solar topics: title 24 stakeholder meeting #2 -...

California Statewide Utility Codes and Standards Program

1

Solar Topics: Title 24 Stakeholder Meeting #2

Energy Solutions

Heschong Mahone Group, Inc.

CTG Energetics

November 2, 2010

*Slides that have been updated since the meeting are marked with an asterisk and an explanation of how the slide was modified

CALIFORNIA STATEWIDE UTILITIES CODES AND STANDARDS PROGRAM

11/2/2010CA Utilities 2011 Title 24 Stakeholder Meeting for Proposed Code Changes

2

Agenda

10:00–10:30 Introduction

10:30–11:30 Solar Hot Water (Single family & NonRes)

11:30–12:30 Solar Hot Water (Multi-family)

12:30–1:15 Lunch

1:15–2:15 NonRes PV Ready

2:15-2:30 Break

2:30–3:30 Solar Oriented Dev. & Solar Ready Homes

3:30–4:00 Wrap up & next steps



3

IOU Support for 2011 Title 24

● The California Investor Owned Utilities (IOUs) are actively supporting the California Energy Commission (CEC) in developing the state’s building energy efficiency code (Title 24)

● Their joint intent is to achieve significant energy savings through the development of reasonable, responsible, and cost-effective code change proposals for the 2011 code update and beyond

● As part of the IOU effort, at the request of the CEC, we are hosting stakeholder meetings to get industry input and feedback on our code change proposals



4

Code Change Activity

● 2011 T-24 Base Code (Part 6 of Title 24)

● 2011 Reach Standard (Part 11 of Title 24)

● Green Building Standard – i.e. CalGreen

● Voluntary standards that local governments can

adopt

● Some mandatory measures

● Future Codes

● 2014 T-24

● Future Reach Codes



55

Requirements for a Successful Code Change

● For base code, a measure must:

● Be cost-effective ● based on the standards-induced additional first cost,

maintenance costs, measure life, and energy cost savings

● typically according to the Time Dependent Valuation (TDV) life-cycle costing methodology and weather data to be provided by the California Energy Commission

● Be possible to implement using equipment that is available from multiple providers or that is reasonably expected to be available following the code change

CA Utilities 2011 Title 24 Stakeholder Meeting for Proposed Code Changes



66

Requirements for a Successful Code Change

● For reach code:

● The CEC may be developing a separate

set of cost-effectiveness metrics

● Measure benefits may include emissions

benefits to state, benefits of water saved

in energy production, etc.




7

Solar Related CASE Topics for 2011 Title 24 Cycle

● Codes and Standards Enhancement (CASE) Topics

● Solar hot water for single family residential and

nonresidential

● Solar hot water for multi-family residential

● Photovoltaic-ready nonresidential buildings

● Solar-oriented residential developments and

Residential Solar Ready

● These CASE topics may have Base Code and/or

Reach Code recommendations



8

Stakeholder Meetings Process

● Minimum of three meetings:

● First: present scope, request data

● Code change direction and possible options

● Methodology

● Best practices, market data

● Second: present findings

● Results of data collection and analysis

● Cost effectiveness

● “Strawman” proposed code language

● Third/final: present proposed code language

● All meetings can be attended remotely



9

Submitting Comments

● Informal Comment Process

● Comments can be submitted to CASE authors,

substantive comments will receive responses

● Questions and responses will not be posted

online, but common or frequent questions will

be communicated as necessary between

stakeholders

● The team will work with stakeholders to resolve

issues as best we can

● The CEC has a formal comment process during

later stages of the official rulemaking process



1010

Schedule: Key Dates

● Mar 2010 - Dec 2010● CEC develop foundation /methodology

● IOUs:● Conduct research, and cost effectiveness analysis

● Present results at stakeholder meetings

● Dec 2010● IOUs finalize code change proposals for submittal to CEC

● Feb 2011● CEC opens Rulemaking for Title 24, develop 45-day

language

● June 15, 2011● Title 24 Adoption date

● Jan. 1, 2013● Title 24 Implementation date




1111

Meeting Protocols

● Please DO NOT place your phone on HOLD● Please mute your microphone, unless you want to

speak● Ask questions/comment by “chat” or by voice

● We want to hear your concerns● Opposing viewpoints are encouraged● We are seeking information, not resolution

● Time is limited● Raise your hand and be acknowledged by presenter● Clearly state your name and affiliation prior to speaking● Speak loudly for the people on the phone

● Minutes and presentation material will be available online – we will distribute link



12

Solar Water Heating (single family residential & specialty commercial)

Solar Stakeholder Meeting #2

Molly Trombley-McCann

Energy Solutions

November 2, 2010



131313

Single Family & Specialty Commercial Solar Water Heating

Outline

● Current code requirements

● Summary of potential code changes

● Data collection and modeling

● Analysis

● Strawman Code Language

● Questions & Comments



1414

Low-Rise Residential Solar Water Heating

Current Code Requirements

● Solar water heating systems and collectors must be certified by the Solar Rating and Certification Corporation (SRCC)

● Component Package C – electric-resistance water heating may be installed as the main water heating source only if:

● the water heater is located within the building envelope

● a minimum of 25% of the energy for water heating is provided by a passive or active solar system



1515

Nonresidential Solar Water Heating

Current Code Requirements

● None



1616

Single Family Solar Water Heating

Code Change Proposals

● Prescriptive:

● Increase solar fraction requirement for electric

water heating above 25% (by climate zone)

● Revise language and visual representation of

solar fraction requirement, compliance manual

and compliance certificate

● Performance:

● Introduce hourly solar model into the Alternative

Calculation Method (ACM) Manual



1717

Specialty Commercial Solar Water Heating

Code Change Proposals

● Prescriptive:

● Add required solar fraction for electric

water heating (by climate zone)

● Add required solar fraction for natural

gas with minimum sized water heater

● Performance:

● Introduce hourly solar model into the

Alternative Calculation Method (ACM)

Manual



1818


Data Collection & Modeling

● Costs:

● CCSE Solar Water Heating Pilot Program:

Interim Evaluation Report

● CSI Thermal (AB 1470 Statewide Rebate)

● RSMeans

● Interviews with industry

● Hourly Solar System Model:

● TESS



19



● System Types

Collector

Type

Active/Passive

(Forced/Thermosyphon)

Direct/Indirect

(Open/Closed) Fluid

Freeze

Protection

System 1 Batch/ICS Passive Direct Water None

System 2 Flat Plate Passive/Thermosyphon Direct Water none

System 3 Vac Tube Passive/Thermosyphon Direct Water none

System 4 Flat Plate Passive/Thermosyphon Indirect Glycol Glycol

System 5 Vac Tube Passive/Thermosyphon Indirect Glycol Glycol

System 6 Flat Plate Active/Forced Direct Water Drainback

System 7 Flat Plate Active/Forced Indirect Water Drainback

System 8 Flat Plate Active/Forced Indirect Glycol Glycol

System 9 Vac Tube Active/Forced Indirect Glycol Glycol

*SLIDE CHANGES SINCE PRESENTATION: Adjustment of system numbering and description.



20



● Water Demand Schedule

● Hourly Fraction(2008 Residential ACM Manual E-6)

● GPD for Average Home(2008 Residential ACM Manual E-5)

2,700 sq.ft. home = 62.50 GPD

Hour Weekday Weekend

1 0.014 0.018

2 0.008 0.01

3 0.009 0.009

4 0.011 0.008

5 0.02 0.015

6 0.044 0.023

7 0.089 0.026

8 0.107 0.047

9 0.089 0.077

10 0.066 0.083

11 0.052 0.074

12 0.038 0.061

13 0.036 0.051

14 0.033 0.043

15 0.032 0.039

16 0.026 0.039

17 0.042 0.052

18 0.048 0.058

19 0.052 0.056

20 0.047 0.052

21 0.042 0.047

22 0.039 0.044

23 0.036 0.04

24 0.022 0.028



21


Analysis

● System Costs Baseline (Electric)

Tank Size

Labor

Costs*

Materials

Costs (w/

warranty)*

Total

Installation

Costs*

Annual

Maintenance

Costs

80 gal 204$ 1,021$ 1,473$ negligible

*Source: RSMeans CostWorks Online Construction Data, Open Shop Labor. 2010



22


Analysis

● System Costs (Solar w/ electric backup)

System TypeCollector Size (sq. ft)

Total Installation Costs

Maintenance (Every 3 years) Maintenance (Every 15 years)*

System 6 38.9 $6,800 $120 $520

System 6 77.7 $7,200 $120 $520

System 7 38.9 $8,300 $120 $520

System 7 77.7 $9,000 $120 $520

System 8 24.9 $8,000 $120 $520

System 8 74.6 $9,000 $120 $520

System 9 44.8 $8,300 $120 $520

System 9 89.5 $9,000 $120 $520

* Source: SWHPP, CSI Thermal & Industry Interviews

*SLIDE CHANGES SINCE PRESENTATION: Adjustment of system numbering and addition of collector sizes.



