segment 3 maryland leadership program firo-b.sji grant
TRANSCRIPT
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FIRO-B
Maryland School of Public PolicyOffice of Executive Programs
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Eugene R. (Geno) Schnell, Ph.D.
faculty member with the Center for Leadership Education at the JohnsHopkins University
2336 Bright Leaf WayBaltimore, MD 21209
410.585.1363410.585.1367
FIRO-B: Theory, Interpretation and Linkages
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FIRO (rhymes with Cairo) =Fundamental Interpersonal Relations Orientation
by William C. (Will) Schutz, Ph.D.(Harvard, Berkeley, Albert Einstein Medical School, Antioch, Esalen)
draws primarily upon the ideas of T.W. Adorno, Erich Fromm, and Wilfred Bion
Original Well-Known MeasuresFIRO-B BehaviorsFIRO-F Feelings
LIPHE Life InterPersonal History EnquiryMATE Marital Attitudes EvaluationCOPE Coping Operations Preference Enquiry
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Major Works The Interpersonal Underworld, also FIRO: A Three
Dimensional Theory of Interpersonal Relations(Science & Behavior Books, 1958/1966)
Joy Grove Press, 1967Here Comes Everybody Harper & Row, 1971
The Human Element Jossey-Bass, 1994
Recent Work (1982/1992)Element B Behaviors
Element S Self-ConceptLevels of Truth Team Concordance
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Self-Awareness Stress Management
Personal Coaching/Counseling
Career Counseling/Development Team Building
Leadership Development
Culture Change Conflict Management (team, interpersonal, marital)
Popular Uses of the FIRO-B
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the FIRO-B is focused on interpersonal relationsthe FIRO-B is based on the idea the humans have interpersonal needsthat underpin our interactions and, like other biological needs, non-satisfaction can lead to undesirable biological consequences
interpersonal needs are a product of both genetic predisposition andearly imprinting in our family of origin, therefore are unlikely to changedramatically without significant intervention
interpersonal needs are deeply connected in a system of inter-relationship
people are likely to attach to behaviors and situations that satiate theirneeds
What is the FIRO-B?
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GENORA DOROTHY TYPE PREFERENCES ISFP ISFPINCLUSION NEEDS(affiliation)
likes to work alone likes to work alone
AFFECTION NEEDS(intimacy)
likes to make a personal connection likes to make a personal connection
PREFERS JOB DUTIES clear and specific clear and specificSEEN BY THE OTHER bossy and full of herself childish and lazy CONTROL NEEDS wants to direct and influence wants to rebel and resist authority
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A Few Differences to Note
FIRO-B focuses on social and interpersonal
aspects of the personality strength of needs
two unipolar dimensions (both can behigh or low)
agreement scales
designed to highlight issues of complementarity in social relations
evokes strong judgements, some sense of being abnormal want to keep resultsprivate
questions are weighted differently anduses Guttman ordering of questions, sothat they go from high ease of agreement
to low ease of agreements
MBTI also examines cognitive aspects such as
information processing and decision-making clarity of preferences
two dichotomous polarities, mutually exclusive
forced choice questions
designed to highlight contributions
language is intentionally value-neutral with few clinical overtones willing toshare results
not weighted (except to correct forgender differences) but containsexperimental items, no Guttman ordering
of questions
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INCLUSION CONTROL AFFECTION
belonging power warmth
recognize authority close
attention influence open
participate responsibility supportive
involvement consistent personalcontact structure intimacy
distinction directive empathic
associate regulate affirming
acceptance decisive encouragement
join organize commitmentstatus dominance caring
identity competitive faithful/loyal
interest goal-attainment reassuring
visibility achievement sharing
FIRO-B Terms
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Inclusion, Control or Affection?
1. Organize2. Warm contacts3. Dominance4. Associate5. Include6. Friendly7. Closeness8. Join9. Direct10. Popularity11. Exclude12. Encouragement13. Follow directions14. Attentive15. Faithful
16. Assume responsibility17. Power18. Caring19. Belong20. Regulate21. Make decisions22. Invite23. Personal interest24. Cool/distant25. Authority26. Competitive27. Carefully listen28. Recognition29. Supportive30. Manage
Source: Judith Waterman
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Two forms of the basic need:
EXPRESSED toward others how much I want to demonstrate the behavior active, easily seen and mutually agreed upon something I initiate toward others by my words or actions
WANTED from others how much I desire to receive the behavior
(want others to behave toward me)
usually more passive, elicited, or arranged to happen something I rely on others to do, say, or convey to me
note: willing to accept or tolerate may not be the same as wanted
Expressed Versus Wanted Needs
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The FIRO-B Model
Inclusion (I) Control (C) Affection (A)
ExpressedBehavior
(e)
The extent to which anindividual makes an effort
to include others inactivities, to try to belong,
to join groups.
