saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da

kinos saxelmwifo universiteti

humanitarul, socialur mecnierebaTa, biznesisa da

marTvis fakulteti

guram kokaia aRmosavluri kulturis elementebi evropul avangardul ZiebebSi

(antonen arto, piter bruki, eJi grotovski, eujenio barba)

xelovnebaTmcodneobis magistris

akademiuri xarisxis

mosapoveblad warmodgenili

samagistro naSromi

dacva Sedgeba 2012 wlis ---------

Tbilisi

2012 weli

1

D Cven qvemore xelis momwerni vadasturebT, rom gavecaniT guram

kokais mier Sesrulebul naSroms `aRmosavluri kulturis

elementebi evropul avangardul ZiebebSi (antonen arto, piter

bruki, eJi grotovski, eujenio barba)” da vaZlevT rekomendacias

saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos saxelmwifo

universitetis humanitarul, socialur mecnierebaTa, biznesisa da

marTvis fakultetis sagamocdo komisiaSi mis ganxilvas magistris

akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad.

samagistro naSromis xelmZRvaneli: sruli profesori Tamar

bokuCava

recenzenti: sruli profesori: giorgi cqitiSvili

samagistro naSromis ,,weriTi naSromis Sesrulebis” wesiT

gansazRvruli formiseuli parametrebis Sesabamisoba

xarisxis marTvis samsaxuris ufrosi: sruli profesori n.

gengiuri

TariRi:

2

s a r C e v i Sesavali ______________________________________ 1

Tavi I dasavleT-aRmosavleTis kulturisa da Teatris _______________ 2 gagebisaTvis

Tavi II antonen arto _ Ziebis dasawyisi $1 antonen arto ___________________________________ 15

$2 sisastikis Teatri ________________________________ 26

Tavi III aRmosavluri Teatris elementebis _______________________ 33 Zieba-gamoyeneba piter brukis mier

Tavi IV eJi grotovskis laboratoriuli ________________________ 48 Ziebebi

$2 paraTeatri ____________________________________ 60

Tavi V eujenio barbas `evraziuli ____________________________ 64 Teatri” da `Teatraluri anTropologiis saerTaSoriso skola”

daskvna _______________________________________ 67

reziume ______________________________________ 69

reziume (inglisurad) ___________________________ 72

gamoyenebuli literatura _____________________ 74

3

S e s a v a l i

dRes, XXI saukuneSi, Zalian bevrs saubroben msoflio

globalizaciaze, xalxTa gaerTianebaze, erTiani samyarosa da

RirebulebaTa axali skalis Seqmnaze. Tu biblias daveyrdnobiT,

amgvari gaerTianeba babilonis godolis Senebisas arsebobda.

RmerTma es erToba adamianTa sxvadasxva enaze ametyvelebiT

gaanadgura. enobrivma komunikaciam daSala mTlianoba.

XX saukunidan, mecnierebma komunikaciis umartivesi

elementebis kvleva daiwyes. ikvleven urTierTobis iseT formas,

romelic saerToa yvela kontinentis mkvidrisTvis. aseT kvlevebs

Teatralurma xelovnebam xeli Seuwyo da am saqmianobaSi Teatris

reJisorebi aqtiurad iyvnen da arian CarTulni. es moRvaweni

Tanamedrove Teatrs qmnidnen da qmnian. sityvaSi `Tanamedrove”

axlandel procesebTan erTad, XXs-is avangardis Wreli

eqsperimentuli Teatraluri dinebebic igulisxmeba. am periodSi

Teatri 1800 – iani kuTxiT Semobrunda.

antikuri saberZneTidan moyolebuli, Teatri cdilobda

ritualurobis wiaRidan gamosuliyo da yvelasTvis xelmisawvdom

damoukidebeli xasiaTis sanaxaobad qceuliyo, rac moaxerxa kidec.

XXs-Si ki piriqiT _ ukan, ritualebisken, misteriebisken, wiaRisken

mibrunda. am procesSi oTxi reJisori aqtiurad monawileobda.

eseni iyvnen da arian: antonen arto, piter bruki, eJi grotovski,

eujenio barba.

Cems samagistro naSroms erTi SexedviT araferi ar aqvs

saerTo komunikaciis problemebTan, magram zemoT xsenebuli

reJisorebi, aqtiurad muSaobdnen enobrivi barieris gauqmebis

kuTxiT da amisTvis primitiul ritualebsa da sanaxaobebs

iyenebdnen.

Cemi naSromis mizania, gamovikvlio am Semoqmed-xelovanTa

moRvaweoba Teatris sawyisebTan, ritualebTan dabrunebis kuTxiT.

4

Tavi I

dasavleT-aRmosavleTis kulturisa da Teatris gagebisaTvis

dasavleTi da aRmosavleTi _ am sityvebiT msoflios or

nawilad hyofen. es ori nawili didi xnis manZilze erTad

arsebobda da viTardeboda. pirveli civilizaciebi, qalaqebi,

Soreul aRmosavleTSi Seiqmna. Sumerebidan iwyeba kacobriobis

istoria. aRmosavleTi dasavleTisTvis aris `mSobeli” da amave

dros mowinaaRmdege.

samyaro or nawilad pirvelad antikur epoqaSi, Zvelma

berZnebma gayves. dasavleTi asocirdeboda qalaq-polisebTan,

demokratiasTan, pirovnebis TavisuflebasTan. aRmosavleTi _

sparseTis imperiasTan, despotizmTan, adamianTan sastik

mopyrobasTan. samyaros or antagonistur polusad aRqma

dasturdeba esqiles tragediaSi `sparselebi”. Sua saukuneebSi

aRmosavleTi ganixileboda qristianobasTan dapirispirebul

Zalad. dasavleTi iyo qristianuli samyaro, aRmosavleTi _

araqristianuli.

dasavleTi da aRmosavleTi _ am sityvebma mogvianebiT

geografiuli gagebis garda kulturuli da civilizaciuri

datvirTvac miiRes. TviTon sityva `kulturas” aziasa da evropaSi

gansxvavebuli datvirTva da mniSvneloba aqvs. `kulturis” cnebis

evropuli gageba gulisxmobs Secvlas, bunebiseuli produqtis

adamianiseulad gardaqmnas. kulturaSi gulisxmoben yvelafer

imas, rac adamianis mier, misi moRvaweobis Sedegadaa Seqmnili.

berZnuli sityva paideia (sityvidan παιδεία _ bavSvis aRzrda,

formireba) aseve gardaqmnas niSnavs. Cinuri ieroglifi `ven”

amodis morTulobis simbolos moxazvidan, morTuli adamiani.

`ven” upirispirdeba `CJis”, raRac xeluxlebels, esTeturad uxeSs,

sulierad dauzustebels. ase rom, Tu dasavleTSi kulturis qveS

gulisxmoben erTobliobas adamianis mier Seqmnili materialuri

5

da sulieri produqtebisas, aRmosavleTSi, kerZod CineTSi _

mxolod imas, rac samyaros da adamians morTulad, daxvewilad

xdis.

orive poluss Tavisi damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi aqvs: pirvel

rigSi dasavlur weriT kulturaSi aris anbani _ niSnebi,

romlebic gamoxataven bgerebs. aRmosavlurSi _ ieroglifi,

romelic afiqsirebs mniSvnelobas; meore _ dasavlurSi enas aqvs

azris gamoxatvis funqcia, aRmosavlurSi _ TviTon ieroglifi

Seicavs azrs. ieroglifi aris miznis (gagebis) da saSualebis

(gamoxatuleba) mTlianoba; mesame _ dasavlurSi mecniereba

mimarTulia bunebis gadakeTebaze. buneba gaigeba rogorc

adamianisTvis ucnobi da ucxo Zala. adamiani cdis bunebas da

misgan ZaliT cdilobs saidumlos gagebas. aRmosavlur

kulturaSi mecniereba eZebs adamianisa da bunebis erTianobas,

bunebisa da kulturis erTianobas.; meoTxe _ dasavlurisTvis

damaxasiaTebelia anTropocentrizmi anu adamiania mTavari, isaa

samyaros centri. aRmosavluri kulturisaTvis, Tu SeiZleba ase

iTqvas, “bunebacentrizmia” damaxasiaTebeli. adamiani aris nawili

erTiani mTeli sistemisa `buneba _ kultura”; mexuTe _

dasavlurSi mecnierebis mTavari kiTxvaa WeSmariteba-mcdaroba;

aRmosavlurSi _ mTavari kiTxvaa Tanafardoba sikeTisa da

borotebis. g. v. draCis azriT, civilizaciis aRmosavlur tipSi

mTavaria tradicia, dasavlurSi _ novatoroba.

azia - evropis urTierTobebi uamrav saukunes iTvlis.

uZvelesi droidan, evraziis kontinentze Seiqmna `abreSumis gza”,

romelic gadaWimuli iyo CrdiloeTis stepebidan, aziis

maRalmTian regionebamde. am gziT evropisa da aziis xalxebi

saukuneTa manZilze erTmaneTs ukavSirdebodnen. samxedro

moqmedebebma da savaWro marSutebma erTa Soris ideologiis,

teqnikis, xelovnebis urTierTgacvla ganapirobes.

6

berZnebsa da romaelebs savaWro urTierToba hqondaT

azielebTan. amas amtkicebs Zvirfasi Cinuri abreSumis fabrikebi,

romlebic romis imperiuli epoqis dasawyisSi gaCnda. mogvianebiT,

arabTa dapyrobebis, `didi geografiuli aRmoCenebis” epoqis

Semdeg, saqaravno gza evropasa da azias Soris ufro SesamCnevi

gaxda. `did geografiul aRmoCenebamde” damokidebuleba

aRmosavleTis qveynebisadmi igeboda miTis an zRapris modeliT.

Semdeg aRmosavleTma miiRo geografiuli da kulturuli

realobis statusi. is ufro axlobeli gaxda, magram ar

daukargavs saswaulebrivis, egzotikurisa da ucxos `statusi”.

`abreSumis gzaze” vaWrebTan, meomrebTan, mlocvelebTan

erTad, dadiodnen musikosebi, Jongliorebi, akrobatebi,

mocekvaveebi. plutarqes cnobiT, uamravi berZeni xelovani Cahyva

aleqsandre makedonels indoeTSi. sanacvlod, saberZneTSi

dabrunebul aleqsandre dids aRmosavleli xelovanni gamohyvnen:

mimikosebi, arfis damkvrelni, mesayvireni, xumarebi, Jongliorebi,

mocekvaveebi. cnobilia, rom aRamosavleli msaxiobebi da

musikosebi romis did TeatrebSic TavianTi xelovnebiT arTobdnen

mayurebels. am faqtis Sesaxeb cnobebs gvawvdian horaciusi,

iuvenali1 da avgustusis periodis sxva moRvaweni

XVs-mde aRmosavleTi kulturuli ganviTarebiT evropas

uswrebda. magaliTad, denTi gamoigones CineTSi Zv.w. IXs,

meqanikuri saaTi Zv.w VIIIs, 6 saukuniT adre evropaze; qaRaldi _

ax.w. 105w. (1000 wliT adre evropaze). aseTi uamravi magaliTis

motana SeiZleba.

azielebs didi wvlili miuZRviT evropuli kulturis

CamoyalibebaSi. amis naTeli magaliTia arabi ziriabis2 moRvaweoba

espaneTSi. is Camovida kordovaSi _ qalaqi samxreT espaneTSi _ im

1 iuvenali _ (Decimus Iunius Iuvenalis) decimus iunius iuvenalis, ax.w. Is-is bolo da IIs-is adreuli periodi, romaeli poeti, satirikosi, dawera `satirebi”. 2 ziriabi _ (Abu l-Hasan ‘Ali Ibn Nafi‘) abul hasani, `ziriabi” metsaxeli iyo da SaSvs niSnavs. moRvaweobda 789-857 wlebSi. iyo sparsi poeti, musikosi,

momRerali, kosmetologi, dizaineri, vaWari, mebaRe, astronomi, geografi.

7

periodSi, roca espaneTi bizantias eomeboda da kordovaSi ukve

aSenebuli iyo alhambra da alkazari _ cixe-simagreebi. espaneTSi

Camosvlamde is moRvaweobda harun al raSidis3 karze, romelic

iyo iranis didi xalifa abasidebis dinastiidan, `aTas erTi Ramis”

gmiri, romelmac baRdadi msoflios umdidres da umSvenieres

qalaqad aqcia. ziriabi gaxda modis kanonmdebeli mavritanul da

kaTolikur espaneTSi. mas bevri mimdevari gamouCnda. Cven mas

vumadliT uamrav kulinariul receptsa da tansacmlis sezonuri

tarebis maneras. man ganaviTara musika, gaacno espanelebs musikis

axali wesebi da instrumentebi, maT Soris barbiTi, romelic

sawyisia evropuli simebiani musikis. aseve arabebs miaweren

evropelebisTvis Crdilebis Teatris gacnobas (am Crdilebs Semdeg

`Cinur Crdilebs” eZaxdnen).

XV-XVI saukuneebSi evropuli mecnierebisa da teqnikis

progresma SesaZlebeli gaxada `didi geografiuli aRmoCenebi”.

amiT daiwyo koloniuri eqspansia, Tavidan iberiuli qveynebis _

portugalia, espaneTi, Semdeg am procesSi CaerTvnen holandia,

inglisi, safrangeTi. am momentidan evropis kavSiri aziasTan da

Crdilo afrikasTan ufro mWidro xdeba.

XVIII saukuneSi, ganaTlebis epoqaSi, evropaSi masiurad

SeaRwia aRmosavlurma ideebma _ religiurma, filosofiurma,

xelovnebiseulma. ganaTlebis epoqis moRvaweebi – f. volteri, g.

lesingi, v. goeTe, k. goci da sxvebi aRmosavleTisadmi udides

interess iCendnen, razec maTi nawarmoebebi metyvelebs. `ucxo

samyaros” Tanabaruflebianad da TanabarRirebulad aRiareba uceb

ar momxdara. mxolod XXs-is me-2 naxevarSi, naTlad gamoixata

kulturebis mravalferovnebis prioritetuloba da Tanabari

mniSvneloba.

rogorc evropuli, ise aziuri Teatri, saTaves ritualebidan,

misteriebidan da miTebidan iRebs. rogorc ixernofretis stela

3 harun al raSidi _ (Hārūn al-Rashīd ) 17.03.763-24.03.809 mexuTe yvelaze cnobili xalifa iranis mmarTveli abasidebis dinastiidan.

8

mowmobs, misteriuli Teatri jer kidev egvipteSi arsebula. Tumca

Teatris dabadebas saberZneTs ukavSireben (Zv.w. 534w). antikur

epoqaSi dramatuli xelovneba RvTismsaxurebis doneze iyo

ayvanili. cnobilia, rom saberZneTSi Teatri meRvineobisa da

bunebis mwarmoebluri Zalis RmerT dionises kultidan warmosdga.

xolo ufro adre, egvipteSi RmerT osirisis tanjvis, sikvdilisa

da mkvdreTiT aRdgomis amsaxveli dramatuli poezia Seiqmna,

razec piramidis teqstebi da ixernofretis stela metyvelebs. es

kidev erTxel adasturebs, rom rogorc dasavleTSi, ise

aRmosavleTSi Teatri uZvelesi droidan arsebobda da religiur

kultebs ukavSirdeboda. xelovnebis es sfero kacobriobis

ganviTarebasTan erTad ixveweboda, viTardeboda. Teatri

yovelTvis fexs udgamda epoqas. is adamianebis suliskveTebas

gamoxatavda, maT Soris, revoluciursac. zog SemTxvevaSi, is

informaciis gavrcelebisa da masebze zemoqmedebis mZlavri

iaraRic iyo. Tavdapirvelad Teatri adamianis cxovrebis

ganuyofel nawils warmoadgenda. mayureblebi dReebsa da kvireebs

atarebdnen TeatrSi.

Tavdapirveli sanaxaobebi erTgvari dafaruli, ezoTeruli

codnis gadacemis ritualebs warmoadgendnen. dasavluri da

aRmosavluri dramatuli nawarmoebebis Temebi miTebi, gmirebi,

RmerTebi iyvnen. warmarTuli da qristianuli kulturis mkveTri

gamijvna Sua saukuneebidan iwyeba. am procesSi did da gadamwyvet

rols TamaSobs religia. evropuli Teatri mTlianad qristianuli

eklesiis gavlenis qveS moeqca. sawyis etapze qristianuli

kultura upirispirdeba Teatrs, rogorc warmarTul sanaxaobas.

religias wamyvani adgili ekava aseve Soreul aRmosavleTSi.

adamianTa yoveldRiuri yofa, xelovneba, kultura mTlianad misi

kanonebiT iyo gansazRvruli. qristianuli evropisgan gansxvavebiT,

aRmosavlur mrwamsTa umetesoba, xelovnebas ar sdevnida da is

RvTismsaxurebis erT-erT elementad iyo qceuli. evropel

xelovanebs ki gadarCenisTvis brZola uwevdaT. isini iataqqveSa

9

naxevradlegalur cxovrebas eweodnen, rom romelime mogizgize

koconze ar aRmoCeniliyvnen. Suasaukuneebis qristianuli eklesiis

damokidebuleba Teatraluri xelovnebis mimarT, kargad Cans

netari tertulianis traqtatSi `sanaxaobis Sesaxeb”, sadac wminda

mama werda, rom RmerTs sZulda sicrue da is arasodes ar

gaamarTlebda siyvarulis, cremlis mibaZvas.

xangrZlivi devnis Semdeg evropulma Teatrma Seqmna

eklesiisTvis misaRebi dramaturgia, liturgiuli drama, romlis

Tema wmindanTa cxovreba, maTi mowameobrivi Rvawli da maT mier

Cadenili saswaulebi iyo. masSi ramdenime Janri iyo

gaerTianebuli: mirakli, farsi, misteria, moralite. miuxedavad

imisa, rom qristianoba upirispirdeboda Teatrs, axalma kultma

mainc warmoqmna axali epoqis Teatri.

rogorc zemoT ukve aRvniSne, aRmosavluri samyaros RmerTebi

ar sdevnidnen Teatrs. indoeTSi RmerTma indram, samyaros

Semqmnel brahmas daavala Seeqmna xelovneba, romelic yvela

socialuri fenisTvis (varnisTvis) iqneboda xelmisawvdomi. brahmam

oTxi vedisgan amoarCia oTxi elementi _ metyveleba, simRera,

pantomima, grZnoba. man isini gaaerTiana da Seqmna Teatri. Zv.w IIs-

Si bxarata munma Seqmna natiaSastra _ induri Teatris

saxelmZRvanelo. aRmosavluri samyaro erTguli darCa Tavisi

ritualebis, misticizmisa da formebis.

renesansis epoqidan moyolebuli, eklesia Teatris mimarT

ufro loialuri gaxda. Teatrisa da dramaturgiis mTavari Tema

adamiani, misi Sinagani samyaro, survilebi da vnebebi, socialuri

mdgomareoba, movaleobisa da survilis Widili gaxda.

istoriuli ganviTarebis paralelurad viTardeboda

dramatuli teqnikac. iwereboda uamravi traqtati dramaturgiis,

samsaxiobo xelovnebis Sesaxeb. yvela epoqas Tavisi

damaxasiaTebeli dramatuli stili Hhqonda. es grZeldeboda XX

saukunemde. XX saukunis Teatraluri xelovneba Zalian

mravalferovania, Znelia Tqva sad mTavrdeba erTi mimdinareoba da

10

iwyeba meore. paradoqsia, magram am saukuneSi moxda rogorc

udidesi SemoqmedebiTi Tu samecniero niWis, ise didi borotebis

amofrqveva 2 msoflio omis saxiT. msoflio omebma evropuli

kulturuli cnobiereba CixSi Seiyvana. adaminebma progresisa da

evropuli civilizaciis Rirebulebebis rwmena kiTxvis niSnis qveS

daayenes. albaT amiT aris ganpirobebuli XX sukunis evropuli

xelovnebis ltolva aRmosavleTisken, egzotikurisken, ucxosken.

evropelebi dasavlur kulturaze aRmosavluri kulturis

gavlenas arqauli tradiciuli sazogadoebebiT, mistikuri

msoflmxedvelobebiTa da sulierebiT dainteresebiT xsnian. es

pirvel rigSi aisaxa xelovnebaSi, sferoSi sadac gansxvavebuli

kulturebis Serwyma advilia. van gogi werda, rom cdilobda

samyarosTvis iaponelis TvaliT Seexeda da gaego, rogor

grZnobda da xatavda iaponeli. antonen artos aucileblad

miaCnda, rom dasavlur TeatrSi aRmosavluri elementebi

Sesuliyo. dasavluri Teatri mTlianad emorCileboda teqstisa da

sityvis diqtaturas. a. artosTvis ki ufro mTavari iyo

araartikulirebuli metyveleba, enis deverbalizeba.

nel-nela, Tavisi ganviTarebis gzaze Teatraluri xelovneba

daSorda Tavis sawyiss, misteriebsa da ritualebs. antonen artos

_ Teatris did frang reformators _ rom davesesxoT, aRorZinebis

epoqidan Cven miveCvieT aRweriT Teatrs, romelic mxolod

adamianis gancdebze saubrobda. aRmosavleTSi ki TiTqos dro

gaCerda. iq mTeli am didi periodis manZilze isev dadgenili

wesebisa da ritualebis mixedviT TamaSobdnen. iaponiaSi hqondaT

da aqvT no, kabuki, jioruri. indoeTSi kvlav `mahabxaratasa” da

`ramaianas’ siuJetebs TamaSobdnen. maT aseve hyavdaT sanskrituli

dramis 9 margaliti _ kalidasa, aSvagxoSa, bxasa, Sudraka, xarSa.

viSagxadata, saumili, kaviputri, bxagabxuti.

evropisTvis aRmosavluri Teatris aRmoCena moxda

aRmosavluri dramatuli teqstebis TargmnasTan erTad. frangma

11

iezuitebma XIII s.-is Cinuri piesa _ `caos ojaxis oboli”4,

gadaTargmnes. ingliselma mecnierma viliam jonsma kalidasas

`Sakuntala”, IVs-is sanskrituli drama, laTinurad Targmna. am or

dramas evropeli mecnierebi tragediebad miiCnevdnen, radgan

tragedia esaa Janri, romelSic aristoteles mixedviT, cnobili

da saxelovani adamianebi moqmedeben. es mcdari interpretacia iyo,

vinaidan induri drama ar icnobs tragediis formas. yvela indur

piesas bednieri dasasruli aqvs. rac Seexeba `caos ojaxis obols~

- Cinuri teqsti msaxiobTaTvis mxolod libretos warmoadgenda.

am Targmanebs ar gauRviZebia cnobismoyvareoba aziuri

warmodgenis struqturisa da maTi msaxiobebis teqnikis mimarT.

yvela ugulebelyofda im faqts, rom CineTsa da indoeTSi

speqtaklebs hqondaT mizanscenebi, sadac cekva, musika da

msaxiobis ostatoba erTmaneTTan iyo Serwymuli. aRmosavluri

Teatraluri xelovnebis ignorireba XXs-is dasawyisamde

gagrZelda. erTeuli dramaturgebi, magaliTad pol klodeli, da

zogierTi reJisori, magaliTad vsevold meierholdi da Sarl

diuleni aRiarebdnen azieli msaxiobebis zust teqnikas, romelic

iTxovda ganxilvasa da Seswavlas. gordon kregma, romelic

moyvaruli iyo aziuri kulturis, dawera evropel Teatris

moRvaweTa aseT zerele damokidebulebaze aziel msaxiobTa

xelovnebis mimarT, da am naSromis gamo ananda qumarasvamim5

miuZRvna kregs inglisurad naTargmni `abhinaia darhana” (Jestebis

sarke), romelic iyo Zveli sanskrituli traqtati cekvis

teqnikaze.

evropel reJisoTa interesi aRmosavluri Teatrisa da

formebisadmi TandaTan izrdeobda. amas mowmobs 1935 wels,

4 caos ojaxis oboli _ (The Orphan Of The Family Zhao) aris Cinuri piesa iuanis dinastiis (Yuan) (1271-1368) drois da ekuTvnoda vinme ji junxiangs (Ji Junxiang), romlis Sesaxebac araferia cnobili. piesis sruli saxelia `The Great Revenge

of the Orphan of Zhao Family”. isaa pirveli Cinuri piesa, cnobili evropisaTvis. 5 ananda qumarasvami _ (Ananda Kentish Coomaraswamy) 22.08.1877-09.09.1947 iyo Srilankeli filosofosi, metafizikosi, induri xelovnebis filosofosi, induri kulturis gamcnobi dasavleTisTvis.