23


Analysis

● Methodology – Installation CostsSystem Type System Size (sq. ft) Sources

System 6 38.9SWHPP - 08/10 + RSMeans PopWeighting + Retrofit/New Ratio

System 6 77.7

SWHPP - 08/10 + RSMeans PopWeighting + Retrofit/New Ratio + ($400, equivalent difference between CSI Thermal Indirect Glycol)

System 7 38.9CSI Thermal - 10/27 + RSMeans PopWeighting + Retrofit/New Ratio

System 7 77.7CSI Thermal - 10/27 + RSMeans PopWeighting + Retrofit/New Ratio + Linear Regression

System 8 24.9CSI Thermal - 10/27 + RSMeans Pop Weighting + Retrofit/New Ratio

System 8 74.6CSI Thermal - 10/27 + RSMeans Pop Weighting + Retrofit/New Ratio + Linear Regression

System 9 44.8CSI Thermal - 10/27 + RSMeans Pop Weighting + Retrofit/New Ratio

System 9 89.5CSI Thermal - 10/27 + RSMeans Pop Weighting + Retrofit/New Ratio + Linear Regression

*SLIDE CHANGES SINCE PRESENTATION: Adjustment of system numbering and addition of collector sizes.



24


Analysis

● Cost Effectiveness (By Climate Zone)

● For each system type, examined two different

sizes across all 16 climate zones

● System Costs (incl. Baseline)

● Labor

● Materials

● Maintenance

● Hourly Energy Savings - TESS

● Hourly Energy Cost - TDV



25


Analysis ResultsSystem 6 - Active Direct Water w/ Drainback

Small. 38.9 sq. ft. (30%-40% Solar Fraction)

Climate ZoneAnnual Energy Savings (kWh)

Life Cycle Cost Savings

1 538 (3,631)

2 1,273 (1,129)

3 1,240 (1,323)

4 1,407 (719)

5 1,507 (395)

6 1,518 (616)

7 1,633 40

8 1,684 (92)

9 1,717 (90)

10 1,680 60

11 1,372 (654)

12 1,307 (916)

13 1,387 (638)

14 1,726 313

15 2,021 1,313

16 1,507 (384)

Large. 77.7 sq. ft. (60%-80% Solar Fraction)



1 1,373 (1,176)

2 1,804 316

3 1,866 443

4 1,916 652

5 2,152 1,457

6 2,167 1,199

7 2,258 1,791

8 2,266 1,359

9 2,257 1,232

10 2,190 1,376

11 1,848 608

12 1,756 249

13 1,812 450

14 2,196 1,494

15 2,363 2,084

16 1,551 (557)

*SLIDE CHANGES SINCE PRESENTATION: Adjustment of system freeze type



26


Analysis ResultsSystem 7 - Active Indirect Water w/ Drainback




1 2,128 92

2 2,257 467

3 2,247 363

4 2,262 407

5 2,288 545

6 2,292 170

7 2,312 572

8 2,416 366

9 2,421 256

10 2,321 333

11 2,272 604

12 2,264 564

13 2,283 603

14 2,329 456

15 2,384 651

16 2,223 173




1 2,054 83

2 2,163 416

3 2,136 236

4 2,182 398

5 2,152 292

6 2,144 (102)

7 2,167 308

8 2,270 217

9 2,290 177

10 2,218 276

11 2,211 711

12 2,193 619

13 2,230 758

14 2,232 437

15 2,294 664

16 2,141 190

*SLIDE CHANGES SINCE PRESENTATION: Correction of Annual Energy Savings in 1st Table



27


Analysis ResultsSystem 8 – Flat Plate Active Indirect Glycol




1 2,128 136

2 2,195 (214)

3 2,177 (411)

4 2,207 (228)

5 2,234 (193)

6 2,232 (578)

7 2,252 (157)

8 2,458 (305)

9 2,465 (346)

10 2,269 (254)

11 2,215 36

12 2,194 (75)

13 2,220 41

14 2,277 (92)

15 2,328 111

16 2,157 (475)




1 2,018 221

2 2,079 417

3 2,055 232

4 2,092 397

5 2,062 272

6 2,065 (111)

7 2,079 286

8 2,186 232

9 2,206 189

10 2,129 280

11 2,128 724

12 2,104 617

13 2,152 789

14 2,145 453

15 2,225 742

16 2,056 197



28


Analysis ResultsSystem 9 – Vac Tube Active Indirect Glycol




1 2,205 (96)

2 2,304 (289)

3 2,299 120

4 2,322 227

5 2,359 341

6 2,351 (85)

7 2,374 351

8 2,494 125

9 2,497 45

10 2,367 119

11 2,320 430

12 2,297 315

13 2,318 400

14 2,387 299

15 2,414 418

16 2,286 10




1 2,102 259

2 2,233 650

3 2,214 467

4 2,247 617

5 2,244 626

6 2,238 224

7 2,264 643

8 2,360 501

9 2,375 425

10 2,288 502

11 2,255 857

12 2,248 798

13 2,268 877

14 2,296 650

15 2,360 905

16 2,205 392


11/2/2010

Climate

Zone

Max Annual Cost-Effective

Energy Savings (kWh)

Solar

Fraction

LCC

Savings

System Type

1 2,128 0.65 $136 System 8-Flat plate, active, indirect, glycol

2 2,257 0.74 $467 System 7-Active, indirect, water, drainback

3 2,299 0.85 $363 System 9-Vac tube, active, indirect, glycol














Single Family Solar Water HeatingAnalysis Results

Cost Effectiveness demonstrated in all Climate Zones.

*NEW SLIDE SINCE PRESENTATION:



30



● Systems (Electric)

● Same modeling as Residential

● Systems (Gas)

● 4 total systems: System 1 and System 3,

w/ immersed and external heat exchangersCollector

Type

Active/Passive


Direct/Indirect

(Open/Closed) Fluid

Freeze

Protection

System 1 Flat Plate Active/Forced Indirect Glycol Glycol

System 2 Vac Tube Active/Forced Indirect Glycol Glycol

System 3 Flat Plate Active/Forced Indirect Water Drainback

System 4 Vac Tube Active/Forced Indirect Water Drainback

System 5 Flat Plate Active/Forced Direct Water drip valve

System 6 Vac Tube Active/Forced Direct Water drip valve


System 8 Flat Plate Passive/Thermosyphon Indirect Glycol Glycol

System 9 Vac Tube Passive/Thermosyphon Indirect Glycol Glycol

System 10 Flat Plate Passive/Thermosyphon Direct Water none

System 11 Vac Tube Passive/Thermosyphon Direct Water none



31



● Water Demand Schedule

● Hourly fraction (ASHRAE Guidelines)

● GPD for Full Meal Restaurant

(Food Service Technology Center)

= 2,000 – 4,000 GPD

Food

Services

(Type A)

Hour gph/unit

1 -

2 -

3 -

4 -

5 -

6 -

7 -

8 -

9 0.02

10 0.03

11 0.04

12 0.04

13 0.05

14 0.17

15 0.08

16 0.03

17 0.02

18 0.07

19 0.20

20 0.10

21 0.09

22 0.04

23 0.01

24 -



32


Analysis

● System Costs (Active Indirect w/ Glycol)

● Baseline

● RSMeans: $9,000 total

– Labor

– Materials

● Measure Case

● SHWPP: $150,000-$160,000 for much larger systems

– Estimate $60,000 for measure case



33


Analysis ResultsGlycol, Immersed Heat Exchanger, Drainback

Energy and Cost Savings

Climate Zone Annual Energy Savings (therms) Life Cycle Cost Savings

1 3,384 (35,391)

2 4,297 (20,084)

3 4,312 (19,992)

4 4,506 (18,214)