The extent to which anindividual tries to exert controland influence over people, to
organize and direct others.
The extent of which anindividual makes an effort tohave close relationships, to beintimate with and supportive
of others.
WantedBehavior
(w)
The extent to which anindividual desires others to
include him or her inactivities, to invite and
notice him or her.
The extent to which anindividual is comfortable
allowing others to providedirection and expectations, and
to influence him or her.
The extent to which anindividual desires others to act
warmly, express personalsentiments, and provide
personal support.
Source: Schnell, E. (2000) Participating in Teams. CPP: Palo Alto
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for any of the six cells, results range from 0 to 9
for purposes of interpretation, scores of0, 1, and 2 are considered in the LOW range3, 4, 5, and 6 are considered in the MEDIUM range7, 8, and 9 are considered in the HIGH range
Looking at Heather, what would be the range for each of her 6 cells?I C A
6 0 4
3 9 5
Six-Cell Model
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Scoring errors Language/vocabulary problems
Cultural issues affecting the expression of needs
Environmental pressure to behave in defined ways Faking
Important life events
Factors That Can Influence Scores
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scores of 9, 8, 7 represent90, 80 or 70% of the time, you express/want these behaviors(this is turns out to be most of the time, no matter where you are or who you are with)
scores of 6, 5, 4, 3 represent60, 50, 40 or 30% of the time, you express/want these behaviors
(this turns out to be like a light switch sometimes you are on when the people andsituation is right and other times your are off when the people or situation doesnt match)
scores of 2 and 1 represent20 or 10% of the time, you express/want these behaviors(this is not very much of the time, no matter where you are or who you are with)
scores of 0 represent1-5% of the time, you express/want these behaviors(this is pretty rarely, even if the people or situation changes)
Another Way to Represent FIRO-B Results
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Imagine being in a group where everyone had the same result on one of
the FIRO-B dimensions. Focusing just on that dimension, what would itbe like to be in this group?
(1) Describe the climate of the team what would it feel like to work with these people?
(2) List specific behaviors that you would see that would typify thegroup.
(3) In what ways would the group likely be highly effective (e.g.,types of tasks, aspects of a project, or phase(s) of a decisionprocess)?
(4) In what ways would the group likely be less effective (e.g., what types of tasks, aspects of a project, or phase(s) of adecision process)?
Exercise
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What You Want From Other Leaders?(Strongest Wanted Need)
wI wC wAto be included in their
work
to be formally recognized
for your contribution
equal treatment
to be asked your pinion
predictable
clear assignments andexpectations
clarify procedures
clear who is accountablefor what and when
demonstrate loyalty tostaff
follow through on
commitments
considerate
supportive
respect traditions
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The Team of FIRO-BsGuess the most likely FIRO-B scores (only one dimension) of people who are related to abaseball team: Coaches High eC
Cheers on their teammates High eA or High eISteals bases High eC
Wants to play left field Low eCMost enjoys the after-game drinks High eAPitches High eI or High eC
Would rather sit out Low eCKeeps score High eCUmpires High eC or Low wABecomes the mascot High wAGets the team together High eIDoesnt talk much, just plays their position Low eI
Only shows up when they want to Low wIProposes a team uniform and cheer High eIPrefers to practice alone Low eI
Thinks the coach should have more practices High wC Wears the team hat all weekend long High wIDoesnt tell anyone that they played well Low eA
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Correlations Between the FIRO-B Scales and Selected Adjectives
Note: n = 1,632; all correlations significant at p = .05
Selected Adjectives eI wI eC wC eA wA
Adventurous .23 .21
Aggressive .24 Aloof -.17 -.19 Assertive .22Cold -.20Confident -.22Energetic .21Enthusiastic .23
Wide range of interests .26Opinionated .22Outgoing .27 .23 .18Outspoken .22Patient -.20Pleasure seeking .23Quiet -.21 -.21Self-centered .21Sociable .33 .24 .23 .22Submissive .22
Talkative .25 .25 .24 Weak-willed .22 Withdrawn -.21
Source: Oxford Psychologists Press
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Country Comparisons
