relazioni di laboratorio di preparazione, estrazione e sintesi di farmaci

7/23/2019 Relazioni di Laboratorio di Preparazione, Estrazione e Sintesi di Farmaci

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/relazioni-di-laboratorio-di-preparazione-estrazione-e-sintesi-di-farmaci 1/34

H F G E G H L

K ] K H J D N D C G K A L P E

L H K [ ] G H F K

0 2 < < % 0

2 < 0

[ J G Q K P X G ] L ‗ M

K C N G X ] [ M G M G

A K P P L P L

Pknlzgdjg mg „Nl`dpl}dpgd mg rpkrlplzgdjk. kx}plzgdjk k xgj}kxg

mkg alpelhg―

Rpda* X}kaljd Eljapkmgjg

Lnkxxljmpd Elnal}}d

J² mg el}pghdnl? 268661

jlmrf0Bcelgn*hde



Eghpdxda} Daaghk 02<2

LHM$Nl`x 1*2 Rpdakxxgdjln

Lnal Lkxlp

XhgAgjmkpª



Elnal}}d Lnkxxljmpd

268661 Rlcgjl < 0=$<2$<<

[jgqkpxg}â mg Akpplpl

Kxrkpgkjzl j² < Ljjd? 02<<$02<0

Ml}l kxrkpgkjzl? 0=$<2$<<

Xkrlplzgdjk mg {jl egxhknl mg hderdx}g ekmglj}k kx}plzgdjk*

D`gk}}gqd? Xkrlplpk {jl egxhknl }kpjlpgl k|{grdjmkplnk. hdx}g}{g}l ml Lhgmd @kjzdghd.

=%hndpd%ljgngjl k @gakjgnk. jkg xgjcdng hderdjkj}g*

Egxhknl?

Pklckj}g?

% HF0Hn0 &MghndpdEk}ljd'

% K}kpk mg Rk}pdngd

% Lhk}l}d mg K}gnk

% Xdn{zgdjk mg Gmpdxxgmd mg Xdmgd 8 J

% Xdn{zgdjk mg Lhgmd Hndpgmpghd 8J

% Jl0XD= &Xdmgd Xdnal}d Ljgmpd'

Rpgjhgrgd mkn ek}dmd?

Gn ek}dmd rpkqkmk n‗kx}plzgdjk mkg mgaakpkj}g hderdjkj}g jd}g mknnl egxhknl xap{}}ljmd nk ndpd

hlpl}}kpgx}ghfk hfgeghd%agxghfk. gj rlp}ghdnlpk nl ndpd mgqkpxl laagjg}â rkp mk}kpegjl}g xdnqkj}g gj

drrdp}{jk hdjmgzgdjg mg rF d }kerkpl}{pl*

% N‗lhgmd @kjzdghd. rdhd xdn{`gnk gj le`gkj}k lh|{dxd. r{ð kxxkpk hdjqkp}g}d jknnl x{l adpel

gdjgzzl}l &rdnlpk' lm drkpl mg {jl `lxk. k |{gjmg kxxkpk xkrlpl}d mlnnl el}pghk dpcljghl*

% Nl =%Hndpd%Ljgngjl &`lxghl'. æ ljhf‗kxxl kx}plg`gnk mlnnl alxk dpcljghl. pkjmkjmdnl rg÷

xdn{`gnk jknnl alxk lh|{dxl l``lxxljmd gn rF*

% Gn @gakjgnk. laagjk |{lxg kxhn{xgqlekj}k lnnl alxk dpcljghl qkppâ xkrlpl}d. mln xdnqkj}k rkp

kqlrdplzgdjk mg |{kx}‗{n}ged9 gj |{lj}d gn `gakjgnk fl {jl }kerkpl}{pl mg k`dnngzgdjk rlpg l

0;1 ²H. ln hdj}plpgd mkn mghndpdek}ljd. edn}d rg÷ qdnl}gnk. hfk `dnnk cgâ l =2 ²H

Rpdhkmgekj}d?

Rlp}k Rpgel?

% Rpknkqlpk kxl}}lekj}k hgphl 8 cp mknnl egxhknl mg rlp}kjzl &←8.23 cp'. k rdpng gj {jl `k{}l

hdj}kjkj}k ;2 eN mg Mghndpdek}ljd9

% Lcg}lpk agjd l hdernk}l xdn{`gngzzlzgdjk9

% Kxkc{gpk {jl Hpdel}dcplagl x{ x}pl}d xd}}gnk &]NH' mg Qkpgaghl*

D

DF

JF0

Hn

Lhgmd @kjzdghd =%Hndpd%Ljgngjl @gakjgnk



Elnal}}d Lnkxxljmpd

268661 Rlcgjl 0 0=$<2$<<


Rlp}k Xkhdjml? ]NH mg Qkpgaghl

% Rpkrlplpk {jl hlekpl hpdel}dcplaghl hdj {jl egxhknl kn{kj}k l

`lxk mg K}kpk mg Rk}pdngd k Lhk}l}d mg k}gnk. pgxrk}}gqlekj}k jkn

plrrdp}d 7?< &=.; eN ) 2.; eN'9

% Kaak}}{lpk {jl hdpxl hpdel}dcplaghl. qkpgaghljmd gjagjk hfk gn rl}}kpj

mknnl nlx}pgjl ml ]NH kqgmkjzg 8 elhhfgk rg÷ d ekjd mgx}gj}k ← ←

Rlp}k ]kpzl? Kx}plzgdjk Mknn‗Lhgmd @kjzdghd

% Qkpxlpk nl xdn{zgdjk d}}kj{}l jknnl „Rlp}k Rpgel― gj {j ge`{}d Xkrlpl}dpk9

% @lxgaghlpk lccg{jckjmd =2 eN mg JlDF 8J9

% Lcg}lpk kjkpcghlekj}k n‗ge`{}d xkrlpl}dpk. pghdpmljmdxg mg xagl}lpk mg }lj}d gj

}lj}d &gn xdnqkj}k æ edn}d qdnl}gnk'*

% Rdppk n‗ge`{}d xkrlpl}dpk x{ {j xdx}kcjd. Pge{dqkpk gn }lrrd k nlxhglp

Mkhlj}lpk l}}kjmkjmd nl xkrlplzgdjk mknnk m{k Alxg &N‗lh|{l fl {jl mkjxg}â gjakpgdpk ln

Mghndpdek}ljd. rkp}lj}d x}lpâ xdrpl. ekj}pk nl alxk dpcljghl xlpâ Xd}}d'*

% Lrpgpk gn p{`gjk}}d k plhhdcngkpk nl Alxk dpcljghl*

% Pgrk}kpk gn rpdhkmgekj}d mknnl „Rlp}k Xkhdjml― x{nnl el}pghk dpcljghl.

qkpgaghljmd |{kx}l qdn}l hfk qg xgljd xdnd 0 elhhfgk &=%Hndpd%Ljgngjl ) @gakjgnk'* Jkn

hlxd qg adxxk nl }kpzl elhhfgl mg Lhgmd `kjzdghd. qln{}lpk {jl {n}kpgdpk kx}plzgdjk gj

ge`{}d xkrlpl}dpk*

Rlp}k \{lp}l? Kx}plzgdjk mknnl =%Hndpd%Ljgngjl

% Kxkc{gpk nl x}kxxl rpdhkm{pl mknnl „Rlp}k ]kpzl―9 Ln rdx}d mg @lxgaghlpk

dhhdppk rkpð Lhgmgaghlpk hdj =2 eN mg FHn 8J

% Kaak}}{lpk j{dqlekj}k {jl ]NH mg qkpgaghl x{nnl alxk dpcljghl k qkpgaghlpk

hfk qg xgl nl rpkxkjzl mg {jl xdnl elhhfgl hdppgxrdjmkj}k ln @gakjgnk9 gj

hlxd hdj}plpgd. qln{}lpk {jl {n}kpgdpk kx}plzgdjk gj ge`{}d xkrlpl}dpk*

Rlp}k \{gj}l? Ljgmpgaghlzgdjk k Xkrlplzgdjk mkn @gakjgnk

% Kngegjlpk kqkj}{lng }plhhk mg Lh|{l rpkxkj}g jknnl alxk dpcljghl lccg{jckjmd rdhd lnnl

qdn}l gn Xdmgd Xdnal}d ljgmpd*% Apleekj}lpk kqkj}{lng lccpkclzgdjg hdj {jl ̀ lhhfk}}l mg qk}pd k hdj}gj{lpk lm

lccg{jckpk Jl0XD= agjd l |{ljmd jdj xek}}kpâ mg lccpkclpxg* &Lccg{jckpk hdj

edmkplzgdjk. gj |{lj}d {j khhkxxd. l``lxxl nl pkxl mknn‗kx}plzgdjk'

% Nlxhglp pgrdxlpk rkp <; egj{}g. |{gjmg agn}plpk hdj Hd}djk Gmpdagnd gj {j ge`{}d l hdml mg

pdjmgjk. alhkjmd an{gpk nl xdn{zgdjk mkj}pd {j Rlnndjk rpkhkmkj}kekj}k rkxl}d &←<2=.0=

cp'*

% Kaak}}{lpk {j‗kqlrdplzgdjk xd}}d q{d}d hdj gn Pd}lqlrdp l {jl }kerkpl}{pl l}}dpjd lg =;

²H9

% Nlxhglp plaapkmmlpk gn rlnndjk9 |{gjmg rkxlpnd j{dqlekj}k &←<2;.<8 cp'*

D

DF

JF0

Hn

@gakjgnk



Elnal}}d Lnkxxljmpd

268661 Rlcgjl 8 0=$<2$<<


Gmkj}gaghlzgdjk k R{pgaghlzgdjk?

LHGMD @KJ_DGHD ‘ Rpkhgrg}lzgdjk k Agn}plzgdjk?

% N‗lhgmd `kjzdghd kx}pl}}d rpkhkmkj}kekj}k xg }pdql ln edekj}d xd}}d adpel mg xlnk gj {j

xdnqkj}k lh|{dxd* Rkp rd}kpnd xkrlplpk mlnnl el}pghk lh|{dxl dhhdppk pgrdp}lpnd lnnl adpeljdj gdjgzzl}l. lhgmgaghljmd nl xdn{zgdjk hdj FHn 02+ agjd l rF 8 &qkpgaghl }pleg}k hlp}gjl

}dpjlxdnk'*

% N‗drkplzgdjk ql kaak}}{l}l gj {j `lcjd mg cfglhhgd rkp pgm{ppk nl xdn{`gng}â mknn‗lhgmd

`kjzdghd gj lh|{l*

% Agn}plpk qkndhkekj}k xd}}d q{d}d hdj {j agn}pd mg Cddhf. k pgxhglh|{lpk hdj rdhl lh|{l

cknl}l &<2 eN'*

% Rdppk gn pkxgm{d gj {jl hlrx{nl rpkhkmkj}kekj}k }lpl}l &←87.0< cp'. |{gjmg alp kxxghhlpk gj

x}{al rkp {j‗gj}kpl jd}}k*

% Rkxlpk |{gjmg nl hlrx{nl hdj gn rpdmd}}d kxxghl}d &←87.61 cp' k hlnhdnlpk nl pkxl rkphkj}{lnk**

%

Qkpgaghlpk |{gjmg nl r{pkzzl mknn‗lhgmd `kjzdghd mk}kpegjljmd gn r{j}d mg a{xgdjk* & ←<<3 ‘ <08 ²H'

=%HNDPD%LJGNGJL ‘ Rpkhgrg}lzgdjk k Agn}plzgdjk?

% Rpkrlplpk {j `lcjd mg cfglhhgd gj h{g ek}}kpk nl `k{}l hdj nl =%hndpd%ljgngjl gj xdn{zgdjk9

% Lccg{jckpk JlDF 02+ agjd l rF <2 &qkpgaghl hdj hlp}gjl }dpjlxdnk'9

% Nlxhglpk l pgrdxd rkp {jl Jd}}k

% Agn}plpk l q{d}d hdj {j agn}pd Cddhf k pgxhglh|{lpk hdj <2 eN mg lh|{l ckngml*

% Pkh{rkplpk gn pkxgm{d x{ agn}pd k rdpnd x{ {j qk}pgjd ml dpdndcgd rpkhkmkj}kekj}k }lpl}d

&←87.=0 cp'*

% Nlxhglp lxhg{clpk rkp {jl jd}}k x{n `ljhdjk d gj {j kxxghhl}dpk*

% Rkxlpk |{gjmg gn qk}pgjd &←=2.06 cp' k hlnhdnlpk nl pkxl rkphkj}{lnk

% Qkpgaghlpk nl r{pkzzl mk}kpegjljmd gn r{j}d mg a{xgdjk* &← 11 ‘ 32 ²H'

@GAKJGNK?

% Mk}kpegjlpk gn r{j}d mg A{xgdjk mkn @gakjgnk rkp qln{}lpjk nl r{pkzzl & ←10 ‘ 13 ²H'*

Mk}kpegjlzgdjk mkn R{j}d mg A{xgdjk mg {jl Xdx}ljzl?

% Gjxkpgpk nl xdx}ljzl r{pgaghl}l mg gj}kpkxxk jknn‗lrrdxg}d lrrlpkhhfgd** k lhhkjmkpnd9

% Dxxkpqlpk gn qlpglpk mknnd x}l}d agxghd mknnl xdx}ljzl gj kxlek9 gj rlp}ghdnlpk ljjd}lpk nl

}kerkpl}{pl lnnl |{lnk xg dxxkpql nl rpgel cdhhgl &r{j}d mg p{cglml' k nl }kerkpl}{pl lnnl

|{lnk }{}}l nl elxxl hpgx}lnngjl æ lnnd x}l}d ng|{gmd*

% Alpk nl ekmgl mkg 0 qlndpg d}}kj{}g k qkpgaghlpk hfk pgkj}pg jkn pljck }l`{nl}d mknnl xdx}ljzl

r{pl*



Elnal}}d Lnkxxljmpd

268661 Rlcgjl = 0=$<2$<<


Ml}g D}}kj{}g?

