philo. of language. latest

8/19/2019 Philo. of Language. Latest

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A151 USPP1014

HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY

PHILOSOPHY OF LANGUAGE

PREPARED FOR: DR. MUSA YUSUF OWOYEMI

PREPARED BY:

NAME MATRIC

NUMBER

NORAINI BINTI MOHAMED RAHIM 240994

NUR NAZIEHAH BINTI NAHAR AZLI 240977

NUR DYANA AMIERA BINTI MOHD

ISHA

2!""!7


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................3

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW...........................................................................................................5

2.1 NATURE OF MEANING.................................................................................................... 5

2.1.1 Theory of Meaning...................................................................................................7

2.1.2 e!an"i# Theory...................................................................................................... 8

2.1.$ Fo%n&a"iona' Theory...............................................................................................10

2.2 T(E UE OF LANGUAGE...............................................................................................11

2.2.1 Referen#e.............................................................................................................. 12

2.2.2 Lang%age a) Mean) of Co!!%ni#a"ion an& a) Carrier of C%'"%re................................14

2.$ T(E RELATION(I* +ETWEEN LANGUAGE AND REALIT,........................................15

2.$.1 Rea'i"y..................................................................................................................16

2.$.2 Tr%"h..................................................................................................................... 16

2.$.$ Lang%age- Tho%gh" an& Rea'i"y...............................................................................17

2.$. (o/ O%r Lang%age De"er!ine) o%r Rea'i"y..............................................................18

2. LANGUAGE COGNITION...............................................................................................19

2..1 Cogni"ion.............................................................................................................. 19

2..2 Lang%age an& Tho%gh"...........................................................................................19

2..$ Lang%age an& Cogni"ion.........................................................................................21

$.0 ANAL,I............................................................................................................................ 22

.0 CONCLUION...................................................................................................................... 25

.0 REFERENCE....................................................................................................................... 26


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1.0 INTRODUCTION

The ini"ia' ro&igy of "he hi'o)ohy of 'ang%age in "he 'ogi#a' "ra&i"ion egin) /i"h a&3an#e) in

'ogi# an& /i"h "en)ion) /i"hin "ra&i"iona' e4'ana"ion of "he !in& an& i") #on"en") a" "he en& of

"he nine"een"h #en"%ry. (o/e3er- i") ear'y rogra!) ran in"o )erio%) h%r&'e) y !i&5!i''enni%!

#en"%ry- an& !a6or #hange) in &ire#"ion #a!e ao%" a) a o%"#o!e. Lang%age i) "he !o)"

i!or"an" o##%rren#e in "he /or'&. A'' &ay /i"ho%" e4#e"ion a'' o%r a#"i3i"ie) are #on"ro''e& y

'ang%age. The h%!an 7no/'e&ge an& #%'"%re i) 7e" an& )rea& "hro%gh 'ang%age. Thin7ing i)

on'y o))i'e "hro%gh 'ang%age. In o%r &rea!)- /e !a7e %)e of 'ang%age. Lang%age #on"ro')

e3ery a)e#" of h%!an 'ife. In fa#"- i" i) a or&er'ine "o )eara"e %) fro! o"her eing). Lang%age

i) a 7ey "o #o!!%ni#a"e. Wi"h "he he' of 'ang%age- /e #an e4re)) o%r "ho%gh") an& fee'ing) "o

o"her). Wi"ho%" 'ang%age- )o#ie"y /o%'& e i!o))i'e "o e4re)) "heir "ho%gh") an& fee'ing).

*hi'o)ohy of 'ang%age- hi'o)ohi#a' )%r3ey of "he #on)"i"%"ion of 'ang%age /hi#h i) "he

re'a"ion) e"/een 'ang%age- %)e) of 'ang%age- er#e"ion of 'ang%agean& "he #onne#"ion

e"/een 'ang%age an& rea'i"y. I" eyon&) "o )o!e )#a'e /i"h "he )"%&y of ei)"e!o'ogy- 'ogi#-

hi'o)ohy of !in& an& o"her fie'&) in#'%&ing 'ing%i)"i#) an& )y#ho'ogy. +e#a%)e "he

in3e)"iga"ion are hyo"he"i#a' ra"her "han o)er3a"ion nor e4erien#e- "he hi'o)ohy of 'ang%age

i) e'i!ina"e& fro! 'ing%i)"i#)- "ho%gh of #o%r)e i" !%)" a/are "o "he fa#") "ha" 'ing%i)"i#) an&

re'a"e& )%6%ga"ion re3ea'.

Fir)" an& fore!o)"- hi'o)oher) of 'ang%age e4a!ine in"o "he na"%re of !eaning- an&

&e)ire) "o e4'ain /ha" i" !ean) "o &efine )o!e"hing. Toi#) in "ha" #hanne' in#'%&e "he na"%re of


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)i!i'ari"y- "he origin) of !eaning i")e'f- an& ho/ any !eaning #an e3er rea''y e 7no/n. Ano"her

ro6e#" %n&er "hi) hea&ing of )e#ia' in"ere)" "o ana'y"i# hi'o)oher) of 'ang%age i) "he

in3e)"iga"ion in"o "he !anner in /hi#h )en"en#e) are #on)"i"%"e& in"o a !eaningf%' /ho'e o%" of

"he !eaning of i") ar"). Ne4"- "hey /o%'& 'i7e "o %n&er)"an& /ha" )ea7er) an& 'i)"ener) &o /i"h

'ang%age in #o!!%ni#a"ion- an& ho/ i" i) %)e& )o#ia''y. *ar"i#%'ar in"ere)") !ay in#'%&e "he

"oi#) of 'ang%age 'earning- 'ang%age #rea"ion- an& )ee#h a#"). O"her "han "ha"- "hey /o%'& 'i7e

"o 7no/ ho/ 'ang%age re'a"e) "o "he !in&) of o"h "he )ea7er an& "he in"erre"er. Of )e#ifi#

in"ere)" i) "he gro%n& for )%##e))f%' in"erre"a"ion of /or&) in"o o"her /or&). Fina''y- "hey fig%re

o%" ho/ 'ang%age an& !eaning re'a"e "o "r%"h an& "he /or'&. *hi'o)oher) "en& "o e 'e))

#on#erne& /i"h /hi#h )en"en#e) are a#"%a''y "r%e- an& !ore /i"h /ha" 7in&) of !eaning) #an e

"r%e or fa')e. A "r%"h5reg%'a"e& hi'o)oher of 'ang%age !igh" on&er /he"her or no" a oin"'e))

)en"en#e #an e "r%e or fa')e8 /he"her or no" )en"en#e) #an e4re)) oinion) ao%" "hing) "ha"

&on9" e4i)"8 an& /he"her or no" i" i) a )en"en#e "ha" i) "r%e or fa')e- ra"her "han "he /ay )en"en#e)

are %)e&.


