Lesson 1

(501-508 519-520 527-533)

11 The Alphabet Sounds of the Letters

The Greek Alphabet consists of 26 letters

Form Sound Name

Α α a as in father ἄιθα alpha

Β β b as in bite βῆηα beta

Γ γ g as in get γάκκα gamma

Γ δ d as in deal δέιηα delta

Δ ε e as in met εἶ ἔ (ἒ ςῑιόλ) epislon

Ϝ1 ϝ w as in wine ϝαῦ vau (digamma)

Ε δ zd as in Ahura Mazda δῆηα zeta

Ζ ε e as in they ἦηα eta

Θ ζ th as in thick (originally t+h) ζῆηα theta

Η η i as in machine (i as in hit when short) ἰῶηα iota

Κ θ k as in kill θάππα kappa

Λ ι l as in English but with a trill ιάκβδα lambda

Μ κ m as in met κῦ mu

Ν λ n as in net λῦ nu

Ξ μ x as in wax μεῖ (μῖ) xi

Ο ν o as in obey νὖ ὄ (ὂ κῑθξόλ) omicron

Π π p as in pie πεη (πῖ) pi

Ϙ1 ϙ k as in kale ϙόππα qoppa

Ρ ξ Fr or Ger trilled r ῥῶ rho

ζ ο2 s as in sit ζίγκα sigma

Σ η t as in tie ηαῦ tau

Τ π Fr u3 or Ger uuml (originally u as in prune) ὖ (ὖ ςῑιόλ) upsilon

Φ θ ph as in sophomore (originally p+h) θεῖ (θῖ) phi

Υ ρ ch as in loch or doch (originally c+h) ρεῖ (ρῖ) chi

Φ ς ps as in lips ςεῖ (ςῖ) psi

Χ σ o as in bone ὦ (ὦ κέγα) omega

1ϝ and ϙ are not normally printed in modern Greek texts but were common in written Greek prior to the 5

th century

BC A knowledge of vau is required for understanding the meter of Homer as well as to explain many irregular

forms

2ο is used at the end of a word and ζ elsewhere

3Except in diphthongs where it has the sound of oo in spoon

Only capital letters were used in antiquity

The vowels are α ε ε ν σ (open vowels) and η π (closed vowels)

The diphthongs are

αη ai as in aisle

απ ou as in house

εη ei as in freight

επ eh+oo fused into one syllable

επ ᾱ+oo fused into one syllable

νη oi as in boil

νπ ou as in soup

πη we as in we

σπ oh+oo fused into one syllable

The improper diphthongs are ᾳ ῃ ῳ These consist of a long vowel (ᾱ ε σ) with iota written as a subscript

When the initial long vowel is capitalized the iota is written on the line as normal ᾤρεην = ΧΗΥΔΣΟ When ever

iota immediately follows ᾱ ε or σ it becomes an iota subscript The iota is silent in an improper diphthong ᾳ ῃ and

ῳ are pronounced as ᾱ ε and σ

ζ θ and ρ were originally pronounced as t-h (hot-head) p-h (sap-head) and k-h (block-head)

γ before κ λ γ ρ or μ is called gamma-nasal and is pronounced like the n in sing

12 Quantity

The vowels ε and σ are always long ε and ν are always short α η and π can be either long or short and are

thus called doubtful vowels

In this text long doubtful vowels will be marked with a macron ᾱ ῑ ῡ unless they already have the circumflex

accent or the iota subscript (both of which can only occur on long vowels) In cases where the long doubtful vowel

already carries an accent or aspiration mark the length of doubtful vowels will be indicated in parentheses behind

the word ιύσ (ῡ)

13 Breathing

Every initial vowel has either the rough breathing (ἁ) or the smooth breathing (ἀ) indicated over the letter If the

letter is capitalized the breathing is indicated before the letter When the entire word is written in capitals the

breathing is omitted

The rough breathing (or aspiration) indicates that the word originally started with an h sound Initial ξ always

has the rough breathing and initial π usually has the rough breathing The smooth breathing denotes that the vowel

was not sound with an h sound

Initial proper diphthongs take the breathing over the second vowl Improper diphthongs take the breathing over

the vowel or before the vowel when it is an initial capital followed by small letters In compounds the breathing is

only indicated over the initial vowel however the initial aspiration should still be pronounced

14 Word List for Practice in Pronunciation

Spell and pronounce

κῆληο - wrath fury madness rage δέ - but and for so

ἀείδσ - sing (of) hymn ἴθζῑκνο - valiant mighty

ζεά (ᾱ) - goddess ςῡρή - soul spirit breath life

Πειεηάδεο - son of Peleus Achilles Ἄηο - Hades god of the underworld

Ἀρηιιεύο - Achilles πξντάπησ - hurl forward send forth

νὐιόκελνο - accursed destructive ἥξσο - hero mighty warrior protector savior

ὅο - who which what αὐηόο - self same

κῡξίνη - countless innumerable ἑιώξηνλ - booty prey spoils

Ἀραηόο - Achaean Greek ηεύρσ - make fashion cause

ἄιγνο - grief pain woe θύσλ - dog

ηίζεκη - put place cause Εεύο - Zeus father and king of gods and men

πνιιόο - much many numerous ηειείσ - accomplish fulfill

νἰσλόο - bird (of prey) vulture omen βνπιή - will wish plan purpose counsel council

ηέ - and also

δαίο - portion feast banquet

Derivatives

κεληο - mania maniac maniacal

ἀείδσ - ode melody palinode

κῡξίνη - myriad

ἄιγνο - neuralgia nostalgia

ςῡρή - psychology

ἥξσο - hero heroic

αὐηόο - automaton autocracy

θύσλ - cynic cynical

ηειείσ - teleology

Lesson 2

(534-551 553 560 575 622-625)

21 Principles of Accentuation

There are three accents the acute (ά) the grave (ὰ) and the circumflex (ᾶ) These accents are usually

pronounced by stressing the accented syllable but in ancient Greek they represented variations in pitch The acute

can stand on any of the last three accents of a word the circumflex can stand on either of the last two syllables and

the grave can only stand on the last syllable The circumflex can only stand on a long vowel or a diphthong

In accented syllables containing a single vowel or an improper diphthong the accent (as well as the breathing

mark when applicable) is written over the vowel when it is lower case and before an initial Capital Accented

diphthongs take the accent over the second vowel when written in lower case If a vowel or diphthong has both the

accent and the breathing the acute and grave accents follow the breathing mark while the circumflex is written

above the breathing mark If the entire word is written in capital letters both the accent and the breathing marks are

omitted

The final syllable of a word is called the ultima the second to last syllable is called the penult and the third to

last syllable is called the antepenult The following rules govern the placement of accents

If the antepenult is accented it must take the acute But the antepenult cannot take an accent when the

ultima is long or when the ultima ends in a double consonant (μ ς) In words that normally accent the

antepenult the acute is pulled to the penult when the ultima is long (ie through inflection)

An accented penult takes the circumflex if it is long and the ultima is short Otherwise it must take the

acute

An accented ultima may take any of the three accents if it is long If the ultima is short it can only take

the circumflex or the grave

Final αη and νη are considered short when determining the accent except when they occur in the

optative mood and the word νἴθνη (which means ldquoat homerdquo)

Verbs normally have a recessive accent meaning that the accent occurs as close to the beginning of the

word as the rules allow

A word with an acute on the ultima is said to be oxytone (sharp-toned) The acute on an onytone

changes to the grave when another word follows without intervening punctuation However this rule

does not apply when the oxytone is elided when the following word is an enclitic or in the

interrogative pronoun ηίο ηί (meaning ldquowhordquo ldquowhichrdquo ldquowhatrdquo)

Proclitics are words that are pronounced as a prefix attached to the following word and so have no accent of

their own Proclitics are only accented when they are followed by an enclitic when they occur at the end of a

sentence or in the case of certain words (εἰο ἐθ ἐλ ὡο) when they follow the word that they modify

Enclitics are words that are pronounced as a suffix attached to the preceding word While enclitics usually have

their own accent the accent typically disappears when the enclitic is pronounced as a part of the preceding word

The rules governing the accent of enclitics are fairly complex and will be addressed in a later lesson

22 Formation of Syllables and Elision

A Greek word has as many syllables as it has vowels and diphthongs When dividing a word into syllables

single consonants combinations of consonants that can begin a word or a mute (π η θ θ ζ ρ β δ γ) followed by

κ or λ are usually placed at the beginning of a syllable if possible Other combinations of consonants are divided

into separate syllables Compound words are divided between the original words that form the compound

A short final vowel is regularly dropped and replaced with an apostrophe when the following word begins with

a vowel This process is called elision

23 Punctuation and Transliteration

There are four punctuation marks used in printed Greek The period and the comma are the same as in English

The Greek question marks looks like an English semicolon () and the Greek semicoloncolon are a raised dot ()

The most common method of transliteration is that used by the ancient Romans where Greek words are

represented by their Latin equivalents Most proper names are transliterated by replacing the Greek nominative

ending with the equivalent Latin nominative ending Transliterate proper names are usually accented on the penult if

it is long (or if the word only has two syllables) and the antepenult otherwise The Ionic ε was often pronounced as

ᾱ in Attic and in those cases the ε is usually transliterated as a Iota subscript is normally omitted Most of the

letters of the Greek alphabet are transliterated by their EnglishLatin equivalents but note the following

δ = z

θ = c

π = y (except when part of a diphthong)

αη = ae or e

εη = e i or ei

νη = oe or e

νπ = u

επ = eu

ῥ = rh

γ-nasal = n

The following points apply especially to word endings

νη = i

ε = a (occasionally e)

νο = us (changed to the Latin nominative)

νλ = um (changed to the Latin nominative)

ηηα = cy

ηε ηα = y

Lesson 3

(626-658 659-662 970 1011 1025 cf 561)

31 Inflection

Inflection is the fusion of a stem with certain elements (ie prefixes suffixes) that express relationship to other

words The inflection of nouns adjectives and pronouns is called declension the inflection of adjectives and adverbs

is called comparison and the inflection of verbs is called conjugation

A root is the essential part of a word once it has been analyzed into its various parts and all prefixes suffixes

and formative elements have been removed A stem is a root with added formative elements prefixes and suffixes

Stems frequently have more than one form with multiple forms standing in ablaut relationship to one another (as

sing vs song in English or ιεγ- vs ινγ- in Greek) Some roots are also stems and take on inflectional endings

directly

[For example the word ι-γ is a root conveying the idea of speech or speaking ιεγ and ινγν are both stems

standing in ablaut relationship to one another with the former comprising a verb stem and the latter comprising a

noun stem ιέγσ (ιεγ-ν-ν ldquoI speakrdquo) and ιόγνο (ινγν-ο ldquowordrdquo) are both words formed by adding inflectional

elements to the stem]

An inflected word is made up of two parts the stem and the inflectional element (which may take the form of

prefixes suffixes augments etc) The last letter of the stem is called the stem characteristic Stems are generally

classified according to the stem characteristic ie vowel stems mute stems liquid stems etc

32 Declension

Nouns pronouns and adjectives are declined There are three numbers (singular plural dual) and three genders

