamb ho£W¯nÂ ZÀin¡phm\pw

tImhnes\bpw ]md¸pd¯ns\bpw klm bn¨p. {Kma§fnÂ \n¶pw

\Kc§fnte¡p ]dn¨pamäs¸Sp¶hÀ¡v kz´w thcpIÄ \jvSs¸Sp¶p. ]pXnb

thcpIÄ ]mbn¡m\pÅ a®v AhÀ Is ¯p¶panÃ. hnam\hoIrXcmIp¶ Cu

a\pjyPohnIÄ \jvSs¸« ]mc¼cyaqey§Ä e`n¡phm³ IgnbmsX

KrlmXpcXzt¯msS s\SphoÀs¸Sp¶p. "\nWaWnª ImÂ¸mSpIÄ' (1955),

"At\zjn¨p Is¯nbnÃ' (1958) F¶o t\mhepIfnÂ ]md¸pd¯p \jvSs¸«

kzÀKs¯ HmÀ¯p ZpxJn¡p¶p. At±l¯nsâ "]Wn Xocm¯ hoSv'

a\pjy{]bXv\¯nsâ A]qÀWXsbbpw Bin¡p¶ \· sN¿m³

Ignbm¯XnÂ DÅp \odp¶ a\pjymßmhnsâ thZ\sbbpw [z\n¸n¡p¶p.

imizXsa¶v hnNmcn¨p t]mcp¶ ss{IkvXhkwkvImcw XeapdIfmbn

]men¨pt]m¶ aqey§fpsS XIÀ¨bnÂ thZ\ ]qv PohnX¯nsâ

\ncÀ°IXsb ap¶nÂ Idnªv XfÀ¶phoWp acn¡p¶ Hcp htbmhr²sâ

lrZblmcnbmb IY, t_m[[mc kt¦X¯nÂ IqSn AhXcn¸n¡p¶p

"Ac\mgnIt\cw' (1967). 1980þÂ ]md¸pd¯p cNn¨ "BImi¯nse ]dhIÄ' cp



Icp¯pä IYm]m{X§fnÂ IqSn cp XeapdIfnÂ {InkvXym\nIfpw \mb·mcpw

Cughcpw aäp PmXn¡mcpw Xn§n¯makn¡p¶ Hcp {Kma¯n\v h¶ptNÀ¶

hfÀ¨sb hc¨pImWn¡p¶p. Ac\mgnIt\c¯nse¶Xpt]mse BImi¯nse

]dhIfnepw PohnX¯nsâ \ncÀ°IXsb ]md¸pd¯v {]Imin¸n¡p¶p. F

ssa\kv _n (1958), Xmgvhc (1969), GgmsaS§Ä (1965) F¶o t\mhepIfnÂ

tImhne³ ]«mfPohnXw a\pjys\, F§s\ [qfnbm¡p¶psh¶v hyàam¡p¶p.

Ime¯nt\m kaql¯nt\m h¶p tNcp¶ amä§sf¡pdn¨p

_lpP\§Ät¡m AhÀ¡p {]nb¦ccmb t\mhenÌpIÄt¡m

t_m[yapmhWsa¶nÃ. kmam\y P\XbpsS t\mhenÌpIÄ \m«nÂ

\S¡p¶sXs´¶dnbmsX A\phmNIlrZb §fnÂ hnImc§fpWÀ¯n Ahsc

ckn¸n¨psImncp¶p. ap«¯p hÀ¡n, Im\w Cu.sP., sambvXp ]Snb¯v

XpS§nbhcpsS `mj kcfamWv; CXnhr¯§Ä A\phmNI PnÚmksb

DWÀ¯pIbpw kwXr]vXns¸Sp¯pIbpw sN¿p¶p. Fkv.sI.amcmÀ, s]cp¼Shw

{io[c³, Pn.F³.]Wn¡À, ]p¯qÀ D®n¡rjvW³, tPmÀPv HmW¡qÀ, kmdm

tXmakv, tPmk^v sshäne, tPmk^v Ip¶tÈcn, ]½³, tPmk^v aäw,

hn.Sn.\µIpamÀ, A¿t\¯v, sI.Fw.tPmk^v, Sn.sI.kn hSpXe, am[hv,

Sn.hn.hÀ¡n XpS§nbhcpsS t\mhepIÄ ck{]Z§sf¶t]mse hnaÀimß

§fpamWv. F³.Pn.H. amcpsS thZ\bpw \nÊlmbXbpw shfns¸Sp¯p¶

IrXnIsf¶ \nebnÂ C.hmkphnsâ t\mhepIÄ {it²b§fmWv.

t\mhÂ ]T\§Ä

Cµp-teJ

ae-bm-f-̄ nse BZys¯ e£-W-bp-à-amb t\mhepw BZys¯ kmaq-lnI

t\mh-ep-amWv Cµp-te-J. kmln-Xy-krjvSn F¶ \ne-bnÂ AXp \ne-\nÀ¯p¶

anI-hpw, tIc-f-̄ nsâ kmlnXyNcn-{X-̄ n\pw ae-bm-f-̄ nsâ kmln-Xy-N-cn-{X-

¯n\pw shfn¨w ]IÀ¶p-sIm-pw, Ime-̄ n\v Gsd ap³t] \S¶p F¶ {]tXy-I-



Xbpw AXnsâ ka-I-em-In-{]-kvXn¡p Imc-W-ambn \ne-sIm-Åp-¶p. kmlnXyw Hcp

kmaq-ln-tIm-Xv]¶w F¶ \ne-bnÂ hne-bn-cp-̄ -s¸-tS--Xm-sW¶ Nn´ tIc-f-̄ n-

tebv¡p IS-¶p-h-¶-Xn\p ap¼p-Xs¶ B kXyw kzbw hnfw-_cw sNbvXp F¶Xv

Cµp-te-J-bpsS Gähpw henb {]tXy-I-X-bm-Wv. 1889 BK-Ìn-emWv Cu t\mhÂ

FgpXn ]qÀ¯n-bm-¡p-¶-Xv.

t\mh-ensâ cN-\m-]-Ým-̄ -e-s¯-¡p-dn¨v H¶mw ]Xn-̧ nsâ apJ-hp-c-bnÂ

kmam\yw ZoÀL-am-bn-̄ s¶ hnh-cn-̈ n-«p-v. t\mh-ep-IÄ hmbn¨p tIÄ¡m³

XmXv]-cy-apÅ {]nb-P-\-̄ nsâ k½À±w "Cµp-teJ'bpsS cNbv¡v t{]c-W-bm-bn-«p-

s¶v At±lw hyà-am-¡p-¶p. Cu t\mh-ensâ CXn-hr¯w hfsc kc-f-amWv;

BJym-\-am-Is« EPp-hpw. "ho«nÂ kwkm-cn-¡p¶ `mj'bnÂ Cu IY ]d-bWw

F¶ {KÙ-Im-c\v \nÀ_Ôw Dm-bn-cp-¶p. ka-Im-enI kaq-l-̄ nÂ \n¶p-Xs¶

N´p-ta-t\m³ t\mh-ensâ IYm-_oPw Is-̄ n.

PoÀ®-amb P·n-Xz-hy-h-Ø-Xn-Xn-bpsS {]mXn-\n[yw hln-¡p¶ Xd-hm-«p-Im-c-

W-h-cmWv ]©p-ta-t\m-³. AwK-k-Jybpw [\-]p-jvSnbpw Htc-a-«nÂ A\p-{K-ln¨

IpSpw-_-amWv ]qh-Ån. Imc-W-h-cmb ]©p-ta-t\m³ A`n-am-\n-bm-Wv. B{in-X-h-

Õ-e\pw ip²\pw Zbm-\n-[n-bp-am-Wv. ]t£ Ime-l-c-W-s¸« amS-¼n-̄ hpw {]mbm-

[n-Iyhpw tNÀ¶v Ct±-ls¯ t{Im[-io-e-\m-¡n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. Xsâ at\m-̀ m-h-̄ n\p

hncp-²-ambn Bsc-¦nepw Nn´n-¡p-¶-Xp-s]epw B hr²³ kln-¡p-I-bn-Ã. At±-l-

¯nsâ Zuln{Xn Cµp-te-Jbpw A\-́ -c-h³ am[-h\pw BWv Cu t\mh-ense

{][m\ IYm-]m-{X-§Ä. A¡m-es¯ ae-bm-fn-s¸¬Ip-«n-IÄ¡v kz]v\w ImWp-I-

t]mepw ]äm¯ hnZym-̀ ym-k-amWv Cµp-te-Jbv¡v Ah-fpsS hÕ-e-am-Xp-e³ \ÂIn-

b-Xv. X\n¡v e`n¨ Cw¥ojv hnZym-̀ ym-k-¯nsâ \· AhÄ¡v Bh-iy-amb Xtâ-

Shpw hnth-Ihpw \ÂIn. \nb-a-_n-cpZw t\Snb am[-hs\ AhÄ a\-Êp-sImv

hcn-¡pIbpw sNbvXn-cp-¶p. Imc-W-hÀ¡pw B _Ôw k½Xw Xs¶ Bbn-cp-¶p.

F¶mÂ A{]-Xo-£n-X-am-bn-«mWv ]cn-̀ -h-¯nsâ BZys¯ \ngÂ ]c-¡m³

XpS-§n-b-Xv. Xd-hm-«nse Hcw-K-amb in¶s\ Cw¥ojv ]Tn-̧ n-¡Ww F¶v am[-h\v

\nÀ_-Ô-_p²n DZn-̈ p. FÃm A\p-k-c-W-t¡-Sn-sâbpw ImcWw Cw¥o-jmWv F¶p

iTn¨ ]©p-ta-t\m-\m-Is« CXn-s\-Xn-cmbn \n¶p. ]t£ am[-h³, in¶s\ aZn-cm-



in¡v Iq«n-s¡m-p-t]m-bn. Dd-ªp-Xp-Ånb Imc-W-hÀ, Cµp-te-Jsb am[-h\p

hnhmlw Ign-̈ p-sIm-Sp-¡nÃ F¶p iTn-̈ p.

]©p-ta-t\msâ aI-fmWv e£van-¡p-«n. Cµp-te-J-bpsS A½. Ah-cpsS

cmw `À¯mhv ip²-K-Xn-¡m-c-\mb Hcp \¼q-Xn-cn-bm-WvþI-dp-t¯-Sw. At±lw

Imc-W-h-tcmSv kwkm-cn-̈ -Xn-\n-S-bnÂ Cµp-te-J-bpsS hnhm-lhpw NÀ¨m-hn-j-b-am-bn.

It®gn aqÀ¡n-Ã¯v kqcn-\-¼q-Xn-cn-̧ mSv F¶ a²y-h-b-kvI³ alm-P-·nsb Cµp-te-

J-bpsS hc-\m-bn AhÀ Xocp-am-\n-̈ p. Ag-Inb cmh-W-s\-t¸m-se, Cµp-te-Jsb

{`an-̈ p-h¶ B \¼q-Xn-cn, kz´w hnUvVn-thjw sI«n-¡m-Wn-̈ -Xn-e-̧ pdw H¶pw \S-

¶n-Ã. kv{Xoe-¼-S-\mb B a\p-jys\ Cµp-teJ \nc-kn-̈ p. HSp-hnÂ kqcn-\-¼q-Xn-

cn, Ieym-Wnsb _mÔ-hn¨p Øew hn«p. ]t£ Cµp-te-Jsb BWv sImp

t]mIp-¶Xv F¶v At±lw F¼mSpw hnhcw ]c-̄ n.

aZn-cm-in-bnÂ DtZym-K-̄ nÂ {]th-in¨ am[-h³ GXm\pw Znh-ks¯ Hgnhp

In«n-b-t¸mÄ \m«n-tebv¡p aS-§n. Cµp-te-Jsb kqcn-\-¼q-Xn-cn-̧ mSv hnhmlw

Ign¨p F¶ hmÀ¯-bm-Wv, Xohn Cd-§nb am[-h\v tIÄ¡m³ CS-h-¶-Xv.

kv{Xokzm-̀ m-h-̄ nsâ N]-e-X-sb-¡p-dn¨v Hcp \nanjw Nn´n-̈ p-t]m-bn am[-h³. a\-

Ênsâ kzØX \jvS-s¸«v AbmÄ Xncn-̈ p-t]m-bn. aZn-cm-in-bnÂ F¯n. hopw

Ah-[n-sb-Sp¯v tZim-S-\-̄ n\p ]pd-s¸-«p.

hnhn-[-X-c-¡m-cmb Bfp-I-sfbpw Pohn-X-co-Xnbpw Iv am[-h³ Aeªp.

t_mws_-bnÂh¨v HcmÄ am[-hs\ ]än¨v [\-saÃmw A]-l-cn¨p F¦nepw Nne-

cpsS klmbw e`n-̈ p. am[-h³, tZim-́ cw t]mb hnhcw I¯p-aqew Adnª

IpSpw-_mw-K-§fpw Cµp-te-Jbpw Gsd hyk-\n-̈ p. Abm-fpsS AÑ\pw Hcp

_Ôphpw am[-hs\ At\z-jn¨v bm{X-bm-bn. IÂ¡-«-bnÂsh-̈ mWv AhÀ am[-

hs\ Is-̄ n-b-Xv. hnh-c-§Ä Adnª am[-h³ ]Ým-̄ -]n-̈ p. _Ôp-

¡tfmsSm¸w AbmÄ \m«n-tebv¡p Xncn-̈ p. Xma-kn-bmsX Cµp-te-Jsb hnhmlw

Ign¨v aZn-cm-in-bn-tebv¡v DtZymKw kzoI-cn¨p t]mhp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

cma-cm-P-_-l-ZqÀ

sImÃ-hÀjw 933 apXÂ 973 hsc-bpÅ \mev]-Xp-hÀj-¡mew Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ

`cn¨ ImÀ¯nI Xncp-\mÄ cma-hÀ½-bpsS Ah-km-\s¯ Hcp ]Xn-äm-p-Im-es¯



\nÀ®m-b-I-kw-̀ -h-§-fn-te-bv¡mWv "cma-cm-Pm-_-l-ZqÀ' shfn¨w hoip-¶-Xv. Ccp-]-

Xp-hÀj-t¯mfw sIm«mcw k{kXn Øm\¯p hÀ¯n¨ cmPm-tI-i-h-Zm³ 963 Â

henb kÀÆm-[n-Im-cy-¡m-cmbpw 964 Â Zf-h-bmbpw Øm\m-tcm-lWw t\Sp¶

Imew-Iq-Sn-bm-Wn-Xv. U¨v, Cw¥ojv XpS-§nb hntZ-i-i-àn-I-fpsS km¶n-²yhpw

kzm[o-\-X-bpw-sImv apJ-Ñmb amdp¶ tIc-f-̄ nsâ cmjv{Sob `q]-S-̄ nÂ

ssakqÀ kpÂ¯m-·m-cpsS IS-¶p-h-chv `oj-W-amb kmwkvIm-cnI Imem-h-

Øbv¡p XpS¡w Ipdn-̈ Xv C¡m-e-b-f-hnsâ {]tXy-I-X-bm-Wv.

ssakqÀ kpÂ¯m-·m-cmb sslZ-c-en-bp-sSbpw Sn¸p-hn³scbpw ]S-tbm-«s¯

sNdp-¡p-¶-Xn\v Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ bp²-k-¶-²-am-bn. sslZ-cpsS ssP{X-bm-{Xbv¡v

Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ {]thiw A{]m-]y-am-bn. cmPm-tI-i-h-Zm-ksâ X{´-ssh-ZKv²yw

]Sp-̄ p-bÀ¯nb s\Sp-t¦m« sslZ-cpsS ssk\y-̄ n\p hgn-ap-S-¡n. sslZ-cpsS ac-

W-tijw Sn¸p kpÂ¯msâ t\Xr-Xz-̄ nÂ ]ns¶bp-samcp IS-¶m-{I-a-W-̄ n\p

{iaw \S-¶p. Bephm aWÂ¸p-d¯p kt¦-X-ap-d-̧ n¨ Sn¸p-hnsâ ssk\yw A{]-Xo-

£n-X-am-bp-mb shÅ-s¸m¡w aqew ]n´n-cn-bp-Ibpw Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ hnPbw

sImm-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. cma-cm-Pm-_-l-Zq-dnsâ Ncn-{X-]-Ým-¯ew CXm-Wv.

kn.-hn.-bpsS "[À½-cmPm'bnÂ {]Xy-£-s¸-Sp¶ apJy-I-Ym-]m-{X-§Ä an¡-

hmdpw Xs¶ "cma-cm-Pm-_-l-Zqdn'epw ssNX-\y-]qÀÆw ]p\-c-h-X-cn-¡p¶p. ]t£

FÃm-hÀ¡pw ImX-emb ]cn-hÀ -̄\-§Ä kw -̀hn-̈ n-«p-v. \os«-gp¯p tIi-

h³]nÅ XÂØm-\-̄ p-\n-¶p-bÀ¶v Znhm³Pn-bm-bn-̄ oÀ¶n-cn-¡p-¶p. "[À½-

cmPm'bnÂ ip²-K-Xn-¡m-c-\mbn Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡-s¸« tIi-h-\p-®n-¯m³ kwi-b-{K-

kvX\pw Znhmsâ {][m\ {]Xn-Iq-en-bp-ambn cq]m-́ -c-s¸«p Ign-ªp. At±-l-

¯nsâ {]nb Iman\n ao\m£n Ct¸mÄ Hcp Zpc-́ -I-Y-bnse \mbnI [À½-cm-Pm-

bnÂ \n[n-Imw-£n-bmbn Ah-X-cn-̈ v, HSp-hnÂ lXm-i-\mbn Ccp-fnÂ adª Imfn

DS-bm³ N{µ-¡m-c³ Hcp ]co-£-W-̄ n-\p-IqSn k¶-²-\mbn cwK-{]-thiw sN¿p-

¶p. amWn-Iy-Ku-Þ-s\¶ ]p¯³th-j-¯nÂ.

Sn¸p kpÂ¯msâ B{I-a-W-t¯mSp _Ô-s¸-Sp-̄ n-bmWv "cma-ImPm _l-

Zqdn'se CXn-hr¯w kwhn-[m\w sNbvXn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. kzmÀ° kwc-£-W-̄ nÂ

{i²m-ep-hmbn amWn-Iy-Ku-Þ-s\¶ adp-t]-cnÂ {]Xy-£-s¸-Sp¶ N{µ-¡m-d³ HSp-

hnÂ A]-I-S-§-fnÂ sN¶p-hoWv Bß-XymKw sNt¿n hcp-¶p. N©e lrZ-b-



\mb tIi-h-\p-®n-¯m³ `mcy ao\m-£n-bnÂ kwi-bm-ep-hm-Wv. Znhm³Pn-bp-ambn

AhÄ¡v cl-ky-ho-gvN-bp-s-¶mWv D®n-̄ msâ ktµ-lw. aIÄ kmhn-{Xn¡v

Znhm³Pn-bpsS AwK-c-£-I-\mb {Xnhn-{I-a-Ip-am-c-\n-ep-mb A\p-cmKw AbmÄ

AwKo-I-cn-¡p-¶n-Ã. hymPw {Kln-¡msX Sn¸p-hnsâ Nmc-\mb APn-X-knw-l\v

kmhn-{Xnsb \ÂIm-\mWv D®n-̄ m\v hy{K-Xb IqÀ½-_p-²nbmb tIi-h-]nÅ

Znhm³Pn AXp XS-bp-¶p.

]t£, KqV-kw-L-̄ nsâ Xe-\mb s]cn-©-t¡m-S³ kmhn-{Xnsb A]-l-

cn¨v Sn¸p-hnsâ ]mf-b-̄ n-em-¡n. N{µ-¡m-d\pw AhnsS _Ô-\-̄ nÂ Ign-bp-I-bm-

Wv. Ipss©-¡p-«n-̧ n-Å-bpsS kml-kn-IXzw krjvSn¨ Pe-{]-f-b-̄ nÂ s]cn-bmÀ

Ic-I-hn-ªp. Sn¸phpw ssk\yhpw Poh-\pw-sImp ]em-b\w sNbvXp. N{µ-¡m-

d³ kmhn-{Xnsb c£-s]-Sp-̄ n. kzbw c£n-¡m³ Ign-ªn-sÃ-¦nepw {Xnhn-{I-a-Ip-

am-c³ s]cn-©-t¡m-Ss\ \n{K-ln-̈ p. kmhn-{Xnsb ]cn-{K-ln-̈ p. cma-cm-Pyw tIi-h-

Zn-hm³Pn-bpsS taÂt\m-«-̄ nÂ sFiz-cy-{]-hr-²-am-bn.

""Hcp t\mh-se-gp-̄ p-Im-csâ {]Xn-̀ -bpsS ssh`hw bYmÀ°-̄ nÂ ]co-£n-

¡-s¸-Sp-¶Xv ]m{X-kr-jvSn-bn-emWv; AXnÂ¡qSn AbmÄ cq]w sImSp-¡p¶ am\p-

jnI {]]-©-̄ nÂ. AXnÂ kn.-hn. sb AXn-i-bn-¡m³ At±-l-t¯mSv InS-

\nÂ¡m³t]mepw hf-sc-t¸À ImWp-I-bnÃ''. þ ssI\n-¡c Fw. Ipam-c-]n-Å.

D½m¨p

kv{Xq]p-cpj_Ô-̄ nsâ AKm-[-X-e-§Ä ]cn-tim-[n-¡pI am{X-a-Ã, Hcp

Ime-L-«-̄ nsâ Nn{Xw \ÂIp-I-IqSn sN¿p¶ t\mh-emWv Ddq-_nsâ "D½m¨p'.

Iman\n aqe-ap-mb Ie-l-§-fpS IY-bmWv Cu t\mhÂ. a[y-a-e-_m-dnse apÉow

kmaq-lnI Pohn-X-̄ nsâ hnIm-c-a-]-c-amb hi-§sf CXnÂ kaÀ°-ambn hymJym-

\n-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶p.

Iuam-c-{]m-b-¡m-cmb _ocm\pw amb\pw D½m-̈ phpw sNdp¸w apXte henb

kplr-̄ p-¡-fm-Wv. AhÀ Hcp-an-̈ mWv H¯p-]-Ån-bn-tebv¡p hcp-¶Xpw aS-§p-¶-

Xpw. Ime-{I-taW D½m¨p kpµ-cn-bmb Hcp bph-Xn-bmbn amdn. _ocm\v Ah-sf

hnhmlw Ign-¡m³ taml-ap-Zn-̈ p. amb\pw Ahsc tamln-̈ p. D½m-̈ p-hn\v Gsd

Xmev]cyw Icp-̄ -\mb amb-t\mSp Xs¶-bm-bn-cp-¶p. ]s£ Ahsf hnhmlw



sNbvXXv k¼-¶-\mb _ocm³ Bbn-cp-¶p. {]Xn-tj[w Dm-bn-cp-¶p-sh-¦nepw

D½m¨p \ni_vZw AXn\p hg-§n. X§-fpsS hnhmlw \S-̄ m³ CS-\ne \n¶

Al-½-Zp®n F¶ hr²-s\-t¸mepw D½m¨p shdp-̄ p. D½m-̈ p-hns\ X\n¡v \jvS-

s¸-Sm³ CS-bm-¡nb Al-½-Zp-®nsb amb³ ASn-̈ p hogv¯n. AbmÄ acn-̈ p-t]m-

sb¶p [cn¨v amb³ \mSp-hn-«p.

\mSp-hn« amb³ hb-\m-«n-emWv F¯n-t¨À¶-Xv. AhnsS Hcp lmPn-bm-cpsS

Imcy-Ø-\mbn ]Wn-sb-Sp-̄ p. Al-½-Zp-®n-bpsS ac-W-tijw Abm-fpsS aI-\mb

lk³ hb-\m-«n-se-̄ n. Ahn-sS-h¨v amb\pw lk\pw kplr-̄ p-¡-fm-bn. Al-

½-Zp-®n-bpsS ac-W-̄ nÂ X\n¡p ]¦n-sÃ¶p Xncn-̈ -dnª amb³ hb-\m-«nse

AÚm-X-hmkw Dt]-£n¨v \m«nÂ aS-§n-sb-̄ n. Abmfpw D½m-̈ p-hp-ambn IqSn-

¡-p. kwkm-cn-̈ p. B cm{Xn-bnÂ D½m-¨p-hnsâ InS-̧ -d-bnÂ Btcm IS-¶p-h¶v

Ah-fpsS `À¯m-hns\ Ip¯n-s¡m-¶p. sIme-bm-fn-bpsS apJw D½m¨p Ahy-à-am-

bn-s«-¦nepw Ip. H¸w aI³ A_vZp-hpw. ]t£ \nc-]-cm-[n-bmb tNmgn in£n-¡-

s¸-«p. D½m-̈ phpw Xm³ I kXyw Xpd-¶p-]-d-bm³ X¿m-dm-bn-Ã.

\m«nÂ Xncn-s¨-̄ nb amb³ hoSp-]-Wn-Xp. CS-\n-e-¡mÀ aptJ\ hn[-h-bmb

D½m-̈ p-hn\v hnhm-lm-tem-N-\bpw \S-̄ n. A§s\ B hnhmlw \S-¶p.

AhÀ¡p cp Ip«n-IÄ Dm-bn. sslt{Zmkpw ac-bv¡m-cpw. Hcp-\mÄ Xsâ

_m¸-bpsS sIme-bmfn amb-\m-sW¶ kXyw X\n-¡-dn-bm-sa¶v A_vZp ]d-ª-Xp-

tI«v D½m¨p tamlm-e-ky-s¸-«p. CX-dnª amb³ hb-\m-«n-tebv¡p aS-§n. Xsâ

tPmen-IÄ Hmtcm-¶mbn AbmÄ ]qÀ¯n-bm-¡n. lk-s\bpw Ban-\-sbbpw H¶n-̧ n-

¨p. Xsâ t]cnÂ Dm-bn-cp¶ hoSpw ]pc-bn-Shpw Ah-cpsS t]cnÂ Fgp-Xn-sIm-Sp-

¯p. ]n¶o-S-bmÄ Bß-lXy sNbvXp.

_ocmsâ ]p{X-\mb A_vZp-hn-t\mSv ambsâ a¡-fmb sslt{Zm-kn\pw ac-

bv¡mÀ¡pw \oc-k-am-bn-cp-¶p. AXp-sImv Xm³ Pohn-̈ n-cn-s¡-̄ s¶ `mK-D-S-¼Sn

\S-̄ m³ D½m¨p Xocp-am-\n-̈ p. AhÀ A_vZp-hn-t\m-sSm¸w Ign-bm³ Xocp-am-\n-̈ p.