Pkxl +? Kppdpk +? Ekn}gjc Rdgj}

Lhgmd @kjzdghd?

% cp rkxl}g? 2.1;

% cp }kdpghg? <.208

=%Hndpd%Ljgngjl?

% cp rkxl}g? 2.61

% cp }kdpghg? <.208

@gakjgnk?

% cp rkxl}g? 2.67

% cp }kdpghg? <.208

18.;0 +

6=.28 +

61.73 +

%81.=6 +

%<;.73 +

%<8.28 +

Gj}kpqlnnd }l`{nl}d mg

pgakpgekj}d

<0< ‘ <0= ²H

13 ‘ 30 ²H

17 ‘ 30 ²H

<02 ²H

16 ²H

1=.; ²H



Elnal}}d Lnkxxljmpd

268661 Rlcgjl < 0;$<2$<<


Kxrkpgkjzl j² 0 Ljjd? 02<<$02<0

Ml}l kxrkpgkjzl? 0 ;$<2$<<

Xgj}kxg mknn‗GXDJGL_GMK &GJG'*

D`gk}}gqd? Adpelzgdjk mg {j nkclek legmghd }pl gxdjghd}gjl}d mg ek}gnk k gmplzgjl rkp

d}}kjkpk n‗Gxdjglzgmk*

Pklzgdjk pglxx{j}gql?

Ln}pg Pklckj}g?

K}DF 7;²

K}kpk K}gnghd

Lhk}l}d mg K}gnk

Ek}ljdnd

Lnhdn Gxdrpdrgnghd


Nl rlp}k hkj}plnk mknn‗kxrkpgkjzl hdjxgx}k jknnl adpelzgdjk mg {j nkclek Legmghd* Rkphfç

|{kx}l pklzgdjk lqqkjcl æ kxxkjzglnk nl rpkxkjzl mg m{k xrkhgk9 {j J{hnkdagnd k {j

Knk}}pdagnd* Gj |{kx}d hlxd gn J{hnkdagnd æ n‗Gmplzgjl. ekj}pk n‗knk}}pdagnd æ hdx}g}{g}d mln

cp{rrd hlp`djgnghd mknn‗gxdjghd}gjl}d mg ek}gnk* \{ljmd n‗Gmplzgjl xg lhhdx}l ln cp{rrd

hlp`djgnghd nl hdrrgl knk}}pdjghl mkn x{d FDED gjgzgl l gj}kplcgpk hdj gn N[ED &ς/'

adpeljmd {j j{dqd nkclek ψ9 |{kx}d hl{xl nl pd}}{pl mkn nkclek ς H5D k gn }plxakpgekj}d

mkcng knk}}pdjg hdgjqdn}g jkn nkclek x{nn‗dxxgckjd knk}}pdjkcl}gqd* Xg fl hdxî nl adpelzgdjk mg

{j gj}kpekmgd }k}plkmpghd gjx}l`gnk* Nl pklzgdjk r{ð rpdxkc{gpk hdj n‗kxr{nxgdjk

mknn‗lnhdxxgmd d }dpjljmd gjmgk}pd* Gj |{kx}d hlxd }kjmkpâ elccgdpekj}k l rpdcpkmgpk hdjn‗kxr{nxgdjk mknn‗lnhdxxgmd &‘P%D

%' gj |{lj}d |{kx}d cp{rrd {xhkj}k fl {jl rI lF mg ≆<1.

ekj}pk gn cp{rrd & ‘JF0%' fl {jl rIlF mg ≆8;*

Jknnl xkhdjml rlp}k mknn‗kxrkpgkjzl xg l}}{kpâ {jl hpgx}lnngzzlzgdjk9 }khjghl hfk rkpek}}k

{jl r{pgaghlzgdjk mkn xdn{}d rkp ekpg}d mknnl x{l rpdrpgk}â mg qlpglpk nl xdn{`gng}â jkn

xdnqkj}k l xkhdjml mknnl }kerkpl}{pl mg |{kx}d*

JF0 JF0)

HF8D

J

D

JF0

D

J

JF

Gxdjghd}gjl}d mg Ek}gnk Gmplzgjl Gxdjglzgmk &GJG'

DF

HF8

HF8



Elnal}}d Lnkxxljmpd

268661 Rlcgjl 0 0;$<2$<<


Rpdhkmgekj}d?

Rlp}k Rpgel? Pklzgdjk

Rdppk lnn‗gj}kpjd mg {j rlnndjk ml <22 eN 0 cp mg gxdjghd}gjl}d mg ek}gnk &← <.3; eN'. 82 eN

mg K}DF k 0.0 cp &← 0.0 eN' mg Gmplzgjl9

Hdnnkclpk gn rlnndjk l {j pkapgckplj}k. k rdppk gn }{}}d xdrpl {j elj}knnd pgxhlnmlj}k9

N‗gj}kjxg}â mkn pgxhlnmlekj}d mkqk kxxkpk }lnk hfk n‗ljknnd mg pgan{xxd xg }pdqg }pl {j

}kpzd k ek}â mkn pkapgckplj}k*

Mln edekj}d gj h{g nl egxhknl `dnnk. nlxhglpk l pgan{xxd rkp {j‗dpl*

Rlp}k Xkhdjml? ]NH mg Qkpgaghl

Mdrd ;2 egj{}g kaak}}{lpk {jl rpgel Hpdel}dcplagl x{ x}pl}d xd}}gnk &]NH' mg Qkpgaghl?

Rpkrlplpk {jl hlekpl hpdel}dcplaghl hdj {jl egxhknl kn{kj}k l `lxk mg Lhk}l}d mg

k}gnk k Ek}ljdnd. pgxrk}}gqlekj}k jkn plrrdp}d =?< &= eN ) < eN'9

Kaak}}{lpk {jl hdpxl hpdel}dcplaghl. qkpgaghljmd gjagjk hfk gn rl}}kpj mknnl

nlx}pgjl ml ]NH kqgmkjzg nl rpkxkjzl mg {j rpdmd}}d mg pklzgdjk9 rkp alpnd

dhhdppk hdjapdj}lpk gn rl}}kpj mknnl pklzgdjk hdj |{knnd mg {jd mkg 0 pklckj}g

&kx? Gxdjghd}gjl}d mg Ek}gnk gj K}kpk K}gnghd' ← ← Xk pgx{n}l |{kx}d rl}}kpj xgcjgaghl hfk nl pklzgdjk æ lqqkj{}l. gj |{lj}d nl

elhhfgl mknn‗gxdjghd}gjl}d mg ek}gnk &pklckj}k ngeg}lj}k' æ xrlpg}l k xg qkmk

xdnd nl elhhfgl mknnl rpkx{j}l Gxdjglzgmk*

Rlp}k ]kpzl? Kqlrdplzgdjk k Hpgx}lnngzzlzgdjk

Alp kqlrdplpk }{}}d n‗K}ljdnd rpkxkj}k jkn rlnndjk hdj gn pd}lqlrdp.

gerdx}ljmdnd l {jl }kerkpl}{pl mg lnekjd 36 ²H9

Rdppk gn rlnndjk xdrpl {j ge`{}d pgxhlnmlj}k k hdnnkclpnd l {j pkapgckplj}k** |{gjmg

lccg{jckpk l xrgrk}}l}k n‗lnhdn gxdrpdrgnghd. agjd l hdernk}l mgxxdn{zgdjk mknn‗gxdjglzgmk*Jdj lccg{jckpjk dn}pk 3 eN9 æ gerdp}lj}k hfk gn xdn{}d xgl mgxhgdn}d jknnl egjgel |{lj}g}â

jkhkxxlpgl mg xdnqkj}k*

Nlxhglp plaapkmmlpk agjd l }kerkpl}{pl le`gkj}k. |{gjmg rdppk gj {j `lcjd mg cfglhhgd9

Gn mkhpkekj}d mknnl }kerkpl}{pl rdp}kpâ lnnl adpelzgdjk mkg hpgx}lnng mg gxdjglzgmk‡

&apgzgdjlpk hdj {jl `lhhfk}}l mg qk}pd nk rlpk}g kx}kpjk mkn rlnndjk rkp alqdpgpk nl

hpgx}lnngzzlzgdjk'

Agn}plpk xd}}dq{d}d hdj {j agn}pd Cddhf. k pgxhglh|{lpk hdj <2%<; eN mg K}kpk k}gnghd*

Pkh{rkplpk gn pkxgm{d x{n agn}pd k rdpnd gj {jl hlrx{nl rpkqkj}gqlekj}k rkxl}l &← =;.=; cp'*

Ek}}kpk gj x}{al lm kxxghhlpk rkp {jl jd}}k** Gn cgdpjd xkc{kj}k. pgrkxlpk nl hlrx{nl &← =3.8<

cp'. hlnhdnlpk nl pkxl rkphkj}{lnk km gn r{j}d mg a{xgdjk &← <32 ²H ‘ <3; ²H'*

Gxdjghd}gjl}d mg Ek}gnk?

Mkjxg}â? <.<1< cp$eN

Gmplzgjl?

Mkjxg}â? <.<1< cp$eN

Gxdjghd}gjl}d

mg ek}gnkPklzgdjk



Elnal}}d Lnkxxljmpd

268661 Rlcgjl 8 0;$<2$<<


Ljlngxg mkg Ml}g D}}kj{}g?

Nl pklzgdjk æ lqqkj{}l gj khhkxxd mg Gmplzgjl9 mg hdjxkc{kjzl gn pklckj}k ngeg}lj}k æ n‗gxdjghd}gjl}d mg

ek}gnk?

Gxdjghd}gjl}d mg ek}gnk?

RE? <83.<81 cp$edn

Cp? <.3; eN ³ <.<1< cp$eN 5 0.28 cp

Edng? 0.28 cp $ <83.<81 cp$edn 5 <.=6³<2%0

edn Pklckj}k Ngeg}lj}k

Gmplzgjl?

RE? 80.2=; cp$edn

Edng? 0.0 cp $ 80.2=; cp$edn 5 2.217 edn Pklckj}k gj khhkxxd

Gxdjglzgmk?

RE? <83.<87cp$edn

Jkn hlnhdnd mknnl pkxl+ dhhdppk |{gjmg }kjkpk hdj}d xdnd mkg cpleeg d edng mg gxdjghd}gjl}d rkxl}k*

Pkxl +? Ekn}gjc Rdgj}?

Gxdjghd}gjl}d mg ek}gnk?

% edn rkxl}k? <.=6³<2%0

Gxdjglzgmk?

% cp d}}kj{}g? <.61

% edn d}}kj{}k? <.8;³<2%0

7<.1= + <30.; ²H

<17 ‘ <3= ²H


pgakpgekj}d



Elnal}}d Lnkxxljmpd

268661 Rlcgjl < 01$<2$<<


Kxrkpgkjzl j² 8 Ljjd? 02<<$02 <0

Ml}l kxrkpgkjzl? 0 1$<2$<<

Xgj}kxg mknn‗Lhgmd Lhk}gn Xlnghgnghd *

D`gk}}gqd? Xgj}kxg. gxdnlekj}d k r{pgaghlzgdjk mknn‗lhgmd lhk}gn xlnghgnghd. rlp}kjmd ml

Ljgmpgmk lhk}ghl k Lhgmd Xlnghgnghd gj le`gkj}k adp}kekj}k lhgmd*


Ln}pg Pklckj}g?

% K}kpk mg rk}pdngd

% Lhk}l}d mg K}gnk

% Ek}ljdnd

% K}ljdnd 7;+

% Mghndpdek}ljd

% AkHn8


Nl pklzgdjk rkp nl xgj}kxg mknn‗lhgmd lhk}gn xlnghgnghd hdjxgx}k gj {jl kx}kpgaghlzgdjk* \{kx}l pklzgdjk dn}pk l

kxxkpk nkj}l. fl {j k|{gng`pgd9 rkp |{kx}d ed}gqd lqqgkjk gj {j le`gkj}k adp}kekj}k lhgmd k l }kerkpl}{pkx{rkpgdpg l |{knnl le`gkj}lnk* \{kx}k hdjmgzgdjg alqdpgxhdjd {jd xrdx}lekj}d mknn‗k|{gng`pgd qkpxd g

rpdmd}}g k pgm{hdjd g }kerg mg pklzgdjk* Gj rlp}ghdnlpk. n‗le`gkj}k lhgmd l{ekj}l n‗knk}}pdagngl mkn hlp`djgnk

x{nn‗ljgmpgmk lhk}ghl. alqdpkjmd {j l}}lhhd j{hnkdagnd ml rlp}k mknn‗dxxgmpgnk gj rdxgzgdjk 0 x{n j{hnkd

`kjzdghd* [j ln}pd al}}dpk ml }kjkpk hdx}lj}kekj}k hdj}pdnnl}d æ lrr{j}d nl }kerkpl}{pl. hfk jdj mkqk

x{rkplpk g 12 ²H* \{kx}d rkphfç n‗lhgmd xlnghgnghd hdj}gkjk jknnl x}kxxl ednkhdnl {jl a{jzgdjk hlp`dxxgnghl

lhgml k {j dxxmpgnk akjdnghd9 jk hdjxkc{k hfk gj ngjkl mg rpgjhgrgd. xg rdxxl mlpk dpgcgjk l {jl

pklzgdjk mg rdngekpgzzlzgdjk. hdj nl adpelzgdjk mg {j rdngkx}kpk mknn‗lhgmd xlnghgnghd* Xk nl

}kerkpl}{pl qgkjk elj}kj{}l jknnl jdpel |{kx}d jdj mdqpk``k lhhlmkpk*

Jknnl xkhdjml rlp}k. n‗lxrgpgjl d}}kj{}l qgkjk r{pgaghl}l rkp hpgx}lnngzzlzgdjk9 gj

|{kx}d hlxd xg xap{}}l gn rpgjhgrgd mknnl mgqkpxl xdn{`gng}â mkn rpgjhgrgd l}}gqd gj

{j ln}pd xdnqkj}k*

D

DF

DF

HF8

D

D

D

HF8

F0XD

=

F

HF8

D

D

D)

HF8

)F

D)

HF8

D DF

D

HF8

D

D%

Ljgmpgmk Lhk}ghl Lhgmd Xlnghgnghd Lhgmd Lhk}gn Xlnghgnghd

Ν

D

DF

DF

F

D)

DF

DF

)

D

DF

D

D

DF

D

D

D

D

D

D

DF

D

D

DF

D

D

D



Elnal}}d Lnkxxljmpd

268661 Rlcgjl 0 01$<2$<<


Rpdhkmgekj}d?