(masculine feminine neuter) The dual denotes two things closely associated as a pair and may be used

interchangeably with the plural

Gender must be learned by observation The names of males and females are typically masculine and feminine

respectively Rivers winds and months are usually masculine Countries towns trees islands qualities and

conditions are usually feminine A few nouns (as well as a few adjectives) can be either masculine or feminine

without changing form These are said to be of common gender

The most common demonstrative relative and personal pronoun in Homer is ὁ (masc) ἡ (fem) ηό (neut)

Nouns in lexicons generally appear in the nominative singular followed by the genitive singular ending and the

appropriate form of this pronoun

There five cases in Greek nominative genitive dative accusative and vocative These five cases have also

absorbed the meanings of three lost cases the locative instrumental and ablative All of these cases except the

nominative and vocative are oblique cases and represent relationships that are normally expressed with prepositions

in English

The accent of a noun is determined by its position in the nominative singular and it usually remains on the

same syllable throughout the declension as long as the rules for accents allow Nouns that are monosyllabic in the

nominative but which become disyllabic through declension usually take the accent on the ultima in the genitive and

dative of both numbers and otherwise accent the penult A long ultima when accented takes the circumflex in the

genitive and dative of all numbers

Nouns are declined according to the vowel declension (stems ending in ᾱ or ν) or the consonant declension

(stems ending in a consonant or the closed vowels η and π) The vowel declension if further divided into the first

declension (stems ending in ᾱ) and the second declension (stems ending in ν) The consonant declension is

considered the third declension Words of the first declension have stems ending in -ᾱ which almost always

becomes either -ε or -ᾰ in the nominative singular

In order to form the various cases numbers and genders the following case endings were fused with the stems

of substantives and adjectives (forms in parentheses are contracted)

Vowel Declension Consonant Declension

Singular

First Decl Second Decl Third Decl

Masc Fem M and F Neut M and F Neut

Nom ο (none) none ο λ ο (none) none

Gen ν (ην) εο ν (ην) ν (ην) νο νο

Dat η η η η η η

Acc λ λ λ λ λ α none

Voc none none none λ ο (none) none

Dual

N V A none none none none ε ε

G D ηηλ ηηλ ηηλ ηηλ νηηλ νηηλ

Plural

NV η η η ᾰ εο ᾰ

Gen σλ σλ σλ σλ σλ σλ

Dat (η)ζη ηο (η)ζη ηο (η)ζη ηο (η)ζη ηο ζ(ζ)η ζ(ζ)η

εζ(ζ)η εζ(ζ)η

Acc λο λο λο ᾰ λο ᾰ

When these suffixes were combined with the stem of a word the following endings were produced (forms in

brackets are rare)

First Decl Second Decl

Singular

Masc Fem M and F Neut

N εο [α ᾱο] ε α ᾱ νο [(σο νπο)] νλ

G ᾱν [εσ σ] εο ᾱο νην νπ [νν σν (σ)] νην νπ [νν σν (σ)]

D ῃ [ᾳ] ῃ ᾳ ῳ ῳ

A ελ [ᾱλ] ελ αλ ᾱλ νλ [(σλ)] νλ

V ε α [ᾱ] ε α ᾱ ε [νο] νλ

Dual

N V A ᾱ ᾱ σ σ

G D [ῃηλ] [ῃηλ] νηηλ νηηλ

Plural

N V αη αη νη [(ῳ)] α

G ᾱσλ [εσλ (σλ)] ᾱσλ [εσλ (σλ)] σλ σλ

D ῃζη ῃο [αηο] ῃζη ῃο νηζη νηο νηζη νηο

A ᾱο ᾱο νπο [(σο)] α

Third Decl

Singular

Masc and Fem Neut

N ο (none)

G νο [(επο νπο σο)] νο

D η [(ῑ ῳ)] η [(ῑ)]

A α λ [(ε σ)]

V ο (none)

Dual

N V A ε ε

G D νηηλ νηηλ

Plural

N V εο [(εηο νπο)] α [(ε σ)]

G σλ σλ

D ζη εζζη [εζη] ζη εζζη [εζη]

A ο αο [(ῑο ῡο εηο)] α [(ε)]

Note that the dative singular of all declensions ends in η which becomes iota subecript after long vowels The

dative plural regularly becomes ζη to which may be added λ-moveable (explained later in this lesson) -ῃζη and -νηζη

are the two regular forms for the ending of the dative plural in the first two declension However the shorter forms -

ῃο and -νηο occasionally occur when the following word begins with a vowel and should possibly be categorized as

a case of elision

The genitive plural of all forms ends in -σλ

There are only two forms of the dual in each declension one for the nominative accusative and vocative and

one for the genitive and dative

As in Latin the vocative singular is frequently identical to the nominative and the vocative plural is always

identical to the nominative

The nominative vocative and accusative of all neuters is always alike and the plurals always end in -α

In an earlier unrecorded stage of the language there were three other cases the instrumental denoting means

the locative denoting place where and the ablative denoting separation or source The dative absorbed most of the

uses of the instrumental and locatives cases and the genitive absorbed most of the uses of the ablative case

In addition to the endings outlined in this lesson the suffixes -θη(λ) and -ζελ were also occasionally used and

will be discussed in a later lesson

33 Paradigms

First declension feminine nouns ending in -ε are declined like βνπιή ῆο ἡ (desire will plan counsel council

stem βνπιᾱ-) These stems end in -ᾱ which becomes -ε in the nominative singular

Sigular Dual Plural

N βνπιή βνπιά (ᾱ) βνπιαί

G βνπιῆο βνπιῇηλ βνπιάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ]

D βνπιῇ βνπιῇηλ βνπιῇζη ῇο

A βνπιήλ βνπιά (ᾱ) βνπιάο (ᾱ)

V βνπιή βνπιά (ᾱ) βνπιαί

Another example is the expression θᾱιὴ βνπιή (a good plan stems θᾱιᾱ- βνπιᾱ-)

Sigular Dual Plural

N θᾱιὴ βνπιή θᾱιὰ (ᾱ) βνπιά (ᾱ) θᾱιαὶ βνπιαί

G θᾱιῆο βνπιῆο θᾱιῇλ βνπιῇηλ θᾱιάσλ (ᾱ) βνπιάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ]

D θαιῇ βνπιῇ θᾱιῇλ βνπιῇηλ θᾱιῇζη βνπιῇζη ῇο

A θᾱιὴλ βνπιήλ θᾱιὰ (ᾱ) βνπιά (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) βνπιάο (ᾱ)

V θᾱιὴ βνπιή θᾱιὰ (ᾱ) βνπιά (ᾱ) θᾱιαὶ βνπιαί

34 Notes on Syntax

The subject of a finite verb is in the nominative case

The direct object of a transitive verb is in the accusative case

Adjectives agree with their nouns in gender number and case Adjectives however can belong to a different

declension than the nouns they modify so the forms are not always the same

Some words that end in a vowel add -λ to the end of the word when the following word begins with a vowel

The following list describes the words that are commonly spelled with a moveable -λ

1 All words that end in -ζη -μη or -ςη except ἐζζί

2 All verbs of the third person ending in -ε

3 The third person singular of the pluperfect ending in -εη (originally -εε)

4 The verb ἐζηί and the paticles θέ and λύ all of which are enclitics

5 The dative plural of the pronouns ἄκκη ὕκκη ζθί and ζθίζη

6 The adverbial endings θη and ζε

7 The pronoun ἐγώ (ldquoIrdquo)

35 Vocabulary

βνπιή ῆο ἡ - plan will wish purpose counsel council

δεηλή - fearful terrible awful dreadful dread

ἐλ ἐλί εἰλ - (adv or prep with dat) in among therein thereon on

ἔρεη - he she it has holds

ἔρνπζη(λ) - they have hold

ἦλ - he she it there was

ἦζαλ - they there were

θαί - and also even

θαθή - bad poor ugly mean coeardly wicked

θᾱιή - good goodly noble handsom fair brave

θιαγγή ῆο ἡ - uproar roar noise

ηίο - (masc or fem) who which what

ηί - (neut) which what why

Υξύζε (ῡ) εο ἡ - Chrysa a town in the Troad

θίιε εο ἡ - dear darling lovely beloved

36 Derivatives

δεηλή - dinosaur (ldquoterrible lizardrdquo) dinichthys (ldquoterrible fishrdquo)

θαθή - cacography (ldquobad writingrdquo) cacophony (ldquobad soundrdquo)

θᾱιή - calligraphy (ldquobeautiful writingrdquo) calliope

θιαγγή - clang

θίιε - Philadelphia (ldquobrotherly loverdquo) Philanthropy (ldquolove of mankindrdquo)

37 Translation

1 βνπιαὶ θᾱιαὶ θαὶ θαθαί 2 ηίο ἔρεη βνπιὴλ θᾱιήλ 3 ηί ἔρνπζηλ 4 θᾱιαὶ βνπιαὶ ἦζαλ θίιαη 5 ηίο ἦλ θᾱιή

6 δεηλὴ θιαγγὴ ἦλ ἐλ Υξύζῃ (ῡ) θᾱιῇ 7 ἔρνπζη βνπιὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θίιᾱο 8 ηί ἦλ θιαγγὴ δεηλὴ ἐλ Υξύζῃ

(ῡ) θᾱιῇ 9 θαθῆο βνπιῆο 10 θαθῇο βνπιῇο 11 θαθάσλ (ᾱ) βνπιάσλ (ᾱ) 12 θαθὴ βνπιή θαθῇ βνπιῇ θαθὴλ

βνπιήλ θαθὰο (ᾱ) βνπιάο (ᾱ)

(1) βνπιαὶhellip The acute changes to a grave when another word follows without intervening punctuation

But see the notes on 2

(2) The acute on the pronouns ηίο and ηί does not change to a grave ηίοηί is an interrogative pronoun and

indicates that the sentence is a question ηίο can be either masculine or feminine usually refers to a person

and is generally translated ldquowhordquo ηί is neuter usually refers to an object and is generally translated

ldquowhatrdquo

(4) Like Latin and unlike later dialects of Greek there is no definite article in Homeric The article must be

supplied in this sentence ldquoThe good planshelliprdquo

(6) ἦλ is frequenly translated ldquothere wasrdquo

(7) The phrasing here is common ldquohellipplans good and dearrdquo A pair of adjectives connected by θαί is often

placed after the noun they modify

(10) This sentence uses the less common -ῇο instead of -ῇζη(λ) The dative in this case is best represented

by the English preposition ldquoforrdquo The preposition ldquotordquo is usually used to render the the dative as indirect

object

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 Good and bad plans 2 Who has a good plan 3 What do they have 4 The good plans were dear 5 Who

was good 6 There was a terrible uproar in beautiful Chrysa 7 They have good and dear plans 8 What was the

terrible uproar in beautiful Chrysa 9 Of the bad plan 10 For the bad plans 11 Of the bad plans 12 The bad plan

for the bad plan the bad plan the bad plans

38 Composition

1 Of good and bad plans 2 For the noble plan 3 Who has the evil plan 4 There was a terrible uproar in

beautiful Chrysa 5 Was the plan good 6 The plans were cowardly

(1) Follow the standard construction ldquoOf plans good and badrdquo

(2) The preposition ldquoforrdquo is represented by the use of the dative

(3) This could be rendered either singular (ηίο ἔρεη) or plural (ηίο ἔρνπζη)