12

moskovSi Semdgari Sexvedra Cinel msaxiob mei lenfengsa6 da

rusul Teatralur inteligencias Soris. rusul inteligenciaSi

Sediodnen konstantine stanislavski, vsevold meierholdi, sergei

eizenSteini da sergei tretiakovi. bertold brextic eswreboda am

Sexvedras da mei lenfengis gamosvlis Semdeg, man epikuri Teatris

Teoria Camoayaliba, romelic gaucxoebis fenomens efuZneba.

reJisorebi aRfrTovanebulni iyvnen aziel msaxiobTa

SesaZleblobebiT. isini xedavdnen, rom msaxiobs SeuZlia cekva,

simRera, improvizacia, akrobatika, musikalur instrumentebze

dakvra, teqstis Seqmna da interpretireba, yvelaferi is, rasac

msaxiobebi akeTebdnen italiur komedia del arteSi da dResac

akeTeben kabukSi. reJisorebma daiwyes aRmosavluri xelovnebis

elementebis gamoyeneba TavianT speqtaklebSi. magaliTad SegviZlia

movitanoT evgeni vaxtangovis speqtakli `princesa turandoti”

karlo gocis amave saxelwodebis piesis mixedviT, romelSic

dekoracia da kostumebi aziur stilSi iyo gadawyvetili. am

speqtaklma ukvdavyo reJisori; aleqsandre tairovis mier 1914

wels dadgmuli speqtakli `Sakuntala”, romlis Sesaxebac a.

tairovi werda: `Cven gadavitaneT milioni mRelvareba, sanam 1914

wlis 12 dekembers kamerul TeatrSi gaimarTa `Sakuntalas”

premiera”7; robert sturuas `kavkasiuri carcis wre”, romelSic

gamoyenebulia Cinuri niRbebi.

amerikeli mkvlevarebi mogzaurobdnen aziaSi. maT sxvadasxva

mizani hqondaT. magaliTad fabian bauersi8 iyo cenzori

okupirebul iaponiaSi meore msoflio omis Semdeg. bauersi mixvda,

6 mei lenfengi _ (Mei Lanfang) 22.10.1894-08.08.1961 iyo pekinis operis erT-erTi cnobili msaxiobi. is TamaSobda qalis rolebs. mei lenfengi misi scenuri saxeli iyo. sinamdvileSi erqva mei leni (Méi Lán). 7 saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis Teatrisa da kinos saxelmwifo instituti, Teatrmcodneobis fakultetis V kursis studentis, nino gordaZis sadiplomo Sroma Temaze`sanskrituli drama”, (kalidasas Semoqmedeba), xemZRvaneli _ guliko mamulaSvili, Tbilisi 2001 weli, kalidasa, `dramebi”, gamomcemloba `mxatvruli literatura”, moskovi, 1990 weli. 8 fabian bauersi _ (Faubion Bowers) 1917-1999 iyo amerikeli iaponuri enis Tarjimani amerikis mier iaponiis okupaciis dros II msoflio omis periodSi.

13

rom kabukis teqstebis cenzura sisulele iyo. mis teqstebs

feodaluri da samxedro xasiaTis mqoned miiCnevdnen, arada maTi

elementi saerTod ar iyo kabukis arc erT sanaxaobaSi. es cenzura

cudad moqmedebda samsaxiobo xelovnebaze, romelic mWidrod iyo

mibmuli teqstze da cenzuris SemTxvevaSi msoflio dakargavda

xelovnebis am gansakuTrebul formas. ase rom f. bauersma, xeli

Seuwyo cenzuris gauqmebas kabukisTvis da dRes is cnobilia

rogorc kabukis gadamrCeneli. mraval amerikel mecniers Soris

aseve unda movixsenioT leonard pronko9 _ romelmac pirvelad

wamoayena erTiani, aRmosavlur-dasavluri Teatris idea.

urTierToba calmxrivi ar SeiZleba iyos. azielebmac bevri

ram iswavles da SeiTvises evropeli moRvaweebisgan. dasavluri

Teatris gavlena gamoixateboda ZiriTadad egreTwodebuli

`salaparako dramis” SeqmnaSi. aziaSi tradiciebis rRveva daiwyo

XIXs-is bolos. henrik ibsenis `Tojinebis saxli”, bernar Sous,

gerhart hauptmanis piesebi, Carlz dikensis novelebis Teatraluri

adaptaciebi azielTaTvis namdvili aRmoCena iyo. maT aRmoaCines

Teatris forma, romelsac `laparakis unari~ hqonda. sanaxaobis

aseTi forma, absoluturad axali iyo aziuri tradiciebisTvis. is

iyo radikalurad inovaciuri Tavisi saxalxo da socialuri

Sinaarsiis gamo. Teatrma aziaSi SeiTvisa dasavluri dramis

kanonebi, romlebic politikuri ideebis gasavrceleblad efeqtur

saSualebebs warmoadgendnen.

CineTSi, cang pengCunma10, romelic amerikaSi swavlobda, 1914

wels. tiajinSi `nankais axali piesis” kompania daaarsa. misi

eqsperimentebi samagaliTo gaxda. mas midmevrebi gamouCnda.

9 leonard pronko _ (Leonard C. Pronko) aris Teatris profesori pomonis kolejSi, klermontSi, kaliforniaSi. kolejSi mas dadgmuli aqvs 20-mde kabukis piesa. 10 cang pengCuni _ (Zhang Pengchun) 1892-1957 Cineli profesori, filosofosi, dramaturgi.

14

dramaturgebi _ ouiang iu11. tian heni12, hong Seni ( am ukanasknelma

1928 wels `salaparako dramis” gansazRvreba Seqmna) da sxvani,

qmnidnen piesebs realistur stilSi. aRorZineba-ganaxlebis am

dinebaSi (romelic aseve msaxiobis xelovnebasac moicavda) kao

ium13, romelic buajus (salaparako drama) yvelaze gamoCenil

avtorad iTvleba, scenaze dadga piesebi evropeli dramaturgebisa:

anton Cexovis, henrik ibsenis, oskar uaildis, iujin o’nilis,

uiliam Seqspirisa da berZnuli klasikuri avtorebisac ki. am

gamocdilebam huang cuolins XXs-is 30-iani wlebis dasawyisSi

inglisSi swavla moandoma, sadac is Sexvda jorj bernar Sous da

miSel sen deniss14 _ Jak kopos15 cnobil mowafes. inglisSi is

aseve gaecno stanislavskis sistemasa da brextis Sexedulebebs

saTeatro xelovnebasa da gaucxoebis efeqtze. am Teoriebis

aziuri adaptaciebi siRrmiseul Seswavlas iTxovs. davasaxeloT

ori SemTxveva. pirveli _ huang cuolini, romelmac brextis

epikuri Teatri Sanxais saxalxo TeatrSi gadaitana, sadac is

inglisidan dabrunebis Semdeg reJisorobda. meore _ iaponeli seki

sano _ tokioSi proletarul TeatrSi muSaobis Semdeg, moskovSi

wavida da ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi swavlobda stanislavskis

sistemasa da meierholdis msaxiobTan muSaobis teqnikas. 1937 wels

is iZulebuli iyo gaqceuliyo meqsikaSi, sadac is laTinuri

amerikis Teatris msaxiobTa Taobebs aswavlida.

11 ouiang iu _ (Ouyang Yu) daibada 1955 wels. Cinel-avstralieli mTargmneli, akademikosi. misi leqsebia `mTvare melburnis Tavze da sxva leqsebi” 1995w, ` bolo Cineli poetis simRerebi” 1997w da a.S. 12 tian heni _ (Tian Han) 12.03.1898-10.12.1968 iyo dramaturgi, mTargmneli, poeti, revoluciuri kinosa da musikis lideri. man didi wvlili Seitana Tanamedrove Cinuri dramisa da Cinuri operis ganviTarebaSi. mis nawarmoebebia: `Rame yavis maRaziaSi” 1922w, `lanCis win” 1922w, `cnobili msaxiobis sikvdili” 1929w, `mTvaris melodia” 1932w da a.S. 13

kao iu _ (Cao Yu) 24.09.1910-13.12.1996 misi saxeli iyo ven jiabao (Wan Jiabao). iyo cnobili Cineli dramaturgi. is iyo Cinuri `salaparako dramis” erT-erTi fuZemdebeli. misi piesebia: `Weqaquxili” 1933w, `aisi” 1936w, `xidi” 1945w da a.S. 14 miSel sein denisi _ (Michel Saint-Denis) 13.09.1897-31.07.1971 iyo frangi msaxiobi, reJisori da dramis Teoretikosi. misma msaxiobis aRzrdis xerxebma gavlena iqonies evropuli Teatris ganviTarebaze XXs-is 30-ian wlebSi. 15 Jak kopo _ (Jacques Copeau) 04.02.1879-20.10.1949 frangi Teatris reJisori, msaxiobi, dramaturgi, Teatr `kalambieris” damfuZnebeli.

15

indoeTSi, inglisis koloniaSi, XVIIs-is dasasrulidan

imarTeboda evropuli Teatris speqtaklebi, manamde didi xniT

adre, vidre indoeli msaxiobebi evropas uSualod gaecnobodnen.

patara inglisuri Teatrebi iyo kalkutaSi, romlebSic didi

msaxiobi devid gariki16 gamoyenebul dekoraciasa da msaxiobebsac

ki gzavnida londonidan. es samoyvarulo warmodgenebi

adgilobriv indur sanaxaobebs ejibrebodnen. `rusuli~,

konkretulad ki evgeni aleqsis Ze lebedevis reJisuriT

ingliseli da bengaleli msaxiobebi erTad TamaSobdnen

speqtaklebs. damatebiTi gakveTilebis dros inglisur enaSi

indoeTis skolebsa da kolejebSi _ sadac maRali wris

warmomadgenelTa Svilebi swavlobdnen _ bavSvebs, erTis mxriv,

aiZulebdnen eswavlaT uiliam Seqspiris Semoqmedeba, meores mxriv

ki msoflio kulturaSi erovnuli, TavianTi folkloris

mniSvnelobaSi acnobierebdnen. aseT dasavlur-aRmosavlur

ganaTlebas Teatric exmareboda. iqmneboda piesebi, romlebic

inglisur modelze iyo agebuli da amas garda, Teatri aseve

praqtikulad `ikvlevda~ adgilobriv sanaxaobebsa da Teatralur

formebs. didi indoeli poeti rabinradaT Tagori orive

tendencias exmareboda. is werda piesebs evropul stilSi da aseve

inarCunebda da Sveloda tradiciul indur cekvas devadass,

romelic man mis mierve daarsebul santiniketanis universitetSi,

sadac warCinebuli ojaxebis qaliSvilebi swavlobdnen, gogonebis

saswavlo programis nawili gaxada.

iaponiaSi, iseve rogorc respublikuri mowyobis CineTSi,

Teatraluri kulturis aRorZineba-ganaxlebis procesi (Singeki),

romelic XXs-is 20-ian wlebSi ganviTarda, gamowveuli da

STagonebuli iyo dasavleTiT. am procesis liderebs Soris iyo

16 devid gariki _ (David Garrick) 19.02.1717-20.01.1779 iyo ingliseli msaxiobi, dramaturgi, reJisori. iyo samuel jonsonis mowafe da megobari. man kariera daiwyo uiliam Seqspiris `riCard III”-Si mcire rolis SesrulebiT. misi piesebia: `qalbatoni da misi sayvarlebi” 1747w, `aTas Svidas ormocdaCvidmeti” 1757w, `siyvaruli da magia” 1760w, da a.S.

16

cubauqi Soio, romelmac sazogadoebas gaacno uiliam Seqspiris

mravali piesa da aseve ibsenis `Tojinebis saxli”. am periodis

moRvawe iyo aseve osanai kaoru, romelmac, axal Teatrsa da

kabuks Soris kompromisis saxiT, antuanis modelis mixedviT,

Tavisufali Teatri daaarsa. is erTguli iyo evropeli

dramaturgebis Semoqmedebisa, ibseniT da hauptmaniT dawyebuli,

vedeqindiTa da pirandeloTi damTavrebuli. ori azri ar

arsebobs, rom centri axali iaponuri Teatraluri moZraobisa, iyo

`cukiji Sogekijo” (cukijis patara Teatri), romelic hijikata

ioSim tokioSi 1924 wels gaxsna. es Teatri iyo laboratoria da

koncentrirebuli iyo am periodSi evropaSi mimdinare saxelovnebo

mimarTulebebze, simbolizmze, eqspresionizmze, da a.S.

aRmosavleTi evropisTvis erTgvar `alter ego”-d rCeboda.

aziuri klasikuri Teatrebis _ nos, kabukis, induri da baliuri

cekvebis, pekinis operisa da sxva tradiciul sanaxobaTa nairferi

formebi sxvadasxva gziT evropul da dasavlur tradiciebSi

aRwevdnen - klasikur baletSi, Tanamedrove cekvaSi, pantomimaSi,

saopero xelovnebaSi, politikur Teatrsa da Teatr

laboratoriebis eqsperimentul ZiebebSi.

17

Tavi II

antonen arto _ Ziebis dasawyisi

$1. antonen arto

antonen artos samoRvaweo sferoebi Zalze mravalferovania.

is iyo poeti da mwerali, dramaturgi da kritikosi, kinomsaxiobi

da Teatris reJisori, gamomcemeli da publicisti, filosofosi

da eTnografi. is iyo saxviTi xelovnebis kritikosic da araerTi

namuSevari aqvs am dargSi Seqmnili. am adamianSi aisaxa XXs-is

kulturis saerTo miswrafebani - formebis sinTezi, aRmosavleTisa

da dasavleTis erToba, xelovnebasa da cxovrebas Soris

sazRvrebis waSla. 1960-1970-ian wlebSi a. artos SemoqmedebiTma

Ziebebma msoflio masStabis Teatraluri moRvaweebis

gansakuTrebuli interesi gamoiwvia. swored misma saTeatro

ideebma Cauyara safuZveli Tanamedroveobis mraval mxatvrul

mimdinareobas. artoTi daiwyo yvelaferi. 1968 wlis gamosvlebisas

axalgazrdebma antonen arto TavianT kumirad airCies. mis

xelovnebas erTi mTavari amocana hqonda, SemTxveviTi subieqturi

formebis ganadgurebiT gaexsna WeSmariti azri adamianis

arsebobisa. Teatri misTvis iyo forma samyaros filosofiuri

suraTis gamoxatvisa.

antonen mari jozef arto (04.09.1896-04.03.1948) daibada

marselSi. misi mSoblebi eufrazi nalpa da antoin roi arto

warmoSobiT berZnebi iyvnen. antonen artos cxovrebiseuli da

SemoqmedebiTi gza ia-vardiT ar yofila mofenili. is bevrs

avadmyofobda. daavadebuli iyo meningitiT. mas xSirad hqonda

fsiqiuri aSlilobebi da isini misTvis erTgvar SemoqmedebiTi

STagonebis wyaros warmoadgendnen. 1919 wels a. arto Sveicariul

sanatoriumSi mkurnalobda. misi eqimi iyo eduard tuluzi,

romelic 1912 wels Seqmnil Jurnal `demen”-s xelmZRvanelobda.

tuluzma artos genialuroba gamoicno da mis TerapiaSi

18

SemoqmedebiTi aqtivoba CarTo. Tavidan a. artom Targmanebis

redaqtireba daiwyo, Semdeg ki is damoukidebeli avtori da

redaqtori gaxda. Teatris reformatoris pirveli publikacia iyo

`savaraudo bakalavris xarisxi”, sadac avtori gvTavazobda

saSualebebs samecniero codnis miRebis gaumjobesebisTvis. am

drosve dawera man pirveli poema `sizmarSi”.

1920 wlis bolos eqimma e. tuluzma pacients Teatris

reJisori orelen mari lune po gaacno. lune po iyo safrangeTSi

Teatraluri simbolizmis warmomadgeneli da 1893 wels Seqmna

Teatri `evr”-i. a. arto recenziebs Teatr `evris” speqtaklebze

Junal `demen”-Si aqveynebda. man dawera recenzia speqtaklebze

avgust strindbergis `kreditorebi” da gugo fon. hofmanstalis

`eleqtra”, romelic 1920 wlis 22 oqtombers aCvenes. Tavisi

Teatris saxe man Teatr `evris” msaxiobebis TamaSSi dainaxa. male

arto am TeatrSi iwyebs msaxiobobas, riTac misi Teatraluri

cxovrebis pirveli etapi iwyeba. 1921 wlis 17 Tebervals is

pirvelad gamovida scenaze patara usityvo roliT. es iyo anri de

renes piesa `sganarelis eWvi”.

24 wlis asakSi antonen arto sacxovreblad parizSi gadavida.

mas surda gahyoloda mwerlis karieras, ramdenime poema Jurnal

`frangul novela reviuSic” gaagzavna, magram misi nawarmoebebi

gamomcemelma Jak riveram17 daiwuna.

amis Semdeg arto Sarl diulenis dasis wevri xdeba. am dasSi

man msaxiobi qali, Jenika atanasiu gaicno, romelmac didi roli

iTamaSa reJisoris cxovrebaSi. antonen artos, rogorc msaxiobis,

scenografisa da kostiumebis mxatvris niWi S. diulenis dasSi

gaixsna. 1922 wels man molieris `ZunwSi” anselmis roli iTamaSa,

mavrebis mefe galvanis roli _ aleqsandra arnus piesaSi `mariano

da galvani”, sotines roli _ reniaris piesaSi `gayra”. artom

mxatvrulad gaaforma speqtakli `mariano da galvani” da aseve

17

Jak riviera _ (Jacques Riviere) 15.07.1886-14.021925 frangi gamomcemeli, iyo La

Nouvelle Revue Francaise – s gamomcemeli 1919 wlidan sicocxlis bolomde.

19

lope de ruedas intermedia `zeTisxili”. imave wlis zafxulSi

Sedga premiera pedro kalderonis piesisa `cxovreba sizmaria”. is

iyo speqtaklis mxatvari da poloneTis mefis – basilios rolis

Semsrulebeli. princ sixizmundos rols TamaSobda S. diuleni,

estrelas rols _ Jenika atanasiu.

1922 wlis zafxulSi, marselSi Semdgar koloniur gamofenaze

a. artom udidesi STabeWdileba miiRo kambojeli mocekvaveebis

speqtaklebisagan, romlebic specialurad aSenebul scenaze

TamaSdeboda da romelTa zegavlena mis mTels Semdgom

Semoqmedebaze aisaxa. kambojeli mockvaveebisaTvis specialurad

agebuli scena-nageboba XIIs-Si, ankoraSi arsebuli taZris

rekonstruqcias warmoadgenda. am momentidan reJisori iwyebs

aRmosavluri Teatris Seswavlas. amave wlis Semodgomaze S.

diulenis dasma daikava Senoba monmartze da `atelie” dairqva (am

TeatrSi aseve moRvaweobda qarTveli reJisori vasil

yuSitaSvili.) a. artos Sesrulebis manera nel-nela scildeboda

diuleniseul CarCoebsa da Teatralur esTetikas. pirandelos

`keTilismyofelTa siamovneba”-Si arto direqtorTa sabWos wevrs

TamaSobda. scenaze is Cinuri klasikuri Teatris grimiT gamovida.