Highest Expressed Inclusion: Malaysia (5.3), Japan (5.2), Spain (5.0)Lowest Expressed Inclusion: Canada (3.8), Australia (4.0), U.K. (4.1)
Highest Wanted Inclusion: Spain (4.8), China (4.1), Brazil (3.9)
Lowest Wanted Inclusion: Venezuela (2.1) Germany (2.3), Belgium (2.3)
Highest Expressed Control: France (6.4), Belgium (6.2), Italy/U.K. (5.8)
Lowest Expressed Control: Canada (4.4), Australia (4.7), U.S. (4.8)
Highest Wanted Control: Japan (5.1), China (4.6), Germany (3.8)
Lowest Wanted Control: U.K./Mexico (2.5), France/Malaysia (2.9)
Highest Expressed Affection: Spain (5.2), Saudi Arabia (5.1), Germany/China (4.7)
Lowest Expressed Affection: Venezuela (1.0), Canada (3.1), U.K. (3.3)
Highest Wanted Affection: Spain (5.9), China (5.4), Saudi Arabia/Italy (5.2)
Lowest Wanted Affection: Germany/France (4.2), Belgium (4.3), U.K. (4.4)
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Summative FIRO-B Scores
INCLUSION CONTROL AFFECTION
Expressed _____ eI
+ _____ eC
+ _____ eA
= _____ Total Expressed
Behavior
+ + + +
Wanted _____ wI
+ _____ wC
+ _____ wA
= _____ Total Wanted
Behavior
= = = =
_____ Total Need for
Inclusion
+ _____ Total Need for
Control
+ _____ Total Need for
Affection
= _____ Overall Need
Score
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Higher scores on eC are associated with higher self-ratings ofleadership effectivenesss
Higher scores on wC are associated with lower self-ratings ofleadership effectiveness
Higher scores on eC are associated with higher ratings ofInitiating Structure; Higher scores on all other FIRO-B scales
are associated with Consideration
Research on the FIRO-B and Leadership
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From Benchmarks Research (Self-Ratings)
Expressed Inclusion : leading subordinates, setting a developmental climate,building and mending relationships, compassion and sensitivity, putting people atease, acting with flexibility
Expressed Control : decisiveness
Wanted Control : difficulty molding a staff, difficulty making strategic transitions
Expressed Affection : resourcefulness, leading subordinates, setting adevelopmental climate, building and mending relationships, compassion andsensitivity, self-awareness, putting people at ease, acting with flexibility, (and anegative relationship with confronting problems with interpersonal relationships
and difficulty molding a staff) Wanted Affection : compassion and sensitivity, putting people at ease (andnegatively related to confronting problems with interpersonal relationships anddifficulty molding a staff)
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MBTI/FIRO-B Research Hypotheses
Expected Relationships:
Extraversion - Expressed & Wanted Inclusion
Feeling - Expressed & Wanted Affection
Sensing - Wanted Control
Judging - Expressed Control
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Correlation of FIRO-B Scores with MBTI Form G ContinuousScores in Two Samples of Managers and Leaders
FIRO-B Scale/MBTI Scale E-I S-N T-F J-P Summary
EI -.59-.49
.04
.04.11.14
.00-.01
E--E--
WI -.28-.29
.11
.07.12.12
.12
.04E--E--
EC -.23-.16 .03.08 -.23-.21 -.01-.01 E-T---T- WC .04
.02-.09-.03
.16
.16-.05.00
--------
eA -.52-.42
.06
.07.22.25
.07
.03E-F-E-F-
wA -.31-.27 .02.02 .17.23 .07.02 E--E-F-
Source: Hammer and Schnell (1997)
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INCLUSION CONTROL AFFECTION
Expressed
ENFJENFP
ESFJESFP
ENTJENTP
ESTPESTJ
ENFJENFP
ESFJ
Wanted
ENFPESFJENFJESFP
ISFJISFP
ESFJENFPESFPENFJ
Ranking of Psychological Type with Highest Means Scores within FIRO-B Dimensions
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Ranking of Psychological Type with Lowest Means Scores within FIRO-B Dimensions
INCLUSION CONTROL AFFECTION
ExpressedISTPINTP
ISFPISFJ
ISTPINTPISTJINTJ
Wanted
ISTPISTJISFPINTJINTP
ENTPINTPINTJESTPISTPENTJESTJ
ISTPINTPINTJISTJ
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Overall Leadership OrientationFacets of Your Leadership Style (type-based)
Your Leadership Approach (preferences x strongest needs)
Basic Interpretation of FIRO-B & MBTI Results, including role preferences
Interpersonal RelationsHow Interaction Affect Your Leadership (total need score x E-I preference)
What You Show First in Leadership (highest expressed, dominant extravertedfunction)
Working With Groups and Other LeadersHow You Work in a Team (FIRO-B based)
What You Expect from Other Leaders (highest/lowest wanted need, temperament)
Power and Organizational Culture Your Bases of Power and Influence (strongest interpersonal need) Your Influence on Organizational Culture (function pair, strongest/weakest total need)
Dealing With Change and Stress (type and FIRO-B based)
Action Plan (based on type and FIRO-B)
Organization of Leadership Report