moqalaqe da samoqalaqo

CarTuloba saqarTveloSi

damoukideblobidan

23 wlis Semdeg

konferenciis masalebis krebuli

es gamocema Seqmnilia amerikeli xalxis mxardaWeriT aSS-is saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saagentos saSualebiT sa-arCevno sistemebis gaZlierebis proeqtis farglebSi, ro-melsac axorcielebs saarCevno sistemaTa saerTaSoriso fondi (IFES). mis Sinaarsze pasuxismgeblebi arian avtorebi da igi ar asaxavs samoqalaqo ganaTlebis leqtorTa asocia-ciis (CELA), saarCevno sistemaTa saerTaSoriso fondis, aSS-is saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saagentos an amerikis mTav-robis Sexedulebebs

This publication is made possible by the support of the American

people through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) in the framework of the Strengthening Electoral Processes in Georgia project, implemented by the International Foundation for Electoral Systems (IFES). The contents are the sole responsibility of the Civic Education Lecturers Association and do not necessarily reflect the views of IFES, USAID or the United States Government.

redaqtori: salome dundua

politikis mecnierebaTa doqtori

proeqtis xelmZRvaneli: Tamar qaraia samoqalaqo ganaTlebis leqtorTa asoci-aciis (CELA) aRmasrulebeli direqtori

garekanis dizaini: marex gorgilaZe

`arCevanis Tavisufleba.~

© yvela ufleba daculia. 2015 CELA. All rights reserved. © samoqalaqo ganaTlebis leqtorTa asociacia (CELA), 2015 gamomcemloba `universali~, 2015

Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, : 2 22 36 09, 5(99) 17 22 30 E–mail: universal@internet.ge ISBN 978-9941-22-675-5

3

sarCevi

baia abulaZe qalTa monawileoba arCevnebSi _ qali,

rogorc kandidati da amomrCeveli...........................4

eka darbaiZe qalebi politikis miRma: realoba da

gamowvevebi..............................................................................12

salome dundua socialuri politika da

Tanamedrove saqarTvelo ...............................................24

arina TavaqaraSvili mcocavi aneqsiiT dazaralebuli

soflebis kvleva...................................................................40

qeTevan kuxianiZe genderuli Tanasworoba saqarTveloSi.................46

levan lorTqifaniZe garemosdacviTi aqtivizmi da

demokratizaciis procesi saqarTveloSi ............61

giorgi munjiSvili arasamTavrobo seqtoris, rogorc samoqalaqo

sazogadoebis umniSvnelovanesi nawilis

funqciebi, mniSvneloba da perspeqtivebi

saqarTveloSi ........................................................................74

qeTevan muxiguli saqarTvelos umaRlesi ganaTlebis

dawesebulebebSi socialuri mecnierebebis

sferoSi kvlevis xelSewyobis saSualebebis

4

analizi ......................................................................................83

Tamar qaraia moxaliseoba, rogorc aqtiuri moqalaqeoba........98

beqa qorCilava saqarTvelo da adamianis uflebebi..........................111

5

baia abulaZe iv. ჯavaxiSvilis saxelobis

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti studenti

qalTa monawileoba arCevnebSi — qali, rogorc

kandidati da amomrCeveli

„momeciT carieli muzeumi da me gavavseb mas SedevrebiT.“

pikaso

„mogveciT kvotebi parlamentSi da Cven gavavsebT mas qalebiT.“ — indoeli politikosi qalebi

miuxedavad imisa, rom msoflios mraval qveyanaSi

qalTa politikuri CarTuloba ukve Cveul normadaa qceuli, saqarTveloSi kvlav Cndeba kiTxvebi — ra saWi-roa qali politikaSi? ra roli da misia ekisreba mas? SeuZlia SeiTavsos „politikosoba, rogorc aseTi“? am yovelives kompleqsuri safuZveli aqvs. am dros ki, statistikuri monacemebis Tanaxmad, 2012 wlis sapre-zidento arCevnebSi amomrCevelTa 53.7% qali iyo, mama-kacebis raodenoba mxolod 46.3% -s warmoadgenda.1

amasTan erTad, unda daisvas kiTxva — ra saWiroa qalTa aqtiuri CarTuloba? ra Sedegebs gamoiwvevs es yovelive? iqneba es dadebiTi movlena sistemisTvis Tu uaryofiT Sedegebamde migviyvans? Tu msoflios mas-StabiT qalTa CarTuloba politikaSi yovelwliurad

1 http://geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/georgian/population/15.10.2012 _krebul%202011.pdf nanaxia ( 2014.10.11)

6

izrdeba, saqarTveloSi es mxolod erTeul SemTxveveb-Si gvxvdeba.

iseTi tradiciuli kulturis mqone qveynisTvis, rogoric, magaliTad, saqarTveloa, sadac patriarqa-luri normebi dominirebs, miRebulia, rom qali, Tavisi genderuli rolidan gamomdinare, dakavebuli unda iyos oჯaxis saqmeebiT, bavSvebis aRzrdiT da mas ar mo-eTxoveba socialur da politikur cxovrebaSi aqtiu-

roba. garda amisa, oჯaxSic ki, qalisgan morCilebasa da mamakacTan SedarebiT pasiur mdgomareobaSi yofnas elian. qalis gaTxovebasTan dakavSirebuli erT-erTi gavrcelebuli gamoTqma, rom “qali patrons Cabarda”, sxvas arafers niSnavs, Tu ara imas, rom qalis patroni ჯer sakuTari oჯaxia, xolo Semdeg ki qmris oჯaxi xde-ba.

saqarTveloSi genderuli politika Zalian dabal donezea. gvaqvs furcelze dawerili uamravi kanoni, miviReT CEDAW konvencia, magram, realuri nabiჯebis gadadgma ar xdeba. sazogadoebaSi arsebobs mravali stereotipi: qalis roli oჯaxiT Semoifargleba, misi mTavari prioriteti diasaxlisobaa, kacia mTavari da a.S. rogorc amboben, msgavsi damokidebuleba ara mar-to saqarTveloSi, aramed yazaxeTSi, samxreT kavkasiis qveynebSi da bevr sxva ganviTarebad qveyanaSi dResac myarad arsebobs. 2011 wels politikuri partiebis da-finansebaSi Sevida cvlilebebi, romlis mixedviTac, partia, romelsac siaSi 20% qali eyoleboda, saxelmwi-

fo biuჯetidan 10%-iT gazrdil dafinansebas miiReb-da. miuxedavad mocemuli cvlilebebisa, am procesma ver SeZlo qalTa monawileobis amaRleba. 2014 wlis TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebis Semdeg, kanonSi Sedis cvlilebebi, romelTa Tanaxmadac, 30%-ian finansur danamats miiReben is partiebi, romlebsac partiaSi

7

30% qali eyolebaT. Tumca, msgavsi praqtikis arsebo-bis SemTxvevaSic ki, problema mainc sazogadoebis da-mokidebulebaSia.

samarTliani arCevnebis iuristis, nino ჯanaSias TqmiT, maჟoritaruli saarCevno sistema naklebad uw-yobs xels politikosi qalebis warmoCenas. politikaSi qalTa warmomadgenlobis gasazrdelad partiaTa da-finansebis Sesaxeb mxolod saerTaSoriso standarteb-Tan met-naklebad morgebuli kanonmdeblobis arseboba araa sakmarisi. amis paralelurad, aucilebelia saar-Cevno sistemebis adaptirebac.

naSromSi visaubrebT politikaSi qalTa winsvlis im Semaferxebel faqtorebze, romelic saqarTveloSi arsebobs. amasTan erTad, vimsჯelebT sxva qveynis ga-mocdilebaze, Teoriul CarCoze, kanonmdeblobaze. daskvnis saxiT ki, SemogTavazebT rekomendaciebs, rom-lebic problemis aRmofxvrisken iqneba mimarTuli.

sazogadoebis cnobierebis done naSromis Sesaval nawilSi ukve visaubreT, Tu ra-

tom aris saWiro qalTa CarTuloba da ra problemebs warmoSobs am sakiTxis yuradRebis miRma datoveba. ma-galiTisTvis, sagangaSo viTareba iyo ganaTlebis sfe-roSi — roca 6 000-mde gogonam saSualo ganaTlebis mi-Reba Sewyvita. amaze bevri politikosi saubrobda, Tum-ca, realuri, qmediTunariani politika aravis uwarmo-ebia.

qalebis monawileoba gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi araerTi kvleviT aris dadasturebuli. mdedrobiTi da mamrobiTi sqesis warmomadgenelTa ga-Tanabreba warmomadgenlobiT organoebSi mniSvnelov-

nad aumჯobesebs gadawyvetilebis xarisxs da im proce-sebs, romelic qveyanaSi mimdinareobs. es yvela sfero-

8

ze axdens Tavisebur gavlena. qalma ukeT icis qalis da bavSvis saWiroebebi, oჯaxis sakiTxebSi ufro metad aris CarTuli da, Sesabamisad, ufro swor gadawyveti-lebasac miiRebs.

qveynis ganviTarebis kuTxiT Tu vimsჯelebT, Sida produqti erTnaxevarჯer gaizrdeba SromiT procesSi qalTa Tanaswori da srulfasovani CarTvis Sedegad. saqarTvelos, sam milionian qveyanas, ar aqvs ufleba SromiTi resursi srulfasovnad ar gamoiyenos.

saqarTveloSi qalTa aqtiuri monawileobis (ro-gorc aqtiuri, ise pasiuri xmis uflebis) saWiroeba de-

mografiul WrilSic kargad warmoCindeba. amჟamad, mo-saxleobis 47.6% mamakacia, xolo 52.4% qali.2 am dros, qalTa warmomadgenloba parlamentSi mxolod 12%-s aRwevs. mocemuli demografiuli suraTis pirobebSi, aucilebelia, qalTa warmomadgenloba mcirediT mainc asaxavdes maT raodenobas. es principi uSualod gamom-dinareobs gansxvavebuli interesebis Teoriidan. mama-kacebi cxovrebis gansxvavebuli stilis gamo, ver Caw-vdebian da, Sesabamisad, ver asaxaven qalTa interesebs politikaSi. es yvelaferi ki qalTa realuri diskrimi-naciis safuZvels warmoqmnis.

sainteresoa, genderul WrilSi saqarTvelos 12 TviTmmarTvel qalaqSi merebis Sefasebac. samwuxarod, arCeuli 12 kandidatidan, arcerTi ar aris qali. kidev ufro sagangaSoa is faqti, rom uSualod mosaxleobac ver xedavs amis saWiroebas. magaliTisTvis, 2012 wlis noemberSi, erovnul-demokratiuli institutis mier

2 statistikis saxelmwifo departamenti, www.geostat.ge nana-xia (20.08. 2014)

9

Catarebuli kvlevis mixedviT,3 mosaxleobis 46% par-

lamentSi amჟamad warmodgenil qalTa raodenobas sak-marisad Tvlis (amave institutis kvlevis mixedviT, mo-saxleobis 28% qalTa 6%-ian warmomadgenlobasac sak-marisad miiCnevda), rac imis maCvenebelia, rom sazoga-doebrivi azri, miuxedavad pozitiuri tendenciebisa, qali politikosis mimarT kvlav undoblad aris gan-wyobili. qalebi isev rCebian politikuri procesis me-orexarisxovan subieqtebad. politikaSi genderze da-fuZnebuli diskriminacia kvlav saarCevno procesis ganuyofeli nawilia Semdeg mizezTa gamo:

• ekonomikuri da politikuri damoukideblobis nakleboba

• sazogadoebis tradiciuli Sexedulebebi • qalTa moZraobis sisuste • partiebis mzadyofna • saarCevno sistemis xarvezebi realurad, problemebis mxolod gamokveTa, gamo-

savali ar aris. saWiroa problemis aRmofxvris gzebis Zieba. evropuli gamocdileba mocemuli problemebis aRmofxvris mimarT gamZle da efeqtiani aRmoCnda, rac SemdegSi mdgomareobs:

• CarTulobis zrda kvotirebis gziT • CarTulobis zrda qalTa moZraobis gaZliere-

biT saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi, orive gza gamarTlebu-

lad mimaCnia. Tumca, vfiqrob, qalTa warmomadgenlo-bis zrda qarTul garemoSi ufro realuri mxolod kvotirebis SemTxvevaSi gaxdeba. amis naTel magaliTad CriloeT evropis qveynebi SeiZleba moviyvanoT. 3 http://www.civil.ge/files/files/2012/NDI-Poll-November2012-geo.pdf na-naxia (2014.15.11)

10

sainteresoa, rogor SeiZleba qalTa moZraobis wa-xaliseba? kvoturi sistema ukve kargad nacnobi meqa-nizmia. gamocdileba gvaCvenebs, rom qalTa moZraobis waxaliseba kompleqsuri qvesistemaa, romelic mraval aspeqts moicavs. pirvel rigSi, saWiroa, Catardes qal-Ta saerTo forumi, sadac paralelur WrilSi iqneba warmodgenili eTnikuri umciresobebis warmomadgenel qalTa, iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli qalebis da sxvadas-xva saWiroebis mqone qalTa problemebi. am Sexvedrebi-sas unda moxdes saWiroebebis kvleva da masze dafuZne-biT, saxelmwifosTvis sakuTari gamocdilebis gazia-reba.

daskvna

rac Seexeba saarCevno sistemis xarvezebs, cnobil-

ma mkvlevarma, metlendma4 daadgina, rom naklebad gan-viTarebul saxelmwifoebSi ar arsebobs sistemuri kav-Siri saarCevno sistemasa da qalTa raodenobas Soris. misi azriT, aucilebelia, arsebobdes politikuri gan-viTarebis garkveuli zRvari, raTa qalebma efeqturad SeZlon iseTi institutis, rogoric saarCevno siste-maa, sakuTari uflebebis dasacavad gamoyeneba.

„bevr qveyanaSi arsebobs stereotipi, romlis mi-xedviTac, qalebs ar SeuZliaT iyvnen gadawyvetilebis mimRebni. roca qalTa mcire monawileobaze vsaubrobT, Zalian bevri mizezis dasaxeleba SeiZleba, magram, sa-

boloo ჯamSi, kvotirebis ararsebobasTan mivyavarT yvelafers“ — aRniSnavs erika kvapilova.

4 Matland, R. E., 1998. Women's Legislative Representation in National Legislatures: A Comparison of Democracies in Developed and Developing Countries. Legislative Studies Quarterly 28 (1), 109-125

11

Tumca, rogorc eqspertebi miuTiTeben, saqar-TveloSi saarCevno sistemasa da qalTa CarTulobas Soris garkveuli kavSiri arsebobs. amis naTeli magali-

Ti maჟoritaruli da proporciuli sistemebis Sedare-baa. proporciuli siiT bevrad meti qali xvdeba parla-

mentSi, vidre maჟoritaruli siiT. sainteresoa, aseT pirobebSi rogor SeiZleba aR-

movfxvraT genderuli disbalansi politikaSi? ucxou-ri gamocdilebis gaziarebis SemTxvevaSi, Cven SegviZ-lia gamoviyenoT CarTulobis zrda kvotirebis gziT an CarTuloba qalTa moZraobebis waxalisebis gziT. ami-saTvis ki, saWiroa, arsebobdes rogorc sazogadoebis, aseve xelisuflebis saerTo neba.

Baia Abuladze Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University

BA Student

ELECTIONS AND WOMEN PARTICIPATION – WOMAN AS A CANDIDATE AND/OR VOTER

This paper aims to analyze the benefits of women’s

engagement in politics that has been turned out as a crucial part of realization of human rights in consolidated democracy. However, in Georgia we still face questions such as: why do we need women in politics?

Statistical data shows that 53.7% of voters in the 2012 presidential election were women, 46.3% of the voters were male. But these numbers do not influence attitudes toward gender equality in politics. Despite the positive trends, female candidates and politicians often face mistrust toward female politicians, which according to our findings is caused by these reasons:

• Lack of economic and political independence

12

• Society’s traditional attitudes • Weakness of the women's movements • Readiness of the parties The well-known researcher, Metlend found the connection

between electoral system and woman’s participation. He says that in a developed country there is lack of electoral system, which doesn’t encourage women’s participation.

gamoyenebuli literatura:

1. „demografiuli viTareba saqarTveloSi“ saqarTve-

los statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri. Tbilisi, 2012. (nanaxia 21.03.15)

2. http://geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/georgian/population/15.10.2012_krebul%202011.pdf

3. „sazogadoebis ganwyoba saqarTveloSi: 2012 wlis noembris kvlevis Sedegebi“ NDI, kavkasiis kvleviTi resursebi. (nanaxia 21.03.15)

http://www.civil.ge/files/files/2012/NDI-Poll-November2012-geo.pdf

4. Matland, R. E., 1998. Women's Legislative Representation in National Legislatures: A Comparison of Democracies in Developed and Developing Countries. Legislative Studies Quarterly 28 (1), 109-125

5. euTos sagareo saqmeTa ministrTa sabWos gadawyve-tileba 7/09, qalTa monawileoba politikur da sa-zogadoebriv cxovrebaSi, 2009 wlis 2 dekemberi, pa-ragrafi 2, http://www.osce.org/mc/40710

13

eka darbaiZe iv. ჯavaxiSvilis saxelobis

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

qalebi politikis miRma: realoba

da gamowvevebi

demokratiuli saxelmwifos mSeneblobis proces-

Si uaRresad mniSvnelovania socialuri da politiku-ri gadawyvetilebebis miRebis dros qalisa da mamaka-cis partnioroba. politikur procesebSi CarTuloba da monawileoba politikis subieqtobis fundamenta-luri maxasiaTebelia, xolo misi deficiti ki — socia-luri mowyvladobis pirveladi produqti. miuxedavad imisa, rom bolo periodSi saqarTveloSi qalTa roli sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi mniSvnelovnad gaizarda, samwuxarod, qalTa monawileoba qarTul politikaSi kvlavac dabali rCeba. saqarTvelom msoflio klasifi-kaciis mixedviT 134-e adgilidan 106-e adgilze gadai-nacvla5. saqarTvelos dRevandeli mTavrobis 20 wevri-dan mxolod samia qali, parlamentis 150 deputatidan ki 17 qalia (sakanonmdeblo organos wevrTa 11%). rac Seexeba 2014 wlis TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebis Sede-gebs, mdgomareoba 2010 welTan SedarebiT, faqtobri-vad, ar Secvlila da qalTa warmomadgenloba 11.6%-s Seadgens. aRniSnuli maCveneblebi kidev erTxel cxad-yofs, rom Cveni qveyana Sors dgas Tanamedrove demok-ratiis im modelisgan, romlis mixedviTac, ar arsebobs demokratia genderuli Tanasworobis gareSe.

5 bagratia T., (2013) saqarTvelos parlamentis 2012 wlis 1 oq-tombris arCevnebis analizi genderul WrilSi Netherlands Institute for Multiparty Democracy

14

saqarTveloSi dReisTvis moqmedi saarCevno ko-deqsi genderulad neitralur dokuments warmoad-gens, vinaidan igi ar iTvaliswinebs genderuli Tanas-worobisa da qalTa politikuri aqtivobis xelSewyobis aranair meqanizms. qveyanaSi erT-erT seriozul prob-lemad kvlavac rCeba politikur partiaTa siebis for-mirebis Tu kandidatTa nominirebis centralizebuli da patronaჟuli tipis sistemebi da partiaSi qalTa da-winaurebis gaumWvirvale da absoluturad bundovani meqanizmebi, rac saqarTveloSi qalTa dawinaurebisa da gadawyvetilebis miRebis doneze maTi warmomadgenlo-bis zrdis Semaferxebel faqtors warmoadgens.

ratom unda iyvnen qalebi politikaSi? mravali mizezi arsebobs imisa, Tu ratom unda iy-

vnen qalebi politikaSi. maT Soris, SesaZlebelia ram-denime faqtoris gamoyofa. genderis sakiTxebSi eq-spert Tamar bagaratias mosazrebiT, meti qali poli-tikaSi — es niSnavs ufro principul politikas, nakleb korufciul garigebas da, nawilobriv, ukeTes socia-lur politikas, radgan problemaTa didi nawili qals sociumSi Tavad aqvs gamocdili. arsebobs ramdenime myari argumenti imisa, Tu ratom unda iyvnen qalebi warmodgenilni politikaSi.

� pirvel rigSi, es aris samarTlianobis argumen-ti — qalebi saqarTvelos mosaxleobis 54%-ze mets Se-adgenen, rac niSnavs, rom isini politikuri gadawyve-tilebebis mimReb organoebSi, sadac qveynis mosaxleo-bis nebis formireba xdeba, aucileblad unda iyvnen warmodgenilni;

� es aris e.w. gansxvavebul interesTa argumenti, rac gulisxmobs, rom qalebs mamakacebisgan gansxvave-buli, socialurad konstruirebuli interesebi gaaC-

15

niaT. swored amitom, aucilebelia, moxdes maTi agre-gireba. qalebs TavianTi specifiuri interesebi gaaCni-aT da, Sesabamisad, mamakacebs ar ZaluZT lobireba gau-wion maT. amis saukeTeso magaliTia “saqarTvelos Sro-mis kodeqsi”, romelic araerTxel yofila rogorc wi-

na, aseve amჟamindeli mowvevis parlamentSi cxare deba-tebis sagani. rogorc yofilma deputatma, “qristian-demokratiuli moZraobis” qalTa organizaciis xel-mZRvanelma, magda anikaSvilma CvenTan saubrisas aRniS-na: “wina mowvevis parlamentSi gadawyvetilebis miReba am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ver xerxdeboda, vinaidan, parlamentari mamakacebi ewinaaRmdegebodnen mas da qalTa raodenobrivi maCvenebeli ar warmoadgenda im kritikul masas, romelsac SeeZlo gavlena moexdina politikur gadawyvetilebaze“;6

� Semdegi argumenti, es aris gamocdilebis ar-gumenti. qalebsa da mamakacebs gansxvavebuli gamocdi-leba aqvT da im gadawyvetilebaSi, rac qalebs exebaT, aucilebelia qalTa monawileoba. qalebi floben uni-

kalur gamocdilebas ganaTlebis, ჯandacvis da socia-lur sferoebSi. xSirad ki, mamakacebi wyveten iseT sa-kiTxebs, raSic ar arian kompetenturni da mocemul sferoebSi ar aqvT Sesabamisi gamocdileba da codna — gansakuTrebiT, rodesac saqme adgilobrivi TviTmmar-Tvelobis doneze arsebul problemebs exeba;

� meoTxe argumenti imisa, Tu ratom unda iyos qali politikaSi, aris politikuri sistemis Secvla. ufro metma qalma politikaSi, SesaZloa, Secvalos po-litikuri sistema. korufciis Sesaxeb Catarebulma

6 darbaiZe e., (2013) qalTa warmomadgenlobis gazrda sakanon-mdeblo doneze, ჟurnali „inteleqtuali“, N 24, Tbilisi

16

kvlevebma cxadyo, rom qalebi, mamakacebTan SedarebiT, gacilebiT meti principulobiT gamoirCevian. Sesaba-misad, raodenobrivad met qals politikuri gadawyve-tilebebis dros SeuZlia mniSvnelovani sargebeli mo-utanos sazogadoebas. arsebobs kvotirebis momxre ar-gumenti, rom meti qali politikaSi amcirebs korufci-as da, Sesabamisad, pozitiur gavlenas axdens qveynis keTildReobaze, rac sxvadasxva kvleviTac dasturde-ba (bimeni 2010). kvlevebi gviCvenebs, rom qali politi-kosebi praqtikaSi naklebad korumpirebulebi arian, vidre mamakacebi.

politikaSi qalTa monawileobis xelisSemSle-

li barierebi faqtia, rom politikas qalebis aqtiuri CarTulo-

ba da monawileoba sWirdeba, Tumca, maT winaSe sxvadas-xva saxis winaaRmdegoba iCens Tavs. mainc ra saxis ga-mowvevebis winaSe SeiZleba aRmoCndes qali, rodesac igi saჯaro politikaSi wasvlas gadawyvets? samwuxa-rod, maTi dabali monawileobis mizezebi bevrad ufro kompleqsuria, vidre es erTi SexedviT Cans.

pirveli da, albaT, yvelaze mniSvnelovani — es Cve-uli, tradiciuli stereotipia. Cvens sazogadoebaSi dominanti roli kvlavac mamakacs uWiravs. ZiriTadi barieri qalisTvis oჯaxia. aucilebelia finansuri, mo-raluri Tu sxvagvari mxardaWera. tradiciuli stere-otipi imasac gulisxmobs, rom qali saqarTveloSi, Zi-

riTadad, mainc oჯaxzea miჯaWvuli da mamakacebisTvis misi mTavari funqcia reproduqciul WrilSi ganixile-ba. meore mizezs finansur resursebze qalTa naklebi xelmisawvdomoba warmoadgens. qali rom politikaSi CaerTos, mas am aucilebel resursebze xelmisawvdo-moba sWirdeba. realurad, Zalian cotaa iseTi qali,

17

romelic finansur resursebs akontrolebs da msxvil biznesSi moRvaweobs. arsebul problemebs isic emate-ba, rom mTeli socialuri, kulturuli da ekonomikuri kapitali mamakacebis mieraa monopolizebuli, romlis gareSec qalebisTvis politikaSi mosvla Zalian rTu-lia. erT-erT umniSvnelovanes problemas warmoadgens is faqtic, rom qalTa saqmianoba mediis mier sakmari-sad ar Suqdeba; rogorc cnobilia, msoflios masSta-biT TiTqmis yvelgan, media saSualebebs, ZiriTadad, ma-makacebi akontroloben da, Sesabamisad, samauwyeblo sivrcec umetesad, swored politikos mamakacebs eT-moba da ara qalebs.

qalTa politikuri monawileobis kvlevisas auci-lebelia im winaaRmdegobebisa da gamowvevebis Seswav-la da ganzogadeba, romelic politikaSi maTi monawi-leobisas warmoiqmneba. rodesac saqme qalTa politi-kur monawileobas exeba, upirveles yovlisa, Riad unda iqnas ganxiluli rogorc qveynis warmomadgenlobiT organoebSi rekrutirebis procesi, aseve qveynis saar-Cevno sistemebis gavlena qalTa warmomadgenlobis zrdaze; is, Tu romeli saarCevno sistema aris ukeTesi da ratom.

yvelasTvis cnobili faqtia, rom politikuri par-tiebi umniSvnelovanes rols asruleben qalTa poli-tikuri dawinaurebis kuTxiT. politikuri partiebis mier kandidatTa SerCevis saerTo etapebis gavlis Sem-dgom, ZiriTadi winaaRmdegobebi, romelsac qali am procesSi awydeba, Semdegia: saarCevno sistemis tipi, qveynis kultura da wesebi, qal kandidatTa sivrce da saarCevno kampania.

kandidatTa rekrutireba — es aris procesi, rom-lis drosac yvela iuridiuli proceduris gavlis Sem-dgom, kandidatobis msurvels eZleva Sansi, gaxdes sa-kuTari qveynis warmomadgenlobiTi organos wevri. kan-

18

didatobis msurvelobidan kandidatad dasaxelebamde gasavleli gza Zalian waagavs erTgvari Zabris formas, romelic miuTiTebs, rom procesis dasawyisSi sakuTa-ri kandidatobis uflebis mqone qalTa da mamakacTa raodenoba TiTqmis Tanabaria, magram, rodesac kandi-datTa SerCevaze midgeba saqme, qalTa ricxvi saocrad iklebs da mcirdeba; Tumca, aRniSnuli procesi icvle-ba da gansxvavebulia sxvadasxva qveyanaSi. arCevnebze kandidatTa rekrutirebis procesi garkveul etapebs moicavs. rekrutirebis procesis sxvadasxva etapze gavlenas axdens sxvadasxva faqtori, romlebic mkveT-rad gansxvavebulia qveynebis mixedviT. saxelmwifoebs Soris arsebuli gansxvavebebi damokidebulia politi-

kur reჟimze, demokratiis ganviTarebis xarisxze, po-litikuri partiebis siZliereze, qalTa lobistur or-ganizaciebze, qal kandidatTa sivrcesa da qveyanaSi moqmed saarCevo sistemaze, raSic, TavisTavad, partiu-li wesebi da normebi moiazreba. politikuri sociali-zaciis tipi bevr postsabWoTa qveyanaSi xazs usvams po-litikas, rogorc mamrobiTi sqesis warmomadgenelTa saqmianobisTvis sruliad legitimur sferos. amomrCe-velTa umravlesoba qalTan SedarebiT mamakacs ufro sasurvel liderad miiCnevs, romelic gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi ukeT aris aRWurvili saWiro unare-biT. tradiciuli kulturuli stereotipi mimarTulia qalTa winsvlis, progresisa da politikur procesebSi qalTa monawileobis winaaRmdeg.