]©m-b¯v Ce-£-\nÂ A_vZphpw sslt{Zmkpw X½nÂ aÕ-cn-¡p-¶p. CXnÂ

sslt{Zmkv hnP-bn-¡p-¶p. Imcy-Ø-\mb Nm¸p-®n-\m-b-cpsS aI-fmb Nn¶-½p-hns\

{]W-bn-̈ n-cp¶ A_vZp Ahsf hnhmlw Ign-̈ p. D½m¨p BZyw H¶-¼-c-s¶-¦nepw

CXw-Ko-I-cn¨p. F¶mÂ Nm¸p-®n-\m-bÀ¡v aI-fpsS {]hr-̄ nsb s]s«¶v AwKo-I-



cn-¡m³ Ign-ªn-Ã. A_vZp þ Nn¶½p Z¼-Xn-IÄ¡v Hcp Ip«n ]nd-¡p-Ibpw ]cn-̀ -h-

§Ä¡pw hntZz-j-§Ä¡pw AdpXn hcp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶-tXmsS "D½m¨p' F¶

t\mhÂ Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶p.

a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-̄ nsâ Bßm-hnÂ apg-§p¶ Ime-̄ nsâ ]cn-Wm-a-i_vZw

Gähpw ià-ambn A\p-̀ -h-t¸m-Sp¶ t\mh-emWv Ddq-_nsâ "D½m¨p'. CXnÂ kaq-

l-̄ nsâ _mly-amb N«-¡q-Sn-Ã. ae-bmf t\mhÂ kmln-Xy-̄ n\v A¶p-hsc

A]-cn-Nn-X-am-bn-cp¶ A´-co-£-amWv Cu t\mh-enÂ {]Xy-£-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. IY-bpsS

hni-Zmw-i-§tfm IYm-]m-{X-§fpsS thjtam `mjtbm BNm-c-hn-ti-j-§tfm H¶p-

aÃ Cu t\mh-enÂ {][m-\w. hnhn[ Pohn-X-hr-̄ n-IÄ¡p \nZm-\-amb am\-knI

{]h-W-X-I-fpsS iàhpw kq£va-hp-amb hymJym-\-amWv "D½m-̈ p'.

Aán-km£n

\¼q-Xncn kap-Zm-b-¯nsâ kmaq-ln-Ihpw cmjv{So-b-hp-amb ]cn-hÀ¯-\-

§Ä¡p hgn-sbm-cp-¡nb Hcp Ime-L-«-̄ nsâ HmÀ½-¡p-dn¸mWv efn-Xmw-_nI

A´ÀÖ-\-̄ nâ "Aán-km-£n' F¶ t\mhÂ. kmaq-lnI kzmX-{´y-̄ n-\p-

thn PohnXw _en-Zm-\-ambn \ÂIn-b, am\-¼-Ån-bn-Ã¯v Aán-km-£n-bmbn IqSn-

I-b-dn-sb-̄ nb t\Xn-¡p-«n-¡m-hnsâ IY. PoÀ®n¨ BNm-c-hn-izm-k-t§mSp Ie-

ln¨ kv{XoXz-̄ nsâ Bhn-jvI-c-Ww. kzmX-{´y-̄ nsâ Xo¡m-ämbn amdnb tZho-

_-lsâ BZÀi-ip-²n-bpsS Nn{Xw.

e£van F¶p t]cn«p X¦w F¶p hnfn-̈ n-cp¶ anknkv sI.-Fw.sI. \mbÀ.

KwKm-Xo-cs¯ XoÀ°-tI-{µ-§-fn-eqsS aI-t\mSpw t]c-¡p-«n-I-tfm-Sp-sam¯p k©-cn-

¡p-t¼mÄ Ah-cpsS a\-ÊnÂ Hcp tcmK-ap-m-bn-cp-¶p. Xsâ tXXn-tb-S-̄ n-sb¶

tZh-In-tb-S-̄ nsb þ tZho-_-ls\ þ H¶p Is-̄ p-I, XoÀ°-L-«-̄ nse hnkvXr-

X-amb ]nSn-bnÂ [ym\-̄ n-en-cn-¡p¶ tbmKn-\n-tbmSv tZho-_-l-s\-¡p-dn¨p Xnc-¡n.

tbmKn-\n-bpsS apJ-̀ m-h-̄ nÂ\n¶v Xm³ Xnc-¡n-sb-̄ nb BÄ Xs¶-bm-Wn-sX¶v

X¦w kwi-bn-¡p-¶p. Ah-cpsS HmÀ½-IÄ ]n¶n-tebv¡p ]mbp-¶p.

Xsâ {]nb-s¸« D®n-tb-«sâ ]pXp-a-W-hm-«n-bm-sb-¡nb am\-¼Ån a\-

bv¡se ]pXnb Ipªm-̄ -e-½-bmb tXXn-tb-S-̄ nsb¡pdn-¨pÅ HmÀ½-IÄ X¦-

¯nsâ a\-Ên-se-̄ n. X¦hpw tXXn-tb-S-¯n-bp-am-bpÅ kulrZw hfÀ¶p-h-¶p.



]¯mw-X-c-̄ n-\p-tijw D¶-X-hn-Zym-̀ ym-k-̄ n-\mbn A\y-\m-«nÂ t]mb X¦w Ah-

[n-Im-e¯v \m«nÂ Xncn-s¨-̄ n. AhnsS X¦-̄ ns\ Im¯n-cp-¶Xv tZh-In-tb-S¯n

Xsâ CÃ-t¯¡p aS-§n-t¸mbn F¶ \Sp-¡p¶ hmÀ -̄bm-bn-cp-¶p. t`mK-̄ n-\-Ã,

XymK-̄ n-\mWv Zm¼-Xy-sa¶v HmXn-t¡«p ]Tn¨ D®n-\-¼q-Xn-cn¡v `mcysb am\n-

¡m³ Ign-ªn-Ã. H¶pw hmbn-¡m-\n-Ãm-sX, Hcm-tfmSpw anm-\n-Ãm-sX, acn-̈ -Xp-t]m-

se-bpÅ Pohn-Xw. A§s\ acn-¡m-\pÅ kv{XoP-·-sa¶p Xncn-̈ -dnª tXXn-¡p«n

"tLmj' _ln-jvI-cn¨v shfn-bnÂ h¶p, [oc-X-bmbn kv{Xo kzmX-{ý-̄ n-\p-

thn {]kw-Kn-̈ p. A§s\ tXXn-¡p«n tZhIn am\-¼-Ån-bm-bn.

CXn-\n-S-bnÂ X¦-̄ nsâ Pohn-X-̄ nepw Gsd amä-§Ä Dm-bn. hSt¡

Cý-bnÂ tPmen-bpÅ Hcp bphm-hp-ambn AhÄ¡v hnhm-lm-tem-N\ h¶p.

A§s\ AhÄ anknkv \mbÀ Bbn. A½ acn-¡p-Ibpw \mSp-am-bpÅ _Ôw

Aäp-t]m-hp-Ibpw Pohn-X-̄ n\p Xnc¡p-]n-Sn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvX-tXmsS X¦-̄ nsâ

kvac-W-I-fnepw ]gb tXXn-tb-S-̄ n-¡pÅ Øm\w \jvS-am-bn. kap-Zm-b-̄ n\p

kzmX{ýw thW-sa-¦nÂ cmPy-̄ n\p kzmX{ýw In«ntb Xocp F¶v a\-Ên-em-

¡nb tZhIn am\-¼Ån alm-ßm-Km-Ôn-bpsS injy-bm-bn. XpSÀ¶v kzmX-{ým-\-

ć Cý-bnse A´-Ñn-{Z-§-fnepw A[n-Imc hSw-h-en-bnepw a\w-s\m´v tZho-_-

l³ k\ym-k-̄ n-tebv¡p Xncn-ª-Xmbn X¦w Adn-ªp.

hÀj-§Ä¡p-tijw Xsâ t]c-¡p«n tZhp-hp-sam¯v X¦w \m«n-tebv¡p

t]mbn. A¼-e-̄ nÂ `mK-hXw hmbn-¡p¶ hr²-{_m-Ò-W-\mbn ]gb D®n-tb-«s\

X¦w Is-̄ n. Abm-fnÂ\n¶pw e`n¨ tXXn-tb-S-̄ n-bpsS hnem-khpw At\z-jn-

¨mWv X¦w D¯-tc-́ y-bn-tebv¡p aS-§n-b-Xv. X¦-̄ n-\p-thn D®n-tb-«³ A{U-

sÊ-gpXn h¨n-cp¶ Hcp ]mgvkÂ Abm-fpsS ac-W-tijw X¦-̄ n\p e`n-¡p-¶p. B

]mgvk-enÂ tXXn-tb-S¯n Agn-̈ p-h¨ awK-ey-kq-{Xhpw Dm-bn-cp-¶p. AXn-\p-

ÅnÂ Hsc-gp-̄ pw Dm-bn-cp-¶p. CXp cpw k½m-\n-¡p-¶-Xn-\mWv X¦w tXXn-

tb-S-̄ nse At\z-jn¨v KwKm-Xo-c-s¯-̄ n-b-Xv.

cp-Zn-h-k-§Ä¡p-tijw kpan-{Xm-\µ tbmKn-\nsb X¦w hopw Ip-ap-«n.

Ah-tcmSv D®n-\-¼q-Xn-cn-bpsS hntbm-K-hmÀ¯ Adn-bn-̈ -tijw awK-ey-kq{Xw

ssIam-dn. AhÀ AXv ap¶n-epÅ Aán-Ip-WvT-̄ nÂ kaÀ¸n-̈ p. ùXn-I-X-bpsS



Xpcp-¼p-t]mse Nc-Sp-thKw I¯n-t¸m-bn. Pzen-¡p¶ temlw AhÀ X¦-̄ nsâ

t]c-¡p«n tZhp-hn\p ssIam-dn.

efn-Xmw-_nI A´ÀP\w Pohn-X-̄ nsâ kmbw-Im-e¯v k½m-\n¨ A\ÀL-

\n-[n-bmbn "Aán-km£n'. tI{µ, tIcf kmlnXy A¡m-Zan AhmÀUp-IÄ Cu

t\mh-ens\ tXSn-sb-̄ n.

HmS-bnÂ \n¶v

FXnÀ¸nsâ Iem-Im-c-\mb tIi-h-tZ-hnsâ a\p-jy-ZÀi-\s¯ k¼qÀ®-

ambn {]Im-in-̧ n-¡p¶ IrXn-bmWv "HmS-bnÂ \n¶v' F¶ t\mhÂ. tIc-f-̄ nse

km[m-c-W-¡m-cp-sS, {]tXy-In¨pw sXmgn-em-fn-hÀ¤-̄ nsâ ]ucp-js¯ C{X-taÂ

DÖz-e-am-¡nb asämcp t\mhÂ CsÃ-¶p-Xs¶ ]d-bmw. A²zm-\n-¡p¶ hÀ¤n-

¯nsâ Bßm-̀ n-am-\-¯nsâ {]Xn-_nw-_-amWv Cu t\mh-ense \mb-I-I-Ym-]m-{X-

amb ]¸p.

]¸p-hnsâ amXm-]n-Xm-¡Ä P·n-bpsS B{in-XÀ Bbn-cp-¶p. AXn-\mÂ

AhÀ Ahs\ kvIqfnÂ tNÀ¯-Xp-t]mepw P·n-tbmSv A\p-hmZw tNmZn-̈ n-«m-Wv.

]Tn-¡p-¶-Xn-s\-¡m-tfsd Ifn-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ kuI-cy-tamÀ¯v kvIqfnÂ t]mIp-¶Xv

]¸p-hn\pw CjvS-am-bn-cp-¶p. Hcp Znhkw Ah\pw Iq«p-Im-c\pw IqSn Hcp Ipcp-

hnsb ]nSn¨p ¢mknÂ sImp-h-¶p. AXnsâ ImenÂ Nc-Sp-sI«n ]d-̧ n-̈ p. ¢mÊn-

emsI _l-f-am-bn. At¸m-gmWv A²ym-]-Isâ hchv. ]¸p-hns\ ¢mkn\p ]pd¯v

Cd¡v \nÀ¯n. i_vZ-ap-m-¡nb Ip«n-IÄ¡p NqcÂ¡-jm-bw. F¶mÂ P·n-

bpsS ]p{Xs\ A²ym-]-IÀ in£n-¡msX D]-tZ-in-̈ p-hn-«p. A²ym-]-Is\ tNmZyw

sNbvX-Xn\v ]¸p-hns\ kvIqfnÂ\n¶v ]pd-¯m-¡n.

\m«nÂ \nÂ¡m³ Ign-bmsX ]¸p ]«-W-̄ n-se-̄ n. Npa-«p-sXm-gn-em-fn-

bmbpw tkmUm ^mIvS-dn-bnse Poh-\-¡m-c-\p-sam-s¡-bmbn PohnXw \bn-̈ p. I¼-

\n-bnse takv{Xnsb ssIt¿äw sNbvX Ipä-̄ n\v XS-hp-in£ A\p-̀ -hn-t¡n

h¶p. AXp-I-gnªp ]pd-̄ p-h¶ ]¸p dn£m-sXm-gn-em-fn-bm-bn. ]W-am-b-t¸mÄ

Ah³ kz´-ambn Hcp dn£m hm§n. Hcp kÔym ka-b¯v ]¸p dn£-bnÂ

sdbnÂth tÌj-\n-tebv¡v HmSp-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. At¸m-gmWv A_-²-̄ nÂ Ahsâ

dn£m X«n Hcp sIm¨p-s]¬Ip«n HmS-bn-tebv¡p hoW-Xv. \ne-hn-fn-tI« ]¸p HmSn-

s¨¶v Ahsf HmS-bnÂ\n¶v hmcn-sb-Sp-¯p. IS-bnÂ \n¶p aS-§p-I-bm-bn-cp¶



Ah-fpsS ssIh-i-ap-m-bn-cp¶ Acnbpw ]e-hy-RvP-\-§-fp-saÃmw \ne-̄ p-hoWp

NnX-dn-bn-cp-¶p. B Ip«n-bpsS \ne-hnfn ]¸p-hnsâ lrZ-bs¯ kv]Àin-̈ p.

AbmÄ Ah-fpsS I®o-scm-̧ n. tZl-̄ p-]p-c Agp-¡p-IÄ XpS-̈ p-I-f-ªp.

\jvS-s¸-«-Xn-tesd Acnbpw ]e-hy-RvP-\-§fpw hm§n-s¡m-Sp-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

e£van¡p kt´m-j-am-bn. \msf hopw ImWmw F¶ hmKvZm-\-t¯msS AhÄ

ho«n-tebv¡p t]mbn.

A¶m-Zy-ambn ]¸p Hcp "\msf'sb¡p-dn¨p Nn´n-̈ p. AXn-\mbn Im¯n-cp¶p.

]ns¶ Hcp-\mÄ AbmÄ e£van-tbm-sSm¯v Ah-fpsS ho«nÂt]m-bn. AhnsS hn[-

h-bmb A½ IeymWn am{X-amWv AhÄ¡p XpW. Ah-cpsS Zmcn-{Zy-ZpxJw Abm-

fpsS lrZ-bs¯ kv]Àin-̈ p. AbmÄ Ahsc klm-bn-̈ p. IeymWn AbmÄ¡p

\nXyhpw tNmdp-h¨p sImSp-̄ p. B Krl-̄ nsâ \mb-I-\m-bn AbmÄ amdn.

e£vansb kvIqfnÂ Ab¨p ]Tn-̧ n-̈ p. B sNä-̧ p-cbv¡p ]e ]cn-jvIm-c-§fpw

hcp-̄ n. Pohn-X-̄ n\p e£yw h¶ AbmÄ¡n-t¸mÄ tPmen¡p IqSp-XÂ DuÀÖ-

hhpw DÕm-lhpw Dv.

\nÝn-X-Zn-hkw Xs¶ ^okv sImSp-¡-W-sa¶pw aäp Ip«n-I-tfm-sSm¸w Xs¶

tamSn-bmbn AhÄ hkv{X-[m-cWw \S-̄ -W-sa¶pw ]¸p-hn\p \nÀ_-Ô-ap-v. AXn-

cm-hnse tPmen¡p t]mIp¶ AbmÄ AhÄ kvIqfnÂ t]mIp-¶-Xn\p ImWm³

tdmUn-se-hn-sS-sb-¦nepw Im¯p-\nÂ¡p-Ibpw sN¿pw. F¶mÂ Xsâ c£-

IÀ¯mhv Hcp dn£m-¡m-c-\m-sW-¶-dn-ªmÂ Iq«p-Im-cpsS kvt\lhpw hcp-am-\-hp-

saÃmw \jvS-s¸-Sp-sa¶v e£van `b-¶p. cm]-I-en-ÃmsX ITn-\m-²zm\w sNbvX ]¸p

tcmKn-bm-bn. F¦nepw e£vansb ]¯mw ¢mkp-hsc ]Tn-̧ n-¡m\pw \Ã \ne-bnÂ

hnhmlw sNbvX-bv¡m\pw AbmÄ¡p km[n-̈ p. Bcp-sSbpw klmbw AbmÄ

kzoI-cn-̈ n-Ã. e£van-tbm-sSm¯p kzØ-Po-hnXw \bn-¡m-\pÅ £Ww t]mepw

AbmÄ \nc-kn-̈ p. Pohn-X-e£yw k -̂e-am-bn-̄ oÀ¶-XnÂ Nmcn-XmÀ°-\m-bn-

¯oÀ¶ ]¸p Häbv¡v bm{X XpÀ¶p, A\-´-X-bn-te-bv¡v.

Ah-K-Wn-¡-s¸-Sp¶ km[m-cW P\-k-aq-l-̄ nsâ ZpxJ-§fpw hn]-co-X-Nm-cp-

X-tbmsS s]mcp-Xn AhÀ ssIh-cn¡p¶ DbÀ -̈Ifpw Imev]-\nI Nmcp-X-tbmsS

Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡p¶ IrXn F¶ \ne-bnÂ "HmS-bnÂ \n¶n\v' t\mhÂ kmlnXy Ncn-{X-

¯nÂ {]tXy-I-amb Øm\-ap-v. BÀÖ-h-amb {]Xn-]m-Z-\-co-Xnbpw lrZ-b-{Z-ho-I-c-



W-£-a-X-bpÅ IYm-k-µÀ`-§fpw sImv Hä-s¸« hyànXzw ]peÀ¯p¶ Cu

IrXn ae-bmf t\mhÂ kmln-Xy-̄ nÂ Hcp ]pXp-bp-K-̧ n-d-hn¡v \mµn Ipdn¨p.

cn-S-§gn (1949)

Ip«-\m-S³ IÀj-I-s¯m-gn-em-fn-I-fpsS hÀK-k-a-c-̄ nsâ kq£va-Nn{Xw Ah-

X-cn-̧ n-¡p¶ `mthm-Pz-e-amb IrXn-bmWv "cn-S-§-gn'. ASn-̈ -aÀ¯-a-s¸« ZpxJm-\p-̀ -

h-§-fnÂ \n¶p-WÀ¶v kz´w hn[n Xncn-̈ -dn-bm-\pÅ Icp-¯mÀÖn-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶p

cn-S-§-gn-bnse tImc³. Ah\v A²zm-\-̄ nsâ alna Adn-bmw. B A²zm\w

Pohn-X-̄ nsâ c£bpw A´Êpw Dd¸p \ÂIp-¶n-sÃ-¶-dn-bp-t¼mÄ {Iqc-amb Hcp

kXyw Ah\v t_m²y-s¸-Sp-¶p.

"\½fp Pohw Ifªp tae sNbvXmepw Hcp `tem-an-Ã. \½fp a-·m-cm.

G³ Ad-bv¡-e-Sn-bm-\m, G\v ]pjv]-then HmW-̧ -Wn-¡m-c-\m, F³ X{am skm¯p-

Im-c\m Fs¶ms¡ ]mhn¨pw ]dªpw \S-¡mw. ]e-sa-¶m, H¶p-anÃ'.

sIm-bv¯p-Im-e¯v "shÅw IpSn-¡m³' Hcp Iä kz´-am-sb-Sp¯ tImcs\

apX-emfn IW-¡n\p iIm-cn-̈ p. AXv Ahsâ Bßm-̀ n-a-\s¯ {hW-s¸-Sp-̄ n.

hÀK-t_m-[s¯ X«n-bp-WÀ¯n. Ah³ ]pXnb Hcm-fm-bn. apX-emfn Iqen Ipd-̈ -

t¸mÄ tImc³ sXmgn-em-fn-Isf kwL-Sn-¸n¨p akcw \S-̄ n. Ah-Imiw \ne-

\nÀ¯n. AtXmsS Ip«-\m-S³ ImÀjn-I-ta-Je kwLÀj-̀ -cn-X-am-bn. Ah-Im-i-\n-

tj-[hpw AXn-s\-Xn-cmb {]t£m-̀ -§epw \nXy-kw-̀ -h-am-bn. IÀjI {]am-Wn-am-

cpsS kzm[o-\w-sImv bqWn-b³ {]hÀ¯-Icp-sS-taÂ IÅ-t¡-kp-I-fp-m-bn.

tImc-\pÄs¸sS ]ecpw Hfn-hnÂt]m-bn. Hcp Znhkw cm{Xn IpSn-en-se-̄ nb

tImc³ IXv ]pjv]-th-enÂ Nmt¡m Nncp-Xsb _em-ÕwKw sN¿m-s\m-cp-§p-¶-

Xm-Wv. Ah³ Abmsf XÃn-s¡m-¶p. tImc\v e`n¨ in£ ]Xn-\©p hÀjs¯

PbnÂhm-k-am-bn-cp-¶p. ]qÀ®-KÀ`n-Wn-bmb Nncp-Xsb Iq«p-Im-c-\mb Nm¯s\

Gev]n-̈ n-«mWv Ah³ t]mb-Xv. Nm¯\pw Nncp-Xbpw B§-fbpw s]§-fp-ambn

Pohn-̈ p. XS-hp-in£ Ign-sª-̄ nb tImcsâ ssII-fnÂ Nncp-Xsb Nm¯³ Xncn-

t¨-ev]n-¡p-¶p. tImcsâ aI³ shfp¯ Xsâ sIm¨pssI Npcp«n DbÀ¯n-

s¡mv hnfn-¡p-¶p. ""Irjn-̀ qan IÀj-IÀ¡v''. tImcsâ Xe-ap-d-bpsS kz]v\w

shfp-̄ -bpsS Ime-L-«-̄ nÂ bmYmÀ°y-am-Ip-sa¶ kqN-\-bmWv t\mhÂ ip`-]-

cy-h-km-bn-bm-Ip-t¼mÄ e`n-¡p-¶-Xv.



hnj-I-\yI

ae-_m-dnse I¶n-a-®nÂ `mKym-t\z-jn-I-fm-sb-̄ nb Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dp-Im-c-\mb

{InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS A[zm-\-io-e-̄ n-sâbpw kz]v\-§-fp-sSbpw kz]v\-̀ w-K-§-fp-

sSbpw Zpcn-X-§-fp-sSbpw IY-bmWv "hnj-I-\yI'. Cu t\mh-en\v cmjv{So-bhpw

kmaq-ln-I-hp-amb Hcp ]Ým-̄ -e-ap-v. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse kn.-]n.-bpsS tkzÑm-[n-]-

Xy-̀ -cWw. \nhÀ¯-\-{]-t£m-̀ -̄ nsâ ]Ým-̄ -e-̄ nÂ ss{IkvX-h-k-aqlw kn.-]n.-

bpsS i{XpX Gäp-hm-§p-¶p. temI-a-lm-bp-²-̄ nsâ sISp-Xn-IÄ hnX¨ Zmcn-

{Zyhpw ]«n-Wnbpw IqSn-bm-b-t¸mÄ \nhr-¯n-bn-Ãm-Xmb {InkvXym-\n-IÄ Ah-cpsS

Aev]-am-{X-amb k¼-̄ p-ambn ae-_m-dnse Hcn-¡epw Irjn sN¿-s¸-«n-«n-Ãm¯ ae-

tbm-c-{]-tZ-i-§-fn-tebv¡v IpSn-tb-dp-¶p. Cu IpSn-tb-ä-̄ n-sâ hni-Z-amb hni-Zo-I-c-

W-t¯msSbmWv t\mhÂ Bcw-̀ n-¡p-¶-Xv.

Im¯p-Im-̄ n-cp¶v hf-¡q-dpÅ a®v ssIbnÂ In«p-t¼mÄ kÀÆhpw ad¶v

a®v s]m¶m-¡m³ thn hnbÀs¸m-gp-¡p-¶-h-tc-bpw, hb-\m-Snsâ \oKq-V-X-bnÂ

t\m«-Sn¨v Ffp-̧ -̄ nÂ k¼-¶-cm-hm³ {ian-¡p¶ Ip_p-²n-I-sfbpw IpSn-tb-ä-¡m-

cpsS CS-bnÂ ImWmw. ae-_m-dnse I¶n-a®v ]pXnb IÀj-Isc {]tem-̀ n-̧ n-̈ p.

AX-h-cpsS A²zm-\-ti-jnsb sXm«p-WÀ¯n. Ccp¼p ap\-sImavSv apdn-th-ev]n-̈ n-«n-

Ãm¯ B Icn-¼-d-¼p-IÄ AhÀ Bth-i-t¯msS sIm¯n-bn-f-¡n. s]mcn-sh-bn-

e¯v a®n-t\mSp aÃn-Sp-t¼mgpw Ah-cpsS a\Êv Dt·-j-]qÀ®-am-bn-cp-¶p. HSp-hnÂ

DÀÆ-c-bmb I¶n-a®v A´Àh-Ón-bm-bn.

