middle ages 500-1500 a.d. development of france and england
TRANSCRIPT
Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.
Development of
France and England
Development of France and England
Germanic tribes– migrate across Europe– push/pull factors– herders and farmers– different culture from Romans– carve Western Europe into small kingdoms
Development of France
Franks: 400-700 A.D.– strongest of Germanic tribes
• Clovis– conquered Gaul– united Franks in central Europe– converted to Christianity
(religion of Gaul people)– supported by Pope– Merovingians
Development of France
Charles Martel– Carolingian– rallied Frankish warriors against
Moors (Muslims)
• Battle of Tours – 732 A.D.– Charles Martel stopped Muslim
advance into Europe– Pope pleased with Carolingians
(Muslims were threat to papacy)
Development of France
• Charlemagne– Hero of Middle Ages
• (Holy Barbarian, Charles the Great)
– 46 year reign – loved to battle– organized kingdom of Franks with laws– builds empire
• conquests reunited much of old Roman empire– In 800, Pope Leo III asks for help with nobles
rebelling in Rome• Frankish armies crush rebellion
– crowned Holy Roman Emperor for helping pope• Christmas day 800 in Rome• thus was born the Holy Roman Empire
Development of France
• Charlemagne– wanted a united Christian Europe
• worked with Church to spread Christianity
– appointed powerful nobles to rule regions• gave them land (fiefs)
– missi dominici• officials sent out by Charlemagne• controlled provincial rulers (nobles)
– ordered one of first great migrations• made hundreds of thousands move to Russia
if they didn’t want to become Christians
Charlemagne
Development of France
• Treaty of Verdun in 843 A.D.– divided empire: Italy, Germany, France
• Feudalism and manorialsim flourished– feudal warfare
• Successors to Charlemagne had little power over great feudal nobles
Development of England
• Angles, Saxons, and Vikings settled in England
• Feudalism developed
• English rulers kept kingdom united
• 1066 King Edward the Confessor dies– no heir
– council of nobles chose Harold
Development of England
• Duke William of Normandy– claims throne– raises army– backed by pope
• Battle of Hastings in 1066– William and knights defeat King Harold– last invasion of England
Battle of Hastings
Development of England
• Bayeux Tapestry– chronicles Norman conquest– http://www.bayeuxtapestry.org.uk
– valuable piece of historical evidence
Development of England
• William the Conqueror → King William I– crowned king of England Christmas day 1066– French-speaking nobles dominated England
– over next 300 years, gradual blending of
Norman-French & Anglo-Saxon
customs, languages, traditions
– Latin influence on English language
Development of England
• King William I– firm control– fiefs to Church and Norman lords– monitored who built castles and where
• Domesday Book - 1086– complete and thorough census– helped build efficient tax collecting
system– no one could escape
• name compared to God’s final judgment day
Development of England
• Henry II– 1154 inherits throne– expanded customs into law
(royal law)• sent traveling justices to enforce
– foundations of English Common Law• legal system based on custom and
court rulings• protects property
– early jury system
– married Eleanor of Aquitaine
Development of England and France
• Eleanor of Aquitaine– first married to France’s King Louis VII– joined Second Crusade
• wore armor and rode horse with other Crusaders
– she ended marriage to Louis VII
– married England’s King Henry II– 8 children
• Richard (“the Lion-Hearted”)• John
– spurred several sons to overthrow Henry II– revolt failed– 15 years in prison
Eleanor of Aquitaine
Development of England
• Richard I– known as “the Lion-Hearted”– freed Eleanor from prison– popular national hero– reigned 10 years, less than 1 year in England– spent reign fighting, causing debt and taxes– a leader of Third Crusade
• went for religious reasons• John ruled England for him
– on way home, captured• held prisoner 14 months until ransomed at great cost
– brother John attempted to take English throne– dies without heir
Richard I (Lionheart) John I
Development of England and France
• John I– faced 3 powerful enemies
• King Philip II of France– lost war & all of England’s land in France– English expelled from France
• Pope Innocent III– battled over selection of Archbishop of
Canterbury– excommunicated John and placed England
under interdict• English nobles
– angered by oppressive taxes & other abuses of power
Development of England
• John I– provoked English nobles into revolt– economic difficulties and high inflation– civil war
• nobles took sides for or against John– forced to sign Magna Carta in 1215
• “Great Charter”
Development of England
• Magna Carta - 1215– 1st document in English history
where monarch does not have complete or absolute power
• created limited monarchy
– ideas still influence systems of government in many countries around world today
Development of England
• Magna Carta - 1215– places King of England under law– statement of civil liberties for noblemen
• protects privileges of lords• recognizes legal rights of townspeople and Church
– king agrees not to raise taxes without consulting the Great Council
– representative body of lords and clergy– in 1200s, evolves into Parliament
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1066 Norman Conquest = William of Normandy defeats Anglo-Saxons at Hastings.