5 4,771 (14,493)

6 4,776 (13,394)

7 4,891 (11,851)

8 4,782 (12,729)

9 4,803 (11,876)

10 4,828 (11,404)

11 4,379 (19,576)

12 4,233 (22,543)

13 4,277 (21,197)

14 5,025 (8,559)

15 5,201 (5,182)

16 4,133 (557)



34


Analysis ResultsGlycol, Immersed Heat Exchanger, No Drainback



1 3,171 (40,106)

2 4,170 (16,096)

3 4,179 (15,853)

4 4,379 (21,679)

5 4,631 (18,148)

6 4,634 (17,126)

7 4,770 (15,383)

8 4,668 (16,001)

9 4,693 (14,875)

10 4,725 (14,228)

11 4,277 (22,323)

12 4,136 (25,415)

13 4,188 (23,739)

14 4,911 (11,411)

15 5,148 (7,009)

16 3,989 (26,800)



35


Analysis ResultsGlycol, External Heat Exchanger, Drainback



1 3,350 (16,013)

2 4,265 (2,215)

3 4,287 (2,885)

4 4,475 1,074

5 4,742 4,296

6 4,745 4,949

7 4,854 7,222

8 4,747 6,014

9 4,767 7,111

10 4,779 7,474

11 4,340 582

12 4,209 (2,434)

13 4,240 (857)

14 4,974 10,536

15 5,163 14,419

16 4,099 (4,195)



36


Analysis ResultsGlycol, External Heat Exchanger, No Drainback


Climate Zone Annual Energy Savings (kWh) Life Cycle Cost Savings

1 3,326 (17,561)

2 4,246 (3,332)

3 4,270 (4,101)

4 4,450 60

5 4,717 3,110

6 4,717 3,670

7 4,826 5,858

8 4,723 4,827

9 4,744 6,069

10 4,758 6,593

11 4,310 (505)

12 4,195 (3,407)

13 4,212 (1,801)

14 4,950 9,529

15 5,143 13,594

16 4,080 (5,358)



3737


Strawman Code Language

● Section 151

● Revise & Add: language to read as follows:

● “Domestic Water-heating systems. Water heating

systems shall meet the requirements of either A, B, C

or D and meet the requirements of E and F or shall

meet the requirements of Section 151(b)1.

● D. For systems serving individual dwelling units using

Package C, an electric-resistance water heater may be

installed as the main water heating source, only if the

water heater is located within the building envelope

and a minimum of X percent of the energy for water

heating is provided by a passive or active solar system.



38



● Standards Table 151-B COMPONENT Package C● Remove: Footnote 7.

● Manual 1-18-1 Package C ● Remove: “or a wood stove boiler where allowed.”

● Manual 5-1.5. pg. 5-5● Revise: “So solar water heating is also required if electric

water heater is installed (using prescriptive package C)”.



39



● CF-1R – Certificate of Compliance - Residential New Construction (page 4 of 5) Water Heating:

● Add: electric-resistant water heating with solar fraction requirement and reference to Solar Water Heating and CF-SR (Solar Water Heating Calculation).

● CF-6R-MECH-01 – Domestic Hot Water (DHW) (page 1 of 2): ● Add: electric-resistant water heating with solar fraction requirement

● CF-6R-MECH-02 - Solar Domestic Hot Water Systems (SDHW) (page 1 of 1):

● Revise: column and calculation method for "Net Solar Fraction“

● ACM: ● Add: hourly solar model into the Alternative Calculation Method (ACM)

Manual



40



● TBD



4141


QUESTIONS & COMMENTS

Molly [email protected]

?


42

Multi-family Solar Water HeatingSolar Stakeholder Meeting #2

Julianna Wei

Heschong Mahone Group, Inc.

November 2, 2010



434343

Multi-family Solar Water Heating

Outline

● Potential Code Change Proposals

● Measure Cost Data

● Energy Savings Potential

● Life Cycle Cost Analysis


● Data Collection and Analysis




4444


Reminder: Current Code Requirements

● Mandatory requirements Section 113(c)6: new state buildings to provides at least 60% of the water heating energy from site solar energy or recovered energy

● Systems and/or collectors shall be certified by the Solar Rating and Certification Corporation (SRCC)

● Except for when deemed economically or physically infeasible

● Component Package C: the main water heating may be electric-resistance only if the water heater is located within the building envelope and a minimum of 25% of water heating energy is provided by a solar system



4545


Potential Code Change Scope

● Building types covered: low-rise and high-rise multifamily

● Mandatory: require MF buildings be SWH-ready● Adequate roof area for collectors

● Adequate roof structural requirement

● Pre-piping

● Adequate space in boiler room for solar equipment

● Prescriptive: require SWH installation ● Compliance rule sets

● Alteration: require SWH systems in existing MF buildings when triggered by events

● Water heating equipment replacement

● Major roof repair



46


Prescriptive: Require Solar Water Heating System Installation

● Current Market Analysis

● System Types

● System Costs

● Energy Savings Potential

● Simulation

● LCC Analysis

● Proposed Code Language

46



4747


Current Market: System Types

● Three Sources of Data

● Domestic shipment of solar collectors

● Market survey results

● Pilot program participants



4848



● Most common MF systems:Collector

Type

Active/Passive


Direct/Indirect

(Open/Closed) Fluid

Freeze

Protection

System 1 Flat Plate Active Indirect Water Drainback

System 2 Vac Tube Active Indirect Water Drainback

System 3 Flat Plate Active Indirect Glycol Glycol

System 4 Vac Tube Active Indirect Glycol Glycol


System 6 Flat Plate Passive Direct Water drip valve

System 7 Vac Tube Passive Direct Water drip valve

System 8 Flat Plate Passive Indirect Glycol Glycol

System 9 Vac Tube Passive Indirect Glycol Glycol

System 10 Flat Plate Active Direct Water Circulation

System 11 Vac Tube Active Direct Water Circulation



4949

ICS/Thermo

siphon

Flat-Plate

(Pumped)

Evacuated

TubeConcentrator

Market Sector

Residential 26 303 1,449 239 -

Commercial 2 10 264 88 13

Industrial - - 30 3 -

Electric Power - - - - 6

Transportation - - - - -

U.S. Total 28 312 1,743 330 19

End Use

Pool Heating - - 91 2 -

Hot Water 3 312 1,426 229 -

Space Heating 24 - 131 21 -

Space Cooling - - 10 8 -

Combined Space & Water Heating - - 70 71 -

Process Heating - - 15 - 7

Electricity Generation - - - - 12

U.S. Total 28 312 1,743 330 19

Air

LiquidType

Medium-Temperature


Current Market: System TypesEIA: Domestic Shipments of Solar Thermal Collectors in 2008

(thousands of ft2) http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/solar.renewables/page/solarreport/solar.html



5050



● Active Direct w/ circulation is currently not

allowed in CSI Thermal incentive application

Data SourceSurvey Participants/Sample Population

System Type

Active Indirect w/ Drainback

Active Indirect w/ Glycol

Active Direct w/circulation

Study SurveySolar designers and distributors in CA √ √ --

CCSE Pilot Program

MF projects in Sempra service territory (20 total) 11 3 6



5151


Installed SWH System Cost Data Collection

● Pilot program project cost data

● RS MeansFor installed solar water heating systems with

● Collector area of 40 -60 ft2

● Combination of various collector options and solar tank capacity

● Active Indirect w/ Drainback: $10 -12k

● Active Indirect w/ Glycol: $11 -12k

● Active Direct w/ Circulation : $8 -12k

● Interviews



5252


Installed SWH System Cost Data Collection



5353


Energy Savings Potential

● Assess the energy savings potential of solar water heating on MF buildings

● By reducing boiler/water heater energy usage

● Simulation study

● By Thermal Energy Systems Specialists (TESS)

● Using software TRNSYS

● Building from the work of the CSI Thermal MF/Commercial calculator



5454


Energy Savings Potential

● Simulation Parameters

● Configurations: Flat plate collectors with drainback, active glycol (immersed and external HX) and forced recirculation freeze protection

● Various system component sizing and design parameters combinationsParameter Value Range

System Configuration # 4 configurations

Water Draw gpd per ACM rule

Collector Size ft2/gpd 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2

Orientation Degrees S, SE, E, NE, N, NW, W, SW

Tilt Angle Degrees 0, 18.4, 26.6, 45

Solar Tank Size gal/ft2 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2

Auxiliary Tank Size gal/ft2 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2