Rlp}k <?

% Rdppk lnn‗gj}kpjd mg {jl `k{}l <2 cp mg lhgmd xlnghgnghd k <; cp mg ljgmpgmk lhk}ghl &<8.6 eN'9

% Lccg{jckpk 0%8 chh mg Lhgmd Xdnadpghd hdjhkj}pl}d k rdppk gn }{}}d gj {j `lcjd pgxhlnmlj}k &xd}}d

hlrrl'9

% Ekxhdnlpk hdj}gj{lekj}k nl egxhknl hdj {j }kpedek}pd. k hdj}pdnnlpk hdj {j }kpedek}pd hfk nl

}kerkpl}{pl xg elj}kjcl hdx}lj}k l 12 ²H rkp 02 egj{}g9 |{kx}d rkp kqg}lpk akjdekjg mg

rdngekpgzzlzgdjk*

% Qkpgaghlpk gn }kpegjk mknnl pklzgdjk }pleg}k {jl ]NH. rpkrlpljmd nl hlekpl

hpdel}dcplaghl hdj K}kpk mg rk}pdngd k lhk}l}d mg k}gnk gj {j plrrdp}d rlpg l

3?8 &8.; eN mg k}kpk mg rk}pdngd k <.; eN mg lhk}l}d mg k}gnk'* Rkp kaak}}{lpk nl

]NH xg rpknkql {j‗lng|{d}l mg rpdmd}}d mg pklzgdjk k xg lmmgzgdjl ln ek}ljdnd* Gn

hdjapdj}d qgkjk al}}d hdj lhgmd xlnghgnghd gj ek}ljdnd*

% Xd}}drdjkjmd nl nlx}pgjl lnn‗[Q xg mdqpk``k d}}kjkpk nl xkc{kj}k xg}{lzgdjk ←

%

Lccg{jckpk |{gjmg ;2 eN mg lh|{l mgx}gnnl}l l apkmmd** nl xdn{zgdjk mdqpk``kmgqkj}lpk }dp`gml*

% L |{kx}d r{j}d agn}plpk hdj cddhf k pgxhglh|{lpk hdj 82 eN mg lh|{l mgx}gnnl}l

apkmml‡ gjagjk. pkh{rkplpk gn pkxgm{d x{n agn}pd*

Rlp}k 0? R{pgaghlzgdjk k Hpgx}lnngzzlzgdjk

% Lccg{jckpk ln rpkhgrg}l}d 02 eN mg K}ljdnd ln 7;+ k xhlnmlpk hdj {j rfdj agjd l hdernk}l

mgxxdn{zgdjk*

% Lccg{jckpk 3; eN mg lh|{l hlnml k nlxhglp hpgx}lnngzzlpk m{plj}k nl jd}}k*

% Gn cgdpjd xkc{kj}k. agn}plpk xd}}d q{d}d hdj cddhf k pgxhglh|{lpk hdj 0; eN mg lh|{l mgx}gnnl}l

apkmml*

% Rdppk gn pkxgm{d x{n agn}pd gj {jl hlrx{nl rpkqkj}gqlekj}k }lpl}l &← =;.=7 cp'. k nlxhglp kxxghhlpk gn

}{}}d rkp {jl jd}}k*

% Rkxlpk |{gjmg nl hlrx{nl hdj gn rpdmd}}d kxxghhl}d &← ;=.77 cp'. hlnhdnlpk nl pkxl rkphkj}{lnk k

qkpgaghlpk gn r{j}d mg a{xgdjk &<82 ‘ <87 ²H'*


Nl pklzgdjk æ lqqkj{}l gj khhkxxd mg Ljgmpgmk Lhk}ghl9 mg hdjxkc{kjzl gn pklckj}k ngeg}lj}k æ n‗Lhgmd

Xlnghgnghd?

Lhgmd Xlnghgnghd?

RE? <86.<0< cp$edn

Edng? <2 cp $ <86.<0< cp$edn 5 3.08³<2%0

edn Pklckj}k Ngeg}lj}k

Ljgmpgmk lhk}ghl?

RE? <20.266 cp$edn

Edng? <; cp $ <20.266 cp$edn 5 2.<=3 edn Pklckj}k gj khhkxxd

Jkn hlnhdnd mknnl pkxl+ dhhdppk |{gjmg }kjkpk hdj}d xdnd mkg cpleeg d edng mg lhgmd xlnghgnghd rkxl}k*

Lhgmd

XlnghgnghdPklzgdjk



Elnal}}d Lnkxxljmpd

268661 Rlcgjl 8 01$<2$<<



Lhgmd Xlnghgnghd?

% edng rkxl}k? 3.08³<2%0

Lxrgpgjl?

% cp d}}kj{}g? 7.;

% edng d}}kj{}k? ;.03³<2%0

Xlccgd mkg Akjdng?

\{kx}d xlccgd ql kaak}}{l}d x{nnk lh|{k elmpg k x{n rpdmd}}d d}}kj{}d rkp

qkpgaghlpk n‗kqkj}{lnk rpkxkjzl mg lhgmd xlnghgnghd*

% Rpknkqlpk {j rd‗ mg hlergdjk k xhgcngkpnd gj < eN mg HF0Hn0

% Lccg{jckpk |{gjmg |{lnhfk cdhhgl mg AkHn8

% Xk nl xdn{zgdjk jdj lxx{ek lnh{j hdndpk qgdnl xgcjgaghl hfk jdj qg æ nl rpkxkjzl mg lhgmd xlnghgnghd jkn

rpdmd}}d hpgx}lnngzzl}d. k jdj dhhdppk lnh{jl r{pgaghlzgdjk {n}kpgdpk

% Xk xg lccg{jck n‗AkHn8 l {j‗lng|{d}l mg lh|{k elmpg. xg mdqpk``k kqgmkjzglpk {jl hdndplzgdjk qgdnl.

gjmghk hfk æ rpkxkj}k mknn‗lhgmd xlnghgnghd hfk jdj fl pklcg}d

Rpkxkjzl mg Rdngekpg?

Nl rpkxkjzl mg rdngekpg xg kqgmkjzgl m{plj}k nl alxk mg hpgx}lnngzzlzgdjk rkphfç xg d}}gkjk {jl xdn{zgdjk

}dp`gml hfk jdj mgqkj}l ngergml hdj n‗lccg{j}l mg k}ljdnd* Dhhdppk gj |{kx}d hlxd alpk {jl agn}plzgdjk l

q{d}d hdj cddhf*

30.78 + <8=.; ²H

<8= ‘ <81 ²H


pgakpgekj}d



Elnal}}d Lnkxxljmpd

268661 Rlcgjl < 03$<2$<<


Kxrkpgkjzl j² = Ljjd? 02<<$02 <0


Xlrdjgaghlzgdjk mkn Rlpl%jg}pd%`kjzdl}d mg Ek}gnk*

D`gk}}gqd? Gmpdngxg mkn =%jg}pd`kjzdl}d mg ek}gnk l =%jg}pd`kjzdl}d mg xdmgd. rpdhkxxd mkagjg}d

„xlrdjgaghlzgdjk―9 hdj x{hhkxxgql lhgmgaghlzgdjk rkp d}}kjkpk gn hdppgxrdjmkj}k lhgmd =%jg}pd`kjzdghd*

Pklzgdjk?

Ln}pg Pklckj}g?

% JlDF gj Rkpnk

% FHn 02+

% K}kpk K}gnghd

% K}kpk mg Rk}pdngd

% Lhk}l}d m‗k}gnk

% K}ljdnd


N‗kxrkpgkjzl rpkqkmk n‗gmpdngxg mg {j Kx}kpk &gn rlpl%jg}pd`kjzdl}d mg Ek}gnk' lm Lhgmd hlp`dxxgnghd &Lhgmd

Rlpl%jg}pd`kjzdghd'9 gn ]{}}d gj le`gkj}k adp}kekj}k @lxghd* Rkphfç nl pklzgdjk lqqkjcl dhhdppk xhlnmlpk*

N‗gmpdngxg mg {j Kx}kpk r{ð lqqkjgpk xgl gj le`gkj}k Lhgmd hfk @lxghd9 mln r{j}d mg qgx}l mkn j{ekpd mkg

rlxxlccg ml kxkc{gpk xke`pkpk``k rg÷ hdjqkjgkj}k {xlpk {j le`gkj}k lhgmd hfk rd}kjzg n‗knk}}pdagngl mkn

cp{rrd hlp`djgnghd mknn‗kx}kpk. rkp lppgqlpk mgpk}}lekj}k ln rpdmd}}d agjlnk* Lg agjg rpl}ghg k mknnl pkxl. pgx{n}l

rkpð egcngdpk nlqdplpk gj {j le`gkj}k `lxghd* \{kx}d rkphfç nl `lxghg}â pkjmk gppkqkpxg`gnk nl pklzgdjk.

xrdx}ljmd qkpxd mkx}pl }{}}d n‗k|{gng`pgd9 L |{kx}d r{j}d xg }pl}}l xdnd mg lhgmgaghlpk. rkp rlxxlpk mlnnl adpel

gdjghl l |{knnl ljgdjghl*

Rpdhkmgekj}d?

Rlp}k <? Xlrdjgaghlzgdjk

% Rkxlpk kxl}}lekj}k hgphl <.88 cp mg JlDF gj Rkpnk &←<.88 cp'. 8 cp mg r%jg}pd`kjzdl}d mg ek}gnk &←

8.22 cp' k rdpng gj {j rlnndjk ml 0;2 eN gjxgkek l ;2 eN mg F 0D mkgdjgzzl}l*

% Rdppk gn rlnndjk gj {j Xgx}kel Pgxhlnmlj}k pkapgckplj}k. k elj}kjkpnd rkp 82 egj{}g mlnn‗gjgzgd

mknn‗k`dnngzgdjk*

% Rdppk jkn apl}}kerd =2 eN mg FHn 02+ &1E' gj {j `lcjd mg cfglhhgd

Ek}gn =%

jg}pd`kjzdl}d

=%jg}pd`kjzdl}d

mg Xdmgd

DF%

HF8

D

D

D

D

J

DF

HF8

D%

D

D

D

J

DF

D

D

D

J

DF%

D%

D

D

D

J

JlDF

DF

D

D

D

J

FHn

Lhgmd =%

jg}pd`kjzdghd



Elnal}}d Lnkxxljmpd

268661 Rlcgjl 0 28$2;$<2


% ]plxhdpxg g 82 egj{}g. kaak}}{lpk {jl ]NH mg qkpgaghl x{n rpdmd}}d* Egxhknl Kn{kj}k

hderdx}l ml K}kpk mg rk}pdngd k Lhk}l}d m‗k}gnk. pgxrk}}gqlekj}k jkn plrrdp}d 8?0*

Gn hdjapdj}d ql al}}d hdj r%jg}pd`kjzdl}d mg ek}gnk xhgdn}d gj k}kpk k}gnghd*

% Jkn hlxd nl pklzgdjk jdj xgl hdernk}lekj}k lqqkj{}l dhhdppk rdp}lpk l

k`dnngzgdjk rkp ln}pg 82 egj{}g*

Rlp}k 0? Lhgmgaghlzgdjk

% Rpdhkmkpk rdjkjmd gn `lcjd mg cfglhhgd hdj n‗FHn 1E xdrpl {jl rglx}pl lcg}lj}k k

lccg{jckjmd {j‗ljhdpk}}l elcjk}ghl* Qkpxlpqg |{gjmg gn Rpdmd}}d mknnl pklzgdjk k

elj}kjkpk n‗lcg}lzgdjk rkp ; egj{}g*

% Qkpgaghlpk hfk gn rF xgl Lhgmd hdj nl hlp}gjl }dpjlxdnk*

% Agn}plpk |{gjmg hdj Cddhf k nlxhglp lxhg{clpk l }kerkpl}{pl le`gkj}k. |{gjmg ljjd}lpk gn Qlndpk

&←=.8< cp' k hlnhdnlpk nl Pkxl*

Rlp}k 8? Hpgx}lnngzzlzgdjk

% Rdppk gn rpdmd}}d d}}kj{}d gj {j rlnndjk k lccg{jckpk 02 eN mg K}ljdnd ln 7;+*% Ek}}kpk gn }{}}d gj {j xgx}kel pgxhlnmlj}k pkapgckplj}k k elj}kjkpnd agjd l hdernk}l

xdn{`gngzzlzgdjk mkn rpdmd}}d jknn‗lnhdn k}gnghd*

% Pge{dqkpk |{gjmg gn rlnndjk k nlxhglpnd plaapkmmlpk agjd l }kerkpl}{pl le`gkj}k* L |{kx}d r{j}d

rdpnd gj {j `lcjd mg cfglhhgd rkp hdernk}lpk nl hpgx}lnngzzlzgdjk*

% Agn}plpk |{gjmg hdj Cddhf pgxhglh|{ljmd hdj <;%02 eN mg lh|{l mkgdjgzzl}l apkmml*

% Rdppk gn pkxgm{d x{n agn}pd gj {jl hlrx{nl rpkhkmkj}kekj}k }lpl}l. |{gjmg nlxhglpk gj x}{al rkp {jl

jd}}k &←87 .08 cp'*

% Rkxlpk j{dqlekj}k nl hlrx{nl &←=<.32 cp'. |{gjmg mk}kpegjlpk Pkxl k r{j}d mg a{xgdjk &006 ‘ 0;2

²H'*

Ljlngxg Ml}g D}}kj{}g?