S. diulenisTvis, romelic stilisturi erTianobisken iswrafoda,

Tanamedrove evropuli komediis xerxebisa da aRmosavluri

Teatris stilistikis gaerTianeba dauSvebeli iyo. aleqsandra

arnus piesaSi `giiom de borlo” (romelic rainduli eposis

motivebze iyo Seqmnili), artom iTamaSa karlos didis roli. is

cdilobda Tavisi gmiris ormagi gardasaxvis demonstrirebas.

amisTvis msaxiobi repeticiis dros scenaze oTxiT gamovida da

taxtisken gaforTxda. S. diulenisTvis aseTi epataJuri

stilistika kategoriulad ucxo iyo, am istoriam artos mier

Teatris datoveba ganapiroba.

arto Sinagani simbolos garegani gamoxatvisTvis iRwvoda.

atelieSi mis mier Sesrulebuli e.w. didi roli iyo tiresia

sofokles `antigoneSi”, romelic Jan koktom gadaakeTa. speqtakli

20

daidga 1922 wlis dekemberSi. mTavar rolSi iyo Jenika atanasiu,

kreons Sarl diuleni ganasaxierebda. dekoracia Seqmna pablo

pikasom, kostiumebi _ koko Sanelma, musika _ artur onegerma.

diulenisgan wamosvlis Semdeg, arto komedi de Sane-elizeSi

JorJ pitoefTan aRmoCnda. es moxda 1923 wlis aprilSi. erT

weliwadSi artom am TeatrSi iTamaSa sufliori l. pirandelos

`eqvsi personaJi avtoris ZiebaSi”, klouni jeksoni l. andreevis

speqtaklSi `is, vinc iRebs panRurs”, roboti k. Capekis speqtaklSi

`RUR”. es bolo dadgma feodor komisarJevskim ganaxorciela.

didi reJisori dainteresebuli iyo siurealizmiT da am

axali mimdinareobis erT-erTi aqtiuri wevri iyo. siurealistebs

Semoqmedebis avtomaturobis kvleva, sizmrebis Cawera da yvela im

movlenis Seswavla surdaT, rac racionalizms upirispirdeboda.

maT undodaT maTi siRrmiseuli `medan” wamosul impulsebs,

Sinaarsebsa da formebs Caswvdomodnen. artos surda Sexeboda da

gamoeyenebina qvecnobieri `moazrovne” energia. is aracnobierSi

eZiebda axal formebs. misi ganmartebiT, namdvili Teatraluri

piesa mosvenebas ukargavda gonebas, aTavisuflebda qvecnobiers da

is ajanyebamde mihyavda. artos poeziis arsis povna surda, is

eZebda poezias formisa da teqstis gareSe. arto ambobda, rom

Teatrisa da poeziis saTave anarqia iyo da wesrigiT xelovneba

ver Seiqmneboda.

1925 wlis maisSi antonen artom sareJisoro moRvaweoba

daiwyo da Teatr `vie kalambierSi~ siurealist lui aragonis

piesa `kedelTan” dadga. 1924 wels is gaxda siurealizmis

TeoretikosTa lideri da andre bretonis damxmare. 1920-ianebSi a.

bretonma Seqmna xelovnebis mimarTuleba, romelic iyo memkvidre

futuristebisa da dadaistebis. TviTon sityva `siurealizmi”

Semoitana giiom apolinerma 1917 wels, Tavisi dramis `tiresias

ZuZuebis“ Seqmnis meTodis gansazRvrisaTvis.

1923 wels gamovida artos leqsebis pirveli krebuli

saxelwodebiT `zeciuri trik-traki”. am dros man daiwyo Tavisi

21

Jurnalis `bilbokes” gamocemac (sul 2 nomeri gamovida). 1925 wels

man gamosca 2 poeturi krebuli `pup limbovi” da `nervometri”.

nakrebSi `pup limbov” daibeWda artos pirveli dramatuli

namuSevari _ piesa-miniatura `sisxliani Sadrevani”. is SeiZleba

siurealisturi literaturis nimuSad CaiTvalos. 1925 wels a.

arto siurealizmSi mTavari figura gaxda. is redaqtorobda

msxvil siurealistur gamocemas `siurealist revolusions”,

xelmZRvanelobda siurealisturi kvlevis biuros, romelic

muSaobda siurealizmis Teoriaze, sizmrebis Canawerebze da

siurealisturi azris fsiqologiur kvlevaze.

reJisori mivida im azramde, rom sityvas ar SeeZlo azris

gamoxatva da mxatvruli nawarmoebis miznebi ar Seesabameboda

garegnuli formebis srulyofis miznebs.

a. arto did interss iCenda axali, kinematografiuli

xelovnebis mimarT. man dawera scenari pirveli siurealisturi

filmisa `zRvis gamoqvabuli da gandegili”, romelic Jermen

dulakma18 gadaiRo. salvador dalim da luis bunuelma, espanuri

siurealizmis `orma gasaRebma~, artos am filmis scenaridan aiRes

replikebi TavianTi filmisTvis `andaluziuri nagazi”. arto aseve

TamaSobda Jan pol maratis rols abel hansis filmSi `napoleoni”

da ber masius rols karl Teodor dreieris19 filmSi `Jana

darkis vnebani”.

1926 wels a. arto dauaxlovda Jan polans, romelmac artos

cxovrebaSi mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa. J. polani Jak riveras

sikvdilis Semdeg saTaveSi Caudga `nuvel reviu fransezs” da 1926

wlis noemberSi gamoaqveyna pirveli Teatraluri manifesti,

romelsac daarqva axali dasis saxeli `alfred Jari”. es

manifesti uaryofda arsebul Teatrs da aseve kulturis

1 Jermen dulaki _ (Germaine Dulac) 17.11.1882-20.07.1942 frangi kino reJisori da Teoretikosi 2 karl Teodor dreieri _ (Carl Theodor Dreyer) 03.02.1889-20.03.1968 danieli kino-reJisori, misi filmebia `prezidenti” 1919w, `joanis kidobnis vnebani” 1928w, `vampiri” 1932w, `sityva” 1955w, da a.S.

22

gabatonebul formebs. artos TqmiT, Teatri qmnida zerealobas da

ar baZavda arsebul cxovrebas. 1926 wels arto roJe vitrakis

msgavsad andre bretonma siurealistebis rigebidan gaagdo. 1927

wels manifestSi `Ramis Suqze an siurealisturi blefi”, artom

siurealizmis sikvdili gamoacxada.

1926 wels antonen arto robert aronTan da roJe vitrakTan

erTad ayalibebs `alfred Jaris” Teatrs. am Teatrma mxolod 8

speqtakli aCvena. miuxedavad amisa, am mcire istoriis mqone

Teatris mniSvneloba Zalian didi iyo. is piter brukisTvis misabaZ

idealad iqca. piter bruki werda: `siwmindis Ziebisas, arto

absoluts eswrafoda: mas surda Teatri RvTismsaxurebis adgilad

qceuliyo; undoda TeatrSi emuSava xelovnebisaTvis Tavganwirul

msaxiobTa da reJisorTa jgufs, isini mxolod sakuTari bunebis

karnaxiT Seqmnidnen Zaladobis scenuri saxeebis usasrulo jaWvs

da adamianis gonebis iseT Zlier afeTqebas gamoiwvevdnen, aRaravis

mouvidoda azrad isev anekdotebisa da ybedobis Teatrisken

dabruneba.”20. `alfred Jaris” Teatris pirveli speqtaklis

premiera Sedga 1927 wels. speqtakli 3 mcire nawilisgan

Sedgeboda: 1-li iyo artosa da maqs Jakobis musikaluri Canaxati

`damwvari muceli anu SeSlili deda”; me-2-e - maqs robiuris

(robert aroni) `mravalSviliani deda”; me-3 - sami nawyveti roJe

vitrakis filmidan `siyvarulis saidumloeba.” dasis Semadgenloba

mudmivi ar iyo. alfred Jaris TeatrSi muSaobdnen sxva Teatris

msaxiobebi, romelTac mkveTri individualoba hqondaT. maT Soris

iyvnen Jenika atanasiu, tania balaSova, etien dekru _ Semqmneli

pantomimis skolis da Tavisi Teatraluri sistemis, is iyo

maswavlebeli J. l. barosi da m. marsosi - raimon rulo, komedi

fransezis reJisori. 1928 wels dadges pol klodelis `SuadRis

gayris” mesame aqti. am welsve dadges `sizmarTa TamaSi”

strindbergis mixedviT. Teatris meoTxe dadgma ganaxorcieles

3 piter bruki, `carieli sivrce”, Tbilisi, `xelovneba”, 1984w, gv.54.

23

antonen artom da roJe vitrakma, romelic am ukanasknelis

antipatriotuli vodevilis - `viqtori anu bavSvebi xelisuflebis

saTaveSi” mixedviT Seiqmna.

`alfred Jaris” TeatrSi moRvaweobis dros, a. arto

cdilobda TeatrisTvis sakraluroba daebrunebina. ukve am

TeatrSi daiwyo man scenisa da mayurebelTa darbazis sazRvrebis

gauqmeba. am TeatrSi moRvaweobis dros didi frangi reJisori

TanamSromlobda andre JidTan21, artur adamovTan22, pol

vilarisTan23.

1935 wels antonen artom dawera da dadga `CenCis ojaxi”.

speqtaklma komerciuli marcxi ganicada. novatorul dadgmaSi

gamoiyenes axali audioefeqtebi, eleqtronuli instrumenti ondes

martenoti24. speqtaklis mxatvari iyo balTusi25. artos `CenCis

ojaxi” iyo tragedia 4 moqmedebad p. Selisa da stendalis

mixedviT. stendalis qronikebidan reJisorma aiRo dokumenturi

istoria XVIs-is italiel didebulze franCesko CenCze, romelmac

sakuTari qaliSvili gaaupatiura. misi meuRle lukrecia da Tavad

italieli didebuli qaliSvil beatriCes daxmarebiTa da

TanamomanwileobiT moaklvlevines. p. b. Selis romantiul-

tragikuli poemidan artom arsebuli problemis siRrme, saxeebis

sirTule, emociuri simZafre aiRo. es speqtakli daidga foie

vagramis darbazSi, romelic gansazRvruli iyo rogorc

21

andre Jidi _ (Andre Paul Guillaume Gide) 22.12.1869-19.02.1851 frangi avtori, nobelis premiis mflobeli, misi nawarmoebebia: `dedamiwis xili” 1897w, `uzneo” 1902w, `pirdapir karibWea” 1909w, `Tu is mokvdeba” 1926w, da a.S. 22

artur adamovi _ (Arthur Adamov) 23.08. 1908-15.03.1970 rusi dramaturgi. misi piesebi absurdis TeatrisTvis iyo gankuTvnili. misi piesebia: `aRiareba” 1946w, `parodia” 1950w, `SeWra” 1950w, `yvela yvelas winaaRmdeg” 1953w, da a.S. 23

pol vilari _ (Ambroise-Paul-Toussaint-Jules Valery) 30.10.1871-20.07.1945 frangi poeti, eseisti, filosofosi. misi nawarmoebebia: `Selocvebi” 1922w, `leonardo davinCis meTodebis gacnoba” 1895w, da a.S. 24

ondes martenoti _ (Ondes Martenot) eleqtronuli musikaluri instrumenti, romelic gamoigona moris martenotma (14.10.1898-08.10.1980) 1928 wels. is iyo frangi violonCelisti. 25

balTazar klozovski _ (Balthasar Klossowski) 29.02.1908-18.02.2001 polonel-frangi modernisti mxatvari. misi naxatebia: `gitaris gakveTili” 1934w, `SiSveli aweuli mklavebiT” 1951w, da a.S.

24

musikaluri darbazi. iTvleba, rom speqtakli ar gamovida. arto

mizanscenebma gaitaca. naklebad muSaobda msaxiobebTan. premiera 6

maiss Sedga. reJisorma Tavad iTamaSa grafi CenCis roli.

speqtakli sul 17-jer iTamaSes. warumateblobis miuxedavad,

speqtaklma didi gavlena moaxdina mTlianad Teatralur

cxovrebaze. `CenCis ojaxze” muSaobisas roJe bleni reJisoris

damxmare iyo. Semdeg is TviTon gaxda reJisori da absurdis

mravali drama dadga. speqtakl `CenCis~ xmovani gaformeba maRal

doneze iyo Sesrulebuli. JRerda roJe dezormeras originaluri

musika. gamoyenebuli iyo zarebis, manqanis, bunebrivi movlenebis

xma. arto am dadgmiT mixvda, rom man ver ganaxorciela Tavisi

sistema da ideebi.

am warumateblobis Semdeg, frangma reJisorma meqsikaSi

samogzaurod granti miiRo. iq arto aborigenTa kulturas gaecno.

1936 wlis ianvarSi, gamgzavrebamde ramdenime dRiT adre, reJisorma

J. polans Seatyobina im krebulis saboloo saTauri, romelzedac

muSaobda: `Teatri da misi oreuli”. artos azriT Teatris

oreuli iyo cxovreba.

1936 wlis 30 ianvars arto matarebliT Cavida havanaSi da

iqidan mexikoSi gaemgzavra. gazeTebi mas statiebs ukveTavdnen. is

werda kulturaze, Teatrze, sazogadoebaze. kiTxulobda leqciebs

universitetSi. 1936 wlis agvistoSi gaemgzavra siera taraumaraSi,

mTian adgilze, sadac siera taraumaras tomi cxovrobda.

reJisorma monawileoba miiRo indielTa ritualSi. es rituali

efuZneboda da gamoxatavda im mdgomareobas, rasac im

halucinogenuri kaktusis wvenis gamoyeneba iwvevda, romelic

aRniSnul teritoriaze xarobda. mogvianebiT, artom aRwera es

gamocdileba. werili Sesulia krebulSi `taraumara”. arto

amtkicebda rom miswvda cxovrebis azrs da miaRwia Tavisufali

sulis mdgomareobas.

1937 wels reJisori safrangeTSi dabrunda. male man erTi

xeljoxi SeiZina, romelsac mistikur istorias miawerda. is

25

Tvlida, rom es joxi ekuTvnoda ara marto wminda patriks, aramed

lucifersa da ieso qristes.

1937 wlis 14 agvistos arto Cavida irlandiaSi. Semdeg is

gadavida iniSmoris kunZulze. iq mas Zalian gauWirda fizikurad

da matarialurad. man. a. bretons da J. polans daxmareba sTxova.

mogvianebiT, reJisori amtkicebda, rom irlandiaSi wminda graali

ipovna, romelic iq mefe arturma Caitana. irlandiaSi artos

devnis mania gauCnda. dublinSi RamiT monasterSi Separva scada.

policiasTan Cxubis gamo daapatimres da ramdenime dRe

sapatimroSi gaatara. 29 seqtembers arto gavrSi gaemgzavra. gavrSi

Casvlisas igi saavadmyofoSi daawvines, rogorc suliT avadmyofi.

frangi reJisori werda leqsebs Tavis gamogonil enaze,

romelic melodikiT indielebis simRerebs hgavda. germaneli

nacistebis Semosvlis Semdeg, megobrebma a. adamovma, J. l. barom,

p. eluarma, r. desnosma arto, samxreT safrangeTis, qalaq rodezis

fsiqiatriul klinikaSi gadaiyvanes. es qalaqi ar iyo

okupirebuli. saavadmyofos xelmZRvanelobda fsiqiatri da

literatori gaston ferderi. is mixvda, rom reJisori giJi ar iyo

da halucinaciebiT itanjeboda. aseTi tipis Sizofrenias g. federi

parafrenias eZaxda. artos Tavisi oTaxi hqonda da Tavisufali

gadaadgilebis uflebiT sargeblobda. eswreboda saeklesio

RvTismsaxurebas. mas saSualeba hqonda ekiTxa, emuSava

literaturaSi, eTargmna inglisuridan (ZiriTadad Targmnida

edgar posa da luis kerols). aseve daxata ramdenime gasaocari

portreti. eqimma g. ferderma artos mdgomareobis gaumjobesebaSi

didi wvlili Seitana. am periodSi dawerili werilebis nawili

1946 wlis aprilSi gamoqveynda krebulSi saTauriT `werilebi

rodezidan”.

1938 wels gamovida frangi Teatris reformatoris wigni

`Teatri da misi oreuli”, misi yvelaze mniSvnelovani namuSevari.

wignSi Sevida `sisastikis Teatris” manifestebi, romlebic

avtoris artistuli Sexedulebebis gagebas aadvileben. avtorma

26

amis Sesaxeb ramdenime wlis Semdeg Seityo da Tavisi dabeWdili

wigni pirvelad 1945 wlis ianvarSi naxa. es iyo meore gamocema. eJi

grotovski _ didi poloneli reJisori _ artos Ziebebsa da

eqsperimentebze werda: `artom gaakeTa swori dakvirveba, rom

rogorc aTletis, aseve msaxiobis sxeulSi arsebobs reaqciebis

mmarTveli raRac centri, mowodebuli gamoxatos fsiqikuri

moqmedeba organizmis saSualebiT”26. artos esem `grZnobadi

aTletizmi” didi gavlena moaxdina J. l. baroze da misi

samsaxiobo TamaSis Teoriis ganviTarebaze. es ese efuZneboda

kabalis swavlebas. arto aviTarebda sunTqvisa da gamomxatveli

teqnikebis principebs, romlebic mas saSualebas aZlevda Seeqmna

erTiani rTuli sistemis safuZveli, romelSic TiToeuli sunTqvis

saxe ZiriTad emociur fers Seesabameboda da Semdeg isini

SeiZleboda usasrulod Secvliliyo uTvalav kombinaciad.

mogzaurobebis dasrulebis Semdeg, artom sicocxlis

darCenili wlebis udidesi nawili fsiqiatriul saavadmyofoebSi

gaatara. is iq agrZelebda weras, qmnida erTgvar magiur

Selocvebs, astronomiul rukebs. 1946 wels megobrebma arto

saavadmyofodan gamoiyvanes da parizSi daabrunes. megobrebma mis

dasaxmareblad moawyes auqcioni p. pikasos, J. brakis, g. arpas, f.

leJes naxatebiT, a. Jidis, t. caras, p. eluaris, J. p. sartris, f.

moriakis wignebiT. Segrovili TanxiT a. artosTvis daiqiraves

fligeli fsiqiatriuli saavadmyofos ivr sur senis ezoSi,

parizis gareubanSi. `sara bernaris” TeatrSi gaimarTa a.

artosadmi miZRvnili benefisi. masze sityviT gamovidnen a.

bretoni, S. diuleni, a. adamovi, J. l. baro. am ukanasknelma

waikiTxa nawyvetebi `CenCis ojaxidan”. beneficiari saRamos ar

eswreboda da misi xmis Canaweri gamoiyenes.

reJisors ukanaskneli Teatraluri Canafiqri gauCnda. mas

surda daedga henrix fon klaistis `pentesilea”. piesa aris

26

eJi grotovski, Tbilisi, `kentavri”, 2008w, gv.51.

27

antikur miTze, aqilevsisa da amazonebis dedoflis siyvarulze,

romelic siyvarulisa da sigiJis, vnebis da Zaladobis tragikul

ambad iqceva. amave dros, a. arto fiqrobda tibetSi mogzaurobaze.

es yvelaferi ver ganxorcielda.

Teatr vie kalambierSi 1947 wlis 13 ianvars moewyo a. artos

saRamo. mas unda waekiTxa poemebi da axali wigni `dabruneba momo

artosi”. marselur Jargonze `momo” SeSlils niSnavs. .darbazi

savse iyo. scenaze reJisori daibna. ar SeeZlo dawerilis

wakiTxva, xma uwydeboda, sityvebi ar ismoda. mas SeeSinda

mosalodneli darbazis siCumis da sakuTari xmis. gadaayirava

magida, dafanta furclebi, is eleqtroSokuli Terapiis seansis

Semdeg gamoRviZebis mdgomareobas gamoxatavda. dabneuloba da

SiSi agresiiT Seicvala, arto veluriviT raRac Jestebs akeTebda,

yviroda. ori saaTi gavida, sanam Zala da xma gamoelia. bolos

scenidan gaiqca. es sisatikis seansi iyo.

mkurnalobis periodSi a. artom van gogis gamofena

daaTvaliera da dawera werili - `van gogi, adamiani mokluli

sazogadoebis mier”. werili parizSi 1947 wels gamoqveynda da

kritikis prizi daimsaxura. amave periodSi dawera `RmerTis

gasamarTleba”, romelic Seafases rogorc antiamerikuli da

antireligiuri movlena. reJisorma radioSi Cawera gadacema

`davasruloT RmerTis samsjavro”. is gamodioda, rogorc axali

musikis avtori. ukravda barabanze, gongze, ksilofonze da sxva

instrumentebze. monawileobas iRebdnen roJe bleni da maria

kazaresi. a. artos teqsti iyo aRviraxsnili, antireligiuri,

epataJuri. is Seuracxhyofda qristianul wes-Cveulebebs. 1948 wlis

4 marts a. arto swor nawlavis kiboTi gardaicvala. bolo dros

tkivilis gasayuCeblad narkotikebs mieZala. arto dakrZales ivr

sur senis sasaflaoze.

eJi grotovski artos Semoqmedebis Sesaxeb werda: `is, rasac

arto gvTavazobs, sabolood dakavSirebulia warmosaxvasTan,

samsaxiobo mowodebis TaviseburebasTan. radganac misi naazrevi

28

imdenad poeturia, rom misgan SeuZlebelia gakeTdes praqtikuli

daskvnebi.”27

'2. sisastikis Teatri

antonen arto Teatris udidesi reformatori iyo. is

upirispirdeboda Tavis Tanamedrove, erT adgilze gayinul,

daStampul Teatrs da cdilobda axali formebi aRmosavlur

Teatrebsa da sanaxaobebSi moeZebna.

gasarTobma speqtaklebma evropuli Teatri CixSi Seiyvana. a.

artos azriT, dasavluri Teatris problema is iyo, rom is

mxolod sityvaze, piesaze iyo mijaWvuli. evropul TeatrSi

yvelaferi rac WeSmaritad Teatraluri iyo da risi gamoxatvac

sityviT ar SeiZleboda, ukana planze iyo gadaweuli.

frangi Teatris reformatoris mosazrebiT, namdvili Teatris

arsi imis sawinaaRmdego iyo, rasac evropul TeatrSi akeTebdnen.