Solar Control - Differential, PV



5555


Energy Savings Potential: Prototypes

● Multi-family building prototypes● Three prototypes to capture high-rise, low-rise and campus

style building configurations

● Each has a recirculation loop length corresponding to building configuration and number of units

Prototypes CBC CT LR

Description high-rise condolow-rise style

campus style

Conditioned floor area ft2 1,038 593 1,335

Number of units # 88 54 92

Ave building hot water consumption

gal/day 3,170 1,609 3,696

Recirc loop length ft 1,100 538 2,342



56


Life Cycle Cost Effectiveness Method

● Components of LCC method

● Measure life

● Measure first cost

● Post adoption measure costs

● Maintenance Cost

● PV of energy cost savings



57

Multifamily Solar Water Heating

Current Compliance Rule Set

● Building owners calculate the annual solar savings

fraction using CEC’s version of F-Chart

● Solar Savings Multiplier (SM) =1 – SSF

● Residential RCM Equation RE-1

HARL = HSEU x DLM x SM + HRDL + ∑HJL

where

HARL = Hourly adjusted recovery load (Btu)

HSEU = Hourly standard end use (Btu)

DLM = Distribution loss multiplier

HRDL = Hourly recirc & distribution loss (Btu)

HJL = Tank surface losses (Btu)

57



58


Proposed Changes to SSF Calculation

● Original:

for both SF and MF buildings,SSF = solar output / std end use load

● Proposed:

for MF buildings only,SSF = solar output / (std end use load + recirc&dist

losses)

58



5959

Multifamily Solar Water Heating

Draft Proposed Code Language:Prescriptive Requirements for New Construction

● Add a new item i. under the performance and prescriptive

compliance approaches section for residential buildings

SECTION 151 (f) 8 Domestic water-heating systems.

C. For systems serving multiple dwelling units, a central water

heating system that has a gas or propane water heating,

boilers or other water heating equipment that meet the

minimum efficiency requirements… and a water heating

recirculation loop that meets the requirements…

i. At least the minimum percentage of the water

heating energy as specified in Table 151-x must be

provided by a solar water heating system that meets the

requirements in Section 150(j)4.

Climate Zone 1 2 3 …

Solar Savings Fraction

25% 30% 20%



60


Mandatory: Solar Water Heating Ready

● Potential Measures

● LCC Analysis Methodology

● Measures Cost Data Collection

● Measures Cost Savings Data Collection

● Proposed Code Language

60



6161

● Green Pointed Rated Build-It-Green

● Local jurisdiction reach measures

● Continuous stakeholder input

● Via stakeholder meeting

● Outreach and interviews


Mandatory: SWH Ready Sources



62


Existing SWH Ready Language: Examples

● San Rafael GREEN building code

● “The area of roof penetrated should be at least 300 square feet

and not subject to shading by trees, chimneys or mechanical

equipment”

● “Two ¾” copper pipes and one ¾” electrical metallic tubing (EMT)

conduit, shall be stubbed out a minimum of 6” above the roof,

capped off and provided with roof jacks for a future solar water

heating system. The pipe and conduit shall be run to the location

of the water heater, be capped off and be readily accessible”

● Green Point Rated Single Family manual

● “Roof trusses shall be engineered to handle an additional load

of five (5) pounds per square foot beyond that of the anticipated

load for the roofing material”

● “Adequate space for a 100 gallon solar storage tank (with

pressure relief drain line)”

62



6363


New Const. “Ready”: Considerations for MF

● Adequate roof area for collectors● Orientation and area: “South and secondarily West-facing

largest roof area at least X ft2/CFA”

● Access, pathways and smoke ventilation considerations

● Attachment points

● Issues● 300 ft2 quote for SF: will develop ft2/CFA specs based on

hot water load sizing

● For high-rise building with smaller footprint

● Orientation: may not significantly affect performance?

● Shading restriction: CSI Thermal requires shading factor > 80% for incentive

● Can the collectors be somewhere other than the roof?



6464



● Structural requirement for roof

● X lb/ft2 additional load tolerance for roof

● Issues

● 5 lb/ft2 for single family: Specs will be developed based on weight info available from manufacturers both for collectors and tank

● Depending on the location of the boiler room, future solar tank may not locate on the roof; requirement should be waved in this case



6565

● Adequate space in/around boiler room for solar equipment

● Issues

● Flexibility on location of future solar equipment: inside or outside the boiler room with access consideration� what minimum area/footprint requirement?

● In addition to space, access consideration is also important, especially if the tank space is reserved inside the boiler room





6666

● Pre-piping and conduit or installing chase

● Issues

● Pre-piping: technology specific, and will have to be pressure-tested and stubbed off properly

● Installing chase: needs to ensure future (full-body) access for attachments and more

● Would requiring a “pathway” for future plumbing and conduit to be designated/mapped out on the building plan accomplish the same goal?





6767


New Construction “Ready”: Analysis Method

● Cost now vs. cost savings later

● Projection of market adoption rate

● Scenario analysis to determine cost effectiveness “target” market adoption rate

● Compare the “target” rate with other projections

● NREL study on solar thermal market trend

● CSI Thermal program goal

● CPUC Net Zero Energy goals



6868


New Construction “Ready”: Cost Data Collection

● Adequate roof areas for collectors

● Design consideration � no cost

● Structural requirements for roof

● ∆ $x for a range of base load and additional ∆lb/ft2 ~ likely from RS Means

● Adequate space in/around boiler room for solar equipment

● Is there only design consideration?● If so, then no additional cost is incurred.

● If not, how to estimate?



6969


New Construction “Ready”: Cost Data Collection

● Pre-piping and pre-conduit/ installing chase

● Pre-pipe and conduit: $x/ft of copper piping and $x/ft of electrical metallic tubing conduit installed (both material and labor)

● Chase: $x for constructing a 3′x3′ drywall chase for each of the prototype buildings ~ likely from RS Means



7070


New Construction “Ready”: Cost Savings Data Collection

● Quantifying the cost savings benefits from requiring MF buildings to be SWH ready

● Will conduct interviews with solar system designers and installers

● Obtain estimate on cost savings from each of the measures

● Based on project experience: current retrofit is the base case

● Scaled to the size/layout the prototype buildings



7171


Draft Proposed Code Language: Mandatory Requirements for New Construction

● Add points 1 and 2 under section 150(n), the mandatory

requirements for service water-heating systems and equipment

Original:

SECTION 150 (n) Water Heating Recirculation Loops Serving

Multiple Dwelling Units. Water heating recirculation loops serving

multiple dwelling units shall meet the requirements of Section 113(c)5.

(SECTION 113 (c) 5 Water heating Recirculation Loops Serving

Multiple Dwelling Units, High-Rise Residential, Hotel/Motel

and Nonresidential Occupancies.)



7272


Draft Proposed Code Language: Mandatory Requirements for New Construction

Proposed:

SECTION 150 (n) Water Heating Recirculation Loops Serving

Multiple Dwelling Units.

1. Water heating recirculation loops serving multiple dwelling

units shall meet the requirement of Section 113(c)5. (relocated)

2. The following items shall be clearly shown and labeled on

building plans/drawings submitted for permitting purposes to

facilitate potential future installation of solar water heating

system:

A. Marked area(s) of potential future solar collector on the roof with at least

X ft2/CFA or Y % of total roof area with minimum annual average collector

availability (free of shading, between the hours of 10am to 3pm) of Z %.

Marked area(s) must follow guidelines outlined in Chapter 2 of the

California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection Office of the State

Fire Marshal Solar Photovoltaic Installation Guideline.



7373


Draft Proposed Code Language:Mandatory Requirements for New Construction

(continued…)

B.Roof shall be able to withstand X lb/ft2 additional load for potential

future solar water heating equipment weight. This shall be performed

and certified/stamped by a licensed structural engineer.

C.Marked area inside or outside the boiler room where the water

heating equipment reside, for potential solar water heating

associated equipment. If the marked area is outside the boiler room,

at least X ft space clearance shall be kept in all directions from the

cold water inlet from potential future solar thermal related

connections

D.Marked plumbing and conduit path between the collector area on

the roof and the boiler/water heating in the boiler room for potential

solar water heating system.

