NICHOLLS'S

Seamanship and Nautical Knowledge

FOR

Second Mates', Mates' and Masters'

Examinations

DY

CHARLES' H . BROWN, F .R.S.G.S., EXTRA MASTER

Revised by

H. H. BROWN, D.S.C.-, R.D. , F.R.A.S., RX'rIiA MAS1'ER

GLASGOW

BROWN, SON & FERGUSON, LTD., NAUTICAL PUBLISHERS

52 DARNT.F:Y RTREET

•

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER I.

The Division of the Day at Sea-Helm Orders-Conning the Ship-Sa iling Ship Rigs-Types of Ships 1

CHAPTER n.-KNOTS. BENDS AND SPLICES./

Knots, Hitches, Bends and Splices-Types of Rope-Wjre Splicing-Blocks-Purchases and Mechanical Advantage .. 9

CHAPTER IlL-ROPES AND PURCHASES.

Strength of Ropes, Wire and Manila-How to Handle Wire Rope­Strengtb of Chain-Theoretical Advantage of Tackles-Test Loads on Derricks-Questions 37

CHAPTER IV.-THE RIGGING OF A STEAMSHIP.

Standing Rigging-Telescopic Topmast, Sending Topmast Up and Down-Bending Down a Signal Yard- Rigging Denicks 52

CHAPTER V.-BOAT SAlLING.

Lifeboat Sails-Lug Sails--Terms Used When Sailing a Boat-Boat Sai ling and Her Management in Heavy Weather-Sailing Ship Hule of the Road ;" . 60

CHAPTER VL-BOAT CONSTRUCTION AND EQUlPMENT.

Ship's Boats-·Boat Lowering-Davits, Radial, Lufting and Gravity Types-The Motor Lifeboat-Diesel Engines-Manoeuvring the Motor Boat-Motor Boat Rule of the Road-Effect of Oil on ~rav es-·Construction of Ship's Boats-Boat Equivment- Types of Bo.."'tb, their Capacity, Buoyancy, Markillg, etc .-Life-Sav ing Apparatus - Life-buoys - Life-jackets - Doat Drill- Painting Metal Boats- J nflatable Lifcrafts .. 74,..

CHAPTER VU.-ANCHORS AND CABLES.

Parts of an Anchor- Bow Stoppers-Mooring Anc.bors- Chain Cables a nd ShackJes-Anchor and Chain Cables Act 108

CHAPTER VIlI.-DECK APPLIANCES AND APPARATUS.

Telegraphs-Lead Line-Patent Sounding Machine-Echo Sounding Machine- Common Log.......:...Patent Log- Electric Ship Log-

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CONTENTS

Speed of Propeller-Fuel Consumption and Speed-Meteoro­logical Instruments-Barometer and Vernier-Aneroid-Baro­graph-Thermometer Scales-Maximum and Minimum Thermo­meters-Hygrometer-Rain Caugo--Radio Direction Finder­Radar- Sluices and Watertight Doors-Steering Gears-Deek Winches and Capstans-Windlass-Propelling Machinery­Boilers-Reciprocating and Turbine Motor Engines--Fire Extinguish ing Appliances-Precautions to Prevent Fire-Fire Drill- Board of Trade Regulations regarding Fire Fighting Apparatus-Standing Rules for Steam Vessels at Sea. in Port and at Anchor-Question!l .. 117

CHAPTER IX.-REGULATIONS FOR PREVENTING COLLISION AT SEA

Rules 1 to IS-Ship's Lights and Fog Signals-Recognition of Lights--­Questions and Answers on Contents of Rules

CHAPTER X.-STEERING AND SAILING RULES.

Rules 17 to 32-Rule of the Road-Questions and Answers on Contents of Rules-To Find Out How Another Vessel is Heading at Night

187

-Diagrams relating to Rule of the Road 210

CHAPTER X!.-NOTICES TO MARINERS.

Closing of Ports-Mine Sweeping Operation!r-Waroing Signals denoting Submarines--Aircraft Signals-Light Vessels- Navigating Stern Foremost-Submarine Cables-Uniform System of Maritime Buoyage-Wreck Marking Signals-Fog Signals-Life·Saving Organisation-Distress Signals---Screening of Navigation Lights -Questions .. 242

CHAPTER XlI.-PARALLELOGRAM OF FORCES.