TeatrSi mwerlis diqtatura sufevda da reJisoruli gadawyveta

mTlianad mas emorCileboda. aseT Teatrs didi frangi reJisori

giJis, SeSlilis, antipoetis Teatrs uwodebda. antonen artos

azriT, Teatri teqstisa da realobis proeqcia ar unda yofiliyo.

adamianur-fsiqologiuri Teatri unda Secvliliyo religiur-

mistikuriT. is gmobda am periodis TeatrSi arsebul Stampebs. is

werda: `Tu rame arsebobs eSmakiseuli da dawyevlili, es aris

formebze mijaWveba”28. misi azriT, msaxiobebi funqciurad

dayofilni da daStampulni iyvnen. arsebobdnen artistebi,

romelTaganac scenaze qviTins moiTxovdnen an iseTebi, romelTac

scenaze monologi unda waekiTxaT.

27

eJi grotovski, Tbilisi, `kentavri”, 2008w, gv.50. 28

Антонен Арто, `Театр и его двойник”, с приложением текста `Театр Серафима”, перевод с французского и комментарии Сергея Исаева, `Мартис”, Москва, 1993г, ст.12.

29

antonen artos Zalian kargad esmoda Tanamedroveobisa da

Tanadroulobis mniSvneloba xelovnebisTvis da gansakuTrebiT ki

iseTi universaluri sferosTvis, rogoricaa Teatri. is ambobda,

rom Tu xalxs oidipos mefis Tema aRar aRelvebda, es piesis

brali iyo da ara mayureblis. igive exeboda Teatralur

formebsac da saWiro iyo maTi mudmvi Zieba. brma morCileba ukve

gakeTebulis, mignebulis mimarT, rogori didebulic ar unda

yofiliyo is Tavis droze, Tanamedroveobas aRar gamoadgeboda.

arto werda: `Tu epoqas Teatri aRar ainteresebs da mas zurgi

Seaqcia, es imitom xdeba, rom Teatrma Sewyvita am epoqis

warmodgena”29.

arto Teatrs magiur Zalasa da mniSvnelobas aniWebda. is

werda: `Teatri - es erTaderTi adgilia msoflioSi da Cvens xelT

darCenili ukanaskneli saSualeba, romelic saSualebas gvaZlevs

pirdapir mivaRwioT mTlian organizms”30. reJisoris ganmartebiT,

adamiani TeatrSi jer ararsebulis batoni xdeboda da mas

dabadebaSi exmareboda.

frangi reJisori adamianze Teatris zemoqmedebis Zalas Savi

Wiris moqmedebis Zalas utolebda. misi azriT, Teatri Wiris

msgavsad abamda jaWvs arsebulsa da ararsebuls, bunebrivsa da

virtualurs Soris. Wiric da Teatric adamianebs aCvenebdnen

TavianT Tavs iseTad, rogorebic isini sinamdvileSi iyvnen. Wiric,

Teatris msgavsad, xsnida niRbebs, aaSkaravebda tyuils, sisustes,

simdables da aiZulebda adamianebs dapirispirebodnen bedisweras.

Savi WiriT daavadebuli halucinaciebiT iyo Sepyrobili, xolo

msaxiobi _ grZnobebiT. avadmyofi avlenda Tavis TavSi arsebul

mikro pirovnebebs, romelTa arsebobis Sesaxebac mas warmodgena

ar hqonda, xolo msaxiobi am mikro pirovnebebs Tavad qmnida da

warudgenda mayurebels. artos mosazreba emTxveoda italieli

29

Антонен Арто, `Театр и его двойник”, с приложением текста `Театр Серафима”, перевод с французского и комментарии Сергея Исаева, `Мартис”, Москва, 1993г, ст.126. 30

Антонен Арто, `Театр и его двойник”, с приложением текста `Театр Серафима”, перевод с французского и комментарии Сергея Исаева, `Мартис”, Москва, 1993г, ст.88.

30

fsiqologis, roberto asajolis Teorias, romelic ambobda, rom

adamiani qve pirovnebebisgan Sedgeboda. isini erTgvar niRbebs

warmoadgendnen. adamiani maSin grZnobda Tavs kargad da

janmrTelad, roca axerxebda am niRbebis sworad SerCevasa da

gamoyenebas mocemul situaciaSi. adamianSi iyo niRbebis brbo.

a. artom Teatri sawyisebTan, misteriebTan da ritualebTan

daabruna. is did yuradRebasa da mniSvnelobas aniWebda

pirvelyofil kulturas da gansakuTrebiT totemizms. is werda:

`yvelanairi namdvili kultura eyrdnoba velur da pirvelyofil

totemizms. totemizmi moqmedebs rogorc msaxiobi. is moZraobs da

Seqmnilia msaxiobisTvis”31. frangi Teatris reformatori

dainteresebuli iyo Zveli kulturebiT, misteriebiT, ritualebiT.

is specialurad swavlobda druidebis, indielebisa da sxva

xalxTa okultur kulturebs. fsiqikuri problemebis gamo, mas

xmebi esmoda, awuxebda xilvebi, romlebic sakuTar xelovnebaSi

gadahqonda. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, misi xelovneba

vizioneruli iyo, anu xilvebze iyo agebuli.

frangi reJisori werda, rom Zveli xalxebis gaqrobasTan

erTad, ar qreboda maT mier Seqmnili kultura. kulturas ar

hqonda dro da sivrce. is adamianis nervebiviT, zambarasaviT

iWimeboda da aucileblad iCenda Tavs. am energiis Secnobas

miuZRvna man mTeli Tavisi SemoqmedebiTi cxovreba. mTeli Tavisi

moRvaweobis manZilze is iswrafoda miekvlia scenis sakuTari

enisTvis, romelic grZnobis organoebisken iqneboda mimarTuli,

romelic Jestsa da azrs Soris Sua gzaze iarsebebda. didi

reJisori miiCnevda, rom sityvier enas adgili unda daeTmo

niSnebis enisTvis, radgan es ukanaskneli, Tavisi xasiaTidan

gamomdinare, uSualod zemoqmedebda mayurbelze.

a. arto reJisoris SesaZleblobebs ufro Sors swevda. is

werda: `reJisoruli dadgma ufro didi xarisxiT warmoadgens

31

Антонен Арто, `Театр и его двойник”, с приложением текста `Театр Серафима”, перевод с французского и комментарии Сергея Исаева, `Мартис”, Москва, 1993г, ст.9.

31

Teatrs, vidre nebismieri dawerili Tu wakiTxuli piesa“32.

Teatris mTavar miznad reJisori miTebis Seqmnas miiCnevda. is

Tvlida, rom poezia da mecniereba TeatrSi unda SeerTebuliyvnen.

mas miaCnda rom yvela emocias hqonda organuli fuZe da am fuZis

gaRizianebiT xdeboda grZnobis gamowveva. misi es mosazreba

exmianeboda k. stanislavskis qmediTi analizis meTods.

antonen artoze didi gavlena moaxdina balis Teatris

warmodgenis naxvam, romelic parizSi gastrolebiT iyo Casuli

1931 wels. balis Teatri anu baliuri cekva esaa sanaxaoba

mravalricxovani SemsruleblebiT, romlebic erovnul

kostiumebSi arian gamowyobilni. am Teatralizirebuli sanaxaobis

saerTo azri efuZneba maradiul oms sikeTesa da borotebas

Soris. yvelaze popularuli cekvaa `keCau~, romelsac mzis

Casvlisas taZar uluvatusTan daaxloebiT 150 mocekvave

asrulebda. isini axdendnen `ramaianas” eposis - siyvarulis am

ukvdavi induri ambis epizodis ilustrirebas. balielebi Teatrs

Tavis maRal mniSvnelobas ubrunebdnen. swored am sanaxaobis

naxvis Semdeg daiwyo a. artom axal formebze fiqri. frangma

reJisorma manamde araferi icoda balis Sesaxeb, romelic erTi

periodi holandiis kolonia iyo. roca man holandiur pavilionSi

balis cekvebi naxa, man is Teatri dainaxa, romlis Seqmnac surda.

misTvis baliuri cekvebi samagaliTo Teatraluri enis gamoxatva

iyo, romelic msaxiobis sxeuls da ara sityvas emyareboda. arto

werda: `aRmosavlur TeatrSi araa sityvieri ena. aris Jestebis,

pozebis, niSnebis ena, romelic moqmedebaSi iseve naTlad

gamoxatavs azrs, rogorc sityvieri ena”33.

a. artom Seqmna `sisastikis Teatri”, romelsac man ori

manifesti miuZRvna. es manifestebi Cven warmodgenas gviqmnian mis

SemoqmedebiT mrwamsze. is miiCnevda, rom Teatris arseboba

32

Антонен Арто, `Театр и его двойник”, с приложением текста `Театр Серафима”, перевод с французского и комментарии Сергея Исаева, `Мартис”, Москва, 1993г, ст.42. 33

Антонен Арто, `Театр и его двойник”, с приложением текста `Театр Серафима”, перевод с французского и комментарии Сергея Исаева, `Мартис”, Москва, 1993г, ст.130.

32

SeuZlebeli iyo sisastikis gareSe, romelic speqtaklis fuZeSive

arsebobda. reJisori werda `erTaderTi rame rac namdvilad

moqmedebs adamianze, es aris sisastike”34.

sisastikeSi arto araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar gulisxmobda

sisxls, sadizms da a.S. es iyo misi Teatris metaforuli

formulireba. sisastikis Teatri yuradRebas amaxvilebda masobriv

sanaxaobaze. isini yuradRebas uTmobdnen cnobil gmirebs, saSinel

danaSaulebs, zeadamianur Tavganwirvas. isini apirebdnen cnobili

istoriul da kosmiuri masStabis Temebze koncentrirebas. Teatrs

unda mieca mayureblisTvis yvelaferi is, risi povnac SeiZleboda

siyvarulSi, danaSaulSi, omsa Tu sigiJeSi. frangma reJisorma

kargad icoda, rom scenidan naCvenebi danaSauli adamianisTvis

ufro Semzaravi iyo da zemoqmedebis ufro didi Zala hqonda.

a. arto da misi dasi speqtaklebs cnobili Temebis, faqtebisa

da nawarmoebebis garSemo qmnidnen. sisastikis Teatri dafuZnebuli

iyo pirvel rigSi sanaxaobaze, romelSic dasma Seitana sivrcis

axali aRqma da sivrces yvela xedvis kuTxiT, siRrmiTa da

simaRliT iyenebda. es Teatri daubrunda gamocdil magiur

saSualebebs adamianis grZnobebze zemoqmedebis mosaxdenad.

speqtaklebSi win wamoswies movlenebi da ara adamianebi.

sisastikis TeatrSi mayurebeli da msaxiobebi erT sivrceSi

iyvnen moqceulni. ar arsebobda scenisa da darbazis gamyofi

barieri. speqtakli TamaSdeboda mayureblis garSemo. xmovani da

vizualuri efeqtebi mTel darbazSi vrceldeboda. TeatrSi

daculi iyo simaRlisa da siRrmis gansakuTrebuli proporciebi.

Senobis kedlebi iyo sada, yovelgvari morTulobis gareSe.

mayurebelTa skamebi iatakze damagrebuli ar iyo da mayurebels

SeeZlo sakuTari survilis mixedviT moergo skami. moqmedeba mTel

darbazSi iyo gaSlili. scenaze arsebobda erTi centraluri

adgili, raTa, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, moqmedeba am wertilSi

34

Антонен Арто, `Театр и его двойник”, с приложением текста `Театр Серафима”, перевод с французского и комментарии Сергея Исаева, `Мартис”, Москва, 1993г, ст.92.

33

Sekruliyo da Semdeg isev gaSliliyo. didi yuradReba eqceoda

vizualur efeqtebs, wvimisa Tu Weqa-quxilis iluziis Seqmnas.

speqtaklSi didi adgili eTmoboda masiur scenebs. sisastikis

Teatris speqtaklebSi manekens, did niRbebs, uCveulo zomis

sagnebsa da msaxiobs Tanabari mniSvneloba eniWebodaT.

dekoraciis rols sisastikis TeatrSi ieroglifuri

personaJebi asrulebdnen, gamoiyeneboda saritualo kostumebi, 10-

metriani manekenebi, adamianis simaRlis musikaluri instrumentebi

da gaurkveveli daniSnulebis sagnebi.

musikalur gaformebisTvis is miviwyebul Zvel aRmosavlur

instrumentebs iyenebda. zog instruments is Tavad qmnida. aseve

aramusikaluri daniSnulebis sagnebiT frangi reJisori qmnida

sxvadasxva xmaurs. is did mniSvnelobas aniWebda im vibracias,

romelsac es sagnebi gamoscemdnen. misTvis meorexarisxovani iyo

TviTon am musikis Sinaarsobrivi Tu melodiuri mxare.

Teatris reformatori did yuradRebas uTmobda scenis

ganaTebas. is swavlobda sinaTlis zemoqmedebas adamianis sulze,

eZiebda ganaTebis axal xerxebs, axal ferebs. sinaTles unda

Seeqmna mayureblisTvis irealuris, iluziis gancda. sinaTles

unda gadmoeca siTbo, sicive, SiSi, mrisxaneba da a.S.

erTis mxriv, mis TeatrSi msaxiobi pirvelxarisxovani

komponenti iyo _ mis TamaSze iyo damokidebuli speqtaklis

warmateba _ da, amave dros, is iyo meorexarisxovani elementic,

radgan `sisatikis TeatrSi~ artists yvelanairi piradi iniciativa

ekrZaleboda. speqtakli unda yofiliyo mTlianad daSifruli,

TiTqos raRac axal enaze `dawerili”. amis wyalobiT, sanaxaobaSi

ar daikargeboda arcerTi moZraoba da yvela moqmedeba erTian

ritms daeqvemdebareboda.

a. artos Teatralur enaSi sityva Selocvad iyo qceuli. is

iyenebda xmis Sinagan vibraciebs, imeorebda ritmebs, iswrafoda

grZnobaTa ganwmendisken. iyenebda cekvas, mimikas. Teatris

reformatori warmoaCenda da aTavisuflebda Jestis axal

34

lirizms, romelic aRemateboda sityvis lirizms. frangi

reJisoris azriT, Teatrs eWvqveS unda daeyenebina Tavad adamiani,

misi warmodgena realobaze da misi poeturi adgili am realobaSi

anu Teatrs adamianisTvis azrovnebis, sazrisisa da WeSmaritebis

Ziebis biZgi unda mieca.

miuxedavad imisa, rom a. arto uars ambobda warsulis

Sedevrebze, misi negatiuri damokidebuleba istoriul kostiumebze

ar vrceldeboda. is iyenebda kostiumebs, romelTac Tavis droze

ritualuri daniSnuleba hqondaT.

a. arto sisastikeze werda: `sruliad SecdomiT aniWeben

sityva sisastikes sisxliani sisastikis mniSvnelobas da umizezo

miswrafebas fizikuri tkivilis miyenebisaken. sisastike, pirvel

rigSi, gamWvirvalea. es aris raRac magari mimarTulebis msgavsi.

esaa damokidebuleba aucileblobasTan. ar arsebobs sisastike

gacnobierebis gareSe da sindisis gareSe. swored es gacnobiereba

ganaxorcielebs yvela cxovrebiseul moqmedebas, romelsac is

sisxlis fers aniWebs. me viyeneb sityva `sisastikes” sicocxlis

wyurvilis mniSvnelobiT, kosmiuri simkacrisa da mkacri

aucileblobis mniSvnelobiT”35.

misi azriT, Teatrs im yvelafrisTvis unda gaesva xazi, rac

mas teqstisgan, aRwerilobiTi saSualebebisgan ganasxvavebda. Jests

Tavis Teatralur enaSi is mTavar principad miCnevda. Jesti am enis

alfa da omega iyo, romelic Tavis TavSi Selocvis magias

atarebda. mis speqtaklebSi dialogi iqmneboda pirdapir scenaze,

yovelgvari winaswari momzadebis gareSe da dakavSirebuli iyo

scenis sxva sagnebTan, pozebTan, niSnebTan. frangi reJisoris

mizani iyo, rom Teatri kvlav gamxdariyo namdvili cocxali

moqmedeba.

35

Антонен Арто, `Театр и его двойник”, с приложением текста `Театр Серафима”, перевод с французского и комментарии Сергея Исаева, `Мартис”, Москва, 1993г, ст.111.

35

Tavi III

aRmosavluri Teatris elementebis Zieba-gamoyeneba

piter brukis mier

piter stefan pol bruki daibada 1925 wlis 21 marts,

londonSi. misi mSoblebi, saimon bruki da ida ianseni, ebraeli

emigrantebi iyvnen. p. brukma ganaTleba greSemis skolaSi da

oqsfordis magdalenas kolejSi miiRo. Tavisi pirveli speqtakli

`doqtori faustusi” dadga 1943 wels, londonSi, TeatrSi

`CiraRdani”. amas 1945 wels mohyva Santekleris TeatrSi ganaxleba

speqtaklisa `jojoxeTuri manqana”. 1947 wels p. bruki straTford

eivonSi damxmare reJisorad speqtaklze `romeo da julieta” da

`siyvarulis uSedego Sroma” wavida. 1950-ianebSi man ukve

popularoba da reputacia moipova. is speqtaklebSi akavebda iseT

msaxiobebs, rogorebic iyvnen: l. olivie, p. skofldi... is dgamda

uiliam Seqspirs, JanNanuis, tomas eliots, qristofer frais,

fridrix diurenmantsa da Jan Jenes. is cnobilia Tavisi

speqtaklebiT: `mefe liri” (1962 w.), `marat sadi” (1964 w.),

`zafxulis Ramis sizmari” (1970 w.), `mahabxarata” (1985 w.)...

1947-50 wlebSi, is iyo xelmZRvaneli kovent garden operis da

dadgmuli hqonda speqtaklebi: Jan anuis `beWedi mTvaris garSemo”,

qristofer frais `wyvdiadSi sakmao sinaTlea”, jon vitingis `peni

simRerisTvis”. maT Soris iyo winaaRmdegobrivi speqtakli

Strausis `salomea”. dekoracia gaakeTa salvador dalim. am

speqtaklis gamo reJisori gauSves kovent gardenis

xelmZRvanelobidan.

p. brukis namuSevrebi e. grotovskis, b. brextis, k. kovicsis, g.

i. gurjievis, e. gordon kregisa da s. devisis TeoriebiTa da

eqsperimentebiT iyo STagonebuli. is avangards Tavisi karierisa

da Semoqmedebis gvian periodSi daukavSirda. meore msoflio omis

36

Semdeg cnobili gaxda Tavisi brwyinvale, sayovelTaod

aRiarebuli Seqspiriseuli speqtaklebiT.

1950-ianebis adreul wlebSi, J. anuim da q. fraim irwmunes da

Tavidan gaecnen poezias naturalistur Tanamedrove TeatrSi. J.

anuis da J. koktos gavleniT mivida p. bruki Teatris araverbalur

poeturobamde, usityvo Teatris poeziis koncefciamde. am TeatrSi

scenebi ise iyo erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli, rogorc leqsSi

sityvebi. aseTi idea da koncefcia analogiuria J. l. baros

idealisa `totaluri Teatri”. p. brukis kavSiri J. l. barosTan

TvalnaTelia. am ukanasknelma daiwyo Tavisi `xalxTa Teatri”,

rogorc logikuri gagrZeleba Tavisi totaluri Teatrisa. is am

Teatrs xedavda Sexvedris adgilad, sadac tradiciebi Soreuli

aRmosavleTisa _ bunraku, no, kabuki _ Tanamedrove eqsperimentebs

SeiZleboda Serwymoda da gaemravalferovnebina isini. orive

misdevda avangardis Teatris kvlevas da Tan agrZelebda klasikur

nawarmoebebze muSaobas. p. bruki daubrunda u. Seqspirs, a. Cexovs,

operas _ bizes `karmeni”. amave dros is eZebda miTiur Teatrs,

romelic dramas Tavis sawyis fesvebTan daabrunebda. orive

reJisori uaryofda Teatralur status qvos, rogorc

`kulturuli nagvis grovas~. p. bruki aseve uaryofs naturalizms,

yvela reJimis mier miRebul, aRiarebul xelovnebis Janrs.

1950-ianebSi bruks pirobiTobis zRvris dangrevas

abralebdnen. am periodSi brukma dadga `skandaluri” amerikuli

piesebi, rogorebicaa a. mileris `xedi xididan” (cnobili

homoseqsualuri kocniT), t. viliamsis sisxlis aRrevis motivebiT

gajerebuli provokaciuli `kata gaxurebul Tunuqis saxuravze”.

reJisorze didi gavlena moaxdina antonen artos namuSevrebma

da misma ideebma sisastikis Teatrze. brukma 1964 wlis sezons

`sisastikis Teatris” sezoni uwoda. bruki da misi Tanamoazre,

Carlz marovici, Sokuri efeqtebiT, yviriliT, magiuri

formulebiT, niRbebiT, simboluri gamosaxulebebiTa da

ritualuri kostiumebiT, speqtaklSi gansakuTrebuli poeturi

37

viTarebis Seeqmnas, iracionaluri transcedenturi gamocdilebis

miRwevas cdilobdnen. sicxisa da sicivis SegrZnebebis

aRZvrisaTvis, isini ganaTebis cvlilebas iyenebdnen. maT surdaT

sxvadsxva moqmedeba sxvadsxva adgilas warmoedginaT, wyvetili

fizikuri ritmebi SeeqmnaT, romelTa kulminacia moZraobis

pulsacias gahyveboda. gansakuTrebuli atmosferos Sesaqmnelad

isini yvelasaTvis nacnobi da erTi SexedviT umniSvnelo

movlenebis, SegrZnebebis, mdgomareobebisa da faqtorebis

gamoyenebas cdilobdnen.