(4) Follow the same construction seen in exercise 6 of Translation ldquoA terrible uproar there was in Chrysa

beautifulrdquo While the word order is not fixed Phar usually places adjectives after the words they modify

When ἦλ is rendered ldquothere wasrdquo it is usually placed in the predicate position ie ldquoA terrible uproar there

washelliprdquo

(5) The construction should place the verb between the subject and the predicate nominative ie βνπιὴ ἦλ

θᾱιή or θᾱιὴ ἦλ βνπιή Otherwise the translation would be ldquoWas there a good planrdquo Note that the

predicate nominative is always placed in the nominative case

(6) As with (5) the verb should come between the subject and the predicate nominative to avoid

ambiguity ἦζαλ βνπιαὶ θαθαί or βνπιαὶ θαθαὶ ἦζαλ would be translated ldquoThere were cowardly plansrdquo

Again the Greek is ambiguous in this regard but we are following Pharrrsquos conventions in the exercises

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 βνπιαὶ θᾱιαὶ θαὶ θαθαί 2 βνπιῇ θᾱιῇ 3 ηίο ἔρεη βνπιὴλ θαθήλ 4 δεηλὴ θιαγγή ἦλ ἐλ Υξύζῃ (ῡ) θᾱιῇ 5

βνπιὴ ἦλ θᾱιή 6 βνπιαὶ ἦζαλ θαθαί

Lesson 4

(663)

41 Declension of ζεά (ᾱ)

The few feminine nouns that end in -ᾱ in the nominative are declined like ζεά (ᾱ) goddess In general the

original ᾱ stem becomes ε in the singular (as in the declension of ζάιαζζα below) It remains ᾱ in the word ζεά (ᾱ)

and a few proper names

Sigular Dual Plural

N ζεά (ᾱ) ζεά (ᾱ) ζεαί

G ζεᾶο ζεῇηλ ζεάσλ (ᾱ) [ῶλ]

D ζεᾷ ζεῇηλ ζεῇζη ῇο [αῖο]

A ζεάλ (ᾱ) ζεά (ᾱ) ζεάο (ᾱ)

V ζεά (ᾱ) ζεά (ᾱ) ζεαί

42 Declension of ζάιαζζα

Feminine nouns ending in -ᾰ are declines like ζάιαηηα sea Note that the acute is pulled from the antepenult to

the penult when the ultima is long

Sigular Dual Plural

N ζάιαζζα ζαιάζζᾱ ζάιαζζαη

G ζαιάζζεο ζαιάζζῃηλ ζαιαζζάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ]

D ζαιάζζῃ ζαιάζζῃηλ ζαιάζζῃζη ῃο

A ζάιαζζαλ ζαιάζζᾱ ζαιάζζᾱο

V ζάιαζζα ζαιάζζᾱ ζάιαζζαη

43 Vocabulary

γάξ -(postpositive conjunction) for in fact

δέ -(postpositive conjunction) but and so for

εἰζί(λ) -they there are

ἐζηί(λ) -he she it there is

ἐθ (ἐμ) -(adv and prep + gen) from out of

ἐπί -(adv) upon on thereon

ἐπί -(prep + gen) upon on over during

ἐπί -(prep + dat) upon on in for about against at beside by

ἐπί -(prep + acc) to up to over up upon

ζάιαζζα εο ἡ -sea

ζεά (ᾱ) ᾶο ἡ -goddess

Κίιια εο ἡ -Cilla a town in the Troad

νὐ (νὐθ νὐρ) -not no

πάηξε εο ἡ -fatherland native land

πνιιή -much many numerous

ππξή ῆο ἡ -funeral pyre pyre

ςῡρή ῆο ἡ -soul breath life spirit

44 Derivatives

ζάιαζζα (thalassa) = thalassocracy

παηξή (patre) = patriotic

ππξή (pyre) = pyre pyrolatry pyrotechnic pyrotechnical pyrography

ςῡρή (psyche) = psyche psychology psychotherapy psychic psychical

45 Translation

1 θᾱιὴ ζεὰ (ᾱ) ἔρεη βνπιὴλ θᾱιήλ 2 θᾱιαὶ ζεαί εἰζη θίιαη ςῡρῇ ζεᾶο ζαιάζζεο δεηλῆο 3 Κίιια θαὶ Υξύζε

(ῡ) εἰζὶ θᾱιαη θαὶ θίιαη ζεῇζη ζαιαζζάσλ (ᾱ) 4 θᾱιὴ ζεὰ (ᾱ) νὐθ ἔρεη ςῡρὴλ θαθήλ 5 θᾱιή ἐζηη ζεά (ᾱ) ἔρεη δὲ

ςῡρὴλ θαθήλ 6 δεηλὴ θιαγγή ἐζηηλ ἐθ ζαιάζζεο 7 Κίιια θαὶ Υξύζε (ῡ) ἦζαλ ἐπὶ ζαιάζζῃ 8 ζεαὶ ζαιάζζεο εἰζὶ

θίιαη ςῡρῇο πνιιῇο θίιαη γάξ εἰζηλ 9 πάηξε θᾱιή ἐζηη θίιε πνιιῇο ςῡρῇο θᾱιῇο 10 ἐθ πάηεο θαθῆο ἦλ 11

ἦζαλ ππξαὶ πνιιαὶ ἐλ θίιῃ πάηξῃ ἐπὶ δεηλῇ ζαιάζζῃ 12 ηίο νὐθ ἔρεη θᾱιὴλ ςῡρήλ

(2) εἰζη is an enclitic When the preceding word carries an acute on the ultima the enclitic looses its own

accent and the accent on the ultima does not change to a grave

(3) When an enclitic follows a word with the acute on the penult the enclitic retains its own accent

(4) νὐ is used before consonants νὐθ before vowels with the smooth breathing and νὐρ before vowels

with the rough breathing As an adverb it usually precedes the verb that it modifies

(6) ἐθ + gen The phrase is rendered ldquohellipfrom out of the seardquo

(7) ἐπί with the dative indicates location and frequently denotes close proximity This phrase is usually

translated with the English idiom ldquoupon the seardquo but it literally means ldquobeside the seardquo or ldquonear the seardquo

(8) postpositives like γάξ and δέ never occur first in a sentence they usually occur as the second or third

word of the sentence

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 Does the beautiful goddess have a good plan 2 Beautiful goddesses are dear to the soul of the goddess of

the terrible sea 3 Cilla and Chrysa are beautiful and dear to the goddesses of the seas 4 The beautiful goddess does

not have an ugly soul 5 The goddess is beautiful but she has an ugly soul 6 There is a terrible roar from out of the

sea 7 Cilla and Chrysa were upon the sea 8 The goddesses of the sea are dear to many souls for they are beloved

9 The beautiful fatherland is dear to many good souls 10 There was evil from out of the fatherland 11 There were

many funeral pyres in the beloeved fatherland upon the terrible sea

46 Composition

1 Are the good plans dear to the souls of the goddesses 2 They have many plans but (they are) cowardly

ones 3 The plans are dear to the soul of the beautiful goddess for they are noble 4 The lovely goddess of the sea

was not in Cilla 5 There are many funeral pyres by the sea in (our) beloved fatherland 6 Who was in Cilla by the

sea

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 θᾱιαὶ βνπιαί εἰζη θίιαη ςῡρῇζη ζεάσλ (ᾱ) 2 ἔρνπζη βνπιὰο (ᾱ) πνιιάο (ᾱ) θαθὰο (ᾱ) δέ 3 βνπιαὶ θίιαη

εἰζὶ ςῡρῇ θᾱιῆο ζεᾶο θίιαη γάξ εἰζηλ 4 θᾱιὴ ζεὰ (ᾱ) ζαιάζζεο νὐθ ἦλ ἐλ Κίιιῃ 5 ππξαὶ πνιιαί ἐζηηλ ἐπὶ

ζαιάζζῃ ἐλ πάηξῃ θίιῃ 6 ηίο ἦλ ἐλ Κίιιῃ ἐπὶ ζαιάζζῃ

Lesson 5

(789-806 904)

51 Introduction to Greek Verbs

The uses of the Greek verb will be covered in more detail later However Pharr employs several terms in this

lesson that may be perplexing without a brief introduction

Greek verbs employ prefixes suffixes and formative elements in order to conjugate verbs A similar function

exists in English although to a lesser extent precook (use of a prefix) walked (use of a suffix) ranrun (use of

ablaut as a formative element) etc

There are three voices in Greek The active and passive voice function as in English where the active indicates

action performed by the subject (ldquothe dog bit the mailmanrdquo) and the passive indicates action performed upon the

subject (ldquothe mailman was bitten by the dogrdquo) The Greek also employs a third voice called the middle which

indicates (among other things) that the subject acted on its own behalf (ldquothe dog himself bit the mailmanrdquo) or that

plural subjects acted upon each other (ldquothe dogs bit each otherrdquo) The endings for the passive and the middle are

sometimes identical and the meaning must be determined from the context

In Greek as in English verbs convey certain moods The indicative mood simply denotes an action that is

performed (ldquothe dog bites the mailmanrdquo) The subjunctive mood denotes (among other things) possibility and

wishes etc (ldquothe dog may bite the mailmanrdquo ldquoI wish that the dog would bite the mailmanrdquo) Like the subjunctive

the optative mood denotes (among other things) possibility wish conditions or indirect discourse (ldquothe dog would

bite the mailman ifhelliprdquo ldquowould that the dog had bitten the mailmanrdquo ldquomay the dog bite the mailmanrdquo) The

imperative mood expresses a command (ldquobite the mailman you dogrdquo) The infinitive mood expresses the verb as if it

were a noun (ldquoto bite the mailmanrdquo) The participle is a verbal noun or adjective similar to the infinitive ( ldquobiting the

mailman is badrdquo)

There are seven different tenses in Greek most of which have corresponding meanings in English present (ldquothe

dog bites the mailmanrdquo) future (ldquothe dog will bite the mailmanrdquo) imperfect (ldquothe dog was biting the mailmanrdquo)

aorist (ldquothe dog bit the mailmanrdquo) perfect (ldquothe dog has bitten the mailmanrdquo) pluperfect (ldquothe dog had bitten the

mailmanrdquo) and future perfect (ldquothe dog would have bitten the mailmanrdquo)

Grammarians divide the Greek tenses into two categories The primary (or principle) tenses consist of the

present future perfect and future perfect and denote action that occurs from a perspective in the present or future

The secondary (past or historic) consist of the imperfect aorist and pluperfect and denote action occurring from

the perspective of the past

Each tense can be expressed in multiple moods and voices The aorist active indicative for example is ldquothe dog

bit the mailmanrdquo The aorist middle indicative is ldquothe dog himself bit the mailmanrdquo The aorist passive indicative is

ldquothe mailman was bitten by the dogrdquo The present active subjunctive is ldquothe dog may bite the mailmanrdquo The present

passive subjunctive is ldquothe mailman may be bitten by the dogrdquo

There are three persons in the Greek and these correspond to the three persons used in the English verbs first

person (ldquoI bit the mailmanrdquo) second person (ldquoyou bit the mailmanrdquo) and third person (ldquohe bit the mailmanrdquo) Each

person can also take on the dual form (ldquothe pair of them bit the mailmanrdquo third person dual) and the plural form