kandidatTa rekrutireba, romlis drosac parti-is “geiTqiferi” arCevs kandidatebs, erT-erTi gadam-wyveti etapia kandidatobis msurveli qalisTvis. pir-vel etapia Tavad pirovnebis gadawyvetileba — wardges da kenWi iyaros arCevnebze. aRniSnul gadawyvetileba-ze, uwinares yovlisa, gavlenas axdens aspirantis pi-

19

rovnuli ambicia, resursebi da SesaZleblobebi. msgav-si tipis racionalurad orientirebuli aqtoris ambi-cias azomierebs kampaniis resursebis mobilizebis Se-saZleblobebis Sefaseba, Tanamdebobis dakavebis alba-Toba da analizi imisa, Tu ramdenad keTilganwyobilia socialur-politikuri garemo misi kandidaturis mi-marT. rogorc wesi, kandidatTa rekrutirebis pirvel-save etapze ufro meti mamakaci iyris xolme Tavs, vid-re qali. mamakacebi socializebulni arian miiRon da aRiqvan politika, rogorc maTTvis sruliad legiti-muri da Tavisufali moqmedebis asparezi. swored es iw-vevs mamakacebSi qalebTan SedarebiT gacilebiT met dainteresebasa da codnas politikis mimarT da, Sesa-bamisad, ufro met politikur ambicias warmoSobs. praqtikulad, yvela qveyanaSi qalTa 50%-ze meti mzad aris wamoayenos sakuTari kandidatura, magram pirve-

live nabiჯis gadadgmis Semdeg, sistema mamakacis sa-sargeblod iwyebs gadaxras.

kandidatTa rekrutirebis meore etapia partiis mier kandidatis SerCevis procesi, romelSic erT-erT gadamwyvet rols partiuli politika TamaSobs. kandi-datTa SerCevis procedurebi gansxvavebulia qveynebi-sa da Tavad partiebis mixedviT, rac gvaZlevs saSuale-bas, gamovkveToT iseTi maxasiaTeblebi, rogoricaa: arCevnebSi monawileobis sivrce da procesis centra-lizacia an decentralizaciis xarisxi.

ganviTarebul demokratiebSi, SesaZloa, arsebob-des arCevnebSi monawileobis sxvadasxvagvari proce-dura, rogorc “farTo monawileobis”, ise centrali-zacia — decentralizaciis formebi. magaliTad, iapo-niaSi demokratiuli partiis mier kandidatebis SerCe-va partiis fraqciis liderebis mkacri kontrolis qveS xorcieldeba, sadac partiis liderebi, partiis pasu-xismgebeli pirebis ufro farTo Semadgenloba an par-

20

tiis mniSvnelovani nawili “geiTqiferis” rols Tama-

Sobs. Tumca, aseve, ganasxvaveben patronaჟze orienti-rebul da biurokratiuli SerCevis sistemebsac. kandi-datis SerCevis biurokratiuli sistemis wesebi deta-luri, standartizebuli da Tanmimdevrulia. naklebi yuradReba eqceva im faqts, Tu vin aris Zalovan pozi-ciaze da Zalaufleba efuZneba mxolod da mxolod ka-nonier principebs. qalebisTvis yvelaze xelsayrelad, ra Tqma unda, gadawyvetilebis miRebis centralizebu-li modeli SeiZleba miviCnioT, radgan kandidaturis wamoyenebis sakiTxis centralizebulad ganxilvis Sem-TxvevaSi, erTdroulad ramdenime adgils ganixilaven. am dros, qalebs meti Sansi aqvT, rom iyvnen warmodge-nilni. qalebisTvis biurokratiul procedurebze dam-yarebuli sistemebi, romlebic erTian wesebs moicavs, qalTa politikuri warmomadgenlobis zrdis uzrun-

velyofis garantia. patronaჟze dafuZnebul sistemaSi naklebad arsebobs mkafio wesebi, gadawyvetilebas ki, ZiriTadad, lideri an liderTa viwro gundi iRebs. msgavsi situacia qali kandidatisTvis araxelsayre-lia, radgan mocemul SemTxvevaSi partia ufro metad tradiciul, qarizmatul xelmZRvanelobas emyareba, vidre samarTlebriv racionalur organos.

dRes, rodesac saqarTvelo aqtiurad miiltvis ev-ropuli da evroatlantikuri organizaciebis wevro-bisken, ar unda dagvaviwydes is faqtic, rom evropis sa-xelmwifoTa didma nawilma ukve gaiara genderuli kvo-tirebis procesi da dRes Zalian aqtiurad muSaobs da kerZo seqtorSi kvotirebis gziT Tanabari SesaZleb-lobebis damkvidrebisTvis iRwvis. 2013 wels saqarTve-los saarCevno kodeqsSi Sevida cvlileba, romlis Ta-naxmad, Tuki partiebis mier warmodgenil siaSi kandi-datTa yovel aTeulSi gansxvavebuli sqesi, sul mcire,

21

30%-iT mainc iqneba warmodgenili, aRniSnuli partia 30%-iT met dafinansebas miiRebs. wamaxalisebeli nor-mis miuxedavad, saqarTveloSi 2014 wlis adgilobrivi arCevnebis Sedegebma kidev erTxel cxadyo, rom arCev-nebze qalTa warmomadgenlobis zrdis xelSewyobis-Tvis gaTvaliswinebulma finansuri waxalisebis normam ver gaamarTla. aRmoCnda, rom nebayoflobiTi kvoti-rebis sistema partiebisTvis mxolod finansuri dana-matis miRebis saSualebad darCa.

genderuli kvota msoflioSi aprobirebuli meTo-di da qalebis politikaSi monawileobis yvelaze efeq-turi meqanizmia. genderuli kvota saqarTveloSi dRes bevri moqmedi politikosi mamakacisTvis aRiqmeba, ro-gorc maTi politikidan gandevnisa da gaZevebis in-strumenti, Tumca, mamakacebs uWirT imis gaanalizeba, rom politikaSi qalTa raodenobrivi maCveneblis zrda TiToeuli kaci politikosis donemde ki ar dadis, ara-med is mosaxleobis 54%-is interesebis asaxvis SesaZ-leblobas ukavSirdeba.

2014 wels, NDI-is dakveTiT, “kavkasiis kvleviTi resursebis centrma” (CRRC) saqarTvelos masStabiT ganaxorciela sazogadoebrivi azris kvleva, romelic qalTa politikur monawileobas Seexeboda. gamokiT-xvis Sedegebis mixedviT, respondentTa 64% fiqrobs, rom saqarTveloSi genderuli Tanasworoba ar arse-bobs, xolo gamokiTxulTa 68%-ma ki parlamentSi sa-valdebulo kvotirebis SemoRebas dauWira mxari. aR-niSnuli maCvenebeli kidev erTxel metyvelebs im faq-tze, rom saqarTvelos mosaxleobis umravlesoba mza-daa, ufro meti qali ixilos politikaSi. swored aRniS-nuli problemis dasaZlevad, Tanaswori SesaZleblobe-bis miRwevis erTaderT, ualternativo saSualebad, po-litikuri partiebisTvis savaldebulo kvotirebis Se-

22

moReba migvaCnia, rac politikur partiebs iZulebuls gaxdis, saarCveno siebis 30% qalebiT daakompleqton.

Eka Darbaidze Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University

WOMEN IN POLITICS, REALITY

AND CHALLENGES

According to the Constitution of Georgia, every human being is born free and is equal in front of the law without any kind of distinction, such as race, color, language, sex, religion, political or other opinion, nationality, ethnic or social origin, property as well as birth and place of residence. Currently, gender equality is becoming one of the major priorities of the Georgian state policy aimed at providing effective conditions for the equality of women and men and securing this equality.

In the process of democratic state-building of Georgia partnership between women and men in the social and political decisions is extremely important. The political process and their participation in policy formation is fundamental characteristic of the subject, and its lack of social vulnerability of the primary product. Although the role of women in public life in Georgia recently increased significantly, unfortunately participation of women in politics still remains low. The reason is much more complex than it seems at first glance. Women’s role in politics is hindered by the political, social, cultural and psychological reasons: the country's political culture, popular stereotypes, less access to financial resources, lack of coverage by media of women’s public and political

23

activities, non-existing women's consolidation in women's movement hinders the formation women’s movements. Political, institutional and economic issues limit women’s engagement in decision-making process and political life more generally. For example, changing gender roles have affected how men and women deal with new realities, relating to burdens and opportunities for participation of both genders. Political divisions within society also creates barriers, in addition to a lack of consistent political will, institutional capacity, and coordination among key stakeholders. When it comes to women's political participation, first of all we should be viewed and perceived as the representative bodies of women in the recruitment process, also country's electoral system needs to be changed so that it could increase women's representation. Georgia's political parties are dominated by men, and they are characterized by a low level of internal democracy, the party of the mechanisms of promotion are often vague, which makes it advancement of women in the party even more challenging. Women's political participation is essential to the study of the major obstacles and challenges discussed in details in the study, which formed part of their politics. Georgia's recent parliamentary and 2014 local self-government elections had once again made it clear that the law on "Political Unions of Citizens" included encouraging women's representation provision would not affect the growth of fake and only became the norm. Therefore, the only way to resolve this problem in the current situation is to continue introducing a compulsory quota remains.

gamoyenebuli literatura

1. Bochel, J., and David, D. (1983). „Candidate Selection in the

Labour Party: What the Selectors Seek”. British Journal of Political Science. Vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 45–69

24

2. Matland, R.E., and Donley, T.S. (1996). “The Contagion of Women Candidates in Single-Member and Multi-Member Districts”. Journal of Politics. Vol. 58, no. 3, pp. 707–33.

3. Matland, R.E., Montgomery, L.A.(2003). Women’s Access to Political Power in Post-communist Europe. Oxford University Press. P.21

4. UNDP Georgia (2013) Public Perception on Gender Equality in Polics and Business, Avaliable at: http://www.ge.undp.org/content/dam/georgia/docs/publications/GE_UNDP_Gender_%20Research_ENG.pdf Accessed: 02.02.2014

5. bagratia T., (2013) saqarTvelos parlamentis 2012 wlis 1 oqtombris arCevnebis analizi genderul WrilSi Netherlands Institute for Multiparty Democracy

6. darbaiZe, e., (2013) qalTa warmomadgenlobis gazrda sakanonmdeblo doneze, ჟurnali inteleqtuali, N 24, Tbilisi.

7. rexviaSvili, ჯ. (12.12.2014) politika qalis saqmea, radio Tavisufleba, http://www.radiotavisupleba.ge/content/politika-qalis-saqmea/26739243.html moZiebulia 2015.01.15

8. saqarTvelos organuli kanoni, „saqarTvelos saar-Cevno kodeqsi“, 2011 w. N 536-rs

25

salome dundua iv. ჯavaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis

saxelmwifo universiteti

socialuri politika da

Tanamedrove saqarTvelo

saqarTvelos konstituciis preambulaSi calsa-

xad gacxadebulia qveynis swrafva socialuri da samar-Tlebrivi saxelmwifos Seqmnisken, kerZod ki: “Cven, sa-qarTvelos moqalaqeni, romelTa uryevi nebaa davam-kvidroT demokratiuli sazogadoebrivi wes-wyobile-ba, ekonomikuri Tavisufleba, socialuri da samar-Tlebrivi saxelmwifo, uzrunvelvyoT adamianis sayo-velTaod aRiarebuli uflebani da Tavisuflebani… RvTisa da eris winaSe saqveynod vacxadebT am konsti-

tucias.”7 miuxedavad amisa, ჯer kidev ramdenime wlis win, arcTu iSviaTi iyo kamaTi socialur saxelmwifoze, neoliberalur politikaze, saqarTvelos evropuli ganviTarebisken wasvlasa Tu e.w. singapurizaciaze. Ta-namedrove saqarTvelos politikur diskursSi am fon-ze, xSiri iyo dapirispireba qveynis ganviTarebis or gansxvavebul xedvas – neoliberalur ekonomikur po-litikasa da socialuri keTildReobis saxelmwifos Soris.

2012 wlis saparlamento arCevnebSi qarTuli ocne-

bis gamarჯvebis Sedegad, msgavsi tipis diskusiebma uka-

na planze gadainacvla. saჯaro doneze arsebul dis-kursSi, praqtikulad, sakamaTo aRaraa arc keTildRe-

7 saqarTvelos konstitucia, miRebulia 1995 wlis 24 agvis-tos, http://www.parliament.ge/ge/kanonmdebloba/constitution-of-georgia-68 nanaxia (09.09.2014)

26

biTi saxelmwifos evropuli modelis da arc socialu-ri samarTlianobis ideebi.

vfiqrobT, sanam konkretulad saqarTvelos Sesa-xeb visaubrebT, upriani iqneba ramdenime sityviT Tavad socialuri saxelmwifos cnebas, umTavres Rirebule-bebs da mis mimarT arsebul kritikas SevexoT.

socialuri saxelmwifos idea

socialur saxelmwifoze, rogorc gansakuTrebul politikur-samarTlebriv movlenaze, saubari mxolod maSin aris SesaZlebeli, rodesac saxelmwifos moqmede-baSi socialurad orientirebuli politika xdeba wam-yvani da, rac mTavaria, es politika vrceldeba mosax-leobis farTo wreebze. amasTanave, socialuri SeiZle-ba iyos mxolod is saxelmwifo, romelsac maRalganvi-Tarebuli ekonomika gaaCnia da Tan, ekonomikis struq-turaSi gaTvaliswinebulia saxelmwifos socialuri orientaciac. am azriT, miuxedavad imisa, rom Tanamed-rove periodis sayovelTao keTildReobis saxelmwi-foebis warmoSoba XIX saukunis bolo periodidan iwye-ba, socialuri saxelmwifoebis realuri ganxorciele-bis periodad XX saukunis 50-60-iani wlebi unda miviCni-oT. nebismier saxelmwifoSi socialuri saxelmwifos fomirebis pirveli stadia gulisxmobs mis mier sakuT-ri moqalaqeebisTvis saarsebo minimumis uzrunvelyo-fas, rac SemdgomSi, TanadaTanobiT, saxelmwifos mier TiToeuli moqalaqisTvis Rirseuli cxovrebis uzrun-velyofis valdebulebad transformirdeba.8

8 Gosta Esping Andersen, (1990) The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism, Princeton University Press, p.12

27

Tanamedrove msoflioSi arsebuli saxelmwifoe-bis socialuri politikis dinamikaze dakvirvebisas, rogorc wesi, aSkarad SeiniSneba, rom keTildReobaze danaxarჯebi ufro didia ekonomikurad metad ganviTa-rebul qveynebSi. naklebad mdidar qveynebs socialuri

danaxarჯebisTvis naklebi finansuri resursi gaaCniaT.

sayovelTao keTildReobis

saxelmwifos kritika

miuxedavad imisa, rom msoflios araerTma qveyanam Tavisi ganviTarebis garkveul etapze socialuri ke-TildReobis saxelmwifos aSeneba daisaxa miznad, kama-Ti Tavad keTildReobis saxelmwifos dadebiT da uar-yofiT mxareebze politikur diskursSi kvlavac ar wydeba. kritikis erTi (da albaT yvelaze ZiriTadi) na-wili efuZneba xedvas imis Taobaze, rom saxelmwifos mier sakuTar Tavze socialuri valdebulebebis aReba adamianebs azarmacebs da damokidebuls xdis.

neoliberali kritikosebi miiCneven, rom sayovel-Tao keTildReobis saxelmwifos ekonomikis efeqtu-robis kleba moaqvs Sedegad da, amasTanave, mas Tan ax-lavs mosaxleobis mier politikuri Tavisuflebebis dakargvis riskic. neoliberalebis kritika klasikuri liberalizmis principebidan iRebs safuZvlebs. is pi-rebi, romlebic Tanamedrove saxelmwifoSi socialuri sikeTeebiT sargebloben, rogorc wesi, or kategoriad iyofian: pirveli — bavSvebi, moxucebi, SSm pirebi bu-

nebriv movlenaTa msxverplni da a.S; meore ჯgufSi ki gaerTianebulia yvela sxva danarCeni — isini, visac ka-nonmdebloba saxelmwifo fondidan socialuri sike-TeebiT sargeblobis uflebas aniWebs.

28

ZiriTad problemas socialuri saxelmwifos kri-

tikosebi swored meore ჯgufis wevrebTan mimarTebiT xedaven (pirveli ჯgufis SemTxvevaSi sakamaTo nakle-bia da maT daxmarebas, garda samarTlebrivi aspeqtisa, moralur-zneobrivi mxarec emateba).

konservatori kritikosebi yuradRebas amaxvile-ben socialuri saxelmwifos ideebis gafarToebisa da zrdis pirobebSi ekonomikuri efeqturobis klebaze. aseve, maTi azriT, aranakleb problemas warmoadgens im adamianTa mzardi raodenoba, romlebic “gaazarmaca” saxelmwifos mxridan daxmarebisa da Semosavlis molo-dinma.

kritikosTa erTi nawili wminda ekonomikur faq-torebs usvams xazs. socialuri saxelmwifos ganxor-cielebisTvis saWiro Tanxebis mosaZiebeli gzebi ma-Ral gadasaxadebze gadis, rac bevri kritikosis azriT, TavisTavad, ukve uaryofiTi movlenaa9.

Tanamedrove saqarTvelo

miuxedavad imisa, rom kamaTi socialuri saxelmwi-fos ideis garSemo kvlavac ar wydeba da rogorc amaze zemoT ukve visaubreT, sxvadasxva politikuri mrwamsis Zalebi sxvadasxva poziciidan akritikeben mas, Tanamed-rove samarTlis specialistebi, saxelmwifos Teoreti-kosebi Tu sociologebi Tanxmdebian, rom saxelmwifod organizebul adamianTa erTobas akisria valdebuleba — daexmaros sakuTar moqalaqeebs, roca amas Tavad isi-ni sakuTari ZalebiT ver axerxeben. Tumca, aqve unda

9 magaliTad, igive daniaSi gadasaxadebi 48,9 % Seadgens, xo-lo SvedeTSi ki 48,2%-ia.

29

aRiniSnos, aseve yvela upirobod Tanxmdeba, rom nebis-mieri qmediTunariani adamiani, upirveles yovlisa, Ta-vad unda zrunavdes sakuTari keTildReobisTvis.

Tanamedrove saqarTvelos pirobebSi, rodesac qveyanas calsaxad aRebuli aqvs evrointegraciisken mimarTuli politikuri kursi — xelisuflebac er-TmniSvnelovnad socialuri saxelmwifos mSenebloba-ze acxadebs pretenzias. Tumca, Tavad socialuri sa-xelmwifos arsebuli modelebic erTmaneTisgan gan-sxvavdeba. qveyanam unda gaarkvios, Tu romeli maTganis arCeva surs: kontinentur — evropulis, skandinaviu-ris Tu anglosaqsur-britanulis. faqtia isic, rom mi-uxedavad imisa, Tu romel modeleze gakeTdeba sabo-

loo ჯamSi arCevani, saxelmwifos am mimarTulebiT bev-ri ram eqneba gasakeTebeli.

qvemoT Cven SevecdebiT, mokled mimovixiloT Ta-namedrove saqarTvelos socialuri politikis maCve-neblebi da, am mxriv, misi ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi.

rogorc wesi, gamoyofen ramdenime instruments, romelTa arsebobac, xSirad, socialuri saxelmwifos Seqmnis aucilebel pirobad da ZiriTad maxasiaTebla-dac ki miiCneva.

SevecdebiT socialuri keTildReobis TiToeuli mocemuli instrumenti saqarTvelos magaliTze ganvi-xiloT.

1. saxelmwifo xelisuflebis demokratiuli organizeba; kacobriobas Tavisi arsebobis manZilze, araerTi politikuri sistemis pirobebSi ucxovria, Tumca, mxolod demokratiis pirobebSi gaxada SesaZle-beli keTildReobis ideebis cxovrebaSi gatareba. dRe-sac, msoflioSi politikuri sistemebis sxvadasxva ti-pi erTmaneTis gverdigverd Tanaarsebobs. arsebul sistemebs Soris demokratiuli da gardamavali demok-

30

ratiis qveynebi, saerTo maCveneblebiT, saxelmwifoTa mxolod mcire nawili Seadgens.

avtoritetuli saerTaSoriso organizacia „fri-

dom ჰausis“ mier yovelwliurad Seswavlili msoflios sxvadasxva saxelmwifos demokratiulobis indeqsi ram-denime ZiriTad maCveneblebs emyareba, romelTa Soris gamovyofdiT: saarCevno process, sasamarTlos damou-kideblobasa da mediis damoukideblobas. 2012 wlis maCveneblebis mixedviT, saqarTvelos demokratiulo-bis xarisxis maCvenebeli 4,82 qula iyo; 2013 wels — 4,75, xolo 2014 wels ki — 4,68.10 2005 wlidan moyolebuli 2014 wlamde, demokratiis zrdis xarisxis maCvenebli regi-onSi yvelaze maRali saqarTvelos aqvs — 0,2811.

demokratiuli Rirebulebebisa da demokratiuli politikuri kulturis damkvidrebaSi gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba qveyanaSi pirvelad, demokratiu-li arCevnebis gziT, xelisuflebis mSvidobini gziT Secvlis precedents. am kuTxiT, 2012 wlis saparlamen-to arCevnebi Tanamedrove saqarTvelos istoriaSi garkveul gardamtex miჯnadac SeiZleba miviCnioT.

„am qveynidan (saqarTvelodan — s.d.) wamosuli sig-nalebi, romlebsac vxedavT bolo wlebSi, dadebiTi xa-

siaTisaa“12 — ganacxada silvana ჰabdak kolaCkovskam, fridom ჰausis proeqtis — „qveynebi gardamaval eta-

10 „fridom ჰausis“ Sefasebis Svid qulian sistemaSi 1-iani yvelaze maRali progresis maCveneblia, xolo 7- yvelaze da-balis. 11 „fridom ჰausi": saqarTveloSi demokratiis xarisxi ga-umჯobesda“ http://www.radiotavisupleba.ge/content/.html nanaxia (14.07.2015) 12 „fridom ჰausi": saqarTveloSi demokratiis xarisxi ga-umჯobesda http://www.radiotavisupleba.ge/content/.html nanaxia (14.07.2015)

31

pebze — evraziis ganxeTqileba demokratiasTan“ xel-mZRvanelma.

2. saxelmwifos mZlavri ekonomikuri potenci-ali. ekonomikuri siZliere ekonomikuri namatis dag-rovebisa da Semdeg am namatis imgvari gadanawilebis sa-Sualebas iZleva, rom ziani ar/an SedarebiT naklebi doziT miadgeT mesakuTreebs;

ekonomikuri zrdis umTavres winapirobad stabi-luri makroekonomikuri politika miiCneva. „im Sem-TxvevaSi, Tu dadgeba arCevanis aucilebloba mTavro-bis sxva socialuri an ekonomikuri miznebis ganxorci-elebasa da makroekonomikuri stabilurobis gacxade-buli politikis Sesrulebas Soris, upiratesoba am ukanasknels mieniWeba“ — naTqvamia saqarTvelos mTav-robis 2014 wlis 14 ivniss miRebul dadgenilebaSi13.

sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg saqarTvelo, iseve rogorc praqtikulad yvela postsabWoTa respublika, mZime ekonomikur pirobebSi aRmoCnda. damoukideblo-bis mopovebis pirvel ramdenime weliwadSi, mSS pro-duqti daaxloebiT 70%-mde Semcirda. SevardnaZis xe-lisuflebis periodSi, 1995 wlidan dawyebuli ekonomi-kuri zrdis miuxedavad (romelic, Tavis mxriv, qveyana-Si stabiluri da SedarebiT mSvidi samoqalaqo garemos SeqmniT iyo ganpirobebuli), ekonomikuri Tvalsazri-siT saqarTvelom ver SeZlo maRal ganviTarebamde as-vla. Semdgom periodSi, m. saakaSvilis xelisuflebis wlebSi ganxorcielebuli liberaluri ekonomikis ga-tarebis Sedegad, makroekonomikuri zrda aSkarad Tav-

13 saqarTvelos mTavrobis dadgenileba N400 2014 wlis 17 iv-nisi q. Tbilisi saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikuri ganvi-Tarebis strategiis „saqarTvelo 2020“ damtkicebisa da mas-Tan dakavSirebuli zogierTi RonisZiebis Taobaze, gv.13

32

lSisacemia (ix. cxrili 1).14 Tumca, erTi mxriv ruseT-saqarTvelos 2008 wlis omma, meore mxriv ki, ruseTis mxridan saqarTvelos mimarT ganxorcielebulma eko-nomikurma blokadam, mniSvnelovnad uaryofiTi zegav-lena iqonia ekonomikur zrdaze. moyvanili cxrilidan TvalnaTliv Cans 2008-2009 wlebSi ekonomikiuri zrdis tempebis mkveTri vardna, Tumca, 2010 wlidan zrdis maCveneblebi kvlav matulobs.

3. ekonomikis socialurad orientirebuli

struqtura, rac sakuTrebis sxvadasxva formis arse-bobaSi gamoixateba. mocemuli punqti gulisxmobs, rom saxelmwifo unda flobdes da akontrolebdes warmoebis da meurneobis garkveul sferoebs;

14 saqarTvelos ekonomikisa da mdgradi ganviTarebis saministro, makroeko-nomikuli maCveneblebi, http://www.economy.ge/ge/economic-data/macroeconomic-indicators nanaxia (10.04.2015)

33

sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdgom, saxelmwifo mflobelobaSi arsebuli sawarmoebi, Senoba-nagebobe-bi Tu sasoflo-sameurneo daniSnulebis miwis savargu-lebi etapobrivad, privatizaciis procesis meSveobiT, kerZo mflobelobaSi gadadis. privatizaciis procesi saqarTveloSi 1993 wlidan daiwyo, Tumca, 2003 wlis vardebis revoulciis Semdeg mosulma m. saakaSvilis xelisuflebam erT-erT ZiriTad politikad privati-zaciis daCqarebuli tempebiT gatareba dasaxa. saxel-mwifo mflobelobaSi arsebuli sawarmoebis kerZo mflobelobaSi gadasvla ekonomikuri winsvlis umTav-res komponentad iqna miCneuli. privatizaciidan Semo-sulma Tanxebma maqsimums 2004-2005 wlebSi miaRwia, ro-desac saxelmwifo qonebis gasxvisebis yvelaze aqtiuri faza ganxorcielda.

„saxelmwifos wilobrivi monawileobiT Seqmnili sawarmoebi (saxelmwifo sawarmoebi) ekonomikis sxva-dasxva seqtoris stabilurobas gansazRvraven da SeuZ-liaT qveynis mdgrad ganviTarebas mniSvnelovnad Seuw-yon xeli.15 2014 wlis monacemebiT, saqarTveloSi 344 sa-xelmwifo sawarmoa16, rac, TavisTavad, arcTu dabali maCvenebelia. Tumca, mniSvnelovania ara imdenad moce-muli tipis sawarmoebis raodenoba, ramdenadac maTi sargeblianobis xarisxi da ekonomikuri saqmianobis ma-Rali maCvenebli. saxelmwifo sawarmoebis efeqtiano-bis marTvis auditis ukanaskneli monacemebis mixedviT, Seswavlili saxelmwifo sawarmoebidan mxolod 2 imyo-

15 OECD; Comparative Report on Corporate Governance on State Owned Enterprises; 2006, gv. 27 16 saxelmwifo sawarmoebis marTvis da gankargvis efeqtiano-bis auditi, efeqtianobis auditis angariSi 2015w, gv.6, http://sao.ge/files/auditi/efeqtianobis-angarishi/2015/sacarmota-martva.pdf (20.09. 2014)

34

feba karg mdgomareobaSi, xolo umetesi maTgani, daax-loebiT 75 %, mZime finansur mdgomareobaSia.17

daaxloebiT msgavsi situaciaa sasoflo-sameur-neo miwebTan mimarTebaSic. 2012 wlisTvis, sasoflo-sa-meurneo miwebis 75% saxelmwifos sakuTrebaSi imyofe-boda (amisgan gansxvavebiT, saxnavi miwebis gacilebiT didi wili privatizebulia — 55 %), Tumca, uaRresad dabalia am miwebidan miRebuli margi qmedebis koefici-enti.

amgvarad, miuxedavad saxelmwifo sawarmoebisa da saxelmwifo sargeblobaSi arsebuli sasoflo-sameur-neo miwebis sakmaod maRali wilisa, realurad, maTi qmediTunarianoba dabalia. magaliTisTvis, SvedeTSi, romelic socialuri keTildReobis erT-erT yvelaze warmatebul SemTxvevad iTvleba, saxelmwifo sawarmo-Ta raodenoba mxolod 44-ia, Tumca praqtikulad yvela maTgani qveynis ekonomikisTvis mniSvnelovani sargeb-lis momtania.