=%jg}pd`kjzdl}d mg Ek}gnk? &R*E* <6<.<;'

% Cp rkxl}g? 8.20

% edng rkxl}k? <.113³<2%0

Lhgmd =%jg}pd`kjzdghd &{egmd'? &R*E* <6<.<;'

% cp d}}kj{}g? 0.=3

% edng d}}kj{}k? <.=36³<2%0

Lhgmd =%jg}pd`kjzdghd? &Xkhhd'? &R*E* <6<.<;'

% cp d}}kj{}g? 0.=3

% edng d}}kj{}k? <.=36³<2%0

087 ²H

087 ‘ 0=< ²H

<;=.32+

R%jg}pd`kjzdl}d

mg Ek}gnkPklzgdjk

66.11+


pgakpgekj}d



Elnal}}d Lnkxxljmpd

268661 Rlcgjl < 03$<2$<<


K{ckjdnd

R{pd

K{ckjdnd

Kx}pl}}d

Kxrkpgkjzl j²; Ljjd? 02<<$02<0


Kx}plzgdjk Mknn‗K{ckjdnd mlg hfgdmg mg Clpdaljd*

D`gk}}gqd? Kx}plppk n‗K{ckjdnd mlg hfgdmg mg clpdaljd. {xljmd = }khjghfk mgaakpkj}g9

rkp rdg qln{}lpk nl rg÷ kaaghlhk d nl rg÷ kaaghgkj}k*

K[CKJDND?

RPGED EK]DMD ‘ KX]PL_GDJK XDNGMD NG\[GMD ‘ HDJ MGHNDPDEK]LJD ‘ HF0Hn0?

Rkxlpk kxl}}lekj}k hgphl = cp mg hfgdmg mg clpdaljd &← =.2; cp'. |{gjmg rdnqkpgzzlpng gj {j edp}lgd9

Qkpxlpk nl rdnqkpk hdxî d}}kj{}l gj {j rlnndjk ml <22 eN. lccg{jckpqg ;2 eN mg mghndpdek}ljd

&[xlpjk {jl rlp}k rkp gn nlqlccgd mkn edp}lgd' k {j‗ljhdpk}}l elcjk}ghl*

Rpkrlplpk xd}}d hlrrl {j `lcjd m‗lh|{l k qkpgaghlpk hfk nl }kerkpl}{pl pgeljcl hdx}lj}k l ;2 ²H

}pleg}k {j }kpedek}pd*

Rdpqg lnn‗gj}kpjd gn rlnndjk k hdnnkclpnd l {j pkapgckplj}k9 |{gjmg elj}kjkpk l `lcjd xd}}d lcg}lzgdjk

rkp <; egj{}g ml |{ljmd nl xdn{zgdjk gjgzgl l `dnngpk*

X{hhkxxgqlekj}k pge{dqkpk gn rlnndjk k nlxhglp plaapkmmlpk9 |{gjmg agn}plpk l q{d}dhdj cddhf lmmgzgdjl}d mg Hkng}k*

Kxkc{gpk {jl ]NH mg qkpgaghl x{n agn}pl}d* Egxhknl kn{kj}k hdx}g}{g}l ml K}kpk mg

Rk}pdngd k Lhk}l}d mg K}gnk pgxrk}}gqlekj}k jkn plrrdp}d =?<* Gn hdjapdj}d ql al}}d

hdj K{ckjdnd r{pd xhgdn}d gj Mghndpdek}ljd*

Qkpxlpk gn agn}pl}d gj {j Rlnndjk ml <22 eN rpkqkj}gqlekj}k }lpl}d &← 3;.= cp'9

|{gjmg alp kqlrdplpk gn xdnqkj}k ln pd}lqlrdp*

X{hhkxxgqlekj}k rkxlpk j{dqlekj}k gn rlnndjk &← 31.<1 cp'. rkp mk}kpegjlpk pkxl

k pkh{rkpd rkphkj}{lnk*

XKHDJMD EK]DMD ‘ KX]PL_GDJK XDNGMD NG\[GMD ‘ HDJ K]KPK K]GNGHD?

Rkxlpk kxl}}lekj}k hgphl = cp mg hfgdmg mg clpdaljd &← =.2 0 cp'. |{gjmg rdnqkpgzzlpng gj {j edp}lgd9

Qkpxlpk nl rdnqkpk d}}kj{}l gj {j rlnndjk ml <22 eN k lccg{jckpqg ;2 eN mg K}kpk K}gnghd k

{j‗ljhdpk}}l elcjk}ghl**

Rpkrlplpk xd}}d hlrrl {j `lcjd m‗lh|{l. qkpgaghljmd hdj {j }kpedek}pd hfk nl }kerkpl}{pl

plccg{jcl k pgeljcl hdx}lj}k l =2 ²H*

Rdpqg lnn‗gj}kpjd gn rlnndjk k hdnnkclpnd ln pkapgckplj}k9 |{gjmg elj}kjkpk l `lcjdelpgl xd}}d

lcg}lzgdjk rkp <; egj{}g ml |{ljmd nl xdn{zgdjk gjgzgl l `dnngpk*

]plxhdpxd gn }kerd. pge{dqkpk gn rlnndjk k nlxhglp plaapkmmlpk x{n `ljhd9 |{gjmg agn}plpk xd}}d q{d}d

hdj cddhf k hkng}k*

HF0D

DF

HF8



Elnal}}d Lnkxxljmpd

268661 Rlcgjl 0 03$<2$<<


K{ckjdnd

R{pd

K{ckjdnd

Kx}pl}}d

Lh|{l

HF0HN0

Kxkc{gpk {jl ]NH x{n agn}pl}d rkp qkpgaghlpk n‗lqqkj{}l kx}plzgdjk mknn‗k{ckjdnd* Nl

egxhknl kn{kj}k hdx}g}{g}l æ ml K}kpk mg Rk}pdngd k Lhk}l}d mg K}gnk pgxrk}}gqlekj}k

jkn plrrdp}d =?<* Gn hdjapdj}d ql al}}d hdj K{ckjdnd r{pd xhgdn}d gj Mghndpdek}ljd*

Qkpxlpk gn agn}pl}d gj {j Rlnndjk ml <22 eN rpkqkj}gqlekj}k }lpl}d &← <22.10 cp'9

|{gjmg alp kqlrdplpk gn xdnqkj}k ln pd}lqlrdp*

X{hhkxxgqlekj}k rkxlpk j{dqlekj}k gn rlnndjk &← <2<.=2 cp'. rkp mk}kpegjlpk pkxl k

pkh{rkpd rkphkj}{lnk*

]KP_D EK]DMD ‘ KX]PL_GDJK XDNGMD NG\[GMD HDJ HNDP[PD MG EK]GNKJK K X[HHKXXGQL

R[PGAGHL_GDJK?

Rkxlpk kxl}}lekj}k hgphl = cp mg hfgdmg mg clpdaljd &← =.2 3 cp'. |{gjmg rdnqkpgzzlpng gj {j edp}lgd9

Qkpxlpk nl rdnqkpk d}}kj{}l gj {j rlnndjk ml <22 eN k lccg{jckpqg ;2 eN mg Mghndpdek}ljd*

Rpkrlplpk xd}}d hlrrl {j `lcjd m‗lh|{l. qkpgaghljmd hdj {j }kpedek}pd hfk nl }kerkpl}{pl

plccg{jcl k pgeljcl hdx}lj}k l ;2 ²H*

Rdpqg lnn‗gj}kpjd gn rlnndjk k hdnnkclpnd ln pkapgckplj}k9 |{gjmg elj}kjkpk l `lcjdelpgl xd}}d

lcg}lzgdjk rkp <; egj{}g ml |{ljmd nl xdn{zgdjk gjgzgl l `dnngpk*]plxhdpxd gn }kerd. pge{dqkpk gn rlnndjk k nlxhglp plaapkmmlpk x{n `ljhd9 |{gjmg agn}plpk xd}}d q{d}d

hdj cddhf k hkng}k*

Kxkc{gpk {jl ]NH x{n agn}pl}d rkp qkpgaghlpk n‗lqqkj{}l kx}plzgdjk mknn‗k{ckjdnd* Nl egxhknl

kn{kj}k hdx}g}{g}l æ ml K}kpk mg Rk}pdngd k Lhk}l}d mg K}gnk pgxrk}}gqlekj}k jkn plrrdp}d =?<* Gn

hdjapdj}d ql al}}d hdj K{ckjdnd r{pd xhgdn}d gj Mghndpdek}ljd*

Qkpxlpk gn agn}pl}d gj {j ge`{}d xkrlpl}dpk k lccg{jckpqg 02 eN mg JlDF ln ;+9 lcg}lpk

kjkpcghlekj}k nlxhglp mkhlj}lpk k pkh{rkplpk nl alxk lh|{dxl &x{pjl}lj}k'

Lccg{jckpk lnnl alxk dpcljghl ln}pg 02 eN mg JlDF ln ;+. lcg}lpk kjkpcghlekj}k k pkh{rkplpk nl alxk

lh|{dxl &lnn‗gj}kpjd mknnl |{lnk xg æ xdn{`gngzzl}d n‗k{ckjdnd xlngaghl}d'

Pg{jgpk nk alxg lh|{dxk pkh{rkpl}k k lhgmgaghlpk hdj FHn <2+ agjd l rF lhgmd*

Qkpxlpk nl xdn{zgdjk gj {j ge`{}d xkrlpl}dpk k rpdhkmkpk hdj m{k kx}plzgdjg hdj =2 eN mg

mghndpdek}ljd* &gj hlxd mg adpelzgdjk mg {j‗ke{nxgdjk. lccg{jckpk mkn @pgjk'

Kngegjlpk kqkj}{lng }plhhk mg lh|{l lccg{jckjmd xdmgd xdnal}d ljgmpd** |{gjmg agn}plpk x{ hd}djk

gmpdagnd mkj}pd {j rlnndjk ml <22 eN rpkhkmkj}kekj}k }lpl}d &←1;.;; cp'9

Alp kqlrdplpk gn xdnqkj}k ln pd}lqlrdp. |{gjmg rkxlpk j{dqlekj}k gn rlnndjk &← 11.<= cp' k

mk}kpegjlpk pkxl k pkh{rkpd rkphkj}{lnk*

\[LP]D EK]DMD ‘ MGX]GNNL_GDJK GJ HDPPKJ]K MG QLRDPK?

Rkxlpk kxl}}lekj}k hgphl 6.; cp mg hfgdmg mg clpdaljd &← 6.;; cp' k rdnqkpgzzlpng gj {j edp}lgd9

Qkpxlpk nl rdnqkpk d}}kj{}l gj {j rlnndjk ml 0;2 eN k lccg{jckpqg <22 eN mg lh|{l mgx}gnnl}l‡

Hdnnkclpk gn rlnndjk l {j xgx}kel mg mgx}gnnlzgdjk gj hdppkj}k mg qlrdpk** &Rkp pgxhlnmlpk xg {xl {j

elj}knnd pgxhlnmlj}k'

Rpdhkmkpk agjd l d}}kjkpk hgphl 62 eN mg mgx}gnnl}d lnn‗gj}kpjd mkn rlnndjk mg plhhdn}l ml <22 eN**

Plaapkmmlpk |{gjmg gj {j @lcjd mg cfglhhgd*

Kxkc{gpk 8 Kx}plzgdjg gj ge`{}d xkrlpl}dpk hdj 82 eN mg K}kpk K}gnghd9

Pg{jgpk gjagjk nk alxg dpcljghfk. ljgmpgaghlpk hdj Xdmgd xdnal}d Ljgmpd k agn}plpk x{ hd}djk gmpdagnd

lnn‗gj}kpjd mg {j rlnndjk rpkhkmkj}kekj}k }lpl}d &←<=0.31 cp'*

Alp kqlrdplpk gn xdnqkj}k ln pd}lqlrdp. |{gjmg rkxlpk j{dqlekj}k gn rlnndjk &← <=8.3< cp' kmk}kpegjlpk pkxl k pkh{rkpd rkphkj}{lnk*



Elnal}}d Lnkxxljmpd

268661 Rlcgjl 8 03$<2$<<



Gn hdj}kj{}d ekmgd mg dngd kxxkjzglnk kx}pl}}d mlnnk qlpgk |{lng}â mg hfgdmg mg clpdaljd gj hdeekphgd

leedj}l ln <3%00+ r$r* Mg |{kx}d. gn 30%72+ r$r æ K{ckjdnd* Jk hdjxkc{k hfk gn hdj}kj{}d ekmgd mg

K{ckjdnd jkg hfgdmg mg clpdaljd æ hgphl gn <;.1+ r$r * K‗ rdxxg`gnk |{gjmg hlnhdnlpk lrrpdxxgel}gqlekj}k g

cpleeg }kdpghg mg K{ckjdnd &K*' hfk xg xlpk``kpd rd}{}g kx}plppk ml {jl |{lj}g}â „v― mg hfgdmg mg clpdaljd

&h*c*' gerdx}ljmd nl rpdrdpzgdjk ← <;*1 ? <22 5 v ? cp h*c* rkxl}g

Pkxl + Pkh{rkpd +

Rpged Ek}dmd ‘ HF0Hn0?

% Cp h*c* rkxl}g? =.2; cp

% Cp K* }kdpghg? 2.18 cp

% Cp K* kx}pl}}g? 2.31 cp

Xkhdjmd Ek}dmd ‘ K}0D?