Examples--A Canal Boat-Current Sailing-Moorings-Action of the Rudder and Turning Circ1e--True and Apparent Wind-Boat Sailing-Cargo Spans-Derricks-QuestioDs 265

CHAPTER XII I.-SCREW RACE AND SHIP HANDLING.

Tho Wake Current-The Transverse Thrust--The Screw Race--Effect with Head1,.vay. Stern way, and at Starting-Twin Screws­Tuming Circ1e--Shjp Handling- AnchOl"ing. Mooring and Berthing-Tendiog Ship at Anchor-Getting under way-Emer· gendes-Accidents-Jury Gear-Towing-Ship's Log Book 289

CHAPTER XIV.-MENSURATION.

Weights and Measures-Areas and Volumes--Stowage Factors---Simpsoo's Rules-Examples 344

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CONTENTS

CHAPTER XV.-HYDROSTATICS.

The H ydromcter-Buoyancy-Water Pressure--Atm~pberic Sounding Tube-Markings on a Ship-Variati<?ns in Density and Draught -Load Lines for Sailing Ships, Cargo Steamers, Tankers and Timber Laden Steamers----Zones and Seasonal Areas-The Load Line-Headings of the Official Log-Questions

CHAPTER XVI.-CARGO.

Cargo Gear- Factory and Workshops Act-Dunnag~Homogeneous

Cargoes, Coal, Ore, Grain, Rico-Stowage of Various Cargoes­Questions and Answers-Dangerous Cargoes-Details of Grain~ Oil and Timber <...argoes--Frozen and Chilled Cargoes, Meat, Fruit, etc.-Bulk Oil-Cargo Plan-Questions .. 88S

CHAPTER XVII.-SHIP CONSTRUCTION.

The Stresses on a Ship--Riveting-Welding-Built Sections-Trans· verse Sections-Cellular Double Bottom-Beams-Bulkheads-­Deep Tank-Shell Plating-Planking-PiUars-Hatchways­Stem and Stern-Rudders--Screws-PiPe Lines-Ship Building Photographs-Ventilation-Properties and Uses of Paint-Scantlings-Questions 425

CHAPTER XVIII.-STABILITY, CARGO AND TRIM.

Levers-Para llel Forces and Principle of Moments-The Wheel and Axle -A Couple-Centre of Gravity of a System of Weights-­Various Distributions of VVeigh ts-Equilihrillm. Stable, Neutral and Stable--Displacement, Tonnage and Volume-Coefficient of Fineness-Ship Stability-Metacelltre-The Heehng Ex· periment-Ship Graphs: Curves of Displacement, Tons per Inch Immersion, Stability, Buoyancy and l\1etaceotre--Cargo and Stability-Cargo Plan-Cargo and Trim-Examples and Calcula. tions-Questions

CHAPTER XIX.-REGISTRATlON OF SHIPS AND SEAMEN.

The Board of Trade-Customs and Exci~e-Ministry of Health­Port and Local Authorities-Classification Societies-H.M~ Sta:.tiouery Office-The New Ship-Plans-Launching-Dry· docking-Certificate of Registry-Certificates under the Anchor and Cables Act-Freeboard and Load Line--Life~Saving

Appliances--Safety Certificat&--lntemational Load Line Certi~ ficato-.Certificated Lueboatmen-Panama and Suez Canal Certificates-Declaration of Health-Deratisation of Ships-

490

Factory and Workshops Act-Classification Survey. . . 540

CHAPTER XX.-SIGNALLlNG.

The International Codo of Flags-One, Two, Three and Four Flag SignalS-Alphabetical and Numeral SignaJs-Instructions How to Signal-Notes on Signalling-Distant, Semaphore a.nd Morse Signalling--Questions and Answers 567

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INDEX.