4. saxelmwifos mier socialuri politikis ga-tareba (an, amis aSkara mcdeloba), rac miznad isaxavs socialuri samarTlianobis damyarebas. erTi mxriv, minimaluri saerTo sikeTeebiT yvelas uzrunvelyofa, meore mxriv ki, socialuri daculobis Seqmna — socia-luri samarTlianobis damyarebis gzaze umniSvnelova-nesi amocanebia.

socialuri uzrunvelyofis qseli saqarTveloSi pirvelad 2004 wels Seiqmna. ori wlis Semdeg, 2006 wels amoqmedda miznobrivi socialuri daxmarebis progra-ma, romelic socialurad daucveli adamianebisTvis iyo gankuTvnili. mocemulma programam, miuxedavad masSi arsebuli araerTi xarvezisa, garkveulwilad xe-

17 iqve, gv. 12

35

li Seuwyo 2009-2011 wlebSi siRaribis fardobiTi maCve-neblis Semcirebas.

2012 wlis arCevnebis Semdeg, xelisuflebaSi mo-sulma politikurma Zalam erT-erT umTavres priori-

tetad socialuri daxmarebebis sistemis gaumჯobeseba da sayovelTao ჯandacvis sistemis Camoyalibeba daisa-xa.

„socialuri uzrunvelyofis sferoSi saqarTve-los mTavrobis politikaa socialuri dacvis sistemis SeqmniT uzrunvelyos adamianTa Rirseuli cxovrebisa da Sromis pirobebi, Seamciros mosaxleobis siRaribi-Ta da xandazmulobiT gamowveuli socialuri riskebi da xeli Seuwyos SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone pi-

rebs da sxva mowyvlad ჯgufebs, monawileoba miiRon qveynis socialur da ekonomikur cxovrebaSi“18 — naT-qvamia saqarTvelos mTavrobis mier damtkicebul qvey-nis socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis strategiaSi. am mimarTulebiT, sakmaod qmediTi nabiჯebic gadaidga: gaormagda siRaribis zRvars qvemoT myofi mosaxleo-bisTvis gamoyofili daxmareba da gaizarda devnilTa da ltolvilTa Semweobebi. meore mxriv, damoukidebe-li saqarTvelos istoriaSi 2013 wlidan pirvelad amoq-

medda sayovelTao ჯandacvis sistema. 2013-2014 wlebSi biuჯetis ZiriTadi aqcentebi swored socialuri da ჯandacvis programebis zrdaze gakeTda. ჯandacvis sa-

ministrosTvis gamoyofili biuჯeti 2015 wels 2 mili-

18 saqarTvelos mTavrobis dadgenileba N400, 2014 wlis 17 iv-nisi, q. Tbilisi, saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikuri ganvi-Tarebis strategiis „saqarTvelo 2020“ damtkicebisa da mas-Tan dakavSirebuli zogierTi RonisZiebis Taobaze, gv. 50 http://www.economy.ge/uploads/kanonmdebloba/strategia_2020/saqartvelo_2020.pdf nanaxia (10.09.2014)

36

ard 700 milioni laramde gaizrdeba,19 saidanac 661 mi-

lioni sayovelTao ჯandacvisa da socialuri uzrun-velyofis programebisTvis iqneba gankuTvnili.

miuxedavad ჯandacvis seqtorSi dafinansebis zrdisa, faqtia, rom saqarTveloSi socialur sferoze gamoyofili saxelmwifo dafinansebis wili ჯerac me-tad mwiria. Sesabamisad, socialuri foni qveyanaSi adeqvaturia. magaliTisTvis, evrokavSiris 15 qveyanaSi socialur dacvaze gamoyofili Tanxebi saSualod mSp-s 21%-s Seadgens, maSin, roca saqarTveloSi imave mizne-biT gamoyofili Tanxebi 2006-2007 wlebSi Seadgenda mTliani Sida produqtis mxolod 4.5%-s, 2013 wlis mo-nacemebiT ki, es maCvenebeli 5.7 %-mdea gazrdili20.

5. Zlieri samoqalaqo sazogadoebis arseboba. aqtiuri, qmediTunariani samoqalaqo sazogadoe-

bis erT-erTi funqcia xelisuflebis mier sazogadoe-bisTvis gacemuli danapirebebis ganxorcielebaze mo-nitoringia. qmediTi samoqalaqo sazogadoebis arsebo-bis pirobebSi, garkveulwilad, saxelmwifo socialu-rad orientirebuli politikis gamtarebel iaraRad iqceva.

samoqalaqo seqtoris ZiriTadi segmenti saqarTve-loSi (iseve rogorc aRmosavleT evropis bevr qveyana-Si), arasamTavrobo organizaciebia. 2014 wlis monace-mebiT, daregistrirebulia 9000-mde arasamTavrobo

19 2015 wlis biuჯetSi ჯandacvaze gamoyofili Tanxebi 980 mi-lioni lariT aRemateba imave miznebisTvis 2012 wlis biuჯetidan gamoyofil Tanxebs. 20 statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri, mTliani Sida produqti 2013 wels, gv.3 http://geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/georgian/nad/pres-relizi_2013_GEO_daz.pdf nanaxia (20.11.2014)

37

organizacia, romelTagan mxolod ramdenime aTeuli Tua moqmedi. saqarTveloSi arsebuli arasamTavrobo organizaciebis saqmianoba 1990-iani wlebidan moyole-buli, ZiriTadad, adamianis uflebaTa dacvis, saganma-naTleblo da samoqalaqo ganaTlebis, socialuri ke-

TildReobisa da ჯandacvis problemebzea mimarTuli. aseve, arasamTavrobo seqtoris aqtivoba TvalSisace-mia saarCevno procesebze dakvirvebisa da monitorin-gis, iseve rogorc, zogadad, saarCevno garemos ga-

umჯobesebaze aqcentirebis kuTxiTac. ukanasknel pe-riodSi, aSkarad imata garemosa da istoriuli memkvid-reobis dacvis Tematikaze momuSave arasamTavrobo or-ganizaciebis aqtivobebmac.

garda aqtivobis sferos gafarToebisa, 2012 wli-dan gaizarda samoqalaqo seqtoris warmomadgenlebsa da xelisuflebas Soris komunikaciis xarisxi da sixSi-rec. evrokavSirTan asocirebis xelSekruleba, rome-lic samoqalaqo seqtoris rolisa da funqciebis, aseve politikaze zemoqmedebis meqnizmebis gazrdasac gu-lisxmobs, savaraudod, kidev ufro gazrdis arasamTav-robo seqtoris aqtivobas da, Sesabamisad, xelisufle-biTvisac aRniSnuli seqtori ufro angariSgasawev Za-lad iqceva.

6. samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo da socialuri saxelmwifos ideis samarTlebriv doneze gamyareba. sakanonmdeblo doneze, kerZod ki, saqarTvelos kon-stituciaSi, cxadad da calsaxad deklalirebulia ro-gorc samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos Seqnis idea, aseve socialuri saxelmwifos mSeneblobis miznebic.

38

daskvna

miuxedavad imisa, rom kamaTi socialuri saxelmwi-

fos ideis garSemo kvlavac ar wydeba da rogorc ukve aRvniSneT — sxvadasxva politikuri mrwamsis Zalebi sxvadasxva mxridan akritikeben mas, Tanamedrove samar-Tlis specialistebi, saxelmwifos Teoretikosebi Tu sociologebi Tanxmdebian, rom saxelmwifod organi-zebul adamianTa erTobas akisria valdebuleba — daex-maros sakuTar moqalaqeebs, roca amas Tavad isini saku-Tari ZalebiT ver axerxeben. Tumca, aqve unda aRiniS-nos, aseve yvela upirobod Tanxmdeba, rom nebismieri qmediTunariani adamiani, upirveles yovlisa, Tavad un-da zrunavdes sakuTari keTildReobisTvis.

rogorc ukve vnaxeT, saqarTvelom socialuri ke-TildReobis ideis cxovrebaSi gatarebis kuTxiT, uka-

nasknel periodSi araerTi nabiჯi gadadga. garkveul aspeqtebSi TvalSisacemia dadebiTi Zvrebi: demokrati-

is xarisxis zrda, socialuri programebisa da ჯandac-vis sistemis dafinansebis mateba, samoqalaqo seqtoris met-naklebi gaZliereba; Tumca, saerTo ჯamSi, ekonomi-kuri zrdis SedarebiT dabali maCveneblebis fonze, rodesac saxelmwifos makroekonomikuri maCveneblebi arcTu ise saxarbieloa, socialuri saxelmwifos ideis warmatebuli gatareba SesaZloa, safrTxis qveS dad-ges.

da bolos, socialuri saxelmwifos ideis cxovre-baSi ganxorcieleba ar ganekuTvneba mxolod ekonomi-kur an politikur movlenaTa rangs. rogorc xSirad aRniSnaven, es amavdroulad, zneobrivi procesicaa, romelic ekonomikuri tipis reformebsa da politiku-ri nebis paralelurad, aucileblad gulisxmobs ada-mianur ganzomilebebsac.

39

Salome Dundua Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University

SOCIAL POLICY IN CONTEMPORARY GEORGIA It is possible to speak about social state as a special political

and legal phenomenon only when the socially oriented policy becomes leading in a state. Despite the fact that the idea of welfare state has its origins in the late XIX century, the real implementation date of the social state should be considered from the middle of XX century.

The government of Georgia, which is heading for the integration in Europe, has an ambition of constructing a social state.

In our article we are overviewing Georgia’s indicators of social policy and its development perspectives.

Typically, a number of instruments are singled out, which are often considered as necessary conditions for the social state. These conditions are:

1. Democratic organization of state power 2. Strong economic potential of the state 3. Socially oriented economic structure of the state 4. Pursuing the social policy by state with the final goal of

achieving the social justice 5. The existence of strong civil society 6. The existence of legal state and ideas of social state

gamoyenebuli literatura

1. saqarTvelos konstitucia, miRebulia 1995 wlis 24 agvistos, http://www.parliament.ge/ge/kanonmdebloba/constitution-of-georgia-68 (09.09.2014)

40

2. Gosta Esping Andersen, (1990) The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism, Princeton University Press, p.12

3. „fridom ჰausi": saqarTveloSi demokratiis xarisxi gaumჯobesda“ http://www.radiotavisupleba.ge/content/.html nanaxia (14.07.2015)

4. saqarTvelos ekonomikisa da mdgradi ganviTarebis saministro, makroekonomikuli maCveneblebi, http://www.economy.ge/ge/economic-data/macroeconomic-indicators nanaxia (10.04.2015)

5. saqarTvelos mTavrobis dadgenileba N400 2014 wlis 17 ivnisi q. Tbilisi saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis strategiis „saqarTvelo 2020“ damtkicebisa da masTan dakavSirebuli zogi-erTi RonisZiebis Taobaze, gv.13

http://www.economy.ge/ge/economic-data/macroeconomic-indicators

nanaxia (10.09.2014) 6. OECD; Comparative Report on Corporate Governance on State

Owned Enterprises; 2006, gv. 27 7. saxelmwifo sawarmoebis marTvis da gankargvis

efeqtianobis auditi, efeqtianobis auditis anga-riSi 2015w, gv.6, http://sao.ge/files/auditi/efeqtianobis-angarishi/2015/sacarmota-martva.pdf nanaxia (20.09. 2014)

8. statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri, mTliani Sida produqti 2013 wels, gv.3

http://geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/georgian/nad/pres-relizi_2013_GEO_daz.pdf nanaxia (20.11.2014)

41

arina TavaqaraSvili suxiSvilis saswavlo universiteti

mcocavi aneqsiiT dazaralebuli

soflebis kvleva

ukve oc welze metia, ruseTi sxvadasxva formiT

cdilobs saqarTvelos dapyrobas da msoflios poli-tikuri sivrcidan misi saxelmwifoebriobis srul amoSlas. es mizani XIX saukunis dasawyissa da XX sau-kunis 20-ian wlebSi miRweul iqna kidec. meoce saukunis 90-iani wlebidan moyolebuli, ruseTis mxridan kvla-vac adgili aqvs saqarTvelos aRdgenili saxelmwifo-ebriobisa da teritoriuli mTlianobis moSlis mcde-lobas.

saxezea eTnikuri konfliqtebi cxinvalsa da afxa-zeTSi, omi afxazeTSi, 2008 wlis ruseT-saqarTvelos omi, qveynis teritoriis 20%-is okupacia da kidev uf-ro rTuli, omis Semdgomi 6 wliani periodi — e.w. xe-lovnuri sazRvrebi, mavTulxlarTebi da mcocavi aneq-sia, romelic Cveni qveynisa da mosaxleobisTvis omze aranakleb safrTxes warmoSobs.

omis Semdgomi periodi gansakuTrebulad mZimea e.w. sazRvrispira soflebisTvis, romelTa mdgomareo-bisa da yofis Seswavla dRevandelobis gamokveTil da realur suraTs iZleva.

saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mier mosaxleobis socialur-ekonomikuri mzrunvelobis paketiT daxma-reba ukve dasrulebulia. arasamTavrobo organizaci-ebis mier (fondi „taso“, centri „afxazeTi“) ganxorci-

elebuli erTჯeradi proeqtebi dadebiTi impulsia, magram ekonomikuri ganviTarebis sasurvel Sedegs ma-inc ver iZleva (proeqtis dasrulebasTan erTad, pro-

42

cesic sruldeba). saxelmwifos grZelvadiani proeqte-bi, samwuxarod, ar xorcieldeba.

mosaxleoba ki kvlav saWiroebs xelSewyobasa da daxmarebas — gansakuTrebiT, axalgazrdoba, raTa ar moxdes am soflebis dacla an mxolod moxucebis amara darCena da ruseTma mcocavi aneqsia swrafad da opera-tiulad ar ganaxorcielos. mocemuli mdgomareobidan gamomdinare, Catarda kvleva, romlis mizania e.w. „sa-sazRvro soflebis“ situaciuri analizi, arsebuli problemebis gamomwvevi mizezebis gamovlena-dadgena da arsebuli mdgomareobis gasaumჯobesebeli gzebis Zieba.

kvleva ganxorcielda e.w sazRvrispira soflebSi. kvlevis teritoriuli sazRvrebi moicavs gorisa da qarelis raionebs. es soflebia: dici, gugutiaanTkari, berSueTi, dvani, kirbali. kvlevis obieqtebi arian Ca-moTvlil soflebSi mcxovrebi adamianebi (ixileT sta-tistikuri monacemebi).

saqarTvelos teritoria — 2008-2014 wlebis monacemebiT

ამჟამადარსებულიტერიტორია

2008 წლისომის შემდგომოკუპირებულიტერიტორია

მცოცავიანექსიით

მიტაცებულიტერიტორია

0%

100%

43

kvlevisTvis gamoyenebulia SemTxveviTi analizis meTodi, piradi vizitebi da ჯgufuri Sexvedrebi. kvlevisTvis saWiro informacia miviReT uSualod mo-saxleobisgan, kerZod ki, aqtiur adamianebTan urTier-Tobis Sedegad. gamoikiTxa 147 adamiani. damatebiT, ჯgufur saubrebSi, meordeboda individualuri gamo-kiTxvisas mowodebuli informaciebi. amitom, ufro me-ti adamianis gamokiTxvis saWiroeba aRar arsebobda.

gamokiTxvisas yvelaze aqtiur fenas qalebi war-moadgenden, Tumca, maT arc adgilobriv xelisufleba-ze da arc mimdinare procesebze aranairi zegavlenis moxdena ar SeuZliaT.

ra iwvevs socialur-ekonomikur niჰilizms? 1. SenarCunebuli miwebis dasamuSaveblad glexebs

ar aqvT sarwyavi wyali; 2. faqtobrivad, ar arsebobs gaWirvebiT moweuli

mosavlis sarealizacio bazari; 3. gamyof xazs miRma aRmoCnda saxnav-saTesi miwebi,

saZovrebi da xexili. sanacvlod mosaxleobas aranairi kompensacia ar miuRia;

4.gaCerebulia warsulSi sakmaod efeqturad momu-Save warmoebebi;

5.miwebi saჯaro reestrSi ჯer kidev ar aris regis-trirebuli, rac okupantebs mis mitacebas uadvilebs.

mosaxleobis niჰilizms isic amZafrebs, rom poli-tikuri partiebi adgilobriv arCevnebSi kandidatebs maTTan uSualo urTierTobis gareSe asaxeleben da, Se-

sabamisad, arCevnebSi gamarჯvebis SemTxvevaSi, kandida-tebi miiCneven, rom pasuxismgeblebi mxolod partiisa da xelisuflebis winaSe arian, xolo amomrCeveli TiT-qmis ignorirebulia (Tu ar CavTvliT masobriv Sexved-rebSi monawileobas).

44

Catarebulma kvlevam TiiToeuli soflisTvis in-dividualuri problemebi warmoaCina da gvaCvena, rom adgilebze kvalificiur moxeleTa deficitia. mmar-

TvelobiTi ჯaWvi mxolod vertikalzea agebuli da ar xorcieldeba decentralizaciis principebi.

gamokiTxulTa 90%-ma umTavres problemad usaf-rTxoeba daasaxela. mosaxleobaSi daucvelobis gancda da konfliqtis ganaxlebis SiSi sufevs. mocemulis sa-fuZvels sazRvris Zaladobrivi gziT Secvla da SeSis Wrisa Tu saqonlis saZovarze gayvanisas adamianebis xSiri gatacebebi iZleva.

dRis wesrigSi dgeba samoqalaqo aqtivobis gazrda „sazRvrispira soflebSi“, ris saSualebebadac Semdegi gvesaxeba:

mocemul viTarebaSi, mniSvnelovania mmarTvelo-

biT rgolSi kvalificiuri adgilobrivi kadrebis Cabma (aseTi kadrebi ჯer kidev moiZebneba soflebSi), romel-Ta pirdapiri movaleoba grZelvadiani proeqtebis Seq-mnisa da mozidvis xelSewyoba da adgilebze mosaxleo-

bis denadobis SeCereba unda iyos. es, saboloo ჯamSi, dadebiTad aisaxeba ganviTarebasa da aRmSeneblobaze.

45

Arina Tavakarashvili Sukhishvili Teaching University

THE SURVEY OF VILLAGES AFFECTED BY THE

CREEPING ANNEXATION

It is already more than twenty years that Russia continues to capture Georgia in various forms and to remove its statehood from the world map. Russia destroyed statehood and territorial integrity of the country that was restored in the nineties of 20th century.

Nowadays in Georgia we face ethnic conflicts in Abkhazia and South Ossetia, in result of these conflicts 20% of the country is occupied. Moreover, difficult 6-year post-war period – so called “artificial borders”, wire fences and creeping annexation are thought to be more dangerous than war for our country and population.

The population still needs support and assistance, especially youth, so that they don’t leave villages. Not only elderly people but people of all generations should stay there. If only elderly are left in this case creeping annexation will be carried out more quickly and efficiently by Russia. In accordance with these circumstances the survey was conducted to analyze situation, to reveal reasons of existing problems, to identify and find ways for improving current situation in so called “bordering villages”.

The survey was conducted in Gori and Kareli districts. The target group of the survey are people from the following villages: Ditsi, Gugutiaantkari, Bershueti, Dvani, Kirbali. 147 people were interviewed.

What causes social-economic nihilism? 1. Farmers do not have irrigation water to cultivate preserved

land. 2. There is no market for selling harvest. 3. There is no compensation give to the peasants whose

agricultural lands, pastures and fruit gardens stayed beyond “border line”.

46

4. System of small industries that were rather effective and profitable in the past are now terminated.

5. Lands are not yet registered in the Public Registry Service that makes it easier for occupants to capture.

Nihilism in the population is deeper, because the winner candidates in the elections consider that they are responsible only to their political party and government and electorate is almost neglected, they are only remembered during pre-election campaigns and public meetings.

In such situation it is important to involve qualified local staff (who are still in villages) in governance. Their direct obligation is to stop the flow of local population.

47

qeTevan kuxianiZe akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo

universiteti

genderuli Tanasworoba saqarTveloSi

"lekvi lomisa sworia, Zu iyos, Tunda xvadia"– So-

Ta rusTavelis es genialuri sityvebi ჯer kidev XII sa-

ukuneSi gaჟRerda ukvdav naSromSi, "vefxistyaosani" da amiT, TiTqos, xazi gaesva qalisa da mamakacis Tanas-worobas im sociumSi, romelSic isini imyofebodnen.

marTalia, "genderi" im datvirTviT, rasac dRes viyenebT, Sua saukuneebSi ucxo termini iyo, magram Tanasworobaze miniSneba gvaZlevs imis varaudis saSua-

lebas, rom saqarTveloSi am sakiTxze fiqri ჯer kidev zemoT aRniSnuli periodidan iwyeba.

genderuli Tanasworobis sakanonmdeblo doneze samarTlebriv regulirebas arcTu ise didi istoria aqvs.

damoukideblobis aRdgenis, konstituciis SemuSa-vebis da sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso konvenciasTan mier-Tebis Semdeg, qveynis xelisuflebam genderul Tanas-worobaze etapobrivi muSaoba da am mimarTulebiT sa-Tanado RonisZiebebis ganxorcielebac daiwyo.

qalisa da kacis Tanasworoba 1995 wlis 24 agvistos miRebuli saqarTvelos konstituciiT garantirebuli uflebaa. Tumca, qveyanaSi arsebuli realoba da sta-tistikuri monacemebi genderul TanasworobasTan mi-marTebiT arsebul sruliad gansxvavebul suraTs gviC-venebs. swored amitom, winamdebare naSromis mizania, qveyanaSi mimdinare procesebi genderuli Tanasworo-bis TvalsazrisiT ganixilos da mocemuli kuTxiTve

48

gaanalizos saqarTveloSi dRes arsebuli statistiku-ri monacemebi Tu moqmedi sakanonmdeblo aqtebi.

genderuli Tanasworobis suraTi saqarTvelo-

Si msoflios TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi da maT Soris

saqarTveloSic, genderuli Tanasworoba erT-erT yvela-ze aqtualur sakiTxs warmoadgens.

gasul saukuneebSi genderuli Tanasworobis Tema sruliad ucxo iyo. sazogadoeba arc ki miiCnevda mniS-vnelovnad qalisa da mamakacis Tanabar uflebebze sa-ubars. protestsac aravin gamoTqvamda qalis uufle-bobasTan dakavSirebiT. Tumca, demokratiis sayovel-Tao gavrcelebam win wamoswia sqesTa Soris Tanasworo-bis aucileblobis sakiTxi da xeli Seuwyo am proble-miT sazogadoebis dainteresebas.21

termini "genderi" sqesis socialuri aRqmaa, rac gulisxmobs socializaciiT ganpirobebul Sexedule-bebs ama Tu im sqesze, xolo genderul TanasworobaSi ki qalisa da mamakacis Tanaswori ufleba — movaleobe-bi moiazreba, sadac pasuxismgebloba da Tanasworuf-lebiani monawileoba piradi da sazogadoebrivi cxov-rebis yvela sferoSi garantirebuli uflebaa.

Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi genderul Tanasworo-basTan dakavSirebiT Zalian cota samecniero kvleva arsebobs da isic ki, romelic saxezea, mosaxleobis-Tvis naklebadaa cnobili.22

SesaZloa, es imiT aris ganpirobebuli, rom saqar-

21 axalgazrda socialistebi http://www.ysg.ge/?73/147/&pp=25 nanaxia (15/01/2015) 22 rexviaSvili l. genderuli Tanasworoba – qarTuli sazoga-doebis Sexedulebebi http://ww.liberali.ge/ge/liberali/articles/112353/ nanaxia ( 15.12.2014)

49

TveloSi mxolod ukanaskneli 16 welia, rac qveynis xe-lisuflebam erovnuli genderuli politikis Camoya-libebaze fiqri da am mimarTulebiT garkveuli na-

biჯebis gadadgma daiwyo. 1994 wels saqarTvelo SeuerTda konvencias qal-

Ta diskriminaciis yvela formis likvidaciis Sesaxeb, romelic, faqtobrivad, saqarTvelos erovnuli gende-ruli politikis Camoyalibebis ZiriTad safuZvlad iq-ca. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom 1998 wlidan moyolebuli, erovnuli samoqmedo gegmebi imgvari qmedebebis Semu-Savebze iyo orientirebuli, romelic xels Seuwyobda momavalSi qalTa gaZlierebas da genderuli Tanaswo-robis uzrunvelyofas, radgan Tvlidnen, rom saqar-TveloSi genderul WrilSi Tanasworobis uzrunvel-yofa mniSvnelovnad Seuwyobda xels qveynis demokra-tiuli gziT ganviTarebas.23

Tumca, faqti utyuaria — genderuli Tanasworo-

bis kuTxiT ჯer kidev bevri ram aris dasaregulirebe-li da Sesacvleli.

samwuxaroa, magram saqarTveloSi genderuli uTa-nasworobis sakiTxi mainc dgas. es naTlad gamoCnda gaeros ganviTarebis programis farglebSi SemuSave-buli genderuli uTanasworobis indeqsis maCvenebliT, romlis mixedviTac dadginda, rom 137 gamokiTxul qveyanas Soris saqarTvelo 71–e adgils ikavebs.24

termini, "genderuli Tanasworoba”, saqarTveloSi

23 samoqalaqo ganaTlebis gzamkvlevi IFES.2014. http://cela.ge/ge/system/files/efes_brochure_geo_f.pdf nanaxia (15.12.2014) 24 axalgazrda iuristTa asociacia 2014 w. saqarTvelos Sro-mis kanonmdeblobis analizi–dasaqmebis adgilze sqesis niS-nis mixedviT diskriminacia da misi samarTlebrivi Sedegebi. nanaxia ( 10/01.2015)

50

sazogadoebis umetesobis mier arasworad aris aRqmu-li da maTTvis "Tanasworoba" qalisa da mamakacis fi-zikuri da gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis Tanasworobas-Tan asocirdeba. miiCneva, rom qali da mamakaci veraso-des gautoldeba erTmaneTs, radgan "mamakaci bevrad Zlieri da Wkviania qalze da Tanasworoba maT Soris warmoudgenelia".25 Tumca, absoluturad sapirispiroa genderuli Tanasworobis ganmarteba. genderuli Ta-nasworoba gulisxmobs, rom qali da mamakaci unda sar-geblobdes Tanabari uflebebiTa da SesaZleblobebiT, maT unda ჰqondeT Tanabari pasuxismgeblobebi da val-debulebebi.

genderuli Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofa saxel-mwifos demokratiuli ganviTarebis umniSvnelovanes winapirobas warmoadgens, radgan is ubiZgebs sxvadas-xva instituts — gazardos Sromis nayofiereba, xeli Seuwyos momavali Taobebis ganviTarebas. aseve, uzrun-velyofs institutebs Soris balansis dacvas.

genderuli Tanasworoba adamianis uflebebis ar-sebiT princips warmoadgens. adamianis uflebaTa sayo-velTao deklaraciis me–7 muxlis Tanaxmad, "yoveli adamiani Tanasworia kanonis winaSe, ganurCevlad raime gansxvavebisa".26 aqedan gamomdinare, genderuli Tanas-woroba orientirebulia qalsa da mamakacs Soris pro-

fesiul, socialur, politikur da saoჯaxo sakiTxeb-

25 ratom eSinia kacs genderuli Tanasworobis? https://dreamar.wordpress.com/2010/07/10/%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98-%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83-%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%AC%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90/ nanaxia ( 01.01.2015) 26 adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia– 1948w, 10 dekemberi