(ldquowe bit the mailmanrdquo first person plural)

As you can see there are many possible combinations in Greek and the majority of those possible

combinations has accompanying endings that can be applied All in all there are hundreds of possible endings that

can be applied to various Greek verbs and the student must eventually learn them all

Grammarians use the word ldquoaugmentrdquo in reference to a prefix that is applied to a verb In general Greek

augments consist of either the letter ε- appended to the beginning of the word (ιπσ ldquoI looserdquo ειπνλ ldquoI was

loosingrdquo) or a lengthening of an initial vowel (ἄγσ ldquoI leadrdquo ἦγνλ ldquoI was leadingrdquo) Augments typically indicate an

event occurring in the past tense

Reduplication consists of doubling the initial syllable of a word and are used in the formation of some tenses

and stems (ιπσ ldquoI looserdquo ιειπθα ldquoI have loosedrdquo)

52 Inflection of Verbs

As with other inflected forms verbs consist of the stem and the ending (or suffix) Frequently more than one

ending is applied to a verb stem in order to indicate relationships such as mood tense voice person and number

Greek verb forms fall into two categories finite (indicative subjunctive optative imperative) and infinite

(infinitive participle) The finite forms of the verb include personal endings (1st person 2

nd person etc) augment

(prefixes used to indicate historic time) and reduplication (doubling of the first syllable of the word) as well as

endings representing tense mood voice etc Collectively these prefixes suffixes and modifications are called the

characteristics of the verb

The infinite forms of the verb are used as nouns or adjectives The participle is a verbal adjective and is used as

other adjectives It corresponds roughly to English verbs ending in -ing such as ldquothe running horserdquo or ldquowalking is

healthyrdquo The infinitive is a verbal noun and corresponds roughly to verbs preceded by the preposition ldquotordquo in

English ldquoit is good to runrdquo ldquohe wanted to walkrdquo

53 Thematic and Athematic Forms

Greek verbs fall into two primary conjugations -σ (or thematic) verbs which end in -σ in the first person

singular (present active indicative) and -κη (or athematic) verbs which end in -κη in the first person singular

(present active indicative)

In thematic verbs the stem ends in either -ν or -ε (which are called the theme) and the various suffixes are

applied to after the thematic vowel For example ιύεηε consists of ιῡ- the thematic vowel -ε- and the personal

ending -ηε Combined they form the word ιύ-ε-ηε ye loose The thematic vowel is -o- when it occurs before κ λ or

when used in the optative mood otherwise the thematic vowel is -ε- In the subjunctive mood the thematic vowel is

lengthened to -ε- (for -ε-) or -σ- (for -o-)

In athematic verbs the theme is omitted and the suffixes are applied directly to the stem of the verb Many

verbs which are regularly thematic also have corresponding athematic forms Strictly speaking no Greek verb is

entirely thematic or athematic each verb has both thematic and athematic forms

In general verb forms that are thematic include all futures all presents and imperfects of -σ verbs all second

aorists having the thematic vowel (ending in -νλ in the first person singular) and all subjunctives The verb forms

that are athematic include the presents and imperfects of -κη verbs all passive aorists (except in the subjunctive) all

middle and passive perfects and pluperfects all second aorists whose tense stem does not end in the thematic vowel

a few verbs in the second perfect and pluperfect active all first aorists active and middle and most perfects and

pluperfects active

In athematic inflections the singular is usually built on a long vowel and the duals and plurals are usually built

on the corresponding short vowel

54 Conjugation of the Present Active Indicative of -ω Verbs

The verb ιύσ (ldquoI looserdquo) is typically used as an example of the conjugation of -σ verbs The following

paradigm covers the present tense indicative mood and active voice of ιύσ (Note that there is no first person dual)

Singular 1st Person ιύσ I loose

2nd

Person ιύεηο you loose

3rd

Person ιύεη he she it looses

Dual 2nd

Person ιύεηνλ you two (or the pair of you) loose

3rd

Person ιύεηνλ they two (or the pair of them) loose

Plural 1st Person ιύνκελ we loose

2nd

Person ιύεηε you (or ye) loose

3rd

Person ιύνπζη(λ) they loose

55 Vocabulary

ἀείδσ sing sing of hymn chant

ἀλ- (prefix ἀ- before consonants) not un- dis- -less without

ἁλδάλσ (to) please (used with the dative)

ἀηῑκάδσ dishonor slight insult

βαίλσ come go walk

εἰο ἐο (adv and prep + acc) into until therein

ἔρσ have hold keep

θαίσ burn consume

ιύσ loose free break up destroy

ὀιέθσ kill destroy ruin

πέκπσ send escort conduct

ηειείσ accomplish fulfill complete

ηεύρσ make do fashion perform cause prepare

θέξσ bear carry bring

56 Derivatives

ἀείδσ (aed-) = ode odium melody palinode

ἀλ- (a- an-) = atheist anarchy

θαίσ (cae-) = caustic cauterize holocaust

ιύσ (ly-) = analysis

πέκπσ (pemp-) = pomp

ηειείσ (tele-) = teleology

θέξσ (pher-) = periphery phosphorus

57 Translation

1 ἀείδνκελ βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεάσλ (ᾱ) πνιιάσλ (ᾱ) 2 θιαγγὴ δεηλὴ θαθῆο ζαιάζζεο νὐρ ἁλδάλεη ςῡρῇ ζεᾶο 3 ηίο

ἀηῑκάδεη θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) ζεάο (ᾱ) 4 νὐρ ἀηῑκάδνκελ πάηξελ θίιε γάξ ἐζηηλ 5 βαίλνπζηλ ἐθ Κίιιεο εἰο Υξύζελ (ῡ) 6

θαίνπζη ππξὰο (ᾱ) πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἐλ Υξύζῃ (ῡ) ἐπὶ ζαιάζζῃ 7 ἔρνκελ πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) βνπιάο (ᾱ) 8 θαίεηε

ππξὰο (ᾱ) ἐλ πάηξῃ 9 ιύεηνλ ιύεηο ιύνκελ ιύνπζηλ ιύεηε 10 ὀιέθνκελ ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θαθὰο (ᾱ) ἐλ

πάηξῃ θίιῃ 11 ηίο πέκπεη ζεὰο (ᾱ) ἐο Υξύζελ (ῡ) 12 ηειείεηε βνπιὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) πάηξῃ θίιῃ 13 ηειείνκελ

βνπιὴλ θίιεο ζεᾶο 14 ηεύρνκελ ππξήλ 15 ηί θέξεηε ηί θέξνπζηλ

(2) ἁλδάλεη ςῡρῇhellip The object of the verb ἁλδάλσ takes the dative case In general the English can be

translated with the addition of the word ldquotordquo thus νὐθ ἁλδάλεη ςῡρῇ is ldquois not pleasing to the soulrdquo or ldquodoes

not please the soulrdquo

(5) The word εἰο can either be translated ldquotordquo or ldquointordquo

(6) ἐπὶ ζαιάζζῃ is a title for Chrysa thus Υξύζε (ῡ) ἐπὶ ζαιάζζῃ is ldquoChrysa upon the seardquo or ldquoChrysa by

the seardquo

(8) The word πάηξε refers to the person addressed and so is more appropriately translated ldquonative landrdquo

(the more familiar ldquofatherlandrdquo would typically apply only to the person speaking) Note that the possessive

is implied by using the 2nd

person of the verb thus ldquohellipin (your) native landrdquo

(9) ιύεηνλ can be either 2nd

or 3rd

person

(10) As with many Homeric words the best translation depends on the context Here the word ὀιέθσ

occurs in a military context (the Iliad) and so probably refers to killing enemies θαθή probably refers to

cowardice But the passage could be rendered in many ways such as ldquoWe ruin many wicked soulshelliprdquo or

ldquoWe kill many cowardly soulshelliprdquo etc

(11) Note the alternate form of εἰο As with many common prepositions Homer offers different forms to fit

the rhythmic structure of the poem εἰο is a single long syllable while ἐο can be either long or short

depending on the following word In like manner ἐλ is either long or short ἐλί is two short syllables and

εἰλ is a single long syllable

(12) The dative without a preposition is here translated with ldquoforhelliprdquo I also rendered βνπιαί θαιαί as

ldquonoble thingsrdquo in this context although it could also be translated ldquogood plansrdquo ldquobrave plansrdquo etc

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 We sing the plans of many goddesses 2 The terrible roar of the evil sea was not pleasing to the soul of the

goddess 3 Who dishonors the noble goddesses 4 We do not dishonor (our) fatherland for it is dear 5 They go

from Cilla to Chrysa 6 Do they burn many funeral pyres in Chrysa by the sea 7 We have many fair plans 8 Do

you burn pyres in (your) native land 9 You two loose you loose we loose they loose you loose 10 We destroy

many wicked souls in (our) dear fatherland 11 Who escorts the goddess into Chrysa 12 You accomplish noble

things for (our) dear fatherland 13 We fulfill the will of the beloved goddess

58 Composition Exercises

1 Who is singing the evil plans of the fair goddess 2 The roar of the sea is pleasing to the soul of the goddess

in Cilla 3 We do not dishonor the goddesses of (our) dear fatherland 4 Are you going from Chrysa to Cilla by the

sea 5 The two goddesses come from the sea into Cilla 6 They are burning two funeral pyres in (their) fatherland

7 They have many fair plans 8 We loose you loose they (two) loose he is loosing 9 The goddess destroys many

wicked souls 10 We escort the goddess into (our) dear fatherland 11 They accomplish the will of (their)

fatherland 12 He is making a funeral pyre 13 What does he bring

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 ηίο ἀείδεη θαθὰο (ᾱ) βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεᾶο θᾱιῆο 2 θιαγγὴ ζαιάζζεο ἁλδάλεη ςῡρῇ ζεᾶο ἐλ Κίιιῃ 3 νὐθ

ἀηῑκάδνκελ ζεὰλ (ᾱ) θίιεο πάηξεο 4 βαίλεηο ἐθ Υξύζεο (ῡ) εἰο Κίιιελ ἐπὶ ζαιάζζῃ 5 ζεὰ (ᾱ) βαίλνπζηλ ἐθ

ζαιάζζεο εἰο Κίιιελ 6 θαίνπζη πύξᾱ ἐλ πάηξῃ 7 ἔρνπζη πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) βνπιάο (ᾱ) 8 ιύνκελ ιύεηο

ιύεηνλ ιύεη 9 ζεὰ (ᾱ) ὀιέθεη πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θαθὰο (ᾱ) ςῡράο (ᾱ) 10 θέξνκελ ζεὰλ (ᾱ) εἰο θίιελ πάηξελ 11

ηειείνπζη βνπιὴλ πάηξεο 12 ηεύρεη πύξελ 13 ηί θέξεη

Lesson 6

(678-679 717-721 1025 cf 575 996 1009)

61 Second Declension Masculines

Second declension nouns have stems ending in -o Masculine nouns of the second declension are inflected like

ζῡκόο (spirit life soul) and πνιεκόο (war) Second declension adjectives are inflected like θαθόο (evil)