% Cp h*c* rkxl}g? =.20 cp

% Cp K* }kdpghg? 2.18 cp% Cp K* kx}pl}}g? 2.36 cp

]kpzd Ek}dmd ‘ HF0Hn0 ) R{pgaghlzgdjk?

% Cp h*c* rkxl}g? =.23 cp

% Cp K* }kdpghg? 2.18 cp

% Cp K* kx}pl}}g? 2.;7 cp

\{lp}d Ek}dmd ‘ Mgx}gnnlzgdjk?

% Cp h*c* rkxl}g? 6.;; cp

% Cp K* }kdpghg? <.88 cp

% Cp K* kx}pl}}g? 2.7; cp

Ljlngxg mknnk rkphkj}{lng?

Gn Mghndpdek}ljd k n‗K}kpk K}gnghd xdjd d}}geg xdnqkj}g. gj cplmd mg kx}plppk {j‗knkql}l |{lj}g}â mg dngd kxxkjzglnk*

[jl pkxl mkn <02+ lxxdhgl}l l {j pkh{rkpd mkn <6.31+ x{cckpgxhk hfk gn Mghndpdek}ljd l``gl kx}pl}}d }{}}d n‗dngd

kxxkjzglnk hderdx}d ml K{ckjdnd k ln}pk xdx}ljzk hdek K{ckjgnLhk}l}d k Hlpgdagnnkjk khh‡ Nd x}kxxd qlnk rkp

n‗K}kpk k}gnghd* \{kx}g xdnqkj}g xdjd pknl}gqlekj}k khdjdeghg k xdjd rlp}ghdnlpekj}k lml}}g rkp {j‗kx}plzgdjk l

`lxxd hdx}d mg {j rpdmd}}d hfk jdj pghfgkmk {j knkql}d cplmd mg r{pkzzl*

Gn }kpzd ek}dmd rpkqkmk xkerpk n‗{}gngzzd mg mghndpdek}ljd9 n‗kx}plzgdjk æ rkpð xkc{g}l ml {j rpdhkxxd mg

r{pgaghlzgdjk** Gj |{kx}d edmd xg ngeg}l n‗kx}plzgdjk mg }{}}k |{knnk xdx}ljzk rdhd xdn{`gng gj lh|{l k$d hfk jdj

rdxxdjd kxxkpk xlngaghl}k hdj {jl `lxk* G qlndpg mg pkxl &78.1;+' k mg pkh{rkpd &<=.=7+' d}}kj{}g. xdjd edn}d

xgegng l |{knng }l`{nl}g* \{kx}d ek}dmd rkpek}}k |{gjmg {j‗kxl{x}gql kx}plzgdjk rg÷ xknk}}gql mg K{ckjdnd

<02 +

<08 +

78.1; +

3<.=0 +

<6.31 +

<7.= +

<=.=7 +

<<.<< +



Elnal}}d Lnkxxljmpd

268661 Rlcgjl = 03$<2$<<


Gn \{lp}d ek}dmd rpkqkmk n‗kx}plzgdjk mg K{ckjdnd rkp mgx}gnnlzgdjk gj hdppkj}k mg qlrdpk* G qlndpg mg + d}}kj{}g

x{cckpgxhdjd hfk ]{}}d n‗K{ckjdnd xgl x}l}d kx}pl}}d k hfk xg xgl d}}kj{}d {j d}}ged cplmd mg r{pkzzl* \{kx}d

rkpð l xhlrg}d mknnl pkxl ← mkn 3<.=0+* H‗æ rkpð ml mgpk hfk n‗lh|{l æ {j xdnqkj}k mkhgxlekj}k khdjdeghd** k

hfk gn rpdhkxxd r{ð kxxkpk kxkc{g}d gjm{x}pglnekj}k gj hdj}gj{d‡

Dhhdppk |{gjmg qln{}lpk `kjk |{lnk xgl &}pl nk {n}gek m{k' nl ek}dmdndcgl hdernkxxgqlekj}k rg÷ pke{jkpl}gql ?R

Ljlngxg mknnl ]NH?

\{kx}l laagljhd. æ {jl nlx}pgjl ml ]NH xqgn{rrl}l hdj Rkpeljcljl}d mg Rd}lxxgd

&IEjD='*

L mgaakpkjzl mg |{lj}d xg rd}kql rpkx{ekpk ljlngzzljmd k hdjapdj}ljmd nk

rkphkj}{lng d}}kj{}k mg pkxl k pkh{rkpd. xg r{ð jd}lpk hdek gn }kpzd ek}dmd

&Mghndpdek}ljd ) R{pgaghlzgdjk' jdj gerkmgxhl l {jl `{djl rkphkj}{lnk mg

xdx}ljzk mg lppgqlpk jkn rpdmd}}d agjlnk*

N‗kx}plzgdjk gj Hdppkj}k mg Qlrdpk xke`pl kxxkpk |{gjmg gn xgx}kel Egcngdpk rkp

d}}kjkpk l `lxxd hdx}d k hdj rdhfk pgxdpxk {j‗knkql}l rkphkj}{lnk mg K{ckjdnd

R{pd

Xk gjqkhk xg rpkakpgxhk d}}kjkpk {j `{dj pkh{rkpd + mg {j rpdmd}}d. l xkhdjml mkg r{j}g mg qgx}l. mg egjdpk

|{lng}â** Xg r{ð pghdppkpk lnnl xkernghk kx}plzgdjk hdj xdnqkj}k &Mghndpdek}ljd←Ek}dmd < d K}kpk K}gnghd←

Ek}dmd 0'*

Gn }kpzd ek}dmd. hfk lrrlpkj}kekj}k kpl gn rg÷ rpdek}}kj}k. xg æ pgqknl}d gjqkhk kxxkpk gn ekjd kaaghlhk km

kaaghgkj}k‡ &‡xkerpk x{rrdjkjmd hfk nl ]NH jdj xgl x}l}l alnxl}l ml kppdpg jknnl rpkrlplzgdjk‡'



Elnal}}d Lnkxxljmpd

268661 Rlcgjl < 06$<2$<<




Kx}plzgdjk mkn Ngedjkjk mlnnk @{hhk m‗lpljhgl*

D`gk}}gqd? Kx}plppk gn Ngedjkjk mlnnl `{hhgl mg = lpljhk*

Ngedjkjk?

Pklckj}g?

% K}kpk K}gnghd % Lh|{l ?R


Gn ngedjkjk æ {jl ednkhdnl hfk rpkxkj}l {j xdnd hkj}pd hfgplnk k rkp}lj}d r{ð kxxkpk hlpl}}kpgzzl}l rkp gn

x{d rd}kpk d}}ghd pd}l}dpgd* Rkp kx}plppk gn ngedjkjk mlnnl el}pghk jl}{plnk &nl `{hhgl m‗lpljhgl' xg kxkc{k

{jl mgx}gnnlzgdjk gj hdppkj}k mg qlrdpk*

\{kx}d }grd mg mgx}gnnlzgdjk æ edn}d xap{}}l}d |{ljmd xg fl l hfk alpk hdj xdx}ljzk }kpednl`gng hfk xg

mkcplmljd l }kerkpl}{pk rpdxxgek ln ndpd r{j}d mg k`dnngzgdjk* N‗lccg{j}l mg lh|{l rkpek}}k mg l``lxxlpk

nl }kerkpl}{pl mg k`dnngzgdjk mknnk xdx}ljzk dpcljghfk rkpek}}kjmd nl ndpd mgx}gnnlzgdjk*

Gn rpdmd}}d d}}kj{}d lnnl agjk mknnl mgx}gnnlzgdjk xlpâ xdx}ljzglnekj}k {jl egxhknl mg lh|{l k ngedjkjk*

\{kx}‗{n}ged rd}pâ kxxkpk xkrlpl}d alhgnekj}k mlnnl alxk lh|{dxl ekmglj}k kx}plzgdjk hdj {j xdnqkj}k gj

h{g æ rg÷ xdn{`gnk &Kx? K}kpk K}gnghd'*

Rpdhkmgekj}d?

]lcnglpk l rkzzk}}g nl `{hhgl mg 8 lpljhk. k rdpnk gj {j rlnndjk ml <222 eN rpkqkj}gqlekj}k rkxl}d

&← 063.<1 cp'‡ Ljjd}lpk |{gjmg gn rkxd mkn rlnndjk hdj nk `{hhk mg lpljhgl &← =18.=6 cp'.

Lccg{jckpk |{gjmg 822 eN mg lh|{l mgx}gnnl}l ln rlnndjk k hdnnkclpnd ln xgx}kel mg mgx}gnnlzgdjk gjhdppkj}k mg qlrdpk*

Gn Rlnndjk mg plhhdn}l ml <22 eN ql geekpxd gj {j `lcjd mg cfglhhgd9 gn }kpedek}pd ql rdxgzgdjl}d

hdj gn `{n`d lrrkjl ln mg xd}}d mkn `plhhgd mg mgx}gnnlzgdjk*

Mgx}gnnlpk |{gjmg rkp < f*

Ln }kpegjk. rpknkqlpk gn rlnndjk mg plhhdn}l k qkpxlpjk gn hdj}kj{}d lnn‗gj}kpjd mg

{j ge`{}d xkrlpl}dpk**

Rpdhkmkpk |{gjmg hdj 8 kx}plzgdjg hdj 82 eN mg k}kpk k}gnghd*

Pg{jgpk nk alxg dpcljghfk k ljgmpgaghlpk hdj Xdmgd xdnal}d ljgmpd

rkp kngegjlpk kqkj}{lng }plhhk mg lh|{l*

Agn}plpk hdj hd}djk gmpdagnd. l}}plqkpxd {j ge`{}d l hdml mg

HF0

HF8

HF8



Elnal}}d Lnkxxljmpd

268661 Rlcgjl 0 06$<2$<<


pdjmgjk. gj {j rlnndjk ml <22 eN rpkqkj}gqlekj}k }lpl}d &← 37.66 cp'*

Lnndj}ljlpk |{gjmg gn xdnqkj}k rkp kqlrdplzgdjk xd}}dq{d}d ekmglj}k n‗{xd mk n Pd}lqlrdp &xkjzl

xhlnmlpk'

Rkxlpk |{gjmg gn rlnndjk &← 6<.=7 cp' k mk}kpegjlpk pkxl k pkh{rkpd +

Mk}kpegjlzgdjk mkn rd}kpk d}}ghd Pd}l}dpgd?

Kxxkjmd {jl ednkhdnl hfgplnk. gn ngedjkjk æ {jl ednkhdnl d}}ghlekj}k l}}gql gj cplmd mg p{d}lpk gn rgljd mg

qg`plzgdjk mknnl n{hk rdnlpgzzl}l**

Xg rpdhkmk lccg{jckjmd {jl cdhhgl mkn rpdmd}}d agjlnk &← 2.2<=0 cp' gj {j el}plhhgjd ml 0 eN }lpl}d

hdj {jl `gnljhgl ljlng}ghl*

Rdp}lpk |{gjmg l qdn{ek hdj k}ljdnd ml xrk}}pdxhdrgl k gjagjk**

Ljlngzzlpk gn hlergdjk ln rdnlpgek}pd. ljjd}ljmd g }pk qlndpg adpjg}g mlnnd x}p{ekj}d k alhkjmd nl

ekmgl &← 2.1771'


Jknnl `{hhgl m‗lpljhgl æ rpkxkj}k hgphl <%0.;+ mg dngd kxxkjzglnk* Mg |{kx}d. rg÷ mkn 72+ æ hdx}g}{g}d ml

ngedjkjk* Rdxxgled |{gjmg mgpk hfk lrrpdxxgel}gqlekj}k rkp <22 cp mg `{hhgl m‗lpljhgl <.11 cp xdjd mg

ngedjkjk &N*' * K‗ rdxxg`gnk lnndpl gerdx}lpk nl rpdrdpzgdjk? <.11 ? <22 5 v ? cp `{hhgl rkxl}l

*

Pkxl + Pkh{rkpd +

% @{hhgl Rkxl}l? <3;.6= cp

% Cp mg N* ]kdpghg? 0.70 cp

% Cp mg N* Kx}pl}}g? <.1< cp

μ nk}}d? æ nl ekmgl mkg 8 qlndpg adpjg}g mlnnd x}p{ekj}d ← 2.1771

h? æ nl hdjhkj}plzgdjk kxrpkxxl gj cp x{ <22 eN ←

n? æ nl n{jcfkzzl mkn hleegjd d}}ghd** km æ rlpg l <

μ ngedjkjk r{pd? <<8²

;;.<8 + 2.7< +

Cplmd mg R{pkzzl

63.<7 +

Hlnhdnd mkn rd}kpk

d}}ghd pd}l}dpgd μ?



Elnal}}d Lnkxxljmpd

268661 Rlcgjl < 20$<<$<<



Ml}l kxrkpgkjzl? 2 0$<<$<<

Xgj}kxg mknnl Akjlhk}gjl*

D`gk}}gqd? Xgj}kxg mkn rlplhk}lednd }pleg}k J%lhk}gnlzgdjk mkn rlpl%legjdakjdnd9 rkp rdg

rpdxkc{gpk hdj nl xgj}kxg mknnl akjlhk}gjl }pleg}k nl pklzgdjk mg xgj}kxg mkcng k}kpg mg Sgnnglexdj*

Pklzgdjg Pglxx{j}gqk?

Ln}pg Pklckj}g?