C. marovici piter vaisis piesis mixedviT `marat sads”

artosTan mistikurad dakavSirebulad Tvlida. artom aramarto

daimowma de sadi Tavis `sisastikis” ganmartebaSi, aramed Tavadve

iTamaSa sadis roli abel hansis filmSi `napoleoni”. brukma

vaisis `marat sadis” dadgmisas yuradReba gaamaxvila teqstis.

`artoseul~ aspeqtze. speqtaklze muSaobisas, rogorc

mosamzadebeli periodis nawili, msaxiobTa jgufs reJisor Jan

rouqis dokumenturi filmi aCvenes. filmi nigeriul sakulto

ritualebs asaxavda. am ritualis monawileebi `veluri sigiJis~

ukidures mdgomareobas aRwevdnen. es faqti primitivizmisadmi

reJisoris interesis maCvenebelia. speqtaklze fsiqiurad

daavadebuli avadmyofebi wina rigebSi moaTavses. samsaxiobo

TamaSi paTologiur simptomebs Seicavda. is sxvadasxa sneulebiT

daavadebulebs asaxavda. es egzotikurobis groteskuli forma iyo.

is enaTesaveboda artoseul sigiJes da exmianeboda sxvadasxva

avangarduli xelovanebis mier sigiJed miCneul mdgomareobebs.

sagiJeTis xateba moqmedebaSi mTavari iyo. aCvenebdnen sads - Tu

rogor awyobda is Tavis sakuTar garTobas, mis urcxv da

konvulsiur isterias, is mayurebelSi gadavardniT imuqreboda da

a.S. personaJis giJuri moqmedebebi mxolod scenis mmarTvelis

SemosvliT Cerdeboda. es speqtakls mayureblisTvis fsiqoTerapiis

38

sastik saxed aqcevda, es iyo LAMDA36–s mier ganxorcielebuli

eqsperimenti mayurebelTan urTierTobaze. mayureblebi xan

moqmedebis arealis SuaSi eqceodnen, xan ki msaxiobebs ucvlidnen

adgilebs.

igive teqnika gamoiyenes speqtaklSi `US“ (1966w.). speqtakli

aCvenebda omiT damaxinjebul vietnams. msaxiobebs Tavebi qaRaldis

CanTebiT hqondaT dafaruli. borZikiTa da kvnesiT dadiodnen

mayureblebs Soris da daxmarebas iTxovdnen. es speqtakli

simbolizmisa da politikuri aqtualobis warumatebel aRrevad

miiCnies da ramdenime warmodgenis Semdeg akrZales. miuxedavad

amisa, speqtaklma zustad gamoxata is idea, razec iyo

koncentrirebuli. is iyo Tavdasxma TviTkmayofil, komfortiT

uzrunvelyofil, omSi armyof britanul sazogadoebaze. `US“ iyo

gajerebuli `sisastikiT~.

p. brukis miswrafeba gamartivebisa da esTetizmisken, enis

farglebs miRma gasvlisa da mayureblis moqmedebasTan

dasakavSireblad ufro swori gzebis Ziebis mcdeloba, pirobiTi

dramis zogierT SesaniSnav interpretaciaSi gamoCnda. amis

magaliTia brukis speqtakli `zafxulis Ramis sizmari” (1970w.),

romelic man Seqspiris samefo TeatrSi dadga. am speqtaklma, sxva

saTeatro eqsperimentebTan erTad, aseve moamzada tramplini

ritualuri Teatris ZiebisTvis. bruki msaxiobebs intensiurad

amecadinebda improvizaciul savarjiSoebSi da cdilobda

Seecvala an gaeZlierebina Tavdapirveli impulsebi, romlebic ido

fizikuri moZraobis centrSi. is cdilobda Camoeyalibebina

akrobatikis leqsikoni. es man cirkis esTetikasa da metaforaSi

ganaxorciela. sityvebi xmebamde Semcirda, sapirispiro

personaJebi, samyaroebi da sivrceebi piesaSi erTmaneTs

dauaxlovda, daemsgavsa, Tezevsi, imave dros, oberoni iyo da

ipolita _ titania. hermia iZulebuli xdeboda, rom scenidan

36

LAMDA _ londonis musikisa da dramatuli xelovnebis akademia.

39

mayureblis darbazSi gadasuliyo. bolos msaxiobebi mayureblis

darbazidan gadiodnen. isini damswreebs mimarTavdnen: `momeci Seni

xelebi, Tu Cven megobrebi varT” da mayureblebs xels arTmevdnen.

feriebi moqmedebdnen rogorc scenis muSebi, mohqondaT rekviziti

an qmnidnen garemos SeyvarebulTaTvis da xeebis formas iRebdnen.

yvelaferi akrobatuli da sityvieri moqmedebis sakomunikacio

sivrceSi CaZirvas emsaxureboda. u. Seqspiris poeziis siRrmeebSi

brukma totaluri anarqiisa da veluri mxiarulebis `saidumlo

piesa” gamoaaSkarava, sadac sulebi primitiul simxeces

afrqvevdnen, romelic yvelas Seexo, vinc ki maTTan kontaqtSi

Sevida.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom `zafxulis Ramis sizmarSi” p. bruki v.

meierholdisa da komedia del artes, cirkisa da 1960-iani wlebis

radikaluri Teatraluri jgufebis esTetikis safuZvlebs

eyrdnoboda. scena garSemortymuli iyo sami mxriT TeTri

Seulamazebeli kedlebiT, romlebic ori, erTmaneTTan axlos

mdgomi ukana xiluli karebiT iyofoda. tye warmodgenili iyo

Tavisuflad xveuli metalis wkirebiT, romlebic ankesebze iyo

mimagrebuli. frena sruldeboda trapeciebiT, romlebic dabla

eSveboda da maRla iweoda sxvadasxva simaRleze. msaxiobebis

umetesobas kombinizoni ecva. teqsts SenarCunebuli hqonda Tavisi

poeturi Rirebuleba. am ambavma da SemoqmedebiTma fantaziam p.

bruki Tavisi drois erT-erT yvelaze efeqtur da pativsacem

reJisorad aqcia.

`zafxulis Ramis sizmaris” mxatvruli esTetika da

gamocdileba dakavSirebulia reJisoris Semdgom dadgmebTan _

senekas `oidiposTan’ da u. Seqspiris `qariSxalTan”. orive 1968

wels daidga.

personaJebma axali TvalTaxedvis are SeiZines. es are maT

saSualebas aZlevda sicarieleSi daenaxaT. `qariSxalSi”

prosperosa da kalibanis varjiSis scena, personaJebs erTi

pirovnebis or mxared warmoadgenda. speqtakli adamianis bunebis

40

anarqiuli da primitiuli mxaris Ziebad iqca. senekas `oidiposis”

da ara sofokles humanisturi `oidiposis” arCevam xazi gausva

Zaladobisa da cxovrebis iracionalur mxares. oidiposis

mosamzadeblad reJisorma msaxiobebs primitiuli kulturebis

adgilobrivi ritualebis Canawerebi gaacno. man artistebs

mosTxova TavianTi gamoTqmis gansakuTrebuli sunTqviTi meTodiT

modelireba gaekeTebinaT, romelsac ceremonialuri da saritualo

miznebisTvis gamoiyenebdnen. reJisori bevrs laparakobda imaze, Tu

ra iyo oidiposis sawyisi, Cveulebrivi fesvi. es iyo ritmi, xmis

gamoyeneba da agznebis gamowveva. yvela es araCveulebrivad

miesadageboda p. brukis ideas Teatrisa, rogorc ritualisa.

magram maT ar surdaT raime ritualis zusti kopireba, ase rom,

maT TavianTi, sakuTari rituali Seqmnes. daiwyes sunTqviT. am

SemTxvevaSi reJisori gahyva J. l. barosa da rojer blens,

romelTac dadgmuli hqondaT `medea” da `Tieste”. p. brukis

`oidiposs” sisastikis Teatris gansxeulebad miiCneven. man

Tematurad gamoiyena a. artos metafora. speqtakli aigo WiriT

ganadgurebuli qalaqis ambavze. ted hiusis teqsti Tebesa da

vietnamSi sisxlisRvrebs Soris paralels avlebda. erTmaneTs

edareboda Tanamedrove agnosticizmi da senekas romi, sadac

oficialurma religiam adamianebis pirad mrwamsze yvelanairi

gavlena dakarga da religias misticizmisa da naxevrad samecniero

humanizmis nazavi Caenacvla. daskvniTi baqxuri cekva gamoZerwili

iyo maori hakaze, agresiis gamomxatvel ritualze, romelic

simbolurad mtris daSlas asaxavda. saubari sxvadasxva

primitiuli tomis simRerebze iyo awyobili. maT Soris iyo

simRerebi afrikeli Samanebis, tibeteli berebisa da samxreT

amerikeli indielebis. stilizebul emociur gavlenebs Zlieri da

arawesieri sunTqvis ritmiT aRwevdnen. mTavari msaxiobebis

moZraobebi iyo ganyenebuli, Tavisufali grZnobebisa da emociuri

kontaqtisagan.

41

speqtaklis vizualuri saxe ukiduresi ubraloebiT

gamoirCeoda. msaxiobebs ecvaT msubuqi kostiumebi da Savi, mrgval

yeliani jemprebi, isini idgnen carieli oqros kubis SigniT,

romelic iyo scenis SuaSi. kubisgan moqmedebis kulminaciur

momentebSi damabrmavebeli sinaTle irekleboda. es STabeWdileba

sicarielisa protagonistis statiuri uZraobiT iyo

gaZlierebuli. mTavar rolSi iyo jon gilgudi. oidiposis mTeli

oTxgverdiani sityva gadmocemuli iyo erT emblemur moZraobaSi

mklavebis zecisken apyrobiT. es ganyenebuloba kompensirebuli iyo

emociuri xmovani efeqtebiT, romlebic qorodan modioda. gundi

ganlagebuli iyo darbazis mTel perimetrze. isini imeorebdnen

protogonistis sityvebs, raTa eqoseburi simRerebi SeeqmnaT,

romlebic swrafi ritmuli sunTqviT imRereboda da Wiris aRweras

Tan erTvoda. sityvebs ymuiliT usvamdnen xazs. ritualurad

irtyamdnen mkerdSi xels oidiposis mier sakuTari Tavis

dadanaSaulebis dros. LAMDA–s eqsperimentis dros, p. brukma da C.

marovicma aRmoaCines, rom saxis gamometyveleba xmis dawolis

zemoqmedebiT iaponur niRbebs daemsgavsa. oidiposis repeticiebze

savarjiSoebi ganviTarebuli iyo tai kis teqnikiT. simZimis Zalas

iyenebdnen rogorc energiis erTaderT wyaros, rom moZraobis

SemcirebisaTvis mieRwiaT. gamoxatvis Semcireba aucilebel

minimumamde axasiaTebs p. brukis yvela eqsperiments CIRT37-Si.

pirvelad ganzraxva Teatraluri enis kvlevisa, gaCnda

Seqspiris samefo Teatris aRmosavleT evropaSi gastrolebis

dros, sadac `liri” aCvenes. mayurebels inglisuri saerTod ar

esmoda. p. brukma SeniSna, rom kulturuli an lingvisturi

konteqstebi moqmedeben rogorc barierebi da Rrma universaluri

donis komunikacias aferxeben. man gadawyvita da daiwyo

gamokvleva im pirobebisa da mdgomareobebis, romliTac Teatrs

pirdapir SeeZlo saubari. mas gauCnda kiTxva, ra pirobebia saWiro,

37

CIRT_Teatraluri kvlevis saerTaSoriso centri.

42

raTa is, rac xdeba Teatralur gamocdilebaSi, rac aRmocendeba

msaxiobSi, miRebul da gagebul iqnas mayureblis mier

gaziarebuli kulturuli niSnebisa da simboloebis daxmarebis

gareSe. swored am amocanam ganapiroba p. brukis dasis

saerTaSoriso Semadgenloba. am dasSi Sediodnen msaxiobebi

iaponiidan, afrikidan, sparseTidan, espaneTidan, safrangeTidan,

britaneTidan da aSS-dan. es iyo aseve mizezi maTi afrikaSi

mogzaurobisa. eZebdnen mayurebels, romelsac Txrobis gaazreba

aklda. es niSnavda komunikaciis tradiciuli prioritetebis ukan

daxevas, meoradi elementebis - Jestis, tonis, xmis dinamikis an

moZraobis mniSvnelobisa da datvirTvis amaRlebas, rac

gamomsaxvelobiT eqspresias zrdis. p. bruki aqcents akeTebda

individualuri msaxiobis jgufSi integrirebaze. is fiqrobda, rom

eqspresiuli formebi, Seqmnili koleqtivis mier,

daupirispirdeboda arqetipebis universalurobas. amis ukan idga

naxevrad mistiuri rwmena sxeulis metafizikuri mniSvnelobisa,

rogorc `organuli fesvis”, rac aerTianebs yvela adamians.

maTi muSaoba efuZneboda im faqts, rom adamianis

gamocdilebis zogierTi siRrmiseuli mxare SeiZleba gamoCndes

xmaurebiT da adamianis sxeulis moZraobiT. es aris gza, romelic

arxevs da axmianebs erTsa da imave sims nebismier damkvirvebelSi,

miuxedavad misi kulturuli da rasuli mdgomareobisa. sxeuli

iqceva samuSao wyarod da masalad. p. brukma koncentrireba

gaakeTa e.w. `damarxul~ Temebze - socialur eqsploataciaze,

Zaladobaze, incestze, seqsualurobasa da revoluciaze da aqcia

isini adamianis gamTlianebuli mdgomareobis gamomsaxvel

universalur formulebad.

`qariSxalSi” carieli scena mayurebelTa darbazis SuaSi

moawyves. zogi mravaldonian cvalebad ficarnagze ijda,

romelsac win miaqanebdnen da romelzec msaxiobebi Zvrebodnen,

qanaobdnen da rTul gimnastikur varjiSebs akeTebdnen.

mayureblebs aseve ubiZgebdnen, rom Sereodnen msaxiobebs TamaSis

43

teqnikis `daxurul situaciebSi~. dasawyisSi ori msaxiobi `sarkis”

savarjiSos asrulebda. isini erTmaneTs uyurebdnen da erTmaneTis

moZraobebs imeorebdnen. aman artistsa da damkvirevebels

unikaluri komunikaciisa da ukureaqciis saxe Seuqmna. yoveli

moqmedeba iwvevda sapasuxo reaqcias, rac Semdeg aseve iwvevda

momdevno moqmedebas. kulminaciuri iyo masiuri scena

gadayiravebul piramidaze, romelic prosperos wabilwuli

sxeuliT Seiqmna, es iyo fskeris mwvervali da gamarjvebuli

kalibani idga TavSi.

LAMDA–s eqsperimenti iyo `hamletis kolaJi”, sadac C.

marovicma scada piesa Signidan gaexsna, rogorc montaJi dialogis

frangmentebisa da wyvetili scenebis. es hgavda J. renes an f.

triufos filmis struqturas Tavisi wyvetili montaJiT, axlo

kadriTa da neli gaxsniT. es aseve hgavda disonansebs arnold

Sonbergis musikaSi. C. marovicis mizani iyo adamianis fsiqikis

eqspresionistuli suraTi Seeqmna. es speqtakli varaudobda, rom

hamletis `laqa~ yvelas koleqtiur aracnobierSi arsebobda.

lingvisturma eqsperimentebma kulminacias 1971 wlis

festivalze, persepolisSi miaRwia, speqtaklSi `orgasti”. orgasti

Teatris kvlevis saerTaSoriso jgufis pirveli sajaro

warmodgena iyo. jgufTan muSaobisas ted hiusma specialuri ena

Seqmna. xelovnurad Seqmnili sityva `orgasti” miznad isaxavda,

rom xazi gaesva piesis Sinaarsisa da formis organuli

erTianobisTvis. es ena ar iyo Seqmnili mxolod imisTvis, rom

aerekla naxevrad barbarosuli samyaros mgrZnobeloba. is aseve

gamiznuli iyo magiuri zegavlena moexdina msmenelis mentalur

mdgomareobaze instinqtur doneze. xmebs misces specifikuri

emociuri datvirTva da sityvebi intuiciuri teqnikiT moigones

imisTvis, rom Tavidan aecilebinaT is, rasac t. hiusi eZaxda

butbuta gaugebar metyvelebas. isini eZebdnen enas, romelic aris

Rrmad, cnobierebis doneebis qveS. ganzraxva iyo SeeqmnaT

erTianoba xmebis, rasac eqneboda fizikuri moqmedebis statusi da

44

daeqvemdebareboda gaSifvras inteleqtualuri analiziT. 2000-ze

meti sityva Seiqmna da yvelas hqonda semantikuri mniSvneloba da

SesaZlebeli iyo sxva enaze Targmniliyo. bevri sityvis fuZe

gamosaxavda fiziologiur cnebebs. GR_Wama, KR_STanTqma,

ULL_gadaylapva. ufro ganyenebuli sagnebi gamoxatuli iyo

narevebiT, rogoricaa BULLORGA (ULL_STanTqma, ORG_sicocxle)

rac niSnavda sibneles da KROGON, rac niSnavda damangrevel

princips. orgasti Zalian hgavda adreul dadaistur eqsperimentebs

Tavisi plastiuri xmebiT, rac wamovida siurealistebis

interesidan avtomaturi werisadmi, rogorc pirdapiri

qvecnobieris gamoxatulebisa.

TviTon sityva orgasti t. hiusma Seqmna aRsaniSnad yofierebis

cecxlis, metaforulad _ mze. (ORG_sicocxlis, yofierebis

aRsaniSnad, GHAST_sulebis alis aRsaniSnad). masalad avtorma

aiRo Seqmnis miTi, romelic Sedgeboda promeTeosis legendebidan,

kronosis mier Tavisi Svilebis Caylapvisgan, heliosisa da

zoroasteris kultebisgan. masSi iyo aseve kavSirebi da pasaJebi

esqiles `mijaWvul promeTesTan” da `sparselebTan.” masSi aseve

gamoyenebuli iyo senekas `Tieste” da `SeSlili herkulesi”, iyo

nawilebi avestadan38. t. hiusi cdilobda dabruneboda enis

safuZvlebs. es kolaJi miTiuri masalisa, iyo mcdeloba Tavidan

aRmoeCina miTis universaluri safuZveli damarxuli

mracalricxovani arqetipebis rigis qveS.

orgastis Temebia udanaSauloTa xocva-Jleta, Svilis mamis

mier datyveveba, gaTavisuflebis Zieba SurisZiebis gziT, tiranis

mier Tavisi Svilebis ganadgureba da Tavisuflebis Zieba codnis

saSualebiT. eseni aisaxa zoroasteris himnebSi, promeTeosis

ambebSi, herkulesis ambebSi, p. kalderonis `cxovreba sizmariaSi”,

sparsul legendebSi da sxva wyaroebSi.

38

avesta – zoroastrelebis wminda teqstebis krebuli, Zveli iranuli literaturis uadresi Zegli, avsetur enaze dawerili, enaze, romelic sxvagab arsad ar aris dadasturebuli.

45

p. brukis interesi promeTeosis miTisadmi 1965 wlidan

gaizarda, roca man Sesamowmeblad miiRo robert lovelis mier

Targmnili esqiles piesa.

miuxedavad vokaluri aqcentis cxovelur musikaze gadatanisa,

t. hiusis teqsti da gundi agebuli iyo rogorc reqviemi, erTi xma,

adioda godebis maRal tonalobaSi da Tan axlda dakvriTi

ritmebi dolebsa da metalis sayvirebze. personaJebi sakmaod

kargad iyvnen gansazRvrulni.

speqtaklis pirveli nawili sulebis samyaroSi mimdinareobda.

iTamaSes atarqserqses samarxSi, cariel terasaze. mis win Canda

persepolisis nangrevebi. gamoiyenes avesta - ceremoniuli ena didi

xnis mkvdari mefisa da religiis. yvelaferi iZleoda

ritualurobis gancdas. meore nawili xdeboda mkvdarTa samefoSi,

naqSe-rostamis siaxloves39, sadac oTxi imperatoris qalaqia

gamoWrili. bunebrivi ganaTebisTvis cecxlis gamoyenebas, alis

burTs, dakidebuls promeTeusis win, romelic iyo mijaWvuli

maRal kldeze da CiraRdnebs, romlebsac msaxiobebi daatarebdnen,

simboluri Zala hqondaT. pirvel nawilSi krogonis –sibnelis

destruqciuli Zalis mier fuZiseuli Semqmneli cecxlis

daTrgunva xdeboda, romelic RvTaebriv harmonias warmoadgenda.

misi droebiTi daZleva, mzis Casvlisas ZaldatanebiT da

damonebiT xorcieldeboda. meore nawili cikls ganTiadisas mzis

amosvliT asrulebda. amomavali mze kldis ZirSi mdebare

zoroastrul taZars anaTebda, sadac miwisqveSa samyaroSi Casul

herkuless iRebdnen.

orgastSi brukma dasavluri da aRmosavluri miTologiis

sinTezi ganaxorciela. moqmedeba bunebasa da istoriul ZeglebTan

harmoniuli Serwymis gziT viTardeboda. aman `orgasts~

gansakuTrebuli masStaburi mxatvruli gamomsaxveloba da

39

nakSe-rostami – arqeologiuri zona persepolisis CrdiloeTiT, 6 kilometris daSorebiT. aq mdebareobs oTxi didi mefis – dariosis, qserqses, atarqserqsesa da darios II-s kldeSi nakveTi akldamebi.