Sigular Dual Plural

N ζῡκόο ζῡκώ ζῡκνί

G ζῡκνῦ νῖν [όν] ζῡκνῖηλ ζῡκῶλ

D ζῡκῷ ζῡκνῖηλ ζῡκνῖζη νῖο

A ζῡκόλ ζῡκώ ζῡκνύο

V ζῡκέ ζῡκώ ζῡκνί

Sigular Dual Plural

N θαθὸο πόιεκνο θαθὼ πνιέκσ θαθνὶ πόιεκνη

G θαθνῦ νῖν [όν] πνιέκνπ νην [νν] θαθνῖηλ πνιέκνηηλ θαθῶλ πνιέκσλ

D θαθῷ πνιέκῳ θαθνῖλ πνιέκνηηλ θαθνῖο πνιέκνηο

A θαθὸλ πόιεκνλ θαθὼ πνιέκσ θαθνὺο πνιέκνπο

V θαθὲ πόιεκε θαθὼ πνιέκσ θαθνὶ πνιεκνί

62 Second Declension Neuters

Second declension neuters end in -νλ in the nominative vocative and accusative singlular and -ᾰ in the

nominative vocative and accusative plural They are identical to second declension masculines in the genitive and

dative as well as all cases of the dual Second declension neuters nouns are declined like ἔξγνλ (deed) and second

declension neuter adjectives are declined like θᾱιόλ (noble)

Sigular Dual Plural

N θᾱιὸλ ἔξγνλ θᾱιὼ ἔξγσ θᾱιὰ ἔξγα

G θᾱινῦ νῖν [όν] ἔξγνπ νην [νν] θᾱινῖηλ ἔξγνηηλ θᾱιῶλ ἔξγσλ

D θᾱιῷ ἔξγῳ θᾱινῖηλ ἔξγνηηλ θᾱινῖο ἔξγνηο

A θᾱιὸλ ἔξγνλ θᾱιὼ ἔξγσ θᾱινὺο ἔξγνπο

V θᾱιὸλ ἔξγνλ θᾱιὼ ἔξγσ θᾱιὰ ἔξγα

63 Second Declension Feminines

A few second declension nouns are feminine These are declined exactly the same as the masculine form the

only difference being that all adjectives and modifiers take their respective feminine forms Thus θαθὸο ζῡκόο = the

evil spirit and θαθὸλ ἔξγνλ = the evil deed but θαθὴ λνῦζνο = the evil plague

Sigular Dual Plural

N θαθὴ λνῦζνο θαθὰ (ᾱ) λνύζσ θαθαὶ λνῦζνη

G θαθῆο λνύζνπ νην [νν] θαθῇηλ λνύζνηηλ θαθάσλ [έσλ ῶλ] λνύζσλ

D θαθῇ λνύζῳ θαθῇηλ λνύζνηηλ θαθῇζη ῇο λνύζνηζη νηο

A θαθὴλ λνῦζνλ θαθὰ (ᾱ) λνύζσ θαθὰο (ᾱ) λνύζνπο

V θαθὴ λνῦζε θαθὰ (ᾱ) λνύζσ θαθαὶ λνῦζνη

64 Adjectives

Adjectives always agree in case number and gender with the nouns they modify

Adjectives fall into three declensions just like nouns However adjectives frequently have masculine feminine

and neuter forms whereas nouns typically fall into a single gender The adjective θαθόο for example has three

forms θαθόο (masculine) θαθή (femine) and θαθόλ (neuter) Adjectives are usually listed in dictionary entries in

the nominative masculine singular followed by the femine and neuter singular endings θαθόο ή όλ

Adjectives are usually grouped into one of four categories 1) First and Second Declension Adjectives whose

forms usually represent the first declension when feminine and the second declension when masculine or neuter 2)

Second Declension Adjectives which usually have a single second declension form that serves as both masculine

and feminine as well as a second declension neuter form 3) First and Third Declension Adjectives whose

masculine and neuter forms are of the third declension but whose feminine form falls under the first declension and

4) Third Declension Adjectives which have a single third declension form for both masculine and feminine and a

third declension neuter form

First and Second Declension Adjectives have the nominative singular endings -νο (masculine) -ε (feminine)

and -νλ (neuter) Of these θᾱιόο (beautiful noble) and θίινο (dear lovely beloved) are good examples

Singular

Masc Fem Neut

N θᾱιόο θᾱιή θᾱιόλ θᾱιή θᾱιόλ

G θᾱινῦ νῖν [όν] θᾱιῆο θᾱινῦ νῖν [όν]

D θᾱιῷ θᾱιῇ θᾱιῷ

A θᾱιόλ θᾱιήλ θᾱιόλ

V θᾱιέ θᾱιή θᾱιόλ

Dual

N A V θᾱιώ θᾱιά (ᾱ) θᾱιώ

G D θᾱινῖηλ θᾱιῇηλ θᾱινῖηλ

Plural

N θᾱινί θᾱιαί θᾱιά

G θᾱιῶλ θᾱιάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] θᾱιῶλ

D θᾱινῖζη νῖο θᾱιῇζη ῇο θᾱινῖζη νῖο

A θᾱινύο θᾱιάο (ᾱ) θᾱιά

Singular

Masc Fem Neut

N θίινο θίιε θίινλ

G θίινπ νην [νν] θίιεο θίινπ νην [νν]

D θίιῳ θίιῃ θίιῳ

A θίινλ θίιελ θίινλ

V

Dual

N A V θίισ θίιᾱ θίισ

G D θίινηηλ θίιῃηλ θίινηηλ

Plural

N θίινη θίιαη θίια

G θίισλ θηιάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] θίισλ

D θίινηζη νηο θίιῃζη ῃο θίινηζη νηο

A θίινπο θίιᾱο θίια

V θίινη θίιαη θίια

65 Vocabulary

ἀγιαόο ή όλ bright shining splendid glorious

ἀλά ἄλ (adv prep + gen dat acc) upon on thereon along up through

ἀπεξείζηνο ε νλ boundless countless immeasureable

ἄπνηλα σλ ηά ransom

Ἀραηόο νῦ ὁ Achaean

δεηλόο ή όλ terrible awful dreadful dread fearful

ἑιώξηνλ νπ ηό booty spoils prey

ζεόο νῦ ὁ god divinity

ζῡκόο νῦ ὁ heart soul spirit courage passion

θαθόο ή όλ bad poor ugly mean cowardly evil wicked

θᾱιόο ή όλ good goodly noble handsome brave fair beautiful

ιᾱόο νῦ ὁ people host soldiery

κῡξίνη αη α countless innumerable

λνῦζνο νπ ἡ plague disease pest pestilence

νἰσλόο νῦ ὁ bird (of prey) vulture omen

πνιιόο ή όλ much many numerous

ζηξαηόο νῦ ὁ army encampment host

θίινο ε νλ dear darling lovely beloved

66 Derivatives

ἀλά (ana-) = anatomy

ἄπνηλα (apen-) = pentalty

ζεόο (theo-) = theology theocracy atheism polytheism monotheism henotheism pantheism

ιᾱόο (lao-) = laity layman

ζηξαηόο (strato-) = strategy strategic strategical

67 Translation Exercises

1 ἀγιαὰ ἄπνηλα θέξνπζηλ Ἀραηνὶ εἰο ζηξαηόλ 2 θέξνκελ ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 3 ζεὸο ηεύρεη

πνιινὺο Ἀραηνὺο ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζηλ 4 ἦζαλ Ἀραηνὶ θαθνί 5 νὐθ ἦζαλ θαθνί θᾱινὶ δέ λνῦζνο θαθὴ ὀιέθεη ιᾱὸλ

θᾱιόλ 6 Ἀραηνὶ πέκπνπζηλ ἄπνηλα κῡξίrsquo εἰο πάηξελ 7 ζεὸο βαίλεη ἐο ζηξαηόλ ὀιέθεη δὲ ιᾱὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 8 ηίο

ἀηῑκάδεη ζενὺο θᾱινύο 9 θαθνὶ ιᾱνὶ ἀηῑκάδνπζη ζενὺο πάηξεο 10 ζεὸο πέκπεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ

Ἀραηῶλ νὐ γὰξ ηειείνπζη βνπιὴλ ζεῶλ πάηξεο 11 βαίλεη ἐπὶ ζάιαζζαλ δεηλὴλ θαὶ ηεύρεη ππξὰο (ᾱ) πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἀλὰ

ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 12 ἔρνπζηλ ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα Ἀραηῶλ ἐλὶ ζηξαηῷ 13 βνπιὴ ζηξαηνῦ νὐρ ἁλδάλεη ζῡκῷ ζενῦ 14

ιᾱὸο Κίιιεο θίινο ἦλ ςῡρῇ ζεᾶο ζαιάζζεο 15 νὐθ ἀείδνκελ θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεῶλ ζηξαηῷ νὐ γὰξ ἁλδάλεη

Ἀραηνῖζη ζῡκῷ

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 The Achaeans bring countless splendid ransmoms into the camp 2 We carry boundless ransoms up through

the camp of the Achaeans 3 The god makes many Achaens spoils for the birds 4 Were the Achaeans evil 5 They

were not evil but good An evil pestilence destroyed the good host 6 The Achaeans send countless ransoms into

(their) fatherland 7 The god walks into the camp and destroys the host of the Achaeans 8 Who dishonors the noble

gods 9 The evil host dishonors the gods of (our) fatherlans 10 The god sends an evil plague up through the camp

of the Achaeans for they do not fulfill the will of the gods of (their) native country 11 He walks along the sea and

builds many funeral pyres throughout the camp of the Achaeans 12 They have boundless ransoms of the Achaeans

in the camp 13 The armyrsquos plan is not pleasing to the heart of the god 14 The host of Cilla was dear to the soul of

the goddess of the sea 15 We do not sing the brave plan of the goods of the camp for (that) is not pleasing to the

heart of the Achaeans

68 Composition Exercises

1 The terrible roar of the sea is pleasing to the goddess in (her) soul 2 We bring many splendid ransoms to the

army of the Achaeans 3 The god does not destroy the host of the Achaeans for they do not dishonor the gods of

(their) fatherland 4 The evil plague makes countless Achaeans a booty (use plural) for many birds 5 The people of

the Achaeans send countless shining ransoms to the goddess of the sea in Cilla 6 The Achaeans go to the sea and

sing but the noise is not pleasing to the goddess in (her) soul 7 The plague destroys the people for they dishonor

the god of Chrysa

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 θιαγγὴ δεηλὴ ἁλδάλεη ζεᾷ ςῡρῇ 2 θέξνκελ ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀγιαὰ ἐο ζηξαηῷ Ἀραηῶλ 3 ζεὸο νὐθ ὀιέθεη

ιᾱὸλ Ἀραηῶλ νὐ γὰξ ἀηῑκάδνπζη ζενὺο πάηξεο 4 θαθὴ λνῦζνο ηεύρεη κῡξίνπο Ἀραηνὺο ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζη πνιινῖζηλ

5 ιᾱὸο Ἀραηῶλ πέκπνπζη κῡξίrsquo ἄπνηλα ἀγιαὰ ζεᾷ ζαιάζζεο ἐλὶ Κίιιᾳ 6 Ἀραηνὶ βαίλνπζηλ εἰο ζάιαζζαλ θαὶ