51

Tan mimarTebaSi Tanabari SesaZleblobebis uzrunvel-yofaze.27

saqarTvelos konstituciis me–14 muxli srulad exmianeba adamianis uflebaTa deklaraciiT gansaz-Rvrul normas, romelic uzrunvelyofs Tanasworobi-sa da diskriminaciis dauSveblobis principebs nebismi-eri niSniT — ganurCevlad rasis, kanis feris, enis, sqe-sis, religiis, politikuri da sxva Sexedulebebis, erovnuli da wodebrivi mdgomareobis Tu sacxovrebe-li adgilisa. Tumca, am uflebebiT srulad sargeb-lobisTvis mxolod es ar aris sakmarisi, radgan Cveni qveynis konstituciiT Tanasworuflebianobis princi-pi zogadad aris aRiarebuli. saxelmwifo calsaxad cnobs da icavs adamianis sayovelTaod aRiarebul uf-lebebsa da Tavisuflebebs, rogorc uzenaes adamianur Rirebulebebs.28

saqarTveloSi dRes moqmedi "diskriminaciis yve-la formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb" kanonis Tanaxmad, ga-rantirebulia diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmof-xvra da nebismieri fizikuri da iuridiuli pirisTvis saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili uflebebiT Tanasworad sargeblobis uzrunvelyofa rasis, kanis feris, enis, sqesis, asakis, moqalaqeobis, warmoSobis, dabadebis adgilis, sacxovrebeli adgilis, qonebrivi an wodebrivi mdgomareobis, religiis an rwmenis, erov-nuli, eTnikuri an socialuri kuTvnilebis, profesiis, oჯaxuri mdgomareobis, ჯanmrTelobis mdgomareobis, 27 samoqalaqo ganaTlebis gzamkvlevi, IFES. 2014. http://cela.ge/ge/system/files/efes_brochure_geo_f.pdf nanaxia ( 15.12.2014) 28 kereseliZe T. 2014w. saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis analizi – dasaqmebis adgilze sqesis niSnis mixedviT diskriminacia da misi samarTlebrivi Sedegebi, Tbilisi: saia. nanaxia (02.01.2015)

52

SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis, seqsualuri orientaci-is, genderuli identobisa da gamoxatvis, politikuri an sxva Sexedulebis Tu sxva niSnis miuxedavad. 29

genderul Tanasworobas sakanonmdeblo doneze ki-dev ufro detalurad awesrigebs kanoni "genderuli Ta-nasworobis Sesaxeb", romelic saqarTvelos parlamentma 2010 wels miiRo. aRniSnuli kanoniT ganmtkicda sqesis niSniT adamianTa Tanasworobis principi da uzrunvel-yofil iqna Tanasworobis misaRwevad samarTlebrivi ga-rantiebis Seqmna.30 kanoni aRiarebs sqesis niSniT adamian-Ta Tanasworobas socialuri da sazogadoebrivi cxovre-bis sxvadasxva sferoSi, iseTebSi, rogoricaa SromiTi urTierTobebi, ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis sfero, ჯan-

mrTelobis dacvisa da socialuri sfero, saoჯaxo ur-TierTobebi, sainformacio resursebiT sargebloba, sa-arCevno uflebebis realizacia da sxv.31

aRniSnuli kanonis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos parla-mentSi Seiqmna genderuli Tanasworobis sabWo, ro-gorc mudmivmoqmedi organo, romelmac garkveuli na-

biჯebi gadadga qveyanaSi Tanasworobis uzrunvelyo-fis misaRwevad. maT SeimuSaves genderuli politika da Tavis Tavze aiRes monitoringis funqciebic. sab-Wos SemadgenlobaSi Sedis parlamentis 12 wevri, xolo 29 saqarTvelos kanoni "diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmof-xrvis Sesaxeb" maisi, 2014 w. N2391– IIs 30 arჯevaniZe n. genderuli Tanasworoba – saqarTvelosa da saerTaSoriso kanonmdeblobis mimoxilva. http://css.ge/files/documents/publications/Nargiza_Arjevanidze,_Gender_Equality_-_legislation,_August_2012_Geo.pdf nanaxia (14.02.2015) 31 xomeriki i., ჯavaxiSvili m., abramiSvili T. (2012) genderu-li Tanasworobis sakiTxebi sazogadoebrivi mecnierebebis swavlebisas http://cciir.ge/upload/multi/geo/1355300618_genderuli%20%20tanasworobis%20sakitxebi%202012%20BOLO.pdf

53

sabWos xelmZRvanelobas uwevs parlamentis pirveli vice–spikeri. genderuli Tanasworobis sabWo aqtiu-rad TanamSromlobs sxvadasxva struqturasTan – mTavrobasTan, arasamTavrobo organizaciebTan da sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso organizaciasTan.32

sabWos saqmianobis periodSi, 2014 wlis 24 ianvars, saqarTvelos parlamentma miiRo "saqarTveloSi gen-deruli Tanasworobis politikis ganxorcielebis Ro-nisZiebaTa 2014–2016 wlebis samoqmedo gegmis damtki-cebis Sesaxeb dadgenileba, romelic miznad isaxavda genderuli Tanasworobis xelSewyobas sxvadasxva sfe-roSi. kerZod: adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis, sasჯelaRsrulebisa da penitencialuri, garemos dac-

vis da ჯandacvis sistemebSi. sxvadasxva institutSi genderuli Tanasworobis waxalisebis mizniT, samoqme-do gegmis farglebSi, saqarTveloSi moqmed saminis-

troebs daevalaT, gadaedgaT qmediTi nabiჯebi maT sis-temaSi genderuli balansis uzrunvelsayofad, ris-Tvisac isini miiRebdnen dafinansebas.33

2013 wels saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsSi ganxor-cielebuli cvlilebebiT, TiTqos, moxerxda qveynis SromiT bazarze genderuli Tanasworobis kuTxiT ar-sebuli problemebis daregulireba. gatarebuli cvli-lebebis mixedviT, dauSvebelia nebismieri diskrimina-cia sxvadasxva niSnis — "rasis, kanis feris, enis, eTni-kuri da socialuri kuTvnilebis, erovnebis, warmoSo-bis, qonebrivi da wodebrivi mdgomareobis, sacxovre-

32 samoqalaqo ganaTlebis gzamkvlevi, IFES. 2014. http://cela.ge/ge/system/files/efes_brochure_geo_f.pdf nanaxia (15.12.2014) 33 samoqalaqo ganaTlebis gzamkvlevi, IFES. 2014. http://cela.ge/ge/system/files/efes_brochure_geo_f.pdf nanaxia (15.12.2014)

54

beli adgilis, asakis, seqsualuri orientaciis, SezRu-duli SesaZleblobebis, religiuri an raime gaerTiane-bisadmi, maT Soris, profesiuli kavSirebisadmi, kuT-

vnilebis, oჯaxuri mdgomareobis, politikuri da sxva Sexedulebis gamo."34

organuli kanoniT daregulirda qalisa da mamaka-cis Tanabari xelmisawvdomoba dasaqmebaze winasaxel-Sekrulebo SromiT — samarTlebriv urTierTobebSi; amasTanave, uzrunvelyofil iqna Sromis Tanabari pi-robebi xelSekrulebis dadebis Semdegac.

erTi SexedviT, zemoT aRniSnuli samarTlebrivi aqtebis mimoxilviT, naTlad davinaxeT, rom saqarTve-loSi dRes moqmedi kanonmdebloba, de jure Tvalsazri-siT, aRiarebs sqesTa Soris Tanasworobis princips, Tumca, de facto TvalsazrisiT, genderuli Tanasworo-bis sakiTxi kvlav problemad rCeba.35

genderuli Tanasworobis erovnuli politikis arsebobis miuxedavad, am mimarTulebiT ganxorciele-buli mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi mainc ar SeimCneva.

gaeros ganviTarebis programis 2013 wlis kvlevis mixedviT irkveva, rom wlebis manZilze, sazogadoebis damokidebuleba genderuli Tanasworobis mimarT ar Secvlila. saqarTvelos mosaxleobis 88% miiCnevs, rom kaci unda iyos oჯaxis marCenali. qalebis 62% da kacebis mxolod 37% fiqrobs, rom qali da kaci Tanab-

rad unda iRebdnen gadawyvetilebas oჯaxSi.36

34 saqarTvelos organuli kanoni Sromis kodeqsi 2010 w. 17 dekemberi N4113 35 burousi gr, da sxvani "demokratia da moqalaqeoba" 2011 weli. gv. 214–217 36 UNDP saqarTveloSi. genderuli Tanasworobis xelSewyo-ba saqarTveloSi ( mimoxilva)

55

amasTan, evrokavSiris 2013 wlis angariSSi aRniSnu-lia, rom kulturuli specifikis gaTvaliswinebiT, problemuria qalTa CarTuloba SromiT -samarTlebriv urTierTobebSi, rasac mowmobs dausaqmebel qalTa sak-maod maRali statistikuri maCvenebeli — TiTqmis 75%.37

aseve, sainteresoa qalTa CarTulobis maCvenebe-li politikur asparezze.

2014 wlis monacemebiT, genderuli Tanasworobis mTavar gamowvevad kvlav rCeba qveynis politikur cxovrebaSi qalTa monawileobis dabali maCvenebeli.38

Tuki gadavxedavT statistikas, davinaxavT, rom 2012 wlis saparlamento arCevnebis Sedegad, qalebis mxolod 12% iqna arCeuli; 2013 wlis saprezidento ar-Cevnebis dros 23 saprezidento kandidats Soris mxo-lod sami iyo qali; dResac ki, saqarTvelos mTavrobis SemadgenlobaSi 19 ministridan mxolod 3 qalbatoni ikavebs ministris Tanamdebobas.39

2014 wlis adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis arCev-nebSi amomrCevelTa 51% qali iyo. proporciuli sis-temis safuZvelze, saarCevno siebSi mxolod 33% qali

http://www.ge.undp.org/content/georgia/ka/home/operations/projects/democratic_governance/enhancing-gender-equality-in-georgia/ nanaxia (11.02.2015) 37 kereseliZe T. 2014w. saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis anali-zi– dasaqmebis adgilze sqesis niSnis mixedviT diskrimina-cia da misi samarTlebrivi Sedegebi. Tbilisi: saia. nanaxia (02.01.2015) 38 saqarTvelos saxalxo damcveli nanaxia (2014) genderuli Tanasworoba da qalTa uflebebi http://www.ombudsman.ge/ge/news/genderuli-tanasworoba-da-qalta-uflebebi.page nanaxia (01.02.2015) 39 samoqalaqo ganaTlebis gzamkvlevi, IFES. 2014. http://cela.ge/ge/system/files/efes_brochure_geo_f.pdf nanaxia (15.12.2014)

56

figurirebda. arCevnebis Sedegad ki, adgilobriv TviTmmarTvelobaSi mandatebis mxolod 15% gadana-

wilda qalebze. maჟoritaruli sistemiT, qalebi kandi-

datTa 15% Seadgendnen, gamarჯvebul maჟoritarebs Soris ki mxolod 8% iyo qali.

aRniSnuli maCveneblebi, msoflios nebismier re-gionTan da qveynebis umravlesobasTan SedarebiT, calsaxad Zalian dabalia. amas adasturebs 2014 wlis msoflio monacemebi, sadac Cans, rom parlamentSi qal-Ta raodenobis mixedviT, saqarTvelo 137 qveynidan 107-e adgilzea.40

statistikuri monacemebis gaanalizebis Sedegad, mivalT im logikur daskvnamde, rom qalebi pasiuri xmis uflebas iSviaTad iyeneben da, Sesabamisad, gamarჯveba-sac ufro Znelad aRweven. rac Seexeba sociumSi qalebis mier aqtiuri CarTvisagan TavSekavebas, umetesoba am ga-

remoebas imiT xsnis, rom oჯaxisadmi pasuxismgeblobis maRali grZnobiT arian ganmsWvalulni da politikur cxovrebaSi CaurTveloba oჯaxuri cxovrebis politi-kur karierasTan SeTavsebis sirTuleebs ukavSirdeba. amasTan, miiCneven, rom naklebia politikuri partiebisa Tu sakuTari oჯaxebis mxridan mxardaWerac.41

imisaTvis, rom qveyanaSi realuri cvlilebebi gan-

xorcieldes, aucilebelia qmediTi nabiჯebis gadadgma da genderuli Tanasworobis uzrunvelsayofad gar-kveuli RonisZiebebis gatareba.

40 pataraia b., 2014. kvotebi qalTa politikuri monawileobis gaumჯobesebis efeqturi meTodi. http://blogs.liberali.ge/ge/blog/1874/122280/ nanaxia(11.02.2015) 41 pataraia b., 2014. kvotebi qalTa politikuri monawileobis gaumჯobesebis efeqturi meTodi http://blogs.liberali.ge/ge/blog/1874/122280/ nanaxia ( 11.02.2015)

57

upirveles yovlisa, politikur cxovrebaSi qale-bis aqtiuri CarTulobis misaRwevad da genderuli ba-lansis uzrunvelsayofad, aucilebelia kvotirebis sistemis SemuSaveba.

gaeros qalTa ganviTarebis fondis kvlevis Sede-gad dadginda, rom kvotebis gareSe genderuli Tanas-worobis miRweva ganviTarebad qveynebSi SesaZlebeli mxolod 2047 wlisTvis iqneba, riTac, kidev erTxel ga-esva xazi kvotebis aucileblobas.42

kvota, TavisTavad, gulisxmobs saarCevno siaSi an arCeviT organoSi qalebisTvis gamoyofili adgilebis minimaluri raodenobis gansazRvras 20%-dan 50%-mde.

samwuxaroa, magram bevri moqmedi politikosi ma-makacisTvis kvotirebis sistemis SemoReba maTi poli-tikidan „gaZevebis" instrumentad aRiqmeba da nakle-bad fiqroben imaze, rom politikaSi qalTa raodenobis zrda TiToeuli kaci politikosis donemde ki ar da-dis, aramed mosaxleobis 54%-is interesis asaxvis Se-saZleblobas ukavSirdeba.43

marTalia, saqarTveloSi savaldebulo kvotire-bis sistema ar moqmedebs, magram farTod gamoiyeneba iseTi RonisZiebebi, romelic partiebis finansur waxa-lisebazea orientirebuli. kerZod, 2011 wels moqala-qeTa politikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb kanoniT, parti-ebis finansuri waxalisebis sistema dainerga. partia, romelic proporciuli saarCevno siis yovel aTeulSi or qal kandidats wamoayenebda, sabazo dafinansebis

42 pataraia b., 2014. kvotebi qalTa politikuri monawileo-bis gaumჯobesebis efeqturi meTodi, http://blogs.liberali.ge/ge/blog/1874/122280/ ( 11.02.2015) 43 bagratia T., 2015. davosis forumi, genderuli kvota da politikuri SiSebi — (cxvris wlidan — qalis wlamde) http://reportiori.ge/?menuid=48&id=52602&lang=1 nanaxia (11.02.2015)

58

10%-ian danamats miiRebda. 2014 wels aRniSnuli sa-

biuჯeto waxaliseba gaizarda da yovel aTeulSi sami qali kandidatis wardgenis SemTxvevaSi 30% Seadgina.44

Tumca, miuxedavad amisa, qalTa politikuri Car-Tuloba saqarTveloSi 11%-s mainc ar aRemateba. Sesa-bamisad, finansuri wamaxalisebeli zomebis SemoRebac naklebad muSaobs qveyanaSi. rogorc eqspertTa umrav-lesoba aRniSnavs, aucilebelia savaldebulo kvoti-rebis SemoReba, romelic konkretul ricxvze/procen-tze iqneba fiqsirebuli da ara zogadi xasiaTis.45 Tum-ca, aqac arsebobs garkveuli SiSi imisa, rom politiku-ri partiebi saarCevno siebSi qalTa monawileobiT "ad-gilebis Sevsebaze" iqnebian orientirebulni da ara kvalificiuri kadrebis moZiebaze gadarTulni. swo-red amitom, aucilebelia, mosaxleobis cnobierebis amaRleba da partiebis saarCevno programaSi qalTa sa-Wiroebebis asaxva.

2015 weli, rogorc es saqarTvelos prezidentma giorgi margvelaSvilma aRniSna, gamocxadebulia "qa-lis wlad" da aseve, "qalTa uflebebis dacvis wlad". swored amitom, saWiroa konkretuli qmediTi RonisZi-ebebis ganxorcieleba da qalebis rolis gaZliereba im sociumSi, romelSic isini arseboben.46

44 pataraia b., 2014. kvotebi qalTa politikuri monawileobis gaumჯobesebis efeqturi meTodi http://blogs.liberali.ge/ge/blog/1874/122280/ nanaxia ( 11.02.2015) 45 LIverpress.ge .,2015.MDF: politikuri partiebis saarCevno programaSi qalTa saWiroebebi unda aisaxos, http://www.livepress.ge/ka/site/news/10934/ nanaxia ( 11.02.2015) 46 bagratia T. davosis forumi, genderuli kvota da po-litikuri SiSebi — (cxvris wlidan — qalis wlamde) http://reportiori.ge/?menuid=48&id=52602&lang=1 nanaxia (11.02.2015)

59

daskvna

yovelive zemoT aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, Seg-

viZlia davaskvnaT, rom aucilebelia: 1) ara marto samarTlebrivi normebis SemoReba da

sakanonmdeblo doneze genderuli Tanasworobis dac-va, aramed, yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi sqesTa Soris Ta-nasworobis uzrunvelyofac;

2) nebismieri niSniT diskriminaciis ararseboba; 3) genderul sakiTxebze sazogadoebis cnobiere-

bis amaRleba da sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi qalTa uf-ro meti CarTuloba;

4) politikur sarbielze savaldebulo kvotire-bis sistemis SemoReba da qalebis CarTulobis xelSew-yoba;

da bolos, vfiqrobT, saqarTveloSi genderuli Tanasworobis uzrunvelsayofad, aucilebelia TiToe-uli individis Zalisxmeva, stereotipebis damsxvreva da ჯansaRi sociumis Seqmna. mxolod amis Semdeg Seg-veZleba visaubroT qalisa da mamakacis Tanasworufle-bianobasa da Tanaswor SesaZleblobebze. im sazogadoe-baSi, sadac qalisa da mamakacis Tanasworoba daculia, adamianTa uflebebi da pasuxismgeblobebi sqesis mi-xedviT ar ganisazRvreba.47

47 samoqalaqo ganaTlebis gzamkvlevi, IFES . 2014. http://cela.ge/ge/system/files/efes_brochure_geo_f.pdf nanaxia (15.12.2014)

60

Ketevan Kukhianidze Akaki Tsereteli State University

GENDER EQUALITY IN GEORGIA

‘A lion cub is just as good, be it male or female’ — these genius

words of Shota Rustaveli lay in his immortal work ‘The knight in the panther’s skin’ written in the 12th century and this underlines the fact that men and women are equal in society, where they belong to.

It’s true, that ‘Gender’, with its content, was still a foreign term in the Middle Ages, but reference to equality indicates that thinking about this issue comes from the above mentioned period. Legal regulation of principles of gender equality on the legislative level doesn’t have a long history.

The period of working on gender equality and proper implementation of measures began since Georgia has regained its independence, developed the constitution and joined different international treaties. The right of equality for men and women is guaranteed by The Georgian Constitution on 24 August, 1995. However, the reality in the country and statistical data shows completely different picture of gender equality.

Thus, the aim of this paper is to review the current processes in terms of gender equality and to analyze the current statistics and legislative acts of gender equality in Georgia.

gamoyenebuli literatura

1. pataraia b., 2014. kvotebi — qalTa politikuri mona-

wileobis gaumჯobesebis efeqturi meTodi http://blogs.liberali.ge/ge/blog/1874/122280/

anaxia (11.02.2015)

61

2. Livepress.ge., 2015.MDF: politikuri partiebis saar-Cevno programaSi qalTa saWiroebebi unda aisaxos http://www.livepress.ge/ka/site/news/10934/

nanaxia (11.02.2015) 3. bagratia T. davosis forumi, genderuli kvota da

politikuri SiSebi — (cxvris wlidan — qalis wlam-de) http://reportiori.ge/?menuid=48&id=52602&lang=1 nana-xia (11.02.2015)

4. kereseliZe T. 2014 w. saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis analizi – dasaqmebis adgilze sqesis niSnis mixed-viT diskriminacia da misi samarTlebrivi Sedege-bi. Tbilisi: saia. nanaxia ( 02.01.2015)

5. saqarTvelos saxalxo damcveli ( 2014) genderu-li Tanasworoba da qalTa uflebebi http://www.ombudsman.ge/ge/news/genderuli-tanasworoba-da-qalta-uflebebi.page nanaxia (01.02.2015)

6. samoqalaqo ganaTlebis gzamkvlevi, IFES. 2014 http://cela.ge/ge/system/files/efes_brochure_geo_f.pdf nanaxia (15.12.2014)

7. burousi gr, da sxvani "demokratia da moqalaqeo-ba" 2011 w.

8. UNDP saqarTveloSi. genderuli Tanasworobis xelSewyoba saqarTveloSi(mimoxilva) http://www.ge.undp.org/content/georgia/ka/home/operations/projects/democratic_governance/enhancing-gender-equality-in-georgia/ nanaxia (11.02.2015)

9. saqarTvelos organuli kanoni Sromis kodeqsi 2010 w. 17 dekemberi N4113

10. arჯevaniZe n. genderuli Tanasworoba – saqarTve-losa da saerTaSoriso kanonmdeblobis mimoxilva. http://css.ge/files/documents/publications/Nargiza_Arjevanidze,_

62

Gender_Equality_-_legislation,_August_2012_Geo.pdf nanaxia (14.02.2015)

11. xomeriki i., ჯavaxiSvili m., abramiSvili T. (2012) genderuli Tanasworobis sakiTxebi sazogadoeb-rivi mecnierebebis swavlebisas http://cciir.ge/upload/multi/geo/1355300618_genderuli%20%20tanasworobis%20sakitxebi%202012%20BOLO.pdf

anaxia ( 10.02.2015) 12. ratom eSinia kacs genderuli Tanasworobis?

https://dreamar.wordpress.com/2010/07/10/%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98-%E1%83%97%E1 %83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%AC%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90/ ( 01.01.2015)

13. axalgazrda socialistebi http://www.ysg.ge/?73/147/&pp=25 nanaxia (15/01/2015) 14. adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia-1948

w, 10 dekemberi 15. saqarTvelos kanoni "diskriminaciis yvela formis

aRmofxvris Sesaxeb" maisi, 2014w. N 2391– IIs 16. rexviaSvili l. genderuli Tanasworoba – qarTuli

sazogadoebis Sexedulebebi http://ww.liberali.ge/ge/liberali/articles/112353/ nanaxia (15.12.2014)

63

levan lorTqifaniZe iv. ჯavaxiSvilis saxelobis

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti, magistranti

garemosdacviTi aqtivizmi da

demokratizaciis procesi saqarTveloSi

Sesavali

ekologiuri pasuxismgeblobis Rirebuleba evro-puli qveynebis samoqalaqo cnobierebis erT-erTi um-niSvnelovanesi Semadgeneli nawilia. garemosdacviTi da mdgradi momavlis principebi gadamwyvet rols as-ruleben demokratiuli politikuri sistemebis fun-qcionirebis saqmeSi. xSirad, ekologiuri politikuri ideologiebis aqtualizeba sxvadasxva mowyvladi ჯgu-fis saxelisuflebo doneze dawinaurebis umTavresi winapiroba xdeba xolme.

sazogadoebaSi gaaqtiurebulma „mwvaneTa moZrao-bam“, sabWoTa kavSiris arsebobis ukanasknel periodsa da saqarTvelos damoukideblobis pirvel wlebSi Cveni qveynis demokratizaciis procesSic iTamaSa garkveuli roli. ekologistebis aqtiurobis done saxelmwifos ganviTarebis yvela etapze ganapirobebda politikuri dRis wesrigis Sinaarss.

aqedan gamomdinare, mniSvnelovnad mimaCnia mwvane samoqalaqo aqtivizmisa da demokratizaciis procesis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxTa ganxilva.

naSromis pirvel nawilSi ganvixilavT ekologiz-mis, rogorc politikuri ideologiis ZiriTad maxasia-Teblebs da mTavar samoqmedo debulebebs. SevafasebT ramdenime evropuli „mwvaneTa partiis“ programul prioritetebsa da saxelisuflebo politikuri kurse-bis formirebaze maTi gavlenis xarisxs.

64

amasTanave, SevecdebiT, gamovkveToT saqarTve-los mwvaneTa moZraobis ZiriTadi miRwevebi. ganvsaz-RvroT, ra roli Seasrules maT saqarTvelos pirveli ori mowvevis parlamentis muSaobaSi, ratom moxda sa-moqalaqo moZraobis politikur Zalad gardaqmna. gar-da amisa, gamovyofT qarTvel ekologistTa politiku-ri warumateblobisa da kraxis gamomwvev mizezebs.

naSromis nawili daeTmoba evropuli da qarTuli ekologisturi samoqalaqo aqtivizmis SedarebiT na-wils, gamokveTili iqneba ZiriTadi msgavsebebi da gan-sxvavebebi, romlebic ori sxvadasxva politikuri reჟimis pirobebSi arsebul moZraobebs Soris vlindeba.

aqve, SevecdebiT, aRvweroT saqarTveloSi dRes arsebuli mwvaneTa samoqalaqo da politikuri aqti-vizmis ZiriTadi moTamaSeebi, maTi gavlenis xarisxi da ZiriTadi funqcia, romelic aRniSnul erTeulebs de-mokratizaciis procesSi akisriaT.

ekologizmi, rogorc ideologia

evropaSi ekologiuri Tematikis politikur dRis

wesrigSi damkvidreba 1970-iani wlebidan daiwyo. „mwva-neebis“ gaaqtiureba e.w. „Baby boom-is“ Taobis politi-kur asparezze gamoCenam ganapiroba. 1983 wlamde evro-peli „mwvaneebi“ aTobiT farTomaSstabian demonstra-ciaSi monawileobdnen da uZRvebodnen saprotesto kam-paniebs atomuri eleqtrosadgurebis mSeneblobisa Tu maTi eqspluataciis winaaRmdeg.

1980 wels politikurma moZraobam instituciuri saxe miiRo — qalaq karsrueSi daarsda germaniis mwvane-Ta partia da pirvelive momdevno arCevnebze bundesta-gis mandatebi moipova. cxadia, kenWisyraSi monawileo-bam da politikuri struqturebis Seqmnam saarCevno

65

programisa da samoqmedo principebis Camoyalibeba ga-napiroba. ganvixiloT evropeli „mwvaneebis“ ZiriTadi Rirebulebebi:

1. ekologia da mdgradi ganviTareba bunebrivia, „mwvaneebis“ upirvelesi Rirebuleba

garemos dacvis aucileblobis sakiTxs ukavSirdeba. ekologistebi miiCneven, rom sazogadoebrivi ganviTa-rebis procesis Sedegad, ar unda moxdes garemos gamo-usworebeli dazianeba da bunebrivi resursebis maqsi-maluri aTvisebis politikis ganxorcieleba. aqedan ga-momdinare, isini mxars uWeren mdgradi ganviTarebis ekonomikuri principebis ganxorcielebas.

ra aris mdgradi ganviTareba? cnebis ganmarteba aTasgvari sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT xdeba xolme, Seg-viZlia gamovyoT met-naklebad SeTanxmebuli defini-

ciac: „ekonomikis zrda da ganviTareba ჰarmoniaSi unda iyos bunebriv da socialur garemosTan. sami komponen-tis – ekonomika–sociumi-buneba — cvlilebebis uwyve-ti dinamika unda iyos sasikeTo-optimaluri da ukon-fliqto, socialurad samarTliani da ekologiurad mdgradi48“.

aqedan gamomdinare, yvelaze adreuli „mwvaneTa moZraobebis“ umTavresi moTxovna saxelmwifos mier atomuri energiis gamoyenebaze uaris Tqma da ganaxle-badi energiis mTavar mommaragebel wyarod danergva gaxldaT.

2. pacifizmi da araZaladoba „mwvaneebisTvis“ udavo, universalur Rirebule-

48 adeiSvili, d. (2014); inovaciuri mrewveloba mdgradi ganvi-Tarebis lokomotivi. gazeTi „bankebi da finansebi“.