]t£ a®n-t\mSv aÃn-Sp¶ a\p-jysâ D±m-a-amb Icp-̄ n\v kvXpXn-]m-Sn-s¡m-

Ã Cu t\mhÂ Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶-Xv. Im«p-]-¶n-tbmSpw sImSpw-a-ªn-t\mSpw ]«n-

Wn-tbmSpw ae-¼-\n-tbmSpw aÃn«v FÃm kz]v\-§fpw {]Xo-£-Ifpw \jvS-s¸«v \nÊ-

lm-b-cmbn ssIbnÂ In«n-bXpw sImv kz´w \m«n-tebv¡v HmSn c£-s]-Sm³

sh¼p¶ hnfdn shfp¯ Nne t]t¡m-e-§-sf-bmWv t\mh-ensâ Ah-km-\-̀ m-K¯p

\mw ImWp-¶-Xv.

hnj-I-\y-I-bmb `qan-bpsS Nn{X-̄ n\v `mhm-ß-I-amb ]qÀ®X e`n-¡p-¶Xv

am[-hn-bn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. {]tem-̀ -\o-b-amb I¶n-a-®nsâ Xs¶ _nw_-amWv am[-hn.

ag \\-sªm-en¨v amZ-IXzw Xpfp-¼p¶ arZp-ta\n A\m-hr-X-am¡n AÀ²-cm-{Xn-

bpsS GIm-́ -X-bnÂ At´m-Wn-bpsS IpSn-en-se¯n Abmsf Iog-¡n-¡-f-bp¶



am[hn I¯n-¡m-fp¶ Ima-Xr-jvW-bm-Wv. AhÄ At´m-Wn-bpsS hm¡p-IÄ hI-

h-bv¡m-sX, Abmsf \nc-́ cw th«-bm-Sp-I-bpw, {]tem-̀ n-̧ n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.

HSp-hnÂ am[-hn-bpsS amZ-I-Xz-̄ nÂ {`an¨v Ahsf tXSn-sb-Sp-̄ p¶ hÀ¡n,

At´m-Wn-¡p-thn am[hn Hcp-¡n-sh-̈ n-cp¶ hiy-a-cp¶v Ign¨v acn-̈ p-ho-gp-¶p.

hnj-I-\y-I-bmb `qan-bpsS {]tem-̀ -\-̄ nÂs¸«v acn¨p hogp-¶-h-sc-t¸mse am[-hn-

bpsS {]tem-̀ -\-̄ nÂs¸«v acn-¡p¶ hÀ¡n-bpsS ih-i-cocw Znh-k-§Ä¡p tij-

amWv At´mWn Is-̄ p-¶-Xv. am[hn IWn a®m-Wv. IWn-a®v hnj-I-\y-I-bm-

Wv. a®n-t\m-SpÅ IÀjI a\-Ênsâ Xo{h-amb A`n-\n-thiw Bfn-¡-̄ n¨p X¶n-

te-¡m-Ko-cWw sN¿p¶ {]Ir-Xn-bpsS lnwkm-ß-I-{]-̀ mhw! AXmWv "hnj-I-\yI'

[z\n-̧ n-¡p-¶-Xv.

âp¸p-¸m-s¡m-cm-t\-mÀ¶p.

ANpw-_n-X-amb ssien-bn-eqsS ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-̄ nsâ CuSp-h-bv¸p-I-fm-bn-

¯oÀ¶n-«pÅ Ht«sd krjvSn-IÄ ImgvN-h¨ ssh¡w apl-½Zv _jo-dnsâ Gähpw

anI¨ t\mh-ep-I-fn-sem-¶mWv "âp¸p-̧ m-s¡m-cm-t\-mÀ¶p'. BÀ¡pw A\p-I-cn-¡m-

\m-hm¯ BJym-\-]m-Shw Xs¶-bmWv _jo-dnsâ Cu t\mh-en-sâbpw apJ-ap-{Z.

_mey-Im-e-k-Jn-tb-¡mÄ Cu t\mh-emWv _jo-dnsâ amÌÀ ]okv F¶mWv BÀ.-

C. BjÀ A`n-{]m-b-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. cpw apÉow IpSpw-_-§sf Npän-̧ än \nÂ¡p-

¶-XmWv Cu t\mh-ense IYm-h-kvXp. Ipªp-]m-̄ p-½-bp-sSbpw \nkmÀ Al-½-Zn-

sâbpw IpSpw-_-§-fm-Wh.

Ipªp-]m-̄ p-½bv¡v Gtgm Ft«m hb-Êp-Å-t¸mÄ D½ Ah-tfmSp ]dªp:

”""CÉm-ao-§-fm-sW-¦nepw AbÂ]-¡-§-fnse ]ntÅ-cp-ambn Iq«p-Iq-S-cp-Xv. \o

B\-a-¡m-cnsâ ]p¶m-c-tamfvS ]p¶m-c-tamfm! \nâp-̧ p-̧ mt¡ Hcm-t\-mÀ¶v! _ey

Hcp sIm¼-\m-\.'' D½m-bpsS hm¡p-IÄ Ah-fnÂ A`nam\w hfÀ¯n. k¼-̄ n-

sâbpw {]Xm-]-̄ n-sâbpw ]qsa-̄ -bnÂ PohnXw Fs´-¶-dn-bmsX Ipªp-]m-

¯p½ hfÀ¶p. Nne {]tXy-Im-h-k-c-§-fnÂ Ahsf AWn-bn-s¨m-cp¡n ]pd-

t¯¡p sImp-t]m-b-t¸mÄ _mly-tem-I-s¯-̧ än Nne-sXÃmw AhÄ a\-Ên-em-

¡n. ]t£ Ah-fpsS _mey-Im-em-̀ n-em-j-§Ät]mepw aX-̄ nsâ t]cÂ ASn-̈ -

aÀ -̄s¸-«p. hmkvX-h-̄ nÂ AI-̄ -f-̄ nÂ hoÀ¸p-ap-«nb AhÄ F´pw kln-¡p-

Ibpw FÃmw A\p-k-cn-¡p-I-bp-amWv sNbvX-Xv. tIknÂ FÃm kz¯p-¡fpw \jvS-



s¸«v Ah-fpsS IpSpw_w sXcp-hn-en-d-§n. At¸mgqw D¸p-̧ m-bpsS B\-sb-¡p-dn-

¨pÅ a[p-c-kva-c-W-Ifpw t]dn-bmWv D½m Xsâ saXn-b-Sn-̧ p-d¯p Ibdn h«-\-Sn-a-

sbbpw Ipªp-]m-̄ p-½-sbbpw A\p-K-an-̈ -Xv.

]pXn-b-ho-«nÂ F¯n-b-tXmsS D½mbpw _m¸mbpw X½nÂ Hmtcmtcm

ImcWw ]dªv hg-¡p-m-¡p-¶Xv ]m¯p½m ImWm-dp-v. X§fpsS Zptcym-K-

¯n\v Imc-W-¡m-c³ C»okv F¶ ]l-b-\mWv F¶v AhÄ Is-̄ n. Bbn-S-

bv¡mWv \K-c-̄ nÂ\n¶pw hnZym-k-¼-¶-cmb Hcp apÉow IpSp_w ]m¯p-½-bpsS

AbÂ¡m-cmbn B \m«n³]p-d¯p Xma-k-am-¡n-b-Xv. hoSn-\p-k-ao]w Hcp Ipcp-

hnsb ]nSn-¡m³t]mb Ipªp-]m-̄ p½ AhnsS h¨v \nkmÀ Al-½Zv F¶

AbÂhm-knsb ]cn-N-b-s¸-«p. Abm-fpsS ktlm-Z-cn-bmb Bbn-j-bp-ambn AhÄ

N§m-̄ -̄ n-embn. ]Xnsb \nkmÀ Al-½-Zn-t\m-SpÅ CjvSw Ic-fnse thZ-\-

bmbn ]m¯p-½bv¡v A\p-̀ -h-s¸-«p.

\nkmÀ Al-½-Znsâ \nÀt±-i-{]-Imcw Bbnj Ipªp-]m-̄ p-½sb A£-c-

§Ä ]Tn-̧ n-̈ p-Xp-S-§n. \nkm-dnsâ D½bv¡pw Ahsf CjvS-am-bn. F¶mÂ ho«p-

ImÀ X\n¡v asäm-cm-tem-N\ Bcw-̀ n-̈ n-cn-¡p¶p F¶-dn-ª-t¸mÄ Ipªp-]m-̄ p-

½bv¡v t_m[-£bw h¶p. AtXmsS _m¸mbv¡pw D½bv¡pw sh{]m-f-am-bn.

Ah-fpsS Akz-ØX amdn-bn-Ã. Ahsf ImWm³ Ab-e-̄ p-\n¶v Bbnj h¶p.

Ah-fpsS _m¸bpw D½bpw h¶p. AhÀ Ipªp-]m-̄ p-½-bpsS _m¸-bp-ambn

Fs´m-s¡tbm Kuc-h-]qÀÆw kwkm-cn-̈ p. sshImsX \nkmÀ Al-½Zv Ipªp-

]m-̄ p-½sb hnhmlw Ign-̈ p. A¶p-]-IÂ Bbnj Ahsf AWn-bn-s¨m-cp-¡n-b-

tXmsS Ipªp-]m-̄ p½ AXn-kp-µ-cnbpw ]cn-jvIm-cn-bp-amb Hcp bph-Xn-bmbn amdn.

kwkvIm-c-̄ n-sâbpw kwkvImc cmln-Xy-¯n-sâbpw cp {[ph-§Ä X½n-en-

S-ª-t¸mÄ ]mc-¼-cyhpw AÔ-hn-izm-khpw Ipsd-b-[nIw tNmÀ¶p-t]m-bn. Ipªp-

Xm-̈ p-½-bpsS .............. ]mc-¼-cy-̄ nsâ {]Xo-I-am-bn-cp¶ sIm¼-\m\ "Ip¿m\' bmbn-

cp¶p F¶ Xncn-̈ -dn-thm-sS-bmWv t\mhÂ Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶-Xv. sIm¼-\m-\-sb¶p

\n\-̈ Xv Ip¿m\ Bbn-cp-s¶¶ Xncn-̈ -dn-hmWv Cu t\mhÂ \ÂIp¶ shfn-]m-Sv.

AÔ-hn-izm-k-§-fnÂ IpSp-§nb Ipªp-]m-̄ p-½-bpsS Pohn-Xs¯ Ccp-

«nÂ\n¶v tamNn-̧ n¨v shfn-̈ -̄ nsâ kpc-̀ n-e-tem-I-t¯bv¡v B\-bn-¡m³ IS-¶p-h-

cp-¶Xv \nkmÀ Al-½Zv F¶ ]cn-jvIm-cn-bmb bphmhpw Abm-fpsS ktlm-Zcn



Bbn-j-bp-am-Wv. Cw¥ojv hnZym-̀ ymkw t\Snb AhÀ B[p-\n-I-amb Pohn-X-ho-

£Ww ]peÀ¯p-¶-h-cm-Wv. \Àa-a-[p-c-amb kµÀ -̀§-fn-eqsS ImX-emb kmaq-ln-I-

am-ä-̄ nsâ ktµiw ]I-cm-\mWv t\mh-enÌv {ian-¡p-¶-Xv.

Ac-\m-gnI t\cw

ssk\n-I-_m-c-¡p-I-fnse Adn-b-s¸-Sm¯ Pohn-X-§-fpsS Ccpfpw shfn-̈ hpw

Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡p¶ sNdp-I-Y-I-fp-ambn kmln-Xy-cw-K-t¯bv¡p IS-¶p-h¶v lrZ-b-lm-cn-

bmb Pohn-Xm-hn-jvI-c-W-̄ n-eqsS hf-sc-thLw ae-bmf t\mh-en-Ìp-I-fpsS ap³\n-

c-bn-se-̄ nb Fgp-̄ p-Im-c-\mWv ]md-̧ p-d-¯v. Xm³ P\n-̈ p-h-fÀ¶ {Kma-̄ n-sâbpw

Ahn-Sps¯ km[m-c-W-¡m-cp-sSbpw lrZ-b-̄ p-Sn-̧ p-IÄ kz´w IrXn-I-fn-eqsS efn-

X-amb coXn-bnÂ Ah-X-cn-̧ n-¡m³ ]md-̧ p-d-̄ n\p Ign-ªp. {InkvXob Pohn-X-ho-

£-W-̄ nÂ\n¶pw k¼-¶-amb Pohn-Xm-\p-̀ -h-§-fnÂ\n¶pw Dudn-¡q-Snb ZÀi-\-

amWv At±-l-̄ nsâ t\mh-ep-I-fnÂ ImWp-¶-Xv. Cu t\mh-ep-I-fnÂ Gähpw

{]iÊw "Ac-\m-gn-I-t\-c-'am-Wv.

""BIm-i-̄ n-\p-Io-gnÂ kw`-hn-¡p-¶-sXm-s¡bpw Úm\-t¯msS Bcm-ª-dn-

tb--Xn\p Rm³ a\-Êp-h-̈ p. CXp ssZhw a\p-jyÀ¡p IjvS-s¸-Sp-hm³

sImSp¯ hÃm¯ IjvS-̧ mSp Xs¶. kqcy\p Iosg \S-¡p¶ kI-e-{]-hÀ¯n-

Ifpw Rm³ In-«p-v. Ah-sbm-s¡bpw ambbpw hyYm {]b-Xv\hpw At{X.''

"Ac-\m-gn-I-t\-c-'¯nsâ apJ-¡p-dn-̧ mbn t\mh-enÌv tNÀ¯n-cn-¡p-¶Xv Cu

ss__nÄ hmIy-amWv. t\mh-ensâ A´x-k¯v Cu hm¡pI-fnÂ AS-§n-bn-cn-

¡p¶ a[y-Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse ss{IkvXh Pohn-X-amWv Cu t\mh-ensâ ]Ým-̄ -

ew. sXm®q-dp-hÀjw Pohn¨v ]eXpw t\Sp-Ibpw \jvS-s¸-Sp-Ibpw sNbvX Iptª-

\m-̈ -\mWv Cu t\mh-ensâ tI{µ-_n-µp.

`qX-Im-e-kw-̀ -h-§-fpsS Xnc-am-e-IÄ Ib-dn-bn-d-§p¶ a\-Ênsâ Xoc-̀ q-an-bn-en-

cp-¶p-sImv ""C\n Ac-\m-gn-I-t\cw am{Xw _m¡n''sb¶p Icp-Xp-Ibpw IqsS-¡qsS

Idp-̧ p-Xn¶p ab-§p-Ibpw sN¿p¶ Iptª-\m-̈ sâ t_m[m-t_m-[-a-Þ-e-§-en-

eqsS aq¶p-X-e-ap-d-I-fpsS IY NSp-e-ambpw Xo{h-ambpw ]md-̧ pdw Bhn-jvI-cn-̈ n-cn-

¡p-¶p. F¡m-e¯pw a\p-jys\ \Sp-¡n-s¡m-n-cn-¡p¶ `oI-chpw A]-cn-lm-cy-hp-

amb Pohn-X-Zp-c-́ s¯ DNn-X-amb ss__nÄ hmIy-§Ä sImavSv {]`m-]qÀ®-ambn

CXnÂ Ah-X-cn-̧ n-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶p.



hyXykvX kz`m-h-¡m-cmb a¡-fn-eq-sSbpw acp-a-¡-fn-eq-sSbpw sIm¨p-a-¡-fn-

eq-sSbpw Ah-sc-¡p-dn¨pw Xs¶-¡p-dn-̈ p-apÅ KX-Im-e-kva-c-W-I-fn-eqsS Iptª-\m-

¨sâ IY apt¶m«p \o§p-¶p. Cf-b-a-I³ am¯p-¡p-«n-bp-sSbpw acp-a-IÄ Zo\m-½-

bp-sSbpw H¸w Xma-kn-¡p¶ Iptª-\m-¨\v Cu IY-I-sfm¡w ]d-ªp-tIÄ¸n-

¡m³ Hcp kplr-̄ pv. a²y-h-b-kvI-\mb inh-cm-a-¡p-dp-̧ v. Iptª-\m-̈ \v

Øncw Idp-̧ p-hm-§n-s¡m-Sp-¡p-¶Xv Abm-fm-Wv.

a¡-fpsSbpw acp-a-¡-fp-sSbpw sIm¨p-a-¡-fp-sSbpw Pohn-X-¯n-ep-m-Ip¶

Zpc-́ -§Ä Iptª-\m-̈ s\ XfÀ¶p-¶p. ss__n-fnse hmIy-§Ä Abm-fpsS

tNmZy-§Ä¡pÅ D¯-c-§Ä \ÂIp-¶p. aI-\mb cmPsâ ac-W-s¯-Xp-SÀ¶v

Iptª-\m-̈ sâ aI-\mb am¯p-¡p«n Hcp sXmgnÂ Is-̄ m³ \nÀ_-Ôn-X-\mbn.

A§s\ AbmÄ Hcp ]e-N-c-¡p-IS XpS-§n.

Iptª-\m-̈ \pw acp-a-IÄ Zo\m-½bpw am{Xw ho«n-epÅ Hcp Znh-kw. IpSn-

¡m³ shÅhpw tNmZn-̈ p-sImv acp-a-I-sfbpw Xnc¡n AI-t¯bv¡p IS-¶p-

sN¶ Iptª-\m-̈ ³ IXv Hcn-¡epw {]Xo-£n-¡m¯ Hcp ImgvN-bm-Wv. sI«n-̧ p-

WÀ¶p InS¡p¶ inh-cm-a-¡p-dp¸pw Zo\m-½-bpw. CXp-I Iptª-\m-̈ ³ hoWp-

t]m-bn. Cu clkyw ]pd-̄ -dn-bm-Xn-cn-¡m-\mbn Idp-̧ nÂ hnjw tNÀ¯v inh-cm-a-

¡p-dp¸v asäm-cmÄhiw Iptª-\m-̈ s\ Ign-̧ n-̈ p. AtXmsS Hcp \o Pohn-X-bm-

{Xbv¡v A´yw Ipdn-¡-s¸-Sp-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p.

]qÀ®-X-bn-se-̄ nb kÀK-{]-Xn-̀ -bp-sSbpw BJym-\-]m-S-h-̄ n-sâbpw krjvSn-

bmWv "Ac-\m-gn-I-t\-cw'. D¶-Xamb km·mÀ¤n-I-t_m-[-apÅ Hcp Iem-Im-c³

Pohn-Xs¯ hnjm-Zm-ß-I-ambn ho£n-̈ -t¸mÄ kwPm-X-amb D¶-X-I-em-kr-jvSn. ae-

bm-f-̄ nse kmln-Xy-t{]-an-I-fpsS a\-ÊnÂ F¶pw CXn\v Øm\-ap-m-bn-cn-¡pw.

a®nsâ amdnÂ

`qan-bpsS bYmÀ° Ah-Im-in-bm-cmWv? \qäm-p-IÄ ]g-¡-apÅ Cu tNmZy-

¯n\v sNdp-ImSv tKmhn-µ-]n-jm-cSn Is-̄ nb D¯-c-amWv 1954 Â ]pd-̄ n-d-§nb

"a®nsâ amdnÂ' F¶ t\mhÂ. P·m-h-Imiw Øm]n-s -̈Sp-¡m³ sh¼p¶ P·n-b-

Ã, A²zm-\-̄ nsâ aln-a-sImv a×nÂ s]m¶p-hn-f-bn-¡p¶ IÀj-I-\mWv AXn\v



AÀl-X. BIm-i-s¯-t¸mepw a®m-¡n-am-än-s¡mv "a®nsâ amdnÂ' a\p-jy-Po-hn-

Xs¯ IqSp-XÂ a®n-t\mSp tNÀ¡m³ Blzm\w sN¿p-¶p.

ta-te-\m-bÀ ho«p-ImÀ. Xcn-in-«n-cp¶ A¯n-t¡m-S³ ae-bnÂ sIm¼³

sImt-c³ ImSp-sh«n Irjn-bn-d-¡n. Abm-fpsS ktlm-Z-c\pw aI\pw \nc-́ cw

thÀs¸m-gp¡n `qan-bpsS DÀh-cX hos-Sp-¯p. P·n¡v ]m«w sImSp-¡m³ AhÀ

Hcp-¡-am-bn-cp-¶p. ]t£ `qan ssIh-i-s¸-Sp-̄ m-\pÅ {iaw AhÀ XS-bp-I-Xs¶

sNbvXp. a®nÂ a\p-jysâ tNmc-sbm-gp-In. càw ]pc a®n\v \ÂIm³ Hcp

ktµ-i-ta-bp-Åp, kwL-Sn¨v ià-cmbn Ah-Im-i-§Â t\Sn-sb-Sp-¡p-I, A[n-Imc

iàn-IÄ¡p ap¶nÂ ap«p-a-S-¡m-Xn-cn-¡p-I.

tIc-fob kaq-l-̄ nsâ Ncn-{Xs¯ \nÀ®-bn-¡p-¶-XnÂ t\Xr-Xz-]-c-amb ]¦v

hln¨ IÀjI ka-c-̄ n-sâbpw \thm-°m\ kwcw-̀ -̄ n-sâbpw kwLÀj-̀ -cn-X-

amb Ncn{X ]Ým-̄ -e-̄ n-emWv sNdp-ImSv "a®nsâ amdnÂ' cNn-̈ -Xv. P·n-¯-

¯nsâ ]X\w Bk-¶-am-bn-cn-¡p¶p F¶-dn-bn-¡p¶ hnfw-_-c-̄ nsâ Blzm-\-

sa¶ \ne-bn-eÃ, A[n-\n-th-i-aq-ey-§Äs¡-Xnsc hyXy-kvX-h-gn-I-fn-eqsS Bª-

Sn¨ {]Xn-I-c-W-§-fp-sSbpw {]Xn-tcm-[-§-fp-sSbpw ]cn-tÑZw F¶ \ne-bn-emWv C¶v

"a®nsâ amdnÂ' F¶ sNdp-Im-Snsâ IrXn hmb-\m-kq-ls¯ kwt_m-[\ sN¿p-

¶-Xv.



sam-UyqÄ cv

]pXnb taJeIÄ

{^m³kv Im^vImbpsS The Castle, The Trial, Imaphnsâ The

Outsider, Plauge, Fall XpS§nb IrXnIÄ ]pXnb t\mhenÌpIfpsS

taÂ iànbmb kzm[o\w sNep¯n. ]pXnb Aht_m[¯nsâ t\mhens\

aebmf¯nÂ AhXcn¸n¨Xv Im¡\mS\mWv C§s\bpÅ IrXnIÄ djy³

hnaÀiI\mb bqdn t_mµtdhnsâ hn`P\{Ia¯nÂ kµnKv[XbpsStbm

\ncmk¯nsâtbm t\mhepIfmWv.F]vssÌ³ F¶ Atacn¡³ \ncq]I³

C¯cw t\mhens\ \qX\ kwthZ\¯nsâ t\mhse¶v hntijn¸n¨p. slÀa³

slsÊ, kmÀ{Xv, s_¡äv F¶nhcpsS t\mhepIÄ Cu hIp¸nÂ DÄs¸Sp¶p.

C´y³ kmlnXyImc·msc ChÀ kzm[o\n¨XnÂ AÛpX¯n\hImianÃ.

Adp]XpIfnse C´ybnse kmaqlnI kmwkvImcnI ]cntXmhØ ChnSps¯

]c¼cmKXamb Nn´mcoXnsbbpw cN\mcoXnsbbpw s]mfn¨pamäphm³

Bhiys¸Sp¶Xmbn ]eÀ¡pw tXm¶n.

B[p\nI ImeL«w

Im¡\mSsâ IrXnIfmWv aebmf t\mhenÂ ]pXnb L«¯n\p XpS¡w

Ipdn¡p¶Xv. F¶mÂ F³.]n.apl½Zv, hn.sI. F³. F¶nhcpsS Bt£]lmky

IrXnIsfbpw, Fw.Sn.hmkptZh³ \mbcpsS \ho\ sdmamamânIv IrXnIsfbpw

]cmaÀin¡msX XIgn, Ddq_v F¶nhcpsS IrXnIfnÂ \n¶pw Im¡\mSsâ

IrXnI fnte¡p t\cn«p FSp¯pNm«w \S¯m³ km[yaÃ. "lncWyIin]p'hnÂ

(1968) P\m[n]Xy k{¼ZmbapÄs¸sSbpÅ kÀh amÀK§fpap]tbmKn¨v

Icp¯pä \mbI\v F§s\ GIO{Xm[n]Xnbmbn hfcm³ Ignbpsa¶v

_nw_IÂ¸\bpsS kaÀYamb {]tbmK¯nÂ IqSn F³.]n. hyàam¡p¶p.

hnlnX§fpw AhnlnX§fpamb kÀÆ X{´§fpw {]tbmKn¨p



A[nImc¯nse¯p¶ cmjv{Sob t\Xm¡·msc D]lkn¡p¶ IrXnIfmWv

hn.sI.F³. cNn¨ BtcmlWhpw (1969) kn³Unt¡äpw (1970). At±l¯nsâ

IrXnIfnÂ Gähpw IqSpXÂ klrZb{]oXn t\SnsbSp¯Xv "]nXmal'\mWv

(1976). ]nXmalsâ ]Ým¯ew kzmX{´y]qÀÆ sIm¨n cmPyamWv. F¦nepw kÀ

Nm¯phnsâ A[nImcthZnbnte¡pÅ Ibäw C¶s¯ kÀÆ cmjv{Sob

t\Xm¡·mcpsSbpw A[nImc k¼mZ\ coXn \ninXambn Bt£]

lmkycq]¯nÂ AhXcn¸n¡p¶p.

Xsâ kmlnXy PohnX¯nsâ {]mcw` Ime¯v Fw.Sn.hmkptZh³ \mbÀ

{]tNmZ\w kzoIcn¨Xv Ddq_nsâ IrXnIfnÂ \n¶mhWw. CXnhr¯

\n_Ô\¯nepw henb Iym³hmknepÅ ]Ým¯e Nn{XW¯nepw {Xnam\

IYm]m{X§fpsS krjvSnbnepw"\mepsI«v' Ddq_nsâ t\mhepIsf A\pkvacn¸n

¡p¶p. Ddq_pw hmkptZh³ \mbcpw X½nepÅ hyXymks¯ \mw ImWp¶Xv

AhcpsS apJyIYm]m{X§fpsS at\m`mh§Ä X½nepÅ A´c¯nemWv.