A PAGE PAGE

Accidents- Beacon, wireless 252 Anchor foul .. 299 Beam-Disabled ship 331 ---. Deck 440 Engine breakdown 332 '.'" Hatch 452

t Fire 176 ~! ~ Knees 441 Funnel damaged 326 Panting 45' Hatches at sea 325 Berthing-ship 302 Man overboard 297, 327 Bells 257 Report of 241 Bends and hitches 9-25 Rudder damaged 328 Blackwall bitch 17 Steering gear 325 Bowline 13 Vessel aground 327, 334 Catspaw 20

'7" Windlass damaged 330 Carrick bend 2\

Air fog signals 251 Clove hitch 15 'I_AnChOf_ Fishennen's bend I'

Bower 108,331,335 Half hitches 17 Bow stoppers 110 Marline-spike hitch 19 Dredging 306 Midshipman's hitch 18 Kedge 300 Mousing 22 Lights 197 Reef knot 20

"" Mooring III Rolling hitch 15 ·r .... Mushroom 111 Sheet bend .. 20 -""'»Parts of 108 Sheepshank 19

Riding at 312 Timber hitch 16 ...... Sea lOS, 112, 333 Whippings .. 12 -.,... Shackles 112 Bilges 436

.--.... Stockless 108 Bilge suction pipe 464 "'N', Stoppers 110 Bitts or bollards 340

Stream 108 Bilumastic paints 483 Tending ship at 298,312,315 Block-, -,[" Testing of liS, 108 Cargo 31, 562

~ .... .~ Watch 173,300 Clump 29 , -,- Work 316 Coefficient 504 Anchors and Chain Cables Act External bound 30

115,545 Gin 31,288 Anchoring and mooring 321 I nternal bound 30 Aneroid barometer 139 Metal 31 Annealing 108 Snatch 30 Answers 620 Board of Trade xiii, 373, 540 Antifouling paints 477 Boat-Areas and volumes 348 Beaching of 70 A trnospheric sounders 367 Beaching signals for

Capacity of 253 100

B Carvel and dinche[" 91·95 Balanced rudders 460 Construction of 95 Ballast tanks 444 Classes of 97

"'\NI Barnacles 482 Davits 74 Barometer 134, 139 Davit falls .. 74,82 Barograph 139 Drill .. 79, 104, 181

! Barque 4 Equipment 97

629

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630 NICHOLLS'S SEAMANSHIP AND NAUTICAL KNOWLEDGE

.., PAGE PAGR Boat (contd.)- 0

Gybing 68 Cable-H oist ing 73 Chain 112 Launching . . 7' Marking .. 115 Lowering 74 Moorin g swivel 11 2 Lugsail (,{) Inboard end 114 Management 8.'1 Inspection 114 Man overboard 8:'i LC:lid rope 9 Motor R' Length 112 Markings 11;11 Shackles 112 Names of parts ~:l Strength 115 Number of .. 9$ Vee ring 313 Painting metal lifeboats 106 Plans- Sec Pocket Parts of a 92 Camber 401 Position of 104 Canvas, rope, sails .. SS Rule of Road 71 Capacity pJans- See Pocket Sails 60 Cape HOT/1

Sailing 60, 65, 270 Capsta ns 169, 497 Sailing terms 61 c..ugo work 394,555 Sea anchor 105 1 I'.! Bags 400 Sections ~\ I Ihles 400 Signals 2SJ Bananas 413 At sea 82 Barre ls 399 Tanks 98 Battens 389 Tacking 63 Capacity 420 Types of 97 Coal .. 388, 40 1

Boiler, Scotch 170 Dangerous " l76, 405, 477 .. water·tube 170 Deck 396, 401

Boot-topping paint 483 Explosives 176, 405 Bosom piece 433 Flour 399 Boss propeller 456 Pood and fr~ii 41 3 Bow stoppers 110 Frozen 408 Bower ancho r 108 Gear 393, 557 Doyle's Law 122 Grain 391 Bracket plate 439 Hatches 451 ,553 Breast hooks and crutches 454 Liquid 401 , 416 Breeches buoy 254 Mineral 403 Brig 4 Mixed 398 Body post 455 Oil .. 401,416 Bowline 13 Ore .. 391 ,".,:

Bull rope 384 Plans 419,542 Bunker coal 133 Preparation 388,397 Buoyage system 248 Questions 397 Buoyance 362,505 Railway iron 398

Centre of 505 Receiving 394,403,410 Curve 516 Responsibility 397, 403 Tanks 98 R ice .. 393