ἀείδνπζηλ θιαγγὴ δὲ νὐρ ἁλδάλεη ζεᾷ ςῡρῇ 7 λνῦζνο ὀιέθεη ιᾱόλ ἀηῑκάδνπζη γὰξ ζεὸλ Υξύζεο (ῡ)

Lesson 7

Review

71 Review Vocabulary

ἀγιαόο ή όλ splendid ζῡκόο νῦ ὁ heart

ἀείδσ sing θαί and

ἀλ- ἀ- un- θαίσ burn

ἁλδάλσ is pleasing to θαθόο ή όλ evil

ἀπεξείζηνο ε νλ immeasurable θᾱιόο ή όλ good

ἄπνηλα σλ ηά ransom Κίιια εο ἡ Cilla

ἀηῑκάδσ dishonor θιαγγή ῆο ἡ roar

Ἀραηόο νῦ ὁ Achaean ιᾱόο νῦ ὁ host

βαίλσ go walk ιύσ loose

βνπιή ῆο ἡ plan κῡξίνη αη α countless

γάξ for λνῦζνο νπ ἡ plague

δέ but νἰσλόο νῦ ὁ bird

δεηλόο ή όλ terrible ὀιέθσ kill

εἰο (ἐο) into νὐ (νὐρ) not

εἰζί they are πάηξε εο ἡ fatherland

ἐθ (ἐμ) out of πέκπσ send

ἑιώξηνλ νπ ηό spoil πνιιόο ή όλ many

ἐλ(ί) εἰλ in ππξή ῆο ἡ funeral pyre

ἐπί upon ζηξαηόο νῦ ὁ army

ἐζηί it is ηειείσ accomplish

ἔρσ have ηεύρσ make

ἦλ it was ηίο ηί who what

ἦζαλ they were θέξσ carry

ζάιαζζα εο ἡ sea θίινο ε νλ beloved

ζεά (ᾱ) ᾶο ἡ goddess Υξύζε (ῡ) εο ἡ Chrysa

ςῡρή ῆο ἡ soul

72 Translation Exercises

1 ἀδείδνκελ ζεὰλ (ᾱ) ζαιάζζεο δεηλῆο θιαγγῇ πνιιῇ 2 νὐθ ἀηῑκάδνπζη ζενὺο 3 βνπιαὶ Ἀραηῶλ νὐρ

ἁλδάλνπζη ζεᾳ θᾱιῇ ζῡκῷ 4 βαίλεη ἐθ ζηξαηνῦ Ἀραηῶλ εἰο Κίιιαλ θαὶ θέξεη ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα ζεῷ 5 λνῦζνο θαθὴ

βαίλεη ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ θαὶ ηεύρεη πνιινὺο Ἀραηνὺο ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζηλ 6 θαὶ ζενὶ θαὶ ζεαὶ ὀιέθνπζη ιᾱὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 7 ηίο

Ἀραηῶλ ἔρεη ζῡκὸλ θαθόλ 8 ἦζαλ πνιιαὶ ζεαὶ ἐλὶ ζαιάζζῃ 9 θαίεη ππξὰο (ᾱ) ἐπὶ ζαιάζζῃ 10 ιύεηε ζηξαηὸλ

Ἀραηῶλ 11 πάηξε ἐζηὶ θίιε ςῡρῇ κῡξίσλ Ἀραηῶλ 12 ηίο πέκπεη ζηξαηὸλ ἐθ Κίιιεο εἰο Υξύζελ (ῡ) 13 βνπιὴ

θαθὴ ἐζηηλ ἁλδάλεη δὲ ζεᾷ ζῡκῷ 14 ηί ἀείδεηε

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 With a great noise we hymn the goodess of the terrible sea 2 We do not dishonor the gods 3 The will of the

Achaeans does not please the heart of the beautiful goddess 4 He goes from the Achaean camp to Cilla and delivers

countless ransoms to the god 5 An evil plague goes up through the camp and makes many Achaeans spoils for the

vultures 6 Both gods and goddesses destroy the host of the Achaeans 7 Who of the Achaeans has an evil heart 8

Were there many goddesses in the sea 9 He burns funeral pyres by the sea 10 You destroy the camp of the

Achaeans 11 The fatherland is dear to the soul of countless Achaeans 12 Who dispatches the army from Cilla to

Chrysa 13 It is an evil plan but it pleases the heart of the goddess 14 What do you sing

73 Composition Exercises

1 The Achaeans sing the beautiful goddess of the terrible sea 2 We do not dishonor the gods for they are dear

to (our) souls 3 The plans of the army are pleasing to the goddess in (her) noble soul 4 Many Achaeans are going

from the encampment and are bringing countless glorious ransoms to the gods 5 The evil plague destroys the

people and makes the army a booty for countless birds 6 We do not sing for it is not pleasing to the soul of the

goddess

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 Ἀραηνὶ ἀείδνπζη ζεὰλ (ᾱ) θᾱιὴλ δεηλῆο ζαιάζζεο 2 νὐθ ἀηῑκάδνκελ ζενὺο θίινη δὲ ζῡκνῖζηλ 3 βνπιαὶ

ζηξαηῷ ἁλδάλνπζη ζεᾷ ζῡκῷ 4 Ἀραηνὶ πνιινὶ βαίλνπζηλ ἐθ ζηξαηνῦ θαὶ θέξνπζηλ ἄπνηλα ἀπεξείζηα θαὶ ἀγιαὰ

ζενῖζηλ 5 θαθὴ λνῦζνο ὀιέθεη ιᾱὸλ θαὶ ηεύρεη ζηξαηὸλ ἄπνηλα νἰσλνῖζηλ ἀπεξείζηνῐζηλ 6 νὐθ ἀείδνκελ νὐθ γὰξ

ἁλδάλεη ςῡρῇ ζεᾶο

Lesson 8

(765-766 773-774)

81 The Second Declension (Continued)

Several words are declined like θᾱιόο ή όλ except that the nominative vocative and accusative singular of

the neuter ends in -o instead of -νλ Some of these words include ὅο ἥ ὅ (which) ὁ ἡ ηό (that) (ἐ)θεῖλνο ε ν

(that) αὐηόο ή ό (he she it) and ἄιινο ε ν (another)

The words ὅδε and νὗηνο are not introduced in this lesson but they are dleclined similarly and so are included

in the paradigms as reference

ὁ ἡ ηό (that hesheit whowhichwhat)

Masc Fem Neut

N ὁ ἡ ηό

G ηνῦ ηνῖν ηῆο ηνῦ ηνῖν

D ηῷ ηῇ ηῷ

A ηόλ ηήλ ηό

N A ηώ (ηώ) ηώ

G D ηνῖηλ (ηνῖηλ) ηνῖηλ

N νἱ αἱ ηά

G ηῶλ ηάσλ (ᾱ) [ηῶλ] ηῶλ

D ηνῖζη ηνῖο ηῇζη ηῇο ηνῖζη ηνῖο

A ηνύο ηάο (ᾱ) ηά

αὐηόο ή ό (hesheit self same)

Masc Fem Neut

N αὐηόο αὐηή αὐηό

G αὐηνῦ νῖν αὐηῆο αὐηνῦ νῖν

D αὐηῷ αὐηῇ αὐηῷ

A αὐηόλ αὐηήλ αὐηό

N A αὐηώ (αὐηώ) αὐηώ

G D αὐηνῖηλ (αὐηνῖηλ) αὐηνῖηλ

N αὐηνί αὐηαί αὐηά

G αὐηῶλ αὐηάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] αὐηῶλ

D αὐηνῖζη νῖο αὐηῇζη ῇο αὐηνῖζη νῖο

A αὐηνύο αὐηάο (ᾱ) αὐηά

ὅο ἥ ὅ (whowhichwhat)

Masc Fem Neut

N ὅο ἥ ὅ

G νὖ [ὅνπ ὅν] ἥο νὗ [ὅνπ ὅν]

D ᾧ ᾗ ᾧ

A ὅλ ἥλ ὅ

N A ὥ (ὥ) ὥ

G D νἷηλ (νἷηλ) νἶηλ

N νἵ αἵ ἅ

G ὧλ ὧλ ὧλ

D νἷζη νἷο ᾗζη ᾗο νἷζη νἷο

A νὕο ἅο (ᾱ) ἅ

(ἐ)θεῖλνο ε ν (that)

Masc Fem Neut

N (ἐ)θεῖλνο (ἐ)θείλε (ἐ)θεῖλν

G (ἐ)θείλνπ νην (ἐ)θείλεο (ἐ)θείλνπ νην

D (ἐ)θείλῳ (ἐ)θείλῃ (ἐ)θείλῳ

A (ἐ)θεῖλνλ (ἐ)θείλελ (ἐ)θεῖλν

N A (ἐ)θείλσ ((ἐ)θείλσ) (ἐ)θείλσ

G D (ἐ)θείλνηηλ ((ἐ)θείλνηηλ) (ἐ)θείλνηηλ

N (ἐ)θεῖλνη (ἐ)θεῖλαη (ἐ)θεῖλα

G (ἐ)θείλσλ (ἐ)θεηλάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] (ἐ)θείλσλ

D (ἐ)θείλνηζη νηο (ἐ)θείλῃζη ῃο (ἐ)θείλνηζη νηο

A (ἐ)θείλνπο (ἐ)θείλᾱο (ἐ)θεῖλα

ὅδε ἥδε ηόδε (this)

Masc Fem Neut

N ὅδε ἥδε ηόδε

G ηνύδε ηνῖνδε ηῆζδε ηνύδε ηνῖνδε

D ηῷδε ηῇδε ηῷδε

A ηόλδε ηήλδε ηόδε

N A ηώδε (ηώδε) ηώδε

G D ηνῖηλδε (ηνῖηλδε) ηνῖηλδε

N νἵδε (ηνίδε) αἵδε (ηαίδε) ηάδε

G ηῶλδε ηάσλδε (ᾱ) [ηῶλδε] ηῶλδε

D ηνῖζηδε ηνῖζδε ηῇζηδε ηῇζδε ηνῖζηδε ηνῖζδε

ηνίζδεζη ηνίζδεζη

ηνίζδεζζη ηνίζδεζζη

A ηνύζδε ηάζδε (ᾱ) ηάδε

νὗηνο αὕηε ηνῦην (this)

Masc Fem Neut

N νὗηνο αὕηε ηνῦην

G ηνύηνπ νην ηαύηεο ηνύηνπ νην

D ηνύηῳ ηαύηῃ ηνύηῳ

A ηνῦηνλ ηαύηελ ηνῦην

N A ηνύησ (ηνύησ) ηνύησ

G D ηνύηνηηλ (ηνύηνηηλ) ηνύηνηηλ

N νὗηνη αὗηαη ηαῦηα

G ηνύησλ ηαῡηάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] ηνύησλ

D ηνύηνηζη νηο ηαύηῃζη ῃο ηνύηνηζη νηο

A ηνύηνπο ηαύηᾱο ηαῦηα

82 Vocabulary

ἀιιά but moreover

ἄιινο ε νλ other another

αὐηόο ή ό self him himself her herself it itself same

δῖνο α νλ (declined like ζάιαζζα) divine heavenly glorious

(ἐ)θεῖλνο ε ν that (one) he she it

ἑθεβόινο νπ ὁ free-shooter sharpshooter (originally shoots-at-will a title for Apollo)