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2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 NATURE OF MEANING

:Meaning: #an e re#ai"%'a"e& a) "he #on"en" #arrie& y "he /or ds or signs exchanged by people

/hen #o!!%ni#a"ing "hro%gh 'ang%age. Do%"f%''y- "here are "/o e))en"ia''y &ifferen" 7in& of

'ing%i)"i# !eaning- #on#e"%a' !eaning /hi#h refer) "o "he !eaning of /or&) "he!)e'3e)- an&

"he a!eni"ie) of "ho)e &efini"ion)- /hi#h #an e "rea"e& %)ing )e!an"i# fea"%re ana'y)i) an&

a))o#ia"i3e !eaning /hi#h refer) "o "he in&i3i&%a' !en"a' %n&er)"an&ing) of "he )ea7er- an&

/hi#h !ay e #onno"a"i3e- #o''o#a"i3e- )o#ia'- affe#"i3e- ref'e#"e& or "he!a"i#.

The na"%re of 'ang%age i) "he na"%re of h%!an "ho%gh" an& h%!an a#"ion. A /or& i) ei"her "he

)ha&o/ of an a#" or of an i&ea. Vera' )o%n&) ha3e no !eaning in "he!)e'3e).. *'a"o ha) !a&e

#'ear "o %) ho/ ea)y i" i) "o &e#ei3e o%r)e'3e) /i"h /or&)- "o /or7 %n&er an i!re))ion "ha" 6%)"

e#a%)e /e #an %""er a )o%n& /e a')o ne#e))ari'y 7no/ /ha" /e are "a'7ing ao%". Wor&) !ay e

e!"y g'a)) an& o%r o%" no !ore "han ho''o/ )o%n&). I" i) ea)y "o &efine )o!e /or&) an& ;%i"e

har& "o &efine o"her). The rea)on i) "ha" "he &efini"ion of a /or& i) "he e4erien#e i" a)" re#or&).

(en#e "he &efini"ene)) of a &efini"ion of a /or& i) in roor"ion "o "he 3i3i&ne)) of "he

e4erien#e- i") !eaning. We a'/ay) &efine #hair e#a%)e of o%r fre;%en" e4erien#e /i"h "he

o6e#" of /hi#h "he )o%n& i) a )y!o'. We &efine i" in "er!) of o%r e4erien#e- a) an o6e#" "o )i"

in. +%" a &efini"ion of "er!) 'i7e "r%"h- or 3ir"%e- or hone)"y- or ea%"y i) a !o)" )e3ere "ria'

e#a%)e of "he ha


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Meaning egin) a) eha3ior an& "er!ina"e a) 'ang%age. There i) !eaning a) eha3ior an&

!eaning a) 'ang%age. An& !eaning a) 'ang%age i) "he rea)on of !eaning a) eha3ior. There #an

e eha3ior /i"ho%" 'ang%age- %" "here #o%'& e no !eaning a) 'ang%age /i"ho%" eha3ior. The

)o%r#e of "he !eaning of /or&) i) "h%) eha3ior. The re'a"ion)hi e"/een eha3ior an& "hing)

gi3e) in#re!en" "o "he !eaning of /or&). Meaning i) in)"in#"i3e nei"her in "hing) nor in /or&)-

%" o"h "hing) an& /or&) o"ain "heir !eaning fro! eha3ior. Wha" i) "he !eaning of a "hing or

a )i"%a"ion= The 7i& )ee) "he ee an& he r%n) a/ay. I" )ee) a ar of #ho#o'a"e an& he r%n) "o/ar&)

i". I )ee one er)on aroa#hing !e an& I )!i'e. I )ee ano"her #o!ing "o/ar&) !e an& I fro/n.

The !eaning of "he ee "o "he 7i& i) "o r%n a/ay. The !eaning of "he ar of #ho#o'a"e i) "o r%n

"o/ar&) i". The !eaning of one er)on "o !e i) "o )!i'e- of ano"her er)on "o fro/n. If "he ee or

#ho#o'a"e aro%)e& no a#"ion in "he 7i& "hey /o%'& ha3e no !eaning- a) ee or #ho#o'a"e. If "he

"/o er)on) a/a7en no a#"ion in !e "hey /o%'& ha3e no !eaning a) er)on). Fro! "he)e )i!'e

i''%)"ra"ion) /e #on#'%&e "ha" /hene3er a "hing or )i"%a"ion e#o!e) a #%e- a )igna'- for a &efini"e

rea#"ion- "ha" "hing or )i"%a"ion e#o!e) !eaningf%'- an& "he !eaning of "he "hing or )i"%a"ion i)

"he eha3ior i" ro3o7e). The "hing or )i"%a"ion !ay ha3e &ifferen" !eaning) on &ifferen"

in#i&en" - %" on ea#h in#i&en" i") !eaning i) "he eha3ior. The eha3ior !ay e o%"er or inner-

hy)i#a' or !en"a'- an a#" or a "ho%gh". +%" "hing) or )i"%a"ion) "ha" #a%)e nei"her inner nor o%"er

eha3ior o))e)) no !eaning.

No/ /ha" ao%" "he re'a"ion)hi e"/een )o%n&) an& "hing)=


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The #a" hear) "he ar7 of "he &og an& i" r%n) a/ay fro! "he )o%r#e of "he )o%n&. I" hear) )o!eone

%""er "he )o%n& :!i'7: an& i" r%n) "o "he 'a#e /here i" %)%a''y fin&) "he )a%#er. I hear "he 3oi#e

of one er)on an& I )!i'e. I hear "ha" of ano"her an& I fro/n. Wha" i) "he !eaning of "he )o%n&)=

Again- "he eha3ior ro3o7e& y "he!. The )o%n&) ha3e e#o!e )%)"i"%"e) for "he "hing or

)i"%a"ion- an& "he !eaning of "he )o%n&) i) "ha" of "he "hing or )i"%a"ion. A /or& i) "h%) a )o%n&

"ha" ha) e#o!e a )%)"i"%"e for a "hing or a )i"%a"ion. Lang%age i) a )%)"i"%"e )"i!%'%) for

eha3ior- i") !eaning eing "he eha3ior ro&%#e& y "he origina' )"i!%'%). When "he /or'& &oe)

no" )"i!%'a"e !en"a' or !%)#%'ar a#"i3i"y- /hen i" &oe) no" re#a'' a)" e4erien#e of )o!e )or"- i"

ha) no !eaning. A foreign 'ang%age /i"h /hi#h /e are %nfa!i'iar ha) no !eaning e#a%)e "he

)o%n&) &o no" )er3e a) #'%e) for a)" e3en").

Lang%age i) "herefore- in i") a)i# na"%re- a %"i'i"y- an in)"r%!en"- a "oo' of "he %)ine)) of 'i3ing.

