other organic compounds
DESCRIPTION
Other Organic Compounds. Hydrocarbon derivatives are organic molecules that contain one or more elements in addition to carbon and hydrogen. A functional group is an atom or group of atoms in hydrocarbon derivatives that contain elements in addition to carbon and hydrogen. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Other Organic Compounds
Hydrocarbon derivatives are
organic molecules that contain one or more elements in
addition to carbon and hydrogen.
A functional group is an atom or group of
atoms in hydrocarbon derivatives that
contain elements in addition to carbon and
hydrogen.
In developing a general formula
for types of organic
compounds, the symbol R is
used.
R represents a hydrocarbon fragment. Example:
methyl group
The symbol R is from the
German radikal.
A second R group is called R and a third
R group is called R.
Alcohols
Alcohols have the general
formula ROH.
In the case of alcohols, the
hydroxyl group, OH1 is a
substituent on a hydrocarbon.
Alcohols are named by
replacing the e on the end of the
parent hydrocarbon with
ol.
Numbering may be necessary. The hydroxyl
group is to be on the lowest
number carbon.
Example:CH3OH
is methanol because the R
group comes from methane.
ethanol
CH3CH2OH
1-propanol
CH3CH2CH2OH
2-propanolCH3CHCH3
OH
6-bromo-2-methyl-2-hexanol
CH3
CH3CCH2CH2CH2CH2Br
OH
Ethers
An ether is an organic
compound in which two
hydrocarbon groups are joined
to an oxygen.
The general formula for an
ether is ROR
It is named with oxy in between the
R group names.
CH3OCH2CH3
is named methoxyetha
ne
CH3OCH3
methoxymethane
CH3CH2OCH2CH
3
ethoxyethane
Ethoxyethane (commonly called diethyl ether) was
once the ether most widely used
as an anesthetic in surgery.
Aldehydes
The carbonyl group is C=O.
An aldehyde is an organic compound
containing the carbonyl group
bonded to at least one hydrogen.
The general formula of an aldehyde is
O║
R C H
Aldehydes are named with the
suffix al instead of the usual
hydrocarbon ending.
The aldehyde carbon is always assigned as
number one for referencing
substituent positions in the name.
Therefore, numbering is not necessary.
The name of the parent
chain includes the carbon in the aldehyde.
CH3CH2CHOis propanal.
CH3CHO
ethanal
CH3CH2CH2CHO
butanal
Ketones
A ketone is an organic
compound containing the
carbonyl group.
The general formula of a ketone is
O║
R C R
Ketones are named with the final e being replaced by one and a number indicates the position of the
carbonyl group where necessary.
The name of the parent
chain includes the carbon in the ketone.
CH3COCH2CH3
is called 2-butanone.
CH3COCH3
propanone
CH3COCH2CH2CH3
2-pentanone
Carboxylic Acids
A carboxylic acid is an organic compound
containing the carboxyl group.
A carboxylic acid has the
general formulaRCOOH.
O║
R C OH
Carboxylic acids are named by changing the suffix of the
parent hydrocarbon to
oic acid.
The carbons are numbered so the
carbon in the carboxyl group is the number one
carbon.
CH3COOH is
ethanoic acid.
CH3CH2CH2CH2COOH
pentanoic acid
CH3CH2CH2COOH
butanoic acid
Br CH3
CH3CHCHCOOH
3-bromo-2-methylbutanoic acid
Esters
An ester is an organic compound produced by the reaction between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol.
Esters often have a sweet, fruity odor that is in contrast to the often pungent odors of the
parent carboxylic acids.
An ester has the general
formulaRCOOR.
O║
R C O R
Esters are named by
naming the R groups on either
side of the COO group.
The R group bonded to the oxygen will have a yl ending and the R group
bonded to the C=O will have an oate
ending.
The carbon in the carbonyl
group is counted with the carbon
to which it is attached.
CH3CH2CH2OOCCH3
ispropyl ethanoate
O║
CH3CO(CH2)7CH3
octyl ethanoate
HCOOCH3
methyl methanoate
CH3 CH3
CH3CHCH2COOCHCH3
isopropyl 3-methylbutanoate
Amines
An amine is an organic base derived
from ammonia in which one or more of the hydrogen atoms
are replaced by organic groups.
An amine has the general structureRNH2.
Amines are named with by changing the
parent hydrocarbon’s
suffix to amine.
CH3CH2NH2
ethanamine
Amines can be classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary
depending on the number of NH bonds
that have been replaced by NC
bonds.
CH3NH2
is a primary amine.
(CH3)2NHis a
secondary amine.
(CH3)3Nis a
tertiary amine.
Amides
An amide is an organic compound whose molecules have any one of
the following groups:
CONH2
CONHR CONR2
Amides are named by
changing the parent
hydrocarbon’s suffix to amide.
CH3CONH2
ethanamide
CH3CH2CH2CH2CONH
2
pentanamide
Nitriles
Nitriles have the general
formulaRCN.
Nitriles are named by
adding the word “nitrile” to the
parent hydrocarbon.
CH3CH2CH2CN
butanenitrile
CH3CH2CH2CH2CN
pentanenitrile