Bulb ~ngles 435 Safety precautions 560 Bulkhead 443 Spaces 475

Collision 454 Spans 271 I Doors 155 Special 404 Sluices 155 St owage 396 Frames 443 Stability and trim 517-527 Stiffeners 443 Stresses 275

Bulkhead watertight 443 Sugar 398 Bulk cargo 392 Testing gear 657 Butt joints 433 Timber 406 But::iock lines .. 542 cargo. ventilation of 394,475

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lNDKT.:. 631

l'AGl! Cargo gear·-Bull ropes, can

books, gins, guys, nets, shackles, slings, snotters, trays 383. 387. 5S9

Carlings 452 Carving note . . 545 Cavitation 289 Ceiling .. 388 Cellular double bottom 436 438 Cf'.ntral Training Board xxi Centre of buoya.ncy 503

effort 270 gravity 497,516, 51B pressure 460 tipping 522

Certincate-Anchors and cables Cargo lifting gear .. Df'daration of health Dr.r"ltisation Lifeboatmen Life-saving appliances Load line Panama and Suez Canals PassP.oger ship Radiotelegraphy Ship's register

Certification of shipt Chain strength

.. hoists

.. stud link " stopper

Classification societies Classification surveys Clear hawse Cleats hatch

.. stop Coal consumption Coamings Code of Signals Coefficient of fineness Cofferdam Collars' thrust block

. Collision-

114,545 557 549 551 547 545 545 548 546 546 545 540

41 49

112 36, 110

373, 541 563 315 453 458 133 452 569

369, 504 416 462

Avoiding 218 Bulkhead 454 Diagrams 72, 87, 216, 217. 219, 225,

226, 232, 234, 236, 238 Prevention of 187 Procedure after 240 Risk of 215

Compositions, antifouling 479 Composition paints 479 Conning the ship 3 Corrosion 477

.. electrolytic 478 Couple, mechanical 497 Cratches and breasthooks 454

I C 'I" I urrent sal mg PAGa

265 289 516 513 516 514 513 540

i .. wake .. I Curve of buoyancy .. I displacement ! metaccntre ..

I sta.bility " tons per inch ! Custom H ouse

I D

Dangerous cargoes Davits, gravity

number of

176,404,477 76 98 74 75 2

radial .. Welin-MacJachlan

Day at sea Day signals for·-

Aircraft 244 Cable ship 191 Escorting submarines 244 Examination ship .. 242 Fishing vessels 195 Mine-sweeping 243 NaVigating stern foremost 246 Not under command 191. 200 Vessel under sail and power 199 Vessels in distress .. .. 255 ,"' reck marking 250

Deadweigbt 369 Deadwood 93, 94 Deck appliances 117

Bulkhead doon! 155 Docking telegraphs 119 Drill, fire and boat 181 Engine-room 118 Echo sounding 125 Fire appliances 178 Lead lines . • J 20 Meteorological instruments 134 Navigation lights sentinel 120 Radio direction finder [45 Sounding machine 122 Steering gear 158 Steam capstan 169

" winch 168 windlass 169

Deck beam 440 " camber 401,439 " planking 448

line 373 Deep tanks 445 Density 360, 370 Deratisation 552 Derricks 56, 273, 562

beaY}' lifl! SS-3S, ~85 rigging of 56

Diagrams-Buoyage 248

632 NICHOLLS'S SEAMA.NSJlJI' .iND NAUTICAL KNOWLeDGE

PAGE 1 Diagrams (cont)-

Rule of the Road 219, 225, 226 Screw race .. 289 Ship's lights . . 200

.. and signals 242, 253. 254 Diapbone fog horn 251 Diesel engines 83 Displacement tonnage 504

.. volume 504 Distress signals 214, 25& Docking and mooring 302 DOOf in bulkhead 155 Double bottom 437,439 Dowels 449 Drainage system 440, 463 Draught marks 369 Dredging anchor 306 Dry docking "29, 544 Dunnage 388 Dunstos brake 166

E Echo sounding machine Edge, sight Economical speed Electric navigation lights Engine----

Break down of Cylinders Deck Internal combustion

Engine (cont.)­Marine motor Reciprocating Speed Steam circulation Steering Telemetor Turbine

Ensign. flying Equations-­

Chain Coal consumption Stability Strength of rope

Equilibrium Examination papers

syllabuses

F

125 447 133 260

325. 330 172 168 175

83. 174 173 133 172 l58 l62 174 578

42 1'1'1 5~7

37, 40 !'O:i 595

xiii. xxi

Factor of safety 37 Factory and Workshops Act 385. 555

gangways 555 hatches 555 lifting gear 557 safety precautions 560

.. testing schedule 562 Fairing the plans 542 Fathom 120, 344

Fid Fire appliances ..