\nÊwK\mb IÀ½tbmKnbpsS at\m`mht¯msSbmWv hnizw kz´w temIw

krjvSn¡p¶Xv. '\mepsI«n' se A¸phmIs« kz´w "\mepsI«p' ]pXp¡n¸Wn

bms\mcp§p¶Xv Xs¶ t{Zmln¨n«pÅhtcmSpÅ HSp§m¯ AaÀjt¯mSp

IqSnbmWv. P\n¨ kaqlhpw hcn¨ kaqlhpw Hcpt]mse ]pd´Ånb

"Akpchn¯n' se (1962) tKmhnµ³Ip«n aS§nhcp¶Xv \S¸p Zo\w {Kkn¨ kz´w

{Kma¯nÂ N¯p hogp¶ a\pjysc Ipgn¨p aqSm\mWv. XIcp¶

]mc¼cyaqey§fpsS hn`qXn Nmen¨p ]pXnb a\pjyXz¯nsâ ]pXnb hn{Klw

XoÀ¡m³ AbmÄ tamln¡p¶p. hmkptZh³ \mbcpsS "Ime' ¯nse tkXp

]mc¼cym [njvTnXaqey§sf XÅn ¡fbpIbpw AXnsâ

s\m¼ct¯mSpIqSn¯s¶ apXemfn¯w krjvSn¡p¶ A[nImcheb¯nsâ

aqey§sf kzoIcn¡pIbpw sN¿p¶p. tkXp hne IÂ¸n¡p¶Xv kpJ¯n\pw

]W¯n\pw A[nImc¯n\pamWv. "hnem]bm{X' bnÂ (1978) Imaphnsâ "Hu«v



sskUÀ' þho£Ws¯ GXmtX]Sn hmkptZh³ \mbÀ kzoIcn¡p¶p.

kzÀK¯nÂ \n¶pw hmÀs¶mgptI ImcpWys¯ Im¯p Ignbp¶

Bßmhnsâ thZ\IÄ apg§p¶p "aªv' F¶ t\mhenÂ.

cmPe£van

aebmft\mhenÂ B[p\nIXbpsS am\w ]peÀ¯nb {it²bamb

t\mhenÌmWv cmPe£van. k¦oÀWamb kv{Xo lrZb¯nsâ `mhhntij§Ä

AhÀ iàambn Bhnjv¡cn¡p¶p. "Hcp hgnbpw Ipsd \ngeIfpw' (1959),

"Rms\¶`mhw', "D¨shbnepw Cfw \nemhpw' F¶nhbmWv cmPe£vanbpsS

IrXnIÄ.

ap¸¯n\memas¯ hbÊnÂ BßlXy sNbvX cmPe£van ss\cmiyhpw

GImInXzhpw [z\n¸n¡p¶ BÀ{Z kpµc t\mhepIÄ cNn¨p. am\pjnI

aqey§sf AhÀ \ntj[n¨nÃ. AtX kabw {ItaW iàns¸«psImncn¡p¶

hnjmZmßIXz¯nsâ \ngepIÄ AhcpsS IrXnIÄ¡v DjxkÔybptSXp

t]mepÅ {]Imiw \ÂIn.

kmaqly{]iv\§Ä ssIImcyw sN¿p¶h, kmaqlyhn¹h¯n\p t{]cW

\ÂIp¶h, t_m[[mcm ]cn\njvTnXw, ]mc¼cy aqey§sf Dd¸n¡p¶Xv, Ahsb

Cf¡p¶Xv F¶n§s\ ]e hn[¯nÂ hntijn¸n¡mhp¶ ]eXcw t\mhepIÄ

B[p\nI L«¯nepapmbns¡mncn¡p¶p.

tImhnesâ tXmä§Ä (1970), hÕebpsS s\Ãv (1972), Btábw (1974),

\nemhpd§p¶ hgn (1975); hnemkn\nbpsS \ndapff \ngepIÄ; F.]n.

Ifbv¡mSnsâ kw{Im´n (1975), CSp¡n (1979) XpS§nbh t\mhepIÄ

kmaqlyt\mhepIÄ ImelcWs¸«nsÃ¶p sXfnbn¨p. Xm³ ASp¯ Imew hsc

kzoIcn¨ncp¶ amÀIvknÌp ]mÀ«nbpsS \yq\XIfpsS taÂ \S¯nbncn¡p¶

ITn\amb hn[nbmWv Fw.kpIpamcsâ "tij{Inb'. hnemkn\nbpsS "CW§m¯



I®nIÄ' kzImcyPohnX¯nÂ C¶pw `KhZvKoXbnse \nÊwKXbv¡pÅ

{]mamWys¯ FSp¯p ImWn¡p¶p. Chsbt¸mse PohnXaqey§sf

hnebncp¯p¶pv. alm`mcX¯nse IÀWs\ tI{µam¡n ]n.sI._meIrjvW³

cNn¨ "C\n Rm³ Dd§s«' F¶ t\mhÂ. hnemkn\nbpw _meIrjvWpw IYIÄ

]dbp¶tXmsSm¸w IYm]m{X§fpsS t_m[aWvUe¯nte¡pw {i² Xncn¡p¶p.

ChcpsS IrXnIÄ t_m[aWvUe§fpsS {]Xn^e\§fmWv, s]mXpth

]dªmÂ; ]pXnb ]e IrXnIfpw sN¿p¶ hn[w ]mc¼cyaqey§sf Ah

\nckn¡p¶nsÃ¶Xp {it²bamWv. C¶s¯ kaql¯n\p ]e Xe§fpw

apJ§fpapv, C¶s¯ A[nIsagp¯pImcpw ]gb NmenÂ IqSn

HgpIns¡mncn¡p¶p. AtX kabw Bßt_m[w hnIkn¸n¡p¶ Nnesc¦nepw

t\mhens\ ià§fmb t_m[ k©e\§fpsS {]Xn^e\§fmbn ImWp¶pv.

B[p\nI t\mhenÌpIÄ {i² AÀ¸n¡p¶Xv t¹m«nsâtbm IYm]m{X¯nsâtbm

krjvSnbneÃ; sshbànItam a\Èmkv{X]ctam kmaqlytam Bb Fs´¦nepw

A\\y at\m`mhs¯tbm iàamb GsX¦nepw ZÀi\s¯tbm

_nw_mßIambn ]IÀ¯p¶XnemWv.

\´\mÀ

]«mfPohnX¯nsâ IYmImc\mb ]n.kn.tKm]me³ F¶ \´\mÀ cNn¨

t\mhepIÄ A{X Xs¶ {]m[m\yw t\mSnbn«nÃ. Adnbs¸Sm¯ a\pjyPohnIÄ ,

Bßmhnsâ t\mhepIÄ, A\p`qXnIfpsS temIw, D®n¡p«sâ Hcp Znhkw,

aªs¡«nSw, A\p`h§Ä F¶nhbmWv {][m\ IrXnIÄ.

F³.]n.apl½Zv

Bt£]lmky¯nsâ hgnbneqsS k©cn¨ t\mhenÌmWv F³.]n.

apl½Zv.acw,F®¸mSw, ssZh¯nsâ I®v XpS§nb t\mhepIfpsS IÀ¯mhmb



F³.]n.apl½Zv Fw.Sn hmkptZh³\mbcpambn tNÀ¶v cNn¨ t\mhemWv

"Ad_ns¸m¶v'. F¶mÂ "lncWyIin]p' F¶ t\mhemWv Gsd {]ikvXw.

kn.cm[mIrjvW³

Fw.Sn. Xpd¶n« amÀ¤¯neqsS IS¶ph¶v aebmft\mhÂ Ncn{X¯nÂ

ambm¯ ap{Z ]Xn¸n¨ Fgp¯pImc\mWv kn.cm[mIrjvW³. \ngÂ¸mSpIÄ,

DÄ¸ncnhpIÄ, ]pg apXÂ ]pg hsc, FÃmw ambv¡p¶ ISÂ, ]pÅn¸penIfpw

shÅn\£{X§fpw, ap³t] ]d¡p¶ ]£nIÄ, kv]µam]n\nIsf \µn

XpS§nbhbmWv Ct±l¯nsâ {]ikvX t\mhepIÄ.

sI.kptc{µ³

Bß_eapÅ t\mhepIfpsS krjvSmhmWv sI.kptc{µ³. Xmfw (1960),

amb (1961), Im«pIpc§v (1962), Pzme (1965), iàn (1970), acWw ZpÀ_ew (1972),

Kpcp (1972) XpS§n {it²bamb t\mhepIÄ kptc{µ³ cNn¨n«pv.

hnemkn\n

aebmfkmlnXy¯n\v At¶mfw ]cnNnXaÃm¯ A´co£amWv.hnemkn\n

krjvSn¨Xv.IYmJym\¯nÂ t_m[[mcm k{¼Zmbw hnPbIcambn

]co£n¡pIbpw sNbvXp. \ndapÅ \ngepIÄ (1965), CW§m¯ I®nIÄ (1968),

DuªmÂ (1969), AhIminIÄ (1980) XpS§nb t\mhepIÄ At±lw cNn¨p.

B[p\nIXbpsS BhnÀ`mhw

B[p\nIXbpsS BhnÀ`mhw t_m²ys¸Sp¯nb A]ISw aqeyt_m[¯nsâ

XIÀ¨bmWv. kz]v\§Ä kq£n¡m³ IgnbmsX a\Êv

iq\yambn¯oÀ¶ncn¡p¶p. Cu iq\yXbv¡nSbnÂ GI Nn´mhnjbw kz´w

AkvXnXzw am{XamWv. PohnX¯nÂ bYmÀ°ambn H¶p am{XtabpÅq; acWw

Bk¶amb acW¯n\p ap¶nÂ a\pjysâ klP`mgw shfns¸«pt]mIp¶p.



Ahtijn¡p¶ kabw AÀ°]qÀ®am¡pI, ss\kÀ¤nIhmk\IÄ¡p

km^eytaIpI AXmWv bXv\w.

kz´w IYm]m{X§Ä F´mbncn¡Ww, F§s\ s]cpamdWw Fs¶ms¡

\nÀ®bn¡m³ Ignbm¯ {]XnkÔnbnemWv X§Ä F¶mWv B[p\nIcpsS

`mhw. BibkmlnXIfpsStbm a\ximkv{Xhn[nIfpsStbm,F´n\v

dnbenk¯nsâ Xs¶tbm klmbw IqSmsX AbmÄ Xsâ IYm]m{X§sf

krjvSn¡p¶p. \½psS ImeL«¯nsâ apJap{ZIfnÂ H¶mb

Bib¡pg¸¯nsâbpw Dt±iycmlnXy¯nsâbpw IY Xs¶bmWv B

IYm]m{X§Ä ]dbp¶Xv.

Im¡\mS³

aebmft\mhenÂ BZyambn B[p\nIXbpsS Iem]w krjvSn¨Xv

Im¡\mS\mWv. km£n, hkqcn, Ggmwap{Z, DjvWtaJe, AÚXbpsS Xmgvhc,

HtdmX XpS§nbh Im¡\mSsâ t\mhepIfmWv.kaql¯nsâ

kmam\yKXnbpambn s]mcp¯s¸Sm³ IgnbmsX kzbw A\y\mbn amdp¶

a\pjysâ apJamWv Im¡\mS³ AhXcn¸n¡p¶Xv.

Fw.apIpµ³

ZÂln,Bhnembnse kqtcymZbw, BImi¯nsâ Nph«nÂ, a¿gn¸pgbpsS

Xoc§fnÂ, ssZh¯nsâ hnIrXnIÄ F¶o t\mhepIÄ inev]]camb

Hu¶XywsImv {it²bamWv.

H.hn.hnPb³

Jkm¡nsâ CXnlmkw, [Àa]pcmWw, KpcpkmKcw, a[pcw KmbXn,

{]hmNIsâ hgn, XeapdIÄ F¶o t\mhepIÄ H.hn.hnPbsâ {it²b



cN\IfmWv. B[p\nIXbpsS Bch§fnÂ thdns«mcp i_vZambn H.hn.hnPb³

\nesImÅp¶p.

B\µv

BÄ¡q«w,acp`qanIÄ DmIp¶Xv, acWkÀ«n^n¡äv, D¯cmb\w,

A`bmÀ°nIÄ, tKmhÀ²sâ bm{XIÄ, hymk\pw hnLvt\izc\pw F¶o

t\mhepIÄ cNn¨ B\µv B[p\nIXbpsS ]pXnb i_vZambn amdn.

"DjvWtaJebnse (1969) IYm\mbI\mb inh³ amÀIvknÌp ]mÀ«nbpsS

{]hÀ¯\ ssientbmSv {]Xntj[n¡pIbpw ]mc¼cyaqey§fnÂ hnizmkw

\jvSs¸«v kzbw cmPy{`jvS\mhpIbpw sN¿p¶p. DÂ¡Samb GImInXzhpw

hymIpeXbpw Abmf\p`hn¡p¶p. Xsâ ZpxJ¯nÂ \n¶pw AbmÄ¡p tamN\w

kn²n¡bnÃ. "AÚXbpsS Xmgvhc' bnÂ (1972) {]Xn\nanjw kz´w ih¡pgn

tXmns¡mv AdnhnÃmbvabpsSbpw Adnbm\mhmbvIbpsSbpw òIcamb

Xmgvhmc¯nÂ Pohn¡m³ hn[n¡s¸« a\pjysâ ZmÀi\nI ZpxJw ]IÀ¯p¶p,

Im¡\mS³. "Ggmwap{Z'bnÂ {InkvXy³ s]ńt¡mkvXenk¯nsâ

s]mÅ¯cs¯ At±lw FSp¯p Im«p¶p. "hkqcn'¡v (1968) Imaphnsâ

t¹Kpambn ]pe_Ôapv; "tImgn'¡v Im^vImbpsS Metamorphosis t\mSpw.

B[p\nI aebmf t\mhensâ P\bnXmsh¶ ]Zhn¡v Im¡\mSt\msSm¸w

kaÀlamWv Fw.apIpµ\pw (P. 1943). PohnXs¯ AwKoIcn¡p¶ ZÀi\§fnÂ

hnizmkw \in¨Xn\mÂ kzm´{]hmknbmbn¯oÀ¶ a\pjysâ ZpxJ¯nsâ

\mZamWv "lcnZzmcnÂ aWn apg§p¶p' F¶ t\mhÂ (1974). PohnX¯nt·epÅ

]nSn \jvSs¸« a\pjysâ IYbmWv "Cu temIw', AXnsemcp a\pjy³'' (1970).

kv{XobpambpÅ k¼À¡w aptJ\ AkvXnXz¯nsâ Bgw Is¯m\pÅ

IYm\mbIsâ {ia§f{Xbpw ]cmPbs¸Sp¶p. apIpµsâ "ZÂln' (1969),

a¿gn¸pgbpsS Xoc§Ä (1975) F¶nh ùXnIhpw ZmÀi\nIhpamb PohnX¯nsâ



\ncÀYIXbv¡v Iemcq]w \ÂIp¶p. "ZÂln'bnse Achnµt\m " a¿gn¸pgbpsS

Xoc'§fnse Zmknt\m PohnX¯n\p Dt±ihpw AÀ°hpw Is¯m³

km[n¡p¶nÃ. PohnX¯nsâ AÀ°cmlnXy¯n\v i_vZ_nw_§Ä sXcbp¶

At\Iw t\mhenÌpIsf Adp]XpIfnÂ ImWm³ Ignbp¶p. acoNnIbnÂ

PohnXw acoNnIbmWt{X kn.cm[mIrjvW³ shfns¸Sp¯nbXv. "" Ct±l¯nsâ

FÃmw ambv¡p¶ ISÂ, ]pg apXÂ ]pg hsc F¶o IrXnIfpw \qX\`mh§sf

{]ISam¡p¶pv.

B[p\nI t\mhepIÄ

"Aiz°mam'hnÂ (1971) amS¼p IpªpIp«³ \nÀt±in¡p¶Xv B[p\nI

kwthZ\¯nsâ {][m\ hàmhv Aiz°mamhmWv, AÀPp\t\m IrjvWt\m

AÃ F¶mWv. a\Êp \nd¨v hntZzjhpw tZlw \ndsb ]p®pambn \S¡p¶

\nXy]YnI\mWt±lw. Aiz°mamhnse IYm\mbI³ Pohn¯nÂ H¶pw

t\Sp¶nÃ. IpªpIp«sâ {`jvSpw (1973) \njmZhpw (1977) ]pXnb

Aht_m[¯nsâ ZÀ¸W§Ä Xs¶. ]ZvacmPsâ ho£W¯nÂ a\pjy\nse

auenIhnImc§Ä Imahpw t{Im[hpamWv. At±l¯nsâ "\£{X§tf ImhÂ'

(1971) tIhesamcp kmaqlyt\mhemWv; AtXkabw "hmSIbvs¡mcp lrZbw'

(1975), " CXm ChnsS hsc' (1972) F¶nh ImWn¡p¶Xv \½psS kaqlw ASp¯

Ime¯p hfsctbsd A{Iamkàambn«ps¶mWv. tkXphnsâ t\m«¯nÂ

a\pjysâ apJyhnImcw [\tamlamWv. Ah\v ]WamWv {]mW³,

bmYmÀ°y¯nsâ Øm\w I¿S¡n B[n]Xyw sNep¯p¶ Hcp hytaml¯n\v

NpäpamWv At±l¯nsâ "]mWvUh]pcw' (1979) sI«n¸Sp¯ncn¡p¶Xv.

`ÀXr]cnXyàbmb Hcp kv{XobmWv \mbnI; Pmc·mcpsS \Kcamb

]mWvUh]pcw AhÄ kz]v\w ImWp¶p; AhnsSbpÅ Hcp Pmc³ Xsâ ASp¯p

h¶Xmbpw Xm³ Abmsf Iogvs¸Sp¯nbXmbpw AhÄ k¦Â¸n¡p¶p.

B\µnsâ "BÄ¡q«'hpw (1970) "acWkÀ«n^n¡äpw' anI¨



IemkrjvSnIfmsW¶v hmZn¡p¶hcpv. \Kcm[njvTnXamb henb Hcp

t\mhemWv "BÄ¡q«w'. CýbpsS `mhnbnÂ AXv i¦ {]ZÀin¸n¡p¶p.

\Kc§fnÂ NnXdn¡nS¡p¶ a\pjyPohnX§fpsS AÀ°hpw AÀ°cmlnXyhpw

At\zjn¡p¶ Cu t\mhÂ Nne L«§fnse¦nepw ZmÀi\nI Kmwòcyw

t\Sm\pZyan¡p¶p. cq]kuµcyw A\p{Kln¨n«nsÃ¶XmWv CXnsâ Gähpw

henb \yq\X. PohnX¯nsâ BhÀ¯\ hnckXsbbpw apjn¸ns\bpw

]IÀ¯p¶ "acWkÀ«n^n¡äv' tkXphnsâ "Xmfntbme' (1977), IcqÀ iinbpsS

"XnI¨pw hyàn]cw' F¶nhsbt¸mse PohnX¯nsâ \ncÀ°IXsb

êiq\yamb a\pjysâ \«wXncn¨nepIfnÂ IqSn shfns¸Sp¯p¶p.

cq]]cambpw `mh]cambpw ZmÀi\nIambpw H.hn.hnPbsâ Jkm¡nsâ

CXnlmkw' (1969) Ht«sd hnhmZhnjbamb Hcp t\mhemWv.

aq¶mw L«¯nÂ ap¼p kqNn¸n¨Xpt]mse \qX\amb Aht_m[¯nsâ

IrXnIÄ am{XÃ Dmbn«pÅXv. ktµl¯nsâbpw \ncmk¯nsâbpw

t\mhepIsf A[nIa[nIw \njv{]àm¡p¶ AwKoImc t\mhepIfpw C¡me¯p

{]Xy£s¸«n«pv. ]mc¼cy\njvTaqey§sf ]n´Åmt\m AkvXiàam¡mt\m

\qX\mht_m[¯nsâ aqey§Ä¡p km[n¨n«nÃ. C¶s¯ ]cn{iaw \qX\

aqeymht_m[s¯ ]c¼cmKXaqey¯nÂ kw{Ian¸n¨v ka\zbw km[n¡m\mWv.

CXn\pÅ kZpZyas¯ Xsâ "kvamcIine'IfnÂ IqSn km£mÂ¡cn¡phm³

Ignªp ]p\¯nÂ Ipª_vZpÅbv¡v. P·nXzw t]mjn¸n¡p¶ Imaw, lnwk,

HuZmcyw F¶nhbpsS aqÀ¯nbmb ]pt¡mb¯§fmWv kvamcI ineIfnse

\mbI³. aqÉnw kaql¯nsâ PohnX tI{µamWv X§Ä. Øes¯ ]ÅnbpsS

skant¯cnbmWv B {Kma¯nÂs¸«hcpsS `qXIme¯nsâ iàn

ZuÀ_ey§fpsS DdhnSw. F{Xsb{X a\pjyÀ B skant¯cnbnÂ \n{Z

sImÅp¶p! F{Xsb{X a\pjyÀ X§sf B{ibn¨p Pohn¡p¶p! X§Ä

sImÃs¸Sp¶tXmsS kaql¯nÂ \ne\nÀ¯nb P·nXzhyhØbv¡pw Cf¡w



X«p¶p. CXp P\Xsb \bn¡p¶Xv hn¹h¯nte¡mhmw. X§fpsS PohnX

Nn{XoIcWw ]mc¼cy t\mhÂ k¦Â¸¯n\p XnI¨pw A\ptcm[amWv. AtX

kabw B skant¯cnbpsS `oIcXbpw au\hpw IqªmenbpsS

kw{XmkhpsaÃmw \qX\ `mh§sf DWÀ¯p¶p. PoÀWXIÄ AgpIn

CÃmsXbmhpw. \qX\{Iaw kwØm]nXamhpIbpw sN¿pw. Cu hn[¯nepÅ

]ptcmKXn kpkm[yhmhWsa¦nÂ kmlnXycwK¯v ]mc¼cyk¦Â¸§fpw

\qX\k¦Â¸§fpw X½nÂ ka\zbw \S¡msX \nhr¯nbnÃ.

aebmf t\mhÂ ssP{Xbm{X XpSÀ¶psImncn¡p¶p. \qX\ hnjb§fpw

\qX\ cN\mkt¦X§fpw C¶Xn\p kar²ambpv. B[p\nI a\Èmkv{Xw

AhÀ¡v ]pXnb N{Ihmf§Ä ImWn¨psImSp¡psa¶Xn\v bmsXmcp

kwibhpanÃ. \mep h³hmey§fnÂ ]c¶pInS¡p¶ hnemkn\nbpsS

"AhIminIÄ' (1980) t_m[[mcm kt¦Xs¯ {]tbmP\s¸Sp¯p¶p.

`n¶IYm]m{X§fnÂ¡qSnbmWv hnemkn\n AhIminIfpsS IY

]dªncn¡p¶Xv. \nch[n `mhhnNmchnImc§sf DÄs¸Sp¯n, kpZoÀLambn

A\p`qXnsb \ne\nÀ¯m\pÅ A]qÀÆ {iasa¶ \nebnÂ "AhImin'Isf

AwKoIcnt¨ aXnbmhq.

\KchÂ¡cWhpw hyhkmbhÂ¡cWhpw aebmf t\mhenÌnsâ

`mh\bpsS taÂ henb kzm[o\w sNep¯ns¡mncn¡p¶p. \qX\ imkv{X

kmt¦XnI ZÀi\§Ä Atacn¡³ t\mhenÌpIsfsb¶t]mse `mcXob

t\mhenÌpIsf C\nbpw kzm[o\n¨n«nÃ. C¶pw GXm\pw sNdp¸¡mscsb¦nepw

FIvknÌ³jyenkhpw tamtUWnkhpw BIÀjn¡p¶pv. aäp `mcXob

kmlnXy§sf¶ t]mse aebmf kmlnXyhpw Ct¸mgpw

amdns¡mncn¡pIbmWv. AXnsâ thcpIÄ ]pcmX\ {KmaoW `mcXob

kwkvImc¯nÂ Xs¶bmWv. AXv \qX\ {]hWXIsfbpw Bib§sfbpw

kwthZ\§sfbpw A\pkyqXw kzoIcn¡p¶p. Hcp sImSp¦mä¯pw AXnsâ



thcpIÄ¡v Cf¡w X«p¶nÃ. ASnØm\]cambpw AXv a\pjyXz¯n

e[njvTnXamWv. Hcp kmlnXycq]¯n\pw, t\mhen\p hntijn¨pw "a\pjys\'

Hgn¨p\nÀ¯m\mhnÃ; `qXþhÀ¯am\Ime §fnse kmch¯mb kÀÆhpw

kzmiowIcn¨psImpw a\pjyXzs¯ hfÀ¯n s¡mpw aebmf t\mhÂ

`mhnbnse Zo]vXtaJeIfnte¡v XoÀ°mSIs\t¸mse XnIª

ip`{]Xo£tbmsS ]ptcmKan¨p sImncn¡p¶p.

t\mhÂ ]T\§Ä

aªv

1964þemWv aªv F¶ t\mhÂ Fw.-]n. hmkp-tZ-h³\m-bÀ {]kn-²o-I-cn-¡p-

¶-Xv. Fw.-Sn.-bpsS t\mh-ep-I-fnÂ Gähpw at\m-Ú-amb `mh-inev]w F¶v hnti-

jn-̧ n-¡-s¸-Sp¶ IrXn-bmWv t_m[-Zmcm k{¼-Zm-b-̄ nÂ cNn-¡-s¸« Cu t\mhÂ.

aªnsâ auen-I-̀ w-Kn¡v \nZm\w AXnsâ A]qÀÆ-a-t\m-l-c-amb `mjm-ssj-

enbpw A´-co-£-hp-am-Wv. `qan-bpsS taÂ¡q-c-bnÂ (ss\-\n-äm-fnÂ)-F-§-s\tbm

Hä-s¸-«p-t]mb XSm-I-Xo-c¯v GIm-In-\n-bm-bn, \jvS-kz-]v\-§sf Xmtem-en-̈ p-

sImv hnae F¶ So¨ÀPn. Ah-[n-¡mew BtLm-jn-¡m³ civan hmPvt]bn

F¶ ]Xn-\m-dp-Imcn Ah-tfmSp bm{X ]dªp ]pd-s¸-Sp-¶Xv GtXm sNdp-̧ m-¡-c-

s\m-̧ w. lÂZvhm\n-bnÂ hcm-\n-cn-¡p¶ cm{Xn-bpsS NqSpw XWp¸pw hnae HmÀ½n-

¨p -t]m-Ip-¶p.

AS-ªp-In-S¶ PmeIw Xpd-¡-s¸-Sp-I-bm-Wv. Ime-̄ nsâ \S-̧ m-X-bnÂ

]t Øm\w ]nSn¨ Hcp \nan-jw. AXv k½m-\n¨ kp[oÀIp-amÀ an{i. kz]v\-

§Ä DW-cp-Ibpw s]s«¶v apdn-bp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. hcpw, hopw hcm-Xn-cn-¡n-Ã.