EXCEPTION to Section 150(n)2: the requirement may be omitted

if an actual solar water heating system is installed.



7474


Data Collection and Analysis to Complete

● For Prescriptive requirements of minimum solar

water heating energy

● Continue detailed TRNSYS runs to determine the

appropriate requirement level for each climate zone based

on LCC analysis

● Drafting recommendations for new rules to be incorporated

into ACM compliance software

● For Mandatory requirements for SWH ready

● Continue to conduct interviews to solicit potential cost

savings and suggestions on ready measures

● Perform LCC analysis as outlined previously


11/2/2010

75



Julianna [email protected]

?


76

PV-ready Buildings(nonresidential)Solar Stakeholder Meeting #2

Heidi Hauenstein

Energy Solutions

November 2, 2010



777777

Agenda

● Why PV-Ready Buildings?

● Opportunities

● Existing Renewable Energy Codes

● Potential Code Changes

● Size of PV Zone

● Costs & Cost Effectiveness

● Energy Savings

● Next Steps



78

PV-ready Nonresidential Buildings

Why PV-ready Buildings?

● University of Arizona team

surveyed City of Phoenix

public buildings

● Only 100 of 364 buildings

deemed suitable for rooftop

solar installations

● ~ 27 percent of buildings

● A large portion of the 264

buildings that were deemed

unsuitable had access to

good solar resources

78

● Only ~30 % of existing buildings are

suitable for PV



79



79

● Self-shading

● Roof obstructions

● Obstructions included in original

design: Ex., structural and mechanical

equipment, overhead tanks, HVAC vents,

chimneys, skylights, plumbing vents,

ducts, piping, etc.

● Obstructions added after construction:

Ex., antennas, satellite dishes, weather

monitoring equipment, etc.

● Unfavorable orientation or slope

● Unfavorable roof shape (e.g. domed

roof)

● Unfavorable roof materials



8080

Existing ConditionsRooftop equipment in middle of

roof area

Optimized ConditionsRooftop equipment on north side of roof area

Suitable location for PV array(unshaded and unobstructed)





8181


Opportunities

● Energy Savings Opportunity● Increase the number of buildings that would be suitable

for future PV installations

● Increase size of PV systems installed on rooftops

● Enable more voluntary PV installations in the future

● Other Opportunities● In-line with California’s long-term energy efficiency and

renewable energy goals

● Positioning to achieve zero-net energy goals

● CPUC goal of integrating renewable energy into the building code

within the 2011 – 2015 timeframe

● In-line with CA GHG emissions reduction strategic plan

(AB 32)



82


Existing Renewable Energy Codes● ASHRAE 189P (i.e. ASHRAE Green Code)

● Mandatory requirement - PV-ready building requirement (3.7 W/SF x roof area)

● Prescriptive option - provide equivalent of 4.0 KBtu/ft2 of conditioned space with on-site renewable energy

● Part 11 of Title 24 (i.e. CA Green Buildings Standards)

● Supply at least 1% of electricity from on-site renewable energy, pre-wiring for future solar.

● Voluntary requirement for Building Standards Commission

● International Energy Conservation Code● Supply at least 3% of energy demand with on-site

renewable energy



8383


Potential Code Changes

● Proposing a mandatory requirement that nonresidential buildings be ready for future PV installation

● Standard will likely end up in CalGreen (i.e. Title 24, Part 11)

● “PV-ready” means the building would have:

1. Allocated PV zone

2. Dedicated PV electrical interconnect

3. Designed wiring between PV zone and electrical interconnect



8484



1. Allocated PV zone

● All buildings should be constructed with a PV zone

● PV zone can be on the roof or elsewhere on the building site

● PV zone should be● Unobstructed by pipes, vents, etc.

● Unshaded by equipment, other parts of the building or objects on the building site

● Not including external shading due to neighboring buildings, trees on neighboring sites, topography, etc.

● Be designed so it is possible to orient panels within 30 degrees of south



8585



1. Allocated PV zone (continued)

● If the PV zone is located on the roof, it should:

● Comply with existing cool roofing and skylight requirements

● Be designed according to fire safety guidelines

● Section 2.2 of the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection

Office of the State Fire Marshal Solar Photovoltaic Installation Guideline

● Have sufficient structural integrity to support the PV system

(typically 4 PSF) and expected wind load on the PV array

● Current practice is to design for 2x the failure stress

● Roof designed for 20 psf uniform load and 300 lbs concentrated load

● May require collaboration with building standards commission to adopt

changes to Part 2 of Title 24



8686



1. Allocated PV zone (continued)

● The size of the PV zone should be either A or

B, whichever is smaller:

A. Sized according to the prescribed square foot of

PV zone/ total building floor space

● Size varies based on building type

● Calculated to provide a percentage of expected building

electricity use

B. 75 percent of the space not occupied by

essential mechanical equipment



8787



2. Dedicated PV Electrical Interconnect● Building drawings should clearly indicate where the PV

system, of the size specified, would be interconnected

● Electrical interconnection design should be designed according to section 690 of the California Electrical Code

● Busbar and main breakers should be capable of accommodating the specified supply (from inverter)

● 690.64 allows sum of supply feeders serving the busbar to be 20% of the busbar rating

3. Design Wiring Between PV Zone and Electrical Interconnection

● Building drawings should clearly indicate the shortest feasible pathway to run wires between the PV zone and the inverter (or batteries) and dedicated electrical interconnection point

● Inverter (or battery) location should be identified in drawings



88


Structural Design of PV Zone

● Title 24, Part 2 specifies roof structural

design requirements ● 1606A.3 Roof dead loads.

The design dead load shall provide for the weight of at least one

additional roof covering in addition to other applicable loadings if the

new roof covering is permitted to be applied over the original roofing

without its removal, in accordance with Section 1510.

● 1607A.11 Roof loads. (Live loads)

The structural supports of roofs and marquees shall be designed to resist

wind and, where applicable, snow and earthquake loads, in addition to the

dead load of construction and the appropriate live loads as prescribed in

this section, or as set forth in Table 1607A.1. The live loads acting on a

sloping surface shall be assumed to act vertically on the horizontal

projection of that surface.



89



● TABLE 1607A.1 MINIMUM UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED LIVE

LOADS AND MINIMUM CONCENTRATED LIVE LOADS g



90



● PV system load

● Typically 4 pounds per square foot (PSF)

● Up to 15 PSF with wind loading

● Typically practice is to design for 2X failure stress

● Existing structural design code provide enough

structural integrity for PV system

● No other equipment will be placed on PV zone

● 20 live load PSF requirement < 15 PSF load of PV system



91


Size of PV Zone

● Methodology of determining size of PV zone● Determine annual electricity use (kWh/building floorspace)

● From CEUS

● Set goal for electricity generation from PV system

● Determine feasibility of providing 3% of annual electricity use

● Consider adjusting based on cost, available space on building site, and

long-term ZNE on-site generation goals

● Determine 3% of annual electricity use (kWh/building

floorspace)

● Translate kWh/floorspace value into:

● Square footage of PV Zone / building floorspace

● kW / building floorspace


11/2/2010

Annual Electricity Use (kWh/SF)

CZ 1 CZ 2 CZ 3 CZ 4 CZ 5 CZ 6 CZ 7 CZ 8 CZ 9 CZ 10 CZ 11 CZ 12 CZ 13 CZ 14 CZ 15 CZ 16

Statewide

Average

(kWh/SF)

Small Office 14.35 11.93 9.40 17.37 14.49 17.68 11.46 13.78 13.87 11.55 12.91 13.30

Large Office 9.06 12.64 14.20 23.51 15.25 19.95 15.86 18.73 17.39 12.30 18.82 17.70

Restaurant 27.60 35.83 33.25 35.97 31.41 46.81 37.97 41.85 49.73 55.84 47.75 40.20

Retail 17.31 14.88 10.06 12.82 12.65 14.28 12.73 14.07 16.75 17.51 14.51 14.60

Grocery 36.79 44.60 36.27 44.34 40.26 44.79 41.37 42.63 40.97 41.48 44.10 40.99

Warehouse n/a 5.53 10.77 4.26 4.56 3.76 n/a 4.87 4.77 3.32 4.17 4.45

Refrigerated Warehouse 14.59 19.81 25.88 10.12 24.86 16.85 29.82 23.07 17.75 41.87 38.77 20.02