" chemical extinguishers " detectioD .. .. drill and inspection " muster list " precautions 11 tu be boiler

Firefoam Flags Flat plate keel Floating drydock Floor Fog signals

Cable ships .. Fishing vessels Fog boms InformatioD f'e

Not under command Power driven vessels Shore stations Submarine .. Towing Vessels at anchor Wireless signals VVrcck marking

Forces, moment of Forces, parallel Fore and afters Foundation plate Frames

cant liner longitudinal spacing of stern

.. web Freeboard Freeing ports Frictional resistance Fuel consumption Fulcrum Fumigation Funnel damaged

Gangways Garboard strake Gauge, rain

" rope Gear, cargo

" steering

G

PAGB 54

179 177. 180 176. 178

181 181 176 170 177 569

436.438 544

437.438 199-201

200 200

251 . 258 251 200 199 251 252 200 200 252 250 490 491

467.471 436 446 456 447

446. 467 446 455

446, 468 374 451 42

133. 186 490

. 554 326

555, 560 466 144 28

383. 557 158

Geometrical figures-Areas and volumes of barrel, box, circle, cone, cylinder, prism, pyra-mid, rectangle, ring. sector, square, sphere, triangle, wedge 348; 350

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Getting under way Girder-s, ship _. Gland, stern tube Gongs .. Grain feeders _.

" cargo Graphs and curves Graving dock Gravity . centre of Cripe boat Cross tonnage __ Crounding Gudgeons, rudder Gun line throwing •• ' Gun tackle Gunwale bar Cusst"t plate Gybing

• Hatch-H

PAGE 303 425 461 258 392 392 511 544

497,517 79

373,548 327, 334

457 256

34 451 437

63,69

Beams 556 Cargo 452 Cleats 453 Coamings 452 Deep tank 445

t", Openings 452 Tarpaulins 40 I

Hatch sliding beam 556 Hawsers .. 9 Reading? "How is sho" 224 Heaving·to 325 Heavy derricks 57 .Heeling experiment 509 Helm orders . . 3 Her Malesty's Stationery Office 541 Hitches 14-22 Hogging 426 Hold, preparation of 388-394,410

,,' pillars 449 Home Office. 540, 555 Hose, fire 179 Hound band . . . . 52 ~'How is she heading?" 224 Hydrometer 360 Hydrostatics 360 Hygrometer 1-43

I Inch-trim-moment 523 Infectious diseases 549 Inflatable Jiferaft 106

equipment of 107 [nitiaJ stability 507 Inner bottom plating 436 Intercostals . . 436 International Code of Signals 569-593

PAGE International load lines 372

Rules, Preventing Collision 188-215

Isherwood ships 446

Joggled plating Jury rudder

1

.. steering gear

K Kedge anchor .. Keel .. Knees, beam ..

447 837 836

108,300 438 440 91 .. boat ....

Knots-See Bends and Hitches 13-23

L Landing edge .. Launch, motor Launching wa~ Lead line

" cast of Leach .. Levers .. Ufeboatmen Life-belts Life-boats Life-buoys Life-raft, inflatable Lifting gear Lights-

Identification Screening of Stern Side Masthead ..

Lights to be carried by­Cable ships .. Examination vessels Fishing vessels Mine-sweepers Overtaken vessels .. Pilot vesselso Sailing vessep Power-driven vessels Small vessels Towing vessels Vessels at anchor ..

aground ..