% Lhk}l}d mg K}gnk

% K}kpk mg rk}pdngd

% Ek}ljdnd

% FHn <2+

% K}ljdnd


Nl rpgel pklzgdjk hdjxgx}k gj {j‗lhk}gnlzgdjk mkn cp{rrd legjghd mkn rlpl %legjd%akjdnd* Rkp kqg}lpk nl

adpelzgdjk mg rpdmd}}g xkhdjmlpg jdj qdn{}g dhhdppk lccg{jckpk n‗lh|{l rpgel mknn‗ljgmpgmk lhk}ghl* Gj

|{kx}d edmd n‗lzd}d al {j l}}lhhd j{hnkdagnd x{ {j hlp`djgnk mknn‗ljgmpgmk lhk}ghl. k qgkjk kxr{nxd {j

lhk}l}d hdek cp{rrd {xhkj}k &n‗lhk}l}d fl {jl rIl gjakpgdpk mknn‗legjl'*

HF8 DF ) JlHF8 D

%Jl

)

K}ljdnd Xdmgd Ek}lnnghd K}gnl}d xdmghd

DF

JF0

DF0

)

HF8

D

D

D

HF8

D

D

DF

JF)

F

HF8

D%

HF8

DF0

D

D

DF

JF

HF8

D%

HF8

DF8

)

DF

JF

HF8

D

D

D%

HF8

F DF0

)

rlpl%legjd

akjdndLjgmpgmk Lhk}ghl Rlplhk}lednd

) HF8

D%

JF

D

D%

HF8

HF8

@p

Jl)

HF8

JF

D

D

HF8

Jl)

Jl)

@p %

)

F

JF

D

D

HF8

) HF8

DF)

Rlplhk}lednd K}gnl}d xdmghd Akjlhk}gjl@pdedK}gnk

Pklzgdjk <

Pklzgdjk 0

Pklzgdjk 8



Elnal}}d Lnkxxljmpd

268661 Rlcgjl 0 20$<<$<<


Jknnl xkhdjml rlp}k mknn‗kxrkpgkjzl xg xgj}k}gzzkpâ nl akjlhk}gjl }pleg}k pklzgdjk mg Sgnnglexdj* \{kx}l

pklzgdjk hdjxgx}k jknnl xgj}kxg mg {j‗k}kpk rlp}kjmd ml {j Lnhdn k {j lndckj{pd lnhfgnghd* Rkp alpk gj edmd

hfk n‗lnhdn rdxxl l}}lhhlpk j{hnkdagnghlekj}k n‗lndckj{pd lnhfgnghd dhhdppk l{ekj}lpk nl x{l j{hnkdagngl

x}plrrljmdcng {j rpd}djk k }plxadpeljmdnd jkn pknl}gqd lnhdxxgmd* Rkp rd}kp x}plrrlpk |{kn rpd}djk dhhdppk

nlqdplpk gj {j le`gkj}k adp}kekj}k `lxghd9 hdjmgzgdjk d}}kj{}l lccg{jckjmd n‗k}gnl}d xdmghd rpdmd}}d x{n

edekj}d }pleg}k nl pklzgdjk }pl Xdmgd ek}lnnghd k lnhdn k}gnghd* Rkphfç nl pklzgdjk xgl rpgql mg pgxhfg. dhhdppk

jkhkxxlpglekj}k nlqdplpk hdj xdnqkj}g ljgmpg*

Ml jd}lpk hfk gj |{kx}l pklzgdjk qgkjk {xl}d {j lnhdxxgmd rkp x}plrrlpk {j rpd}djk ln rlplhk}lednd k

ckjkplpk hdxî {j ln}pd lnhdxxgmd* Rkp kqg}lpk |{gjmg hfk xg l``gl nl adpelzgdjk mg rpdmd}}g jdj qdn{}g. dhhdppk

nlqdplpk gj hdjmgzgdjg x}khfgdek}pghfk mg k}gnl}d

xdmghd d gj khhkxxd mg @pdedK}ljd &n‗lndckj{pd

lnhfgnghd'9 gjdn}pk hdjqgkjk lccg{jckpk n‗k}gnl}d

xdmghd RPGEL mkn `pded k}ljd* \{kx}d rkphfç

n‗k}gnl}d xdmghd r{ð pklcgpk kxxd x}kxxd hdj

n‗lndckj{pd lnhfgnghd rkp mlpk nl pklzgdjk XJ0←

Rpdhkmgekj}d?

Rlp}k <? Xgj}kxg mkn Rlplhk}lednd

% Rkxlpk << cpleeg mg rlpl%legjd%akjdnd &← <<.<< cp' k gjxkpgpng gj {j rlnndjk ml 0;2 eN* Lccg{jckpk

|{gjmg 82 eN mg F0D mkgdjgzzl}l k <0 eN mg ljgmpgmk lhk}ghl*

% Rdppk gn rlnndjk gj {j xgx}kel pgxhlnmlj}k pkapgckplj}k k nlxhglpk l pgan{xxd agjd l hdernk}l

mgxxdn{zgdjk mkn rlpl%legjd%akjdnd* L |{kx}d r{j}d nlxhglp plaapkmmlpk rkp

02 egj{}g*

% Kaak}}{lpk {jl ]NH rkp qkpgaghlpk n‗lqqkj{}l pklzgdjk* Egxhknl kn{kj}k

hderdx}l ml Lhk}l}d mg k}gnk km k}kpk mg rk}pdngd gj plrrdp}d 3?8 &8.; eN mg

lhk}l}d mg k}gnk ) <.; eN mg K}kpk mg rk}pdngd'* Gn hlergdjk mknnl pklzgdjk ql

hdjapdj}l}d hdj rlpl%legjd%akjdnd gj ek}ljdnd*

% Jkn hlxd nl pklzgdjk jdj adxxk hdernk}l}l. pgxhlnmlpk rkp ln}pg <2 egj km

kxkc{gpk j{dqlekj}k nl ]NH*

% Nlxhglp plaapkmmlpk cplm{lnekj}k l }kerkpl}{pl le`gkj}k. |{gjmg rdp}lpk

gj `lcjd mg cfglhhgd* Gn rlplhk}lednd gjgzgkpâ hpgx}lnngzzlpk*

% Agn}plpk xd}}dq{d}d hdj cddhf {}gngzzljmd 0; eN mg F0D apkmml rkp gn nlqlccgd*

% Kaak}}{lpk {jl ]NH mg qkpgaghl x{n pkxgm{d d}}kj{}d* X}kxxl egxhknl kn{kj}k gj

plrrdp}d 3?8* Xhgdcngkpk lnh{jg hpgx}lnng mg rlplhk}lednd gj ek}ljdnd khdjapdj}lpng hdj gn rlpl%legjd%akjdnd xd}}drdx}d l x}kxxd }pl}}lekj}d*

% Qkpxlpk gn rlplhk}lednd d}}kj{}d gj {jl hlrx{nl rpkqkj}gqlekj}k }lpl}l &←

87.08 cp' 9 |{gjmg rdppk gj x}{al l kxxghhlpk rkp {jl jd}}k*

% Rkxlpk |{gjmg gn qk}pgjd hdj gn rpdmd}}d kxxghhl}d &← =7.<= cp'. |{gjmg hlnhdnlpk

nl pkxl rkphkj}{lnk k qkpgaghlpjk nl r{pkzzl pghlqljmd gn r{j}d mg a{xgdjk &←

<18 % <38 ²H'*

HF8

D%

HF8 @p HF8

HF8

D

Jl)

Jl)@p

%)

Rlpl%legjd%

akjdnd

Pklzgdjk

Rlpl%legjd%

akjdnd

Pklzgdjk



Elnal}}d Lnkxxljmpd

268661 Rlcgjl 8 20$<<$<<



Nl pklzgdjk æ lqqkj{}l gj khhkxxd mg Ljgmpgmk Lhk}ghl9 mg hdjxkc{kjzl gn pklckj}k ngeg}lj}k æ n‗Lhgmd

Xlnghgnghd?

Rlpl%legjd%akjdnd?

RE? <27.28 cp$edn

Edng? <<.<< cp $ <27.28 cp$edn 5 2.<2<7 edn Pklckj}k Ngeg}lj}k

Ljgmpgmk lhk}ghl?

RE? <20.266 cp$edn

Cp? <0 eN ³ <.260 cp$eN 5 <0.76 cp

Edng? <0.76 cp $ <20.266 cp$edn 5 2.<03 edn Pklckj}k gj khhkxxd

Jkn hlnhdnd mknnl pkxl+ dhhdppk |{gjmg }kjkpk hdj}d xdnd mkg cpleeg mg lhgmd xlnghgnghd rkxl}g


Rlpl%legjd%akjdnd?

% edng rkxl}k? 2.<2<7 edn

Rlplhk}lednd?

% cp d}}kj{}g? 7.7< cp

% edng d}}kj{}k? 2.21;; cp

Rlp}k 0? Rpkrlplzgdjk mknn‗k}gnl}d xdmghd*

% Xd}}d hlrrl. rpkrlplpk {j rlnndjk ml 0;2 eN l 8 hdnng gjxkpkjmdqg

lnn‗gj}kpjd {j‗ljhdpk}}l elcjk}ghl* Rdpnd xdrpl {jl rglx}pl

lcg}lj}k k hdnnkclpnd l {j xgx}kel pkapgckplj}k hdj qlnqdnl l HlHn0

rkp l{ekj}lpk nk hdjmgzgdjg mg ljgmpghg}â*

% Lccg{jckpk |{gjmg ml {j hdnnd nl}kplnk ;2 eN mg K}ljdnd Lxxdn{}d* % Gj {j `kikp ml <22 eN hdj}kjkj}k k}kpk mg rk}pdngd lccg{jckpk qkndhkekj}k gn xdmgd

ek}lnnghd &<.;0 cp rkp <2 cp mg Rlplhk}lednd d}}kj{}g'. |{gjmg xrkzzk}}lpnd hdjnk adp`ghg*

% Hdj n‗l{xgngd mg {jl rgjzk}}l ek}}kpk g rkzzk}}g mg xdmgd ek}lnnghd jkn rlnndjk

}pleg}k {j hdnnd nl}kplnk*

% Lhhkjmkpk |{gjmg nl rglx}pl lcg}lj}k k l}}kjmkpk hfk }{}}d gn xdmgd pklcgxhl*

% \{ljmd }{}}d gn xdmgd æ rlxxl}d gj xdn{zgdjk rdp}lpk gj {j `lcjd mg cfglhhgd k

lccg{jckpk plrgmlekj}k gn rlplhk}lednd rpkhkmkj}kekj}k d}}kj{}d &← 7.68 cp' *

% Lccg{jckpk |{gjmg 3.; eN mg K}@p ml {j hdnnd nl}kplnk*

% Xdx}g}{gpk nl rglx}pl lcg}lj}k hdj {j elj}knnd pgxhlnmlj}k k lhhkjmkpnd*

% Mln edekj}d gj h{g xg plccg{jck n‗k`dnngzgdjk. nlxhglpk l pgan{xxd rkp {j‗dpl

% Kaak}}{lpk |{gjmg {jl ]NH mg Qkpgaghl rkp qln{}lpk nl agjk mknnl pklzgdjk*

<16 ²H

<16 ‘ <30 ²H


pgakpgekj}d

1=.88+

<

0

8

=

;1

3

6

7

< <2

0

8

=

;1

3

6

7

<<



Elnal}}d Lnkxxljmpd

268661 Rlcgjl = 20$<<$<<


Rlplhk}lednd Akjlhk}gjl

Rlp}k 8? ]NH mg Qkpgaghl

% Egxhknl kn{kj}k hderdx}l ml Lhk}l}d mg K}gnk km k}kpk mg rk}pdngd gj plrrdp}d 6?0

&1eN ) <.; eN'

% Gj {jl rpdqk}}l qkpxlpk 2.; eN mg rpdmd}}d mg pklzgdjk. 2.; eN mg FHn <2+ k < eN mg

Lhk}l}d mg K}gnk9 |{gjmg nlxhglp mkhlj}lpk agjd l xkrlplzgdjk mknnk 0 alxg &dpcljghl gj

ln}d'9% Rpknkqlpk nl alxk dpcljghl k rpkrlplpk nl nlx}pl hpdel}dcplaghl. hdjapdj}ljmd gn

hlergdjk hdj rlplhk}lednd gj K}ljdnd*

% Qkpgaghlpk |{gjmg hfk nl pklzgdjk xgl lqqkj{}l* Gj hlxd hdj}plpgd. lccg{jckpk ln}pg 8%=

eN mg K}@p |{gjmg rdppk j{dqlekj}k l pgan{xxd*

Rlp}k =? Rpkhgrg}lzgdjk k Hpgx}lnngzzlzgdjk

% Gn rlnndjk l 8 hdnng l |{kx}d r{j}d hdj}gkjk Akjlhk}gjl gj K}ljdnd lxxdn{}d k n‗Jl@p Rpkhgrg}l}d &qkmg

pklzgdjk 8'* Lccg{jckpk <2 eN mg Lh|{l mkgdjgzzl}l k ekxhdnlpk `kjk‡ &n‗Jl@p rlxxkpâ gj xdn{zgdjk.

ekj}pk nl akjlhk}gjl gjxdn{`gnk gj lh|{l rpkhgrg}kpâ'*

% Rdppk gn rlnndjk gj {j `lcjd mg cfglhhgd rkp hdernk}lpk nl rpkhgrg}lzgdjk*

% Pkh{rkplpk gn rpkhgrg}l}d }pleg}k agn}plzgdjk hdj cddhf*

% Rdppk gn rpkhgrg}l}d gxdnl}d gj {jl `k{}l k lccg{jckpk =2 eN mg K}ljdnd ln 7;+9

% Xhlnmlpk hdj gn Rfdj agjd l hdernk}l mgxxdn{zgdjk9 |{gjmg lccg{jckpk <02 eN mg lh|{l hlnml*

% Xk xg jd}lxxk {j gj}dp`gmgekj}d ln qkpxlekj}d mknn‗lh|{l dhhdppk pgxhlnmlpk mg j{dqd rkp rdp}lpk

}{}}d gj xdn{zgdjk** Nlxhglpk |{gjmg l pgrdxd rkp {jl jd}}k*

% Gn cgdpjd xkc{kj}k. rdppk nl `k{}l gj {j `lcjd mg cfglhhgd rkp hdernk}lpk nl hpgx}lnngzzlzgdjk9

% Kaak}}{lpk {jl agn}plzgdjk hdj cddhf &}kjkjmd ml rlp}k nk lh|{k elmpg rkp {j kqkj}{lnk pkh{rkpd'

% G hpgx}lnng pkh{rkpl}g x{n agn}pd qljjd rdx}g x{ {jl hlrx{nl rpkqkj}gqlekj}k }lpl}l &← 13.62 cp'. |{gjmg

l kxxghhlpk gj x}{al rkp {jl jd}}k* Gn cgdpjd xkc{kj}k rkxlpk nl hlrx{nl &← 33.21 cp' k mk}kpegjlpk nlpkxl rkphkj}{lnk k gn r{j}d mg a{xgdjk mknnl Akjlhk}gjl &← <81 ‘ <=2 ²H'*

Ljlngxg mkg ml}g d}}kj{}g?