66

bad aris Camoyalibebuli pacifizmisa da araZaladobis principebi. germaneli ekologistebi am faseulobebis globaluri masStabiT gaziarebas cdiloben. isini ewi-naaRmdegebian nebismier saomar da Zaladobriv kampani-ebs msoflios masStabiT. „mesame samyaros“ qveynebis arademokratiuli samxedro reჟimebis mTavar mowina-aRmdegeebad evropeli ekologistebi miiCnevian. qveya-naTa Soris arsebuli keTilsaimedo urTierTobebis mi-uxedavad, xSirad, isini upirispirdebian mTavrobis po-litikas da mudmivad aprotesteben saudis arabeTSi moqmed „SariaTis principebs“, TurqeTis mTavrobis represiul moqmedebebs garemosdamcvelTa da memar-cxene aqtivistTa winaaRmdeg, egviptesa da iranSi qal-Ta uflebebis darRvevas da a.S.

3-4. feminizmi da bazisuri demokratia „mwvaneTa“ kidev ori sayrdeni Rirebuleba SegviZ-

lia erTad ganvixiloT. partia Camoyalibebisas mxo-lod „axal memarcxeneebsa“ da antiatomuri kampaniis aqtivistebs ar dayrdnobia. mis SemadgenlobaSi femi-nistebi, kerZod ki, qalTa moZraobis meore talRis mo-nawilenic iricxebodnen. ekologistebma TavianT um-niSvnelovanes amocanad pirvelive etapebidanve qalTa emansipacia miiCnies. emansipaciisTvis pirvel nabiჯad ki kidev erTi antielitisturi, antipatriarqaluri politikuri Rirebulebis — sabaziso demokratiis principebis partiis SigniT danergva miiCnies.

germanelma „mwvaneebma“ daadgines e.w „elva Sesak-ravis“ Sidapartiuli regulacia, rac gulisxmobda:

1) qali da mamakaci kandidatebis monacvleoba sa-parlamento siebSi (pirvel adgilas yovelTvis qali)

2) nebismieri partiuli Tanamdebobis or adamian-ze, qalsa da mamakacze gadanawilebis principi.

67

garda amisa, „mwvaneTa partiaSi“ dainerga rotaci-isa da imperatiuli mandatis principi. maSasadame, ne-bismier politikur Tanamdebobaze arCeul pirs or we-liwadSi posti sxva TanapartielisTvis unda daeTmo, politikur institutSi muSaobis dros ki gadawyveti-lebebi partiuli aqtivis miTiTebebis safuZvelze (da ara damoukideblad) unda mieRo. amasTanave, partiis wevrebs ekrZalebodaT ori Tanamdebobis erTdrou-lad dakaveba.49

amgvari mkacri regulaciebi erTaderTi argumen-tiT sabuTdeboda. „mwvaneebi“ upirispirdebodnen tra-diciul partiul elitebsa da istebliSments, romleb-

sac xSirad, gawyvetili ჰqondaT kavSirebi sakuTari organizaciis rigiT wevrebTan da xels uSlidnen maT mobilobas Zalauflebis vertikalis saTaveSi. „mwvane-ebi“ „antipartiul partias“ aSenebdnen.

dRes „mwvaneTa partiaSi“ am wesebidan mxolod gen-deruli kvotis sistema muSaobs, romelic qveynis sxva memarcxene partiebis mieracaa gaziarebuli. „antipar-tiul partiad“ yofnis gamocdileba ufro pragmatuli xedvebiT Seicvala. Tumca, sabaziso demokratia kvlav cocxalia, man sxva saxe miiRo da kvlav sayovelTao Ta-namonawileobis meqanizmze koncentrirdeba. magali-Tad, germaniaSi, pirveli „praimeri“ swored ekologis-tebma Caatares da 2013 wels airCies partiis saarCevno liderebi. paralelurad, mudmivad narCundeba konku-

rencia Sidapartiul ჯgufebsa da fraqciebs Soris.

49 markovici, klavari (2013); ocdaaTi weli bundestagSi: mwvaneebis gavlena germaniis federaciuli respublikis po-litikur kulturasa da sazogadoebriv cxovrebaze, Tbili-si: ჰ. biolis fondis skrb. gv 14-32

68

5. socialuri samarTlianoba evropis mwvaneTa partiebs Soris flagmani orga-

nizacia gaxlavT „gaerTianeba 90/mwvaneebi“, romelic germaniis erT-erTi wamyvani saparlamento Zala gax-lavT. maTi ukanaskneli saarCevno programis analizis safuZvelze SegviZlia visaubroT kidev erT ekologis-tur Rirebulebaze — socialur samarTlianobaze. ma-galiTad: mwvaneTa partia gadasaxadebisa da finansuri urTierTobebis sferoSi srulad iziarebs ZiriTad me-marcxene — centristul idealebs. ekologistebi, so-cialurad samarTliani sazogadoebis Camoyalibebis mizniT, mxars uWeren progresuli gadasaxadebis siste-mis amoqmedebas. partiuli programiT gaTvaliswinebu-lia 60 aTasi evros Semosavlis 45%-iT, xolo 80 aTasi evros Semosavlis 49%-iT dabegvra. mcire mewarmeobis mxardasaWerad, „mwvaneebi“ emxrobian 60 aTas evroze naklebi Semosavlis mqone moqalaqeebis gadasaxadebi-sagan gaTavisuflebas. „BÜNDNIS 90/DIE GRÜNEN“ iT-

xovs memkvidreobis baჟis gaormagebasa da sabanko ope-raciebiT miRebuli mogebisTvis 35%-iani limitis da-wesebas. politikuri organizacia aucileblad miiCnevs energiis Warbad momxmarebeli biznesisTvis SeRavaTe-

bis gauqmebasa da maTTvis ekologiuri sabiuჯeto Sena-

tanebis dakisrebas. gamarჯvebis SemTxvevaSi, partiis wevrebi gansakuTrebul finansur gadasaxadebs Semoi-

Reben saჰaero mimosvlisa da manqanaTmSeneblobis in-dustriis dargebSi.50

mwvaneTa ჯanmrTelobis dacvisa da dazRvevis po-litika koleqtiuri pasuxismgeblobis Rirebulebas

50 lorTqifaniZe l. (mTarg) „gaerTianeba 90/mwvaneebi“ – ger-maniis bundestagis arCevnebi 2013, el. gamocema „saarCevno mimoxilva saqarTvelosTvis“, 2013

69

efuZneba. „mwvane samoqalaqo dazRveva“ iTvaliswinebs erTiani, yvelasTvis saerTo sadazRvevo sistemis for-mirebasa da personaluri dazRvevis akrZalvas. parti-

is wevrTa azriT, sistemis biuჯetis Sevseba unda xde-bodes yvela tipis saSemosavlo gadasaxadiT (qonebis, memkvidreobis, iჯaris da a.S.), xolo 5800 evroze nakle-bi Semosavlis mqone moqalaqeebi unda Tavisuflde-bodnen sadazRvevo finansebis mobilizebis pasuxis-mgeblobisgan. individebisTvis sadazRvevo sistemis biuჯetSi Senatani, sakuTari ekonomikur-materialuri mdgomareobis proporciulad unda ganisazRvrebodes. socialuri solidarobis principebi unda vrceldebo-des sapensio fondebis Camoyalibebis drosac, ris Se-degadac, miRweul unda iqnas 850 evroiani minimaluri pensia.

saqarTvelos mwvaneTa moZraobis istoria da

gavlena demokratizaciis procesze

sabWoTa kavSirSi arakomunisturi samoqalaqo or-

ganizaciebis Camoyalibebas, umTavresad, „perestroi-kisa“ da „glasnostis“ politikam Seuwyo xeli. 1980-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi saqarTveloSic SeiniSneba sa-zogadoebriv-politikuri cxovrebis gamravalferov-nebis tendencia. nacional-patriotuli ganwyobebis mqone disidentebma „ilia WavWavaZis sazogadoeba“ daa-fuZnes, sabWoTa inteligenciisa da akademiuri wreebis sxva warmomadgenlebi ki am moZraobis sapirwoned, „rusTavelis sazogadoebaSi“ gaerTiandnen. swored akaki baqraZis xelmZRvanelobiT moqmed „rusTavelis sazogadoebaSi“, 1988 wlis maisSi, Seiqmna „mwvaneTa moZ-raobis“ pirveli segmenti — ekologiuri asociacia. igi,

70

ZiriTadad, mecnierebsa (givi TumaniSvili, givi gigine-iSvili) da dedamiwis Semswavleli disciplinebis war-

momadgenel studentebs aerTianebda (zurab ჟvania, eTer maisaSvili) da garemosdacviTi problematikis aq-tualizebas isaxavda miznad. qarTveli ekologistebis pirveli farTomasStabiani aqtivoba „transkavkasiuri rkinigzis“ sakiTxs ukavSirdeboda. „mwvaneebi“ proeqts ekologiuri kriteriumebis TvalsazrisiT afasebdnen, sazogadoeba ki mas „axal rokis gvirabad“ aRiqvamda da nacionalisturi perspeqtividan afasebda. maSasadame, am process ver miviCnevT calsaxad „mwvane“ gamosvlad. „ekologiuri asociaciis“ mcirericxvovani, teqnokra-tiuli erTeulidan samoqalaqo moZraobad gardaqmna

zemo svaneTSi „xudonჰesis“ mSeneblobis gegmam da mis winaaRmdeg mimarTulma qmedebebma ganapiroba. 1990 wels „mwvaneTa moZraobis“ safuZvelze iqmneba „mwvane-Ta partia“, romelic „antixudonuri“ protestis ga-

marჯvebis miuxedavad, warumateblad monawileobs 28 oqtombris pirvel mravalpartiul arCevnebSi.

maSasadame, SegviZlia vamtkicoT, rom „mwvaneTa“ moZraoba Tavidanve ar warmoadgenda mravalricxovan sazogadoebriv erTeuls, igi teqnokratiuli ჯgufi gaxldaT, romelic nacionalistur diskursSi cdilob-da ekologiuri Tematikis win wamowevas. misi damouki-

debel moTamaSed Camoyalibeba ki giganturi ჰesebis wi-naaRmdeg warmoebulma kampaniam gansazRvra, rac sakma-risi ar aRmoCnda parlamentSi warmatebis misaRwevad.51

51 beqiSvili da sxv. (2013) saqarTvelo: mwvane politikis is-toria. publikaciis mimoxilva, Tbilisi: ჰ. biolis fondis skrb. gv. 11- 54.

71

1992 wels „mwvaneebma“ saqarTvelos sakanonmdeb-lo organoSi mandatebis mopoveba moaxerxes. saparla-mento moRvaweobisas, qarTveli ekologistebi, Tavian-Ti evropeli kolegebisgan gansxvavebiT, ar cdilob-dnen socialuri samarTlianobis, feminizmis, sabaziso demokratiis principebis Cvens politikur sivrceSi adaptacias, maT kombinacias garemosdacviT problema-

tikasTan. Sidapartiuli msჯelobis mTavari Tema ssrk-s sagareo saqmeTa eqs-ministr SevardnaZis mxardamWer blokSi Sesvla-arSesvlis sakiTxi gaxldaT.

1993 wels parlamentis Tavmჯdomaris, eduard Se-vardnaZis TaosnobiT, iqmneba axali, ukiduresad ek-leqturi gaerTianeba „saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa kavSi-ri“ (smk), romlis SemadgenlobaSi „mwvaneTa partiis“ liderebic (zurab ჟvania, rezo adamia da a.S.) Cairic-xnen. am droidan, qarTuli politikis „mwvane“ flangze iwyeba ori urTierTgamiჯnuli segmentis Camoyalibeba:

1) „mwvaneTa partia“, romelic smk-sgan met-nakle-bad distancirebul politikosebs aerTianebda;

2) „mwvaneTa moZraoba“, romelSic upartioebi da „mwvane identobis“ SenarCunebis survilis mqone smk-is wevrebi darCnen.

smk-Si gadasulma „mwvaneebma“ maleve moaxerxes umaRlesi politikuri Tanamdebobebis dakaveba — 1995 wels zurab ჟvania parlamentis Tavmჯdomared airCies.

1992-1999 wlebSi „mwvaneTa partiis“ erTaderTi politikuri funqcia ekologiuri kanonmdeblobis Ca-moyalibeba gaxda. gaerTianebis wevrebis saparlamento muSaobis Sedegad, Seiqmna rigi axali kanonebi (daculi teritoriebis Sesaxeb, ekologiuri eqspertizis Sesa-xeb, resursebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb, konstituciis 37-e muxli da a.S.). progresuli iuridiuli bazis Seqmnis mi-

72

uxedavad, misi realuri ganxorcieleba yovelTvis garTulebuli iyo. xSirad, Tavad „mwvaneTa partiis“ yofili wevrebi uwyobdnen xels ekologiuri regula-ciebis ugulvebelyofas (yulevis terminalis magali-Ti), moqmedi „mwvaneebi“ ki efeqturi kampaniebiT ver upirispirdebodnen Zveli megobrebis mier miRebul ga-dawyvetilebebs.52

1999 wlidan „mwvaneTa partia“ rigiT marginalur, gavlenis armqone arasaparlamento Zalad gardaiqmna, romelic kvlav mxolod ekologiur Tematikaze amaxvi-lebda yuradRebas da dauzustebeli skandaluri in-formaciebis gavrcelebiT cdilobda yuradRebis mip-yrobas.

SegviZlia gamovyoT „saqarTvelos mwvaneTa par-tiis“ warumateblobis mTavari mizezebi:

- 1990-ian wlebis saqarTveloSi formirebuli postsabWoTa avtoritaruli reჟimi;

- sazogadoebaSi arsebuli mZime socialuri mdgomareoba;

- „mwvaneTa partiis“ mier memarcxene-ekologis-turi platformis ignorireba organizaciis ganviTa-rebis yvela ZiriTad etapze;

- gaerTianebis Tavdapirvelma liderebma „mwva-neTa moZraoba“ socialuri da politikuri kapitalis dasagroveblad gamoiyenes. maT, maRali Tanamdebobe-bis dakavebis mizniT, pirvelive SesaZleblobisTanave datoves partia (ideologiuri kompromisi Zalaufle-bis sanacvlod). saxelisuflebo ierarqiis umaRlesi

52 beqiSvili da sxv. (2013) saqarTvelo: mwvane politikis is-toria. publikaciis mimoxilva, Tbilisi: ჰ. biolis fondis skrb. gv 55-61

73

safexurebidan ki mxolod iribad moaxerxes ekologiu-ri kanonmdeblobis Camoyalibebis xelSewyoba;

- mTavrobisa da investoris mier garemosdacvi-Ti regulaciebis darRvevis sawinaaRmdegod warmoebu-li qaoturi, impulsuri, araTanmimdevruli kampaniebi;

- emociuri urTierTmimarTebebi partiis yofil da moqmed wevrebs Soris, rac maT politikur diskusi-as aferxebda (Zveli megobrebi eridebodnen erTmane-Tis mZafr kritikas).

„mwvaneebi“ dRes

saqarTvelos sazogadoebriv-politikuri cxovre-bis ekologisturi flangi dRes danawevrebulia da ramdenime sxvadasxva mimarTulebis ჯgufisgan Sedgeba.

kerZod, „saqarTvelos mwvaneTa moZraobis“ daS-lis safuZvelze warmoiqmna arasamTavrobo organiza-cia „saqarTvelos mwvaneTa moZraoba — dedamiwis me-gobrebi“, romelic, ZiriTadad, orientirebulia sag-ranto proeqtebze da misgan gamomdinare samoqalaqo aqtivizmze. „mwvaneTa“ ideologiis sxva punqtebi orga-nizaciis samuSao gegmebSi gaTvaliswinebuli ar aris.

mesame seqtorSi profesionaluri ekologiuri sa-

konsultacio ჯgufis pozicias ikavebs asociacia „mwvane alternativa“. aRniSnuli gaerTianeba ufro aq-tiurad aris CarTuli ekologiuri safrTxis Semcveli iniciativebis sawinaaRmdego saprotesto aqtivizmSi, amasTanave, fasilitacias uwevs analogiuri mimarTu-

lebiT momuSave axalgazrdul ჯgufebs. feminizmis, socialuri samarTlianobis, bazisuri demokratiisa da pacifizmis principebi arc am asociaciis dokumenteb-Sia deklarirebuli.

74

partiul-politikur velze ekologisturi ideo-logiis erTaderTi warmomadgeneli saqarTvelos mwva-neTa partiaa, romelic kvlav rCeba oTxmocdaaTiani wlebis politikuri strategiis gamtareblad. isic ugulebelyofs Tavissave SemuSavebul ekonomikur doqtrinas,53 evropel mwvaneTa poziciebsa da ZiriTad principebs. „mwvaneebis“ politikuri mizani kvlavac mxolod Tanamdebobebis dakavebaa. mwvaneTa partiis axalgazrduli frTa ki gansxvavebul platformaze dgas, iziarebs Tanamedrove tendenciebs da warumateb-lad cdilobs „deda partiis“ gardaqmnas.

mocemul fonze, Camoyalibebas iwyebs damoukide-beli, memarcxene-ekologistur platformaze myofi studenturi moZraoba, romelic evropuli ekologiz-mis yvela principis Tanamedrove realobaSi adaptire-bas cdilobs.

Levan Lortkhiphanidze Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University

MA student

ENVIRONMENTAL ACTIVISM AND PROCESS OF DEMOCRATIZATION IN GEORGIA

In the article on "Environmental Activism and the Process of

Democratization in Georgia" one finds the description of the main characteristics of ecology as a political ideology. Moreover, also reviewed are the main reasons of the development and success of the European "green movement." A particular emphasis is placed on the

53 mwvane ekonomikuri doqtrinisTvis (Tezisebi), gazeTi “de-damiwa”, 1990

75

role performed by ecologists in the process of the democratization of independent Georgia and on their positions in contemporary political process.

gamoyenebuli literatura

1. mwvane ekonomikuri doqtrinisTvis (Tezisebi), ga-zeTi “dedamiwa”, 1990

2. adeiSvili d. (2014); inovaciuri mrewveloba mdgra-di ganviTarebis lokomotivi. gazeTi „bankebi da fi-nansebi“.

3. beqiSvili da sxv. (2013) saqarTvelo: mwvane politi-

kis istoria. publikaciis mimoxilva, Tbilisi: ჰ. bi-olis fondis skrb.

4. lorTqifaniZe l. (mTarg) „gaerTianeba 90/mwvaneebi“ – germaniis bundestagis arCevnebi 2013, el. gamoce-ma „saarCevno mimoxilva saqarTvelosTvis“, 2013 http://electoralreview.wordpress.com/2013/09/08/bundnis-90die-grunen/ nanaxia 20.07.2014

5. markovici, klavari (2013); ocdaaTi weli bundestag-Si: mwvaneebis gavlena germaniis federaciuli res-publikis politikur kulturasa da sazogadoebriv cxovrebaze, Tbilisi: ჰ. biolis fondis skrb.

76

giorgi munჯiSvili iv. ჯavaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis

saxelmwifo universiteti, studenti

arasamTavrobo seqtoris, rogorc

samoqalaqo sazogadoebis umniSvnelovanesi

nawilis funqciebi, mniSvneloba da

perspeqtivebi saqarTveloSi

samoqalaqo sazogadoeba — es aris moqalaqeTa er-

Tgvari erToba, romlis saqmianoba Tavisufalia saxel-mwifos mxridan pirdapiri Carevisa da reglamentaciis-gan. rogorc amerikeli mecnieri l. daimondi sakuTar statiaSi aRniSnavs, ”samoqalaqo sazogadoeba aris or-ganizebuli sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sfero, rome-lic nebayoflobiTia, TviTwarmoqmnadi, TviTganviTa-rebadi, saxelmwifosgan avtonomiuri da Sekrulia sa-kanonmdeblo wesrigiT an gaziarebul wesTa erTobli-obiT.”54 samoqalaqo sazogadoeba aris Sualeduri war-monaqmni, romelsac kerZo cxovrebis sferosa da sa-xelmwifos Soris ukavia adgili. samoqalaqo sazogado-eba zRudavs saxelmwifo xelisuflebas da, xSirad, Tu es xelisufleba kanonis uzenaesobazea dafuZnebuli, legitimur xasiaTsac aniWebs mas. samoqalaqo sazoga-doeba Sedgeba rogorc formaluri, ise araformaluri ჯgufebisgan. vfiqrobT, calke gamoyofas imsaxurebs arasamTavrobo organizaciebi, e.w. ”mesame seqtori”. Tumca, sainteresoa, Tu ramdenad srulad asruleben isini saqarTveloSi im funqciebs, romelic zogadad,

54 Jonathan Wheatley, Civil Society in the Caucasus: Myth and Reality, cau-casus analytical digest 12/10, Zurich, http://www.css.ethz.ch/publications/pdfs/CAD-12-2-6.pdf nanaxia (10. 09. 2015)

77

samoqalaqo sazogadoebas ekisreba da ramdenad aqtiur muSaobas ewevian sxvadasxva problemis irgvliv; damo-ukidebelia Tu ara maTi moRvaweoba da Tu akmayofile-ben iseT ZiriTad kriteriumebs, rogorebicaa TviT-mmarTveloba, damoukidebloba, miznebisTvis gaerTia-neba da ”brZola” arsebulis gamosasworeblad. samoqa-laqo sazogadoebis arseboba metad mniSvnelovania de-mokratiuli ganviTarebisTvis da xSirad, swored igi miiCneva qveynis demokratiuli ganviTarebis winapiro-

badac. samoqalaqo sazogadoeba lokTan, ჰobsTan, fer-giusonTan da axali periodis filosofosebTan ”poli-tikuri sazogadoebis” sinonimadac gaigeba da kanonis farglebSi gaerTianebul sazogadoebad aRiqmeba.

erT-erTi pirveli, vinc samoqalaqo sazogadoebas, rogorc termins, Tanamedrove mniSvneloba mianiWa, iyo ჰegeli. ჰegeli ”samoqalaqo sazogadoebiT” aRniSnavda adamianTa arapolitikur gaerTianebebs, romlebic in-dividTa mravalferovani interesebis dakmayofilebis-

ken iyo mimarTuli. ჰegelis warmodgeniT, samoqalaqo sazogadoeba oჯaxsa da saxelmwifos Soris dgas. igi aris organizaciebis an institutebis erToblioba, ro-melic qveyanaSi im sxvadasxva saxis samuSaos asrulebs, rasac ver an ar asrulebs mTavroba. aqedan gamomdina-re, gasagebia, rom samoqalaqo sazogadoebis arseboba misi moqalaqeebis aqtiurobis mniSvnelovani maCvenebe-lia da mTliani sazogadoebis dinamiurobasa da Semoq-medebiTobaze miuTiTebs. samoqalaqo sazogadoebis in-stitutebs Soris aTavseben iseT nebayoflobiT gaer-Tianebebs, rogoricaa saqvelmoqmedo organizaciebi, komunaluri fondebi, kooperativebi, garemosdacviTi organizaciebi, profesiuli asociaciebi, religiuri ჯgufebi, samoqalaqo klubebi, samoqalaqo milicia, akademiuri gaerTianebebi da a.S.

78

sabWoTa kavSiris periodSi samoqalaqo sazoga-doeba, realurad, ar arsebobda. Sesabamisad, postsab-Wouri periodis saqarTvelos, am mxriv, sakmaod mZime memkvidreoba ergo wilad. ssrk–s daSlis Semdeg, saqar-TveloSi dasavluri organizaciebisa da saxelmwifoe-bis mxardaWeriT Camoyalibda arasamTavrobo organi-

zaciebi, romlebsac ჯansaRi samoqalaqo sazogadoebis CamoyalibebisTvis unda SeewyoT xeli. misabaZi orien-tiri ganviTarebuli dasavluri samoqalaqo kultura unda yofiliyo. swored aqedan gamomdinare, Cems mTa-var sakvlev Temas warmoadgens arasamTavrobo organi-zaciebis damoukidebeli da aqtiuri muSaoba, perspeq-tivebi, romelic maT gaaCniaT da movaleobebi, romel-sac unda asrulebdnen. arasamTavrobo organizaciebis damoukideblobis mTavar pirobas warmoadgens maTi damokidebuleba ucxoeli donorebis dafinansebaze. isini ver iReben mTavrobis, adgilobrivi biznesisa da sakuTari wevrebisgan finansur mxardaWeras. arasam-Tavrobo organizaciebis angariSvaldebulebisa da gamWvirvalobis uzrunvelmyofi meqanizmebi sustia, xolo keTilsindisierebis uzrunvelmyofi meqanizme-bi, magaliTad, saerTo qcevis kodeqsi — saerTod ar ar-sebobs. swored amitom, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis or-ganizaciebis mier mTavrobis politikis formulireba-ze, saxelmwifo xelisuflebis meqanizmebis araswor muSaobaze da Zalauflebis gadametebaze gavlenis Se-saZleblobebi izRudeba. amis mizezi, rogorc Sida ara-samTavrobo organizaciebSi arsebuli Sida probleme-bi, aseve, mosaxleobis ndobis da mxardaWeris arcTu ise maRali xarisxia. sazogadoebaSi sakmaod myarad fesvgadgmulia arasamTavrobo seqtoris da, zogadad, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis sxva organizaciebisa da ჯgufebis mimarT stereotipuli azrovneba. Tumca, am

79

stereotipebis SeqmnaSi, xSirad, didi wvlili Tavad organizaciebs miuZRviT. msgavsi mosazrebis gamoTqmis safuZvels Semdegi monacemebi gvaZlevs: saerTaSoriso gamWvirvaloba saqarTvelos kvlevebiT, 2011 wlis mo-nacemebiT, saqarTveloSi 10 000 registrirebulo or-ganizaciaa, romelTagan mxolod 10%-ia moqmedi, xolo danarCeni organizaciebis moqmedebis periods da mTa-var mizans mxolod erTi grantis miReba da gamoyeneba warmoadgens. arasamTavrobo organizaciebis msgavs mravalricxovanebas xels uwyobs erTi mxriv, arasam-Tavrobo organizaciis Seqmnis sakmaod gamartivebuli meqanizmebi — sakmarisia saჯaro reestrSi erTdRiani proceduris gavla da 100 lariani gadasaxadis gadaxda; meore mxriv ki, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis gaZlierebisa da realurad dakisrebuli amocanebis Sesrulebis nac-vlad am organizaciebis mier finansebze orientireba.

samoqalaqo sazogadoebis organizaciebis Sem-TxvevaSi, arsebobs mkveTrad gamokveTili kidev ramde-nime mniSvnelovani problema: finansuri damokidebu-leba — organizaciebis damokidebuleba mxolod gran-tebze, alternatiuli warmoebis meTodebis arqona, romelic saSualebas miscems organizaciebs, Tavidan aicilon subieqturi da finansuri interesebi; organi-zaciebis koncentrireba mxolod dedaqalaqSi da nak-lebi resursis mimarTva regionebSi; Tumca, yvelaze mniSvnelovan problemad, albaT, mosaxleobis, qveynis inteleqtualuri nawilis naklebi rwmena da arasamTav-robo seqtoris saqmianobaSi Caurevloba unda miviCni-oT, rasac, Tavis mxriv, Sedegad naklebi TanamSromlo-ba da naklebi aqtivoba moaqvs. ra ganapirobebs mxolod saerTaSoriso grantebze damokidebulebas? arsebuli kanonmdeblobiT, samoqalaqo-sazogadoebrivi organi-zaciebi mTeli rigi SeRavaTebiT sargebloben, Tumca, miuxedavad amisa, maT mier komerciuli saqmianobidan

80

miRebuli mogeba ibegreba saerTo wesebiT, arakomer-ciuli saqmianobidan miRebuli fuladi saxsrebi ki, rogoricaa grantebi, Semowirulobebi da sawevro Sena-tanebi, mogebis gadasaxadisgan Tavisufalia (xelfase-bi am tipiT miRebuli Semosavlebidanac ibegreba), xo-lo sagranto xelSekrulebis farglebSi importirebu-li saqoneli damatebiTi Rirebulebis gadasaxadiT ar ibegreba. samoqalaqo-sazogadoebrivi organizaciebi aseve, gaTavisuflebulni arian qonebis gadasaxadis-gan, Tu qoneba ekonomikuri saqmianobisTvis ar gamoi-yeneba.

kanonmdebloba samoqalaqo-sazogadoebrivi orga-nizaciebis finansur saqmianobas araviTar mniSvnelo-van dabrkolebas ar uqmnis, Tumca, arc daxmarebas sTa-vazobs. miuxedavad imisa, rom ucxouri wyaroebidan mi-

Rebul dafinansebaze SeRavaTiani sagadasaxado reჟimi vrceldeba, Sida qvelmoqmedebis mastimulirebeli faqtorebi sustia. aqedan gamomdinare, ar arsebobs stimuli, romelic adgilobriv kerZo Tu iuridiul pirs arasamTavrobo seqtorisTvis daxmarebis gawevis-ken ubiZgebs. erTaderT gamosavlad, transformirebis saSualebad da, Sesabamisad, finansuri damoukideblo-bis misaRwevad, socialuri mewarmeobis tipze gadas-vla gvesaxeba, rac gacilebiT ufro perspeqtiulia, Tu am tipis Semosavlebze sagadasaxado sistemaSi SeRava-Tebi iqneba gaTvaliswinebuli.

ra aris socialuri mewarmeoba da ra Sedegis mota-na SeuZlia mas? socialuri mewarmeoba, xSirad, Cveu-lebriv arasamTavrobo organizaciebSi erevaT. maT So-ris umTavresi gansxvaveba Semosavlis miRebis modelia. arasamTavrobo organizaciebi, ZiriTadad, damokide-bulni arian Semowirulobebsa da grantebze, saqarTve-loSi ki — saerTaSoriso grantebze. situacias kidev

81

ufro metad amZimebs is, rom araTu organizaciis Sig-niT, aramed, Tavad qveynis SigniTac ki ar moiZebneba realuri resursebi. Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom ara-

samTavroboTa nawilma garkveuli nabiჯebi gadadga, raTa sakuTari Semosavlis wyaro ჰqonoda da am mimar-TulebiT zrdis perspetivac arsebobs.

arasamTavrobo organizacia, romelic socialur mewarmeobas eweva, meore mxriv, naklebad damokidebu-li xdeba donor fondebze, radgan Tavad qmnis mdgrad socialur programebs. socialuri sawarmo investire-bas sakuTari riskebiT axdens da generirebas ukeTebs Semosavlebs, raTa sakuTari organizacia mdgradi da damoukidebeli gaxados.

socialuri mewarmeoba, am yvelafridan gamomdina-re, upirveles yovlisa, aris biznesi da mas aqvs Semo-savlis miRebis mudmivi wyaro. iseve rogorc sxva nebis-mieri kompania — is iRebs kreditebs, izidavs investi-ciebs, partniorul urTierTobebs amyarebs sxva orga-nizaciebTan da afarToebs sakuTar biznes- saqmiano-bas. maSin, roca arasamTavrobo organizaciis mTavar mizans socialuri Rirebulebebis Seqmna warmoadgens, socialur mewareobas garkveuli finansuri da socia-luri miznebi aqvs, Tumca ki, prioriteti mainc socia-luri sferoa. ekonomikuri mizani mxolod saSualebaa, raTa socialurma sawarmom SeZlos sakuTari socialu-ri miznebis ganxorcieleba. aqedan gamomdinare, SeiZ-leba iTqvas, rom socialuri sawarmos mogeba ar izome-ba finansuri warmatebebiT. gacilebiT ufro mniSvne-lovania misi wvlili im socialuri problemebis mogva-rebaSi, risTvisac is aris Seqmnili. agreTve, mniSvne-lovani Tviseba, romelic socialur sawarmos ganasxva-vebs biznesisgan, aris xmis micema — socialur sawarmo-Si yvela wevrs Tanabari xmis micemis ufleba gaaCnia.