447 83

543 120

122, 124 61

490-494 547 102 97

102 107 557

198 258 258 258 258

not under command " I wreck-marking

Life-saving apparatus penalties precautions

191 242 195 243 197 194 192 189 193 191 197 198 191 250 254 104 103 106 253 253

rules service signals

()34 NICIlOI.x.s'S 8EllIANSHIP AND NAUTICAL ltNOWLEDGIt

Lightening holes Linc-thmwing gun Load draught

" lines Load line, assigning

authorities deck cargo seasons

Log~k tankers

• patent " common .. electrical

Long sphce . Longltudinal frammg

bulkheads .. stresses

Lookoutman Lower-mast, parts of Lufl tackle Lugsail

III Machinery-

PAGE

439 256b

373 373-379

372. 545 373 375 379 376 341 128 127 131 24

446 446 425

2 54 34 60

. Boiler 170 Compound engine 173 Deck 168 Motor engine 83, 174 Steering engine 160 Triple engine 173 Turbine 174

Management of vessel at anchor 315 Man overboard . . 85, 297 Manila rope 9, 37 Margin plate • _ 436, 439 Marine growths 480 Marking of ships 369 Materials, strength of 347 Mast and rigging . 53 Mechanical advantage 34, 44 Mensuration 344 Merchant Shipping Act 540 Metacentric height 508,516,522

.. diagram 516 Meteorological instruments­

Aneroid, barometer, thermo­meters, hygrometer. rain gauge 135-155

Metric measure and weights 347 Millibar 136 Ministry of Agriculture 540

" Health 640, 549 Moment to change trim 523 ;UomerK of a iorcp. 495 Moonng 'H. 266. 298, 315 Motor Boat. 83

Motor boat ma.noeuvring engine

Moto;'ship Mousing

Rule of Road

Muster list Mushroom anchor

N Nautical mile Nautophone fog horn Naviga tion lights Net tonnage Neutral axis Non-return valve Notices to Mariners--

Aircraft at anchor

PA.G. 85 83 86

174 22

181 111

12/,344 251 195 548 426 463

.. in distress .. . . 243 243

Air fog signals by bells, dilit­phone, gun. nautophone, whis tle 251

248 250 242 246 251 245 253 243 246 243 243 247 251 251 250 576

Buoyage sys+;em Buoys and beacons Closing of ports Collision with IightveSlels General notices Ligbtvessels Life·saving sendee Mine·sweeping Navigating stern foremost Squadrons Submarines . _ Subma.rine cables

.. sound signals Wireless fog signals Wreck-marking signals

Numerals Nylon rope

Oertz rudder Oil cargo

.. flash point

.. on waves . _ " linseed

o

Oscillator submarine signal Ore carrier

p Paints, properties of Panting Parallelogram of forces-­

Action of rudder Canal boat Cargo spans .. Curren t sailing Derricks

10

459 416 418

87 479 251

391 . 429

477-482 454

266 265 271 265 273

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INDEX 635

PAGE PAGE r~clogOlm nf forces (cont.)- Pun.'base (cont.)-

! Moormgs 266 Lu ff tackle .. -16 Sail propulsion , . 270 Single, double, trebir: ~1. 32 True .l.nci apparent winG 268 Spanish burton 35

Parbuckling 401 Watch tackle 34 I Parce lling 11 I Partners, mast 453 Q

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Penalties relating to-- Qua.drant rudder 159,336 Boat drill 104 Life~saving appliances 104 Quarter 2

CoUision 240 Questions on-

Reporting accidents 241 Accidents ,. .. 325 , Anchoring and mooring 321

r Grain cargoe:f 391 Load lines 372-377 Anchor work 316 N at showing ensign 578 Anchors and cables 116

Plllu!s 449 Boat lowering 74

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-- .. construction 91 Pintles 457 Pipe lines 463 .. drill 104 Pipe sounding 464 " equipment 97 Piston 173 Cargo 397,422,424

I Plating, shell 447 Cargo and trim 522 ~. Collision regulations 222 decl( 448

Plan cargo 419 Deck appliances 117 PJankJng bo~t 91 Docking and bcrthing 321

neCK 448 Fire emergency 176 Plan'~, sheer, bOdy. na'li breadth 542 Fog signals ,. 208 Poop fittings .. 159 Getting underway 303 Poppets or cradle 543 Heaving~off 334 Port Authorities 541, 549 "How is she heading?" 224 Port Sanitary Authority 551 Hydrostatics 370 Post, rudder 455 Life-saving appliances 95 Power of purchases 34,44 Motor boat 86