Rlplhk}lednd? Pkxl +? Ekn}gjc Rdgj}?

% RE? <;<.<3 {

% cp rkxl}g? 7.68 cp

% edng rkxl}k? 2.21;2 edn

Akjlhk}gjl?

% RE? <37.00 {

% cp d}}kj{}g? 7.01 cp

% edng d}}kj{}k? 2.2;<1 edn

<86 ²H

<8= ‘ <83 ²H

37.86+

Gj}kpqlnnd }l`{nl}d mgpgakpgekj}d



Elnal}}d Lnkxxljmpd

268661 Rlcgjl < 03$<2$<<




Pgm{zgdjk mkn Rlpl%jg}pd%`kjzdl}d mg Ek}gnk lm Lnhdn r%jg}pd `kjzgnghd*

D`gk}}gqd? Pgm{ppk hfked%xknk}}gqlekj}k gn cp{rrd kx}kpkd mkn Rlpl%jg}pd%`kjzdl}d mg ek}gnk lm

lnhdn rpgelpgd {}gngzzljmd hdek xgx}kel pgm{hkj}k Jl@F=%Ek}ljdnd*

Pklzgdjk?

Pklckj}g?

% Jl@F=

% Ek}ljdnd

% FHn 0 E

% ]FA

% Lhk}l}d m‗k}gnk

% K}ljdnd


Gj ngjkl ckjkplnk. nk pklzgdjg mg pgm{zgdjk kaak}}{l}k hdj Xdmgd @dpd Gmp{pd xdjd xgh{pk. rdhd hdx}dxk k

rdxxdjd kxxkpk kxkc{g}k gj hdjmgzgdjg mg rpkxxgdjk k }kerkpl}{pl le`gkj}lng*

Gn Xdmgd @dpd Gmp{pd qgkjk ckjkplnekj}k gergkcl}d jknnl pgm{zgdjk mg Lnmkgmg k Hfk}djg d mg ln}pg cp{rrg

a{jzgdjlng9 el jdj æ hkp}d hde{jk gn x{d gergkcd jknnl pgm{zgdjk mg kx}kpg &hdek gj |{kx}d hlxd'* Gj

hdjmgzgdjg jdpelng gjal}}g g mkpgql}g mkcng lhgmg hlp`dxxgnghg jdj rdxxdjd kxxkpk pgmd}}g hdj |{kx}d lckj}k

pgm{hkj}k**

Lm dcjg edmd. rdxxdjd kxxkpk gergkcl}g mkcng lmmg}gqg hfk l{ekj}gjd n‗l}}gqg}â mkn Jl@F=* Gj nk}}kpl}{plrdxxdjd kxxkpk }pdql}g qlpg kxkerg. hdek n‗lccg{j}l mg gdmgd ln xdmgd `dpd gmp{pd gj }k}plgmpda{pljd hfk

rdp}l lnnl adpelzgdjk mg F8@ ‘]FA ← l}}gqd jkg hdjapdj}g mkcng kx}kpg**

Gj |{kx}d hlxd {}gngzzkpked gjqkhk {j xgx}kel Jl@F= ‘EkDF rkp pgm{ppk {j kx}kpk `kjzgnghd jkn

hdppgxrdjmkj}k lnhdn

r%jg}pd`kzdl}d mg

ek}gnkLnhdn r%jg}pd

`kjzgnghd

HF8D

J)

D%

D

D

Jl@F=

EkDF

]FA 1; ²H

<;%

12 egj

DF

J)

D%

D



Elnal}}d Lnkxxljmpd

268661 Rlcgjl 0 28$2;$<2


R%jg}pd`kjzdl}d

mgEk}gnk

Lnhdn r%jg}pd

`kjzgnghd

Rpdhkmgekj}d?

Rkxlpk kxl}}lekj}k hgphl 8 cp mg r%jg}pd`kjzdl}d mg ek}gnk &←8 .22 cp' k ek}}kpng

lnn‗gj}kpjd mg {j rlnndjk l 0 hdnng ml 0;2 eN gjxgkek l =2 eN mg ]FA k l

{j‗ljhdpk}}l elcjk}ghl*

Mdrd lqkp rdx}d gn xgx}kel xd}}d adp}k lcg}lzgdjk. lccg{jckpk gj rghhdnk rdpzgdjg

0.; cp mg Jl@F= &nk edng mg hderdx}d ml pgm{ppk k |{knnk mkn pgm{hkj}k mkqdjdkxxkpk gj plrrdp}d <?='

L |{kx}d r{j}d. hdnnkclpk gn rlnndjk l {j pkapgckplj}k k l {j ge`{}d cdhhgdnl}dpk

hdj}kjkj}k =2 eN mg ek}ljdnd9

Pgxhlnmlpk |{gjmg hdj {j elj}knnd pgxhlnmlj}k agjd l k`dnngzgdjk mknnl egxhknl

&1; ²H' k nlxhglpk l pgan{xxd rkp <; egj{}g*

Ln }kpegjk. pge{dqkpk gn elj}knnd k nlxhglp plaapkmmlpk nl egxhknl

elj}kjkjmdnl xd}}d lcg}lzgdjk*

Lccg{jckpk |{gjmg cdhhgl l cdhhgl. l}}plqkpxd n‗ge`{}d cdhhgdnl}dpk. =2 eN mg

ek}ljdnd k nlxhglp pklcgpk rkp hgphl {j‗dpl*

Ln }kpegjk. qkpgaghlpk n‗lqqkj{}l pklzgdjk l}}plqkpxd {jl ]NH {xljmd hdek egxhknl

kn{kj}k? K}kpk mg rk}pdngd k Lhk}l}d mg K}gnk pgxrk}}gqlekj}k jkn plrrdp}d 8?0* Gn hdjapdj}d ql

al}}d hdj r%jg}pd%`kjzdl}d mg ek}gnk xhgdn}d gj ]FA d ek}ljdnd*

Rdppk gn rlnndjk gj {j `lcjd mg cfglhhgd k. elj}kjkjmd gn xgx}kel gj lcg}lzgdjk.

lccg{jckpk 0; eN mg FHn ln ;+ &0E'*

Qkpgaghlpk hfk gn rF xgl lhgmd &8%=' l}}plqkpxd {jl hlp}gjl }dpjlxdnk* Gj hlxd

hdj}plpgd. lccg{jckpk rdhl lh|{l d <%0 xrgrk}}l}k mg FHn <2+** Gj |{kx}d edmd.

jk{}plngzzgled km kngegjgled kqkj}{lng `dpl}g k cng gmpdxxgmg** K n‗lnhdxxgmd &r%jg}pdakjgn

ek}ljdnl}d mg xdmgd' qgkjk rpd}djl}d l d}}kjkpk gn hdppgxrk}}gqd lnhdn*

L |{kx}d r{j}d nl xdn{zgdjk r{ð kxxkpk hdjhkj}pl}l ln pd}lqlrdp rkp pge{dqkpk nl alxk dpcljghl

qdnl}gnk &]FA k ek}ljdnd'‡ Lppkx}lpk gn rpdhkxxd lnnl adpelzgdjk mknnl hdjmkjxl mg lh|{l x{n hdnnd

mkn rlnndjk**

N‗lnhdn r%jg}pd `kjzgnghd r{ð kxxkpk |{gjmg kx}pl}}d mlnnl alxk lh|{dxl kaak}}{ljmd }pk kx}plzgdjg hdj

<; eN mg Lhk}l}d mg k}gnk gj ge`{}d xkrlpl}dpk*

Pg{jgpk nk alxg dpcljghfk. ljgmpgaghlpk hdj xdmgd xdnal}d ljgmpd k agn}plpk hdj hd}djk gmpdagnd** |{gjmg

kngegjlpk }{}}l nl alxk dpcljghl ln pd}lqlrdp ← Xg d}}gkjk {j rpkhgrg}l}d cpkzzd mg hdndpk cglnngjd**

Xdn{`gngzzlpk gn rpkhgrg}l}d gj <2 eN mg K}ljdnd 7;+ k x{hhkxxgqlekj}k lccg{jckpk ;2 eN mg lh|{l

hlnml* Rdp}lpk l k`dnngzgdjk k nlxhglp plaapkmmlpk9 nl pghpgx}lnngzzlzgdjk æ alhgng}l}l rdjkjmd gn rlnndjk

mg pklzgdjk gj {j `lcjd mg cfglhhgd k xapkcljmd nk rlpk}g gj}kpjk hdj {jl `lhhfk}}l mg qk}pd*

Pkh{rkplpk g hpgx}lnng d}}kj{}g agn}pljmd xd}}d q{d}d hdj cddhf k nlqljmd hdj rdhfg eN mg lh|{l

apkmml*

Pkh{rkplpk g hpgx}lnng rdjkjmdng x{ {jl hlrx{nl rpkqkj}gqlekj}k }lpl}l &← 13.62 cp'9 |{gjmg nlxhglpng

kxxghhlpk gj x}{al rkp {jl jd}}k*

Rkxlpk j{dqlekj}k nl hlrx{nl &← 16.70 cp' k mk}kpegjlpk pkxl k r{j}d mg a{xgdjk &← 6= ‘ 63 ²H'*



Elnal}}d Lnkxxljmpd

268661 Rlcgjl 8 28$2;$<2


Ml}g D}}kj{}g?


r%jg}pd`kjzdl}d mg ek}gnk? &R*E* <6<.<='

% cp rkxl}g? 8.22 % edng rkxl}k? <.1;1³<2

%0

lnhdn r%jg}pd `kjzgnghd? &R*E* <;8.<8'

% cp d}}kj{}g? <.<0

% edng d}}kj{}k? 3.8<=³<2%8

6;*; ²H

61 ‘ 66 ²H

==.<1+


pgakpgekj}d



Elnal}}d Lnkxxljmpd

268661 Rlcgjl < 23$<<$<<



Ml}l kxrkpgkjzl? 2 3$<<$<<

Pgm{zgdjk hdj @likpx‗ Wklx} k R{pgaghlzgdjk x{ Hdndjjl hpdel}dcplaghl*

D`gk}}gqd? Pgm{zgdjk lxgeek}pghl mg {j ΰ %hfk}dkx}kpk &Lhk}dlhk}l}d mg K}gnk' {}gngzzljmd

hdek lckj}k pgm{hkj}k cng kjzgeg rpdmd}}g mln hde{jk ngkqg}d mg `gppl k x{hhkxxgql

r{pgaghlzgdjk mkn rpdmd}}d d}}kj{}d l}}plqkpxd {jl hdndjjl hpdel}dcplaghl*


Ln}pg Pklckj}g?

% _{hhfkpd % K}kpk K}gnghd % K}kpk mg Rk}pdngd


Cng lnhdng k cng gmpdxxgkx}kpg hdj {j hkj}pd hfgplnk rdxxdjd kxxkpk {}gng gj}kpekmg jknnl rpdm{zgdjk mg xqlpgl}k

xdx}ljzk hfgeghfk* Kxxkjmd nl xkrlplzgdjk mkg plhkeg lnhdnghg rg{}}dx}d hdernkxxl. n‗gmpdckjlzgdjk

kjlj}gdxknk}}gql mkg hdppgxrk}}gqg hfk}djg hdx}g}{gxhk {jl qgl gj}kpkxxlj}k jknnl xgj}kxg mg mk}kpegjl}gkjlj}gdekpg r{pg*

Rkp |{kx}d }grd mg pklzgdjk rdxxdjd kxxkpk {}gngzzl}g xgl hl}lngzzl}dpg hfgeghg drrdp}{jlekj}k }pl}}l}g hfk

`gd%hl}lngzzl}dpg** Gj |{kx}d hlxd xg xap{}}ljd g xkhdjmg9 cng kjzgeg rpdmd}}g mln ngkqg}d mg `gppl &Xlhhflpdewhkx

hkpkqgxglk'* \{kx}l pgm{zgdjk æ rlp}ghdnlpekj}k qlj}lccgdxl. xgl rkphfç xg kxkc{k l }kerkpl}{pk

pknl}gqlekj}k `lxxk k gj lxxkjzl mg Gmpdckjd xd}}d rpkxxgdjk** xgl mln

r{j}d mg qgx}l khdjdeghd k le`gkj}lnk*

Ln xgx}kel mg pklzgdjk qgkjk gjdn}pk lccg{j}d mknnd z{hhfkpd** {}gngzzl}d

ckjkplnekj}k hdek adj}k mg Gmpdckjd k Hlp`djgd k hdek mdjl}dpk mgknk}}pdjg jknnl pgckjkplzgdjk mkg hdal}}dpg mkn ngkqg}d mg `gppl*

Gn ΰ%gmpdxxgkx}kpk d}}kj{}d mlnnl pklzgdjk qgkjk

x{hhkxxgqlekj}k xkrlpl}d mln pkl}}gqd mg rlp}kjzl &jdj

pgmd}}d' l}}plqkpxd {jl hpdel}dcplagl x{ hdndjjl hdj ckn mg

xgnghk hdek alxk x}lzgdjlpgl* Nl xkrlplzgdjk xg `lxl x{nnl

mgqkpxl laagjg}â mknnk m{k ednkhdnk rkp nl alxk kn{kj}k

&lrdnlpk' k nl alxk x}lzgdjlpgl &rdnlpk'* Gj rlp}ghdnlpk.

n‗lhk}dlhk}l}d mg k}gnk &pklckj}k' æ ekjd rdnlpk mkn 8%

gmpdxxg%`{}ljdl}d mg k}gnk &rpdmd}}d'9 mg hdjxkc{kjzl xlpâ gnrpged l {xhgpk mlnnl hdndjjl hpdel}dcplaghl*

Lhk}d Lhk}l}d mg K}gnk K}gn &8X'%8%Gmpdxxg`{}ljdl}d

HF8

D D

D HF8

@likpx# Wklx}

HF8

DF D

D HF8

F F

HF8

DF D

D HF8

)

K}gn &8P'%8%Gmpdxxg`{}ljdl}d

78 + 3 +

XgnghkLhk}dlhk}l}d

mg K}gnk

8%gmpdxxg%

`{}ljdl}d mg K}gnk



Elnal}}d Lnkxxljmpd

268661 Rlcgjl 0 23$<<$<<


Lhk}dlhk}l}d

mg K}gnk

8%gmpdxxg%

`{}ljdl}d mg

K}gnk

Rpdhkmgekj}d?