82

sazogadoebrivi organizaciebis mier samewarmeo saqmianobiT daintereseba ramdenime mizeziTaa ganpi-robebuli:

1) fondebis moZiebasTan dakavSirebuli sirTule-ebi sul ufro mzardi konkurenciis pirobebSi. aseT pi-robebSi, socialuri sawarmoebi warmoqmnian resursebs mdgradi ganviTarebisTvis;

2) samewarmeo saqmianoba xels uwyobs organizaci-ebs misiis ufro srulad Sesrulebasa da grZelvadiani miznebis ganxorcielebaSi;

3) gamomuSavebuli Semosavali programebs met moq-nilobas aniWebs da axal programebSi SezRudvebis ga-reSe investirebis wyaros warmoadgens;

4) exmareba organizaciebs, ufro metad darCnen misiaze orientirebulni da ar mouxdeT mimarTulebe-bis mudmivad cvla donorTa moTxovnebis Sesabamisad.

am mniSvnelovani problemebidan gamomdinare, rac saqarTveloSi arasamTavrobo organizaciebs aqvT, ro-ca, realurad, ar arsebobs socialuri mewarmeobis ga-

marTuli tradiciebi, ჯerჯerobiT, perspeqtivebi sus-tia. samoqalaqo sazogadoebas ar gaaCnia saSualeba, Se-asrulos is qmediTi funqciebi, romelsac is dasav-lur, ganviTarebul evropul qveynebSi asrulebs: dei-deologizacia da TviTmmarTveloba. mocemuli prob-lemebiT moqalaqeebis sakmaod mcire nawilia dainte-resebuli da am kuTxiT, TanaSromlobis xarisxic daba-lia. aseve, naklebia finansuri resursebic. saWiroa da-moukidebeli finansebis moZieba da TviTorganizebis doneze gadasvla, rac, Tavis mxriv, gazrdis efeqtu-rad moqmedi organizaciebis ricxvs. Sedegad, gaizrde-ba sazogadoebriv saqmianobaSi CarTuli aqtiuri mo-saxleobis wili da samoqalaqo sazogadoeba daemsgav-

83

seba mZlavr da mzard meqanizms. igi mogvevlineba erTi mxriv, realur Suamavlad xelisuflebasa da moqalaqe-ebs Soris da, meore mxriv, xelisuflebis Semakavebel da gavlenis mqone meqanizmad — es ki demokratiuli sa-xelmwifos mSeneblobis umTavresi winapirobaa.

Giorgi Munjishvili

Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University BA student

NGO-AS THE MAIN PART OF CIVIL SOCIETY:

FUNCTIONS, MEANING AND PERSPECTIVES IN GEORGIA

Civil society is the unity of citizens, whose activity is free from

direct regulations and intervention by the government. Civil society is the field of a public life, which is optional, self-developed and autonomous. Civil society is intermediate formation, which occupies a place in the field between private life and the state. Civil society consists of both formal and non-formal groups, especially non-governmental organizations, so-called “third sector”, which has the most important role in civil life. Therefore, it is interesting how actively they perform their functions in Georgia, how actively are they working on problems, how independent they are, do they meet their basic criteria, such as: governance, independence, unity and purpose to fight against problems.

Main problem for non-governmental organizations is financial independence. They cannot get governmental and local business financial support, so they depend only on foreign donors. There is no experience of social entrepreneurship in Georgia, which can play the key role for financial guarantee. Non-governmental organizations,

84

which are engaged in social entrepreneurship, on the other hand are less dependent on donor funds, because they can create social programs, which are sustainable. Social enterprises invest own risks and generate own incomes. First of all it is business, which has permanent source of income, as well as any other company, it takes credits, attracts investments, partners with other organizations, but for social entrepreneurship priority goal is social. The economic aspects help social enterprisers to manage their social goals.

gamoyenebuli literatura:

1. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi, miRebulia 1997 wlis 26 ivniss, muxlebi 29–31.

2. saqarTvelos konstitucia, miRebulia 1995 wlis 24 agvistos, muxli 24, I punqti.

3. USAID, 2008 NGO Sustainability Index for Central and Eastern Europe and Eurasia (Washington: U.S. Agency for International Development

4. Center for Strategic Research and Development, Civil Society Organizations in Georgia – Dynamics and Trends of Development – 2010 [in Georgian with English summary

85

qeTevan muxiguli kavkasiis universiteti

saqarTvelos umaRlesi ganaTlebis

dawesebulebebSi socialuri

mecnierebebis sferoSi kvlevis

xelSewyobis saSualebebis analizi

1918 wlis 26 maiss saqarTvelos erovnulma sabWom

TbilisSi saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideb-lobis aqts moawera xeli. Cveni qveynis damoukideblo-ba evropis bevrma wamyvanma qveyanam scno. 1921 wlis Te-bervalSi, sul raRac sam weliwadSi, saxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba sabWoTa ruseTis mier saqarTvelos okupaciam Sewyvita. qveynis xelisufleba iZulebiT emigraciaSi gaemgzavra. qveyanaSi komunisturi diqta-tura damyarda. mxolod 70 wlis Semdeg SeZlo qar-Tvelma xalxma dakarguli Tavisuflebis mopoveba. 1991 wlis 9 aprils saqarTvelom saxelmwifoebrivi damou-kidebloba aRidgina.

damoukdeblobis mopovebis Semdeg, gasuli sauku-nis 90-iani wlebidan moyolebuli, qveyanam axali saxel-mwifos mSenebloba daiwyo, rac yvela sferoSi (maT So-ris ganaTlebis sferoSi) axali xedvis Camoyalibebas moiTxovda. masStaburi reformebi ganxorcielda ga-naTlebis sistemaSic. 2005 wels, bergenis samitze, sa-qarTvelo boloniis process SeuerTda, ramac qveyana axali gamowvevebis winaSe daayena.

yvela qarTulma umaRlesma saganmanaTleblo da-wesebulebam danerga sametapiani saganmanaTleblo struqtura da xarisxis marTvis sistema, romelic See-sabameboda boloniis procesis moTxovnebs. 2004 wels saqarTvelom miiRo kanoni umaRlesi ganaTlebis Sesa-

86

xeb. kanonis Tanaxmad, sistematuri Sefasebisa da ga-

umჯobesebisTvis, mTavar miznad ganisazRvra universi-tetebis bazaze, instituciur doneze arsebuli xaris-xis uzrunvelyofis samsaxuris meSveobiT personalis kvalifikaciis amaRleba. umaRlesi ganaTlebis siste-mis meore did gamowvevas swavlebisa da kvlevis integ-racia warmoadgenda. sabWoTa memkvidreobis fonze, rodesac universitetebi mxolod swavlebiT iyvnen da-kavebulni, xolo kvleva mTlianad mecnierebaTa erov-nuli akademiis prerogativa iyo, Tanamedrove univer-sitetebma ver SeZles srulad gamoeyenebinaT sakuTari finansuri da adamianuri resursebi, rac kvlevisa da swavlebis Serwymas ufro waarmatebuls gaxdida. qar-Tuli universitetebis mniSvnelovani miRwevaa, rom maT moaxerxes sabWoTa periodisTvis damaxasiaTebeli centralizebuli marTvis sistemis ufro avtonomiur da dinamikur marTvis sistemad gardaqmna. miuxedavad amisa, qarTuli umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo dawesebu-lebebi mainc bevri problemis winaSe dganan, radgan maT saerTaSoriso da globaluri umaRlesi ganaTlebis mzardi sistemisTvis fexis awyoba uwevT.

damoukideblobis mopovebidan 23 wlis Semdeg, Cve-ni kvlevis mizania saqarTvelos umaRles saganmanaT-leblo dawesebulebebSi socialuri mecnierebebis mi-marTulebiT kvlevebis ararsebobis mizezebis analizi, socialuri mecnierebis kvlevebis xelSewyoba da sa-qarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministros, saparlamento komitetis, donori organizaciebis, umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebisa da aka-demiuri kvleviTi institutebisTvis strategiuli re-komendaciebis SemuSaveba.

saqarTveloSi socialur mecnierebebs arsebobis arcTu didi xnis tradiciebi gaaCnia (erTeuli mimar-

87

Tulebebis garda, mag: fsiqologia, ჟurnalistika). am mxriv, zogadad, mecnierebebis kvlevis problemebs so-cialur mecnierebebSi tradiciebisa da gamocdilebis deficitic emateba. Cvens realur yofaSi, mecnierebas samecniero problematikis kvlevisa da gadaWris gzaze udides dabrkolebad socialuri problemebi evlineba. finansebis simcire erT-erT udides problemad miiCne-va rogorc sxva mecnierebebisTvis, aseve socialuri mecnierebebisTvisac. Tumca, finansuri resursebis nakleboba araa misi ganviTarebis erTaderTi damab-rkolebeli faqtori.

kvleva ganxorcielda 2014 wlis marti–maisis peri-odSi reformebis asociaciis GRASS-is mkvlevrebis mi-er aRmosavleT-dasavleTis marTvis institutis (EWMI) saჯaro politikis, advokatirebisa da samoqa-laqo sazogadoebis ganviTarebis programis (G-PAC) farglebSi, romelic dafinansebulia amerikeli xal-xis, konkretulad ki, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saagentos (USAID) mier.

periodi moicavda 2010- 2013 wlebs. kvlevaSi mona-wileobda saqarTvelos 14 umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo dawesebuleba.

88

cxrili 1. saqarTvelos 14 univeristetSi socia-lur mecnierebaTa sferoSi moRvawe profesorebisa da TanamSromlebis raodenoba (2013). N universitetis

dasaxeleba profeso-

rebis rao-denoba

respoden-tebis rao-

denoba

TanamSrom-lobis

maCvenebeli 1 Tbilisis saxelmwi-

fo universiteti 93 72

76% 2 ilias saxelmwifo

universiteti 46 35

77% 3 sazogadoebriv

saqmeTa institu-ti (GIPA) 34 16

47%

4 kavkasiis univer-siteti 32 16

50%

5 quTaisis saxel-mwifo universi-teti 32 32

100%

6 baTumis saxelmwi-fo universiteti 28 15

54%

7 saqarTvelos teq-nikuri universi-teti 26 20

77%

8 Savi zRvis uni-versiteti 25 12

48%

9 gr. robaqiZis uni-versiteti 20 13

65%

saqarTvelos uni-versiteti 16 7

44%

Telavis saxel-mwifo universi-teti

13

6

46%

Tavisufali uni-versiteti

11

8

73%

goris saxelmwifouniversiteti

7

7

100%

amerikuli ჰumani-taruli universi-teti

3

3

100%

386 278 72%

89

kvleva ganxorcilelda rogorc Tvisebrivi, ase-ve raodenobrivi kvlevis meTodebis gamoyenebiT.

sakvlevi instrumentebi: meoradi wyaroebis ana-

lizi, diskusiebi fokus ჯgufebSi, siRrmiseuli inter-viuebi, internetSi ganTavsebuli samecniero monaceme-bis analizi da akademiuri personalis gamokiTxva.

kvlevis analizi da SemuSavebuli rekomendaciebi saqarTvelos reformebis asociaciis (GRASS) mier warmodgenilia politikis dokumentSi (2014). winamde-bare statiis mizani ki kvlevis periodSi gamokveTili ramdenime mniSvnelovani sakiTxis gacnobaa. Temis naT-lad gagebaSi mcire statistikuri monacemebi dagvexma-reba.

ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministros mier sa-qarTveloSi avtorizebuli 57 umaRlesi saganmanaT-leblo dawesebulebaa. aqedan, 64% ganTavsebulia de-daqalaqSi, TbilisSi. avtorizebuli umaRles saswav-lebelebis mxolod 35% -ia saxelmwifo.

0%0%

სახელმწი-ფო

35%

კერძო65%

57 saswavleblidan 28 aris kvleviTi universiteti, romelic umaRlesi ganaTlebis samive safexurs (baka-lavriati, magistratura, doqtorantura) axorcie-

90

lebs, xolo danarCen 29 dawesebulebas saswavlo uni-versitetis statusi aqvs.

0%0%

კვლევითი49%

სასწავლო51%

saqarTveloSi socialuri mecnierebebis dargSi

kvlevis mdgomareobis gansasazRvrad — socialur mec-nierebebSi universitetebis profesorTa im publika-ciebis raodenobis dasadgenad, romlebsac samecniero Rirebuleba gaaCnia — gamoviyeneT sami meTodi: skopu-sis (SCOPUS) monacemTa baza, gugl sqolari (Google Scholar) da grasis indeqsi (GRASS INDEX).

profesorebis mier dasaxelebuli publikaciebis saSualo maCvenebeli iyo 4.66 (277-dan), rac 7.87-ჯer aRemateba sqolaris monacemTa bazaSi Sesuli publi-kaciebis saSualo raodenobas (0.59), xolo skopusis ba-

zis monacemebs ki — 61.4-ჯer (0.076). aqedan gamomdinare, vaskvniT, rom Zalian maRalia

Seusabamoba profesorebis mier sakuTari publikacie-bis dasaxelebul raodenobasa da samecniero Rirebu-lebis mqone, xarisxiani publikaciebis raodenobebs Soris.

kvlevis periodSi SevimuSaveT struqturuli faq-torebis oTxi tipi, romelic gansazRvravs socialur mecnierebebSi ganxorcielebuli kvlevis Sedegebs sa-

91

qarTveloSi: dafinansebis nakleboba, instituciuri faqtorebi, codnis lokalizeba da sabWoTa memkvidre-oba.

bevr sxva damabrkolebel faqtorTagan erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani umaRles saganmanaTleblo da-wesebulebebSi dasaqmebul profesorTa dabali xel-fasebia.

1. profesorebis saSualo akademiuri Semosa-

vali 2013 wels (qveynis masStabiT)

15%33% 35%

15%

0%

20%

40%

500ლარამდე

5001-1000 1001-2000 2001-4000

kvlevaSi monawile profesorebis umravlesobis

(68%) akademiuri saqmianobidan Semosuli Semosavali meryeobda 501-2000 laris farglebSi. profesorebis 15%-is xelfasi 500 larze naklebi iyo. mxolod 17%-s ჰqonda 2000 larze meti Semosavali.

Tumca, zemoT aRniSnuli Sedegebis analizisas, un-da gaviTvaliswinoT is faqti, rom profesorebis sakma-od didi nawili erTze met universitetSi muSaobda — aseTia 89 profesori 278-dan. Tu aRniSnul 89 pro-fesors SerCevidan amoviRebT, absoluturad gansxva-vebul statistikas miviRebT. pirvel diagramaSi war-

92

modgenilia im profesorebis xelfasebi, romlebic mxolod erT universitetTan arian asocirebulni.

mniSvnelovani gansxvavebaa Tbilisis da regionu-li universitetebis akademiuri personalis Semosav-lebs Soris. TbilisSi saSualo xelfasi 793 lari da-fiqsirda, rac mniSvnelovnad aRemateba regionebSi da-fiqsirebul maCvenebels. grafikulad aRniSnuli sxva-oba warmodgenilia diagramebSi 2 da 3.

2. saSualo akademiuri Semosavali regionul

universitetebSi 2013

500ლარამდ

ე

5001-1000

1001-2000

Category4

35

1.8 2.824% 59%

17%0%

500%

3.saSualo akademiuri Semosavali Tbilisis uni-

versitetebSi 2013

500...

501-...

1001...

2000...

4000...

10% 26% 41%21%

2%0%

50%

93

instituciur faqtorebs Soris erT-erT mniSvne-lovan damabrkolebel garemoebad gamoikveTa drois deficiti, rac mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli dabali xel-fasebis problemasa da kvleviTi grantebis naklebo-basTan, Tumca, analitikuri TvalsazrisiT, es calke problemas warmoadgens. aRniSnuli problema or nawi-lad iyofa: pirveli, drois nakleboba kvleviTi aqti-vobebis gansaxorcieleblad Warbi saswavlo datvir-Tvis gamo da meore, drois nakleboba administraciuli da araakademiuri movaleobebis gamo.

profesorTa erTi nawili Tvlis, rom samecniero produqtiuloba mniSvnelovnad aris damokidebuli lokalizebul akademiur garemoze. kerZod, mis saer-TaSoriso kontaqtebze. aseTi kontaqtebi uzrunvel-yofs profesorebis miwvevas saerTaSoriso proeqtebSi monawileobis misaRebad, rasac, rogorc wesi, mosdevs publikacia. saerTaSoriso kontaqtebi da saerTaSori-so profesorTa asociaciebis wevroba Zalian mniSvne-lovani faqtorebia arsebuli SesaZleblobebisa da grantebis Sesaxeb meti informaciis misaRebad.

sabWoTa memkvidreoba da susti akademiuri tra-diciebi erT-erTi yvelaze seriozuli problemaa, ro-melic kvlevisas gamoikveTa. aseve, socialur mecnie-rebebSi kvlevebisTvis erT-erT damabrkolebel gare-moebad gamoikveTa enobrivi barieri. kvlevaSi monawi-le profesorTa nawili miiCnevs, rom maTTvisac ki, vinc inglisuri kargad icis, rTulia im standartiT wera, romelic saerTaSoriso doneze moiTxoveba: saer-TaSoriso redaqtireba Zalian Zviria, xolo adgilob-rivi universitetebi msgavs momsaxurebas profesorebs ar sTavazoben.

dasasruls, gamovyofdi mkvlevarTa mier SemuSa-vebuli rekomendaciebidan ramdenimes, romelTa dau-yonebliv gaTvaliswinebac, vfiqrob, mniSvnelovnad ga-

94

aumჯobesebda saqarTvelos umaRlesi ganaTlebis dawe-sebulebebSi socialuri mecnierebebis sferoSi gan-xorcielebul kvlevebs.

rekomendaciebi: • umaRlesi saswavlebelebis administraciam un-

da uzrunvelyos profesorebis xelfasebis zrda; • kvlevis Catareba unda aisaxos xelfasze; • profesorebs, romlebic orientirebulni ari-

an samecniero kvlevaze, unda SevTavazoT saswavlo datvirTvis Semcirebis SesaZlebloba konkretul do-nemde.

akademiuri pozicia da kvleviTi produqti • akademiuri personalis erTi donidan meoreze

gadayvana dakavSirebuli unda iyos tenuaris dros profesoris kvleviT produqtTan. magaliTad, profe-soris dawinaureba asocirebulidan srul profeso-ramde unda efuZnebodes maRalkvalificiuri samecnie-ro produqtis odenobas.

kvlevisTvis miznobrivi dafinansebis gazrda • universitetebma unda gamoyon Tanxebi kvle-

visTvis, xolo am Tanxebis ganawileba/aRricxvis regu-lacia nakleb xisti unda iyos. iyo SemTxvevebi, rode-

sac gamoyofili Tanxa ver gaixarჯa im SeuZlebeli re-gulaciebis gamo, rac Tanxebis gankargavsTanaa dakav-Sirebuli.

saerTaSoriso kontaqtebis gazrda • universitetebma maRali donis saerTaSoriso

samecniero konferenciebSi monawileobisTvis damate-biTi Tanxebi unda gamouyon akademiur personals, rac gazrdis saerTaSoriso samecniero wreebSi kontaqte-bis qsels. monacemebi gviCvenebs, rom maRalxarisxiani

95

kvlevis didi nawili swored ucxoel mkvlevrebTan Ta-namSromlobiT xorcieldeba.

gacvliTi programebi socialur mecnierebebSi akademiuri tradiciebis gasacnobad

• akademiuri tradiciebis gasacnobad erT-erTi efeqturi gza ucxour universitetebSi droebiTi sas-wavlo an samuSao vizitebia. Sesabamisad, universite-tebma kvalificiuri da motivirebuli studentebisa da akademiuri personalisTvis unda gamoyon Tanxebi gac-vliTi programebis dasafinanseblad. Tanxebi unda ga-moiyos doqtorantebisTvisac, raTa maT SeZlon kvle-vis Catareba, sazRvargareT mogzauroba da akademiuri kavSirebis gabma. es, aseve, gulisxmobs erTobliv dafi-nansebasac. magaliTad, doqtorants unda SeeZlos uc-xour universitetSi muSaoba erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi.

meTodologiuri treningi • aucilebelia, raodenobrivi kvlevis meTode-

bis (statistika, programireba) swavlebis gaZliereba swavlis yvela doneze (bakalavriati, magistratura, doqtorantura). garda amisa, aseve mniSvnelovania, kon-kretuli sferosTvis damaxasiaTebeli meTodologiis swavlebis gaZliereba. amas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs, radgan Tanamedrove socialuri mecnierebebis kvleva ufro da ufro efuZneba raodenobriv analizs. Sesabamisi meTodologiis swavlebis tradicia saqar-TveloSi gacilebiT sustia, vidre dasavleTis qveyneb-Si.

inglisuri enisa da akademiuri weris treningi • kvlevam aCvena, rom aucilebelia inglisuri

enis saswavlo kursebis raodenobis gazrda da xarisxis gaumჯobeseba. impaqtfaqtoriani da referirebadi ჟur-nalebis TiTqmis absoluturi umravlesoba inglisur enaze gamoicema. gacvliTi da sastipendio programebi

96

saukeTeso saSualebaa inglisuri enis codnis ga-

umჯobesebisTvis. Tumca, sxva meTodebi, rogoricaa universitetis mier dafinansebuli enis kursebi, aseve sasargebloa.

akademiuri garemo • akademiuri garemo erT-erT problemas warmo-

adgens. mniSvnelovania, moxdes sazRvargareT moRvawe qarTvelebis da ucxoeli specialistebis mozidva. es xalxi ara mxolod gazrdis swavlebis dones universi-tetebSi, aramed, gaamartivebs saerTaSoriso samecnie-ro standartebis danergvas da ideebis gacvla-gamoc-vlasac.

infrastruqturis gaumჯobeseba • universitetebisTvis sasargeblo iqneba bib-

lioTekebis xarisxis gaumჯobeseba literaturis ganax-

lebis gziT. zogierTi saჯaro universitetis biblio-TekaSi inaxeba wignebi socialur da politikur mecnie-rebebSi, Tumca, isini gafantulia mTeli qalaqis mas-StabiT. maTi erT adgilas Tavmoyra an saerTo eleq-tronuli katalogis Seqmna arsebul kvleviT resur-sebs ufro xelmisawvdoms gaxdida studentebisa da mklevrebisTvis.

qarTul umaRles saganmanaTleblo dawesebule-bebs Soris TanamSromlobis xelSewyoba

• kvleviTi produqtiulobis xelSesawyobad, universitetebi unda zrunavdnen erTmaneTTan Tanam-Sromlobis gazrdaze. saerTo resursebis arseboba maT kvleviTi produqtis raodenobis gazrdaSi daexmareba. sxvadasxva universitets aqvs eqspertizis sxvadasxva SesaZlebloba, romlis saukeTesod gamoyeneba SesaZle-belia TanamSromlobis safuZvelze.

97

Ketevan Mukhiguli Caucasus University

THE ANALYSIS OF RESEARCH PROMOTION

INSTRUMENTS IN THE FIELD OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AT THE HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS

This research was implemented by an independent research

organization Georgia’s Reforms Associates (GRASS) in the framework of “Politics, Advocacy and Civil Society Development in Georgia” (G-PAC) program.

A tradition of Social Sciences does not have a long history in Georgia (except some particular directions such as psychology and journalism). In this regard, generally, existing problems in the research field are magnified by the lack of traditions and experience in Social Sciences. At present, the biggest obstacle for further development of scientific research is a social welfare problem resulting in lack of financing in Social Sciences as well as in the other fields. However, financial problems are not the only obstacle in this respect.

Despite the numerous reforms carried out at the Georgian universities there are still many underdeveloped fields, for example research in social sciences. Practically, there are no international peer-reviewed journals in Georgia and scientific progress in this direction is very slow. To this end, during the four years (2010-2014), the Faculty of Social and Political Sciences at the Tbilisi State University consisting of more than 100 professors has published only 12 scientific articles in peer-reviewed journals. Consequently, in light of high academic demands there is an increased need for high quality research. On the other hand, acquired new knowledge can facilitate knowledge based decision making process and development of the country (government, NGO’s, mass media, etc.).

Aim of the project is to analyze reasons for absence of research in the field of social sciences and elaborate strategic

98

recommendations for the Ministry of Education and Science of Georgia, Parliamentary committee, donor organizations, higher education and academic research institutions.

To achieve these goals, fourteen Georgian higher education institutions were assessed using both quantitative and qualitative research methods. The research methodology mainly included following instruments: secondary data analysis, focus-group discussions, detailed interviews, internet based scientific data analysis and academic staff survey. The research was conducted in March-May of 2014 by the researchers from GRASS who also administered academic staff survey questionnaires.

Main findings were divided into two parts: structural factors that determine a status of research in social sciences in Georgian academia and individual factors that determine success of individual researchers.