I" i) one /i"h "hing) an& )i"%a"ion) of "he e3ery&ay /or'& of 'ife. We #o%'& ge" a'ong /i"ho%" i"-

%" i" i) a grea" #on3enien#e "o /hi#h /e ha3e e#o!e )o a##%)"o!e& "ha" /e &ee! i" a

ne#e))i"y. The %)ine)) of !ere e4i)"en#e #o%'& rea&i'y go on- a) i" &oe) a!ong ani!a')- /i"ho%"

'ang%age. We /o%'& e3en )a3e o%r)e'3e) a grea" &ea' of "ro%'e in no" &e#ei3ing o%r)e'3e) an&

o"her) y "he %)e of e!"y )o%n&).

2.1.1 Theory of Meaning

The fir)" )or" of "heory i) a )e!an"i# "heory /hi#h a))ign) )e!an"i# #on"en") "o e4re))ion) of a

'ang%age. A /ay "o )e!an"i#) !ay e &i3i&e& a)e& on /he"her "hey a))ign roo)i"ion) a) "he

!eaning) of )en"en#e) an& "hen /ha" 3ie/ "hey "a7e of "he na"%re of "he)e roo)i"ion). I" i) a

re;%ire!en" of "he !eaning) of "he /or&) an& )en"en#e) of )o!e )y!o' )y)"e!. e!an"i#

"heorie) i) an)/ering "he ;%e)"ion- >Wha" i) "he !eaning of "hi) or "ha" e4re))ion=? .The )e#on&

)or" of "heory a fo%n&a"iona' "heory of !eaning /hi#h )"a"e) "he fa#") in 3ir"%e of /hi#h


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e4re))ion) ha3e "he )e!an"i# #on"en") "ha" "hey ha3e. The /ay "o "he fo%n&a"iona' "heory of

!eaning !ay e &e"a#he& in"o "heorie) /hi#h &o an& &o no"- e4'ain "he !eaning) of

e4re))ion) of a 'ang%age %)e& in "er!) of "he #on"en") of "he !en"a' )"a"e) of !e!er) of "ha"

gro%. To e e4a#"- "he )hae of a #orre#" )e!an"i# "heory !ay gi3e for#e on "he #orre#"

fo%n&a"iona' "heory of !eaning or 3i#e 3er)a. Aearen"'y i" &oe) no" #hange "he fa#" "ha"

)e!an"i# "heorie) an& fo%n&a"iona' "heorie) are a#"%a''y &ifferen" )or") of "heorie)- !a&e "o

an)/er &ifferen" "ye of ;%e)"ion).

2.1.1 e!an"i# Theory

e!an"i#) i) "he )"%&y of "he &efini"ion of 'ing%i)"i# 3era'i


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#o''o#a"ion of !eaning). Thi) i&ea "ha" !eaningf%' %ni") #o!ine )y)"e!a"i#a''y "o for! /i&er

!eaningf%' %ni")- an& %n&er)"an&ing )en"en#e) i) a /ay of /or7ing o%" "he)e #o!ina"ion)- ha)

roa'y een "he !o)" i!or"an" "he!e in #on"e!orary )e!an"i#). Ling%i)") /ho )"%&y

)e!an"i#) 'oo7 for genera' r%'e) "ha" ring o%" "he re'a"ion)hi e"/een for!- /hi#h i) "he

o)er3e& arrange!en" of /or&) in )en"en#e) an& !eaning. Thi) i) in"ere)"ing an& #ha''enging-

e#a%)e "he)e re'a"ion)hi) are )o #o!'e4.

,o% /o%'& e4e#" an e4er" in )e!an"i#) "o 7no/ a 'o" ao%" /ha" !eaning) are. +%" 'ing%i)")

ha3en9" &ire#"'y an)/ere& "hi) ;%e)"ion 3ery )%##e))f%''y. Thi) !ay )ee! 'i7e a& ne/) for

)e!an"i#)- %" i" i) a#"%a''y no" "ha" %n#o!!on for "he a)i# #on#e") of a )%##e))f%' )#ien#e "o

re!ain ro'e!a"i# a hy)i#i)" /i'' roa'y ha3e "ro%'e "e''ing yo% /ha" "i!e i). The na"%re of

!eaning- an& "he na"%re of "i!e are fo%n&a"iona' ;%e)"ion) "ha" are &ea"e& y hi'o)oher). We

#an )i!'ify "he ro'e! a 'i""'e y )aying "ha"- /ha"e3er !eaning) are- /e are in"ere)"e& in

'i"era' !eaning. Of"en- !%#h !ore "han "he !eaning of a )en"en#e i) #on3eye& /hen )o!eone

%)e) i". %o)e "ha" Caro' )ay) >I ha3e "o )"%&y? in an)/er "o >Can yo% go "o "he !o3ie)

"onigh"=?. he !ean) "ha" )he ha) "o )"%&y "ha" nigh"- an& "ha" "hi) i) a rea)on /hy )he #an9" go "o

"he !o3ie). +%" "he )en"en#e )he %)e& 'i"era''y !ean) on'y "ha" )he ha) "o )"%&y. Non'i"era'

!eaning) are )"%&ie& in rag!a"i#)- an area of 'ing%i)"i#) "ha" &ea') /i"h &i)#o%r)e an&

#on"e4"%a' effe#").

e!an"i#) roa'y /on9" he' yo% fin& o%" "he !eaning of a /or& yo% &on9" %n&er)"an&- "ho%gh

i" &oe) ha3e a 'o" "o )ay ao%" "he a""ern) of !eaningf%'ne)) "ha" yo% fin& in /or&). I" #er"ain'y

#an9" he' yo% %n&er)"an& "he !eaning of one of ha7e)eare9) )onne")- )in#e oe"i# !eaning i)

)o &ifferen" fro! 'i"era' !eaning. +%" a) /e 'earn !ore ao%" )e!an"i#)- /e are fin&ing o%" a 'o"

ao%" ho/ "he /or'&9) 'ang%age) !a"#h for!) "o !eaning). An& in &oing "ha"- /e are 'earning a


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'o" ao%" o%r)e'3e) an& ho/ /e "hin7- a) /e'' a) a#;%iring 7no/'e&ge "ha" i) %)ef%' in !any

&ifferen" fie'&) an& a'i#a"ion).

2.1.2 Fo%n&a"iona' Theory

Fo%n&a"iona' "heorie) of !eaning- /hi#h are a""e!") "o )e#ify "he fa#") in 3ir"%e of /hi#h

e4re))ion) of na"%ra' 'ang%age) #o!e "o ha3e "he )e!an"i# roer"ie) "ha" "hey ha3e. The

;%e)"ion /hi#h fo%n&a"iona' "heorie) of !eaning "ry "o an)/er i) a #o!!on )or" of ;%e)"ion in

hi'o)ohy. In "he hi'o)ohy of a#"ion /e a)7 /ha" "he fa#") are in 3ir"%e of /hi#h a gi3en ie#e

of eha3ior i) an in"en"iona' a#"ion8 in ;%e)"ion) ao%" er)ona' i&en"i"y /e a)7 /ha" "he fa#") are

in 3ir"%e of /hi#h a an& are "he )a!e er)on- in e"hi#) /e a)7 /ha" "he fa#") are in 3ir"%e of

/hi#h a gi3en a#"ion i) !ora''y righ" or /rong. +%"- e3en if "hey are #o!!on eno%gh- i" i) no"

o3io%) /ha" "he re)"ri#"ion) are on an)/er) "o "he)e 7in& of ;%e)"ion)- or /hen /e )ho%'&

e4e#" ;%e)"ion) of "hi) 7in& "o ha3e in"ere)"ing an)/er).