1086Domesday Book = William I uses this survey as a basis for taxation.
1160s–1180sCommon Law = Henry II lays foundation for English legal system.
1215Magna Carta = John signs this document limiting royal power and extending rights.
1295Model Parliament = Edward I summons Parliament, which includes representatives of common people.
Evolution of English GovernmentEvolution of English Government
Development of England
• Parliament– developed into 2 house legislature
• House of Lords– nobles and high clergy (upper house)
• House of Commons– knights and middle-class citizens, or
commoners (lower house)– over centuries, gained crucial “power of the purse”
• right to approve new taxes• checked or limited power of monarch
– many practices of U.S. Congress have roots in practices of British Parliament
Successful Monarchs in France
made the throne hereditaryadded to their lands by playing rival nobles against each other
won the support of the Church
built an effective bureaucracy
Granted charters to new towns Introduced a standing armyFilled government positions with loyal middle-class officialsIntroduced new national taxQuadrupled land holdings
Checked up on local officials
Expanded royal courtsOutlawed private wars.
Ended serfdom in his lands
Left France an efficient, centralized monarchy
Monarchs in France did not rule over a unified kingdom. However, under strong Capetian kings, such as Philip II and Louis IX, they slowly increased royal power.
Philip II Capetians Louis IX
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Development of France
• Hugh Capet, count of Paris– nobles elect him to throne 987 A.D.– weak, no threat to powerful nobles– lands smaller than many of his
vassals
– he and heirs increase royal powers– play rival nobles against each
other– increase royal lands– won support of Church
and middle-class townspeople
Development of France
• Philip II– also known as Philip Augustus– defeated John I and expelled
English
– most powerful ruler in Europe before death in 1223
– strengthened royal government• used paid middle-class officials
(more loyal)
instead of nobles• quadrupled royal land holdings
Development of France
• Louis IX– most admired of his time– generous, noble, devoted to justice & chivalry– deeply religious, declared a saint– led France in 2 wars against Muslims– improved royal government
• outlawed private wars• ended serfdom• created strong national feeling (nationalism)
– established absolute monarchy
(complete authority)– St. Louis named for Louis IX
Louis IX – St. Louis
Development of France
• Philip IV– established Estates General– tried to collect new taxes from clergy
• threatened to arrest those who did not pay– power struggle with Pope Boniface VIII
• forbade taxation of clergy without papal consent
• threatened to excommunicate clergy who paid– seized Boniface when traveling near French border
• escaped, but badly beaten• humiliated and never returned to Rome• died the next year
Development of France
• Estates General– established by Philip IV in 1302 in attempt to tax clergy
• caused Babylonian Captivity• led to Great Schism
– French legislature • includes reps from all 3 estates, or classes
– clergy, nobles, townspeople
– did not develop same role at British Parliament• never gained power of purse• never served as balance to royal power
Development of France and England
• France– Absolute Monarchy
• England– Limited Monarchy