The analysis of the first part was conducted through qualitative research method using deep-dive interviews as well as through quantitative method such as descriptive statistics, independent samples T-test and correlation analysis. The second part was analyzed using Binary logistic regression analysis. The data from academic and administrative staff was evaluated with qualitative research method through comprehensive interviews and quantitative research method, which included descriptive statistics and statistical instruments like independent samples T-test and correlation analysis. As a result, four types of structural factors were identified, namely lack of financing, institutional factors, localization of knowledge and Soviet heritage. These factors determine productivity and quality of research in the field of social sciences in Georgia.

After surveying academic staff in fourteen Georgian higher education institutions, a common pattern emerged indicating that if a scientist achieves certain success in the field of social sciences then it is due to a merit of his/her powerful nature, inner motivation and special professional interest.

99

gamoyenebuli literatura:

1. s. kapanaZe, m. maRlakeliZe, g. cxadaia, da sxv., saqar-Tvelos umaRlesi ganaTlebis dawesebulebSi soci-aluri mecnierebebis sferoSi kvlevis xelSewyobis saSualebebis analizi. Tb. 2014

100

Tamar qaraia iv. ჯavaxiSvilis saxelobis

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

moxaliseoba, rogorc aqtiuri

moqalaqeoba

sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg, saqarTveloSi

erT-erT umTavres gamowvevad Zlieri samoqalaqo sa-zogadoebis Camoyalibeba miiCneva, radgan samoqalaqo Rirebulebebis da ganwyobebis ganviTarebazea damoki-debuli politikuri institutebis da sistemis gamar-Tuli funqcionireba. aqedan gamomdinare, SesaZlebe-lia CaiTvalos, rom moqalaqe politikuri sistemis um-Tavresi cnebaa (Almond and Verba 1963). amasTanave, ara-erTi kvleva aCvenebs, rom moqalaqeTa aqtiurobasa da karg mmarTvelobas Soris pirdapiri korelacia arse-bobs (Putnam 1995, Whiteley 2003).

moqalaqeoba, rogorc fenomeni, SesaZlebelia ga-vaanalizoT ori kuTxiT: rogorc statusi (iyo konkre-tuli qveynis moqalaqe da flobde garkveul ufle-bebs) da, rogorc procesi, ramdenadac samoqalaqo aq-tivobebSi CarTuloba da moqalaqis uflebaTa reali-zacia am fenomens gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas sZens.

moqalaqeobis, rogorc procesis ganxilvisas, in-dividis qceva SesaZlebelia Seswavlil iqnas sami al-ternatiuli Teoriuli midgomiT. esenia: racionaluri arCevanis Teoria, socialuri kapitali da samoqalaqo moxaliseoba (Whiteley 2003).

daunsis Tanaxmad, racionaluri arCevanisas indi-videbi maqsimaluri mogebis miRebas minimaluri dana-

xarჯiT cdiloben (Downs, 1957). samoqalaqo CarTulo-bas es formula Semdegnairad esadageba: moqalaqeebi erTvebian samoqalaqo aqtivobebSi da CarTulobis Se-

101

degad miRebuli sargebeli gacilebiT aRemateba mis-

Tvis gaweul danaxarჯs. Tumca, individualuri CarTu-lobis zegavlena Sedegze (mag. arCevnebis Sedegze), er-Ti SexedviT, umniSvneloa (Whiteley 2003). am SemTxvevaSi mkvlevrebi aqcents personaluri kmayofilebis done-ze akeTeben, rasac individebi samoqalaqo cxovrebaSi monawileobis Sedegad ganicdian (Riker and Ordeshook 1968).

socialuri kapitalis modeli yuradRebas amaxvi-lebs im faqtze, rom moqalaqeebi aqtiurad arian Car-Tulni TavianTi Temis gareT mimdinare samoqalaqo da moxaliseobriv aqtivobebSi. am modelis Tanaxmad, sa-moqalaqo aqtivizmis maCvenebeli pozitiur korelaci-aSia rogorc ndobis, aseve moxaliseobis mimarT (Whiteley 2003).

CvenTvis gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa mesame, samo-qalaqo voluntarizmis modeli, romelic monawileo-bis social-ekonomikur models efuZneba. vebsteris definiciis Tanaxmad, moxaliseoba es aris sistema an principi, romelic nebayoflobiT qmedebaSi gamoixa-teba, xolo misi filosofiuri safuZvlis mixedviT, in-dividis an samyaros aRqmaSi gadamwyvet rols neba Ta-maSobs. moxaliseoba sazogadoebis konsolidaciis erT-erT umTavres maCvenebels warmoadgens, ramdena-dac is zrdis ndobis, Tanaziarobis da samoqalaqo pa-suxismgeblobis grZnobas. xels uwyobs kargi moqala-qis Camoyalibebas. saxelmwifoSi moxaliseobis koefi-cienti samoqalaqo sazogadoebis siZlieris erTgvar indikatorad SeiZleba CavTvaloT.

garda individebis mier maTi samezoblos/garemos-Tvis gaweuli altruistuli samsaxurisa, moxaliseebi arasamTavrobo organizaciebis funqcionirebis umTav-res Zalas warmoadgenen. moxaliseoba gansakuTrebiT

102

mniSvnelovania SezRuduli resursebis (finansebi, dro) pirobebSi, ra drosac, maTi gadalaxva adamianuri Zalebis mobilizebis, qselebis, koaliciebis Tu sxva kavSirebis Camoyalibebis gziT xdeba SesaZlebeli.

სამუშაო ადგილი და მოხალისეობა

68%4%

9%

19%

დასაქმებული

უმუშევარი

გადამდგარი

სხვა

wyaro: International Volunteering from the United States between 2004 and 2012. Center for Social Development at the Washington University of St. Louis

zemoT aRniSnuli modelis Tanaxmad, sazogadoe-

bis ganaTlebis da ekonomikuri Semosavlis zrdasTan erTad, izrdeba moqalaqeTa moxaliseobrivi CarTulo-bis maCvenebelic55 (Verba 1995). magram, garda moyvanili maCveneblebisa, am modelis Semadgeneli erTeulebia dro da mobilizacia. kerZod, ramdenad aqvs individebs Tavisufali dro, raTa CaerTonen aqtivobebSi da aseve, ramdenad cdiloben moizidon Tanamoazreebi, radga-nac ganaTleba, Semosavali da Tavisufali drois qona TavisTavad, ar niSnavs CarTulobisken miswrafebas.56 55 kvlevebis Tanaxmad, samoxaliseo saqmianobas ewevian ara mxolod dausaqmebeli da samuSaos maZiebeli adamianebi, ara-med, sworedac rom dasaqmebuli, warmatebuli adamianebi. 56 samoqalaqo voluntarizmis operacionalizacia uaitelis Tanaxmad Semdegi formuliT gamoixateba:

103

saqarTveloSi moxaliseobis mdgomareobis da mi-si, rogorc samoqalaqo aqtivizmis urTierTmimarTe-bis kvleva ramdenime kvlevis monacemTa bazis gamoye-nebiT aris SesaZlebeli. es kvlevebia: „kavkasiis kvle-viTi resursebis centris“ mier Catarebuli „kavkasiis barometri“ (2011-2013 ww.) da „moxaliseoba da samoqa-laqo CarTuloba“ (2011 da 2014 ww). aRniSnuli monacem-Ta bazis mopoveba SesaZlebelia CRRC-is veb-gverdze. monacemebi daTvlilia ODA (Open Data Analyzes) gamoye-nebiT.

aRniSnul monacemebze dayrdnobiT, SesaZlebelia davaskvnaT, rom saqarTveloSi moxaliseobis xvedriTi wili arc Tu ise maRalia da 2011-2013 wlebis manZilze 17%-dan 19%-mde meryeobda.

იყავი თუ არა მოხალისე

0%

50%

100%

დიახ 19 14 17

არა 81 86 83

2013 2012 2011

A = p + R + M + I + E sadac A aris aqtivizmi, p efeqturoba, R resursi (dro, Semo-savali da a.S), M mobilizacia (gTxoves/TxoveT CarTva aqti-vobebSi), I partiuli kuTvnileba da E samoqalaqo CarTulo-ba (Whiteley 2003). Tumca Sesabamisi monacemebis arqonis gamo aRniSnuli formulis gamoyeneba saqarTvelos SemTxvevis-Tvis ver moxerxdeba.

104

sainteresoa moxaliseobis demografiuli suraTi, kerZod maTi gadanawileba sqesis mixedviT. aRmoCnda, rom mamakacebi (61% 2011 — 2013 ww) ufro xSirad arian CarTulni samoxaliseo aqtivobebSi, vidre qalebi (39% 2011 — 2013 ww). rac Seexeba asakobriv gadanawilebas — sxvaoba didi ar aris, Tumca, ZiriTadi wili 36-55 wlis adamianebze modis57.

მოხალისეობა და ასაკი

0

10

20

30

40

50

18-35 35 40 38

36-55 43 40 40

55 + 22 20 22

2011 2012 2013

mizezi imisa, Tu ratom erTvebian moxaliseobriv

aqtivobaSi, aRniSnuli gamokiTxvis dros dasmuli ar iyo, Tumca „ჰelfing ჰendis“ mier axalgazrdebis moxa-liseobis Temaze Catarebul gamokiTxvaSi gamoikveTa,

57 aRniSnuli maCvenebeli met-naklebad Seesabameba gavrce-lebul tendencias. magaliTad, aSS-Si 2014 wlis moxaliseo-bis gamokiTxvaSi qalTa moxaliseobis maCvenebeli 22.0 % xo-lo mamakacTa 28.3 % iyo. Economic News Release. Bureau of labor Statistics. 2014. http://www.bls.gov/news.release/volun.nr0.htm

105

rom esenia: pirovnuli unarebis ganviTareba, samuSao gamocdilebis miReba, keTili saqmis uangarod keTeba, Tavisufali drois sasargeblod gamoyeneba, axali me-gobrebis SeZena da sxv.58

saqarTveloSi moxaliseobis ori forma gvxvdeba, pirveli, es aris e.w araformaluri moxaliseoba, rode-

sac usasyidlod, angarebis gareSe exmarebian oჯaxis wevrs, axlobels, megobars; da meore, formaluri aqti-vizmi, rodesac aseve angarebis gareSe erTvebian kampa-niebSi da exmarebian ucnob adamianebs. amasTan, ara-formaluri moxaliseoba sazogadoebaSi tradiciul-kulturuli konteqstis gaTvaliswinebiT miRebuli normaa, xolo formaluri moxaliseoba ჯerac ar dam-kvidrebula59. amis damadasturebelia kavkasiis baro-

metris monacemebi, romlis mixedviTac, oჯaxis wevre-bisa da axloblebisadmi daxmarebis maCvenebeli TiT-

qmis samჯer aRemateba ucnobebis daxmarebas da sazoga-doebisTvis sasargeblo saqmianobas.

araformaluri moxaliseoba # kiTxva 2011 2014 daexmareT Tu ara mezobels an

megobars saoჯaxo saqmeSi an bav-Svis movlaSi? (ar igulisxmeba finansuri daxmareba)

61% 74 %

58 axalgazrdebis damokidebuleba moxaliseobisadmi. 2013. ჰelfing ჰendi http://csogeorgia.org/uploads/News_pdf/The%20Survey%20Analysis%20Report%20Helping%20Hand%20%20(1).pdf 59 Social Capital in Georgia: Final Report and Recommendations, nanaxia (2011) http://www.crrc.ge/uploads/files/research_projects/CRRC_Social_Capital_Final_Report.pdf

106

formaluri moxaliseoba # kiTxva 2011 2014 1 gaeciT Tu ara Tanxa qvelmoqme-

debis mizniT, mokle teqsturi Setyobinebis gagzav-nis CaTvliT?

28% 29%

2 miiReT Tu ara monawileoba sa-zogado adgilis, mag: sadarba-zos, skolis an eklesiis ezos dasufTavebaSi?

26% 29 %

3 dargeT Tu ara xe sakuTari nak-veTis farglebs gareT?

18% 23 %

Sesabamisad, respondentTa umravlesobas socia-

lizaciis sakmaod kargi maCvenebeli axasiaTebs, ker-Zod 54% arasodes aris marto dRis ganmavlobaSi; gamo-

kiTxulTa 92% ambobs, rom ჰyavT axlo megobrebi, xolo maT Soris 57% acxadebs, rom kviraSi erTxel mainc xvdebian erTmaneTs. swored kargad ganviTarebul so-cializaciis dones ukavSirdeba axal adamianebTan Sex-vedris survili; saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa ori mesame-di (66%) siamovnebas iRebs axal adamianebTan Sexved-riT; 63% gamoTqvams axali megobrebis SeZenis sur-vils. Sesabamisad, aqtivobebis qselurobis winapiroba mocemul SemTxvevaSi aSkarad arsebobs60.

Tavisufali drois Sefasebisas, gamokiTxulTa 20% (2011) — 24% (2014) eTanxmeba mosazrebas, rom „maT imdenad bevri saqme aqvT saxlSi, rom sxva saqmisTvis ver iclian“.

rac Seexeba ekonomikur mdgomareobas, miuxedavad

60 moxaliseoba saqarTveloSi: kvlevis daskvnebi da rekomen-daciebi, nanaxia (2012). http://www.epfound.ge/files/volunteerism_version_geo.pdf

107

qveyanaSi arsebuli mZime ekonomikuri pirobebisa, isini mainc axerxeben akontrolon sakuTari ekonomikuri mdgomareoba. respondentTa 49%-s miaCnia, rom isini na-wilobriv, an srulad akontroleben sakuTar ekonomi-kur mdgomareobas, xolo 24% ase ar Tvlis. saqarTve-los moqalaqeebis ori mesamedi (64%) ambobs, rom maT xeli ar CauqneviaT warumateblobis gamo, xolo 7% ki Tvlis, rom maT ჰqoniaT msgavsi SemTxvevebi.61

sazogadoebaSi arsebuli ganwyobis Tanaxmad, moxa-liseoba kargi moqalaqisTvis aucilebel saqmianobad iTvleba. am kuTxiT, sainteresoa am maCveneblis 2011 wlidan 2013 wlamde zrdis tendencia (27%-dan 46%-mde — anu, gaizarda 19%-iT). Tumca, aseve angariSgasawevia im adamianTa xvedriTi wili, romelTac am mimarTule-biT Camoyalibebuli pozicia ar aqvT.

61 moxaliseoba saqarTveloSi: kvlevis daskvnebi da rekomen-daciebi, nanaxia (2012). http://www.epfound.ge/files/volunteerism_version_geo.pdf

108

kargi moqalaqisTvis damaxasiaTebeli iseTi niSne-bidan, rogoricaa: kanonis dacva, xelisuflebis Tanad-goma, arCevnebSi monawileoba, tradiciebis dacva, xe-lisuflebis kritika, gasaWirSi myofi adamianebis dax-mareba — maCveneblebi Semdegnairad gadanawilda:

# kiTxva 2011 2012 2013 1 Zalian mniSvnelovania moqa-

laqem daicvas kanoni 66% 69% 69 %

2 Zalian mniSvnelovania moqa-laqe saxelmwifos daexmaros

22% 17% 20%

3 Zalian mniSvnelovania moqa-laqem xma misces arCevnebze

67% 80% 76%

4 Zalian mniSvnelovania moqa-laqem daicvas tradiciebi

72% 79% 80%

5 Zalian mniSvnelovania moqa-laqe daexmaros gasaWirSi myofT

68% 69% 70%

6 Zalian mniSvnelovania moqa-laqe iyos kritikuli mTav-robis mimarT

37% 36% 29%

am fonze, moxaliseobaze dafuZnebuli samoqala-

qo aqtivizmis maCvenebeli kidev ufro naklebia. upir-veles yovlisa, es gamoixateba sxvadasxva aqtivobis mi-marT erTgvar apaTiur ganwyobaSi. kerZod, CaerTos arasamTavroboebis saqmianobaSi, daeswros sxvadasxva Sexvedras an daxmareba sTxovos aRniSnul organizaci-ebs. 2013 wlis monacemebiT, gamokiTxulTagan mxolod 2% endoba srulad arasamTavrobo organizaciebs, xo-lo 21% met-naklebad. 2012 wels es maCvenebeli orive komponentSi 1%-iT meti iyo. kiTxvaze — arasamTavrobo organizaciebi emsaxureba Tu ara rigiTi moqalaqis in-teresebs — 37% dadebiTad pasuxobs, 35% ki Tvlis, rom

109

ar emsaxureba. 2011 wels am kiTxvaze dadebiTad 32%-ma, xolo uaryofiTad 28% — ma upasuxa.

Tumca, kavkasiis barometris Tanaxmad, sazogado-ebis 54%-ze meti fiqrobs, rom xalxi unda monawileob-des saprotesto aqciebSi (17%-is mosazreba mocemul sakiTxze uaryofiTia).

# kiTxva 2011 2014 1. daeswariT Tu ara saჯaro Sexvedras

bolo 6 Tvis manZilze ? 10% 13%

2. miiReT Tu ara monawileoba politi-kur demonstraciaSi bolo 6 Tvis man-Zilze?

2% 3%

3. gaagzavneT Tu ara werili, an dare-keT Tu ara gazeTSi, televiziaSi an radioSi?

3% 4%

4. mogiweriaT Tu ara xeli koleqtiur werilze/peticiaze raime sakiTxis mogvarebis moTxovniT bolo 2 wlis ganmavlobaSi?

6% 22%

5. migiRiaT Tu ara monawileoba ara-samTavrobo organizaciis mier da-finansebul treningSi/RonisZiebaSi bolo 2 wlis ganmavlobaSi?

4% 6%

6. daswrebixarT Tu ara arasamTavro-bo organizaciis mier mowyobil Sex-vedras 2 wlis ganmavlobaSi??

5% 9 %

7. dagirekavT an misulxarT Tu ara arasamTavrobo organizaciis ofis-Si?

2% 6%

110

saqarTvelos situacia SesaZlebelia aixsnas imiT, rom sazogadoebaSi Zalian maRalia Sida ჯgufuri kuT-vnilebis grZnoba (romelsac patnemi „SemakavSirebel“ socialur kapitals uwodebs, magram dabalia ჯgufs gareT kuTvnilebis grZnoba („urTierTobiTi“ socia-luri kapitali), rac nacnobebisa da naTesavebisadmi gansakuTrebul zrunvaSi, xolo sazogadoebrivi saqmi-anobisadmi gansxvavebul damokidebulebaSic TvalnaT-liv gamoixateba. amasTanave, SeiniSneba saintereso tendencia — saerTo sargeblobis adgilebs ufro me-tad patara qalaqebis macxovreblebi asufTaveben ko-leqtiurad, xolo dedaqalaqis mosaxleoba ufro xSi-rad morigeobiT asufTavebs maT62.

yovelive zemoT Tqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT, saqar-TveloSi moxaliseobis Sefasebisas, SesaZlebelia da-vaskvnaT: miuxedavad imisa, rom sazogadoebis ZiriTadi nawili araformalur moxaliseobas mimarTavs, ganwyo-ba-moxaliseoba, rogorc „kargi qceva“-sazogadoebis wevrebs Soris Zlieria; araformaluri aqtivobebi nak-lebad vlindeba samoqalaqo institutebTan urTier-Tobis formiT da ufro metad, ekologiur da sxvadas-xva saTemo aqtivobaSi gamoixateba. cvladebi, iseTebi, rogorebicaa dro da ekonomikuri Semosavali, nakleb gavlenas axdens moxaliseobis maCvenebelze. xolo ko-relacia ganaTlebis donesa da moxaliseobis maCvene-bels Soris Zalian didia, radgan, swored samoqalaqo ganaTleba emsaxureba sazogadoebis wevrebSi Rirebu-lebaTa gadafasebas da moxaliseobis, rogorc samoqa-laqo sazogadoebis ganviTarebisTvis aucilebeli pre-rekvizitis damkvidrebas. 62 moxaliseoba saqarTveloSi: kvlevis daskvnebi da rekomen-daciebi, nanaxia (2012). http://www.epfound.ge/files/volunteerism_version_geo.pdf

111

Tamar Karaia Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilsi state Universisty

VOLUNTARISM AS AN ACTIVE CITIZENSHIP

After the collapse of the Soviet Union, one of the main

challenges of Post-Soviet countries is to develop strong civil society. Among them is Georgia. Despite 23 years of independence, we face the lack of civic engagement. The value of civic virtue is still in the process of inculcation.

This paper aims to analyze the degree of voluntarism in Georgia. According to the theoretical findings, there are three general frameworks, the engagement as a civic action is analyzed from. These are -Rational Choice theory, Social Capital and Civil Voluntarism. To measure the quality of engagement they use variables such as time, networking, income, etc. To analyze Georgian case, the civil voluntarism model was chosen. Paper findings are based on secondary data collected by CRRC for Caucasus Barometer (2011-2013) and Voluntarism and Engagement research (2011, 2014).

According to the research, hypothesis of non-formal voluntarism is dominating in Georgia; for citizens it is common to help family members, relatives, and acquaintances free of charge, however, volunteering for community is not common behavior.

gamoyenebuli literatura

1. axalgazrdebis damokidebuleba moxaliseobisadmi. 2013. ჰelfing ჰendi http://csogeorgia.org/uploads/News_pdf/The%20Survey%20Analysis%20Report%20Helping%20Hand%20%20(1).pdf

112

2. kavkasiis kvleviTi resursebis centri. kavkasiis ba-rometri. 2011, 2012, 2013. monacemebi ganTavsebulia vebgverdze www. CRRC.ge

3. kavkasiis kvleviTi resursebis centri. CarTulobi-sa da moxaliseobis kvleva saqarTveloSi. 2011, 2014 monacemebi ganTavsebulia vebgverdze www. CRRC.ge

4. moxaliseoba saqarTveloSi: kvlevis daskvnebi da rekomendaciebi, nanaxia (2012).

http://www.epfound.ge/files/volunteerism_version_geo.pdf 5. USAID, Policy, Advocacy and Civil Society Development in

Georgia (G-PAC), 2014, saqarTvelos moqalaqeebis da-mokidebuleba arasamTavrobo organizaciebisa da samoqalaqo aqtiurobis mimarT. 2014 wlis sazgado-ebrivi azris kvleva.

6. Hoffman A, J. Wallach J, Sanches E. Community Service Work, Civic Engagement, and ‘‘Giving Back’’ to Society: Key Factors in Improving Interethnic Relationships and Achieving ‘‘Connectedness’’ in Ethnically Diverse Communities. Australian Social Work. Vol. 63, No. 4, December 2010, pp. 418-430

7. Economic News Release. Bureau of labor Statistics. 2014. http://www.bls.gov/news.release/volun.nr0.htm

8. Social Capital in Georgia: Final Report and Recommendations, nanaxia (2011) http://www.crrc.ge/uploads/files/research_projects/CRRC_Social_Capital_Final_Report.pdf

113

beqa qorCilava suxiSvilis saswavlo universiteti, studenti

saqarTvelo da adamianis uflebebi

Sesavali

XX saukunis dasasruls momxdarma geopolitikur-ma cvlilebebma msoflioSi ZalTa axleburi gadanawi-leba gamoiwvia. amasTan erTad, Seicvala evropis ru-kac, gaqra Zveli saxelmwifoebi da maT nacvlad gaCnda axali, gamoucdeli suverenuli qveynebi, romelTa na-wilmac dauyovnebliv daiwyo evropisken swrafva. am-gvari qveynebis rigSi iyo saqarTveloc, romelic damo-ukideblobis mopovebidanve cdilobs SeuerTdes im

did evropul oჯaxs, romelsac evrokavSiri ewodeba. magram, saqarTvelosTvis miznisken mimavali gza, mTeli rigi subieqturi Tu obieqturi mizezebis gamo, erTob grZeli da ekliani gamodga. mocemul naSromSi Cven ar vapirebT am mizezebis kvlevas. Cveni mizania, vaCvenoT sazogadoebas, Tu ra roli akisria adamianis uflebebs saqarTvelosa da evrokavSirSi da ra rols TamaSoben isini sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi. dRevandel realoba-Si sazogadoebaSi evrokavSiri asocirdeba warmatebul da mdidrul cxovrebasTan, Tumca ki, bevrma ar icis ra aris am warmatebis mTavari safuZveli. sazogadoebis didi nawili ver acnobierebs adamianis uflebebsa da keTildReobas Soris arsebul kavSirs, risi mizezic, garkveulwilad, dabali politikuri da samarTlebrivi kulturaa.

Cvens mizans ar warmoadgens adamianis uflebebis sruli da yovelmxrivi ganxilva. am Temis didi mocu-lobisa da mravalmxrivobis gamo, mocemul mcire for-matSi SeuZlebelia amis gakeTeba. Cven SevecdebiT, zo-

114

gadad ganvixiloT Tu ra mdgomareobaa dRes adamianis uflebebis dacvis mxriv saqarTveloSi. aseve, vecde-biT, gamovarkvioT ra kavSiria adamianis uflebebsa da arsebul socialur fons Soris. Cveni Rrma rwmeniT, adamianis uflebebis dacva aris is amosavali wertili, saidanac unda daiwyos warmatebuli da samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos mSenebloba.

adamianis uflebebis Camoyalibeba

da ganviTareba

adamianis uflebebis „mSoblad“ me-20 saukune unda miviCnioT. swored am periodSi ganviTarda moZRvreba adamianis uflebebis Sesaxeb, ramac yvela demokratiuli qveynis konstituciaSi mniSvnelovani adgili daikava. Tumca, adamianis uflebebis ideas didi istoria gaaCnia.

„gavrcelebuli mecnieruli Sexedulebebis mixed-viT, ZiriTadi uflebebi pirvelad inglisSi, 1215 wlis 15 ivniss, cnobil dokumentSi — agna Carta ibertatum — Camoyalibda. Tumca, es dokumenti Zalian gansxvavde-boda Tanamedrove dokumentebisgan, radgan is didgva-rovanTa fenis mier mefis xelisuflebisgan miRebul, maTi uflebebis damadasturebel sabuTs warmoadgen-da. agna Carta-s 63 muxlidan naxevarze meti, faqtobri-vad, feodalebis pretenziebis aRiarebaa. Tumca, aris muxlebi, romlebic Tanamedrove periodSi moqmedi Zi-riTadi uflebebis Canasaxad SeiZleba miviCnioT. ase-Tia, magaliTad, 39-e muxli, romlis mixedviTac, „dauS-vebelia Tavisufali adamianis dapatimreba, sakuTrebis CamorTmeva an misi gaZeveba qveynis kanonis safuZvelze miRebuli kanonieri ganaCenis gareSe.“63

63 konstantine kublaSvili, ZiriTadi uflebebi, gamomcem-loba „ჯisiai“, 2003, gv. 26

115

momdevno aqtebic inglisSi iqna miRebuli. isini cnobilia, rogorc Act of Habeas Corpus (1679 w.) da Bill of Raights (1689 w).

Tumca, es iyo mxolod calkeuli mcdelobebi, ro-melTa mizans sazogadoebaSi garkveuli uflebebis da-kanoneba Seadgenda. xolo samarTlebrivi kuTxiT, ada-mianis uflebebTan mimarTebaSi gardatexa 1776 wlis 12 ivniss amerikaSi miRebul virჯiniis deklaracias (Virginia Bill of Raights) ukavSirdeba.

am dokumentSi naTlad irekleba bunebiTi samar-Tlisa da ganmanaTleblobis ideebi, romlis mixedvi-Tac, adamiani, Tavisufali individi, saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis centraluri figuraa. zemoTxsenebuli ideebis aSkara gamoxatulebas warmoadgens deklaraci-is pirvelive muxli: „yvela adamiani bunebiT Tanabrad Tvisufalia, damoukidebelia da dabadebidanve flobs konkretul uflebebs...“ adamianis bunebiTi uflebebi, romelic mas dabadebidanve daჰyveba, SeiZleba SeizRu-dos e.w. sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebiT, magram maTi gauqmeba dauSvebelia. amasTan, arsebobs iseTi uzenaesi da xelSeuxebeli uflebebic, romelTa SezRudva sa-xelmwifos ar SeuZlia. Sinaarsobrivad, deklaracias Tanamedrove standartebis Sesabamisi uzenaesi samar-Tlebrivi dokumentis saxe aqvs da istoriuli Tval-sazrisiT axali drois adamianis uflebaTa saTaveebTan dgas. masSi Tanabrad aris Serwymuli evropuli bunebi-Ti samarTali da inglisuri samarTlis tradiciebi. Habeas Corpus-iT Tavisuflebis SezRudvis dros dafiq-sirebuli saproceso uflebebis (es uflebebi gadmoce-mulia deklaraciis me-8-me-11 muxlebSi) garda, dekla-racia Seicavs iseT axal, ZiriTad uflebebs, rogori-caa, magaliTad, me-12 muxlis debuleba, romlis mixed-viTac „presis Tavisufleba Tvisuflebis erT-erTi

116

udidesi Semadgeneli nawilia da dauSvebelia misi Sez-Rudva, rac SeiZleba moxdes mxolod despoturi mTav-robebis mmarTvelobisas.“ me-16 muxliT ki uzrunvel-yofilia religiis Tavisufleba.“64

miuxedavad im faqtisa, rom virჯiniis deklaraci-am adamianis uflebebis sferoSi gadatrialeba moaxdi-na da aq pirvelad scades — SeeboWaT saxelmwifo manqa-na, yvelaze cnobili dokumenti am kuTxiT, mainc saf-rangeTis „revoluciis pirmSo,“ 1789 wlis 26 agvistos miRebuli adamianisa da moqalaqis uflebebis deklara-ciaa.