Im¯n-cn-¡p-I-bmWv FÃm-h-cpw. ta^vf-dnsâ tXmWn-¡m-c³, shÅm-c-¦-®pÅ

kp±phpw XSm-I-̄ n\p Npäp-apÅ `qanbpw aªn-d-§p¶ Ipa-bq¬ Ip¶p-saÃmw

Im¯p-In-S-̧ m-Wv.

hcpw hcm-Xn-cn-¡n-Ã. Cu hÀj-a-sÃ-¦nÂ ASp-̄ -hÀjw. B Im¯n-cn-̧ nsâ

hyÀ°-X-bnepw ssItamiw hcm¯ kz]v\-̄ nsâ NmcpX apgp-h³ Bhm-ln-¡p-

¶pv Cu t\mhÂ. A]-{K-Y-\m-Xo-X-amb Imhym-\p-̀ hw {]Zm\w sN¿p¶ Akm-



[m-cW t\mh-em-Wn-Xv. IYm-]m-{X-§-fpsS at\m-hr-̄ n-IÄ¡-\p-cq-]-ambn krjvSn-¡-

s¸« A´-co-£-̄ nsâ kuµ-cy-amWv aªnsâ a\w ab-¡p¶

khn-ti-j-X.

Jkm-¡nsâ CXn-lmkw

1969þÂ BZy-]-Xn¸v ]pd-̄ p-h¶ "Jkm-¡nsâ CXn-lmkw' aebm-f-̄ n\p

Hcp CXn-lm-k-ambn amdn. AXnsâ cN-bn-Xmhv F¶ \ne-bnÂ H.-hn. hnP-b³ Ncn-

{X-]p-cp-j-\p-am-bn. Gsd-¡psd km¦-ev]n-I-amb Jkm¡v F¶ {Kma-{]-tZ-i-̄ nsâ

\m«p-h-gn-I-fn-eqsS chn-sb¶ IYm-]m-{X-¯nsâ Ae-£y-amb bm{Xbpw Abm-fpsS

NnX-dnb HmÀ½-I-fp-amWo t\mhÂ Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.

]me-¡m-S³ Ip¶p-IÄ¡n-S-bnÂ Hä-s¸-«p-t]mb Jkm¡v F¶ {Kma-̄ nÂ

GIm-²ym-]I hnZym-ebw XpS-§m³ F¯n-t¨À¶-XmWv chn. A]-cn-Nn-X-amb A´-

co£w; a\p-jyÀ. AhÀ¡n-S-bnÂ \nÊw-K-X-\mbn Ign-bm³ chn {i²n-¡p-¶p.

tXhm-c¯p inh-cm-a³ \mb-cpsS Rmäp-]p-c-bn-emWv GIm-²ym-]I hnZym-e-bw. chn

Ahn-sS-̄ s¶ Xma-k-hp-am-¡n. Hm¯p-]Ån \S-̄ p¶ AÅm-̧ n¨ samÃm-¡-bmWv

]pXnb hnZym-e-b-̄ n\v Gä-hp-a-[nIw FXncp \n¶-Xv. ]t£ kvIqfnÂ ASn-̈ p-Xfn

tPmen Hgnhp h¶-t¸mÄ chn \nb-a\w \S-̄ n-bXv samÃm-¡-bv¡m-Wv. Rmäp-]p-

cbpw Xmn-In-S-¡p¶ \o Nhn-«-Sn-̧ m-X-bn-eqsS \S-¡p-t¼mÄ chn-sb-¡p-dn¨p

samÃm¯ HmÀ¡p¶p: ""Rmäp]pc-bnse AÚm-X-t\mSv AbmÄ¡v kl-Xm-]hpw

kvt\lw t]mepw tXm¶n. \nÀt±m-jn-bmb ]Yn-I³: samÃm¡ HmÀ¯p. IÀ½-_-

Ô-̄ nsâ GXp Nc-SmWv \n§sf Cu hgn sImp-h-¶Xv?

Ømbn-bmb ]Item shdpt¸m Jkm-¡nsâ A´-co-£-̄ nÂ Imfna

IeÀ¯p-¶n-Ã. hn[n-bpsS AÚmX Ic-§Ä {]Ir-Xnsb Nen-̧ n-¡p-¶p. Xmfw

\ne-\nÀ¯p-¶p. AtX hn[n-bpsS Ic-§-ft{X chnsb Hmtcmtcm Xmh-f-§-fnÂ

sImp-sN-s¶-̄ n-̈ Xv. Zmcp-in-ev]-§Ä \ndª ho«nÂ aª-̧ pÂ¯-«p-I-fn-te¡p

t\m¡nb InS-¡-d-bnÂsh¨v AbmÄ kz´w Nnä-½-bpsS ta\n-̈ q-S-\p-̀ -hn-̈ p. B

]m]-t_m-[-̄ nsâ NpcnÂ\n¶pw c£-t\-Sm³ chn¡p Ign-bp-¶n-Ã. Iq«p-Im-cn-bmb

]ß t]mepw B Pohn-X-̄ n\v ]pXn-sbmcp AÀ°w \ÂIm³ ià-bm-bn-Ã.

HmtWgvkv ]co-£-bpsS Xte¶v tlmÌ-enÂ \n¶v AbmÄ Cd-§n-̄ n-cn-̈ p. AX-



bmsf HSp-hnÂ Cu hgn-b-¼-e-̄ nÂ

F¯n-̈ p.

Jkm¡v AhnsS F{X-sb{X IY-Ifpw IYm-]m-{X-§fpw Ah-sbms¡ chn-

bpsS Pohn-Xs¯ Hmtcm Xc-̄ nÂ sXm«pw Xtem-Snbpw IS-¶p-t]m-bn. Nne

kÔym-th-f-I-fnÂ tXmSpw Xma-c-¡p-f-hp-sams¡ IS¶v chnbpw am[-h³\m-b-cpw-

IqSn \S-¡m-\n-d-§pw. sNX-en-bpsS ASn-hm-c-̄ nÂ Hcp Imhpw \me©p Ip«n-Ifpw

Dm-bn-cp-¶p. tImS¨n F¶ a²y-h-bkvI AhÀ¡p Nmcmbw \ÂIn kÂ¡-cn-̈ p.

Ah-fpsS InS-̧ -d-bnse Xg-̧ m-b-bnÂ Pa-´n-̧ q-¡-fpsS KÔw AhÀ Adn-ªp. B

{Kma-̄ n-se§pw hkqcn ]S-¶p-]n-Sn-̈ p. chnbpw tcmK-_m-[n-X-\m-bn. Ip«n-I-fmbpw

kv{XoI-fmbpw apXnÀ¶-h-cmbpw ]ecpw acn-̈ p. chn-bpsS AkpJw t`Z-ambn

AbmÄ hopw hmäp-Nm-cm-b-̄ nsâ elcn tXSn-t¸m-bn.

th-\Â¡mew Ignªp kvIqÄ hopw Xpd-¶p. chn lmP-cp-]p-kvX-I-

¯nse t]cp-IÄ ]eXpw sh«n-am-än. hkq-cn-bpsS A\-́ -c-̂ -ew. At¸mgpw am[-

h³\m-bsc Iq«p-]n-Sn¨v el-cn-tXSn AbmÄ Id§n \S-¶p. Ggp hÀj-̄ n\p

tijw Xs¶-t¯Sn \m«nÂ \ns¶-̄ nb ]ß-̄ nsâ \nÀ_-Ôs¯ XpSÀ¶v Jkm-

¡nÂ \n¶p aS-§m-sa¶v chn k½-Xn-̈ p.

chn AXn-Im-e-̄ p-WÀ¶p. cmPn-¡-̄ nsâ ]IÀ¸v et¡m-«n-em¡n cPn-Ì-dn-\-

I¯p h¨p. D½-d-hm-Xn-e-S¨v Xgp-Xn«p ]q«n. I\-¡p¶ ag-bn-eqsS chn \S-¶p.

AbmÄ Iqa³Im-hn-se-̄ n. _kp-ImÀ D]-tbm-Kn-̈ n-cp¶ Hcp a¬]pc CSnªp

hoWn-cp-¶p. a¬Np-a-cnsâ henb I«-IÄ Ipan-ªp-In-S-¶p. _kp Im¯p-

\nÂt¡ chn I«-Isf ]Xps¡ Imep-sIm-n-f-¡n. Hcp ]m¼nsâ ]¯n hnS-cp-

¶Xp chn IuXp-I-t¯msS t\m¡n. Abm-fpsS ]mZ-̄ nÂ AXnsâ ]Ãp-IÄ

AaÀ¶p. Imev]-S-̄ nÂ hopw hopw AXp ]Xn-ªp. ]ns¶ AXv a¬I-«-

IÄ¡n-S-bn-tebv¡p \pg-ªp-t]m-bn. _kp hcm-\mbn chn Im¯p-In-S-¶p.

]mÝm-Xy-km-ln-Xy-̄ nsâ {]Xn-̂ -e-\-amb aqey-\n-tj-[-̄ n-\-̧ pdw `mc-Xo-b-

ZÀi-\-̄ nsâ k¯m-hn-ti-j-amb PohnX ss\c-́ -cy-s¯-¡p-dn-̈ pÅ Ah-t_m-[-

amWv chn-bpsS krjvSn-bnÂ Zriy-am-Ip-¶-Xv. B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS BIm-i-̄ nÂ Hä-



s¸« {[ph \£-{X-ambn "Jkm-¡nsâ CXn-lmkw' {]` sNmcn-bp-¶Xpw CXp-

sImpX-s¶.

Hcp hgnbpw Iptd \ng-ep-Ifpw

AIm-e-̄ nÂ A´-cn¨ cmP-e-£vanbpsS Gsd khn-ti-j-amb Hcp t\mh-

emWv "Hcp hgnbpw Ipsd \ng-ep-I-fpw'. GIm-́ -X-bpsS _en-bÀ¸-W-sa¶p hnti-

jn-̧ n-¡-s¸-«n-«pÅ Cu IrXn 1960þse tI{µ-km-lnXy A¡m-Zan AhmÀUv t\Sn.

Cu t\mhÂ caWn F¶ aWn-¡p-«n-bpsS a\-ÊnÂ h¶p-ho-gp¶ \ng-ep-I-fp-sSbpw

AXn-\p-ÅnÂ sXfn-bp¶ hgn-bp-sSbpw Nn{Xo-I-c-W-am-Wv.

at\m-l-c-amb Ip¶n³{]-tZ-ihpw Xmgvhcbpw Imhpw A¼-ehpw {iotIm-

hnepw BÂa-c-hp-sam-s¡-bpÅ Hcp {Kma-{]-tZ-i-̄ mWv aWn-¡p-«n-bpsS hoSv. B

\m«n³]p-ds¯ PohnXw AhÄ¡v sNdp-̧ -̄ nÂXs¶ Hcp Ihn-lr-Zbpw Dm-¡n-

s¡m-Sp-̄ p. Hcp-\mÄ \hm-Xn-Yn-I-sf-t¸mse Hcp IpSpw_w B {Kma-̄ n-tebv¡p

IS-¶p-h-¶p. AhÀ Xsâ AÑsâ ktlm-Z-cnbpw `À¯mhpw aI³ A¸p-hp-amWv

F¶Xp aWn-¡p-«nsb AÛp-X-s¸-Sp-̄ n. Xsâ ho«p-ImÀ Ah-cp-ambn ]nW-¡-̄ n-

em-sW-¦nepw AXv Imcy-am-¡msX aWn-¡p«n A¸p-hp-ambn ASp-¯p. A¸p hf-cp-

Ibpw Zqsc-bpÅ tImtf-Pn-tebv¡p ]Tn-¡m³ t]mhp-Ibpw sNbvX-t¸mgpw I¯p-I-

fn-eq-sSbpw aäpw B _Ôw XpSÀ¶psImncp-¶p.

Xsâ AÑsâ BI-kvan-I-amb ac-W-s¯-Xp-SÀ¶v A¸p-hnsâ ]S\w Dg-̧ n.

\o Im¯n-cn-̧ n-s\m-Sp-hnÂ Hcp I¼-\n-bnÂ A{]-[m-\-amb tPmen e`n-̈ p.

F¶mÂ Ihn-X-IÄ FgpXn {]kn-²o-I-cn¨p XpS-§n-b-tXmsS aWn-¡p«n tImtf-Pnse

Xmc-ambn amdn. AhÄ¡v Ht«sd Bcm-[-Icpw Dm-bn. tImtf-Pp-]-T-\-Im-e¯v

N©-e-I-ep-j-am-bn-cp¶p Ah-fpsS A´-cw-Kw. ASp-¡m³ {ian¨ ]pcp-j-·mÀ¡mbn

AhÄ t{]aw Icp-Xn-h-̈ p. A´Àap-Jn-bm-bn-cp¶ AhÄ tXSn-h¶ Btem-N-\-I-

sfÃmw Xnc-kvI-cn-̈ p. Bscbpw {]W-bn-¡m³ AhÄ XmXv]cyw ImWn-̈ n-Ã.

F¶n«pw A]-hm-Z-I-Y-IÄ {]N-cn-̧ n-¡-s¸-«p. ]co-£bv¡v Fs´m-s¡tbm FgpXn

H¸n-̈ n«v AhÄ \m«n-tebv¡p aS-§n.

CXn-\nsS A¸p cmPn-h¨v \m«nÂ F¯n-bn-cp-¶p. Ahs\ Ft´m Imcy-amb

AkpJw _m[n-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶p. hnZKv² NnInÕ \S-̄ n-bn«pw amä-ap-m-bn-Ã. ]co-£-



bnÂ IjvSn¨p hnP-bn-̈ psh¦nepw apt¶m«v ]Tn-¡p-hm³ aWn-¡p-«n X¿m-dm-bn-Ã.

A¸p-hnsâ Btcm-Ky-̄ nÂ h¶ amäw Ahsf Gsd s\m¼-c-s¸-Sp-̄ n. NnIn-Õ-

bv¡p-thn InS-̧ m-S-¯nsâ Hcp `mKw Xs¶ hnsä-¦nepw amäw Dm-bn-Ã.

Hcp \mÄ ImhnÂ t]mbn«p Xncn-̈ p-h-cp¶ sNdn-b-½-sb-¡v hnh-c-§Ä

At\z-jn-¡m³ aWn-¡p«n Im¯p-\n-¶p. A¸p-hnsâ tcmK-̄ n\p Ipd-hn-sÃ¶pw

Ct¸mÄ Blm-ctam acpt¶m t]mepw Ign-¡p-¶n-sÃ-¶pamWv sNdn-b-½ ]d-ª-Xv.

C\n IqSp-XÂ NnInÕm kuIcyw tXSn asä-hn-sS-sb-¦nepw sImp-t]m-I-Ww.

sNdn-b-½-tbm-sSm¸w aWn-¡p«n apt¶m«p \S-¶p. t\cw Ccp-«n-sb¶pw Xncn¨p

s]mbvs¡m-Åm\pw sNdn-b½ Ah-tfmSp ]d-ªp. ]t£ AhÄ ]n´n-cn-ªn-Ã.

sNdn-b-½-sb-t¸mse Xm\pw X\n-¡n-jvS-s¸« ]pcp-js\ kzoI-cn-¡p-I-bm-sW-\\pw

A¸p-th-«s\ GsX-¦nepw \Ã tlmkv]n-ä-enÂ sImp-t]mbn NnInÕn¡msa¶pw

AhÄ ]d-ªp. A§s\ Ah-fpsS Pohn-X-̄ nÂ FÃm \ng-ep-Ifpw AI¶v Hcp

hgn hyà-am-bn. apd-s¨-dp-¡-s\-¦nepw £b-tcm-Kn-bm-bn-̄ oÀ¶ A¸p-hnsâ `mcym-

]-Zhn AhÄ kzoI-cn-¡p-¶-tXmsS t\mhÂ Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶p.

B{K-ln-̈ -sXm¶pw kz´-am-¡m³ Ign-bmsX Hä-s¸-«-h-fm-bn, ]pdw-X-Å-s¸-«-h-

fmbn HXp-§n-¡q-Sm³ hn[n-¡-s¸« kv{Xo. F¡m-e¯pw Ah-fpsS hn[n H¶p-X-s¶-

bm-Wv. \ne-hn-fn-IÄ \njv{]-tbm-P-\-amWv. \ne-hnfn Bßm-hnÂ AaÀ¶p InS-¡p-

¶p. I\w Xq§p¶ a\kv kXyw shfn-s¸-Sp-̄ p-¶p. Pohn-X-¯nÂ Hcp hgn-tb-bp-

Åq. FÃm taml-§fpw hyÀ°-am-Wv. PohnXw F¶pw XS-hd Xs¶-bm-Wv.

AhnsS ZpxJ-§Ä Hfn-̧ n-̈ p-sh¨v A\p- -̀h-§-fp-ambn s]mcp-̄ -s¸«v b{´-s -̄

t¸mse Nen-¡mw. AXn-\-̧ p-d-sam¶pw Bin-¡m-\n-Ã. t\mh-enÌv shfn-s¸-Sp-̄ p-

¶p.

]mÞ-h-]pcw

1982 se tIcf kmlnXy A¡m-Zan AhmÀUp t\Snb tkXp-hnsâ t\mh-

emWv "]mÞ-h-]pcw'. hn{ -̀am-ß-I-amb A\p-̀ -h-§-fn-eqsS, A]-cn-Nn-X-amb k¦-ev]-

§-fn-eq-sS, hmb-\-¡m-cs\ ]n´p-S-cp¶ Cu t\mhÂ \ho-\-̀ m-hp-I-Xz-̄ n\p

ssIh¶ A]qÀÆe_v[n-bm-Wv. Xs¶ Dt]-£n-̈ p-t]mb Imap-I-s\tbm `À¯m-hn-

s\tbm Im¯n-cn-¡p¶ kv{XobpsS AXn-km-[m-c-W-amb kmam-\y-t_m-[-̄ n-\p-̧ p-d-

¯p-\n¶v "Pmc³' F¶ \oN-]p-cp-j³ A[-a-amb Ima-hp-ambn IS-¶p-h¶v cm£-ko-



b-amb t£m`w krjvSn-¡p¶ Akm-[m-c-W-amb IY-bm-W-Xv. tZhn-sb¶ kvIqÄSo-

¨À ZpÀ¤m-tZ-hn-tbmfw hf-cp¶ D·-̄ -\n-an-j-§-fn-tebv¡v ]mÞ-h-]pcw hmb-\-

¡msc sImp-t]m-Ip-¶p. ]mÞ-h-]p-c-̄ nsâ Gähpw henb BIÀjWw

AXnse Pmc-_nw-_hpw AXv tI{µ-amb Pmc-]p-cm-hr-̄ -hp-am-Wv. Pmcsâ t{]X-

cq]w tZhnsb F¶-t]mse hmb-\-¡m-scbpw hio-I-cn-¡p-¶p. ]IÂsh-fn-̈ -̄ nÂ

aäm-scbpwt]mse \S-¡p¶ Pmc³, Xm³ a§nb shfn-̈ -̄ nÂ \ng-ep-t]mse k©-

cn-¡p-I-bm-sW¶ anYym-{]-Xo-Xn-bp-f-hm-¡p-¶p.

A]qÀÆ-amb HmÀ½-I-tfm-sS-bmWv ]mÞ-h-]pcw F¶ tZiw tZhn-bpsS a\-

Ên-te¡p IS-¶p-h-¶-Xv. sIm¨p sIm¨p hoSpIfpw \o ]pI-¡p-g-ep-I-tfmSp

IqSnb aª-\n-d-apÅ sI«n-S-§fpw hnj-hm-XIw izkn-¡p¶ a\p-jy-cp-sam-s¡-

bpÅ Hcp tImf-\n. hÀj-§Ä¡p ap¼v, Hcm-gvNs¯ am{Xw ]cn-N-b-apÅ Hcp a\p-

jysâ `mcy-bmb A¼-c-t¸m-sS-bmWv tZhn Ahn-tSbv¡p IS-¶p-h-¶-Xv. ]mÞ-h-

]p-cs¯ sXcp-hp-I-fn-eqsS Pmc-·mÀ ]pf-̈ p-\-S-¶p A\m-Y-cmb s]¬Ip-«n-I-fpsS

PohnXw ]´m-Sm-\m-bn. hÀj-§Ä¡p-tijw Bbncw \mgnI AIse Bsfm-gnª

¹mävt^m-anÂ A]-cn-Nn-X-\mb hncp-¶p-Im-c-s\bpw t]dn hcp¶ hn-¡p-thn

Im¯n-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ ]mÞ-h-]pcw F{Xtbm AI-se-bm-sW¶p tZhn¡p tXm¶n.

AhÄ Bsctbm Im¯n-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv.

A§s\ Hcp-\mÄ Ah-fpsS a\Êv hn{`m-́ n-bn-te-bv¡p-bÀ¶ GtXm \nan-j-

¯nÂ ]mÞ-h-]p-c-¯p-\n¶p Ipªn-¡p-«sâ hoSpw tXSn AbmÄ h¶p þ Pmc³.

tZhn Abmsf FXn-tc-äp. AbmÄ¡mbn AhÄ apdn-sbm-cp-¡n. tZhn-bpsS `À¯r-

k-tlm-Z-cn-bmb iymaf ]mÞ-h-]pcw Fs¶mcp Øew hmkvX-h-̄ nÂ Dtm

F¶v AXn-Yn-tbmSv tNmZn-̈ p. AXn\v Abm-fpsS adp-]Sn C§-s\-bm-bn-cp-¶p þ

]mÞ-h-]pcw Fs¶mcp Øew XoÀ -̈bmbpw Dm-bn-cp-¶n-cn-¡-Ww. AsÃ-¦nÂ

Dv. Fhn-sStbm Ft§m. \½psS In\m-hp-I-fnÂ \½Ä sImXn-¡p-¶, CjvS-s¸-

Sp-¶, shdp-¡p¶ ]mÞ-h-]p-cw. ]v ]mÞ-hÀ AÚm-X-hmkw \S-̄ nb

AhnsS C¶v ]«-Whpw ^mIvS-dn-Ifpw h¶p.

aS-§n-t¸m-Im³ X¿m-dmb AXn-Yn-tbmSv tZhn ]dªp þ \n§Ä ChnsS

\n¶p t]mIp-¶n-Ã. hÀj-§-fmbn s\bvsX-Sp¯ he-bn-tebv¡v Rm³ \n§sf

Bhm-ln¨p hcp-̄ p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. A{X-thKw sI«p-s]m-«n-s¨-dnªv HmSn c£-s]-



Sm³ \n§Ä¡p Ign-bn-Ã. Ah-fpsS B hm¡p-I-fpsS BÚm-i-àn¡p ap¶nÂ

Abm-fpsS bm{X apS-§n. Abm-fp-am-bpÅ kwtbm-K-̄ n-eqsS Xsâ {]Xn-Imcw

]qÀ¯n-bm-b-Xmbn tZhn¡p tXm¶n. Xs¶ Dt]-£n-̈ p-t]mb `À¯m-hmb Ipªn-

¡p-«-t\m-SpÅ {]Xn-Im-c-am-bn-cp¶p AXv. tZhn¡v AXv hnP-b-̄ n-sâ, {]Xn-Im-c-

¯nsâ Zn\-am-bn-cp-¶p. ]t£ AXv taml-̀ wKw \ndª Hcp a\-Ênsâ kz]v\-hp-am-

bn-cp-¶p.

]mÞ-h-]p-cs¯ Xoh-n-bm-̧ o-knÂ A]-cn-Nn-X-\mb hncp-¶-Im-c-s\bpw

Im¯v \nÊ-lm-b-\mbn Ign-bp¶ tZhn-bpsS IY-bmWv tkXp Ah-X-cn-̧ n-¡p-¶-Xv.

Ip¶n³ap-I-fnse Icn-¦Â¨p-h-cp-IÄ¡p \Sp-hn-epÅ {iotIm-hn-enÂ Nph¶ DS-bm-S-

IÄ [cn-̈ v, s\dp-I-bnÂ knµq-c-¡pdn NmÀ¯n, `K-hXn N{aw ]Sn-ªn-cn-¡p-¶p.

[ym\-̄ nsâ Aán-bnÂ tXtPm-a-b-am-Ip¶ Ah-fpsS apJw. B Nph-̧ nÂ ]mÞ-

h-]p-cs¯ Pmc-·mÀ Cub-ep-IÄt]mse Icn-ªp-ho-gp-¶p. Akm-[m-c-W-amb Hc-́ -

co-£-̄ nsâ krjvSn-bn-eq-sS, A]-cn-Nn-X-Xz-¯n-sâ, A\y-Xm-t_m-[-̄ nsâ \hy-amb

Hcp Iem-\p-̀ hw krjvSn-¡p-IbmWv tkXp. ]pXp-a-bmÀ¶ Cu cN-\m-X{´w

{i²mÀl-am-Wv.

DjvW-ta-Je

BZÀi-§Ä AÀ°-iq-\y-am-bn-̄ oÀ¶ Ime-L-«-̄ nse GIm-In-bmb a\p-

jysâ Zpc-́ -amWv "DjvW-ta-Je'bnse {]ta-bw. BZÀiw Pohn-X-̄ n\v Bthiw

]IÀ¶ buh-\-̄ nÂ inh³ hn¹-h-{]-Øm-\-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸-«p. I½yq-Wn-Ìm-bn.

hoSp ad¶v AbmÄ \mSp \¶m-¡m³ \S-¶p. ]t£ A{]-Xo-£n-X-ambn kw`-hn¨

AÑsâ acWw inhsâ ap¶nÂ henb Hcp tNmZy-Nn-Ó-am-bn. ""\o H¶pw ImWp-¶n-

Ã. {]Øm-\-t¯mSv \n\-¡pÅ kvt\lw \ÃXp Xs¶. ]t£ R§tfmSv \n\¡v

Hcp IS-̧ m-Sp-antÃ tamt\? F¶ A½-bpsS tNmZyw inhsâ a\-ÊnÂ InS¶p apg-

§n.

HSp-hnÂ ]mÀ«n-bpsS A\p-hm-Z-t¯msS AbmÄ \K-c-̄ n-tebv¡p bm{X-bm-

bn. Pohn-X-̄ nsâ bmYmÀ°y-§-fnÂ \n¶-I-¶v, Xm³ kvt\ln¨ kXy-̄ nÂ

\n¶p thÀs]«v AbmÀ°-amb asämcp temI¯v AI-s¸-Sp-I-bmWv \K-c-̄ n-se-

¯p¶ inh³. AbmÄ¡v im´n e`n-¡p-¶n-Ã. kaq-l-̄ nÂ\n¶v Hä-Xn-cn-¡-s¸-Sp-

¶p. s]mcp-̄ -s¸-Sm³ km[y-a-Ã.