School 8.66 7.07 8.82 6.65 5.51 9.16 9.24 7.62 7.43 10.17 6.45 7.46

Colleges 12.86 11.77 14.24 9.75 12.70 10.84 19.03 16.41 12.31 9.89 11.23 12.26

Health 14.65 17.55 15.04 23.03 18.40 23.06 14.76 18.15 25.86 21.08 19.38 19.61

Lodging 9.30 8.78 10.07 9.33 10.03 12.13 15.07 11.06 9.48 22.29 15.51 12.13

Miscellaneous 5.18 10.01 10.42 9.81 8.98 18.00 2.85 10.05 13.02 11.95 11.57 9.84


92


Size of PV ZoneUsed statewide average

annual energy use to size PV zone

Source: CEUS* Includes electricity use from: HVAC, water heating, cooking, exterior and interior lighting, office equipment, processes, motors, and air compressors

data not available



93


Size of PV Zone

Goal: provide 3 % of annual electricity use with electricity

from PV system

Building Type

kWh/ 1000 SF

building

floorspace

Small Office 399

Large Office 531

Restaurant 1,206

Retail 438

Grocery 1,230

Warehouse 134

Refrigerated Warehouse 601

School 224

Colleges 368

Health 588

Lodging 364

Miscellaneous 295


11/2/2010

● Calculate physical size of PV zone from

kWh goal using following assumptions:

● kWh/kW (statewide average)

● 100 SF / kW

Climate Zone kWh/kW Climate Zone kWh/kW1 1,220 9 1,570

2 1,420 10 1,560

3 1,515 11 1,595

4 1,560 12 1,670

5 1,570 13 1,705

6 1,590 14 1,790

7 1,545 15 1,755

8 1,565 16 1,560

Statewide Average (kWh/kW)weighted by floorspace in each climate zone

1,595


94


Size of PV Zone

Sources: kWh/kW from CEC staff – used low estimate



95


Size of PV Zone

Climate Zone

Climate Zone 1 0.2%

Climate Zone 2 2.3%

Climate Zone 3 9.5%

Climate Zone 4 5.6%

Climate Zone 5 1.1%

Climate Zone 6 7.4%

Climate Zone 7 6.7%

Climate Zone 8 9.6%

Climate Zone 9 8.1%

Climate Zone 10 15.2%







% of Statewide

Buiding Stock

● Weight by % of building floorspace in each

climate zone

Source: CEC construction forecast



96


Size of PV Zone

Size of PV Zone

Building Type

kWh/ 1000 SF

building

floorspace

kW/ 1000

SF building

floorspace

SF PV zone /

1000 SF building

floorspace

Small Office 399 0.25 25.0

Large Office 531 0.33 33.3

Restaurant 1,206 0.76 75.6

Retail 438 0.27 27.5

Grocery 1,230 0.77 77.1

Warehouse 134 0.08 8.4

Refrigerated Warehouse 601 0.38 37.7

School 224 0.14 14.0

Colleges 368 0.23 23.1

Health 588 0.37 36.9

Lodging 364 0.23 22.8

Miscellaneous 295 0.19 18.5

● Example Building

● 10,000 SF office

● 2 stories

● PV zone = 250 SF

● PV zone covers

5% of roof space

● Capacity of PV

system - 2.5 kW



9797


Size of PV Zone

● Capacity of Non-residential PV Systems● System sizes vary significantly 1 kW – 1,000 kW

Source: California Solar Initiative



98


Cost

Measure Cost Cost Savings

PV Zone ●Design costs (n/a) ● none

Electrical

Interconnection

●Busbar with appropriate

rating ($/kW)

● % of buildings will avoid

electrical system retrofits

Design wiring ● Design costs (n/a) ● shorter wires

● reduced labor costs to run

wires



99


Lifecycle Cost Effectiveness

● Calculation methodology for lifecycle cost

effectiveness

● Costs apply to every building built in California

● Cost savings only apply to buildings that install a

PV system as some point during the building life

● Cost savings from electricity generation are not

included in cost effectiveness calculation



100


Energy Savings

● Energy savings (site) = Electricity generation from PV system

● Calculation method:1. Determine maximum possible savings

● Savings if all buildings constructed in 2013 install PV system

2. Subtract naturally occurring savings

● Estimated from CSI data

3. Estimate savings attributable to measure

● What percentage of buildings will install systems due to measure



101


Energy Savings

● Maximum Possible Savings

2013 Statewide New

Construction Forecast

(million SF)

5.327

13.951

3.128

19.187

5.167

19.078

1.091

4.749

4.625

5.775

#N/A

#N/A

82.077

X =PV Zone

generation potential / SF

(3% of electricity use)

Projected SF new construction

in 2013

Maximum generation from PV system

(if all buildings install system)

Building Type

kWh/ 1000 SF

building

floorspace

Small Office 399

Large Office 531

Restaurant 1,206

Retail 438

Grocery 1,230

Warehouse 134

Refrigerated Warehouse 601

School 224

Colleges 368

Health 588

Lodging 364

Miscellaneous 295

Building Type

Maximum

Annual

Electricity

Savings

(GWh)

Maximum

PV Capacity

Installed

(MW)

OFF-SMALL 2.1 1.3

OFF-LRG 7.4 4.6

REST 3.8 2.4

RETAIL 8.4 5.3

FOOD 6.4 4.0

NWHSE 2.5 1.6

RWHSE 0.7 0.4

SCHOOL 1.1 0.7

COLLEGE 1.7 1.1

HOSP 3.4 2.1

HOTEL

MISC

Total 37.4 23.5



102


Energy Savings

Code change results in energy savings from this portion of buildings

Savings would have happened without code (naturally occurring)

Some buildings will never a install PV system

Note: only a small percentage of buildings (~10%) will be unsuitable for PV installations

Source: CSI database

Before code 70% of buildings are unsuitable for PV



103

Source: CSI


Energy Savings

~ 8% of installations are on new buildings

~92 % of installations are retrofits to existing buildings

Market penetration of PV installations is low



104


Energy Savings

● Naturally occurring adoption rates will depend

on a number of (changing) factors

● Price of PV modules

● Balance-of-system costs

● Incentives available

● Challenging to predict installation rates 10-30

years in the future

● Assumptions for this analysis

● In 2013, less than 1% of buildings will install PV during

initial construction

● By 2042, 10% of buildings constructed in 2013 will

have installed PV (regardless of standard)



105


Energy Savings

● Assumptions about PV installations that happen

because of standard

● In 2013, 1% of buildings will install PV system during

initial construction

● By 2042, 50% of buildings built in 2013 will have

installed a PV system

● This goal will be refined

● Results

● Annual Savings

● First year savings: 0.3 GWh; 0.2 MW

● Year 15 savings: 7.4 GWh; 5.6 MW

● Year 30 savings: 15 GWh; 9.4 MW



106


Energy Savings

WithoutCode Change

With Code Change

EmergingRenewables CSI and NSHP

Goal: 3000 MW by 2030

TODAY: 522 MW



107


Next Steps

● Re-visit % of electricity use goal used to

establish PV zone size

● Is it in line with long-term on-site renewable

energy goals

● Update kWh/KW values with new values

using updated weather files

● Develop and refine code language



108



Heidi [email protected]

(510) 482 4420 ext. 219

?


