ConsciousnessConsciousness

Consciousness

Awareness

of

everything

going

on

within

ourselves

and our

surroundings

o n s c io u s ne s s

MODERN LEVELS OF CONSCIOUSNESS

• Consciousness

– Selective Attention to information (Our Awareness)

– Process one thing at a time (Serial Processing)

• Preconscious

– Information you are NOT currently thinking about, but still can recall (memories)

• Unconscious

– Nonconscious activities such as Heart rate, Breathing, Blinking

– Information is hidden and repressed from memory. Only evident in our behaviors

– Process many things at once (Parallel Processing)

3

FREUD’S THEORY OF CONSCIOUSNESS

4

# 1

# 2

# 3

Hold up the number of fingers (1, 2, or 3) which best represents the preconsciousmind.

BODILY RHYTHMS

Circadian Rhythm & Biological Rhythms

– Sleep, Alertness, Body Temperature

– 24 Hour sleep/wake cycle & 90 minute sleep cycle

– Jet lag can mess with rhythms

• Bright light can reset our natural “clock”• Suprachiasmatic Nucleus, Pineal Gland and the hormone

Melatonin

5

Did you know?If all light cues and

clocks are hidden, we will adapt to a 25-hour

day

Necessity of Sleep• Circadian rhythm

– 24 hour bodily rhythm

• Hypothalamus –tiny section of brain influences glandular system

• Suprachiasmatic nucleus –internal clock tells people wake up/fall asleep

• tells pineal gland secrete melatonin for sleepiness

4.2 Why do people need to sleep and how does it work?

Fun Fact: What is Sleep Onset?

• HYPNIC (hypnagogic) JERK- The

feeling of falling as your body goes to

sleep- Brain and body not in

congruence. You may feel a twitch or

“jump” similar to being startled.

Happens during sleep onset (nonREM

sleep).

7

Section 1: Rhythms and Consciousness

Reflect on Learning Goals

• Students should be able to answer the following:

1. How do biological rhythms influence our daily functioning?

8Good

Understanding

Little

Understanding

Fair

Understanding

Section 1: Test Your Knowledge1. If a person spends time absent from sunlight cues and

clocks, they will likely adopt a ____ hour schedule.

(A) 23

(B) 24.5

(C) 25

(D) 27

2. Which level of consciousness controls parallel processing (processing several senses at once?

(A) Overt Consciousness

(B) Preconsciousness

(C) Nonconsciousness

(D) Basic Consciousness9

Section 2: The Sleep Cycle

Learning Goals

• Students should be able to answer the following:

1. What is the biological rhythm of our sleep?

2. What is sleep’s function?

10

Theories of WHY We Sleep

• Animals evolved sleep patterns to avoid predators by sleeping when predators are most active

Adaptive theory - theory of sleep proposing that animals and humans evolved sleep patterns to avoid predators by sleeping when predators are most active.

Restorative theory - theory of sleep proposing that sleep is necessary to the physical health of the body and serves to replenish chemicals and repair cellular damage.

Sleep: Restorative Theory

How do we measure sleep?

Electro-encephalogram (EEG-Brain Waves)

Electro-oculogram (EOG-Eye)Electro-myogram (EMG-Muscles)

Sleep Cycle • An EEG machine is

most frequently used to measure stages of sleep.

• We pass through a cycle of five sleep stages that total about 90 minutes. As we lie awake and relaxed, before we sleep, our EEG shows relatively slow alpha waves.

Stages of Sleep: Pre-sleep

• Beta waves (smaller/faster) – person is wide awake and mentally active

• Alpha waves (larger/slower) – person is relaxed or lightly sleeping

4.3 What are the different stages of sleep?

Stages of Sleep: Non-REM• Stage 1 (alpha to theta waves) – light sleep, hypnic

jerk, hypnagogic images (usually experience once a night for a few minutes)

• Stage 2 – temperature, breathing and heart rate decrease; sleep spindles (theta waves)

• Stages 3 and 4 (theta to delta waves) – growth hormones released, hard to wake up

Stages 3 and 4

• Slow wave sleep.

• You produce Delta waves.

• If awoken you will be very groggy.

• Vital for restoring body’s growth hormones and good overall health.

From stage 4, your brain waves speed up again and you go to stage 3, then 2….then REM

Stages of Sleep: REM

• Rapid eye movement (REM)– eyes moving under eyelids, 90% of dreaming

– paradoxical sleep

• Infants form neural connections during REM

– 50% of sleep in REM

REM Sleep

• Rapid Eye Movement

• Often called paradoxical sleep.

• Brain is very active.

• Dreams usually occur in REM.

• Body is essentially paralyzed.