46

siZliere misca, risi sxvagarad miRweva Zneli iqneboda. `orgasti~

piter brukis ritualuri Teatris gamarTlebad SeiZleba

CaiTvalos. dasavluri da aziuri miTebis kolaJi, ganzraxuli iyo

rogorc siRrmiseuli, `pre-racionaluri~ erTianoba. `orgasti~

iyo erTgvari inteleqtualuri eqsperimenti, romelic xelovnuri

axali miTis Seqmnas isaxavda miznad, Tumca es miTi asociaciur

kavSirSi iyo kacobriobis legendaruli warsulis realur

miTebTan da arqaul religiebTan. speqtaklis kritikosebi

Tvlidnen, rom xelovnurad Seqmnili universaluri ena gaugebari

aRmoCnda da sinamdvileSi komunikaciisTvis barierad iqca. Tumca,

miuxedavad amisa, es albaT XX saukunis erT-erTi yvelaze

masStaburi da saintereso Teatraluri eqsperimenti iyo.

miuxedavad `orgastis~ mimarT mayureblis uaryofiTi

damokidebulebisa, reJisorma Teatri axali mimarTulebiT waiyvana.

es iyo gza auTenturi soflebisaken, iseTi mayureblisaken,

romelsac TeoriaSic ki ar eqneboda winaswari Sexeduleba

dramatuli speqtaklis Sesaxeb. `orgastTan~ erTad dasi ted

hiusis farsul skeCs TamaSobda.

p. bruki eZebda mayurebels, romelsac enaSi saerTod ar

eqneboda sityva `Teatri”. yvela specifikuri kulturuli

pirobiTobisa da simbolizmis uaryofa, sawyisebTan dabruneba im

sanaxaobebis saTaurebSic Cans, romlebic Seiqmna rogorc CarCo

improvizaciisTvis. `yuTis Sou” _ Seicavda suraTebs ted hiusis

leqsebidan. iyo `kaciWamias Sou”, `fexsacmlis Sou” _ romelic

dawera jon heilpernma, jgufis oficialurma mematianem. aseve iyo

`puris Sou” da `xmauris Sou”.

epikuri gamosaxvelobisa da bunebriv garemosTan sinTezis

Ziebam bruki induri eposis - `mahabharatas~ grandiozul

proeqtamde miiyvana. qvis samtexloSi `mahabxaratas” dadgmis dros,

p. bruki bunebis ganumeorebel silamazesa da pirvelqmnilobasTan

Sesaferis erTianobas eZebda. rodesac speqtakli baufSi,

glazgosa da niu-iorkSi Cveulebriv scenaze gadaitanes, reJisorma

47

Tavidan Seqmna sasceno garemo da mas SesaZleblobis farglebSi

`bunebrioba~ mianiWa. scenis iataki qviSiT dafara. scenis ukana

kedeli frialo kldes daamsgavsa (es kedeli ciurixSi speqtaklis

Cvenebisas daadables imisTvis, rom mzis amosvla eCvenebinaT).

ufro metad pirobiTi `mahabxarata” (1985w.) Teatris Zirebis

Ziebis saboloo Sedegi iyo. efeqturad iyo nasesxebi samsaxiobo

teqnika `kathakalidan~ da `no~-dan. eposs dialogis forma misces

da pirvelad, rogorc aRvniSneT, RamisTeviT, qvis samtexloSi

iTamaSes. `mahabxarataSi~ aSkara iyo romantiuli xedva, romelmac

dabruneba Teatris miTTan zusti Camoayaliba. mahabxarata sawyis

etapze iyo speqtakli - dResaswauli. is efuZneboda uZveles

(Zv.w.Vs) indur eposs. poema aRwers istoriul omebs Zv.w.-is II

aTaswleulSi (asobiT wliT adre troas dacemamde). p. brukma es

speqtakli RirSesaniSnav namuSevrad miiCnia, romelic mTeli

kacobriobis fuZiseuli warsulis eqos warmoadgenda. induri

xelovneba reJisors Teatris tipologiurad alternatiul

models sTavazobda, romelsac is `orgastidan~ moyolebuli

misdevda. piter brukma da Jan-klod karierma induri poema

ojaxebis istoriamde daiyvanes, romlebic, Tumca axlo

urTierTobaSi iyvnen, magram erTmaneTs samefoebis gulisTvis

anadgurebdnen. ZiriTadi ambis xazi maT minimumade Seamcires. amis

miuxedavad, speqtakli warmoadgenda 9 saaTian maraTons,

moiTxovda 22 msaxiobsa da 6 musikoss. (musikosebi moqmedebaSic

iRebdnen monawileobas) is iwyeboda mzis Casvlisas da `orgastis~

msgavsad, mTavrdeboda ganTiadisas. `mahabharatas~ dadgmis idea

bruks, albaT mas Semdeg gauCnda, rac poemis nawyveti tradiciuli

kathakalis Teatris sanaxaobis saxiT dadgmuli naxa. nawyvets

wiTelsa da oqrosferSi gamowyobili mocekvave asrulebda. am

mocekvave kacis saxe `iyo~ wiTeli da mwvane. misi cxviri TeTri

biliardis burTiviT, misi tuCebidan ori TeTri mTvare (kbilebi)

moCanda, misi warbebi iWmuxneboda da iReboda dolis joxebis

msgavsad. misi TiTebi `warmoTqvamdnen~ ucnaur da daSifrul

48

Setyobinebebs (tradiciuli Jestebis ena). am didebuli mZvinvare

moZraobis miRma, p. bruks SeeZlo daenaxa rom ixsneboda ambavi,

magram ra ambavi? - raRac miTiuri da Soreuli.

is, rasac bruki Tavis dadgmaSi isaxavda miznad, aseve

miTiuri statusi iyo, magram ucxo kulturis barieris gareSe. man

kathakalis msgavsi elementebi SeinarCuna, magaliTad iseTi,

rogoricaa sasuliero piris alisfersaxiani figura. es

sasuliero piri Zlieri momakvdavi meomris garSemo cekvavda.

brukis dadgma efeqtisa da Jestis gasaocari vizualuri

ekonomiurobiT xasiaTdeboda: nacvlad damxrCvali mefis

klakvnisa, erT-erT kuTxeSi alisferi samosi evleboda mdinareSi.

saxe mdidruli didebuli sasaxlisa, Seqmnili iyo xaliCiTa da

baliSebiT, romlebic qviSaze iyo dawyobili. auzSi vercxlis

lambaqebze damagrebuli ramdenime sanTeli tivtivebda. brZolis

mtvrisa da kvamlisTvis msaxiobebi haerSi pudrs afrqvevdnen.

reJisorma ganzrax Camoiyvana miTi adamianis doneze. es aseve

xazgasmulia daweril teqstSi. kriSna, RmerTi romelic am

apokalifsur dapirisprebaSi mTavar rols TamaSobs, kacis saxiT

Cndeba, radgan is kacia. spolosTaviani RmerTi ganeSa, romelic

uyveba biWs (da mayurebels) am maradiul ambavs (`is aris Sen, is

aris cecxli, is aris yvelaferi xilulis guli”) ixsnis niRabs,

rom gaxdes adamiani kriSna. brukis gadawyvetaSi mniSvnelovani

aris is, rom adamianebi da RmerTebi urTierTSenacvlebadni arian,

RvTaeba aris yvela CvenganSi.

warmodgenas Terapiuli xasiaTi hqonda. is sulier cvlilebas

iwvevda TiToeul mayurebelSi, iseve rogorc patara biWSi,

kriSnas moTxrobil ambavs rom ismenda: `me maqvs igive sisxli, me

var RmerTebis STamomavali”. erT-erT mTavar personaJs riCard

Ceslaki TamaSobda, e. grotovskis wamyvani msaxiobi. grotovski

cnobili iyo imiT, rom man miaRwia e.w. transluminaciis efeqts,

romelSic suli kaSkaSebda sxeulis, xorcis miRma.

49

p. brukis SexedulebiT, poemas hqonda ara marto arqetipis,

aramed winaswarmetyvelebis statusi. is iyo prognozi im

ubedurebisa, rac gamoiwvia dasavlurma komercializaciam. am

ubedurebebis magaliTi iyo qalaq bhopalis qimiuri katastrofa da

hiroSimas atomuri ganadgureba. aseTi iyo msoflios perspeqtivis

xedva 1980-ianebis Sua wlebSi da roca erTi personaJi

winaswarmetyvelebda ngrevis epoqas, es gamoxatavda reJisoris

mier Tanamedrove sazogadoebis arsebobis tendenciebisa da

mizanswrafvis uaryofas da am sazogadoebis dangrevamde misvlis

xedvas. `mahabxarataSi” kacobriobas uwevda sakuTari Tavis

ganadgureba personaJebisTvis, raTa maT mieRwiaT samoTxisTvis.

p. bruki da J. karieri adaptaciaze TiTqmis 10 weli

muSaobdnen. speqtakli iyo gamocda `miTis Teatris” da aCvenebda

zogierT Sinagan dinebas _ rogorc praqtikuls ise filosofiurs.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom `mahabxarataSi~ brukma dasavluri da

aRmosavluri Teatraluri tradiciis idealur sinTezs miaRwia.

50

Tavi IVB

eJi grotovskis laboratoriuli Ziebebi

XIX_XXss-is mijnisa da XX saukunis avangarduli Teatri

imdroindel sazogadoebas materializmis, pragmatizmisa da

racionalizmis gadametebuli, Warbi gancdis gamo

upirispirdeboda. unda Seqmniliyo alternatiul RirebulebaTa

skala. es pozicia SeimCneva a. strindbergis, p. klodelis, J. Jenes

piesebSi, o. kokoSkas, J. l. baros, p. brukisa da 1970-ianebis

amerikul avangardul jgufTa namuSevrebSi. yvelaze gasaocari

miRwevebi am xaziT ekuTvnis eJi grotovskis, romelsac aqvs

umartivesi gansazRvreba Tavisi miznis _ sazRvris gadakveTa

`Sensa~ da `Cems~ Soris, moZebna iseTi adgilis, sadac urTierToba

SesaZlebelia.

eJi grotovski daibada 1933 wlis 11 agvistos poloneTis

qalaq riaSevSi. misi debiuti Sedga 1958 wels speqtakliT `wvimis

RmerTebi”. am speqtaklSi ukve ikveTeboda reJisoris Tamami

damokidebuleba teqstisadmi. imave wels, Teatris kritikos da

dramaturg ludvig flaSenTan erTad, e. grotovskim qalaq

opoleSi Seqmna `13 rigis Teatri”. iq man daiwyo msaxiobTa jgufis

Camoyalibeba, romelic reJisors Tavisi gansakuTrebuli xedvis

ganxorcielebaSi daexmareboda. am TeatrSive daiwyo man

eqsperimentebi, romelTac mas saSualeba misces msaxiobTan

muSaobis axali meTodebi da gamomsaxvelobis axali formebi

mieRo. misi wvrTnis meTodebi miznad isaxavda msaxiobebisTvis

fsiqologiuri zRudeebis moxsnas. mas surda, rom artistebs

moeSorebinaT da ganeZarcvaT, yoveldRiuri niRbebi, romlebic maT

`garegan~ personas ayalibebdnen. es teqnikebi, fsiqoanalitikuri

Teoriis msgavsad, maT kompleqsebisgan gaTavisuflebisken

miuZRoda. Teoriulad es msaxiobs speqtaklSi Tavisi arsebobis

aucileblobis Cvenebis saSualebas aZlevda. individebs Soris

51

barierebis damsxvrevis paralelurad, barierebi TviT individis

SigniTac imsxvreoda. TviTgamovlenis kulminaciur momentSi,

sulierebis apoTeozSi myofi msaxiobi Tavisi Tavis zRvars

abijebda. es qmnida e.w. transiluminaciis40 efeqts _ roca suli

asxivebda sxeulidan msaxiobis fsiqiuri da sxeulebrivi Zalebis

gaerTianebiT.

e. grotovskis mosazrebiT, adamianis gankerZoebuli

individualuroba zedapiruli da arabunebrivi fenomeni iyo. mas

TeatrSi am xelovnuri garsis miRma SeRweva, namdvili

anTropologiuri arsis manifestacia, aracnobieris fsiqo-

fizikuri reaqciebis gamowveva surda. fsqikis es siRrmiseuli

Sinaarsi iungianur arqetipebs Seesabameboda. am arqetipebis

gamovlena imas niSnavda, rom maT qvecnobieris namdvili

gamoxatuleba ipovnes. msaxiobi miTis cocxal reinkarnaciad

iqceoda. artistebi qmnidnen gansazRvrul saxeebs, imijebs.

magaliTad, msaxiobi Sua moqmedebisas Cerdeboda da kavaleriis

jariskacis pozicias iRebda, rogorc es Zvelad popularul

naxatebSi iyo gamosaxuli. TamaSis es meTodi, avtomaturi

asociacis gziT, Rrmad, koleqtiur aracnobierSi damarxul

saxeebs ixmobda da eqspresionistuli TamaSis meTodsa da stils

hgavda.

grotovskis TeatrSi msaxiobis sxeulis plastikam, mkvTrma

Jestikulaciam gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba SeiZina. sxeulis

gazrdili plastikur-emociuri gamomsaxvelobis fonze saxis

kunTebi gaSeSebuli iyo, adamianis individualuri maxasiaTeblebi

mtkice niRbad gadaqceuliyo. reJisoris Ziebebi da Sexedulebebi

antonen artos mosazrebebs emTxveoda, miuxedavad imisa, rom e.

grotovskim a. artos `Teatri da misi oreuli” mxolod 1964 wels

waikiTxa _ mas Semdeg, rac Tavisi esTetikis ZiriTadi elementebi

40

transiluminacia – sxeulis romelime nawilis ganaTebis meTodi, rac misi struqturuli Semadgenlobis ukeT Seswavlasa da kvlevas uwyobs xels. (samedicino mniSvnelobiT). grotovski transiluminaciis cnebas metaforuli mniSvnelobiT mimarTavda.

52

ukve Camoyalibebuli hqonda. SemdgomSi is erTgvarad `daSorda~

artos da aRniSnavda, rom misTvis mTavari iyo adamiani da ara

kosmiuri transi. albaT swored amitom ganapiroba grotovskis

laboratoriulma Teatrma swored saTeatro anTropologiis

ganviTareba. Tumca, sisatikis Teatris principebTan siaxlove

imdenad aSkara iyo, rom recenzentebis azriT, speqtaklebi

`doqtori faustusi” da `udreki ufliswuli” iyvnen saxe

`sisastikis Teatris”, swored is, risi ganxorcielebac a. artom

Tavad ver SeZlo.

e. grotovskis yvela speqtakli SegviZlia miviCnioT erTi da

imave Temis, sakuTari Tavis sazRvrebis gadalaxvis variaciebad. is

aRwerda mTavar principebs plastikis savarjiSoebisas, romelic

man Tavisi dasis wvrTnisTvis SeimuSava. man fsiqiuri fizikurs im

gziT daukavSira, romelic xels uwyobda aracnobieris

gamokvlevasa da gaTavisuflebas. misi TqmiT, rodesac ambobda _

wadi Seni Tavis miRma, _ is moiTxovda gausaZlis daZabulobasa da

koncentrirebas. reJisorma icoda, rom arsebobda daRlilobis

zusti wertilebi, romlebic amsxvrevdnen gonebis kontrols,

romelic Cven gvboWavda. repeticia ise iyo agebuli, rom gamoewvia

Zalis gamoclis, daqanculobis mdgomareoba, romlis

saSualebiTac msaxiobebs SeeZlebodaT zRvrisTvis gadaebijebinaT.

sazRvrebi, romlebsac Cven vuqmnidiT Cven Tavs, blokavda

qmnadobis kreatiul process.

fizikuri moqmedeba qvecnobieris enaze `iTargmneboda~.

msaxiobi mxolod sakuTari SesaZleblobis anabara iyo

mitovebuli.. e. grotovskis sistema artistisgan fizikuri sxeulis

absolutur kontrols moiTxovda. mas aseve unda ekontrolebina

xma, rom speqtaklis msvlelobisas gardasaxva ar gaWirveboda da

Sesabamisad emoqmeda. reJisors surda, rom msaxiobSi Ziebis

grZnoba da survili gamoemuSavebina, raTa maT TavianTi

SesaZleblobebisTvis gadaemetebinaT da mayurebeli STaegonebinaT.

53

adreul periodSi e. grotovski Teatrs ise aRiqvamda, rogorc

mayureblisTvis gamiznul Ria saRmrTo rituals.

Ziebam reJisori miiyvana musikis, gamomxatveli dekoraciis,

mxatvruli ganaTebis uaryofamde. iyenebda martiv grimsa da

kostiums. gaauqma mTeli garegani atributebi, raTa is elementi

gaefarToebina da gaeZlierebina, rac Teatrs kinosgan da

televiziisgan ganasxvavebda da ris gareSec Teatri ver

iarsebebda. es msaxiobisa da mayureblis pirdapiri cocxali

urTierToba iyo. aseTi urTierToba speqtaklSi mayureblis srul

integracias moiTxovda. sawyis etapze reJisori cdilobda epova

is meTodebi, riTac dramatul moqmedebas mayureblisTvis emociur

garemod gadaaqcevda. 1960 wels man Seamcira fizikuri distancia

msaxiobsa da mayurebels Soris, moxsna barierebi scenasa da

darbazs Soris.

e. grotovskis warmatebul speqtaklTa Sorisaa Jan koktos

`orfeosi”, kalidasas `Sakuntala”, adam mickeviCis `winaprebis

daisi”, stanislav vispianskis `akropolisi”, `kalderonis `udreki

princi~, riCard Ceslakis fenomenaluri SesrulebiT,

`apokalipsi”... `akropolisi~ `Raribi Teatris” principebis pirveli

sruli realizacia iyo. msaxiobebi sakoncetracio banakis tyveebs

ganasaxierebdnen, aSenebdnen krematoriumis Senobas mayureblis

garSemo da Tan TamaSobdnen siuJetebs bibliidan da berZnuli

miTologiidan. amas opoles sazogadoebaSi gansakuTrebuli

rezonansi mohyva, radgan ausSvicis sakoncetracio banaki

qalaqidan 60 milis daSorebiT mdebareobda.

`akropolisi” iyo piesa, romelmac didi yuradReba miipyro da

msoflio rezonansi gamoiwvia. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am speqtaklma

reJisoris karieras gansakuTrebuli saerTaSoriso piari gauwia.

grotovskis TeatriT mecnierebi da Teatralur moRvaweebi mTels

msoflioSi dainteresdnen. am speqtaklis mayureblebi

gancalkevebiT da qaosurad mTel darbazSi isxdnen. saTamaSo

sivrce scenisa dadarbazis mijnebs ar scnobda. gaauqmes yvela

54

sazRvari da mijna, rom erTi cocxali organizmi SeeqmnaT.

mayurebeli STanTqmuli iyo moqmedebaSi. visac survili hqonda,

speqtaklis kulminaciur momentebSi monawileobas iRebda. piesis

mixedviT moqmedeba krakovis sakaTedro taZarSi TamaSdeboda,

reJisorma moqmedeba ausSvicSi gadaitana. mayureblis fragmentacia

maTi izolirebisTvis iyo gamoyenebuli. msaxiobebi, mayurebelTa

Soris moZraobis dros, maT yuradRebas ar aqcevdnen. fizikurma

siaxlovem paradoqsulad gausva xazi distancias. artistebi iyvnen

usicocxloebi. ganzraxuli iyo, rom SeeqmnaT sizmris

STabeWdileba, romelic moqmedebas aracnobier fsiqikis Sinaarsebs

uaxlovebda. rogorc e. grotovski ambobda, msaxiobebisa da

mayureblebis Sereva xSirad mxolod zrdida fsiqologiur

barierebs. rogorc gamocdileba amtkicebda, mayurebelsa da

msaxiobs Soris sivrceSi daSorebis SeqmniT, erTi yovelTvis

Tavidan aRmoaCenda meoresTan fsiqikur siaxloves. piter brukma am

speqtakls filmi miuZRvna. mas e. grotovskis samuSao procesis

Canawerebi hqonda. p. bruki werda, rom e. grotovskis muSaoba

unikaluri iyo da mas saTanadod ar afasebdnen.

1968 wels Sedga grotovskis debiuti dasavleTSi. misma dasma

edinburgis festivalze stanislav vispianskis `akropolisis~

mixedviT Seqmnili speqtakli warmoadgina. es iyo kidev erTi

warmateba reJisorisa da `Raribi Teatrisa”. imave wels daniaSi

gamovida e. grotovskis wigni `Raribi Teatrisken”, romelic `odin

Teatrma~ gamosca. es iyo e. grotovskis mier da masze dawerili

eseebis krebuli. is im periodis yvelaze mniSvnelovani naSromi

gaxda. wigni inglisur enaze Semdeg wels gamovida, p. brukis

winasityvaobiT. TavianTi muSaobis aRsawerad orive reJisori

TiTqmis erTsa da imave terminebs iyenebda. Tumca is

mimarTulebebi, romlebsac isini misdevdnen, Zalian

gansxvavdebodnen. p. brukma dawera `carieli sivrce”41 da `Zirebis

41

Empty space

55

Teatri”42, e. grotovskim _ `Raribi Teatri”43 da `sawyisebis

Teatri”44. p. brukis interesi iyo aRmoeCina miTologiuri

arqetipebi. e. grotovskis Ziebis obieqti iyo sulieri Terapia. misi

aqcentebi iyo ritualur formebze. is aRiqvamda dramas rogorc

process da ara produqts.