θαθῶο evilly wickedly harshly with evil consequences

ὁ ἡ ηό this that he she it who which what

νὕλεθα (νὗ-ἔλεθα) because

ζθῆπηξνλ νπ ηό scepter staff

ηέ and also both

ρξύζενο (ῡ) ε νλ gold golden of gold

83 Derivatives

ἄιινο (allo-) = allopathy

αὐηόο (auto-) = automaton autocracy autograph autonomy

ρξύζενο (ῡ) (chryse-) = chrysanthemum chrysalis chrysolite

84 Translation Excersis

1 δῖνο ἑθεβόινο αὐηὸο ἀείδεη ἀιιrsquo νὐρ ἁλδάλεη ἄιινηζη ζενῖζη ζῡκῷ 2 θεῖλνη Ἀραηνὶ ἀηῑκάδνπζη ηνὺο ζενύο

3 ὁ ἑθεβόινο πέκπεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ θαθῶο ὀιέθεη θεῖλνλ ιᾱόλ νὕλεθα ηὸλ ἀηῑκάδνπζηλ 4

νὐθ ἀηῑκάδνκελ ηνὺο ζενύο νἳ ἔρνπζη ζθῆπηξα ρξύζεα (ῡ) 5 ὁ ἑθεβόινο ηε θαὶ νἱ ἄιινη ζενὶ θέξνπζη ρξύζεα (ῡ)

ζθῆπηξα θᾱιά 6 ηίο ηεύρεη ηὰ ζθῆπηξα ρξύζεα (ῡ) ηνῖζη ζενῖο ζαιάζζεο 7 ἀείδεη ἑθεβόινο αὐηὸο βνπιὰο (ᾱ)

ἄιισλ ζεῶλ ηνῖζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ 8 εἰζὶλ νἱ Ἀραηνὶ θᾱινί νἱ ὀιέθνπζη ηὸλ ζηξαηὸλ θαίνπζί ηε ηὰο (ᾱ) ππξάο (ᾱ) 9 ἡ

ζεὰ (ᾱ) ηῆο δεηλῆο ζαιάζζεο ἔρεη ηὸ ζθῆηξνλ ρξύζενλ (ῡ) 10 ἐλὶ ηῇ πάηξε εἰζὶλ αἱ ππξαί 11 ηίο ηεύρεη ηὸλ

ζηξαηὸλ ἑιώξηα ηνῖζηλ νἰσλνῖζηλ

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 The divine free-shooter himself sings but it does not please the hearts of the other gods 2 Those Achaeans

dishonor these gods 3 This free-shooter sends an evil plague up through the camp of the Achaeans and wickedly

destroys that host because they dishonor him 4 We do not dishonor these gods who hold the golden scepters 5

Both this free-shooter and these other gods carry beautiful golden scepters 6 Who fashions the golden scepters for

these gods of the sea 7 Does the free-shooter himself sing the plans of the other gods to these Achaeans 8 Are

these Achaeans noble who destroy (our) camp and burn funeral pyres 9 This goddess of the terrible sea holds a

golden scepter 10 The funeral pyrers are in (our) fatherland 11 Who makes (our) camp a spoil for these vultures

85 Composition Exercises

1 ἑθεβόινο αὐηὸο ἀείδεη ηὰο (ᾱ) βνπιὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) ζεῶλ 2 ηί νὐρ ἁλδάλεη ηνῖο ἄιινηζη ζενῖζηλ νἳ ἐλὶ

ζαιάζζῃ 3 ἐθεῖλνο Ἀραηὸο ἀηῑκάδεη ηνὺο ζενὺο πάηξεο νἱ ἔρνπζη ηὰ ζθῆπηξα ρξύζεα (ῡ) 4 ὁ ἑθεβόινο πέκπεη

λνύζνπο πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θαθὰο (ᾱ) ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ ὀιέθεη κῡξίνπο ιᾱνύο νὕλεθα ηὸλ ἀηῑκάδνπζηλ 5 ηίο

θαίεη ηὰο (ᾱ) ππξὰο (ᾱ) Ἀραηῶλ ἐπὶ δεηλῇ ζαιάζζῃ 6 ὁ ἑθεβόινο ηεύρεη κῡξίνπο Ἀραίνπο ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζηλ νὕλεθα

ηὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) ζεὰο (ᾱ) ζαιάζζεο ἀηῑκάδνπζηλ

Lesson 9

(830-840 904)

91 The Verbal Augment

Greek verbs frequently add a prefix to a verb (in the secondary tenses of the idicative) to indicate action

occurring in the past This prefix is called an augment Verbal augments take one of two forms the syllabic

augment which consists of adding an extra syllable to the beginning of a word and the temporal augment which

consists of lengthening the first syllable of a word While the augment is consistently applied in later dialects of

Greek it was still optional in Homeric and is often omitted (the tense being determined solely from the suffixes)

The syllabic augment is applied to verbs that begin with a consonant (or rare verbs that originally began with a

consonant) and consists of the prefix ε- Thus ιύνκελ = we loose (present tense) but ἐιύνκελ = we were loosing

(past tense) Some Greek words originally began with a ϝ or an ζ that later disappeared (usually replace with the

rough breathing) In those cases the augment is sometimes syllabic reflecting the earlier practice The word ἁλδάλσ

for example was originally ζϝαλδάλσ (swandano) The original augmented form of the imperfect was ἐζϝάλδαλνλ

(eswandano) When the ζϝ- was dropped the syllabic augment was retained ἑάλδαλνλ (heandano)

When a verb has lost an initial ζ the syllabic augment frequently contracts with the initial vowel For example

the word ἔρσ was originally ζέρσ The original augmented imperfect was ἔζερνλ When the initial ζ disappeared

the result was ἔερνλ which contracted to εἶρνλ (because εε usually contracts to εη) This pattern is also sometimes

present in verbs that originally began with ϝ such as ϝίδνλ =gt ἐϝηδνλ = ἔηδνλ = εἶδνλ

The temporal augment consists of lengthening an initial vowel and occurs in most Greek verbs that begin with

an initial vowel In general initial α or ε becomes ε initial η ν or π becomes ῑ initial αη and ᾳ become ῃ and initial

νη becomes ῳ Thus ἄγνκελ (we lead) becomes ἤγνκελ (we were leading) If the verb already begins with a long

vowel (ε ῃ ῑ ῡ σ ῳ) there is usually no change

Verbs that begin with ξ usually double the ξ when adding the syllabic augment This feature also sometimes

occurs in verbs beginning with ι κ λ or ζ

Compound verbs are usually formed from a combination of preposition + verb such as ἀπό (away from) + ιύσ

(loosen) = ἀπνιύσ (set free turn loose) In compound verbs a temporal augment is inserted between the preposition

and the verb If the preposition ends in a vowel the vowel is usually elided Thus ἀπνιύνκελ (we set free) becomes

ἀπειύνκελ (elided from ἀπνειύνκελ we were setting free)

92 The Imperfect Tense

The imperfect denotes continuous action in past time and typically corresponds to the past participle in English

Thus ἔιπνλ (imperfect) = I was loosing Occasionally the Greek imperfect is best translated by the simple past tense

in English The imperfect tense is formed by adding the secondary tense endings (which will be described in a later

lesson) to the augmented stem of the verb

In the paradigm below the unaugmented form is shown in brackets

Imperfect Tense

S 1st Pers ἔιπνλ [ιύνλ] I was loosing

2nd

Pers ἔιπεο [ιύεο] you were loosing

3rd

Pers ἔιπε(λ) [ιύε(λ)] he she it was loosing

D 2nd

Pers ἐιύεηνλ [ιύεηνλ] you (two) were loosing the pair of you were loosing

3rd

Pers ἐιπέηελ [ιπέηελ] they (two) were loosing the pair of them were loosing

P 1st Pers ἐιύνκελ [ιύνκελ] we were loosing

2nd

Pers ἐιύεηε [ιύεηε] you (ye) were loosing

3rd

Pers ἐιύνλ [ιύνλ] they were loosing

93 Vocabulary

ἄιιῃ elsewhere

Ἀξγεῖνο νπ ὁ Argive

-δε (suffix + acc) to

δηά (adv) between among (+gen) through (+acc) through by means

of on account of during

δηίθηινο (ῑ) ε νλ dear to Zeus

εἴξσ speak say tell

ἐκόο ή όλ my mine

ἔξγνλ νπ ηό (ϝέξγνλ) work deed accomplishment

-ζελ (suffix gen ending) from

Κιπηαηκήζηξε εο ἡ Clytaemnestra

(also Κιπηαηκλήζηξε)

καληνζύλε εο ἡ gift of prophesy

νἶθνο νπ ὁ house home

ιύκπηνο ε νλ Olympian

Ὄιπκπνο νπ ὁ Olympus

Πξίακνο νπ ὁ Priam

ζόο ζή ζόλ your yours

εἶρνλ (imperfect of ἔρσ) I was having I had

94 Derivatives

95 Translation Exercises

1 ὁ ἑθεβόινο δηὰ καληνζύλελ εἴξεη βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ηῶλ ζεῶλ Ἀξγείνηζηλ 2 νἱ ιύκπηνη ζενὶ εἶρνλ νἴθνπο ἐλ

ιύκπῳ 3 ὁ ἑθεβόινο δηίθηινο (ῑ) ἔηεπρε ηνὺο Ἀξγείνπο Ἀραηνύο ηε ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζηλ 4 Ἀραηνὶ Ἀξγεῖνί ηrsquo

ἔηεπρνλ ἔξγα θαθὰ δηὰ βνπιὴλ ζεᾶο 5 Κιπηαηκήζηξε δηὰ ηὸλ ζῡκὸλ ἔηεπρελ ηὰ ἔξγα δεηλά 6 Πξίακνο ιᾱόο ηε

Πξηάκνπ ὤιεθνλ πνιινὺο Ἀξγείνπο 7 ηίο εἴξεη ηὰ ζὰ ἔξγα θαθὰ Πξηάκῳ 8 ηὰ ἔξγα ἐκά ἐζηη θᾱιά νὕλεθα ἔηεπρνλ

βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεῶλ θαὶ ζεάσλ (ᾱ) δηὰ ηὴλ καληνζύλελ 9 ἐπέκπνκελ ηὰ ρξύζεα (ῡ) ζθῆπηξα εἰο νἶθνλ Πξηάκῳ 10

ἐθαίεηε ηὰο (ᾱ) ππξὰο (ᾱ) δεηλῇ θιαγγῇ 11 νὐρ ἥλδαλε ἡ βνπιὴ ζεᾷ ζαιάζζεο ζῡκῷ 12 αἱ ζεαὶ ἀείδνπζη ηὰ θᾱιὰ

ἔξγα ηῶλ ζεῶλ ἑθεβόινο δὲ βαίλεη ἄιιῃ 13 εἶρε Πξίακνο ἀγιαὸλ θαὶ θᾱιὸλ νἶθνλ

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 This free-shooter relates the plans of the gods to the Argives through prophesy 2 These Olympian gods had

homes on Olympus 3 This free-shooter beloved of Zeus made both the Argives and the Achaeans prey for the

vultures 4 Both the Achaeans and the Argives committed evil deeds through the will of the goddess 5 Because of

her heart Clytaemnestra wrought these terrible deeds 6 Both Priam and the host of Priam killed many Argives 7