• REM Rebound

SLEEP STAGES BY BRAIN WAVES: OVERVIEW

• Awake- Beta Waves

• Awake, but relaxed- Alpha waves

• NREM Stage 1

– Hallucinations may take place

– Sleep Talking (may occur in stages 1-4)

• NREM Stage 2

– Sleep Spindles & K-Complexes

• NREM Stage 3 & 4

– Slow Wave Sleep (SWS)

– Delta waves help replenish body chemicals

– Body repairs itself

– Sleepwalking and night terrors occur

• Rapid Eye Movement (REM)

– Most vivid dreams occur

– Mind Repairs itself

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Stages of Sleep Through The Night

Necessity of Sleep

• Microsleeps - sleep lasting only a few seconds

• Sleep deprivation – sleep loss that impairs concentration and results in irritability, language impairment and lack of concentration.

WHY WE NEED REM SLEEP

• Paradoxical Sleep: Your body is paralyzed, but your mind, hormones, heart and breathing are very active

– REM sleep increases the longer you sleep

– Babies spend about 50% of sleep time in REM

– You do not regulate your temperature during REM sleep

• REM Sleep is what helps us process daily events into memory & recharge our brains so we can think clearly.

• REM Rebound

– When you do not get enough REM sleep, the body dips into REM quicker upon sleeping 24

Section 2: The Sleep Cycle

Reflect on Learning Goals

• Students should be able to answer the following:

1. What is the biological rhythm of our sleep?

2. What is sleep’s function?

25Good

Understanding

Little

Understanding

Fair

Understanding

Sleep Cycle ReviewANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:

1. What type of brain waves do you have when you are awake, but

relaxed?

2. What happens to the brain waves during stage 2 sleep?

3. What is another name for stage 3 and 4 sleep?

4. Why is stage 3 and 4 sleep important?

5. What is another name for REM sleep?

6. What happens in REM sleep?

7. How long is the sleep cycle?

8. Why do babies need so much sleep?

9. In a normal sleep cycle when does most of the deep sleep occur?

10.What psychological phenomenon occurs if a person has been

deprived of REM sleep, but then gets a good night’s sleep?26

Section 3: Sleep Disorders and Dreams

Learning Goals

• Students should be able to answer the following:

1. How does sleep loss affect us?

2. What do we dream and what is the function of dreaming?

27

i g h t m a r e

Baddreams

arousingfeelings

of horror,

helplessness,extremesorrow,

etc.

COMMON SLEEP DISORDERS- CONTINUED

• Night terrors-

– Sudden arousal from sleep with intense fear accompanied by physiological reactions

– Occurs during stage 4

– Mostly found in children

• Somnambulism-

– Sleepwalking

– During the first two hours of sleep in stages 3 & 4

– Usually gone by age 40

– May be caused by an immature nervous system

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“Wait! Don’t! It can be dangerous

to wake them.”

COMMON SLEEP DISORDERS

• Insomnia-

– Having problems falling or staying asleep

– 10-15% of adults

– Becomes worse with sleeping pills and alcohol

– Causes: Stress, Depression, Anxiety, Health Problems

• Narcolepsy-

– Urge to fall asleep; may occur while talking or standing up

– 1 in 2000 people

– Cataplexy- the sudden loss of muscle tone

– Possible reason: flu virus during third trimester

• Sleep Apnea-

– Failure to breathe when asleep

– 1 in 20 people

– Mostly overweight men (snoring)- Can occur 400 times per night 30

Dreams

• Freud – dreams as wish fulfillment

– Sigmund Freud suggested that dreams provide a psychic safety valve to discharge unacceptable feelings. The dream’s manifest(apparent) contentmay also havesymbolic meanings (latent content) thatsignify our unacceptable feelings.

4.5 Why do people dream and what do they dream about?

WHY DO WE DREAM?

• Information Processing:

– Dreams may help sift, sort, and fix a day’s experiences in our memories.

• Activation-Synthesis Theory:

– Suggests that the brain engages in a lot of random neural activity. Dreams make sense of this activity. Explains sudden visual images during REM

32

WHAT DO WE DREAM ABOUT?

• Negative Emotional Content• 8 out of 10 dreams have negative emotional

content.

• Failure Dreams• People commonly dream about failure, being

attacked, pursued, rejected, or struck with misfortune.

• Sexual Dreams: • Contrary to our thinking, sexual dreams are

sparse. Sexual dreams in men are 1 in 10; and in women 1 in 30.

• Dreams of Gender: • Women dream of men and women equally;

men dream more about men than women.

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Section 3: Sleep Disorders and Dreams

Reflect on Learning Goals

• Students should be able to answer the following:

1. How does sleep loss affect us?

2. What do we dream and what is the function of dreaming?

34Good

Understanding

Little

Understanding

Fair

Understanding