109

Solar Ready HomesSolar Stakeholder Meeting #2

Jon Roberts

CTG Energetics

November 2, 2010


11/2/2010

Solar Ready Homes

Outline

● Market Review & Costs

● Review of Solar Ready Measures Considered

● Life Cycle Cost Analysis

● Remaining Work


● Questions/Feedback

110



11/2/2010

Residential PV Market –

Current and Projected Costs

Current Number of Residential System Owners

Average Nameplate Rating of Installed

Systems

Average System Cost(without incentives & rebates)

43,296 5.67 kW$ 41,885 Total or

$7,388/kW

Source: National Renewable Energy Laboratory, “Modeling the US Rooftop PV Market,” 09/2010

Source: California Solar Initiative

111



11/2/2010


112

Residential PV Market

Future Projections



11/2/2010

Solar Hot Water System Market

Type Of Collector

Number Installed

% of Total Installed

Average Collector Size (SF)

Average Cost

Indirect ICS 2 3% 34.6 $ 3,333.50

Direct ICS 5 6% 28.86 $ 6,000.26

Indirect Thermosyphon 10 13% 42.65 $ 6,358.98

Indirect Forced Circulation 63 79% 50.80 $ 8,465.11

Source: California Solar Initiative -Thermal Program Data, 2010

113



11/2/2010

Solar Ready Homes –

Potential Measures Reviewed

● Roof space provisions ��

● Minimum space ��

● Solar orientation ��

● Free of penetrations ��

● Shading ��

● Ensure roof structural load capacity ��

● Fire access and venting requirements ��

● Roof material lifetime matching PV lifetime

● Pre-install roof penetration/flashing

● Pre-install mounting hardware

114



11/2/2010

Solar Ready Homes –

Potential Measures Reviewed

● Document pathway for piping and wiring ��

● Ensure electric panel capacity and spare breakers ��

● Roof warranty provisions

● Roofer callback during solar installation

● Pre-install wiring

● Pre-install conduit

● Pre-install piping

● Install chase

● Ensure physical space for equipment near electric

panel and water heater

115



11/2/2010

Solar Ready Homes – Proposed Measure

Reserved Roof Area for Solar Arrays

● One [250-350] ft2 roof section

● ± 30º of South or between 150º to 270º

● Can be divided into two contiguous rectangular sections

greater than 80 ft2 each

- OR -

● Two orthogonal [250-350] ft2 roof sections

● No orientation requirements

● Kept clear of attic vents, plumbing vents,

equipment, and other obstructions.

● Roof reservations marked on plans

116



11/2/2010

Solar Ready Homes – Proposed Roof Area Provision

Example of Two Orthogonal Roof Sections

117



11/2/201011/02/2010

2011 Title 24 CASE Process Update

118


11/2/201011/02/2010

2011 Title 24 CASE Process Update

119


11/2/2010

Optimal Solar Orientation Provides 5% AverageImprovement Potential over non-Optimal Orientation

11/02/2010

120

78%

80%

82%

84%

86%

88%

90%

92%

94%

96%

98%

100%

% o

f M

ax

imu

m P

V O

utp

ut

Improvements in 160-220 Degree Regulation

Regulated

Baseline

Regulated

Average

Baseline

Average

Source: CTG Analysis of Solar Communities


11/2/2010


Reserved Roof Area for Solar Arrays

● Benefits:

● 5% increase in solar output

● Solar Water heating: ~11 Therms/ 227 kWh, or $10-60 per

year savings

● PV: ~ 300-400 kWh, or $50-100 per year savings

● Cost-savings for future retrofits if house is Solar Ready

121

~ 5 additional installation labor hours will be required to install solar in a non-solar ready home compared to a solar-ready home.

Solar Ready Measure

Added Costs of Measure inSolar Ready Home

Added Costs of Measure in anon-Solar Ready Home

New Construction Retrofit Retrofit

Reserved roof area for collectors

$ - $ - $245.25



11/2/2010


Solar Roof Area(s) not be Shaded by Adjacent Architectural Features

● Any vent, chimney, or other architectural protuberance between

shall be a minimum distance of twice the protuberance height

from the reserved roof area(s)

● Exception: Any Vent, Chimney or architectural protuberance located

at a higher roof elevation than the reserved roof area.

122

h

2h



11/2/2010


Solar Roof Area(s) not be Shaded by Adjacent Architectural Features

● Benefit - Improved solar system performance

● Outstanding Question –

Potential non-ready retrofit costs for complex

panel installation or vent relocation to avoid

shade

123

Solar Ready Measure


Added Costs of Measure in a non-Solar

Ready Home


Roof design to minimize shading

$ - $ - $?



11/2/2010


Provide Smoke Ventilation & Fire Access for Solar Roof Area

● Section 2 of the California Department of Forestry

and Fire Protection Office of the State Fire Marshal

Solar Photovoltaic Installation Guideline

124

Solar Ready Measure



Ready HomeNew

Construction Retrofit Retrofit

Provide smoke ventilation & fire access for solar roof area

$ - $ - $50

● Non-solar ready retrofit costs include additional coordination

and permitting time with fire marshal

● Stricter fire access guidelines may preclude many retrofits

that were not pre-planned



11/2/2010

CA Dept of Forestry –Fire Access Requirements

125



11/2/2010

CA Dept of Forestry –Fire Access Requirements

126



11/2/2010


Roof Designed For Solar Structural Loads

● Accommodate additional structural load of

solar installation, 5 lb/sqft

● Load capacity clearly marked on plans

127

•~ 90% of current retrofit homes do not require structural upgrades.

•Retrofits often require a structural engineer stamp for structural loads in an non-solar ready home.

Solar Ready Measure


Added Costs of Measure in a non-Solar Ready Home


Accommodate additional structural load of collectors

$ - $ - $600.00



11/2/2010

128


Pre-Piping and Pre-Wiring (not recommended)

•Values include material costs and labor for installing piping and wiring

•Stubbed out to attic interior

• Non-solar ready accounts for additional labor for required for wall cutouts to route piping & wiring

•(Assumes that majority of retrofits would pipe and wire external to the building)

•Retrofit labor based on RS Means for small-area cutouts, ~ 2 cutouts.

Solar Ready Measure



Ready Home


Pre-piping and pre-wiring $810.20 $ - $892.20



11/2/2010


Pre-Plumbing Constraints

● Specialized

Piping Systems

● Control wiring

● Pipe slope

requirements

for drainback

systems

129



11/2/2010


Pre-Wiring/Conduit Constraints

● Wiring/conduit sizing requirements

indeterminate in the ‘ready’ stage and likely

to change over time

● Liability concerns for installer

● Installer feedback that there is a strong

likelihood that pre-conduit/wiring/roof

penetrations would not be routed in their

preferred location, ~ 50% chance of not being

used

130



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131


Install Chase (Not Recommended)

• Chase construction: wood studs, ½ inch drywall ~$.84/sf for material and $2.14/sf for labor, ~ 48 SF of wall = $143.04 total

• Depending on chase construction/access panels, additional labor required for cutouts.

• Retrofit costs include material costs and labor for installing piping and wiring, and some wall cutouts

Solar Ready Measure


Added Costs of Measure in a non-Solar Ready

Home


Install Chase $143 $ 820-892 $892



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132


Roof Penetration (Not Recommended)

•Values include material costs and labor for installing flashing on roof

•Analysis of without solar ready accounts for additional labor for required for cutouts through roofing

•Stakeholder concerns

•Penetration likely not in the desired location

•Aesthetics

•Roof leakage

•Will have to have a roofer/contractor onsite to install standoffs, minimal incremental benefit

Solar Ready Measure




Roof Penetration $175.50 $ - $307.50



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133


Pathway For Piping And Wiring

~ 5 additional installation labor hours required to install solar in a non-solar ready home.

Solar Ready Measure


Added Costs of Measure in anon-Solar Ready Home


Determine pathway for piping and wiring

$ - $ - $245.25



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134


Provide Adequate Electric Panel Capacity

•80% of homes are built with adequate electric capacity (200 amp panel)

•20% of homes do not have electric capacity (100 amp panel).

•The solar ready home will require

•20% of homes to install a 200 amp panel (incurring the incremental material costs of the 200 amp panel vs. 100 amp panel)

•The retrofit without solar ready home will require

•20 % of homes to remove of the existing panel and install a new 200 amp panel

Solar Ready Measure




Provide adequate electric capacity

$ 117.00 $ - $404.00



11/2/2010

135


Ensure Spare Electric Breaker Space

•25% of homes are built with spare breaker space for PV

•75% of home require upgrading to a larger breaker panel for solar PV

•Solar ready home accounts for the difference between two equally sized panels with extra breakers.

•Retrofit without solar ready home requires labor for the removal of the existing panel and the installation and cost of a panel for the 50% of homes.

Solar Ready Measure




Ensure electric breakers available

$15.00 $ - $1,010.00



11/2/2010

Solar Ready Homes – Proposed Measures

Solar Ready Home Recommended Measure Cost Summary

136

Retrofit with Retrofit without

Solar Ready Home Solar Ready Home

Solar Ready Measure New Construction Retrofit RetrofitReserved roof area for collectors $ - $ - $245 Roof design to minimize shading $ - $ - $? Provide smoke ventilation & fire access for solar roof area $ - $ - $50 Accommodate additional structural load of collectors $ - $ - $600 Determine pathway for piping and wiring $ - $ - $245 Provide adequate electric capacity $117 $ - $404

Ensure electric breakers available $15 $ - $1,010 Total $132 $ - $2,555 Savings $2,423CA Utilities 2011 Title 24 Stakeholder Meeting for Proposed Code Changes


11/2/2010


Lifecycle Cost Analysis

● All new homes will incur solar-ready measure

costs.

