What is ASTM F2063-00 ,f2005,f2004,f2082NiTi is formed in VIC or VIM

Slide 1- coverSlide 2- what are shape memory alloys and nitiIn some alloys, a given plastic strain recovers completely when the alloy is heated at a certain temperature. This phenomenon, shape memory effect (SME), This was In-Tl and Au-Cd first half of 1950s. Not until 1963, This again show in Ti-Ni alloy.T tadaki, at al Shape Memory Alloys 1988Slide 3- how they are produce (energy requirement)delta hNi(s) + Ti(s) = NiTi(s) H = -16.0 Kcal/gmol

Silde 4- how nickel is produceNiO + C = Ni + CO2Predominance diagram of Ni c-o

Stability diagramSlide 5- how titanium cannot be reduce by carbonPredominance diagramTio2 + C = TiC + COSlide 6- kroll processThe process, now known as the Kroll process, was originally developed in 1940 by WilhelmF. Kroll for the production of titanium. It is based on the reaction:TiCl4 + 2 Mg = Ti + 2 MgCl2titanium tetrachloride (melting point: 23 C) is a liquid and can be metered directly into molten magnesium. The reduction is conducted under an inert atmosphere in a stainless steel reactor. Magnesium, corresponding to 20% excess over that required by stoichiometry, is charged into the reactor and heated to a temperature above the melting point of magnesium chloride. External heating is then stopped and titanium tetrachloride is metered into the reactor at such a rate that the temperature is maintained between 800 and 900 C due to the exothermic reaction. When all the chloride has been fed, the reactor is heated to 900 to 940 C to complete the reduction of the lower chlorides of titanium that might have formed. In the course of reduction, most of the magnesium chloride product can be tapped from the reactor without interrupting the process.Magnesium, being lighter than magnesium chloride, always floats on the molten slag in the reduction crucible and thus makes itself available to the incoming liquid chloride (in titanium tetrachloride reduction) or the chloride vapour (in zirconium tetrachloride reduction).This characteristic allows magnesium chloride to be tapped without affecting the availability of magnesium for reduction. After reduction is complete, the product, consisting of titanium sponge, magnesium chloride and excess magnesium, is subjected to vacuum distillation at 900 to 1000 C under 0.1 kPa pressure during which both magnesium and magnesium chloride are distilled away, leaving behind pure titanium sponge. A typical analysis of the sponge thus obtained is: 0.1% oxygen, less than 0.01% each of hydrogen, nitrogen and carbon, 0.05% iron and about 0.03% silicon.

Slide 7- thermodynamic analysisTiO2 + cl2 + C = TiCl4 + CO + CO2Cl2 + C = CCl4Tio2 + CCl4 = TiCl4 + Co

TiCl4 + 2 Mg = Ti + 2 MgCl2

Slide 8- to use nickel powder during titanium purification.