Rlp}k < ‘ Pgm{zgdjk?

% L {j Rlnndjk ml < N lccg{jckpk =22 eN mg Lh|{l mg p{`gjk}}d. 12 cp mg _{hhfkpd. =2 cp mg ngkqg}d k

{j‗ljhdpk}}l elcjk}ghl9

% Rpkrlplpk {j `lcjdelpgl xdrpl {jl rglx}pl pgxhlnmlj}k k geekpckpqg gn rlnndjk* Qkpgaghlpk hdj {j

}kpedek}pd hfk nl }kerkpl}{pl plccg{jcl k jdj x{rkpg g 82%8; ²H |{gjmg elj}kjkpk lcg}l}l nl

xdn{zgdjk rkp lnekjd < dpl*

% Kx}plppk gn rlnndjk mln `lcjdelpgl k xkerpk xd}}d lcg}lzgdjk lccg{jckpk = eN mg Lhk}dlhk}l}d mg

K}gnk9 |{gjmg nlxhglp akpekj}lpk l }kerkpl}{pl le`gkj}k rkp 0= f*

Rlp}k 0 ‘ ]NH mg Qkpgaghl?

% ]plxhdpxk nk 0= dpk. xdxrkjmkpk n‗lcg}lzgdjk. rpknkqlpk hdj {jl rgrk}}l lnh{jg eN

mknnl xdxrkjxgdjk d}}kj{}l k qkpxlpng gj {jl rpdqk}}l ml xlccgd9

% Lccg{jckpk |{gjmg lnh{jg eN mg K}kpk K}gnghd rkp kx}plppk gn rpdmd}}d mg pklzgdjk jknnl

alxk dpcljghl km ljlngzzlpk |{kx}‗{n}gel x{ ]NH rpkrlpljmd nl hlekplhpdel}dcplaghl hdj K}kpk mg Rk}pdngd km K}kpk K}gnghd gj plrrdp}d <?<*

% Kxxkjmd gn rpdmd}}d rdhd pgnkql`gnk æ drrdp}{jd hlpghlpk nl nlx}pgjl ml ]NH 8%= qdn}k9

Hdek hdjapdj}d {xlpk Lhk}dlhk}l}d mg k}gnk gj K}kpk K}gnghd*

% Nl nlx}pgjl ml ]NH ql |{gjmg xqgn{rrl}l hdj IEjD= k xhlnmljmd l n{jcd hdj {j rfdj*

% Xk nl pklzgdjk æ lqqkj{}l xg mdqpk``k d}}kjkpk {jl nlx}pgjl hdek |{kx}l ↓

Rlp}k 8 ‘ Kx}plzgdjk?

Gn 8%gmpdxxg%`{}ljdl}d mg K}gnk gj alxk lh|{dxl ql l |{kx}d r{j}d xkrlpl}d mlnnl xdxrkjxgdjk mg ngkqg}d

ekmglj}k agn}plzgdjk* Gn ngkqg}d fl {jl hdjxgx}kjzl l``lx}ljzl cknl}gjdxl k ljmpâ l hdx}g}{gpk x{n agn}pd{jl }dp}l hfk }kjmkpâ l gerlhhlpxg pgm{hkjmd jd}kqdnekj}k nl rdp}l}l mknnl agn}plzgdjk* Rkp kqg}lpk hgð

dhhdppk lmmgzgdjlpk mkg mgn{kj}g gjkp}g hdek nl Hkng}k*

% Lccg{jckpk ln rlnndjk mg pklzgdjk <1 cp mg hkng}k. |{gjmg elj}kjkpk gj lcg}lzgdjk rkp <; egj{}g

% Rpkrlplpk jkn apl}}kerd {j xgx}kel mg agn}plzgdjk l q{d}d hdj Cddhf lccg{jckjmd k hderl}}ljmd

{jd x}pl}kpknnd mg hkng}k xdrpl gn xk}}d rdpdxd*

% Agn}plpk |{gjmg xd}}d q{d}d k pkh{rkplpk nl alxk lh|{dxl*

% Lccg{jckpk |{gjmg JlHn agjd l xl}{plzgdjk k agn}plpk x{ hd}djk gmpdagnd** Kxkc{gpk l |{kx}d r{j}d 8

kx}plzgdjg gj ge`{}d xkrlpl}dpk hdj ;2 eN mg K}kpk K}gnghd

%

Gj |{kx}l alxk qg æ {j‗knkql}l rpd`l`gng}â hfk xg adpeg {j‗ke{nxgdjk* Dhhdppk |{gjmg lcg}lpk jdj}pdrrd qgcdpdxlekj}k nl alxk lh|{dxl k |{knnl dpcljghl** Gj hlxd mg ke{nxgdjk x}l`gnk. rpdqlpk

lmmgzgdjljmd lnh{jg eN mg K}ljdnd d @pgjk* Gj ln}kpjl}gql rpdqlpk l pderkpk n‗ke{nxgdjk agn}pljmd

x{ hkng}k*

% Pg{jgpk nk alxg dpcljghfk. ljgmpgaghlpk hdj xdmgd xdnal}d ljgmpd. agn}plpk x{ hd}djk gmpdagnd gj {j

rlnndjk** |{gjmg kngegjlpk gn xdnqkj}k hdj gn pd}lqlrdp**

Rlp}k = ‘ Rpkrlplzgdjk mknnl hdndjjl hpdel}dcplaghl k R{pgaghlzgdjk?

N‗drkplzgdjk mg pgkergekj}d mknnl hdndjjl hdj n‗lxxdp`kj}k &Xgnghk' æ nl alxk rg÷ hpg}ghl jkn rpdhkxxd mg

hpdel}dcplagl* Jdj qg mkqdjd kxxkpk gppkcdnlpg}â k `dnnk m‗lpgl hfk rdxxljd rdp}lpk ln akjdekjd mknnl

hljlngzzlzgdjk9 rkp |{kx}d n‗gerlhhlekj}d l xkhhd æ xhdjxgcngl}d*



Elnal}}d Lnkxxljmpd

268661 Rlcgjl 8 23$<<$<<


% Pgkergpk {jl hdndjjl hpdel}dcplaghl. `kj nlql}l k lxhg{cl}l. hdj xgnghk agjd lm lppgqlpk l rdhd dn}pk

nl ek}â*

% Rpkrlplpk |{gjmg lnn‗gj}kpjd mg {j `kikp nl egxhknl kn{kj}k hdx}g}{g}l ml k}kpk k}gnghd km k}kpk mg

rk}pdngd gj plrrdp}d 1?= &←<;2 eN ) <22 eN' k qkpxlpqg nkj}lekj}k lnn‗gj}kpjd nl xgnghk ekxhdnljmd

lhh{pl}lekj}k hdj {jl `lhhfk}}l mg qk}pd*

% Qkpxlpk nl egxhknl d}}kj{}l lnn‗gj}kpjd mknnl hdndjjl9 |{gjmg. lg{}ljmdxg hdj {jl rgrk}}l rlx}k{p.

r{ngpjk nk rlpk}g alhkjmdqg xhdppkpk mknnl egxhknl kn{kj}k**% L}}plqkpxd {jl hljjl mg cdeel. `l}}kpk kjkpcghlekj}k nl hdndjjl rkp kngegjlpk kqkj}{lng `dnnk

m‗lpgl gj}plrrdnl}k jknnl alxk x}lzgdjlpgl*

% Pge{dqkpk l |{kx}d r{j}d n‗khhkxxd mg alxk kn{kj}k lrpkjmd gn p{`gjk}}d mknnl hdndjjl k lxrk}}ljmd

hfk gn ngqknnd mg xdnqkj}k lppgqg rdhd xdrpl nl xdeeg}â mknn‗lxxdp`kj}k*

% Lccg{jckpk |{gjmg gn hlergdjk hdj {jl rlx}k{p. lqkjmd h{pl mg jdj rkp}{p`lpk nd x}pl}d

x{rkpaghglnk mg xgnghk**

% Lrpgpk nkcckpekj}k gn p{`gjk}}d k nlxhglp lxxdp`gpk gn hlergdjk x{nnl xdeeg}â mknnl hdndjjl9

lccg{jckpk mknghl}lekj}k ln}pd xdnqkj}k k pgrk}kpk n‗drkplzgdjk 0%8 qdn}k‡

% L |{kx}d r{j}d. lccg{jckpk hdj {jl rlx}k{p ln}pl egxhknl kn{kj}k. rdp}ljmdxg l ;%1 he mlnnl

xdeeg}â mknnl alxk x}lzgdjlpgl** x{hhkxxgqlekj}k. pgkergpk nl hdndjjl k agxxlpk lnnl xdeeg}â {j

ge`{}d mg hlpghd hfk hdj}kjcl gn pkx}d mknnl alxk kn{kj}k*

% Gjgzglpk gjagjk nl xkrlplzgdjk x{ hdndjjl hpdel}dcplaghl lrpkjmd gn p{`gjk}}d k plhhdcngkjmd gj

drrdp}{jk rpdqk}}k ml xlccgd {c{lng aplzgdjg mg qdn{ek*

% Qkpgaghlpk l}}plqkpxd {jl ]NH &K}kpk mg rk}pdngd K}kpk K}gnghd <?<' nl rpkxkjzl d ekjd mg pklckj}g d rpdmd}}g

mg pklzgdjk. hdjapdj}ljmd hdj Lhk}dlhk}l}d mg K}gnk r{pd*

% Pg{jgpk nk rpdqk}}k nl h{g ]NH æ pgx{n}l}l rdxg}gql ln rpdmd}}d mg pklzgdjk9 k qkpxlpjk gn hdj}kj{}d gj

{j rlnndjk rpkqkj}gqlekj}k }lpl}d & ←<2;.8 cp'*

% Lnndj}ljlpk |{gjmg gn xdnqkj}k rkp kqlrdplzgdjk xd}}dq{d}d ekmglj}k n‗{xd mk n Pd}lqlrdp% Rkxlpk j{dqlekj}k gn rlnndjk &← <21.30 cp' k mk}kpegjlpk nl pkxl +

Mk}kpegjlzgdjk mkn rd}kpk d}}ghd Pd}l}dpgd?

Kxxkjmd gn rpdmd}}d mg pklzgdjk {jl ednkhdnl hfgplnk d}}ghlekj}k l}}gql æ rdxxg`gnk qln{}lpk gn cplmd mg

r{pkzzl ljlngzzljmd gn rd}kpk d}}ghd pd}l}dpgd ln rdnlpgek}pd*

Xg rpdhkmk lccg{jckjmd {jl cdhhgl mkn rpdmd}}d agjlnk &← 2.2<03 cp' gj {j el}plhhgjd ml 0 eN }lpl}d

hdj {jl `gnljhgl ljlng}ghl*

Rdp}lpk |{gjmg l qdn{ek hdj hndpdadpegd k gjagjk**

Ljlngzzlpk gn hlergdjk ln rdnlpgek}pd. ljjd}ljmd g }pk qlndpg adpjg}g mlnnd x}p{ekj}d k alhkjmd nl

ekmgl &← 2.0<0;'

2 < 0 8 = ; 1 3 6 7 <2 << <0 <8 <= <; <1 <3 <6 <7 <6 <7 02 0< 00 08 0= 0; 01



Ml}g D}}kj{}g?

Pkxl +? Cplmd mg R{pkzzl?

Lhk}dlhk}l}d mg K}gnk? &Q*E* <06.< eN$cp'

% eN rpknkql}g? =

% edng rpknkql}k? 8.<0³<2%0

8%DF%`{}ljdl}d mg K}gnk? &R*E* <80.<1 cp$edn'

% cp d}}kj{}g? <.=0

% edng d}}kj{}k? <.23³<2%0

μ nk}}d? æ nl ekmgl mkg 8 qlndpg adpjg}g mlnnd x}p{ekj}d ← 2.<686

h? æ nl hdjhkj}plzgdjk kxrpkxxl gj cp x{ <22 eN ←

n? æ nl n{jcfkzzl mkn hleegjd d}}ghd** km æ rlpg l <

μ 8%gmpdxxg%`{}ljdl}d mg k}gnk &}l`{nl}d'? =2²

Hlnhdnd mkn rd}kpk

d}}ghd pd}l}dpgd μ?

30.81 +8=.82 +

relazioni di laboratorio di preparazione, estrazione e sintesi di farmaci

Documents