"\K-cs¯ Ip. \K-c-̄ nÂ \S-¡p-¶-sXms¡ Ip. ]s£ Ah-bpsS

`mK-am-Im³ Ign-ªn-«n-Ã. AXp Ign-bp-sa¶pw tXm¶p-¶n-Ã. Xm³ A]-cn-Nn-X-\m-

Wv.' þ CXmWv inh³ t\cn-Sp¶ {]Xn-k-Ôn. kaq-l-t¯m-SpÅ kwLÀj-amWv

ChnsS {]Xn-kÔn krjvSn-¡p-¶-Xv. AbmÀ°-amb kaqlw A\y-Xm-t_m[w

krjvSn-¡p-¶p. A]-cn-Nn-XXzw hfÀ¯p-¶p. "DjvW-ta-Je' F¶ t\mh-en-eqsS

kaq-l-̄ nsâ kmam-\y-K-Xn-bp-ambn s]mcp-̄ -s¸-Sm³ Ign-bmsX kzbw A\y-\mbn

amdp¶ kaq-l-̄ nsâ apJ-amWv Im¡-\m-S³ Ah-X-cn-̧ n-¡p-¶-Xv.

acp-`q-an-IÄ Dm-Ip-¶Xv

acp-̀ q-an-bnÂ ØnXn-sN-¿p¶ cw`m-KVv ]«-W-̄ nse tIm«-bv¡p-ÅnÂ

kÀ¡mÀ Øm]n-¡p¶ kv{Smä-PnIv C³Ì-te-j³knÂ Hm^o-k-dmWv Ipµ³.

Abm-fpsS Akzm-Øy-P-\-I-amb A\p- -̀h-§-Ä, Ahsb ap³\nÀ¯n \S-¡p¶

khn-kvX-c-amb NÀ -̈IÄ, Ch-bn-eq-sS-bmWv t\mh-en-Ìmb B\µv Xsâ ZÀi\w

A\m-h-cWw sN¿p-¶-Xv.

]Wn sN¿n-¡p-¶-Xn-\mbn sImp-h-cp¶ XS-hp-]p-Ån-Isf ]cn-tim-[n¨p

km£y-s¸-Sp-̄ p-I-bmWv Ipµ³. AXnÂ ]ip-]-Xn-knwKv F¶ XS-hp-Im-csâ AS-

bm-f-§Ä bmYmÀ°y-hp-ambn s]mcp-̄ -s¸-Sp-¶n-sÃ¶v Ipµ³ a\-Ên-em-¡p-¶p. CXv

aämtcm BWv. F¶n«pw Hgn-hm-¡m³ Ign-bmsX XmXv¡m-enI hyh-Ø-bnÂ

kq£n¡m³ AbmÄ \nÀ_-Ôn-X-\m-Ip-¶p.

]n¶oSv Ipµ³ Adn-ªXv sR«-ep-m-¡p¶ kXy-am-Wv. Xsâ ap¶nÂ lmP-

cm-¡-s¸« XS-hp-]p-Ån-bmb ]ip-]-Xn-knwKv bYmÀ°-̄ nÂ kpsse-am³ F¶ asäm-

cm-fm-Wv. Xsâ IpSpw-_-̄ n\v amkw 500 cq] sImSp-¡m-sa¶ [mc-W-bnÂ ]ip-]-Xn-

kw-Kn\p ]I-c-ambn Pbn-enÂ t]mIm³ X¿m-dmb Zcn-{Z³. amkw 500 cq]-bpsS

t]mepw hne-bn-Ãm-Xmb kzmX-{´yw.

]e ]pXnb Adn-hp-I-fp-sSbpw ]oU-\-ta-evt¡-n-h-cp¶ Ipµsâ A\p-̀ -h-§-

fn-eqsS a\p-jy-k-aq-ls¯ apgp-h³ A[n-Im-c-̄ nsâ IognÂ HXp-¡p¶ B[p-\nI

`c-W-b-{´-̄ nsâ {IqcX shfn-hm-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. ac-W-̄ n\v hn[n-¡-s¸« XS-hp-]p-

Ån-I-fmWv Ah-cpsS in£m-hn[n \S-̧ m-¡pw-ap¼v cl-ky-kp-c£m ]²-Xn-¡p-thn

]Wn-sb-Sp-¡p-¶-Xv. acWw am{X-amWv Ahsc Im¯n-cn-¡p¶ hn[n. cl-ky-]-²-Xn-



bpsS hnh-c-§Ä tNmÀ¶p-t]m-ImsX kq£n-¡m³ Is-̄ nb X{´w. a\p-jy\pw

a\p-jy\pw X½nÂ _Ô-an-Ãb a\-Ênsâ CuÀ¸w \jvS-am-Ip-¶p. A[n-Imcw a\p-

jys\ AI-äp-¶p. a®v acp-̀ q-an-bm-bn-̄ o-cp-¶p.

a\p-jysâ \nÊ-lm-b-X, Xm³ tIhew D]-I-cWw am{X-am-sW¶pw kz´w

kzmX{´yw Xsâ ]¡-en-sÃ-¶p-apÅ Xncn-̈ -dn-hv, a\p-jy-k-aq-ls¯ aWÂ¡m-äp-

t]mse \mbm-Sp¶ ZpÀ -̀Km-h-Ø-bmWv B\µv Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.

kvamc-I-in-e-IÄ

1977þemWv ]p\-̄ nÂ Ipª-_vZp-Å-bpsS "kvamc-I-in-e-IÄ' ]pd-̄ p-h-¶-Xv.

]Ån¡p Npäp-apÅ ]d-¼p-\n-dsb J_-dn-S-§Ä. AXn-\p-f-fnÂ Hmtcmtcm IY-I-

fpsS ]cn-k-am]vXn IqSn-sIm-Åp-¶p. Pohn-X-Im-e¯v BSn-̄ oÀ¯ thj-§Ä Agn-

¨p-h¨v \nXy-hn-{i-a-¯n\p t]mb IYm-]m-{X-§Ä. Ah-cpsS kvamc-I-in-e-I-fnÂ

\n¶v Hcp ]pcm-hr¯w hmbn-s -̈Sp-¡m³ {ian-¡p-I-bmWv ]p\-̄ nÂ Ipª-_vZp-

Å, "kvamc-I-in-e-IÄ' F¶ {]ikvX t\mh-enÂ.

Rmd-bv¡Â Xd-hm-«nÂ ]nd¶ Acp-a-bmb s]¬Ip-«n¡v t]cp hnfn-̈ Xv

]q¡p-ªn_o F¶m-Wv. AhÄ ]nd¶ \mfnÂ sXmSn-bnÂ \oen {]k-hn-̈ n«

Ipªn-s\bpw X§Ä Xsâ _oS-cpsS Acp-InÂ tNÀ¯p-In-S-̄ n. Ip«n¡v

Ipªmen F¶ t]cpw sImSp-̄ p.

X§Ä ]d-ªp-sIm-Sp¯ IY tI«v ]q¡p-ªn_o hfÀ¶p. Ah-fpsS a\-

ÊnÂ kz]v\-§-fpsS ]qsam«p hncn-ªp. AXnsâ kpK-Ô-ambn Ipªm-ensb

AhÄ Xncn-̈ -dn-ªp. ]t£, t{]a-\nÀ -̀c-amb i_vZw Ipªm-ensb DWÀ¯n-bn-Ã.

Hcp £b-tcm-Kn-bpsS InS-̧ -d-bnÂ izmkw In«msX he-bp-t¼mÄ ]q¡p-ªn_o

hoSp-hn-«n-d-§n. Ipªmen Ahsf tXSn-s¨-¶p.

"tKmkm-bn-¡p-¶nsâ Xmgvhc-bnÂ IS-̧ p-ds¯ hnP-\-X-bnÂ Hcp kzÀ®-

aÕyw t]mse ]q¡p-ªn_o ASnªp InS-¶p. \\ª ]qgn-bnÂ \pc-bv¡p¶

Xnc-am-e-IÄ XWp¯ ico-cs¯ CS-bv¡nsS \\-̈ p-sIm-n-cp-¶p. ]ns¶ Ipªm-

en¡v AhnsS \nÂ¡m-\m-hp-¶n-Ã. H©n-bs¯ ae-bn-Sp-¡p-IÄ e£yw sh¨v IS-

¸pdw Xmn Ic-bn-eqsS Ah³ \S-¶-I-¶p.



kz]v\-k-Zr-iy-amb Hcp IYm-{]-]-©-̄ nsâ at\m-lm-cn-X-bnÂ klr-Z-bsc

sIms-̄ n-¡p¶ t\mh-emWv "kvamc-I-in-e-IÄ'. hyàn-Xz-apÅ IYm-]m-{X-§Ä

Ime-̄ n-sâbpw kaq-l-̄ n-sâbpw Nn{Xw cNn-¡p-¶p. Imev]-\n-I-sa¶v hnfn-¡m-

hp¶ inev]-̀ w-Kn-sImv A\p-Kr-lo-X-amWv Cu t\mhÂ.



sam-UyqÄ aq¶v

sXm®q-dp-I-tfmsS ae-bmf t\mh-enÂ `mh-\m-]-cn-hÀ¯-\-̄ nsâ kz`mhw

]qÀ®-am-bn. D¯-cm-[p-\n-I-X-bpsS kµÀ`-am-bn-cp¶p AXv. B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS Fgp-

¯p-co-Xn-bnepw temI-ho-£-W-am-Xr-I-bnepw IÀ¯r-Xz-k-¦-ev]-¯nepw \n¶p thdn«v

Ahsb s]mfn-s -̈gp-Xp¶ t\mh-ep-IÄ D¯-cm-[p-\n-I-`m-hp-I-Xzw {]Jym-]n-̈ p. Fw.

apIp-µsâ "BZn-Xy\pw cm[bpw aäp Nnecpw', "Hcp ZfnXv bph-Xn-bpsS IZ\ IY',

"tIi-hsâ hnem-]-§Ä', "\r¯w', sI.-sP. t__n-bpsS "amthen a³dw', kn.-hn.

_me-Ir-jvWsâ "Bßm-hn\p icn-sb¶p tXm¶p¶ Imcy-§Ä', "Zni', sI.-c-Lp-

\m-Ysâ "`qan-bpsS s]m¡nÄ', "i_vZm-b-au\w', "kam-[m-\-̄ n\p thn-bpÅ

bp²-§Ä', sI.-]n. cma-\p-®n-bpsS "kq^n ]dª IY' Sn.-hn. sIm¨p-_m-h-bpsS

"hr²-k-Z-\w', B\-µnsâ "tKmhÀ[sâ bm{X-IÄ', "hymk\pw hnLvt\-iz-c'-\pw,

"A]-l-cn-¡-s¸« ssZh-§Ä', F³. {]`m-I-csâ "_mlp-h-N-\w', "XobqÀ tcJ-IÄ',

kmdm tPmk-̂ nsâ "Bem-l-bpsS s]¬a-¡Ä' XpS-§nb \nch[n IrXn-IÄ

t\mh-ensâ amdnb apJw shfn-s¸-Sp¯n \nÂ¡p-¶p. ae-bmf t\mh-ensâ {]bm-W-

amÀ¤w Cu cN-\-I-fn-emWv Ip-ap-«m-\m-hp-I. amdp¶ temI-t¯mSv Ah

]peÀ¯p¶ ka-ioÀj-X-bmWv CXn\p Imc-Ww. C¯-cm-[p-\n-I-amb Hcp `mhp-I-Xz-

]-cn-k-c-̄ n-emWv Ah-bpsS \ne.

]pXnb A\p-̀ -h-a-Þ-e-§-fmWv D¯-cm-[p-\nI t\mhÂ Bhn-jvI-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.

Ncn-{X-t¯mSpw cmjv{So-b-t¯m-Sp-apÅ hnaÀi-\m-ß-I-amb kao-]-\hpw ]pXnb

kmt¦-Xnc kwkvIm-c-t¯m-SpÅ A`n-ap-Jo-I-c-Whpw \ne-hn-epÅ BJym\ amXr-I-

I-fpsS A]-cym-]vX-X-sb-¡p-dn-̈ pÅ t_m[-hpw, `mj, hmb-\, Fgp¯v XpS-§nb

{]{In-b-I-sf-¡p-dn-̈ pÅ ]pXnb ImgvN-̧ m-Sp-Ifpw D¯-cm-[p-\n-I-amb cN-\m-{]-{In-

bbv¡v thKw Iq«n. {]ta-b-̄ nepw cp]-in-ev]-̄ nepw Cu LS-I-§Ä t\mh-ensâ

\nÀ½m-W-I-esb kzm[o-\n-̈ p. cmjv{So-b-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸« ktµ-l-§fpw Bi-¦-

Ifpw D¯-cm-[p-\nI t\mh-ensâ {]ta-b-§-fnÂ IS-¶p-h-¶p. ]ptcm-K-Xn-sb¶

alm-hym-Jym-\s¯ tI{µ-am-¡n-bpÅ Ncn-{X-k-¦-ev]-̄ nsâ Xnc-kvIm-c-̄ n-

tebv¡pw B k¦-ev]-̄ nsâ ASn-Øm-\-¯nÂ \nÀ½n-¡-s¸« hyàn-Isf tI{µo-I-

cn-¡p¶ Ncn-{X-̄ n-\p-]-Icw Aen-Jn-Xhpw Iog-f-hp-amb Ncn-{X-§-fn-tebv¡p

t\mhÂ \o§n. A[n-Im-c-̄ n-sâbpw \oXn-bp-sSbpw ]Ým-̄ -e-̄ nÂ Ncn-{X-



s¯bpw hyXykvX kmaq-ln-I-K-W-§-fpsS Pohn-X-§-sfbpw ]pXnb ]cn-t{]-£y-

¯nÂ Ah-X-cn-̧ n-¡p¶ t\mh-ep-IÄ Dm-bXv A§-s\-bm-Wv. "D -̄cm-[p-\nI

Ncn{X t\mh-ep-IÄ' F¶mWv Ahsb hnfn-t¡--Xv.

Ncn{Xw CXn-hr-̄ -am-¡n-s¡m-v, hyh-Øm-]nX Ncn-{X-t\m-h-ensâ B-Jym-\-

{Iaw ewLn-¡p¶ Ht«sd "D -̄cm-[p-\nI Ncn{X t\mhep'IÄ ka-Im-enI L«-

¯nÂ Dm-bn-«p-v. F³.-F-kv. am[-hsâ "e´³ _t -̄cn-bnse ep¯n-\n-b-IÄ",

B\-µnsâ "]cn-Wm-a-̄ nsâ `qX-§Ä', Sn.-Un. cma-Ir-jvWsâ "{^m³kokv C«n-

t¡mc', kp`mjv N{µsâ "a\p-jy\v Hcm-apJw', tkXp-hnsâ "adp-]n-d-hn-S, "Benb',

C. kt´m-jvIp-am-dnsâ AÔ-Im-c-\-gn, Sn.-]n. cmPo-hnsâ ]mtecn amWn-Iyw, Hcp

]mXn-cm-s¡m-e-]m-X-I-¯nsâ IY, sI.-Sn.-F³. tIm«qÀ, Fgp¯pw Pohn-X-hpw, Fw.

apIp-µsâ ZÂln KmY-IÄ, XpS-§nb cN-\-I-sfÃmw Ncn-{Xs¯ A`n-kw-t_m-[\

sN¿m-\mWv {ian-¡p-¶-Xv. ]ptcm-K-a-\m-ß-Ihpw tcJo-bhpw GIm-ß-I-hp-amb

H¶mbn Ncn-{Xs¯ Cu t\mh-ep-IÄ k¦-en-]n-¡p-¶n-Ã. Ncn-{Xs¯ inYn-eo-I-cn-

¡m\pw _ZÂ Ncn-{X-§Ä krjvSn-¡m\pw tI{µ-̄ n-\p-]-Icw {]m´-̄ nsâ Ncn-{X-

sa-gp-Xm\pw Xnc-kvIrX a\p-jy-cpsS Ncn-{X-§Ä hos-Sp-¡m\pw `mh-\m-N-cn-{X-

§Ä \nÀ½n-̈ p-sImv km{¼-Zm-bnI Ncn{X k¦-ev]s¯ [zwkn-¡m\pw Ah {ian-

¡p-¶p.

D¯-cm-[p-\nI t\mh-ensâ khn-ti-j-IÄ hni-I-e\w sN¿m³ kzoI-cn-¡m-

hp¶ Gähpw Ffp-̧ -apÅ cp hgn-IÄ CXn-hr-̄ -̄ nepw BJym-\-̄ nepw Ah

sImp-h¶ \h-Xz-am-Wv. ap¼v ae-bm-f-t\m-hÂ ssIImcyw sNbvXn-«n-Ãm-̄ tXm

Aev]-am{Xw ]cn-K-Wn-¨tXm Bb Ht«sd {]ta-b-§-fn-tebv¡pw Pohn-X-a-Þ-e-§-fn-

tebv¡pw ka-Im-enI t\mhÂ Xncn-ªn-«p-v. ]cn-Øn-Xn-sb-¡p-dn¨pw BWh

hn]-̄ n-s\-¡p-dn-̈ p-apÅ ]pXnb \ne-]m-Sp-IÄ (a-[pcw Kmb-Xn) BZn-hmkn þ ZfnXv

kzXzw (am-then a³dw, ]pe-b-̧ m-«v, Nmshm-en), ]pXnb Øe-am-\-§Ä (B-Sp-Po-hn-

Xw, {]hm-kw), kv{Xo PohnXw (B-em-l-bpsS s]¬a-¡Ä, amäm-̄ n, HX-̧ v) XpS-

§nb Ht«sd {]ta-b-§Ä Cu L«-̄ nÂ t\mh-en\p hnj-b-am-bn.

Øe-Im-e-§-sf-¡p-dn-¨pÅ \ho-\-t_m-[-hpw, ]pXnb kmt¦-XnI hnZy

DbÀ¯nb hn\n-a-b-ssh-hn-[yhpw temI-cm-jv{So-b-{I-a-̄ nse cq]m-́ -c-W-§fpw

kwkvIm-c-s¯bpw kzXz-s¯bpw Ipdn-̈ pÅ ho£W hyXn-bm-\-§fpw D¯-cm-[p-



\nI t\mh-ensâ LS-\-bnÂ hcp-̄ nb amäw sNdp-X-Ã. Øe-Ime kt¦m-N-§-fp-

sS-bpw, ssPh kmt¦-XnI hnZy-bp-sSbpw ]cn-ØnXn Zpc-́ -̀ o-j-Wn-bp-sSbpw BtKm-

fo-I-c-W-̄ nsâ km¼-̄ n-I-bp-àn-bp-sSbpw ]Ým-̄ -e-̄ n-emWv ae-bmf t\mh-

enÌv bmYmÀ°y-§sf A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. Cu t\cn-S-ep-IÄ t\mh-en-Ìns\

At\Iw km[y-X-IÄ¡p ap¶nÂ sImp-h¶p \nÀ¯n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p.

kv{XohmZw þ ]mcn-Øn-XnI kv{XohmZw

Ct¡m sân-\nkw AYhm ]mcn-Øn-XnI kv{XohmZw þ Ccp-]-̄ n-sbm¶mw

\qäm-nÂ Gsd {i²-bm-h-iy-s¸-Sp¶ hnj-b-am-Wv. `qan-bmsI hnj-a-b-am-hp-Ibpw

Bhmk hyhØ Xs¶ XI-cm-dn-em-hp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cn-¡p¶ Cu Ime-̄ nÂ ]mcn-

Øn-XnI kv{Xohm-Zs¯ temIw {]Xo-£-tbm-sS-bmWv t\m¡n-¡m-Wp-¶-Xv. sân-\n-

k-̄ nsâ hn`n-¶-ap-J-§sf Ct¡m sân-\n-k-̄ nsâ ]qÀÆ-cq-]-§-embn ImWmw.

]cn-Øn-Xnbpw a\p-jy\pw X½n-epÅ Hcp ]pXnb _Ô-̄ nsâ At\z-j-W-amWv

Ct¡m sân-\n-Ìp-IÄ \S-̄ p-¶-Xv.

]cn-ØnXn hnÚm\w

Ct¡m-fPn AYhm ]cn-ØnXn hnÚm\w Pohn-Ifpw {]Ir-Xn-bnse CX-c-L-S-

I-§fpw X½n-epÅ ]c-kv]c {Inb-I-sf-̧ än ]Tn-¡p¶ imkv{X-im-JbmWv. {]Ir-Xn-

bp-ambn {]Xn-{]-hÀ¯n-̈ p-sImv AXnsâ \nb-a-§Ä a\-Ên-em-¡p-Ibpw AXns\

cq]m-́ -c-s¸-Sp-̄ p-Ibpw sN¿p¶ a\p-jy³sc Ncn-{Xw. {]Ir-Xn-bpsS Ncn-{X-̄ nsâ

Hcp XpSÀ¨ am{X-amWv. {]IrXn iàn-Ise `b-s¸«pw Ahsb Bcm-[n¨pw Ign-

ªn-cp¶ a\p-jy³ C¶v kÀÆ Ncm-N-c-§-fp-sSbpwtaÂ B[n-]Xyw Øm]n-̈ n-cn-¡p-

¶p. Pohn-X-̄ nsâ \ne-\nÂ¸p-Xs¶ Akm-²y-am-¡p¶ Nqj-Wm-[n-jvTn-X-amb Hcp

kwhn-[m-\-̄ n³ Iogn-emWv \mw Ign-bp-¶-Xv. ]cn-Øn-Xnsb Adn-bm\pw kvt\ln-

¡m\pw ]cn-Øn-Xn-sb-¡p-dn¨p ]Tn-¡p-hm\pw ]Tn-̧ n-¡p-hm\pw ]Tn-̈ h {]tbm-K-̄ n-

em-¡m-\p-sams¡ ]cn-ØnXnimkv{X-]-T\w \nÀ_-Ôn-¡p-¶p.

]mcn-Øn-XnI kv{XohmZw

XIÀ¶p-sIm-n-cn-¡p¶ Bhm-k-hy-h-Ø-bpsS ]p\x-Øm-]-\-¯n\pw ssPh-

ssh-hn-²y-kw-c-£-W-̄ n\pw thn ]pXnb Nne ka-hm-Iy-§fpw ]²-Xn-I-fp-amWv

Ct¡m sân-\nkw apt¶m-«p-h-bv¡p-¶-Xv. kv{Xobp-sSbpw {]Ir-Xn-bp-sSbpw



t\À¡p-I-b-cp¶ òj-Wn-Ifpw Ah-bpsS t\sc-bpÅ NqjW at\m-̀ m-hhpw

XIÀ¡p-¶Xv \½psS {]]-©-̄ nsâ km´p-en-Xm-h-Ø-sb-̄ -s¶-bm-W¶ t_m[w

C¶v cqV-aq-e-am-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. Cu Ah-Ø-bn-emWv Ct¡m sân-\nkw shdpw

kv{Xohm-Z-tam, shdpw {]Ir-Xn-hm-Ztam AÃ F¶pw AXv bXmÀ° am\-hn-I-aq-ey-

§Ä¡p-thn \ne-sIm-Åp¶ Icp-̄ pä {]Øm-\-am-sW¶pw Xncn-̈ -dn-bp-¶-Xv. aen-

\o-I-c-W-̄ n-sâbpw Nqj-W-̄ n-sâbpw kam-\m-\p- -̀h-§-fmWv kv{Xobpw {]Ir-

Xnbpw t\cn-Sp-¶-Xv. Ch-bpsS cn-sâbpw tamN-\-̄ n-eqsS am{Xta kmaq-ly-hy-h-

Øn-Xn-bnÂ {]im-́ -Xbpw kar-²nbpw \ne-\nÀ¯m-\mIq F¶v FÃm-hcpw Xncn-̈ -dn-

bp-¶p. kv{Xo, {]Ir-Xn, BZn-hm-kn-IÄ F¶n-h-tcm-sSm¸w ]pcp-j\pw hyh-Øn-Xn-

bpsS Zpjn-̧ n-¡-ep-I-fnÂ \n¶pw tamNn-̧ n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xn-eqsS am{Xta bYmÀ°-Po-

hnXw Is-̄ m-\mhq F¶v Gcn-bÂ kmse Icp-Xp-¶p. Pohn-X-̄ nsâ tI{µw

IpSpw-_hpw IpSpw-_-̄ nsâ tI{µw kv{Xobp-am-Wv. FÃm-än-sâbpw ASn-Øm\w

IpSpw_w þ {]IrXn þ kv{Xo Ch-bm-sW¶v Ct¡m sân-\n-Ìmb tdmkvtacn

dqYÀeqw A`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶p.

Ct¡m sân-\n-k-̄ nsâ ap{Zm-hmIyw ka-{K-tam-N-\-am-Wv. {]IrXn tamNn-X-

am-IWw; kv{Xo tamNn-X-bm-IWw þ CXn-s\m¸w ]pcp,\pw tamNn-X-\m-I-Ww. kv{Xoþ-

]p-cp-j-þ-{]-Ir-Xn-bpsS kwbpà hntam-N-\-amWv Ct¡m sân-\n-k-̄ nsâ al-

¯mb e£yw. ]cn-Øn-Xn-hm-Z-t¯bpw kv{Xohm-Z-s¯bpw ka-\z-bn-̧ n-¡pI F¶

e£y-am-Wn-hnsS \nd-th-äp-¶-Xv.

t\mhÂ ]T\§Ä

Bem-l-bpsS s]¬a-¡Ä

kmdm tPmk-̂ nsâ BZy-t\m-h-emWv Bem-l-bpsS s]¬a-¡Ä. \mK-cn-I-X-

bpsS IS-¶m-{I-a-W-̄ nÂ t]cpw `mjbpw FÃmw \jvS-s¸« Hcp {Kma-̄ nsâ

kzXzw hos-Sp-¡m³ {ian-¡p-I-bmWv t\mh-en-Ìv. Ahn-Ss¯ Ah-K-Wn-¡-s¸«

P\-§Ä. B\n-bpsS a\-Ên-eqsS ]cn-jvIm-c-§Ä hnIr-X-am-¡nb Ah-cpsS apJw

\mw ImWp-¶p. Npa-̈ p-Xp-̧ p-¶ tNmc-¡-«-IÄ; I^w. tXm«n-Ifpw Cd-̈ n-sh-«p-Imcpw

aen-\-s¸-Sp-̄ nb tIm¡m-©d {Kma-̄ nsâ ZpxJ-amWv kmdm tPmk^v ae-bmf

hmb-\-bpsS Ime-̀ w-Kn-IÄ Xom¯ `mj-bnÂ AS-bm-f-s¸-Sp-̄ p-¶-Xv. AXnsâ



iàn-bpsS ]mcp-jyhpw A\p-̀ -h-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xn-eqsS ]cn-jvImcw ASn-̈ -aÀ¯nb

A[x-ØnX P\-X-bpsS iàn-a{´w \mw Xncn-̈ -dn-bp-¶p.