Notices to Mariners 262 Preparing for sea 296 Parallelogram of forces 287 Pressure of water 364 Proof strength 347, 562 Rope and wire purchases 34 Propeller- Lights 188

i Mensuration 357 Action of 287 Ship construction 485 Bossing 330,463

Cavita.tion 289 handling 296

if Pitch 133 log books 341

Race 291 stability 503

5hait 461 B

! Slip 133 Speed 132 Racking 428 Steering effect 290 Radio aids and radar 145 Strut 462 Raft construction 341 To unship 330, 461 Rain gauge 145 Thrust 290 Ratline 11

Propelling machinery 173 Rats 552

f Pulleys 31 Reciprocating engines 173 Pumps 416 Red lead 479 Purchase- Reef 68

Advantage of 34,42,48 Refrigeration of cargoeJ 40S Differential .. 49 Register certificate 545 Equations 45,347 tonnage 54S Friction 42 Registration of ships 540 Gb tackle .. 34 Regulation~, Examination xiii

I H dy billy ." 34 collision 1&'J~l41

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636 NlCBOLLS'B SEAMANSHIP AND NAUTrcAL KNOWLEDGE

Relief valves Relieving tackle Reports of accidents Rescuing a. crew Rigging of steamships Righting levers Rivets and riveting Risk of collision .. River work and berthing Rockets Ro_

CanVB8 and sails Hard lay Knotting Left-hand Jay Nylon and terylene Preservation of Right-hand lay Soft lay Splicing Standard lay Strength of " Wire

Rope preservation Rudder-

Action of Balanced Bearing pintle Brake Centre of pressure Coupling Damaged Gudgeons Jury Single plate Spade Stops Streamline

S Safe working loads Sagging Sails-

Parts of Propulsion by Reefing . Tack

Sailing ship rigs Sailing ship types Scantlings Schooner Scotch boiler .. Screening of lights Screw aperture Screw raCe Screw, twin Scuppers Sea anchor

PAGE 173, 416

166 241 340

52 506 431 214 305

253-257

65 9

13 9

10 10 9 9

23 9

37 39 10

266, 293 -. 'IS1' 159 -..;;;'1'-

328 457 337 456 460 <158 .j59

44. 347 426

61 270 68 63

5 4

484 4

170 258 462 289 295 440

105,112 I

PAGB Sea service qualifications xx Section-built .: -436 Section. transverse .. 36 Senior officer's duties 324 Sentinel, navigation lights .. 120 Sendingtopma:;;tsupanddown 54.55 Serving . . •. .. 11 Shackles . . 120 Shaft coupling. . 461 Shaft tail end .. ..61 ~ heaves 30 Sheepshank 19 Ship construction 425 .

Areas and volumes 348 Ballast tank 437 Beams 440 Beam knees . . 441 Breasthook .. 454 Built sectiona 436 Butts •. 433 Bulkheads .. 4 .. 3 Cam her 401 Caulldng . . . . 449 Cellular double bottom -437,439 Decks 4 .. 8 Deck planking 448

" bolts 448 Deep tank .... 5 Floors 4~7, 438 Frames 446 Girder ship 425 Keels and keelsons 435 Landing shell 447 Longitudinal framing 446 Pillars 449 Planking 448 Plating 447 Rivets. riveting 4~J Rudders . . 4(iO Sagging and hogging 426 Scantlings 484 Sheer strake 440 Shell plating 447 Sluices 155 Sole piece . . 456 Sounding pipes 464 Stability 505, 527 ~tealers 448 Steam circulation 172 Stern frame 455

.. tube .. 461 " post 455

Strakes, shell plating 447 Stringers 467.471 Stresses, various 425-430 Transverse framing 440 Watertight bulkhead 4 .. 3

flats 441

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INDEX

Shir- construction (cont.)­Web frame .. Welding

Ship handling .. Docking and berthiog Disabled . . .. Getting under way Management at anchor Manoeu vring Man overboard River 'work . . Tending at anchor

Shrouus Signalling-

Azimuth bearings Code flags Four-letter signals

l'AGE

446 434 296 302 328 307 312 294 297 302

298, 312 49

578 569 573

Gale warning signals International Code signals .. Intemationa1 Marsc .. Latitude and longitude Morse signalling