A##or&ing'y- one "ye of aroa#h "o fo%n&a"iona' "heorie) of !eaning i) ea)i'y "o &eny "ha"

"here i) any "r%e fo%n&a"iona' "heory of !eaning. One !igh" e ;%i"e /i''ing "o &e#'are one of "he

)e!an"i# "heorie) o%"'ine& ao3e /hi'e a')o ho'&ing "ha" fa#") ao%" "he !eaning) of e4re))ion)

are re'a"e&- in "he )en)e "ha" "here i) no e4a#" )"ory "o e "o'& ao%" "he fa#") in 3ir"%e of /hi#h

e4re))ion) ha3e "he !eaning) "ha" "hey ha3e.


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2.2 T(E UE OF LANGUAGE

Lang%age i) "he ai'i"y "o a#;%ire an& %)e #o!'e4 )y)"e!) of #o!!%ni#a"ion- ar"i#%'ar'y "he

h%!an ai'i"y "o &o )o- an& a 'ang%age i) any )e#ifi# e4a!'e of )%#h a )y)"e!. The )#ien"ifi#

)"%&y of 'ang%age i) #a''e& 'ing%i)"i#). Lang%age i) an a!a


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The e4a!'e &i)'aye& in "he i''%)"ra"ion of 3a'%e i) e3i&en" a'' "hro%gh hi'o)ohy. We are

o##%ie& /i"h 7no/'e&ge- fi#"ion- nee&- #a%)a"ion- or )en)a"ion- )o /e en& % #on"e!'a"ing a)

)"a"e!en") ao%" /ha" in"ere)") %) ro#'a!a"ion) a)#riing infor!a"ion- &ei#"ing fi#"ion)-

a))er"ing ne#e))i"ie)- a))igning #a%)e) an& reor"ing )en)a"ion). In)"r%!en") fro! "he hi'o)ohy

of 'ang%age !a7e a##e))i'e a )ignifi#an" n%!er of er)e#"i3e) ao%" /ha" "he)e )"a"e!en")

!ean an& in genera' ao%" ho/ "hey &o "heir e4re))i3e an& #o!!%ni#a"i3e /or7 an& "he)e

er)e#"i3e) a&3i)e an& )%or" hi'o)ohi#a' o)i"ion) on "he gen%ine o6e#") of hi'o)ohi#a'

in"ere)". There ha3e een e!o"iona' an& %n&o%"e&'y !i)rere)en"e& #a)e) ao%" )%#h !e"ho&).

For in)"an#e- "ha" hi'o)ohy o%gh" "o 6%)" #o!ri)e in "hi) )or" of )"%&y of 'ang%age. In any #a)e-

i" i) if any"hing an %n&er)"a"e!en" "o )ay "ha" )e!an"i# !o&erni"y ha) e4"en&e& hi'o)ohi#a'

#o!rehen)ion an& ha) a&3an#e& &ea"e in near'y a'' area) of hi'o)ohy.

2.2.1 Referen#e

(o/ 'ang%age in"era#") /i"h "he /or'&- /ha" hi'o)oher) #a'' referen#e- ha) in"rig%e& n%!ero%)

hi'o)oher) of 'ang%age "hro%gho%" "he year).

ohn "%ar" Mi'' ha& #onfi&en#e in a 7in& of &ire#" referen#e hyo"he)i)- /herey "he !eaning of

an e4re))ion 'ie) in /ha" i" fo#%)e) o%" in "he /or'&. (e re#ogni


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Go""'o Frege /a) a )%or"er of a !e&ia"e& referen#e hyo"he)i)- /hi#h )e") "ha" /or&) refer) "o

)o!e"hing in "he o%"er /or'&- ye" &e!an&) "ha" "here i) a /ho'e o"her /or'& "o "he )ignifi#an#e of

a na!e "han 6%)" "he i"e! "o /hi#h i" refer). Frege i)o'a"e& "he )e!an"i# )%)"an#e of ea#h

e4re))ion Bin#'%&ing )en"en#e) in"o "/o )eg!en")- inn Bgenera''y in"erre"e& a) :)en)e: an&

+e&e%"%ng B:)ignifying:- :!eaning: or :referen#e:. The )en)e of a )en"en#e i) "he a)"ra#"-

%ni3er)a' an& o6e#"i3e "ho%gh" "ha" i" e4re))e)- %" a')o "he !o&e of re)en"a"ion of "he o6e#"

"ha" i" refer) "o. The referen#e i) "he o6e#") or o6e#") in "hi) re)en" rea'i"y "ha" /or&) #hoo)e-

an& )ea7) "o a "r%"h5e)"ee! B"he Tr%e or "he Fa')e. en)e) &e"er!ine referen#e- an& na!e) "ha"

refer "o "he )a!e o6e#" #an ha3e &ifferen" )en)e).

+er"ran& R%))e''- a) Frege- /a) a&&i"iona''y a De)#ri"i3i)" of )or")- in "ha" he he'& "ha" "he

!eaning) Bor )e!an"i# )%)"an#e of na!e) are in&i)"ing%i)ha'e "o "he &e)#ri"ion) a))o#ia"e&

/i"h "he! y )ea7er) an& a 'ogi#a''y roer &ei#"ion #an e )%)"i"%"e& for "he na!e. In any

#a)e- he he'& "ha" "he !ain )"raigh"for/ar&'y referen"ia' e4re))ion) are /ha" he #a''e& :'ogi#a''y

roer na!e)- for e4a!'e- :I:- :no/:- :here:- an& &ifferen" in&e4i#a') B"er!) /hi#h

)y!o'i#a''y in&i#a"e or )ho/ )o!e )i"%a"ion. (e or"raye& roer na!e) of in&i3i&%a') or )o")

a) are3ia"e& &efini"e &e)#ri"ion) B"he na!e re!aining in for a !ore &e"ai'e& &e)#ri"ion of

/ho or /ha" "he in&i3i&%a' or 'a#e "r%'y i)- an& "ho%gh" of "he! a) no" "o e i!or"an" a'' a'one

an& no" )"raigh"for/ar&'y referen"ia'.

a%' ri7e B10 ha) #on"en&e& again)" De)#ri"i3i)! in 'igh" of "he fa#" "ha" na!e) are

inf'e4i'e &e)igna"or) an& refer "o "he )a!e in&i3i&%a' in e3ery o))i'e /or'& in /hi#h "ha"

in&i3i&%a' e4i)").