1964 wels opoleSi `13 rigis TeatrSi” e. grotovskim dadga q.

marlos `doqtori faustusi”. zbignev sinkutisi TamaSobda mTavar

rols. reJisorma msaxiobebs ufleba misca sxeuliT gamoesaxaT

sxvadasxva nivTebi. Seqmna intimuri garemo msaxiobebsa da

mayureblebs Soris. es ukanasknelni sami sasadilo magidis

garSemo, xis grZel skamebze isxdnen. es magidebi iyo scenac,

dekoraciac da rekvizitic. roca mayurebeli Semodioda, fausti

ukve ijda Sua magidis TavSi da epatiJeboda maT, rogorc

stumrebs, rom daekavebinaT TavianTi adgilebi. TiTqos es iyo

faustisTvis bolo vaxSami. am vaxSamze saWmlis magivrad faustis

cxovrebis scenebi TamaSdeboda.. e. grotovskiseulma

interpretaciam `doqtori faustis” RmerTi demonur RvTaebad

aqcia, romlis kanonebi iyo maxeebi da ewinaaRmdegeboda eTikas,

moralsa da WeSmaritebas. mefistofeli xdeboda RmerTis agent-

provokatori. man Caicva papis mantia faustis satareblad da

jojoxeTSi wasayvanad. fausti warmodgenili iyo rogorc

wmindani, siwmindis arqetipi. ucodveloba, wmindanoba, romelic,

artoseuli terminiT, gansazRvrulia rogorc absoluturi

survili da ndoma wminda sufTa WeSmaritebis. is SeiZleba

miRweul iqnes mxolod boroti RmerTis winaaRmdeg ajanyebiT.

msaxiobi, romelic fausts TamaSobda, imitom airCies, rom is

fizikurad hgavda wminda sebastianis `arqetipul~ suraTs.

speqtaklis scenebi simbolur niSnebsa da imijebze aigo. iyo

siuJetebi qristes cxovrebidan _ maria magdalinelis sasjelisgan

42

Theatre of roots 43

Poor theatre 44

Theatre of sources

56

gaTavisufleba, taZris gawmenda, papze Seteva. fausti xdeboda

mxsneli ieso qriste adamianSi. suli iyo gandidebuli, xolo

adamiani Semcirebuli da dasuli Tavis cxovelur sawyisebamde.

faustis sxeuli ikrunCxeboda spazmebiT. misi xma tkivilisa da

tanjvis dros daunawevrebel yvirilad iqceoda. is aRar iyo

adamiani. is cxoveli iyo, romelic mZimed sunTqavda.

1965 wels e. grotovskim Tavisi dasi vroclavSi gadaiyvana da

Tavis Teatrs `Teatri-laboratoria” daarqva. maT daiwyes muSaoba

am Teatris yvelaze cnobil speqtaklze `udreki ufliswuli”.

premiera Sedga 1968 wels. speqtakls bevri XXs-is erT-erT yvelaze

mniSvnelovan Teatralur movlenad miiCnevs. mTavar rolSi riCard

Ceslakis TamaSi iyo reJisorisa da msaxiobis TanamSromlobis

srulyofili gamoxatuleba. Tavis erT-erT bolo eseSi e.

grotovski werda, rom sanam mTavari gmiris rolis Semsrulebels

danarCen monawileebs SeuerTebda, is r. CeslakTan

individualurad erT welze metxans muSaobda, rom msaxiobs

rolisaTvis saWiro fizikuri gamomsaxveloba srulyofilebamde

mieyvana. p. kalderonis piesa `udreki ufliswuli” gadaakeTa

polonelma iuliuS slovackim. riCard Ceslaks Tavisi Tavi

fizikuri simrTelis dazianebis zRvramde mihyavda. Sedegi iyo is,

rom suli sxeulidan `anaTebda~. kalderonis piesa portugaliis

princ fernandos istoriul gmirobasa da alJiris dapyrobas

eZRvneba. tyved Cavardnilma fernandom uari Tqva, rom is

qristianebiT dasaxlebul qalaq seutaSi gaecvalaT. uaris gamo

man udidesi tanjva daiTmina da wamebiT aResrula. piesa aris

kvleva imisa, Tu rogor aRwevs adamiani siwmindesa da wmindanobas.

piesa samaradiso da saero Rirebulebebis simbolizirebas axdens.

aq aris dapirispireba suliersa da fizikurs, qristianulsa da

warmarTul samyaroebs Soris. piesis centrSi protogonistis

simamacea moqceuli, romelic naCvenebia mZime gansacdeliT,

degradaciiTa da SimSilobiT. sulieri potencialis sxeulis

gvemiT gamovlena pirdapir ukavSirdeboda sakuTari Tavis

57

sazRvris gadalaxvis grotovskiseul ideasa da teqnikas. teqsti

ufro radikalurad gadaakeTes, vidre `doqtor faustusSi”.

TiTqmis 2/3 amoiRes da personaJebs Soris gadaanawiles. sakvanZo

wertilebSi polonuri liturgiidan fragmentebi Caemata. piesis 14

mTavari roli, romlebsac monebi da samefo karis wevrebi

ematebodnen, 7-mde Semcirda. speqtaklSi sul 6 msaxiobi

TamaSobda. moqmedebis centri feniqss - alJiris princesasa da

fernandos Soris erotiuli urTierToba gaxda. TiTqmis yvela

miTiTeba qalaq seutaze brZolis scenebTan erTad amoiRes. amave

dros, mavri da qristiani personaJebi erT jgufSi gaaerTianes.

gaaTavisfles ra moqmedeba misi istoriuli konteqstidan, is

individsa da sadist, sulierad kastrirebuli sazogadoebas

Soris arqetipul konfliqtad aqcies. aqcenti keTdeboda sam

monologze. TiToeul monologSi r. Ceslaki (princi fernando) .

transiluminaciis maRal dones aRwevda.

speqtakli Svid musikalur `moZraobaze~ iyo agebuli.

`uvertiura” pirveli tusaRis mis mdevrebs damsgavsebis procesis

demonstracias warmoadgenda. es damsgavseba imitom xdeboda

SesaZlebeli, rom tusaRi dapirispirebas daprispirebiT pasuxobda,

Zalas ZaliT ebrZoda. is maTTan sulierebis Tanabar safexurze

idga. fizikuri sikvdilis Semdeg, tusaRs simbolurad

asaWurisebdnen da Tavisi jalaTebis Sav samxedro mosasxamsa da

botebs acmevdnen. igive ver xerxdeboda princis mimarT, radgan

Zaladobas is mxolod pasiurobiTa da sikeTiT pasuxobda. maRali

sulierebis registrs amjobinebda da winaaRmdegobas principulad

ar swevda. speqtaklis am nawilSi koridis elementi Seitanes,

samefo karis moxeleebi imavdroulad xarebi iyvnen. don

fernandos qristes eZaxdnen. amas mohyveboda princis pirveli

`solo” - monologi `mokvdi rwmenisTvis~, romelSic msaxiobi .

transiluminaciis da eqstazis mdgomareobas aRwevda. monologs

mosdevda `rondo”, romelic Sedgeboda menuetisa da polkisgan.

isini erTdroulad warmoadgendnen litaniasa da galobas `kravi

58

RvTisa~ (agnus dei), romelSic sasaxlis kari Tavis mrisxanebas

gamoxatavda. Semdeg modioda meore monologi fizikuri tanjvisa

da Seuracxyofis Temaze, e.w. `alegro”, sadac sasaxlis karis

TiToeuli moxele princs uaxlovdeboda da kbenda. am dros sxvebi

mlocvelebiviT galobdnen. Semdeg ki iyo bolo `solo”,

romelSic princis sxeuls mowowebiTa da gloviT mihyvebodnen,

mis sikvdilsa da msxverpls adidebdnen, kultad aqcevdnen, rac

sxvebs saSualebas aZlevda misi saxeliT momkvdariyvnen.

kulminaciuri transiluminaciis eqstazi fizikur arsebobaze

sulis triumfs warmoadgenda. p. kalderonis gmiri Tavs `nebas

aZlevda~, rom mimdevrebis sulier keTildReobas Seswirvoda.

grotovski-Ceslakis princs ar hqonda obieqturi TviToba. is

moxalise mowamed iqceoda, Tavis wamebas akontrolebda da Tavis

jalaTebs Tavisi sxeulis gasanadgureblad iyenebda, raTa Tavisi

suli ganewminda. protogonistze es eqskluziuri koncentrireba

misi ukiduresi emociiT, sxeulis winaaRmdeg misi mZvinvarebiT iyo

gaZlierebuli, ramac Zaladoba TviTgvemad aqcia. r. Ceslakis

sxeuli mis fsiqologiur mdgomareobas fizikuri reaqciebiT

gamoxatavda, romlebsac, Cveulebriv, uneblie reaqciebad miiCneven.

mas uxvad sdioda ofli, uwiTldeboda kani, daxuWuli Tvalebidan

sdioda cremlebi. es moqmedebis sruli namdvilobis efeqts qmnida

speqtakli `udreki ufliswuli”, praqtikulad, r. CeslakiT

iyo STagonebuli. is grotovskis Teatraluri ideebis srul

realizaciad aris miCneuli. esaa msaxiobis mier Semakavebeli

fsiqologiuri blokebis daZlevis, sakuTari gankerZoebuli

arsebobis gadalaxvis ukiduresi magaliTi. am speqtakls iseTi

cnebebis realizaciad miiCnevdnen, rogorebicaa ganwmenda,

morCilebis aqti, saero siwminde, romelTac Tanamedrove

sazogadoeba skeptikurad uyurebs. `udreki ufliswulis”

momzadebisas e. grotovskim aRniSna, rom Teatri - laboratoria

mayurebel-mowmes eZebda, magram mayureblis damowmeba SesaZlebeli

iyo mxolod maSin, Tu msaxiobi `namdvil TamaSs~ miaRwevda. Tu

59

namdvili TamaSi ar Sedgeboda, maSin arafers dasWirdeboda

damowmeba.

speqtakli `apokalipsi”45 e. grotovskim 1968 wels dadga. is

kargi magaliTi iyo imisa, Tu rogor eqceodnen teqsts Teatr-

laboratoriaSi. es speqtakli avtonomiuri Teatris reJisoriseul

ideals miuaxlovda, sadac peripetia teqsts ar Seesabameboda,

wminda Teatralur fenomenad iqceoda. grotovski speqtaklis

literaturul-dramaturgiuli safuZvlebidan abstragirebas

eswrafvoda. speqtaklis Tema iyo `meored mosvla~. moqmedeba

xdeboda religiur dResaswaulze. vaWrebi da maTxovrebi Rames

taZarTan aTevdnen. maT Soris speqtaklis mTavari figura miamiti

adamiani, loTi saimon piteri ikveTeboda, romelmac daijera, rom

is iyo qriste. igi ambobda, rom nazareTSi daibada da jvarze

aResrula adamianebisTvis, romlebmac masSi RmerTi ver Seicnes. is

asaxelebda sxvebsac - maria magdalinels, ioanesa da iudas.

warmoadgenda arqetipul scenebs qristes wamebisa. Tumca,

TandaTan, saimon piteris qmedebaSi, Tavad speqtaklSi Temis

karnavaluri amoyiraveba ikveTeboda. saimon piteri qristes

arqetips Sordeboda, Tavis sadistur instiqtebs gamoxatavda.

siwmindis gamasxaraveba, groteskuli da goTuri karnavaluri foni

speqtaklSi gamoyenebul xerxs `kontrkulturaze~ mixeil baxtinis

Sexedulebebs uaxlovebda. dasasrul, saimon piteri - miamiti

qriste, zekacs uaryofda. is sanTlebs aqrobda, romlebic

taZarTan Semdgar barbarosul garTobas anaTebdnen da miamit

mlocvel adamians, romelic sibneleSi locvebs butbutebda,

ubrZanebda, rom wasuliyo da ukan aRarasodes dabrunebuliyo.

rogorc mTlianoba, `apokalipsi” SeiZleba danaxul iyos, rogorc

ritualuri xilvis Teatris ganxorcieleba. religiis Temis

profanacia grotovskis kulturologiur refleqsiis

45

Apocalypsis cum Figuris

60

gamoxatuleba da dasavleTis kulturis degradaciis, siwmindeTa

da RirebulebaTa amoyiravebis procesis demonstracia iyo.

e. grotovskisa da Teatris mravali mkvelvaris mosazrebiT,

primitiuli martivi ritualebi dramis uadres formas

warmoadgenda, romelTa meSveobiTac pirvelyofili adamianebi

aracnobierSi dagrovili energiisgan Tavisufldebodnen. amasTan,

rituali xSirad iyo erTaderTi gza tabus dasarRvevad. tabus

ritualuri rRveva yoveldRiurobaSi balansis aRdgenas

emsaxureboda. gavrcelebuli azriT, grotovskis Teatri erTgvar

ritualur religiur Teatrs warmoadgenda, Tumca arsebobs

sapirispiro mosazrebebic, romelTa Tanaxmadac es koleqtiuri

Terapiis inteleqtualuri aqtebi iyo.

1986 wels roberto baCim eJi grotovskis Tavisi saTeatro

Ziebebis italiaSi, pontederaSi gadatana SesTavaza. iq mas

SeeZleboda Tavisi kvlevis mixedviT imden xans emuSava speqtaklze

da manamde ar eCvenebina is mayureblisTvis, sanam Tavad ar

moisurvebda. grotovski SeTavazebas daTanxmda.

piter brukis azriT, e. grotovski gviCvenebda raRacas iseTs,

rac warsulSi arsebobda, magram saukuneebis manZilze daiviwyes.

reJisori fokusirebas axdenda energiis transformirebaze,

romelic SeiZleboda amoqmedebuliyo Cveuli vibraciuli

simRerebiT, romlebic iyvnen ritualur tradiciebSi, ganwyobiT

muSaobaSi, zust da ganmeorebad msaxiobur struqturaSi.

grotovskisTvis speqtakli sakuTar arsTan da sxvebTan

siRrmiseuli komunikaciis saSualeba iyo.

e. grotovskisTvis yvelaze mTavari mizani is iyo, rom Zieba,

romelsac man mTeli sicocxle miuZRvna, masTan erTad ar

momkvdariyo da misi codna sxvasac gadascemoda. amitom man Tomas

riCards saSemsrulebelo xelovnebis praqtikis gadacemis

xelmZRvaneloba daakisra. 1983 wels e. grotovski kaliforniis

universitetis irvingis institutis xelmZRvaneli gaxda da

fizikuri, vokaluri, fsiqologiuri da sanaxaobrivi

61

disciplinebis sferoSi Tavisi kvlevebi gagrZela. 1984 wels

polonuri `Teatri laboratoria” daixura.

1996 wlidan daarsda damoukidebeli kvleviTi centri,

romelsac erqva `eJi grotovskis da Tomas riCardsis samuSao

centri” da aq Tomas riCardsi monawileebs da swavlis msurvelebs

msoflios yvela qveynidan iRebda. T. riCardsi gaxda grotovskis

mniSvnelovani damxmare da isini erTad 13 weli muSaobdnen. am

centrSi muSaoba efuZneboda k. stanislavskis Teoriebs fizikuri

moqmedebis Sesaxeb. am centris muSaoba T. riCardsis

xelmZRvanlobiT pontederaSi grZeldeba.

e. grotovski xangrZlivi avadmyofobis Sedegad 1999 wels

gardaicvala.

grotovskis saTeatro eqsperimenti msaxiobTan muSaobis

universalur meTodologias emyareboda. es meTodologia

dasavlur-aRmosavlur teqnikebs efuZneboda. msaxiobTan muSaobaSi

grotovski iogas elementebs, transul teqnikebs, stanislavskis

sistemis elementebs, meierholdis biomeqanikasa da individualur

gamocdilebas iyenebda. grotovskis Teatris religiur-ritualuri

elementi Sua saukuneebis polonuri kaTolikuri tradiciis

esTetikasac efuZneboda. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Teatri-

laboratoriis praqtika Teoriuli kvleva-Ziebis samecniero

safuZvlebs emyareboda. aq Cven saqme gvaqvs msoflio praqtikebis

universalur sinTezTan da sxvadsxva kulturaTa iSviaT

Tvisobrivad axali tipis integraciasTan. dasavleT-aRmosavleTis

daaxloebis istoriul-kulturuli procesi aq kulturuli

sferodan anTropologiur sferoSi gadainacvlebs.

62

$2. paraTeatri

1970 wels e. grotovskim gamoacxada, rom Cven postTeatralur

epoqaSi vcxovrobT. `paraTeatraluri~ etapi misi saTeatro

Ziebebis logikuri gagrZeleba iyo. reJisori, romelic sul ufro

amcirebda speqtaklze damswreTa raodenobas da speqtaklis

atmosferos TviTmiznur intimurobas eswrafvoda, TandaTan

msaxiobsa da mayurebels Soris gansxvavebis gabaTilebisken

wavida. misi azriT, sityva `mayurebeli” iyo Teatralur realobaSi

mkvdari cneba. is gamoricxavda Sexvedras, is gamoricxavda

urTierTobas _ kaci-kaci. Tumca, mayureblis uaryofa, TviTon

speqtaklis mitovebas niSnavda. aman reJisori 1970-ianebis Sua

wlebSi scenisgan daSorebamde miiyvana.

e. grotovskis evolucia dramis farglebidan im saqmianobamde,

romelsac cota rama aqvs saerTo TeatrTan, motivirebuli iyo im

rwmeniT, rom ritualebi da miTebi koleqtiuri aracnobieris

meSveobiTYmemkvidreobiT miiReba. is mivida `sawyisebis TeatrTan”,

romelic verafers miaRwevda scenuri speqtaklebiT. amis nacvlad,

is im moqmedebebs mieZRvna, romlebic adamianebs sicocxlis

sawyisebTan miiyvanda. `namdvili monawileobis~ fenomenis Zieba

sagangebod arCeul da Zalian mcire jgufebTan grZeldeboda.

1973 wlidan e. grotovski sxvadasxva proeqtebs axorcielebda.

eseni iyo `mTis proeqti”, `dedamiwis proeqti” da sxv. maTi

saSualebiT reJisori moqmedi kulturis koncefciamde mivida,

romelsac is mistikuri terminebiT aRwerda. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom

am etapze grotovski Tavis adrindel Sexedulebebs daupirispirda

kidec. Tavis adreul namuSevrebSic reJisori Teatrs

gansazRvravda, rogorc elitarul xelovnebas, gamorCeul moments,

romelic iseT mayurebels moiTxovda, romelsac marTla surda

speqtaklTan SepirispirebiTa da konfrontaciis gziT

gaeanalizebina Tavisi Tavi. paraTeatralur etapze misTvis e.w.

63

primitivizmis politika gaxda ganmsazRvreli. Teatri ritualad

iqca, romelSic sxvadsxva raodenobis adamiani monawileobda da

mayurebeli aRar arseboda.

1975 wels Teatr laboratoriam Camoayaliba kvleviTi

institutebi pitsburgsa da vroclavSi, sadac postTeatraluri

proeqtebi xorcieldeboda. laboratoriis praqtikidan SeirCa

fizikuri savarjiSoebi, romlebic safuZvlad daedo vorqSofebs

saxelwodebiT `xmamaRali meditaciebi” da `Cemi simRera”.

vorqSofebi ori specialuri proeqtis mosamzadeblad gamoiyenes.

erT proeqtSi didi jgufi - 75-dan 200-mde adamiani monawileobda.

jgufi mogrovda bnel SemosazRvrul sivrceSi, romelic mxolod

naxSiriani spilenZis sanaTebiTa da CiraRdnebiT iyo ganaTebuli.

vorqSofebs msaxiobebi uZRvebodnen. adamianebi jgufur

impovizaciebSi monawileobdnen. gitarasa da primitiul lerwmis

fleitaze Sesrulebuli improvizirebuli musikaluri

akompanimenti imwuTier ganwyobas pasuxobda da monawileebs

ritmulad aerTianebda. isini eZebdnen gzebs yoveldRiurobis

dasaZlevad da dasaviwyeblad. surdaT Tavi daeRwiaT im SiSisgan,

rac adamianis arss yoveldRiur arsebobaSi anawevrebda.

meore specialuri proeqti monawileTa ufro viwro wrisaTvis

iyo gamiznuli da miznad isaxavda gaeSiSvlebina individualuroba

da monawileebi TavianTi fizikuri sawyisebisTvis daebrunebina.

maT surdaT SeeqmnaT jgufi, romelic adamiansa da bunebriv

samyaros Soris primitiuli, pirvelqmnili urTierTobiT

individis cnobierebis amaRlebas daisaxavda miznad. jgufi RamiT

Ria cis qveS Seikriba. pirveli nawili iyo gaziareba mZime

gansacdelis, martoobisa da izolaciis gancdis. amis Semdeg

monawileebs mosTxoves, rom xeebs Soris fexSiSvelebs erbinaT

srul sibneleSi. garemosTan pirdapiri kavSiris ideaSi

gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeboda Sexebis SegrZnebebsa da

ynosvas. monawileebi Tavs mentaluri Cvevebisgan

gaTavisuflebulad grZnobdnen da veluri arsebis

64

civilizaciamdel mdgomareobas ubrundebodnen. Semdegi etapi

nakadulSi naTloba iyo. amis Semdeg tamtamebis xma monawile

individebs cecxlisken miuZRvoda. mTeli darCenili Ramis

ganmavlobaSi isini cecxlis garSemo cekvavdnen, rogorc ukve

Semdgari jgufi. cekvavdnen tamtamebis ritmze. es yovelive mkacri

monastruli sauzmiTa da relaqsaciuri TamaSebiT mTavrdeboda,

romelsac jgufi improvizaciulad akeTebda mzis Suqze. aseTi

specialuri proeqtebis xangrZlivoba iyo erTi kvira. am

moqmedebaTa TanamimdevrobaSi mkafiod ikiTxeba iniciaciisa da

samyaros ganaxlebis ritualebis krebiTi elementebi.

erT sezonze TiToeul monawiles ormoSi Cawola mosTxoves.

jgufi maT sxeulze miwas ayrida. es iyo simboluri damarxva,

romelsac ritualuri dabadeba mohyveboda. saboloo sauzmisTvis

puri mzis amosvlisas cxveboda. monawileebi aRniSnavdnen

halucianciur efeqtebs, mgrZnobiarobis daqveiTebas,

disorientacias, fizikur gadaRlas. es proeqtebi Zalian hgavda

afrikul, melaneziur iniciaciis ritualebs, elevsinebis

misteriebs. amasTan, ar SeiZleba ar davinaxoT kavSiri brukis

`orgastis~ zogad miTologiur principebTan.