„es dokumenti, faqtobrivad, evropis sakonstitu-cio ganviTarebis axali epoqis dasawyiss warmoadgens. deklaraciis pirvelive muxli ჟan ჟak rusos saganma-naTleblo ideebis gamoZaxilia: „adamianebi ibadebian Tavisufalni da Tanabari uflebebiT da aseTebad rCe-bian. sazogadoebrivi gansxvavebebi maT Soris SeiZleba dadgindes mxolod kanoniT.“65

„safrangeTis adamianisa da moqalaqis uflebaTa deklaracia dReisaTvis cnobil TiTqmis yvela Ziri-Tad uflebas Seicavs. meoTxe muxlis mixedviT, Tavi-sufleba niSnavs yvelafris keTebis uflebas, Tu es qmedebebi sxvas ar ayenebs zians. Sesabamisad, adamianis bunebiTi uflebebis gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia imdenad, ramdenadac aRniSnuli uflebebi xels ar uSlis sxva adamianebis aseTive uflebebis ganxorcielebas. am Sez-Rudvebis dadgena mxolod kanoniT unda xdebodes (me-oTxe muxli). dauSvebelia adamianis dakaveba, dapatim-

64 ZiriTadi uflebebi, konstantine kublaSvili, gamomcem-loba „ჯisiai“, 2003, gv. 28-29 65 ZiriTadi uflebebi, konstantine kublaSvili, gamomcem-loba „ჯisiai“, 2003, gv.29

117

reba an misTvis bralis wayeneba kanoniT gaTvaliswine-buli SemTxvevebisa da masSi miTiTebuli formebis ga-reSe (meSvide muxli). deklaracia Seicavs sisxlis sa-marTlis kanonebis ukuZalis dauSveblobas (merve mux-li) da aRiarebs udanaSaulobis prezumfcias (mecxre muxli). uzrunvelyofilia, agreTve, mniSvnelovani po-litikuri uflebebi: dauSvebelia adamianze zewola azris (maT Soris, religiuri azris) gamoTqmis gamo, Tuki am gamonaTqvamebiT ar irRveva kanoniT gansaz-

Rvruli saჯaro wesrigi (meaTe muxli). ideebisa da az-rebis Tavisufali gavrceleba adamianis erT-erTi uZ-virfasesi uflebaa. yovel moqalaqes aqvs ufleba, Ta-visuflad ilaparakos, weros da beWdos im pasuxismgeb-lobis gaTvaliswinebiT, romelic mas ekisreba am Tavi-suflebis darRvevisas kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul Sem-TxvevebSi.“66

rogorc vxedavT, safrangeTis 1789 wlis adamiani-sa da moqalaqis uflebaTa deklaracia aris pirveli srulyofili dokumenti, romelic srulad asaxavs yve-la im ZiriTad uflebas, rasac Tanamedrove adamianis uflebebi efuZneba da rac demokratiul sazogadoeba-Si xelisuflebis danawilebis aucilebel elements warmoadgens. „aRsaniSnavia, rom safrangeTis 1958 wlis 4 oqtombris (amჟamad moqmedi) konstitucia preambu-laSi xazs usvams deklaraciis udides mniSvnelobas da mas konstituciis ganuyofel nawilad acxadebs.“67

rogorc zemoT vnaxeT, adamianis uflebebis ganvi-Tarebis gza qartexilebiTaa savse. am uflebebis miRe-bis, ganxorcielebisa da daxvewis gzaze araerTi didi 66 iqve, gv. 29-30 67 ZiriTadi uflebebi, konstantine kublaSvili, gamomcem-loba „ჯisiai“, 2003, gv.30

118

revoluciuri cvlileba ganxorcielebula, romelTa ZiriTad mizans xelisuflebis danawileba da demokra-tiuli konstituciuri saxelmwifoebis Seqmna warmo-adgenda.

dRes, praqtikulad yvela demokratiuli mmarTve-lobis mqone qveyana, icavs adamianis ZiriTad uflebebs — rogorc yvelaze uzenaes da fundamentalur Rirebu-lebas. adamianis uflebebis dasacavad mravali saerTa-Soriso konvencia Tu deklaraciaa miRebuli. gamov-yofdiT gaeros 1948 wlis 10 dekembris uflebaTa sayo-velTao deklaracias, evropis sabWos 1950 wlis 4 noem-bris konvencias, romelze dayrdnobiTac strasburgis evropuli sasamarTlo adamianis uflebaTa darRvevis saqmeebs ganixilavs, aseve, evropis sabWos 1961 wlis 26 Tebervlis socialur qartias.

adamianis uflebebi saqarTveloSi (mokle isto-

riuli mimoxilva) adamianis uflebebis ganviTarebas saqarTveloSi

mcire, magram saintereso istoria gaaCnia. saqarTve-los pirveli respublikis konstituciaSi adamianis uflebebs sakmaod moculobiTi adgili ekava. ar Sev-cdebiT, Tu vityviT, rom maSindeli mTavroba adamianis uflebebis dacvas did yuradRebas uTmobda. „pirve-lad ZiriTadi uflebebi aRiarebul iqna saqarTvelos 1921 wlis konstituciiT. iseve rogorc mTliani kon-stitucia, adamianis ZiriTad uflebaTa nawilic (Tavi mesame „moqalaqeTa uflebani“) sakmaod maRal donezea Sesrulebuli da imdroindeli samarTlebrivi ganviTa-rebis miRwevebs srulad Seesabameba. am konstituciiT, mocemulia adamianis uflebaTa sakmaod vrceli kata-logi, konkretulad ki, uzrunvelyofilia kanonis wi-naSe adamianTa Tanasworoba, pirovnebis xelSeuxeblo-

119

ba, mimosvlisa da binadrobis Tavisuflebebi, binisa da sacxovreblis, mimoweris xelSeuxebloba, sindisisa da aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebebi, azris Tavisufleba, Sekrebebisa da manifestaciebis ufleba, gaerTianebaTa Tavisufleba. gansakuTrebiT, aRniSvnis Rirsia adamia-nis Tavisuflebis SezRudvis sferoSi dadgenili sap-roceso ZiriTadi uflebebi (muxlebi 20-26), romlebic detalurad awesrigebs saxelmwifos mier adamianis Ta-visuflebis SezRudvisa da aRkveTis sakiTxebs.“68

1921 wlis konstituciam sul ramdenime dRe iarse-ba. amave wlis TebervalSi, bolSevikurma ruseTma, wi-Teli armiis meSveobiT, arCeuli demokratiuli mTav-roba daamxo, moaxdina saqarTvelos aneqsia da ruseTis axladSeqmnil „wiTel imperias“ SeuerTa. „okupaciis Sedegad, qveynis saTaveSi bolSevikuri xelisufleba movida da saqarTvelos yvela Semdgomi konstitucia tipur sabWoTa konstitucias warmoadgenda, romlis ZiriTadi principi iyo komunisturi partiis erTader-Toba da gasakuTrebuloba. socialisturi saqarTve-los konstituciebi mxolod moqalaqis socialur uf-lebebsa da saarCevno uflebebs aRiarebda (komunistu-ri partia yovelTvis xmebis 99,9%-iT igebda arCevnebs), sxva ZiriTadi uflebebi ki (miT umetes, ZiriTad ufle-baTa katalogi) am dokumentebSi saerTod ar iyo gan-sazRvruli.“69

„saqarTvelos istoriaSi meored, realurad ki pirvelad, ZiriTadi uflebebi aRiarebul iqna da amoq-medda 1995 wlis konstituciiT. misi meore Tavi — „sa-qarTvelos moqalaqeoba. adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebi 68konstituciuri samarTali, avtorTa koleqtivi av. demet-raSivilis xelmZRvanelobiT, Tbilisi 2005, gv. 128 69 konstantine kublaSvili, ZiriTadi uflebebi, gamomcem-loba „ჯisiai“ 2003, gv. 31-32

120

da Tavisuflebani“ faqtobrivad, ZiriTad uflebaTa katalogs warmoadgens, meSvide muxli ki ZiriTad uf-lebebs TviT xalxis nebis SemzRudvel principebad aRiarebs: „saxelmwifo cnobs da icavs adamianis sayo-velTaod aRiarebul uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs, ro-gorc waruval da uzenaes adamianur Rirsebebs. xeli-suflebis ganxorcielebisas xalxi da saxelmwifo Sez-Rudulni arian am uflebebiTa da TavisuflebebiT, ro-gorc uSualod moqmedi samarTliT.“70

adamianis uflebebi da

Tanamedrove saqarTvelo

Cven vsaubrobT, rom adamianis uflebebi umTavre-

sia samarTlebriv sistemaSi. Cndeba kiTxva — ras warmo-adgens adamianis uflebebi? ratom aris is aseTi mniS-vnelovani? gabatonebuli SexedulebiT, adamianis uf-lebebis safuZvels bunebiTi samarTali warmoadgens, romelic adamians moniWebuli aqvs bunebis mier da misi CamorTmeva dauSvebelia. Sesabamisad, adamianis ufle-bebi pirovnebisgan ganuyofel uflebaTa nusxaa, rom-lis SezRudva an CamorTmeva, Tavisi arsiT, dauSvebe-lia. adamianis uflebebi da bunebiTi samarTali erTma-

neTTan pirvelad ჯon lokma daakavSira. adamianis Zi-riTadi uflebebis, rogorc bunebiTi uflebebis idea me-17 saukuneSi swored man ganaviTara. loki acxadebda, rom „ZiriTadi uflebebi universaluri, „winaresaxel-mwifoebrivi“ uflebebia, amitom, saxelmwifos ara aqvs adamianebisTvis maTi miniWebis an CamorTmevis ufleba.

70 konstantine kublaSvili,ZiriTadi uflebebi, gamomcem-loba ჯisiai, 2003, gv 32

121

adamianebs es uflebebi saxelmwifos Seqmnamdec ჰqon-daT, radgan isini „bunebis kanonidan“ gamomdinareobs. yovel adamians Tavisi gonis meSveobiT SeuZlia „bune-bis kanonis“ Secnoba, romelic mTeli kacobriobis Se-narCunebas moiTxovs. „bunebis kanonidan“ lokma gamo-yo sami e.w. sakuTrebis ufleba (Property): sicocxle, Ta-visufleba da qoneba (Life, Liberty and Estate). saxelmwifos movaleobaa — daicvas es uflebebi. maTi SezRudvis Sem-TxvevaSi, moqalaqes aqvs winaaRmdegobis gawevis ufle-ba. es yvelaferi unda aisaxos sazogadoebriv xelSek-rulebaSi.“71

rogorc vxedavT, adamianis uflebebis primati mi-si bunebiTi xasiaTidan gamomdinareobs. swored es uf-lebebi warmoadgens pirovnebis daculobis garants. aqedan gamomdinare, SegviZlia vTqvaT — adamianis mo-cemuli uflebebi uzrunvelyofs, rom pirovneba da-culi iqneba saxelmwifos mxridan Zalmomreobisgan. boWavs ra saxelmwifos, „isini (mocemuli uflebebi — avtori) icaven adamianebs saxelmwifos mxridan maTi cxovrebisa da saqmianobis sxvadasxva sferoSi Carevis-gan da amiT uzrunvelyofen adamianis cxovrebis sa-xelmwifosgan Tavisufali sferoebis arsebobas. Ziri-Tadi uflebebi boWavs saxelmwifos/xelisuflebas da gamoricxavs imas, rom xelisuflebas yvelafris ufle-

ba ჰqondes. Tu kargad davakvirdebiT, SevamCnevT, rom ZiriTadi uflebebis es mizani (saxelmwifos SeboWva) maTi istoriuli ganviTarebis Taviseburebebidan ga-momdinareobs da dResac, maT tipur funqcias warmoad-gens.72 amave dros, ZiriTadi uflebebi avaldebulebs

71 iqve, gv. 33 72konstantine kublaSvili, ZiriTadi uflebebi, gamomcemlo-ba “ჯisiai“ 2003, gv. 39

122

saxelmwifo xelisuflebas — iyos SezRuduli sakuTar moqmedebebSi, ar Caerios pirovnebis cxovrebis garkve-ul sferoebSi, Seasrulos moqalaqis moTxovnebi da daicvas misi interesebi.

Tumca, adamianis uflebebi mxolod saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg ar aris mimarTuli. igi analogiurad moqme-debs nebismieri individis winaaRmdeg, romelic ar-Rvevs sxva individis uflebebs. konstituciis me-7 mux-lis Tanaxmad, sazogadoeba SezRudulia adamianis uf-lebebiT, e.i. adamians aqvs uflebebi, romelTa reali-zebis da ganxorcielebis saSualeba mas kanoniT gaaC-nia, magram, ra wamsac ki misi uflebis ganxorcieleba sxva pirovnebis uflebebs daemuqreba, igi izRudeba sa-kuTar qmedebebSi. Sesabamisad, pirovnebas aqvs ufloe-ba — ganaxorcielos kanoniT miniWebuli uflebani ma-nam, sanam igi ar daarRvevs sxva adamianis uflebebs. Tumca, aRniSnuli principi Cvens sazogadoebaSi ჯerac araa bolomde aRqmuli da kargad gaazrebuli.

„ZiriTadi uflebebi personalur pretenzias (moTxovnas) warmoadgens. saqarTvelos konstitucia adgens: yvelas, vinc fiqrobs, rom saჯaro xelisufle-bis mier darRveulia misi ZiriTadi ufleba, SeuZlia mimarTos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos (m. 89, p.1, qvp. „v“). es ki, Tavis mxriv, niSnavs, rom ZiriTad uflebebs pativi unda scen ara mxolod maT, vinc valdebulia (saჯaro xelisufleba), aramed, TviT am uflebebiT aR-Wurvilma adamianebmac, romlebsac saWiroebis Sem-TxvevaSi, sasamarTlos daxmarebiT, SeuZliaT moiTxo-von TavianT uflebaTa dacva da dafaseba. amdenad, Zi-riTadi uflebebi subieqturi uflebebia.“73

73 ZiriTadi uflebebi, konstantine kublaSvili, gamomcem-loba „ჯisiai“, 2003, gv. 39

123

adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebi konstituciis Se-madgeneli nawilia, rac gulisxmobs, rom arsebobs gar-kveuli uflebebi, romlebic gaaCniaT moqalaqeebs, Tumca ki, isini ar warmoadgenen adamianis uflebebs. mecnierTa garkveuli nawilis azriT, es uflebebi ada-mianis uflebebis Tanabari Zalis mqone debulebebad unda CaiTvalos.

da bolos, Seჯamebis saxiT SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom adamianis uflebebi — es aris saqarTvelos konstituci-iT gaTvaliswinebul uflebaTa nusxa, romelic adamia-nis ganuyofeli, bunebiTi uflebebia, aris subieqturi da mimarTulia saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg, raTa daicvas adamiani saxelmwifos mxridan cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferoSi Carevisgan. Tumca, adamianis uflebebi boWavs ara marto saxelmwifos, aramed yovel individs, rome-lic Seecdeba daarRvios sxva pirovnebis uflebebi.

rogorc vxedavT, adamianis uflebebi konstitu-ciiT garantirebulia, Tumca, mxolod uflebis arse-boba ar aris sakmarisi. saWiroa, arsebobdes am uflebe-bis dacvis meqanizmi, risTvisac saqarTveloSi ramde-nime institucia funqcionirebs. saqarTveloSi adamia-nis uflebebis dacvas sakonstitucio sasamarTlo uz-runvelyofs. „saqarTvelos organul kanonSi sakon-stitucio sasamarTlos Sesaxeb pirdapiraa aRniSnuli: 1. saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlo aris sa-konstitucio kontrolis sasamarTlo organo, rome-lic uzrunvelyofs saqarTvelos konstituciis uzena-esobas, konstituciuri kanonierebis da adamianis kon-stituciuri uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dacvas (muxli I, punqti 1). saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasa-marTlo uflebamosilia, ganixilos saqarTvelos kon-stituciis meore Tavis (saqarTvelos moqalaqeoba. adamianis ZiriTadi uflebani da Tavisuflebani) sakiT-xTan mimarTebiT miRebuli normatiuli aqtebis kon-

124

stituciurobis sakiTxi (me-19 muxlis me-2 punqti).“74 sasamarTlosTvis mimarTvis ufleba gaaCnia nebismier moqalaqes, romelic Tvlis, rom misi konstituciuri ufleba irRveva. sasamarTlosTvis mimarTvis uflebiT sargeblobs saxalxo damcvelic, Tu igi CaTvlis, rom romelime normatiuli aqti arRvevs adamianis ufle-bebsa da Tavisuflebebs.

arasasamarTlo instituciebidan adamianis ufle-bebis dacvis yvelaze mniSvnelovani meqanizmi ombud-smenis institutia, romelic saqarTveloSi cnobilia saxalxo damcvelis saxeliT. misi mTavari movaleoba saxelmwifosa da xalxs Soris arbitris rolis Sesru-leba da adamianebis darRveuli uflebebis aRdgenaa. unda aRiniSnos, rom saqarTveloSi ombudsmens parla-menti irCevs. „saqarTvelos 1995 wlis konstituciis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos teritoriaze adamianis ufle-bebis dacvas zedamxedvelobs saqarTvelos saxalxo damcveli. saqarTvelos saxalxo damcvelis saqmiano-bis regulireba xdeba 1996 wlis 16 maisis organuli ka-noniT „saqarTvelos saxalxo damcvelis Sesaxeb.“

saqarTvelos saxalxo damcveli xels uwyobs ada-mianis Selaxuli uflebebis aRdgenas, saqarTvelos ka-nonmdeblobis srulyofis xelSewyobas adamianis uf-lebaTa dacvis sferoSi da sxva. nebismier adamians aqvs ufleba, mimarTos ombudsmens, Tu Tvlis, rom misi uf-lebebi dairRva. ombudsmeni uflebamosilia, mimarTos Sesabamisi organos Tanamdebobis pirs uflebaTa dar-Rvevis Sesaxeb da SesTavazos maTi gamosworeba. saxal-xo damcvelis mimarTvis Sedegad, SesaZloa, saxelmwi-fo organoebis mier darRveuli uflebis meqanikuri aRdgena da ukanono gadawyvetilebis gauqmeba ar mox-

74konstituciuri samarTali, avtorTa koleqtivi av. demet-raSivilis xelmZRvanelobiT, Tbilisi 2005, gv. 140

125

des, magram saxalxo damcvels, nebismier SemTxvevaSi, SeuZlia mimarTos sasamarTlos an parlaments.

saxalxo damcvelis saqmianobisTvis dabrkoleba-

Ta Seqmna isჯeba kanoniT (saqarTvelos konstituciis 43-e muxlis me-2 punqti).75

rogorc vxedavT, saxalxo damcveli Selaxuli uf-lebebis dacvis garkveul berketebs flobs. miT ume-tes, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom igi damoukidebelia da mas ufleba aqvs sakuTari Sexedulebidan gamomdinare, daiwyos nebismieri faqtis Semowmeba.

rogorc vxedavT, saqarTveloSi adamianis ufle-bebi konstituciiT aris garantirebuli da misi dacva Sesabamisi meqanizmebiTaa uzrunvelyofili, aqedan ga-momdinare, adamianis uflebebis dacva Cvens qveyanaSi TiTqos problemas ar unda warmoadgendes, magram rea-loba sul sxvaa. Cven ar daviwyebT sxvadasxva sainfor-macio saSualebis mier gavrcelebul monacemebze sau-bars da mxolod saxalxo damcvelis 2013 wlis angariS-Si moyvanil ramdenime faqts SevexebiT, rac, Cveni az-riT, sagangaSoa.

„2013 wlis ganmavlobaSi gamarTuli aqciebis ume-tesoba eqscesebis gareSe Catarda, Tumca, iyo gamonak-lisebic, sadac saxelmwifom ver SeZlo mSvidobiani aq-ciis monawileebisTvis konstituciiT garantirebuli Sekrebis uflebis uzrunvelyofa umoqmedobis an/da arasaTanado reagirebis gamo. maT Soris, 2013 wlis 17 maiss ჰomofobiis da transfobiis winaaRmdeg brZolis saerTaSoriso dRis aRsaniSnavad organizebuli aqciis darbeva paraleluri aqciis monawileebis mier.“76 75konstituciuri samarTali, avtorTa koleqtivi av. demet-raSivilis xelmZRvanelobiT, Tbilisi 2005, gv. 141 76 saxalxo damcvelis angariSi adamianis uflebaTa mdgoma-reoba saqarTveloSi — 2013,

126

„2013 weli religiis Tavisuflebis realizaciisa da tolerantobis kuTxiT problematuri iyo, rac yve-laze mwvaved saqarTvelos muslimi mosaxleobis wina-aRmdeg ganxorcielebul ramdenime SemTxvevaSi gamov-linda. 2013 wlis maissa da ivnisSi, winwyarosa da sam-TawyaroSi macxovrebeli marTlmadidebeli mosaxleo-ba aprotestebda meCeTis amoqmedebas sofelSi da muqa-riT, sityvieri SeuracxyofiT, zogierT SemTxvevaSi ki, ZaladobiTac, ar aZlevda muslim mrevls Sekrebisa da paraskevis tradiciuli locvis Catarebis SesaZleb-lobas. adigenis raionis sofel WelaSi minareTis de-

montaჟisas, samarTaldamcavebsa da adgilobriv mus-limebs Soris fizikuri dapirispireba moxda, ris Sede-gadac, adgilobrivma mosaxleebma dazianebebi miiRes, TerTmeti muslimi daakaves da ramdenime maTganis wina-

aRmdeg sisxlis samarTlis saqme aRiZra. demontaჟidan sam TveSi ki, 27 noembers, minareTis aRdgenis procesi dasrulda.“77 saxalxo damcvelis moxsenebaSi sakmaod bevr darRvevaze iyo saubari, Tumca, Cveni azriT, ze-moT aRniSnuli SemTxvevebi yvelaze sagangaSoa, radgan mocemul SemTxvevaSi saqme exeba ara xelisuflebis mi-er garkveuli uflebebis darRvevas (rac, xSir SemTxve-vaSi, politikuri nebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi advilad mogvarebadia), aramed, aq CarTuli iyo sazogadoebis sakmaod didi nawili. yvelaze didi problemac swored

http://www.ombudsman.ge/ge/page/saxalxo-damcvelis-angarishi-adamianis-uflebata-mdgomareoba-saqartveloshi-2013 nanaxia ( 31.03.2014) 77 saxalxo damcvelis angariSi adamianis uflebaTa mdgoma-reoba saqarTveloSi — 2013, http://www.ombudsman.ge/ge/page/saxalxo-damcvelis-angarishi-adamianis-uflebata-mdgomareoba-saqartveloshi-2013 nanaxia (31.03.2014)

127

esaa. gansakuTrebiT, unda aRiniSnos 17 maisis movlene-bi, rodesac seqsualuri umciresobebis mier mowyobi-li aqcia sastikad iqna darbeuli, rac ukve aSkarad mi-uTiTebs am adamianebisadmi uaRresad negatiur damo-kidebulebaze. sagangaSoa isic, rom „2013 wels gaxSir-da siZulvilis niadagze Cadenili danaSaulebi da sxva SemTxvevebi lgbt Temis warmomadgenelTa da maTi uf-lebebis damcveli organizaciebis mimarT.

saqarTvelos saxalxo damcvelisTvis gansakuTre-biT SemaSfoTebeli iyo 17 maisis da am dRis Tanmdevi movlenebi, kerZod, ganxorcielebuli Zaladoba lgbt Temis warmomadgeneli da uflebadamcveli pirebis mi-marT, romelic grZeldeba da sxvadasxva formiT pou-lobs gamoxatulebas.“78

rogorc vxedavT, uflebebis dacvis kuTxiT ara marto xelisufleba scodavs, aramed adamianis ufle-bebi sazogadoebis mxridanac irRveva, rac, Cveni az-riT, sazogadoebaSi arsebuli dabali samarTlebrivi kulturisa da TviTSegnebis „damsaxurebaa“. migvaCnia, rom Tu ganviTareba gvinda, saWiroa sazogadoebis ma-sobrivi ganaTleba, radgan swored adamianis uflebe-bia is qvakuTxedi, rasac qveynis aRmSenebloba unda da-efuZnos.

78 saxalxo damcvelis angariSi, adamianis uflebaTa mdgoma-reoba saqarTveloSi — 2013, http://www.ombudsman.ge/ge/page/saxalxo-damcvelis-angarishi-adamianis-uflebata-mdgomareoba-saqartveloshi-2013 nanaxia (31.03.2014).

128

daskvna

mocemuli TemiT Cven garkveulwilad SevecadeT, mimogvexila adamianis uflebebi, misi ganviTareba da raoba dRevandel saqarTveloSi. vecadeT, warmogveCi-na Cvens sazogadoebaSi arsebuli problemebi. sazoga-doebam, marTalia, aitaca sityva „adamianis uflebebi“ da sakmaod xSiradac iyenebs mas, magram, rogorc zemoT moyvanili magaliTebidan Cans — xSir SemTxvevaSi, ar-Rvevs imas, rasac pirvel rigSi, Tavadve unda icavdes. yovelive es ki, Cveni Rrma rwmeniT, sazogadoebis ara-sakmarisi ganaTlebis bralia. Tu mocemuli problema SeZlebisdagvarad male ar iqna mogvarebuli, Cven gag-viWirdeba Zlieri da demokratiuli qveynis Seqmna.

Beka Korchilava

Sukhishvili Teaching University BA student

GEORGIA AND HUMAN RIGHTS

Human rights is the greatest achievement of the world. Citizens

have right to protect their rights from the repressive state apparatus. Despite this, numerous allegations of violations are in place. Georgia is no exception. In the paper, we analyze cases from Georgia’s contemporaneity that are evaluated as the clearest violation of the human rights. Our paper is based on reports prepared in Ombudsmen’s office, which describes human right condition in the country.

129

gamoyenebuli literatura

1. ZiriTadi uflebebi, konstantine kublaSvili, ga-

momcemloba „ჯisiai“, 2003 2. konstituciuri samarTali, avtorTa koleqtivi av.

demetraSvilis xelmZRvanelobiT, Tbilisi, 2005 3. saqarTvelos konstituciuri samarTali, paata

cnobilaZe, Tbilisi, gamomcemloba universali, 2004

4. adamianis uflebaTa komitetis mier ganxiluli Zi-

riTadi saqmeebi, Seadgines raiჯa ჰanskim da martin Saininma, Targmani ani gegeWkoris, adamianis ufle-baTa instituti, Abo Akademi University, Turqu/Abo 2006

5. adamianis uflebaTa sferoSi ZiriTadi saerTaSori-so aqtebis krebuli, tomi I, Tbilisi, 2008

6. adamianis uflebaTa sferoSi ZiriTadi saerTaSori-so aqtebis krebuli, tomi II, Tbilisi, 2008

7. saxalxo damcvelis angariSi adamianis uflebaTa mdgomareoba saqarTveloSi — 2013, http://www.ombudsman.ge/ge/page/saxalxo-damcvelis-angarishi-adamianis-uflebata-mdgomareoba-saqartveloshi-2013 nanaxia (31.03.2014)

gamomcemloba `universali~

Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, : 2 22 36 09, 5(99) 17 22 30 E-mail: universal@internet.ge