Spirit of Expansion Sweeps into Texas

William Travis

Jim Bowie

Sam

Houston Davy

Crocket

Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna

Key Figures in Texas Independence, 1836Key Figures in Texas Independence, 1836

Sam Houston(1793-1863)Sam Houston(1793-1863)

Steven Austin(1793-1836)

Steven Austin(1793-1836)

Pg. 291- DRAW MAP

TEXAS

• -Stephen Austin (1st leads settlers into Texas ) EmpresariosEmpresarios

• Mexico invites settlers ( Difficulties Increase )

• Americans push for more political control – WAR PARTYWAR PARTY develops

Texas Declaration of Independence

The Republic of TexasThe Republic of Texas

Remember the Alamo!Remember the Alamo!

Davey Crockett’s Last Stand

Davey Crockett’s Last Stand

The Battle of the Alamo

The Battle of the Alamo

General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna Recaptures the Alamo

General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna Recaptures the Alamo

• Santa Anna becomes Dictator of Mexico

• 1835 Santa Anna Marches North -Feb. 23-March 6 “Battle of Alamo” (hold off for 13 days) * William Travis

• Battle at San Jacinto RiverSan Jacinto River (April 1836)

• Sam Houston Pres. “Lone Star Republic”

• Debate over Border : Rio GrandeRio Grande / NuecesNueces• Dec. 29, 1845 Texas becomes 28th State

• Texas Annexation 1845

– The Democrats and Expansion• Polk Elected

– U.S. agrees to annex Texas 1845– Texas /Mexico Border Dispute

• U.S. states Rio Grande River• Mexico claims Nueces River

– Mexican order to prohibit U.S. immigration to CA• Bear Flag Independence Revolt 1845

James K. Polk (Portrait Gallery)

War withMexico• Rising Tensions

– Texas Statehood– Rio Grande v Nueces Border– Polk sends Zachary Taylor to “defend” the

territory 3,000 troops (Border Incidents – Sparks WAR)

• War attitudes SPLIT Americans– Pro / Anti

The Mexican War (1846-1848)

The Mexican War (1846-1848)

War Plan• 3 Part Plan

– Secure the Border with Texas

– Seize New Mexico, Nevada & California– Seize Mexico City (capital)

• California (Bear Flag Republic)– Kearny marches West

• Gen. Winfred Scott captures Mexico City

The Bear Flag RepublicThe Bear Flag Republic

John C. John C. FrémontFrémontJohn C. John C.

FrémontFrémont

The Revolt The Revolt

June 14, 1845June 14, 1845

The Revolt The Revolt

June 14, 1845June 14, 1845

General Zachary Taylor at Palo Alto

General Zachary Taylor at Palo Alto

“Old Rough and Ready”

“Old Rough and Ready”

The Bombardment of Vera Cruz

The Bombardment of Vera Cruz

General Scott Enters Mexico City

General Scott Enters Mexico City

“Old Fuss and Feathers”

“Old Fuss and Feathers”

Treaty of Guadalupe-Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848Hidalgo, 1848

Treaty of Guadalupe-Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848Hidalgo, 1848

Nicholas Trist,Nicholas Trist,American American

NegotiatorNegotiator

Nicholas Trist,Nicholas Trist,American American

NegotiatorNegotiator

Treaty of Guadalupe-Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848Hidalgo, 1848

Treaty of Guadalupe-Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848Hidalgo, 1848

Mexico gave up claims to Texas Mexico gave up claims to Texas above the Rio Grande River.above the Rio Grande River.

Mexico gave the Mexico gave the U. S. U. S. CaliforniaCalifornia and and New Mexico New Mexico RegionRegion..

U. S. gave Mexico U. S. gave Mexico $15,000,000$15,000,000 and agreed to pay and agreed to pay the claims of American citizens the claims of American citizens against Mexico (over against Mexico (over $3,500,000$3,500,000).).

Mexico gave up claims to Texas Mexico gave up claims to Texas above the Rio Grande River.above the Rio Grande River.

Mexico gave the Mexico gave the U. S. U. S. CaliforniaCalifornia and and New Mexico New Mexico RegionRegion..

U. S. gave Mexico U. S. gave Mexico $15,000,000$15,000,000 and agreed to pay and agreed to pay the claims of American citizens the claims of American citizens against Mexico (over against Mexico (over $3,500,000$3,500,000).).

Treaty of Guadalupe-Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848Hidalgo, 1848

Treaty of Guadalupe-Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848Hidalgo, 1848

Nicholas Trist,Nicholas Trist,American American

NegotiatorNegotiator

Nicholas Trist,Nicholas Trist,American American

NegotiatorNegotiator

The Mexican CessionThe Mexican Cession

• Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo (1848) -Texas & the Rio Grande River -New Mexico & California ($15 mil.)