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2.2.2 Lang%age a) Mean) of Co!!%ni#a"ion an& a) Carrier of C%'"%re

The )o#ia' na"%re of 'ang%age i) o3io%) a" on#e. Lang%age ari)e) in )o#ia' )i"%a"ion). In&ee&-

e3en "he in#on)i&era"e en"h%)ia)"i# #a'') of "he 'o/er ani!a') are #oor&ina"e& "o in&i3i&%a') fro!

"heir o/n )e#ie). On a##o%n" of "he in&i3i&%a' he 'earn) hi) 'ang%age in referen#e "o o"her)

aro%n& hi!. The refine!en" of 'ang%age fo''o/)- or ra"her goe) /i"h- "he refine!en" of "ho%gh")

an& "hin7ing. A) o%r "ho%gh") an& i&ea) "%rn o%" "o e !ore e4a#" an& #orre#"- o%r 'ang%age &oe)

'i7e/i)e. Con)e;%en"'y in !ore #o!'e4 #%'"%re gro%- in&i3i&%a') are a'e "o #o!!%ni#a"e "he

!o)" a)"ra#" #on#e"ion) of )#ien#e- ar" an& hi'o)ohy. +y )i!'e en"h%)ia)"i# 3o#a'i


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Li7e/i)e ear'y i#"ograh) of ar"i#'e) #a!e "o ha3e )y!o'i# !eaning. A'ong "he)e 'ine)- on

a##o%n" of Egy"- "he %nrefine& )7e"#he) on /a'') or aer offere& aroa#h "o )hor"ene& i#"%re

#o!o)ing- an& "h%) "o hierog'yhi#). Fina''y "he *hoeni#ian)- or )o!e o"her Near Ea)"ern

gro%- in3en"e& "r%e hone"i# /ri"ing- in /hi#h !an #o%'& re'a"e )"raigh"for/ar&'y hi) "a'7e&

/i"h hi) /ri""en 'ang%age. Wi"h /ri""en 'ang%age a" han&- "he )o#ia' #o''e#"ion) of "he a)" #o%'&-

e !a&e !ore )e#%re for /ha"9) "o #o!e. The)e /ri""en )y!o')- "h%)- inf'%en#e& "he ra"e of

rogre)) in #i3i'i


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an& 'ogi#a'- in&i3i&%a' "er!) !ay &i)"or" o%r ana'y)i). We !%)" ring 'ang%age in"o #onfor!i"y

/i"h #'ear'y in"e''igi'e 'ogi#a' rin#i'e)- if /e are "o %)e 'ang%age for 'ogi#a' arg%!en" e#a%)e

/e #anno" a##e" i" a) i).

2.3.1 Reality

+a)e& on Ca!ri&ge Di#"ionarie)- rea'i"y i) "he )"a"e of "hing) a) "hey are- ra"her "han a) "hey are

i!agine& "o e. +efore /e go ahea& "o "he re'a"ion)hi of 'ang%age an& rea'i"y- i" i) i!or"an" "o

7no/ ao%" "he i&ea of rea'i"y a) /e'' a) "r%"h. Rea'i"y i) a %)ef%' /or& in a !a"eria'i)" #on"e4"

/hi'e in i") /i&e &efini"ion- rea'i"y in#'%&e) e3ery"hing "ha" ha) e4i)"- e4i)"e&- or /i'' e4i)".

Frege- Ari)"o"'e *'a"o- R%))e''- an& Wi""gen)"ein are "he hi'o)oher)- !a"he!a"i#ian)- a')o

an#ien" an& !o&ern "hin7er) "ha" ha3e !a&e a &i)"in#"ion e"/een "ho%gh" e;%i3a'en" "o rea'i"y-

#oheren" a)"ra#"ion) /hi#h !ean) "ho%gh") of "hing) "ha" are i!agina'e %" no" rea' - an& "ha"

/hi#h #anno" e3en e ra"iona''y "ho%gh". In #on"ra)" e4i)"en#e i) of"en re)"ri#"e& "o "ha" /hi#h

ha) a &ire#" a)i) in i" in "he /ay "ha" "ho%gh") &o in "he rain or ha) hy)i#a' e4i)"en#e.

I!aginary- &e'%)iona'- /hi#h i) on'y in "he !in&- &rea!)- /ha" i) fa')e- /ha" i) fi#"iona'- or /ha"

i) a)"ra#" i) of"en #on"ra)"e& /i"h rea'i"y. The ro'e o"h in e3ery&ay 'ife an& in a#a&e!i#

re)ear#h i) of"en 'ay) y a)"ra#". For e4a!'e- 3ir"%e- #a%)a'i"y- 'ife an& &i)"ri%"i3e 6%)"i#e are

&iffi#%'" "o &efine a) "hey are "he a)"ra#" #on#e"- %" "hey are on'y rare'y e;%a"e& /i"h %re

&e'%)ion). Fi#"ion) are #on)i&ere& no" rea'.

2.3.2 Truth

Fa')i"y refer) "o /ha" i) no"- /hi'e "he "r%"h refer) "o /ha" i) rea'. +eing in a##or& /i"h fa#" or

rea'i"y- or fi&e'i"y "o an origina' or "o a )"an&ar& or i&ea' i) of"en %)e& "o !ean "r%"h. In !o&ern

#on"e4") /hi#h "o an i&ea of :"r%"h "o )e'f-: "r%"h i) a')o of"en eing %)e&. Oo)i"e of "r%"h i)


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fa')ehoo&- /hi#h- #orre)on&ing'y- #an a')o "a7e on a fa#"%a' or e"hi#a' !eaning- an& 'ogi#a'.

*hi'o)ohy- ar"- an& re'igion- &ea"e& "he #on#e" of "r%"h in )e3era' #on"e4". o!e hi'o)oher)

3ie/ "he #on#e" of "r%"h a) %na'e "o e e4'aine& in any "er!) "ha" are !ore ea)i'y %n&er)"oo&

"han "he #on#e" of "r%"h i")e'f an& a)i#. Co!!on'y- "r%"h i) 3ie/e& a) "he "ho%gh" "o an

in&een&en" rea'i"y or #orre)on&en#e of 'ang%age- /hi#h )o!e"i!e) #a''e& a) #orre)on&en#e

"heory of "r%"h. +e#a%)e of Hfa')i"y refer) "o /ha" i) no"- /hi'e "he "r%"h refer) "o /ha" i) rea'@- )o

"r%"h an& rea'i"y i) "he )a!e "hing an& "he re'a"ion)hi e"/een 'ang%age an& rea'i"y i) a) )a!e a)

"he re'a"ion)hi e"/een 'ang%age an& "r%"h.