"tIm¡m-©nd' F¶ {Kma-̄ n³sc ]Ým-̄ -e-̄ n-emWv kmdm tPmk]v Bem-

l-bpsS s]¬a-¡Ä F¶ t\mhÂ Ah-X-cn-̧ n-¡p-¶-Xv. XriqÀ \K-c-̄ nsâ

hfÀ¨-bmWv tIm¡m-©n-d-bn-te¡p Bfp-Isf XÅn Ab-̈ -Xv. "\K-c-¡p¸'

sImp adn-¡m-\pÅ CS-am-bn-cp¶p AXv. \K-c-am-en-\y-§Ä sImp-t]m-Im³ h¶

tXm«n-IÄ amen\yw adn-t¡-n-S¯p Xma-k-am-¡n. AtXm-sSm¸w \K-c-̄ nsâ

kuµ-cy-§fpw \mK-cnI kuI-cy-§fpw hÀ²n-̧ n-¡p-¶-Xnsâ `mK-ambn ]pdw-X-Å-

s¸« IpSpw-_-§fpw AhnsS F¯n. t\mh-ense Gähpw {][m-\-s¸« IYm-]m-{X-

amb adn-t©-S-̄ n-bpsS HmÀ½-I-fm-bn-«mWv C¯cw kw -̀h-§Ä hnh-cn-¡-s¸-«n-«p-Å-

Xv.

Iogm-f-IÀ¯r-Xz-am-bn-¯oÀ¶ kv{Xo Pohn-X-̄ nsâ Ncn-{X-amWv "Bem-l-

bpsS s]¬a-¡Ä'. t\mh-enÂ kv{Xobp-tS-Xmb Hcp ImgvN-sbm-cp-¡m³ kmdm

tPmk^v {ian-¡p-¶p. A]-cn-Nn-X-amb `mj-bnÂ Fgp-X-s¸-«n-cn-¡p¶ Cu t\mhÂ

ae-bmf kmln-Xy-̄ nÂ \hy-amb Hc-́ -co£w krjvSn-¡p-¶p. B[p-\n-IX DÄs -̧

sS-bpÅ ]mc-¼-cy-§Ä krjvSn¨ kv{Xo temIs¯ Hcp Nph-SmÂ AhÀ ]pd-tIm-«m-

¡p-¶p. Bem-l-bpsS s]¬a-¡Ä F¶ Cu t\mhÂ ae-bm-f-̄ nse kv{Xo]£

kmln-Xy-̄ nÂ kp{]-[m\ Øm\w t\Sn-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xmbn ImWmw.

BSp-Po-hnXw

""a[p-c-amb KZyw, A\p-̀ -h-Xo-{h-amb {]ta-bw, ae-bm-fn¯w FÃmw H¯n-W-

§nb t\mh-emWv s_\ym-ansâ BSp-Po-hn-Xw. acp-̀ q-an-bpsS hn{`-am-ß-I-amb

kuµ-cyw, acp-tem-I-̄ nsâ khn-ti-j-X-IÄ CsXm¶pw ae-bmf t\mh-enÂ C{X

Bg-̄ nÂ CXn-\p-ap¼v tcJ-s¸-Sp-̄ n-bn-«n-Ã. ae-bmf kmln-Xy-t¯bpw `mj-

tbbpw Cu t\mhÂ Gsd Db-c-̄ n-se-̄ n-¨n-cn-¡p¶p'' þ ]n. hÕ-e-bpsS hm¡p-I-

fm-Wn-Xv. s_\ym-ansâ "BSp-Po-hnXw' F¶ t\mhÂ ae-bm-fn-bpsS hmb-\sb

]pXn-sbmcp Xe-̄ n-se-̄ n-̈ p F¶-Xnsâ km£y-amWv Cu hm¡p-IÄ.

\Po-_n\pw l¡n-an\pw acp-̀ q-an-bnÂ Zmln-̈ p-a-cn¨ FÃm Bßm-¡Ä¡pw

kaÀ¸n-̈ p-sIm-mWv "BSp-Po-hnXw' Bcw-̀ n-¡p¶Xv. \mev]-̄ n-aq¶v JÞ-§-fnÂ



\Po-_nsâ IY-]-d-bp¶ s_\ym-an³ AXn-\mbn sXc-sª-Sp¯ hgn Hcp kmt¦-Xn-

Im-Jym\ k{¼-Zm-b-¯nepw s]Sp-̄ m-\m-Im¯ tIh-e-amb IY ]d-̈ n-ensâ emfn-Xy-

am-Wv. \Po-_nsâ Pohn-X-I-Ysb t\mh-em-¡p-t¼mÄ AXnse kw`-h-§-fpsS A\p-

{Iaw amän-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xmbn ImWmw. bYmÀ°-kw-̀ -h-̄ nsâ Ah-km\ `mK-̄ p-h-

¨mWv t\mhÂ XpS-§p-¶-Xv.

BZys¯ aq¶v A²ym-b-§Ä IY-bpsS Ah-km-\-̀ m-K-am-Wv. _ -̄bnse

t]meokv tÌj\p ap¶nÂ lao-Zp-sam¯v \nÂ¡p¶ \Po-_n-s\-bmWv t\mh-enÌv

ChnsS Ah-X-cn-̧ n-¡p-¶-Xv. t]meokv tÌj-\nÂ\n¶pw Pbn-enÂ F¯n-s¸-Sp¶

ChÀ IS-¶p-h¶ Akm-[m-cW A\p-̀ -h-¯nsâ ]oU-\-Im-e-t¯-bv¡mWv ]n¶oSv

t\mhÂ IS-¡p-¶-Xv. \Po_v Gä-hp-a-[nIw t]Sn-¡p¶ AÀ_m_v kptakn Pbn-

enÂ {]Xy-£-s¸-Sp-¶-XmWv \mem-a-²ym-b-̄ nÂ. AbmÄ Xs¶ Xncn-̈ -dn-b-cp-sX¶v

B{K-ln-¡p¶ \Po-_nsâ Pohn-X-IYbmWv A©mw A²ymbw apXÂ. tPmen

tXSn KÄ^n-se-̄ nb \Po_pw l¡oapw AÀ_m-_nsâ ASn-a-I-fmbn amdp-¶p. acp-

`q-an-bpsS \Sp-hn-epÅ hnP-\-X-bnÂ B«n³]-ä-§Ä¡n-S-bn-emWv ChÀ sNs¶-̄ p-

¶-Xv.

X§-fpsS FÃm {]Xo-£-I-sfbpw XIÀs¯-dn-ªv, Hcp XpÅn shÅ-̄ n-\p-

t]mepw \nc-́ -c-{]-lcw hne-sIm-Sp-t¡n hcp-¶, Cd-̈ n-hne t]mep-an-Ãm¯ Hcm-

fmbn \Po_pw l¡oaqw amdp-¶p. X½nÂ ImWm-\m-hmsX hÀj-§-tfmfw ChÀ

Ign-tb-n-h-cp-¶p. kz´w PohnXw BSp-I-tf-Xn\p kam-\-ambn amdn-b-Xv \Po_v

Xncn-̈ -dn-bp-¶p. 31þmw A²ym-b-̄ nÂ \Po_pw l¡napw tNÀ¶v kml-kn-I-ambn

Hfn-t¨m-Sp-¶Xv t\mh-enÌv Ah-X-cn-̧ n-¡p-¶p. Cu c£-s]-S-en\v Ahsc klm-bn-

¡p-¶Xv C{_mlnw JmZcn F¶ IYm-]m-{X-am-Wv. {]mÀ°\ tI«v AÅmlp Ab¨

Hcp ZqX-s\-t¸mse Cu IYm-]m{Xw {]Xy-£-s¸-Sp-¶p. bm{X-¡n-S-bnÂ l¡ow ac-W-

¯n\v Iog-S-§p-¶p. HSp-hnÂ Hcp Ad-_n-bpsS klm-b-t¯msS \Po_v kpc-£n-X-

Øm-\¯v F¯n-t¨-cp-¶p. 4þmw A²ym-b-¯nse ]gb HmÀ½-IÄ hÀ -̄am-\-Im-e-

¯n-tebv¡v h¶p-ap«n 43þmw A²ym-b-̄ nÂ IY Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶p.

t\m-h-ensâ Ah-km-\-̀ mKw s_\ym-an³ C§s\ Ah-X-cn-̧ n-¡p-¶p þ ""cm{Xn-

tbmsS hnam-\-sa-̄ n. Fw_kn Poh-\-¡mÀ t_mÀUnwKv ]mkv hnX-cWw sNbvXp.

R§sf Iq«-t¯msS hnam-\-̄ n-tebv¡p \S-̄ n. hne§Wnª F¬]Xv BSp-



Isf Hcp ak-d-bn-tebv¡v B«n-s¯-fn¨p Ib-äp-¶-Xm-bn-«mWv F\n-¡-t¸mÄ tXm¶n-

b-Xv. AXnÂ HcmSv Rm\m-bn-cp¶p! BSp-Po-hn-Xw.

s\Ãv

a®n-sâbpw a\p-jy-cp-sSbpw KÔw BZy´w \nd-ªp-\nÂ¡p¶ ]n. hÕ-e-

bpsS {]ikvX t\mh-emWv s\Ãv. Xncp-s\-Ãn-bnse ae-hÀK-¡m-cpsS IY ]d-bp¶

Cu t\mhÂ Gsd {it²-b-am-Wv. \mK-cn-IX apJw Xncn¨p \nÂ¡p¶ Xncp-s\-Ãn-

¡m-Sp-IÄ. {]Ir-Xnbpw a\p-jy\pw h\y-ar-K-§fpw ]c-kv]cw aÃn-«p-sImp

PohnXw XpS-cp-I-bmWv Ahn-sS. Nncn-¡p-Ibpw Ic-bp-Ibpw sN¿p¶ `qansb

{]oWn-̧ n-¡m³ a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-§Ä X]-Ê-\p-jvTn-¡p-¶p. A²zm\w ap³IqÀ hnäv,

ASn-a-̧ Ww hm§n Hä-Zn-hkw sImv [qÀ¯-Sn¨v \nkm-c-cmbn amdp¶ ASn-bm-·mÀ.

AhÀ Xe-ap-d-I-fmbn Cu `qan-bnÂ apf-bv¡p-¶p. ChnsS If-I-fmbn hf-cp-¶p.

AgpIn Cu a®n\p hf-ambn amdp-¶p. P·n-am-cp-sSbpw ssItb-ä-¡m-cp-sSbpw ]pg-

bp-sSbpw ImSn-sâbpw h©-\bv¡v ASn-s¸«v hni-̧ -aÀ¯n Fcn-bp¶ hb-dp-ambn

Im«p-In-g-§p-IÄ tXSn \S-¡p¶ B \ni_vZ Pohn-IÄ.

]nXr-¡-fpsS Bß-im-́ n-¡mbn ]m]m-\m-i-̄ n-\-Sp¯v Xncp-s\-Ãn-bnÂ F¯n-

t¨-cp¶ cmL-h³ \mbÀ. B Kncn-{]-tZ-i-̄ nsâ kap-²m-c-Ww e£y-am¡n

{]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p. FXn-cn-Sm³ h¶ {]Xn-tem-a-i-àn-Isf AbmÄ ]cm-Pn-X-am-¡n.

P·-hm-k-Ø-e-§-fnÂ \n¶-I¶v sImSpwImSpw sImSp-ap-Sn-Ifpw ImhÂ \nÂ¡p¶

B Imcm-Kr-l-̄ nse At\Iw IS-hp-]p-Ån-I-fn-sem-cm-fmbn Abmfpw amdp-I-bm-bn-cp-

¶p. ]pd-t¯¡p hnSm-sX, hcp-¶-h-sc-sbÃmw Xf-̈ n-Sm-\pÅ Hcp am{´n-I-iàn B

a®n-\p-v. hmcys¯ Imcy-Ø-\mbn amdnb cmL-h³\m-bÀ BZn-hm-kn-I-fmb aÃ-

s\bpw Nps-en-tb-bp-sams¡ sImv hmcys¯ ]pc-bn-S-§-fnÂ ]Wn-sb-Sp-̧ n-̈ p.

taem-f-·m-cpsS ASn-bm-·m-tcm-SpÅ kao-]-\-§-fnepw Iqen-bn-ep-sams¡ AbmÄ

am\p-jn-I-amb amä-§Ä hcp-̄ n.

Im«m-\bpsS Icp-̄ pÅ aÃs\ ImWp-hm-\mbn In«-W-sa-¶mWv Nm¯sâ

s]®mb Ipdp-sam-«n¡v tamlw. ]t£ aÃsâ a\w IhÀ¶Xv shfp¯ Nps-en-

bpsS aIÄ amc-bm-Wv. hÅn-bqÀ¡m-hnse Bdm-«p-\mÄ aÃ³ amcsb Xsâ CW-

bm-¡n. aÃ\pw amcbpw Htc Ipe-sa¶ IÅ-s¯-fn-hp-m¡n Ah-cpsS hnhmlw

BNm-c-hn-cp-²-sa¶p Øm]n-¡m³ HmSn-\-S-¡p-I-bmWv Ipdp-am-«n. F¶n«v AhÄ¡v



kz´w IW-h-\mb Nm¯s\ ssIhn«v aÃs\ kz´-am-¡-Ww. HSp-hnÂ aÃ³ amc-

bp-ambn Hfn-t¨m-Sp-¶p. B{i-b-̄ n-\mbn AhÀ cmL-h³ \mbsc kao-]n-̈ p.

AbmÄ AhÀ¡p IpSnÂsI-«m-\nSw sImSp-̄ p. A§s\ AhÀ H¶n¨p Xma-k-am-

¡n. Ducp-aq-̧ -·mÀ Bh-iy-s¸« h³]ng AS¨v F§-s\bpw X§-fpsS hnhm-l-

¯n\v kaq-l-̄ nsâ AwKo-Imcw t\SWw F¶-XmWv Ah-cpsS ASp¯ e£yw.

Xsâ ASn-bm-f-\m-sW-¦nepw ]Wn-bn-Ãm-Xm-b-t¸mÄ A\y-Iq-¸nÂ apf apdn-¡m³

t]mIm³ cmL-h³ \mbÀ aÃs\ A\p-h-Zn-̈ p. A§s\ aÃ\pw Iq«m-fn-I-fpw-IqSn

tImgn-t¡m-Sn\p t]mbn.

ISp¯ Zo\w ]nSn-s]-«mWv aÃ³ Xncn-̈ p-h-¶-Xv. hnd-̈ p-Xp-Åp¶ Abm-fpsS

tZlw Xo¨q-tS-än«pw hnd-̈ p-sIm-t-bn-cp-¶p. Ah\v t_m[-ap-m-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. amc

IW-hsâ inc-sÊ-Sp¯v aSn-bnÂ sh¨p. aq¸-·m-scbpw ae-¦m-cn-sbbpw [n¡-cn¨v

hnhmlw \S-̄ n-b-Xn-\pÅ in£-bm-W-t{X. HSp-hnÂ aÃ³ ]\n-]n-Sn¨v acn-̈ p. hmcn-

b¯p ]Wn-¡p-t]mb amcsb D®n ]ng-̧ n-̈ p. Ah-km\w FÃm-hcpw Dt]-£n¨v

acWw am{Xw ic-W-ambn Icp-Xnb amcbv¡v cmL-h³ \mbÀ A`bw \ÂIp¶p.

AXns\ \ntj-[n-¡m³, Ah-K-Wn-¡m³, ]nfÀ¶v AXnsâ adp-]pdw IS-¡m³,

AhÄ¡p Ign-bp-am-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. cmL-h³\m-bÀ¡v \·-\n-dª c£-Isâ ]cn-th-j-a-

Ã, bmYmÀ°y-§sf t\cn-Sp¶ a\p-jy-kvt\-ln-bpsS Icp-̄ m-Wp-Å-Xv. AbmÄ

\o«p¶ klm-b-lkvXw kzm`m-hn-I-am-Wv.

CXn-hr-̄ -L-S-\-bnepw ]m{X-kr-jvSn-bnepw kw`m-j-W-ssi-en-bnepw `{Z-Xbpw

`wKnbpw ]peÀ¯m³ ]n. hÕ-ebv¡v Ign-ªp. A]-cn-Nn-X-amb Hcp Pohn-X-ta-J-e-

bpsS A\m-h-cWw "s\Ãn'\v A]qÀÆ-Im´n {]Zm\w sN¿p-¶p.

F³a-IsP

kwkvIr-Xo-IrX Pohn-X-t_m-[-̄ nsâ shfn-̈ -̄ nÂ BIÀjn-¡-s¸«v \jvS-

s¸-Sp-̄ nb {]Ir-Xn-h-\y-X-bpsS kzÀKo-b-X-bn-tebv¡v Xncn-̈ p-sN-Ãm³ C\n Ign-bn-

sÃ¶ lcn-X-cm-jv{So-b-amWv Aw_n-Im-kq-X³ am§m-Snsâ "F³a-IsP' apt¶m-«p-h-

bv¡p-¶-Xv. tIc-fo-b-k-aq-l-̄ n\v DW-§m¯ apdn-hp-IÄ k½m-\n-̈ , cmjv{Sob

kmwkvIm-cnI hn]-̄ mbn amdnb F³tUm-kÄ^m³ `oI-c-X-bpsS _lp-ap-JXzw

hyà-am-¡p¶ hkvXp-X-I-fmWv t\mh-ensâ tI{µ-{]-ta-bw. ]cn-ØnXn hncp-²-{]-

hÀ -̄\-§Ä Gev]n¨ ISp¯ {]l-c-amWv F³tUm-kÄ^m³ IoS-\m-in-\n-bpsS



cq]-̄ nÂ ImkÀtImUv PnÃ-bnse Nne {Kma-§-fpsS apJ-Ñmb amän-b-Xv. F³a-

IsP {Kma-̄ n-se, cm-bn-c-̄ n\p ap¼pÅ F³tUm-kÄ^m³ hnj-a-g-bpsS Ncn-

{X-]-Ým-̄ -e-hpw, Pohn-X-km-l-N-cyhpw Xo{h-ambpw sshIm-cn-I-ambpw t\mh-enÂ

Ah-X-cn-̧ n-¡p-¶p-v.

t\mh-ensâ tI{µ-Øm-\¯p {]Xy-£-s¸-Sp-¶ cp IYm-]m-{X-§-fmWv tZh-

bm-\nbpw \oe-I-WvT-\pw. {_mÒ-Wy-̄ nsâ I]-S-ap-Js¯ Xncn-̈ -dnªv ]qWqÂ

s]m«n-s -̈dnªv \mSp-hn« \oe-I-WvT³ \K-c-̄ n-se¯n am[y-a-{]-hÀ¯-\-t¯m-

sSm¸w kmaq-ln-I-{]-hÀ -̄\-§-fnepw GÀs¸-Sp-¶p. \mK-cn-I-X-bpsS Xnc-¡p-]n-Sn¨

Pohn-X-co-Xn-IÄaqew \Kcw Ah-K-Wn-¡p¶ IpjvT-tcm-Kn-Ifpw thiy-Ifpw XpS§n

A\m-Y-cmb BÀs¡m-s¡tbm XW-embn Abmfpw hoSpw amdn. kwXr-]vXn-tX-Sn-

bpÅ Abm-fpsS {]hÀ -̄\-§Ä {]Ir-Xn¡pw P\-Po-hn-X-̄ n\pw thn-bpÅ ka-

c-h-gn-I-fmbn cq]m-́ -c-s¸-Sp-¶Xv F³a-sI-Pn-bn-se-̄ p-t¼m-gm-Wv.

t{]an¨ ]pcp-js\ Iuam-c-{]m-b-̄ nÂ hnhmlw Ign-¡p-Ibpw Zm¼-Xy-̄ nsâ

Bcw-̀ -L-«-̄ nÂXs¶ Ah-\mÂ NXn-¡-s¸-Sp-Ibpw ssewKnI sXmgn-em-fn-bmbn

amdp-Ibpw sNbvX Zpc-́ -̀ q-X-Im-e-amWv tZh-bm-\n-¡p-Å-Xv. \oe-I-WvT\pw tZh-bm-

\nbpw X½nepw DS-¼-Sn-I-fn-ÃmsX kl-Po-hnXw Bcw-̀ n-¡p-¶p. \mK-cnI Pohn-X-

t¯mSv tXm¶nb aSp¸v Ahsc ImkÀtIm-Snsâ DÄ{Km-a-amb "kzÀK'bnse-̄ n-

¡p¶p. a\p-jy-cp-am-bpÅ _Ô-§Ä hntÑZn¨v PSm-[m-cn-a-e-bnÂ PohnXw XpS-cp¶

AhÀ¡v "]co-£n¯' F¶ hnNn{X Aip-J-_m-[n-X-\mb Ip«nsb In«p-¶-tXmsS

IY bYmÀ° hgn-̄ n-cn-hn-tebv¡v F¯p-¶p. X§-fpsS {]tZ-is¯ _mey-Iu-am-

c-§sf apc-Sn-̧ n¨v amdm-tcm-Kn-I-fm¡n amäp-¶-Xnsâ ImcWw F³tUm-kÄ^m³

F¶ amc-I-h-kvXp-hm-sW¶v P\-§Ä Xncn-¨-dn-bp-¶p.

`c-W-Iq-S-̄ nsâ ]mcn-Øn-XnI hn[zw-kI {]hÀ -̄\-§Äs¡-Xnsc i_vZ-ap-

bÀ¯n-b-Xnsâ t]cnÂ \oe-I-WvT\pw tZh-bm-\nbpw B{I-an-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. Ah-i-

\mb \oe-I-WvT-s\bpw tZh-bm-\n-sbbpw ]©n c£-s]-Sp-¯p-Ibpw AhÀ Hcp

Kpl-bnÂ A`bw tXSp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. Kpl-bnÂ {]th-in-¡p-¶-tXmsS AhÀ

tIhew ]pcp-j\pw kv{Xobp-ambn amdp-¶p. F³a-I-sP-bnse hwi-\miw kw`-hn¨

FÃm-̄ cw Poh-Pm-e-§Ä¡pw A`-b-ambn Kpl amdp-¶p. Cu Kpl-bnÂ {]Xy-£-

s¸-Sp¶ kzÀ®\n-d-apÅ Ip©n-tcm-a-§fpw XmSn-tcm-a-§-fp-sams¡ \c¨ apXp-¡-



\mb Igp-X-bpsS hm¡p-IÄ kmIqXw {i²n-¡p¶ kv{Xosbbpw ]pcp-j-s\bpw

kÀÆ-N-cm-N-c-§-sfbpw km£n-I-fm¡n \nÀ¯n-s¡m-mWv t\mhÂ Ah-km-\n-¡p-

¶-Xv.

Bcm-¨mÀ

Ncn-{X-s¯bpw a\p-jy-s\bpw apJm-apJw \nÀ¯n ka-Im-enI PohnX

k¦oÀ®-X-Isf kmÀh-Im-en-I-ambn cq]Ww sN¿p¶ \ho-\-a-e-bmf t\mh-ens\

iàn-s¸-Sp-̄ p¶ cN-\-bmWv sI.-BÀ. aoc-bpsS "Bcm-̈ mÀ'. sImÂ¡-̄ -bpsS

]Ým-̄ -e-̄ nÂ tNX-Kr-²m-a-Ãn¡v F¶ s]¬ Bcm-̈ m-cpsS IY ]d-bp¶

t\mhÂ Bcm-̈ mÀ IpSpw-_-̄ nsâ Ncn-{X-t¯m-sSm¸w sImÂ¡-̄ -bpsS Ncn-{X-

s¯bpw Cg-tNÀ¡p-¶p. `c-W-Iq-Sw, Ncn-{Xw, cmjv{So-bw, Ipäw, in£, Pohn-Xw,

kv{Xo, ]pcp-j³, acWw XpS-§nb hyXn-cn-à-{]-ta-b-L-S-I-§sf ZmÀi-\n-I-ambn

Iq«n-bn-W¡n kaÀ°-ambn ]ncn-s¨-Sp-¡p¶ BJym\ LS-\-bmWv t\mh-en-tâ-Xv.

Hcp Ncn-{X-t\m-h-e-sÃ-¦nepw HmÀ½bpw HmÀ½-s¸-Sp-̄ epambn Ncn{Xw "Bcm-

¨mcn'epS-\ofw \nd-ªp-\nÂ¡p-¶p. bXo-{µ-\mY _m\ÀPn-bpsS Zbm-lÀPn XÅnb

sabv 18 apXÂ h[-in£ \S-̧ n-em-¡nb BKÌv 14 hsc-bpÅ aq¶p-am-k-amWv t\mh-

ense Imew. Cu Ime-̄ n-\n-S-bnÂ tNX\ Kr²m-a-Ãn-¡nsâ PohnXw IS-¶p-t]m-

Ip¶ hgn-I-fn-seÃmw sImÂ¡-̄ -bp-sSbpw Kr²m-a-ÃnIv IpSpw-_-̄ n-sâbpw Ncn-

{Xs¯ \mw Ip-ap-«p-¶p. tNX\ Kr²m-a-ÃnIv F¶ s]¬ Bcm-̈ msc cq]-s¸-Sp-

¯p¶ IpSpw-_-]m-c-¼-cy-̄ n\v {InkvXp-hn\p ap¼v \m\qän Ccp-]Xv hÀj-t¯mfw

]g-¡-ap-v. IpSpw-_-N-cn-{X-̄ nsâ Cu alm-hr£w \nc-h[n inJ-c-§-fmbn

]SÀ¶p \nÂ¡p-¶p. t\mhÂ kzcq-]-¯nÂ \n¶p hnL-Sn¨v kzbw ]qÀ®-ambn

\nÂ¡p¶ IY-I-fpsS tiJcw Xs¶ ChnsS ImWm-\m-hp-¶p. {][m\ IYm-K-Xn-

bnÂ Cu IY-IÄ kml-N-cym-\p-krXw CS-s]-Sp-¶-Xmbn ImWmw.

\mev]-̄ n-sbm-¼-Xm-as¯ A[ym-b-̄ nÂ h[-in£ X\nsb \nÀh-ln-¡m³

Dd¨ Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-¯-tijw tNX\ Kr²m-a-Ãn-¡nsâ hnNm-c-[mc C§s\ \ofp-¶p.

