ChemistryChapter 4 - Section 2

Other Organic Compounds

Substituted Hydrocarbons?

Substituted HydrocarbonsA hydrocarbons that is changed by

replacing one or more hydrogen atoms with another atom(s).

The hydrogen can be replaced by various

molecules/atoms, one example is a halogen

group (Cl, F, etc).

toxic chemicalChloromethane

paint removerDichloromethane

non stick frying panTrichloromethane

toxic chemicalCarbon tetrachloride

The hydroxyl group is ______. -OHAn alcohol is formed when a hydroxyl

group replaces a hydrogen atom in a hydrocarbon.

Alcohols

Ethanol is an alcohol produced naturally when sugar in corn, grains, and fruit ferments.

A carboxyl group consists of a carbon atom that has a double bond with one oxygen atom and a single bond with a hydroxyl group. Its formula is COOH.

Carboxylic Acid

When a carboxyl group is substituted in a hydrocarbon, the substance formed is called a carboxylic acid.

Many carboxylic acids occur in foods.Citric acid is found in citrus fruits

such as oranges and grapefruit.Lactic acid is present in sour milk.Acetic acid dissolved in water, this

is also known as vinegar.

Carboxylic Acid

Amines are a group of substituted hydrocarbons formed when an amino group (NH2) replaces a hydrogen atom.

Amines

Methylamine is formed when one of the hydrogens in methane is replaced with an amino group.

Methylamine

Amines

Ethylamine

Examples

A more complex amine is the novocaine dentists once used to numb your mouth during dental work.

Amines

When BOTH an amino group (NH2) and a carboxyl acid group (COOH) replace hydrogens on the same carbon atom in a molecule, an amino acid is formed.

Amino Acids

Amino acids are essential for human life.

Amino AcidsThere are 20 amino acids that are needed in the body.They are formed by replacing the yellow highlighted hydrogen atom with different groups. For example, in alanine,one hydrogen atom is replaced by a methyl (CH3) group.

Amino Acids - The Building Blocks

of Proteins

The 20 different amino acids bond in different combinations to form a large variety of proteins. These are needed in the human body. Some amino acids are made in our bodies

and are called nonessential. The essential amino acids, must be

consumed by eating protein-rich foods. The human body stores fat and starches for

later use, but it does not store excess amino acids for later use—these amino acids must eaten every day.

Proteins

Proteins

Proteins can be as long as approximately 25,000 amino acids long. WOW!! That’s long!