2.3.3 Language, Thought an Reality

Lang%age i) ri!ari'y "he )o7en /or&- an& )e#on&ari'y a) "he /ri""en /or&- for Ari)"o"'e.

o7en )o%n&) are H)y!o') of affe#"ion) in "he )o%'-@ /hi'e /ri""en /or&) are )y!o') of

)o7en )o%n&)- a 'e3e' of a)"ra#"ion f%r"her re!o3e& fro! "he Haffe#"ion) of "he )o%'@.

BCa)"e''ano- 200. Wor&) are )y!o') of o%r "ho%gh"). In or&er "o e4'ore "he re'a"ion)hi

e"/een 'ogi# an& 'ang%age- f%'' )y#ho'ogi#a' "heory of !eaning- &i& no" ha3e "o e &e3e'o.

(o/e3er- ho/ 'ang%age e4re))e) "ho%gh" nee& "o e #'arify- "hi) i) e#a%)e 'ogi# i) #on#erne&

ri!ari'y /i"h #on#e") B"he o6e#") of "ho%gh" an& on'y in#i&en"a''y /i"h 'ang%age- a) a !ean)

"o an en&. In ar"i#%'ar- /e nee& a/are in"o /he"her an& /hen 'ang%age e4re))e) "he !in&?)

i!age) of rea'i"y- or if i" i) !ere'y an ari"rary ar"ifi#e ha3ing no ne#e))ary #onne#"ion "o "he

)"r%#"%re of rea'i"y. To #'ear'y &i)"ing%i)h e"/een "he 'ing%i)"i# an& "he 'ogi#a'- a )ing'e

;%o"a"ion #an e %)e& "o !ar7) "o )ignify a 'ing%i)"i# e4re))ion an& &o%'e ;%o"a"ion !ar7) "o

)ignify "he 'ogi#a' #on#e" ehin& an e4re))ion. I" /o%'& e ra)h "o &i3or#e fa')i"y an& "r%"h

a'"oge"her fro! 'ing%i)"i# o6e#"). *ra#"i#a' ai'i"y "o re'a"e "r%"h) an& genera"e 7no/'e&ge

"hro%gh 'ang%age are eing &e!on)"ra"e fro! "he fa#") of #o!!on e4erien#e- )o o%r )en"en#e)


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!%)" #orre)on& "o 'ogi#a' o6e#") in )o!e /ay- an&- ro3i&e& "he aroria"e #on"e4". For

e4a!'e- ho/ "he )ea7er %)e) /or&)- /ho i) )ea7ing- an& /hen he i) )ea7ing. They #an

#on3ey 'ogi#a' !eaning #'ear'y- ena'ing %n&er)"an&ing on "he ar" of "he hearer. Tr%"h an&

fa')i"y #an e re'a"e "ro%gh gra!!a"i#a' roo)i"ion)- /hen %n&er)"oo& a##or&ing "o "he )en)e of

"he )ea7er- e3en if /e )"i'' he)i"a"e "o a)#rie fa')i"y an& "r%"h &ire#"'y "o "he gra!!a"i#a'

e4re))ion. "i''- /e !ay e;%i3o#a''y refer "o a gra!!a"i#a' roo)i"ion a) >"r%e? or >fa')e-?

ro3i&e& "ha" /e &o no" #on)i&er "he roo)i"ion a)"ra#"e& fro! "he #on"e4" in /hi#h i" i)

)o7en in a gi3en in)"an#e. BCa)"e''ano- 200

2.$. (o/ O%r Lang%age De"er!ine) o%r Rea'i"y

+a)e& on Ra'h "ra%#h in hi) oo7 The Rea'i"y I''%)ion- )o!e 'ang%age) are )"r%#"%re& aro%n&

;%i"e &ifferen" a)i# /or&- )%#h a) #a"egorie) an& re'a"ion)hi). A) a re)%'"- "hey ro6e#" 3ery

&ifferen" i#"%re) of "he a)i# na"%re of rea'i"y. For in)"an#e- "he 'ang%age of "he Noo"7a In&ian)

in "he *a#ifi# Nor"h/e)"- ha) on'y one rin#i'e /or&5#a"egory /hi#h i" &eno"e) e3en") or

haening. Then- "he Noo"7a er#ei3e "he /or'& a) a )"rea! of "ran)ien" e3en")- ra"her "han a) "he

#o''e#"ion of 'e)) or !ore er!anen" o6e#") /hi#h /e )ee. Noe' *ri


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i) 'arge'y a f%n#"ion of o%r e'ief) ao%" rea'i"y- "he 'ang%age /e %)e "o &e)#rie rea'i"y an& ho/

rea'i"y o##%r) for %). BLef7oe- 2010

2. LANGUAGE COGNITION

2.!.1 Cognition

The "e#hno'ogi#a' e4re))ion for :"he ro#e)) of "ho%gh": i) #ogni"ion. I" i) ro%gh" in"o 'ay in a

3arie"y of &i)#i'ine) "o &e)#rie "hing) &ifferen"'y. Wha" /e "hin7- ho/ /e "hin7- an& /hy /e

"hin7 i) #ogni"ion- /hi#h !ean) i" ha) "o &o /i"h o%r "ho%gh". We %)e /or&)- /hen #rea"e

"ho%gh") in o%r hea&. We )"i'' ha& "ho%gh") efore /e 'earne& /or&) a) infan"). /hen "he !in&

!a7e) a genera'i


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3ia #on&i"ioning- no" on'y 'earne& &i#"a"e) of )o'i& %'7 of 'ang%age. Then- "he )e#on& i) "he

hyo"he)i) "e)"ing er)e#"i3e. In "hi) er)e#"i3e- "o in3o'3e "he o)"%'a"ion an& "e)"ing of

hyo"he)e)- "hro%gh "he %)e of "he genera' fa#%'"y of in"e''igen#e- i" %n&er)"an&) "he #hi'&9)

'earning of )yn"a#"i# r%'e) an& !eaning). The fina' #an&i&a"e for e4'ana"ion i) "he inna"e

er)e#"i3e- /here here i" )"a"e) "ha" a" 'ea)" )o!e of "he )yn"a#"i# )e""ing) are har&/ire& an&

inna"e- a)e& on #er"ain !o&%'e) of "he !in&. To /ha" e4"en" 'ang%age inf'%en#e) "ho%gh" an&

3i#e 3er)a i) an i!or"an" ro'e! /hi#h "o%#he) o"h hi'o)ohy of 'ang%age an& hi'o)ohy of

!in&. Ling%i)") air an& Whorf )%gge)"e& "ha" 'ang%age /a) ana'y"i#a''y rior "o "ho%gh" )%#h

a) 'ang%age 'i!i"e& "he e4"en" "o /hi#h !e!er) of a :'ing%i)"i# #o!!%ni"y: #an "hin7 ao%"

#er"ain )%6e#") Ba hyo"he)i) ara''e'e& in George Or/e''9) no3e' Nine"een Eigh"y5Fo%r.

erry Fo&or an& hi) 'ang%age of "ho%gh" hyo"he)i)- i) #'o)e'y a))o#ia"e& /i"h "hi) 3ie/. o7en

an& /ri""en 'ang%age &eri3e "heir !eaning an& in"en"iona'i"y fro! an in"erna' 'ang%age en#o&e&

in "he !in&- a##or&ing "o hi) arg%!en". The )"r%#"%re of "ho%gh") an& "he )"r%#"%re of 'ang%age

)ee! "o )hare a #o!o)i"iona'- )y)"e!a"i# #hara#"er i) "he !ain arg%!en" in fa3or of )%#h a 3ie/.