1975 wlis zafxulSi mTeli msofliodan, daaxloebiT 500-ma

adamianma monawileoba miiRo `kvleviTi universitetis” proeqtSi,

romelic grotovskim `xalxTa Teatris” dafinansebiT varSavaSi

moawyo. jgufi Sedgeboda studentebisgan, maswavleblebisgan,

Jurnalistebisgan da cnobili reJisorebisgan. maT Soris iyvnen

piter bruki, Jan lui baro, luka ronkoni, jozef Caikini.

zogierTi aqtivoba jgufebis 24 saaTis ganmavlobaSi tyeSi yofnas

moicavda, sadac monawileebi ecnobodnen ritualur miTebsa da

arqetipul gamocdilebas cecxlis, haeris, miwis, wylis, Wamis,

cekvis, TamaSis, dargvis, banaobis saSualebiT. am procesSi

monawileebs moeTxovebodaT aRmoeCinaT Teatraluri fesvebi

wminda ritualebsa da ritualur gamocdilebaSi da aseve, maT

unda aRmoeCinaT maTi yofierebis namdvili arsi.

65

reJisoris muSaobis am etapma anTropologebis

gansakuTrebuli yuradReba daimsaxura. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom

grotovskim sanaxaoba adamianis kvlevad aqcia.

eJi grotovskis uamravi mimdevari da epigoni gamouCnda. maT

Soris is bevrs ar aRiarebda. mis aRiarebul mowafeTa da

gamgrZelebelTa Soris aris eujenio barba.

66

Tavi V

eujenio barbas `evraziuli Teatri” da

`Teatraluri anTropologiis saerTaSoriso skola”

`Teatraluri anTropologiis saerTaSoriso skola”

msaxiobebis, reJisorebisa da Teatris mkvlevarebis

multikulturuli gaerTianebaa. am organizaciis mTavari kvlevis

sagania samsaxiobo teqnikebis Seswavla. is Seiqmna `odin Teatris~

bazaze da Seqmna italielma reJisorma eujenio barbam. is iyo

poloneli reJisoris eJi grotovskis mowafe da damxmare.

erTaderTi reJisori-avangardisti, romelic grotovskim Tavis

mowafed aRiara. barba Teatralur anTropologias gansazRvravda,

rogorc adamianis qcevis Seswavlas saTeatro qmedebis procesSi,

maSin, roca adamiani Tavis fizikur da sulier arsebobas

organizebul, warmodgeniT, speqtaklur, situaciaSi iyenebs.

`Teatraluri anTropologiis saerTaSoriso skolaSi” reJisorma

Sekriba sxvadasxva tradiciebis mqone ostatebi. es mas saSualebas

aZlevda maTi xelovneba erTmaneTisTvis Seedarebina.

`odin Teatri~ 1964 wels osloSi daarsda. dasi

dainteresebuli iyo primitiuli ritualebis SeswavliT. isini

komunikaciis martivsa da gasageb saSualebebs eZebdnen. amisTvis

Teatrma imogzaura samxreT italiaSi, Soreul aRmosavleTsa da

samxreT amerikaSi. Teatri eZebda iseT adgilebs, sadac saerTod

ar iyo Teatri. maT Seqmnes `barteris~ sistema. sistema saTeatro

gamocdilebis gacvlas gulisxmobda. isini TavianT xelovnebas

aCvenebdnen da amis sanacvlod adgilobriv mcxovreblebs raime

organizebuli sanaxaobis Cvenebas Txovdnen. `odin Teatris~

mesveurebma erTi nabijiT win waswies avangardisaTvis

damaxasiaTebeli primitivizmis kulti. msaxiobebi iqcnen

anTropologebad. p. brukis msgavsad, mogzaurobisas maT Tan

axldaT gadamRebi jgufi, rogorc italiaSi, ise samxreT

67

amerikaSi. masalis miRebis maTi meTodi obieqtur kvlevas

emyareboda.

moqmedebis fsiqo-fiziologiuri safuZvlebis

grotovskiseuli kvlevis barbaseuli gagrZeleba, axali

Teatraluri enis Camoyalibebamde mivida. praqtikaSi es Zalian

hgavda adreuli eqspresionistuli munji filmebis ikonografiul

stils. iyenebdnen arqetipul Jestebs, pozebs, saxis mimikas, rom

spontanuri emociebi _ SiSi, tkivili an survili e.w. sufTa saxiT

warmoedginaT.

Tavis mier Catarebuli kvlevebis Sedegad e. barbam ganacxada,

rom sazRvrebi evropul da aziur Teatrebs Soris ar arsebobs.

man wamoayena evraziuli Teatris cneba. evraziuli Teatri

Tanamedrove Teatralur kulturaSi moqmed sulier da teqnikur

saSualebebs gvTavazobda. evraziuli Teatri moicavs im TeatrTa

nakrebs, romlebic koncentrirebulni iyvnen samsaxiobo,

saSemsruleblo problemebze da es problemebi aqcies kvlevis

sagnad. pekinis operidan _ brextamde, fizikuri mimikidan _ nomde,

kabukidan _ meierholdis biomeqanikamde, delsartedan _

katakalimde, baletidan _ butomde, artodan _ balimde _ es aris

is, rasac barba evraziul TeatrSi aerTianebda.

e. barba Tavis wignSi `Teatraluri anTropologia” wers, rom

yoveli mcdeloba TeatrSi anti-tradiciuli formebis Seqmnisa,

amoRebuli iyo tradiciebis tradiciebidan. evropelma

swavlulebma XV-XVI saukuneebSi miatoves TavianTi sanaxaobrivi

kostumebi, qalaqebi, soflebi da aTenisa da Zveli romis Teatrebi

daviwyebisgan ixsnes. Semdeg axalgazrda romantikosebma Tavi

daanebes tradiciebs da maTi STagonebis wyarod raRac axali,

Soreuli Teatrebi iqca. isini dainteresdnen elizabeTuri

TeatriT46, espaneTis oqros saukuniT47, xalxuri sanaxaobebiT,

46

elizabeTuri Teatri _ igulisxmeba inglisis renesansis periodi. 47

oqros saukune _ igulisxmeba espaneTis renesansis periodi.

68

komedia del arteTi, primitiuli ritualebiT, Suasaukuneebis

misteriebiTa da aRmosavluri TeatriT.

dasavleTs Surda azielebis Teatraluri codnisa da

gamocdilebis. azielTa Teatraluri xelovneba Taobidan Taobas

gadaecemoda. azielebi iyeneben dasavleTisTvis damaxasiaTebel

tradiciuli teqstebis sakuTar interpretaciebs.

evraziuli Teatri saWiroa XXI saukuneSi. amaSi barba ar

gulisxmobs aziuri ambebis dasavlur yaidaze interpretirebas,

axali kodebis Seqmnas, teqnikis reproducirebas, aramed

auTenturi tradiciebis Seswavla-SenarCunebas, radgan bevri

Zveli kodi aRmosavluri sanaxaobisa kvlavac ucnobia da saWiroa

maTi farTo masebisTvis gacnoba.

TviTon es termini - `evraziuli Teatri” zustad gamoxatavs

XX saukuneSi da dResac mimdinare Teatralur procesebs.

69

d a s k v n a

rogorc xedavT, zemoTxsenebulma reJisorebma didi

Teoriuli da praqtikuli samuSaoebi Caatares saTeatro

komunikaciis Zirebis aRmosaCenad. maTi zogierTi cda warmatebuli

iyo, zogierTi _ ara. maT ise itacebdaT axali enis Seqmnis

survili, rom martivis nacvlad, rTul konstruqciebsac qmnidnen,

romlebic zeinteleqtuali mayureblisTvis iyo mxolod gasagebi.

msoflo kulturaSi uamravi cvlileba xdeba. icvleba

faseulobebi, Rirebulebebi, Sexedulebebi. maT Soris, rogorc

naxeT, erTi mniSvnelovani saTeatro tendenciis farglebSi,

Teatris sazrisisa da daniSnulebis specifikuri xelaxali

gaazreba moxda - sanaxaobrivi warmodgenidan komunikaciis

universalur saSualebamde, anTropologiur fenomenamde dayvana.

swored am mimarTulebiT warmoebda praqtikul-eqsperimentuli da

samecniero-kvleviTi saqmianoba.

naSromis Sesajameblad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saTeatro

sanaxaobisa da saTeatro anTroplogiis sferoSi dasavleTisa da

aRmosavleTis daaxloebis procesi XX saukuneSi Zalze

sainteresod ganviTarda. am process tradiciaTa daaxloebis,

gacvlisa da sinTezis tendenciebi axasiaTebs. aracnobieri

fsiqikisa da anTroplogiis sferoSi mimdinare kvlevebma

dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis dapirispirebis anTropologiur

doneze gaerTianebas Cauyara safuZveli. kulturaTa komunikacia

koleqtiuri aracnobieris doneze xdeba. zemoTxsenebuli

reJisorebic xom nacnob arqetipebsa da stereotipebs mimarTavdnen.

karl gustav iungs komunikaciis martivi elementebis SeswavlaSi

lomis wvlili miuZRvis. swored man wamoayena piradi

aracnobierisa da koleqtiuri aracnobieris cnebebi. manve gamohyo,

aseve, ZiriTadi stereotipebi da arqetipebi.

rac Seexeba msoflio globalizaciisa da mcire erebis

kulturis gaqrobis safrTxes, naSromidan naTlad ikiTxeba, rom

70

ama Tu im xalxis mier Seqmnili WeSmaritad faseuli kultura

arsadac ar qreba. mas arc romelime sxva kulturis mier STanTqma

da asimilireba ar emuqreba. amas mowmobs induri, Cinuri, iaponuri

sanaxaobebi, romelTac TviTmyofadoba SeanrCunebuli aqvT.

dRevandel dRes SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom Teatraluri

moRvaweoba ori kuTxiT warmoebs, komerciuli da

anTropologiuri. sanaxaoba da kvleva harmoniulad Tanaarseboben.

eujenio barbam zustad Seafasa Teatraluri procesebi da

Camoayaliba `evraziuli Teatris” cneba. am TeatrSi aziasa da

evropas Soris sazRvari ar arsebobs. dasavleTma da aRmosavleTma

am terminiT kvlav erTi mTlianoba Seqmnes.

XXI saukune evraziuli Teatris saukunea.

71

r e z i u m e

XX saukune mravalferovani, datvirTuli, aqtiuri da

daZabuli iyo. aqtiurobam adamianis moRvaweobis yvela sferoSi

erTgvar piks miaRwia, politikaSi, mecnierebaSi, xelovnebaSi. me

mxolod xelovnebas, kerZod ki Teatrs Sevexebi. Teatraluri

saqmianoba moedo mTel planetas. scenismoyvareTa dasebma

yuradReba miipyres. am dasebidan zogi faseul sanaxaobas qmnida,

zogi _ ara. TeatrSi esTetikuri revolucia moxda. XIX saukuneSi

damkvidrebul naturalizmsa da realizms artistuli sazogadoeba

aujanyda. maT surdaT axali formebi. am formebs simbolizmSi

xedavdnen.

XIX-XX ss. moxda aRmosavluri kulturis xelaxali

`aRmoCena~. mxatvrebi, musikosebi, msaxiobebi, reJisorebi

dainteresdnen maTTvis ucnobi teqnikiT, msoflmxedvelobiT,

filosofiiT.

Teatralur xelovnebaSi, erT-erTi pirveli reJisori,

romelmac aRmosavluri dramatuli xelovneba Tavis idealad

gaixada, iyo frangi Teatris reformatori, novatori, antonen

arto. misi saxeli dakavSirebulia moyirWebuli Teatraluri

formebis gauqmebasTan, TeatrisTvis pirobiTi bunebis

dabrunebasTan. man siRrmiseulad Seiswavla aRmosavluri Teatris

formebi da isini Tavis Teatralur esTetikaSi gamoiyena. misi

STagonebis wyaro iyo baliuri cekva. balieli mocekvaveebis

SemoqmedebaSi man Tavisi Teatraluri ideali dainaxa. man Seqmna

sisatikis Teatri, romelsac aranairi kavSiri ar hqonda fizikur

ZaladobasTan. es Teatri yurdaRebas amaxvilebda cnobil

tragikul Temebze, cnobil damnaSaveebze. a. artos surda Teatri

dasabamTan, ritualebTan, misteriebTan daebrunebina. is aseve did

yuradRebas uTmobda primitiuli kulturebis, ritualebis

Seswavlas. misi Teoriebi ufro mniSvnelovania vidre praqtika. es

Teoriebi Semdgomi drois moRvaweebisTvis STagonebis

72

mniSvnelovan wyarod iqca. am reJisors ar dautovebia speqtaklis

dadgmis mza receptebi. artos mimdevrebi misi mosazrebebis

interpretirebas da individualur amokiTxvas axdendnen.

piter bruki erT-erTi iyo a. artos TeoriebiT STagonebulTa

Soris. is a. artos msgavsad, aseve aqtiurad ikvlevda primitiul

sanaxaobebs afrikaSi da maT sakuTar speqtaklebSi integrirebas

cdilobda. p. bruki aseve cdilobda enobrivi barierebis gauqmebas.

amisTvis man speqtaklSi `orgasti”, specialurad, axali enac ki

Seqmna. is cdilobda speqtaklSi gamoeyenebina arqetipebi,

romlebic yvelasTvis gasagebi iqneboda. man Cauyara safuZveli

Teatraluri teqnikebis kvlevas. Tanamedrove dramaturgiaze

muSaobis paralelurad, is aseve muSaobda klasikur nawarmoebebze.

speqtaklSi `mahabxarata” man organulad moaxerxa aRmosvlur-

dasavluri Teatraluri teqnikebis Serwyma.

ritualebTan dabrunebis kuTxiT, poloneli reJisori, eJi

grotovski ufro Sors wavida. man Tavisi speqtaklebi iniciaciis

ritualebs daamsagavsa. is artistebs aRmosavluri stiliT

wvrTnida. mas surda Tavisi msaxiobebi azieli kolegebiviT

moqnilni, daxvewilni, plastiurni yofiliyvnen. zog SemTxvevaSi,

misi savarjiSoebi meditacias hgavda. man savarjiSoebis

universaluri sistema Seqmna. saTeatro moRvaweobis paralelurad,

is awyobda masterklasebsa da treningebs. am treningebis mizani

iyo monawile studentebi, maswavleblebi, Jurnalistebi TavianT

TavSi CaeRrmavebina, raTa maT TavianTi cxovrebis sazrisi

aRmoeCinaT. man Teatraluri xelovneba adamianis Semsawavlel

mecnierebad aqcia. man Seqmna `Raribi Teatri” da Tavis esTetikaSi

uaryo yvelaferi is, rac msaxiobis mier ar iqmneboda. man Tavis

`Rarib TeatrSi~ datova ori aucilebeli elementi, ris gareSec

Teatri ar iarsebebda, msaxiobi da mayurebeli.

eujenio barba eJi grotovskim Tavad aRiara Tavis namdvil

mowafed da mimdevrad. e. barbam ganagrZo maswavleblis mier

dawyebuli anTropologiuri kvlelvebi, ramac is Teatraluri

73

anTropologiis Seqmnamde miiyvana. Teatraluri anTropologia

Seiswavlis adamianis qcevas organizebul, xelovnurad Seqmnil

situaciaSi. is aseve dainteresebuli iyo kathakalis TeatriT da

uamravi naSromi miuZRvna mas. e. barbam Semoitana `evraziuli

Teatris~ cneba.

am oTxma reJisorma sxva mimdevrebTan erTad, srulad axali

Teatraluri esTetika Seqmnes. maT Teatri 1800 gradusiT

Semoabrunes. Tanamedrove Teatris gageba maT mier Seqmnili

tendenciebis gareSe Znelia.

74

R e s u m e

The twentieth century was multiform, loaded, active and exerted. The

highest point of activity was reached in every sphere of human activities,

politics, science, art. I’m going to speak about the art and especially the theatre.

Theatre activities were spread all over the Earth. Little theatre troupes attracted

attention. Some of these troupes created valuable performances, others – not.

Esthetical revolution happened in the theatre. Spectators didn’t like accepted

naturalism and realism. They wished new forms. In symbolism these new forms

were seen.

In this century oriental culture was rediscovered. Artists, musicans, actors,

directors interested in unknown technique, outlook, philosophy.

One of the first innovator theatre director was Antoine Artaud. He

idealized oriental dramatic art. He was a reformer of French theatre. He

abolished old dramatic forms. He returned conditionality to the theatre. Antoine

Artaud studied oriental theatrical forms and used them in his theatrical

esthetics. He was inspired by Balinese dance and dancers. In the art of

Balinese dancers he saw his own ideal of theatre. Antoine Artaud created

Theatre of Cruelty. This theatre had no connection with violence. This theatre

paid attantion to famous tragic themes, well-known culprits. A. Artaud wished to

return the theatre to it’s inception, rites, mysteries. He studied primitive cultures

and rites. A. Artaud’s theories are more important, than his practice. His

theories inspired subsequent directors. A. Artaud didn’t leave ready recipes of

performance making. His followers interpreted his ideas.

Peter Brook also was inspired by A. Artaud. P. Brook also studied

primitive performances in Africa. He tried to integrate them in his performances.

He also tried to abolish language barrier. In the performance “Orghast”, he

specialy created new language. He tried to use well-known archetypes in

performances. He began studing theatrical techniques. He worked on classic

and modern drama at the same time. P. Brook connected oriental and western

theatrical techniques in “Mahabkharata”.

Jerzy Grotowski went far in returning theatre to rites. His performances

were like on iniciation rites. He trained his actors with oriental techniques. He

75

wished his actors be as flexible, delicate and plastic as eastern ones. J.

Grotowski created system of exercises. Also he organized trainings and

workshops. Students, teachers, juranlists took a part in it. Participants sank in

their mind. They were searching what they wanted from life. J. Grotowski

transformed the theatre in antropological study of human. He created Poor

Theatre. He denied visual effects. In his theatrical asethetics he left only two

essential elements, actor and spectator. Without these theatre can’t exist.

J. Grotowski admited Eugenio Barba as his real disciple. E. Barba

continued antropological studies. He created theatre antropology. Theatre

antropology studies human’s conduct in some kind organized situations. He

also studied Kathakali theatre. He created concept of Eurasian Theatre.

These four directors created absolutely new theatre aesthetics. They

turned theatre in 1800 grade. We must know their art to understand nowadays

theatre.

76

gamoyenebuli literatura

1. bruki p. `carieli sivrce”, Tbilisi, `xelovneba” 1984. 150

2. gvarjalaZeebi T. da i. `qarTul-inglisuri, inglisur-qarTuli leqsikoni”, Tbilisi, `axali saqarTvelo”, 2005. 1050

3. grotovski e. Tbilisi, `kentavri”, 2008. 320

4. kinwuraSvili q. `XX saukunis xelovneba (avangardi)”, saxelmZRvanelo samxatvro saswavleblebis studentebisa da maswavleblebisaTvis, Tbilisi, `Tbilisi” 2005. 199. gv. 69-73.

5. samuSia S. `rusul-qarTuli leqsikoni gramatikuli cnobariT”, Tbilisi, `saqarTvelos macne”, 2006. 907.

6. Арто A, `Театр и его двойник”, с приложением текста `Театр Серафима”, перевод с

французского и комментарии Сергея Исаева, Москва, ”Мартис”, 1993. 191.

7. Арто A, `Манифесты, Драматургия, Лекции, Философия Театра”, Санкт-

Петербург Москва `Симпозиум” 2000. 443. ст 5-34.

8. Barba E, Savarese N, `A Dictionary Of Theatre Anthropology”, Second Edition, `The

Secret Art Of The Performer”, Translated by Richard Fowler, London And New York,

`Routledge, Taylor & Franch Group”, 1990. 320 pg102-111

9. Brockett O. G. Franklin J. H. `History Of The Theatre” Ninth edition, United States of

America, `Allyn and Bacon”, 2003. 692 pg 490-497; 512-514; 526-529; 555-558. 10. Innes C. `Avant Garde Theatre 1892-1992”, London and New York `Routledge” 1993.

262. pg125-173.

NnaSromebi:

1. gordaZe n. saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis Teatrisa da

kinos saxelmwifo instituti, Teatrmcodneobis fakultetis V kursis studenti, sadiplomo Sroma Temaze `sanskrituli drama”, (kalidasas Semoqmedeba), xemZRvaneli _ guliko mamulaSvili, Tbilisi, 2001.

2. kokaia g. saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos saxelmwifo universiteti, humanitarul socialur mecnierebaTa, biznesisa da marTvis fakultetis, Teatrmcodneobis specialobis sabakalavro naSromi, `dasavluri da aRmosavluri Teatrebis integraciis formaTa Zieba”, xelmZRvaneli _ maia goSaZe, Tbilisi, 2010

internet resursebi:

1. http://culture-world.ucoz.com/publ/vlijanie_na_evropejskuju_kulturu/1-1-0-19 ukanasknelad

iqna gadamowmebuli _ 12.05.2012

2. ka. wikipedia.org ukanasknelad iqna gadamowmebuli _ 12.05.2012

3. www.lexicon.ge ukanasknelad iqna gadamowmebuli _ 12.05.2012

4. www.translate.ge ukanasknelad iqna gadamowmebuli _ 12.05.2012

5. www.lang.ge ukanasknelad iqna gadamowmebuli _ 12.05.2012

6. www.google.ge ukanasknelad iqna gadamowmebuli _ 12.05.2012

7. http://morkov.net/velikie/teatrlaboratoriya-ezhi-grotovskogo.html ukanasknelad iqna gadamowmebuli _ 12.05.2012