● 101,696 projected single family housing starts in

2013

● Exclude “ready” costs from ~0.5% homes that

would install solar at construction

● 101,187 housing starts in 2013 incurring solar

ready costs

● 101,187 x $132/home = $13,300,000

● Note: costs are for the PV-ready measures only per

previous slide

137



11/2/2010



● Over the 30 year home life, PV penetration

will increase from ~2% to over 12% of total

construction*

● 2% increase

● ~ 2,000 homes retrofitting solar

● ~$4,900,000 installation cost savings statewide

● 12% increase


● ~$29,420,000 installation cost savings statewide

138




11/2/2010



● Additional 5% increase in PV output due to improved orientation of PV Systems Retrofitted in Solar Ready Homes

● 2% increase


● 600,000 – 800,000 kWh/year

● $156,000 – $208,000/year

● 12% increase


● 3,660,000 - 4,880,000 kWh/year

● $951,600 - $1,268,000/year

139



11/2/2010



● Market Penetration Projections for

solar water heating being refined

● Note: no “solar-ready” construction costs

for solar-water heating related items

● Gas savings ~ 22,000 Therms/year at

max. penetration (12%)

140



11/2/2010

Solar Ready Homes

Forthcoming Work

● Refine and validate “solar ready” measures

● Update PV and SDHW Cost Savings for new

weather formats and TDV

● Refine PV and SDHW installation projections

● Refine lifecycle savings

● Update and refine code language

141



11/2/2010


Strawman Solar Ready HomesCode Language

142

SUBCHAPTER 7 (LOW-RISE RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS –MANDATORY FEATURES AND DEVICES),

SECTION 150 – MANDATORY FEATURES AND DEVICES

(q) Solar Ready – Homes shall be equipped with the following provisions to facilitate cost effective installation of solar water heating (SDHW) and photovoltaic (PV) systems at a later date.



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143

1. Provision of Dedicated Roof Area for Solar Systems

A. One of the following roof area allocations shall be provided:

• A single [250-350] ft2 of roof section facing [within 30o of true South] or [between 150o to 270o] shall be reserved for future installation of solar collectors.

• This roof area can be divided into two contiguous rectangular sections, with the smallest section having an area of no less than 80 square feet, and both sections meeting the orientation requirements.

• Two orthogonal [250-350] ft2 roof sections without any orientation requirements reserved for future installation of solar collectors.





11/2/2010

144

1. Provision of Dedicated Roof Area for Solar Systems (cont.)

B. The roof area(s) shall be kept clear of attic vents, plumbing vents, equipment, and other obstructions.

C. The roof area(s) should not be shaded by adjacent architectural features.

• Any vent, chimney, or other architectural protuberance shall be a minimum distance of twice the protuberance height from the reserved roof area(s).

• Exception: Any vent, chimney, or other architectural protuberance at an higher roof elevation than the solar area

D. The roof area(s) shall be designed according to section 2 of the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection Office of the State Fire Marshal Solar Photovoltaic Installation Guideline, which provides for roof access and smoke ventilation.





11/2/2010

145

1. Provision of Dedicated Roof Area for Solar Systems (cont.)

E. The roof structure shall be designed to accommodate an additional load of 5 lbs/sqft to accommodate solar collectors.

F. The dedicated roof area shall be clearly marked on the drawings and blueprints, and the drawings should state that the roof can accommodate an additional load of 5 lbs/sqft of solar equipment in the designated area roof area.





11/2/2010

146

2. Provision of Pathway for Plumbing and Wiring for Solar Systems

A.A pathway for routing electrical lines from the dedicated solar roof area to the electrical distribution panel shall be clearly marked on the drawings and blueprints. This pathway shall not be obstructed by plumbing lines, electrical wires, or other obstructions. This pathway should be readily accessible at a later date. The documented pathways may run on the interior or exterior of the building.

B.A pathway for routing plumbing lines from the dedicated solar roof area to the water heater location shall be clearly marked on the drawings and blueprints. This pathway shall not be obstructed by plumbing lines, electrical wires, or other obstructions. This pathway should be readily accessible at a later date. The documented pathways may run on the interior or exterior of the building.





11/2/2010



147

3. Electric Panel Capacity

A. Electric panel capacity shall have at minimum a bus-bar rated at 200 Amps.

B. The electric panel shall have reserved space for the future installation of two additional breakers for the solar photovoltaic installation.



11/2/2010

148

Solar Ready Homes


?Jon Roberts

[email protected]

949-428-6285


149

Solar Oriented DevelopmentsSolar Stakeholder Meeting #2

Jon Roberts

CTG Energetics

November 2, 2010


11/2/2010

150

Solar Oriented Development

Outline

● Status

● Potential Code Proposals

● Solar Oriented Development Drivers

● Roof Orientation on Solar Performance

● Roof Complexity

● Lot Orientation

● Remaining Work




11/2/2010

Status

● Preliminary analysis of PV & Solar

Water Heating Impacts for existing

communities.

● Will be updates with new weather and

TDV Impacts

● Awaiting release of Calres2 for

building impacts analysis

151



11/2/2010

152

Potential Code Change Proposals

● Prescriptive measure in reach-code (CALGreen energy efficiency or CALGreen Siting section)

● New developments must meet specific building/lot orientation goals

● Performance tradeoffs allowed● Street orientation impacts

● Lot orientation impacts

● Building orientation impacts

● Landscaping impacts

● Engages a new set of stakeholders● Developers, Planners



11/2/2010

EXAMPLES OF SOLAR-ORIENTED COMMUNITIES

Solar System Performance

153



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Village Homes, Davis, CASolar Oriented Community

154



11/2/2010

Premier Oaks (ZNE Community)

155

80%

82%

84%

86%

88%

90%

92%

94%

96%

98%

100%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

% o

f M

ax

imu

m P

V O

utp

ut

Cumulative Frequency

Premier Oaks PV Performance

Average = 96.1%



11/2/2010

EXAMPLES OF NON SOLAR-ORIENTED COMMUNITIES

156



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Evergreen, Orange County

157

70%

75%

80%

85%

90%

95%

100%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

% o

f M

ax

imu

m P

V O

utp

ut

Cumulative Frequency

Evergreen PV Performance

Average = 86.2%



11/2/2010

PV Systems on Homes are Non-Optimal

158

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360

Nu

mb

er

of

Ho

use

s

An

nu

al

PV

Ou

tpu

t (k

Wh

)

Azimuth

Evergreen Performance Overview

House

Quantity

PV Output

(5:12 Pitch)

Average

Performance

SEN W N

100%

80%

60%



11/2/2010

PV Performance Improvements for Solar Orientated Developments

159

78%

80%

82%

84%

86%

88%

90%

92%

94%

96%

98%

100%

% o

f M

ax

imu

m P

V O

utp

ut

Improvements in 160-220 Degree Regulation

Regulated

Baseline

Regulated

Average

Baseline

Average



11/2/2010

Street Orientation Does Not Necessarily Need To Be E/W

160



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Roof Complexity is Not Necessarily a Limitation

161

84%

86%

88%

90%

92%

94%

96%

98%

100%

0 1 2 3 4 5

Ave

rage

PV

Pe

rfo

rman

ce

Average Roof Complexity

Roof Complexity v. Performance



11/2/2010

Roof Pitch Impacts

162

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360

Nu

mb

er

of

Ho

use

s

An

nu

al

PV

Ou

tpu

t (k

Wh

)

Azimuth

Village Homes Performance Overview

House

Quantity

PV Output

(3:12 Pitch)

PV Output

(4:12 Pitch)

PV Output

(5:12 Pitch)

PV Output

(6:12)

Average

Performance

SEN W N

100%

80%

60%



11/2/2010

Forthcoming Work

● Building energy impacts analysis using

Calres2

● Updated PV and solar thermal impacts

incorporating new TDV and weather

● Update and refine code language

163



11/2/2010

164

Solar Oriented Developments


?Jon Roberts

[email protected]

949-428-6285

solar topics: title 24 stakeholder meeting #2 -...

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