Un'e)) )o!e )or" of !eaning i) inf%)e& in"o )ign) an& )y!o') y "he #on"en") of "he !in& or

e')e i" i) &iffi#%'" "o e4'ain ho/ )ign) an& )y!o') on aer #an rere)en" any"hing !eaningf%'

i) ano"her arg%!en" of hi!. %#h 'e3e') of 'ang%age #an 'ea& "o an infini"e regre)) i) one of "he

!ain arg%!en") again)" i". In any #a)e- R%"h Mi''i7an- Fre& Dre")7e an& Fo&or- "he hi'o)oher)

of !in& an& 'ang%age- ha3e re#en"'y "%rne& "heir a""en"ion "o e4'aining "he !eaning) of !en"a'

#on"en") an& )"a"e) &ire#"'y. Ano"her "ra&i"ion of hi'o)oher) ha) a""e!"e& "o )ho/ "ha"

'ang%age an& "ho%gh" are "here i) no /ay of e4'aining one /i"ho%" "he o"her.


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2.!.3 Language an Cognition

Lang%age an& #ogni"ion are #'o)e'y #onne#"e&- #on#e"%a''y an& ra#"i#a''y- ho/e3er "here i)

#on)i&era'e &i)agree!en" a!ong e4er") ao%" "he re#i)e na"%re of "hi) #onne#"ion. The &ea"e

a!ong 'ing%i)") an& )y#ho'ogi)") i) !%#h 'i7e "hey ;%e)"ion /he"her "he ai'i"y "o )ea7 #o!e

fir)" or "he ai'i"y "o "hin7 #o!e) fir)". There are "hree !ain o)i"ion) regar&ing "he re'a"ion)hi

e"/een 'ang%age an& #ogni"ion. The #ogni"ion i) 'ang%age &e3e'o) 'arge'y in&een&en" of

#ogni"ion8 'ang%age re#e&e) #ogni"ion an& i) "he ri!ary inf'%en#e on "ho%gh" &e3e'o!en" an&

#ogni"ion inf'%en#e) o"h 'ang%age an& "he a#e of 'ang%age &e3e'o!en". There i) #on)i&ere& "o

e 3a'i&i"y "o a'' "hree "heorie) #on#erning "he na"%re of "he #onne#"ion e"/een #ogni"ion an&

'ang%age. A##or&ing "o a )y)"e! of r%'e) "ha" i) %)e& "o #o!!%ni#a"e 7no/'e&ge an&

infor!a"ion- 'ang%age i) "he %)e of gra!!ar- )o%n&)- an& 3o#a%'ary. On'y h%!an) %"i'i


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&een&ing on "he )i"%a"ion "hey are in. The )or" of 'ang%age "ha" "hey %)e a')o &een&) on "heir

)o#ia' a#7gro%n& an& )o#ia' i&en"i"y.

A) !en"ione& in a a))age in "he i'e- *)a'! $$0 BEV “The mouth of the righteous utters

wisdom, and his tongue speaks justice.” Thi) a))age "e'') %) "ha" fro! e4erien#e ho/ a

righ"eo%) er)on /i'' )ea7- an& e4'ain) "ha" /i)&o! an& 6%)"i#e /i'' e )o7en y )o!eone

/ho "r%'y fo''o/) af"er Go&. Goo& #o!!%ni#a"ion )7i'') #an "hen e &e3e'oe& an& e4erien#e&

/hen o%r !o%"h) are f%'' of Go&?) /i)&o!.

Lang%age i) one of "he !o)" o/erf%' e!'e!) of )o#ia' eha3ior. In "he nor!a' "ran)fer of

infor!a"ion "hro%gh 'ang%age- /e %)e 'ang%age "o )en& 3i"a' )o#ia' !e))age) ao%" /ho /e are-

/here /e #o!e fro!- an& /ho /e a))o#ia"e /i"h. I" i) of"en )ho#7ing "o rea'i


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On "he o"her han&- "he in&i3i&%a') /ho go" "he a5)"%&y /ere a fe/ "i!e) !ore rone "o #hoo)e :I

&on9" ha3e any i&ea: "han "he in&i3i&%a') /ho go" "he "he5re3ie/. A" "he en& of "he &ay- a )o'i"ary

&i)"in#"ion in "he !i&&'e of :an: an& :"he: ha& a !a6or effe#" in /ha" in&i3i&%a') "ho%gh" "hey

re!e!ere&.

%" See&'nter(ret&A)t

*eo'e are %n&enia'y grea" a" !a7ing ;%i#7 in"erre"a"ion) of 3i)%a' )#ene). We "hen &e#i&e

/ha" "o &o. Thi) gi3e) a "ran)for!a"i3e oin" of referen#e. I" /or7) "o a grea" &egree /e'' a" an

in&i3i&%a' 'e3e' an& i) "he "hing "ha" 7e" "he )e#ie) a'i3e. When /e a))o#ia"e a) a ga"hering- on

"he o"her han&- "hi) )7i'' re)"ri#") o%r effe#"i3ene)). We #on"en& ao%" /ha" "o !anage /i"ho%"

eing in"ere)"e& ao%" "he &i)"in#"i3e %n&er)"an&ing) /e !ay ha3e of rea'i"y. More a/f%'- ea#h of

%) fee' "ha" /e are righ" )in#e /e )ee "he en"ire i#"%re- &i)regar&ing "he /ay "ha" /e rea''y )ee

&i)"in#"i3e "hing).

The 'ea&er9) 6o "hen i) "o fir)" !a7e no"i#ea'e "o "he /ho'e gro% /ha" e3eryone "hin7) "o e

rea'i"y- /ha" "hey )ee- an& !a7e a'' 3ie/oin") 6%)" a) i!or"an". Re)ear#h y Garo'& "ra))er

an& Wi''ia! Ti"%) &e!on)"ra"e) "ha" #o''eag%e) "en& "o )hare &a"a "ha" o"her in&i3i&%a')

&efini"e'y 7no/ an& are he)i"an" "o offer &a"a on'y "hey ho'&- ar"i#%'ar'y on "he off #han#e "ha" i"

!ay &i)affir! an a##e"e& /ay of "hin7ing. Tea!) 3a'%e &a"a "o "he re'a"i3e ;%an"i"y of

#o''eag%e) "ha" 7no/ i" an& no" ho/ #ri"i#a'- e4a#"- or re#i)e "he &a"a i).