""sImÃm-\pÅ Xzc Fsâ ssIhn-c-ep-I-fnÂ ]X-ªp. F\n-s¡mcp ]pcp-js\

sImt¶ Xocq F¶ Rm³ imTy-t¯msS Xocp-am-\n¨p''. ]pcpj h[-̄ n\p thn-

bpÅ Cu kvss{XW hmRvO t\mh-enÂ ]e-bn-S¯pw {]I-S-am-Ip-¶p-v. bXo-{µ-

\mY _m\ÀPnsb Xq¡n-s¡m-Ãm³ ]cym-]vX-amb Bcm-̈ m-cmbn am{X-aÃ



kv{XoXzs¯ apdn-th-ev]n¨ ]pcp-j-i-co-c§sf apgp-h³ Xq¡n-\nÀ¯m³ {]m]vXn-

bpÅ Igp-a-c-am-bn-«mWv tNX\ Kr²m-a-Ãn-¡nsâ kvss{XW tNmZ-\-IÄ ]cn-W-an-¡p-

¶-Xv. A]-am-\n-̈ -h-tcmSpw apdn-th-ev]n-̈ -h-tcmSpw A\o-Xn-bpsS sam¯ hnev]-\-¡m-

tcmSpw £an-¡m-\m-hm¯ kv{XobpsS I\Â shfn-̈ -̄ nÂ tNX\ Hcp s]¬I-gp-a-

c-ambn cq]m-́ -c-s¸-Sp-¶p.

amthen a³dw

sI.-sP. t__n-bpsS "amthen a³dw' ASn-a-̄ -̄ nÂ \n¶p hntam-N\w

Imw£n¨v {]bmWw sN¿p¶ hb-\m-«nse tKm{X-hÀ¤-§-fpsS Ncn-{X-t_m-[-̄ n-te-

bv¡pÅ DWÀhv {]Xn-]m-Z\ hnj-b-am-¡n-bn-cn-¡p¶ Hcp t\mh-em-Wv. ASn-tbmÀ

F¶ BZn-hmkn P\X X{¼m-¡-·m-cpsS ASn-a-hy-h-Øn-Xn-bnÂ arK-§-sf-t¸mse

Ign-bp¶ Nn{Xw hc-̈ mWv t\mhÂ Bcw-̀ n-¡p-¶-Xv. B tKm{X-̄ nse ssI¸m-S\pw

Cucbpw ASn-tbm-cpsS BZy-Im-es¯ kzX-{´-kz-Xz-s¯-¡p-dn¨pw Ah \jvS-s -̧Sm-

\n-S-bm-¡nb kml-N-cy-§-sf-¡p-dn¨pw ASn-a-̄ -t¯mSv {]Xn-tj-[n¨v cà-km-£n-I-

fm-bn-̄ oÀ¶ Imc-W-h-sc-¡p-dn-̈ p-apÅ hr²-\mb sPh-cn-s]-cp-am-fnsâ IY-IÄ

tI«mWv hfÀ¶-Xv. BZn-hm-kn-IÄ¡v \jvS-s¸-«h kzbw Xncn-s¨-Sp¯v Hcp ]pXnb

"amthen a³dw' (kzm-X-{´y-hpw, ka-Xzhpw \ne-hn-en-cp¶ Ime-s¯-t¸mse Hcp

]pXnb kaq-lw) DbÀ¶p hcp¶ `mhn AhÀ kz]v\w ImWp-¶p. B kz]v\w

bmYmÀ°y-am-¡p-¶-Xn\v Ccp-hcpw Hcp-an¨v Im«n-tebv¡v Hfn-t¨m-Sp-¶Xpw hgn-at²y

AhÀ¡p-m-Ip¶ IjvSm-\p-̀ -h-§fpw Ah-km-\-̄ n-e-hÀ ]pXnb hyh-Øn-Xn-bn-

tebv¡v Imeq¶n \nÂ¡p-¶-Xp-amWv t\mh-ensâ IYm-km-cw.

F«p-dp-̧ p-Ibv¡v ssI¸m-S³ F¶ ]Wn-b-bp-hm-hns\ Akp-\m-bÀ F¶ DSa

kpº-cm-bÀ¡v ]Wbw h¨-Xmbn DÅ ]cm-aÀi-t¯m-sS-bmWv t\mh-ensâ XpS-¡w.

amfn-a-e-bnÂ X{¼m-¡-fp-sSbpw Ah-cpsS tat\m-¡-fp-sSbpw ASn-a-̄ -̄ nÂ Ign-bp-

¶-h-cmWv ]Wn-tbmÀ, ]Wn-b³ F¶ BZn-hm-kn-IÄ. X¼p-cm-¡Ä t]m¯p-I-sf-

t¸m-se-bmWv ASn-a-Isf Icp-Xn-b-Xv. A[zm-\n-¡m³ iàn-bn-Ãm-Xm-bXp apXÂ

tKm{X-̄ nsâ `qX-Im-e-kva-c-W-IÄ bphm-¡Ä¡v ]IÀ¶p-sIm-Sp-¡p¶ tPmen-bn-

emWv sPhcn s]cp-am³. BZn-hm-kn-I-fpsS amthen a³d¯nsâbpw AXnsâ

XIÀ¨-bp-sSbpw ka-c-§-fp-sSbpw IY-IÄ tI«p-h-fÀ¶ ssI¸m-S\pw Cucbpw

Im«n-tebv¡v Hfn-t¨m-Sn. F¯n-̧ n-Sn-¡m³ DZy-an-¡p¶ kzmX-{´y-̄ nsâ `mKn-Im-\p-



`hw e`n-̈ -Xmbn AhÀ¡v A\p-̀ -h-s¸-«p. ""X¼p-cm³ temI¯v \½Ä F´v

sN¿Wv¶v X¼p-cm³ Xocp-am-\n-¡p-¶p. ChnsS \½Ä F´v sN¿Wv¶v \½Ä

Xocp-am-\n-¡p-¶p. C\n kqcyt\w \av¡v ImWmw. N{µ-t\bpw ImWmw''.



sam-UyqÄ \mev

t\mhÂ XÀÖaIÄ

Cw¥nÂ hyhkmb hn¹h¯nsâ êambmWv t\mhÂ hfÀ¶ph¶Xv.

Cu Aćo£w bqtdm¸nemsI hym]n¨p. kmlnXyw P\kmam\y¯nsâ

PohnXm\p`h§tfmSv \ncćm`napJyw ]peÀ¯p¶ ]pXnb Imew ]nd¶p.

]cp]cp¯ PohnXbmYmÀ°y§fneqsS IS¶pt]mIp¶ a\pjyhyànIfpsS

IYIfmWv Cw¥ojv t\mhensâ tI{µhnjbambn¯oÀ¶Xv.

Cw¥ojv t\mhÂ kmlnXy¯nÂ hyàna\Ênsâ k¦oÀWXbnte¡pÅ

t\m«w sshInbmWv DmbXv. F¶mÂ {^©v, djy³ t\mhenÌpIÄ XpS¡w

apXÂ Xs¶ C¯csamcp At\zjW¯nsâ ]mXbnembncp¶p. tSmÄtÌmbnbpw

ZkvXtbmhvkvInbpw djy³ kmlnXy¯nse Ipe]XnIfmbn hntijn¡s¸Sp¶p.

"bp²hpw kam[m\hpw', "Ipähpw in£bpw', "Imcatkmhv ktlmZc·mÀ' F¶o

t\mhepIÄ ChcpsS {]ikvXcN\IfmWv.

PÀa³ t\mhenÌpIfmb tXmakva³, slÀa³, sltÊ XpS§nbhcpsS

t\mhepIÄ (tPmk^v Bâv lnkv {_tZgvkv, kn²mÀ°)Gsd ZmÀi\nIkz`mhw

]peÀ¯p¶p.

Cw¥ojnsebpw _wKmfnbnsebpw t\mhepIfmWv aebmf¯ntebv¡v

BZyIme§fnÂ `mjmćw sN¿s¸«Xv. hnizmkmlnXy¯nse anI¨ IrXnIÄ

Cw¥ojv `mjbnepmhm³ km[yXbptÃm. X·qew Cýbnse Fgp¯pImÀ

anI¨ kmlnXy¯nte¡pÅ IhmSambmWv Cw¥ojns\ IW¡m¡nt¸m¶Xv.

Cw¥ojv aptJ\ Ime{ItaW `mcXob kmlnXyImc·mÀ bqtdm]y³, djy³,

Atacn¡³, emän³ Atacn¡³, B{^n¡³, Pm¸\okv kmlnXy§fpambn

]cnNbs¸«p. hnhÀ¯\ {]{Inb A\pkyqXw \S¶p XpS§n. XÂêambn C¶p



temI¯nse alm t\mhenÌpIfpsS al¯mb t\mhepIfnÂ ]eXnsâbpw

kpµc§fmb hnhÀ¯\§Ä aebmf¯nepmbn. tSmÄtÌmbv, ZkvXtbhvkvIn,

hmÄ«ÀkvtIm«v, AeIvkmÀ Uyqam, hnIvSÀ lyqtKm, slÀa³ slsÊ,

tXmakva³, slÀa³ saÂhn³, B\vs{ZPnZv, BÂ_À Imap, {^m³kv Im^vIm,

sjmtemtJmhv XpS§nbhcpsS anI¨ IrXnIfpsS `mjmć§Ä

aebmf¯nepv. BZyw {]Xy£s¸«Xv hmÄ«À kvtIm«v, AeIvkmÀ Uyqam,

hnIvSÀ lyqtKm F¶nhcpsS Nne anI¨ t\mhepIfpsS ]cn`mjIfmWv.

lyqtKmbpsS Less Miserable þ¶v \me¸m«v \mcmbWtat\m³ "]mh§Ä' (1925)

F¶ t]cnÂ X¿mdm¡nb ]cn`mj aebmf t\mhenÌpIfpsS taÂ I\¯

kzm[o\w sNep¯n. Cý³ `mjIfnepÅ t\mhepIfnÂ tIcfobsc Gähpw

BIÀjn¨Xv _wKmfnt\mhepIÄ Xs¶bmWv. A`ncpNnIfnepw kwthZ\¯nepw

aebmfnIfpw _wKmfnIfpw X½nepÅ kmay§sf \ntj[n¡m\mhnÃ. _wKmfn

kmlnXyImc·mcnÂ BZyIme¯p tIcfobsc Gähpw kzm[o\n¨Xv _¦nw N{µ

NmäÀPnbpw ic¨{µ NmäÀPnbpw cho{µ\mY SmKqdpambncp¶p. _¦nwN{µsâ

"ZpÀtKi \µn\n', "\hm_v \µn\n' "I]meIpWvUe' XpS§nbhbpsS ]cn`mjIÄ

tIcf¯nÂ P\{]oXn t\Sn. ic¨{µsâ tZhZmkv, Ncn{Xnlo³ F¶nhbpsS

kzm[o\hpw AhKWn¡mhp¶Xmbncp¶nÃ. Iptd¡mew IqSn

IgnªXn\ptijamWv SmKqdnsâ t\mhepIÄ aebmf¯nte¡p {]thin¨Xv.

aebmfs¯ k¼¶am¡nb aäp `mcXob `mjm t\mhepIfnÂ, _wKmfnse

hn`qXn `qj¬ NtXm]m[ymb, _naÂan{X, i¦À, Xmcmi¦À _m\ÀPn (_wKmfn

kmlnXyImc·mÀ) F¶nhcpsSbpw biv]mÂ, t{]wNµv (kmlnXyImc·mÀ),

JWvtU¡À (admTn), inhdmw Imc´v, A\áqÀ¯n (I¶U), AJne³,

PbIm´³, IÂ¡n (Xangv) F¶nhcpsSbpw IrXnIÄ DÄs¸Sp¶p. BZyIme¯v

"amÀ¯mWvUhÀa', "CµpteJ' F¶nhtbmsSm¸w "ZpÀtKi\µn\nbpw' "AIv_dpw'

aebmft\mhensâ hnImk¯nÂ henb ]¦p hln¨n«pv. \mev]XpIfnepw



A¼XpIfnepw aebmft\mhensâ taÂ kzm[o\w sNep¯nbhcnÂ lyqtKm,

tSmÄtÌmbn, ZkvXtbhvkvIn, ^vtfm_À, \pSvlmwk¬, slÀa³ saÂhn³,

ssÌ³_¡v F¶nhcpsSbpw Adp]XpIfnepw Fgp]XpIfnepw aebmft\mhens\

]mIs¸Sp¯nbhcpsS ]«nIbnÂ Im^vI, kmÀ{Xv, Imap F¶nhcpsSbpw t]cpIÄ

FSp¯p]dtbhbmWv. aebmft\mhÂhmb\¡mcpsS A`ncpNnIsfbpw

kwthZ\ioes¯bpw \hoIcn¡p¶XnÂ Im^vI, Imap F¶nhcpsS t\mhepIÄ

\nÀhln¨ tkh\w \nÊoaamWv.



t\mhÂ ]T\§Ä

Btcm-Ky-\n-tI-X\w

IÂ¡-̄ -bnÂ \n¶v \qdn-e-[nIw ssaÂ Zqsc-bpÅ {]im-́ -amb tZhn-]pcw

{Kma-]-̄ nÂ aq¶p-X-e-ap-d-bmbn NnInÕ \S-̄ n-s¡m-n-cp¶ aimbv IpSpw-_-

¯nsâ IY-bmWv Xmcm-i-¦À _m\ÀPn-bpsS "Btcm-Ky-\n-tI-X\w". Zo\-_Ôp aim-

bv, PK-Zv_Ôp aim-bv, Poh³ aim-bv. aq¶p-t]cpw NnIn-Õm-cw-K¯v AXp-ey-cm-bn-

cp-¶p.

Poh³ aim-bpsS ap¯-Ñ³ Zo\-_Ôp aimbv bmZr-ivOn-I-am-bn-«mWv NnIn-

Õm-hnZy A`y-kn-̈ -Xv. At±lw IrjvW-Zmkv sk¶nÂ \n¶mWv NnIn-Õm-hn[n

A`y-kn-̈ -Xv. NnInÕ ]Tn¨ Zo\-_-Ôp-a-imbv \h-{Km-a-̄ n-\-Sp-̄ pÅ im´-amb

sIm¨p \m«p-¼p-d¯v Xma-k-ap-d-̧ n-̈ p NnInÕ \S-̄ n. k\ym-kn-am-cnÂ\n¶pw

Pn]vkn-I-fnÂ\n¶pw ^¡oÀam-cnÂ \n¶p-sams¡ At±lw hnZy-IÄ A`y-kn-̈ p.

Cu hnZy-IÄ ]mc-¼-cy-am-bn-̄ s¶ Poh³a-im-bn-bnepw F¯n. Poh³ aim-bn-

bpsS \mUn-Úm\w Gsd {]kn-²-am-bn-cp-¶p.

Atem-̧ -Xnbpw BbpÀth-Zhpw Hä-aq-en-Ifpw Hcp-t]mse {]tbm-Kn¨v Poh³

aimbv þ IoÀ¯n t\Sn. "Btcm-Ky-\n-tI-X\w' F¶ NnIn-Õm-e-b-̄ nÂ Ft¸mgpw

Xnc-¡m-bn-cp-¶p. Poh³ aimbv \mUn-]n-Sn¨p t\m¡n-bmÂ arXyp Nne¦ Inep¡n

AS-bmfw sImSp-¡-sa-¶mWv Bfp-I-fpsS hnizm-kw. tcmKw ITn-\-am-sW-¦nÂ

tcmK-̄ nsâ thZ\ ian-̧ n-¡m³ {ian-¡pw. arXyp-hn-t\mSv aÃ-Sn¨v tcmKnsb c£-

s]-Sp-̄ m³ {ian-¡n-Ã. Nne-t¸mÄ c£-s]-Sp-I-bn-sÃ¶v kqNn-̧ n-¡pw. Nne-t¸mÄ

hyà-ambn ]d-ªp-sIm-Sp-¡pw. BbpÊv Ah-km-\n-¡m-dm-b-Xn-\mÂ XoÀ°-Øm-\-

t¯bv¡p t]mIm³ {]mb-am-b-h-tcmSv D]-tZ-in-¡pw.

]n¶oSv ]p{X-\mb h\-hn-lm-cn-bpsS ac-W-t¯msS Poh³ aimbv NnInÕ

\nÀ¯n. Bcm-[-I-cpsS \nÀ_-Ô-̄ n\v hg-§n hopw NnIn-Õ-bm-cw-̀ n-̈ p-sh-¦nepw

Ime-{]-hm-l-̄ nsâ Hgp-¡nÂ\n¶v Btcm-Ky-\n-tI-X-\-̄ n\v Hgn-ªp-\nÂ¡m³ Ign-

ªn-Ã. CXn-\n-S-bnÂ B {Kma-̄ nÂ Hcp B[p-\nI NnIn-Õm-e-bhpw kaÀ°-cmb

tUmIvSÀamcpw F¯n-t¨À¶p. Ahn-Sps¯ bph-tUm-IvS-dmb {]tZymXpw Poh³

aimbpw X½nÂ NnIn-Õm-cw-K¯v Htc-äp-ap-«Â \S-¶p. Ah-km\w B FXnÀ¸v



aim-bn-tbm-SpÅ BZ-c-hmbn amdn. kz´w \mUn ]nSn¨v arXyp-tZ-h-X-bpsS BK-a\w

Adn-ªp-sIm-n-cp¶ Poh³ aimbn kpt_m-[-t¯msS ac-Ws¯ A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-

¨p. Pohn-Xhpw ac-Whpw X½n-epÅ \nc-́ -c-amb kwL-«-\w, B kwL-«-\-̄ nsâ

ap¼nÂ \nÊ-lm-b-\mbn \nÂ¡p¶ a\p-jysâ Nn{Xw "Btcm-Ky-\n-tI-X\w' Ah-X-

cn-̧ n-¡p-¶p.

tIm-f-dm-Im-es¯ {]Wbw

temI-{]-ikvX emän-\-ta-cn-¡³ kmln-Xy-Im-c³ K{_n-tbÂ KmÀky amÀt¡-

knsâ temI-{]-i-kvX-amb IrXn-bmbn 1985 ]pd-̄ n-d-§nb "ehv C³ Z ssSw Hm^v

tImfd!'. "GIm-́ -X-bpsS \qdv hÀj-§Ä' F¶ t\mh-en\v 1982 Â Ct±-l-̄ n\v

t\m_Â k½m\w e`n-̈ p. amPn-¡Â dnb-enkw F¶ cN-\m-k-t¦-X-̄ n-eqsS Gsd

{]i-kvX-\mb Ct±lw kmln-Xy-̄ n-\pÅ s\mt_Â ]pc-kvImcw t\Sp¶ BZy

sImfw-_n-b-¡m-c-\m-Wv.

tUm.-Pq-h-\mÂ AÀ_nt\mbmWv "tImf-dm-Im-es¯ {]Wbw' F¶ t\m-h-

enÂ IYm-]p-cp-j-\mbn IS-¶p-h-cp-¶-Xv. tImf-dbpw hmÀ²-Iyhpw Krlm-Xp-c-Xbpw

ad-hnbpw HmÀ½bpw \ndbp¶ Cu t\mh-ense {]tabw Ime-amWv. {]Wbw

t]mepw HmÀa-bpsS km´z-\-am-bmWv A\p-̀ -h-th-Zy-am-Ip-¶-Xv. Ncn-{X-̄ nsâ

DÅnÂ \nÂ¡p-¶Xpw Ncn-{Xs¯ AXn-Po-hn-¡p-¶-Xp-amb Ime-t_m[w t\mhÂ

hmbs\ DS-\ofw Bth-in-¡p-¶p. sImtfm-WnbÂ B[n-]-Xy-Im-e-̄ nsâ Xo¡-\-

ep-IÄ Nhp«n kzmX-{´y-̄ n-tebv¡v IS-¶p-h¶ Ico-_n-b³ P\-Po-hn-X-̄ nsâ IY-

Iq-Sn-bmWv Cu IrXn. kmwkvIm-cnI sshPm-Xy-§Ä¡v AXo-X-ambn aq¶mw temI-

cm-Py-§Ä¡v s]mXp-hm-bpÅ Ah-Øbpw CXnÂ Is-̄ mw.

a\p-jym-h-Ø-bpsS \m\m-̀ m-h-§sf amdn-\n¶v hne-bn-cp-̄ p-¶-Xp-sImv

lmky-̄ nsâ Hcp-Xew Cu t\mh-enÂ sXfn-bp-¶p. kv{Xo]p-cpj _Ô-̄ nsâ

k¦oÀ®-X-IÄ amdn-\n¶p t\m¡n ImWp-t¼mÄ e`n-¡p¶ Akw-_-Ô-t_m-[-P-\y-

amb lmky-[z-\n-bn-eqsS C\nbpw Adn-b-s¸-Sm¯ a\p-jym-h-Ø-I-fn-tebv¡v

amÀt¡kv sImp-t]m-Ip-¶p. ^vtfmdânt\m Acn-k-bp-sSbpw s^Àan\ Umk-bp-

sSbpw hr²-{]-W-b-̄ n\v A`u-an-I-amb emh-Wy-ap-v. A\-́ -amb Pem-i-b-̄ n-

eqsS \o§p¶ Ah-cpsS bm\w hopw hopw bm{X sN¿p-¶Xv "em sUmdmU'

F¶ km¦-ev]nI kphÀ® \K-cn-bn-te-bv¡m-Wv. A§s\ Pcm-\-c-IÄ _m[n¨



ico-c-§sf {]Wbw AXn-Po-hn-¡p-¶p. {]W-b-̄ nsâ \m\m-̀ m-h-§sf ]m]-t_m-[-

¯nÂ\n-¶pw tamNn-̧ n¨v \á-i-co-c-§-fpsS DÀh-c-Xsb {]tjm-Ln-¡p¶ hk-t´m-

Õ-h-ambn Cu t\mhÂ amdp-¶p.

{]W-b-t¯m-sSm¸w ac-Whpw alm-am-cnbpw hmÀ²-Iyhpw Krlm-Xp-c-Xzhpw

Cu t\mh-ensâ {]ta-b-§-fm-Wv. AXp-sIm-p-Xs¶ Imew Cu IrXn-bnÂ kÀh-

kv]Àin-bmbn amdp-¶p. IpSpw-_-Po-hn-X-¯n-sâ-bpw kv{Xo]p-cp-j-_-Ô-§-fp-sSbpw

ssPh-ssN-X-\yhpw Bg-̄ n-epÅ DÄ¡m-gvNbpw am{´n-I-kv]Ài-apÅ `mj-bn-eqsS

Cu t\mh-enÂ \nd-bp-¶p.

Ipªp-Im-cy-§-fpsS HS-b-X-¼p-cm³

ae-bm-fn-bmb C´y³-þ-Cw-¥ojv Fgp-̄ p-Im-cn-bmb Acp-ÔXn tdmbn-bpsS

BZy-t\m-h-emWv "Zn tKmUv Hm^v kvtamÄ XnwKvkv'. 1996þemWv Cu IrXn {]kn-²o-

I-cn-̈ -Xv. 1997þse _p¡À ss{]kv Cu IrXn¡v e`n-̈ p. 21 A²ym-b-§-fmWv Cu

IrXn-¡p-Å-Xv. Cu t\mh-ense kw -̀h-§Ä Ime-{I-a-̄ n-eÃ hnh-cn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv.

Hmtcm A²ym-bhpw Hmtcm Ime-L-«-̄ nÂ \S¶ kw -̀h-§ÄsIm-mWv cq]w

sImn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.

ao\-̈ n-em-dnsâ Xoc-̄ pÅ Abva-\-t¯bv¡v dmtlÂ Xncn-̈ p-h-cp-t¼mÄ ag

s]bvXp-sIm-n-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv. Ip¶n³ap-I-fnse hen-b-hoSv AS-̈ p-]q-«n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p.

hoSn-\p-]p-d¯v BIm-i-\oe \nd-apÅ ]gb ¹nan¯v ImÀ ]mÀ¡v sNbvXn-«p-v.

dmtlepw FkvXbpw Cc-«-I-fm-Wv. ]t£ BIr-Xn-bnepw hfÀ¨-bnepw Ccp-hcpw

Gsd hyXy-kvX-cm-Wv. ChÀ P\n-̈ Xv jntÃmw-Kn-em-Wv. Ah-cpsS A½-bmb A½p

IÂ¡-«-bnÂ Hcp _Ôp-hn-t\m-sSm¸w Xma-kn-¡p-t¼mÄ ]mÀ«n-bnÂh¨p ]cn-N-b-

s¸« Hcmsf IeymWw Ign-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. Cu _Ôw XIÀ¶-t¸mÄ A½p ]d-

¡-ap-äm¯ Ipªp-§-sf-bp-ambn Abva-\¯v Xncn-s¨-̄ n. ]t£ AhÀ Ah-K-Wn-

¡-s¸-«p.

]n¶oSv Ip«n-I-fmb FkvX-bp-sSbpw dmtl-en-sâbpw Ip«n-t¡m-ehpw

hfÀ¨bpw t\mh-enÌv Ah-X-cn-̧ n-¡p-¶p. hÀj-§Ä¡p-tijw FkvX \m«nÂ

h¶-X-dnªv Ata-cn-¡-bnÂ tPmen t\Sn dmtlÂ Xncn-̈ p-h-cp-¶p. ]g-b-Ø-e-§-

sfm¡ ImWp¶ Iq«-̄ nÂ Ip«n-IÄ F¶ \ne-bnÂ AhÀ Ign-̈ p-Iq-«nb kmbn-]-



]nsâ ]gb _w¥m-hn-cp¶ Øe¯v tIc-fob ]mc-¼-cy-co-Xn-bnÂ \nÀ½n¨ ÌmÀ

tlm«-emWv ImWp-¶-Xv.

Nm{In-I-amb BJym-\-amWv "Zv tKmUv Hm^v tÌmÄ XnwKvkv' F¶ t\mh-en-

\p-Å-Xv. km[m-cW cN\m k{¼-Zm-b-̄ nÂ \n¶pw amdn IY ]e-t¸mgpw `mhn-bnÂ

\n¶p `qX-̄ n-tebv¡pw hÀ -̄am-\-̄ n-tebv¡pw Xncn¨pw adn¨pw \o§p-¶p. CXn-

\mbn kn\n-a-bnse sSIv\n-¡p-I-fmWv t\mh-enÌv {]tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-sX¶p ImWmw.

mhÂ kmlnxy · school of distance education novel sahithyam page 3 sam-uyqÄ h¶v t\mhÂ c¶p...

Documents