590 569 582 577 581 5,6 590 583 589 591 579 580 5R(~

S8-1 .. 5U) 570 573 577 Si2 574 353

Numeral hoists ' Pilot signals Procedure signals Quarantine signals Questions and answers Se\1laphore Semaphore a lphabet Signalling by flashing Signalling by sound .. Single-letter hoists .. Single-letter s igna!::, . . Three-letter signals Time signals .. Two-lett~r signals Csc of .9;ubstitutic<.:

Simpsoo's Rules Slings Slip of propener Slipping cable Sloop Slu ices Snatch block Snubbing round Sounding mach ines Sounding pipes Span ish bu r l 0 11

Spanish windJa!\s Specific gravity Speed-and fuel Splice eye

.. grommet

.. long " short " wire

Sprocket chain C::lability

279, 383 133 318

4 155 30

324 122, 125

464 35 23

360 133 23 24 24 23

25, 559 50

490

St.ability calculations equilibrium

" equations Standing orders Stays . , Steam circulation

PAGE\ 503·5'2

. ii27.~~~ 181 52

172 Steamship types .. Steamships, R ule of the Road Steering chains

5 215 158 165 electric hydraulic

emergency gear hand gear engines t elemotor turning circles

" rules Stern framing

" tube " cruiser ..

Stiff ship .. Stowage of cargo Stowage factors Stop valvcs , . Stops, rudder .. Strakes of plating Stream anchor Strength of cargo gear Strength of m aterial Stresses Strum box Strum or rose box Struts .. Submarine bell

cable escort

.• signals Summer load line Survey­

Classification Machinery .. Steering engine Tanks

Table wire rope Tack Tackles, various Tail shaft Tank, deep

" Sounding Tanks-

Side .. Testing

Tankers­Air valves Cofferdam

T

Fire precautions Flash point, oil

165 158

160, 570 162

268, 295 215

455,471 462 460

403,508 383-423

348 416 458

433, 447 108

3H,557 347 425 464

397, 464 462 252 247 243 252 374

563 566 566 566

40 63

34·36 461 444 464

439 365

419 416 418 418

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638 NICHOLLS'S SEAMANSHIP AND NAUTICAL KNOWLEDGE

' ... ankers (cont.}­Heating coil:.. Isherwood system Pipe linea Pump room Steam valves Ullage

Tarpaulin Tender ship Telegrapbs Telemotor Temperature, standard Tending ship at anchor Terylene rope Testing Material Thermometers Thermotank ventilation Thrust block .. Tide, eftect of Tide-rode Tiller Timber load line

" deck cargo Tipping centre Tons per inch ·Tonnage, gross, net Topmast

telescopic Towing Transom frame Transverse section

thrust Trim Tube, boner

.. sounding Turbine Turning circle

centre Twin screws Types of ships

Ullage u

Unstable equilibrium Upper deck Uptake in boilers

Valves, tank air •. stop

Vecring cable Vebicle, pa.int

v

418 446 463 416 418 419 401

Ventilation of Ship Ventilator

PAGa 172, 1)::;, 3!)3. 41S

476

402. 508 117 162 361 312

10 115,562

140 475 462 313 298

3 375 396 522 513

373. 548 52 54

331. 338 456 436 290 521 170 367 174 295 267 295 4-8

419 503 440 170

Volumes and 6urfa.ce area!. of box-shaped bodies, cylinders and wedges

Volume of displacement Vernier

w Water pressure Watertight flaw

bulkheads " doors

Wake current W ash 'ports Waterplanes Watches at sea Weather tide .. Welding Weights and measures-Tray,

avoirdupois, lineal, survey ­ors'. squa.re, cubic, liquid, dry. time, angular: metric, mIscellaneous ship me·'\.Sures

Wetted surface equation Web frames Wheel and 8.J[le Whippings Whistles Winches and capstan Windlass \Vindlass damages Wind and tide Wind-rode Wind. true and apparent Winging out weights Winter load line Wire, care of

gauge grip sections splicing

" strength Wireless bearing Wireless fog signal "" ood decks

y 4J6 Yard, signal

416.463 313 Z 479 Zones, seasonal

350 504 136

364 441 443 155 289 451 54'2

3 298 4~4

347 483 446 496

12 258. 168 165 330 314 298 268 402 374

39 28 28 28

22-24 40

154 248 440

S4

377

-,