)" Mo*e +( the Laer of Control

+efore- offi#er) /o%'& :re;%e)" er!i))ion "o: erfor! oera"ion)- for e4a!'e- )%!erge "he

)hi. Reg%'a"ion) )"i%'a"e& "ha" "he #a"ain affir! "he)e oera"ion). *re3io%)'y- "he #hief /o%'&

"hen rea#" /i"h- :)%!erge "he )hi: an& "he offi#er /o%'& reea"- :)%!erge "he )hi- aye.: We


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#hange& "hi). Offi#er) ;%i" a)7ing #on)en" an& ra"her e4re))e& :I in"en& "oJ : The i!a#" /a)

;%i#7 an& )ignifi#an".

*re)en"'y- offi#er) e4re))e&- :Ca"ain- I in"en& "o )%!erge "he )hi: an& I /o%'& rea#"- :3ery

/e''.: Tha" /a) "he i&ea' en& )"a"e. The ;%i#7 an& #'ear a&3an"age /a) "ha" /i"h "hi) 'i""'e )hif" in

'ang%age- on'y a #o%'e /or&) "r%'y- "he offi#er) "%rne& in"o "he !ain "hr%)" ehin& "he

)%!arine9) oera"ion) ra"her "han !e- "he 'ea&er. They a&ore& i".

Mo3ing in&i3i&%a') fro! :re;%e)" er!i))ion: "o :I in"en& "oJ : rai)e& "he! one r%ng on "he

'a&&er of #on"ro'- fro! a))i3e fo''o/er) &oing /ha" "hey /ere a&3i)e& a" "he a)e "o roa#"i3e

engage& 'ea&er)- #raf"ing "he f%"%re- a" "he "o.

" u$t Tell Me #hat To -o

,o% !ay )ee a 'o" of :"e'' !e /ha" "o &o: /hen yo% 'i)"en "o "he #on3er)a"ion) aro%n& yo%.

*erio&i#a''y- i" &oe)n9" )o%n& re#i)e'y 'i7e :"e'' !e /ha" "o &o: %" "ha"?) in e))en#e /ha" i" i).

For in)"an#e- reor"ing an i))%e "o "he )%er3i)or /i"ho%" a roo)e& )o'%"ion Bor a /ay "o/ar&

ge""ing an an)/er i) y i!'i#a"ion )aying :"e'' !e /ha" "o &o.:

Wi"h a 'i""'e i" of a/arene)) yo% #an eg /here in&i3i&%a') are on "hi) #on"in%%! an& er)%a&e

"he! %. A) yo% #'i!- !o3ing #on"ro' an& )y#ho'ogi#a' o/ner)hi "he )%or&ina"e- "heir

rain) /i'' #onne#" /i"h- an& "yi#a''y in3o'3e!en" an& en"h%)ia)! /i'' "a7e af"er.

I"9) har& /or7. On any &ay "he /eigh") of yo%r 6o /i'' ia) yo% "o/ar& /or7ing a" "he a)e of

"he 'a&&er. +e "ha" a) i" !ay- /hene3er one of yo%r )%or&ina"e) "rie) "o &e#ei3e yo% in"o 'e""ing

"he! 7no/ /ha" "o &o- )e" a)i&e an i&ea' oor"%ni"y "o a)7 "he! /ha" "hey "hin7 yo% o%gh" "o

&o. A" "ha" oin" e ;%i"e an& 'i)"en. Wi"h "i!e- "he)e in#re!en"a' #hange) /i'' ha3e a )ignifi#an"

effe#" on yo%r a))o#ia"ion9) a&e;%a#y- a) /e'' a) on "he 'i3e) of i") eo'e.


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.0 CONCLUION

*hi'o)ohy i) one of "he !o)" i!or"an" e'e!en" one )ho%'& ha3e in or&er "o 'i3e a goo& 'ife. The

!eaning of hi'o)ohy i")e'f- "hin7ing ao%" "hin7ing- )ho/) "ha" ha3ing hi'o)ohy i)

#o!%')ory for e3eryone an& ha3ing "he righ" 'ang%age i) 3i"a' in "o&ay?) /or'& of

#o!!%ni#a"ion.

We !ee" eo'e- /e )ea7 "o ea#h o"her- /e #o!!%ni#a"e y %)ing ei"her "e#hno'ogy )%#h a)

hone) an& )o#ia' !e&ia) or &ire#" #o!!%ni#a"ion. When I )ay )o!e"hing- "he "hing) I )ai& !ay

no" e3en haen in rea'i"y. There i) a'/ay) )o!e"hing "ha" in& "he 'ang%age an& rea'i"y.

In a n%")he''- hi'o)ohy i) no" 6%)" ao%" %)ing "he righ" 'ang%age- %" i" a')o he') o%r rain "o

"hin7 #ri"i#a''y an& #rea"i3e'y. Therefore- i" i) i!or"an" "o &e3e'o o%r !in& an& rain "o "hin7

hi'o)ohi#a''y. To hi'o)ohi


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.0 REFERENCE

Ca)"e''ano- D. . B200. Arcane Knowledge. Re"rie3e& De#e!er - 201- fro!

h""///.ar#ane7no/'e&ge.orghi'"heo'ogi#'ang'ogi#'ang.h"!'

G.Ly#an- W. B2001. hilosophy of !anguage, A contemporary "ntroduction. Ne/ ,or7

Ro%"'e&ge.

Geir))on- (. B2012. hilosophy of !anguage and #eb "nformation. Ne/ ,or7 Ro%"'e&ge.

Ir3ing M.Coi- C. C. B2011. "ntroduction to !ogic. +o)"on *ear)on.

Lef7oe- M. B2010- %ne K. !efkoe "nstitute. Re"rie3e& De#e!er $- 201- fro!

h""///.!or"y'ef7oe.#o!ho/5o%r5'ang%age5&e"er!ine)5o%r5rea'i"y

L%n&- N. B200$. !anguage and Thought. (o3e- U Ro%"'e&ge.

M#ay- A. B2012- %ne. Academia. Re"rie3e& De#e!er - 201- fro!h"")///.a#a&e!ia.e&%112120re'a"ion)hie"/eenLang%agean&#ogni"ion

Mi''er- A. B1K. hilosophy of !anguage. Uni"e& ing&o! Uni3er)i"y Co''ege Lon&on.

%''i3an- A. B2012. $efference and %tructure in the hilosophy of !anguage & A defense of the

$ussellian orthodoxy. Ne/ ,or7 Ro%"'e&ge.

Tr%&gi''- *e"er. 1. %ociolinguistics& An introduction to language and society. Lon&on

*eng%in +oo7).

philo. of language. latest

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