• Gadsden PurchaseGadsden Purchase (1853) $10 mil. -southern New Mexico & Arizona

• after the war? (slavery) -Does slavery go into new territories? -growing gap between North & South

• WILMOT PROVISOWILMOT PROVISO NO Slavery in the NO Slavery in the Southwestern TerritoriesSouthwestern Territories

Wilmot Proviso, 1846Wilmot Proviso, 1846 Provided, territory from that, Provided, territory from that, as an express and as an express and fundamental condition to the fundamental condition to the acquisition of any the acquisition of any the Republic of Mexico by the Republic of Mexico by the United States, by virtue of United States, by virtue of any treaty which may be any treaty which may be negotiated between them, negotiated between them, and to the use by the and to the use by the Executive of the moneys Executive of the moneys herein appropriated, herein appropriated, neither neither slavery nor involuntary slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist in servitude shall ever exist in any part of said territoryany part of said territory,, except for crime, whereof the except for crime, whereof the party shall first be duly party shall first be duly convicted.convicted.

Provided, territory from that, Provided, territory from that, as an express and as an express and fundamental condition to the fundamental condition to the acquisition of any the acquisition of any the Republic of Mexico by the Republic of Mexico by the United States, by virtue of United States, by virtue of any treaty which may be any treaty which may be negotiated between them, negotiated between them, and to the use by the and to the use by the Executive of the moneys Executive of the moneys herein appropriated, herein appropriated, neither neither slavery nor involuntary slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist in servitude shall ever exist in any part of said territoryany part of said territory,, except for crime, whereof the except for crime, whereof the party shall first be duly party shall first be duly convicted.convicted.

Congr. David Wilmot(D-PA)

Congr. David Wilmot(D-PA)

Territorial Growth to 1853Territorial Growth to 1853

• Mormons Settle Utah (Desert)

• Brigham Young – Salt Lake City– 1848 Utah becomes a U.S.

territory

– 1896 becomes a state

• Mormon Migration– 1827, NY, Joseph Smith

creates church of Mormon– Navuoo, Illinois murdered

• 1847 Brigham Young (successor) leads Mormons WEST– Mormon Trail (Oregon Trail)– Salt Lake

• Oregon Territory Boundary Dispute– Britain v. America

California Gold Rush, 1849

California Gold Rush, 1849

49er’s49er’s49er’s49er’s

GOLD! At Sutter’s Mill, 1848

GOLD! At Sutter’s Mill, 1848

John A. Sutter John A. Sutter

Oregon Trail brings thousands of settlers West. Many go into Northern California and start settlements that bring more settlers

Gold and Silver Strikes

- The CA Gold Rush began in 1849, attracting thousands of gold hunters known as forty-niners.

• California Gold Rush (John Sutter) -by 1849 100,000 flood the area -”Forty Niners” - San Franciso (unmarried men)

• Mining Frontier -gold strikes spread -Colorado, Western Canada, Nevada, Montana, Idaho

• Boom Towns & Ghost Towns

• Vigilantes– Create local justice

Major "Strikes" in the California Gold RushIn 1852 the take for the year was $80 million ($1.9 billion in 2005 dollars).

1. Sutter's Mill/Coloma Jan. 24, 1848James Marshall kicked off the California gold rush when he spotted some pea-sized bits of gold in a mill raceway. The news brought thousands of prospectors to the area, but neither Marshall nor his employer John Sutter prospered from the find.

8. Comstock Lode | 1859Comstock Lode | 1859The discovery of silver on the other side of the Sierras in Nevada brought an end to the California gold rush; at its height, about $80 million (some $1.9 billion in 2005 dollars) had been pulled annually from the gold fields, but that figure had fallen by almost half when the Comstock Lode was discovered.

BoomtownsBoomtowns - towns that grew up near major mining sites

· Some boom towns developed into cities, such as Denver, CO, and Reno, NV.

Reno, Nevada c.1868Reno, Nevada 1997

· Many of these new towns became abandoned ghost towns when the ore disappeared.

Silver City, Idaho

Compromise of 1850

Compromise of 1850

Subject of Slavery Won’t Die• CALIFORNIA Statehood FIGHT• 1) POPULAR SOVERIGNTY

in the Southwest Territories– the people in the territory would decide (vote) on whether

to become a Slave or Free State• 2) Fugitive Slave Law of 1850• personalizes the issue of slavery to northerners

• Personal Liberty Laws (nullification)

Westward the Course of Westward the Course of EmpireEmpire

Emmanuel Leutze, 1860Emmanuel Leutze, 1860

Westward the Course of Westward the Course of EmpireEmpire

Emmanuel Leutze, 1860Emmanuel Leutze, 1860

Compromise of 1850Compromise of 1850