Who relates these evil deeds of yours to Priam 8 These works of mine are noble because through prophesy I

accomplished the of the gods and goddess 9 We sent the golden scepters to the house of Priam 10 Were you

burning the funeral pyres with a terrible uproar 11 Does the plan not please the heart of the goddess of the sea 12

The goddesses sing the noble deeds of the gods but the free-shooter walks elsewhere 13 Priam had a splendid and

beautiful home

96 Composition Exercises

1 Who brought these countless shining ransoms to the beautiful home of Priam 2 The Achaeans and the

Argives burned many funeral pyres in your beloved fatherland 3 Clytaemnestra was wicked and performed many

dreadful deeds 4 Through the gift of prophesy we tell many glorious deeds of the gods and goddesses who have

Olympian homes 5 My deeds are noble but yours are cowardly 6 The gods sent an evil plague up through the

camp and destroyed many Achaeans because they dishonored the free-shooter 7 It was not pleasing to

Clytaemnestra in (her) wicked soul

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 ηίο ἔθεξε ηὰο ἄπνηλα ἀγιαὰ εἰο νἶθνλ θᾱιὸλ Πξηάκνπ 2 Ἀραηνὶ θαὶ Ἀξγεῖνη ἔθαηνλ ππξὰο (ᾱ) πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἐλ

ζῇ πάηξῃ θᾱιῇ 3 Κιπηαηκλήζηξε θαθὴ ἦλ θαὶ ἔηεπρελ ἄξγα πνιιὰ θαὶ δεηλά 4 δηὰ καληνζύλελ εἴξνκελ ἔξγα

πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀγιαὰ ζεῶλ θαὶ ζεάσλ (ᾱ) νἳ ἔρνπζηλ νἴθνπο ιπκπίνπο 5 ἔξγα ἐκὰ θᾱιή εἰζηλ ζὰ δὲ θαθά 6 ζενὶ

ἔπεκπνλ λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ θαὶ ὤιεθνλ Ἀραίνπο πνιινύο νὕλεθα ἠηίκαδνλ (ῑ) ἑθεβόινλ 7 νὐρ ἥλδαλε

Κιπηαηκλήζηξῃ ζῡκῷ θαθῷ

Lesson 10

(841-857 904)

101 Formation of the Aorist and Future Tenses

The first aorist is a secondary tense formed by adding -ζ(ζ)α to the augmented verb stem followed by the

personal endings of the secondary tense If the verb stem ends in a consonant or a long vowel only a single ζ is

added If the stem ends in a short vowel either one or two sigmas may be added A few aorists (called ldquomixed

aoristsrdquo) are formed by adding -ζ followed by the thematic vowel and the personal endings for the secondary tenses

to the augmented stem

The future is formed by adding -ζ followed by the thematic vowel and the personal endings for the primary

tenses

If the verb stem ends in a long vowel the stem is not affected by the addition of the suffixes for the future or

aorist tenses If the stem ends in a short vowel it is regularly lengthened in all tenses except the present and the

imperfect There are however a few exceptions to this pattern In most cases these verbs add ζ before the personal

endings of the perfect middle and aorist passive

102 Classification of Verbs

Verbs are classified into four groups according to the final letter of the stem vowel verbs liquid verbs nasal

verbs and mute verbs

When -ζ is added to the end of a mute verb a labial combines with ζ to form ς a palatal combines with ζ to

form μ and a lingual is dropped (leaving only ζ)

When -ζ is added to the end of a liquid or nasal verb it is usually preceded by -ε and the ζ is dropped in

contraction Thus βαιισ = βαιέζσ = βαιέσ In rare cases the ε is dropped and the ζ retained In some vowel-stem

verbs where the final vowel is preceded by a liquid or nasal the verb behaves as a liquidnasal and adds -εζ to the

stem θαιέσ (present) = θαιέζσ (future) = θαιέσ (future contracted) The formations in which the ζ is dropped

after α or ε are sometimes called ldquoAttic futuresrdquo

Verbs with liquid and nasal stems regularly form the aorist by dropping the ζ and lengthening the stem vowel

A few verbs have active forms in the present tense but middle forms in the future tense ἀθνύσ (I hear) but

ἀθνύζνκαη (I will hear)

103 Paradigms Future and First Aorist of ιύσ

Future

S 1st Pers ιύζσ (ῡ) I shall loose

2nd

Pers ιύζεηο (ῡ) you will loose

3rd

Pers ιύζεη (ῡ) he she it will loose

D 2nd

Pers ιύζεηνλ (ῡ) you (two) will loose

3rd

Pers ιύζεηνλ (ῡ) they (two) will loose

P 1st Pers ιύζνκελ (ῡ) we shall loose

2nd

Pers ιύζεηε (ῡ) you (ye) will loose

3rd

Pers ιύζνπζη(λ) (ῡ) they will loose

First Aorist

S 1st Pers ἔιῡζα I loosed

2nd

Pers ἔιῡζαο you loosed

3rd

Pers ἔιῡζε(λ) he she it loosed

D 2nd

Pers ἐιύζαηνλ (ῡ) you (two) loosed

3rd

Pers ἔιῡζάηελ they (two) loosed

P 1st Pers ἐιύζακελ (ῡ) we loosed

2nd

Pers ἐιύζαηε (ῡ) you (ye) loosed

3rd

Pers ἔιῡζαλ they loosed

104 Vocabulary

ἄγσ ἄμσ ἤγαγνλ lead drive conduct bring carry

ἀλάζζσ (ϝαλαθ-) ἀλάμσ ἠλαμα (+gen) rule (over) guard protect

ἄξηζηνο ε νλ best noblest bravest fairest

αὖηηο (back) again anew

Γαλαόο νῦ ὁ Danaan

ἑθαηόκβε εο ἡ hecatomb sacrifice

ζάλαηνο νπ ὁ death

Ἴιηνο νπ ἡ Ilium Troy the region around Troy

κεγάζῡκνο ε νλ great-souled brave

ὄρα far much considerably

πέζσ (πεηζ- πνηζ- πηζ-) πείζσ ἔπεηζα (πέπηζνλ) persuade win over mislead

θηιέσ θηιήζσ ἐθίιεζα love cherish entertain hospitably

εἶπνλ εἶπεο εἶπε(λ) θηι 2nd

aor speak say tell etc

ἔβεζα ἔβεζαο ἔβεζε(λ) θηι 1st aor come go walk etc

105 Derivatives

ἄγσ (ag-) = pedagogue demagogue synagogue

ἄξηζηνο (arist-) = aristocracy

ζάλαηνο (thanat-) = thanatopsis euthanasia

106 Translation Exercises

1 ηίο ἦλ ὄρrsquo ἄξηζηνο Γαλαῶλ 2 Πξίακνο κεγάζῡκνο ἤλαζζελ Ἰιίνπ 3 νὐθ αὖηηο ἄμνπζη Γαλανὶ κεγάζῡκνη

ἑθαηόκβᾱο πνιιὰο (ᾱ) εἰο Υξύζελ (ῡ) 4 νὐθ ἔπεηζαλ ἑθεβόινλ πνιιῇο ἑθαηόβῃζη θᾱιῇζηλ 5 νὐ θηιήζνκελ ζενύο

νὕλεθα θᾱινὶ εἰζηλ 6 Γαλανὶ ηεύμνπζη ζάλαηνλ Πξηάκῳ ἐλ Ἰιίῳ 7 ἐθίιεζα ζεὰλ (ᾱ) ζαιάζζεο ἀιιrsquo νὐρ ἥλδαλε

ἑθεβόιῳ ζῡκῷ 8 ἀείζνκελ θαὶ πείζνκελ ζενύο 9 ὄρrsquo ἄξηζνη ἐλ Ἰιίῳ ηὰ εἶπνλ Πξηάκῳ ἀιιὰ ηνὺο ἠηῑκάζελ 10

Πξίακνο ἔπεκςε ηὸλ ζηξαηὸλ ἄξηζηνλ ἐπrsquo Ἀξγείνηζηλ 11 ἔβεζαλ αὖηηο Γαλανὶ εἰο Ἴιηνλ ἀιιrsquo νὐθ ἔπεηζαλ

Πξίακνλ 12 ἀείζνκελ ἑθεβόινλ ὄρrsquo ἄξηζηνλ ζεῶλ νὕλεθrsquo ἤγαγε Γαλανὺο εἰο Ἴιηνλ

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 Who was by far the noblest of the Danaans 2 Great-souled Priam ruled Ilium 3 Not agan will the great-

souled Danaans lead many sacrifices into Chrysa 4 They did not persuade the free-shooter with many goodly

sacrifices 5 Do we not love the gods because they are good 6 The Danaans will prepare death for Priam in Ilium

7 I loved the goddess of the sea but it was not pleasing to the heart of the free-shooter 8 We will sing and

persuade the gods 9 By far the noblest in Ilium this they say of Priam but he (is the one) he dishonored () 10

Priam sent the best army against the Argives 11 The Danaans went back to Ilium but they did not persuade Priam

12 We hymn the free-shooter greatest of the gods because he led the Danaans into Ilium

107 Composition Exercises

1 The great-souled Achaeans will not persuade the free-shooter with goodly hecatombs but he will prepare evil

death for the people 2 The noblest of the Achaeans went to Ilium but they did not persuade the soul of Priam 3

We shall sing because the gods have led (aor) the people into Troy 4 We shall have many shining golden scepters

5 Did you not love the gods who have Olympian homes 6 Priam shall not rule Ilium again for the Achaeans will

prepare evil death for him 7 Does he speak to the beautiful goddess of the sea 8 They will persuade the souls of

the gods with many hecatombs

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 Ἀραηνὶ κεγάζῡκνη νὐ πείζνπζηλ ἑθεβόινλ πνιιῇο ἑθαηόκβῆζηλ ἀιιὰ ηεύμεη ζάλαηνλ θαθὸλ ιᾱνῖζηλ 2

ἄξηζηνη Ἀραηῶλ ἔβεζαλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ ἀιιrsquo νὐθ ἔπεηζαλ ζῡκὸλ Πξηάκῳ 3 ἀείζνκελ νὕλεθα ζενὺο ἤγαγνλ ιᾱὸλ εἰο

Ἴιηνλ 4 ἕζρνκελ πνιιὰ ρξύζεα (ῡ) ἀγιαὰ ζθῆπηξα 5 νὐθ ἐθηιήζαηε ζενὺο νἳ ἔρνπζηλ νἴθνπο ιπκπίνπο 6 νὐθ

αὖηηο ἀλάζζεη Πξίακνο Ἰιίνπ Ἀραηνὶ γὰξ ηεύμνπζη ζάλαηνλ θαθὸλ αὐηῷ 7 εἴξεη ζεᾷ θᾱιᾷ ζαιάζζεο 8 πείζνπζη

ζῡκνὺο ζεῶλ πνιιῇο ἑθαηόκβῃζηλ

Lesson 11

(664-675 838-839)

111 First Declension Masculine Nouns

First declension masculines typically end in -εο -ᾱο or -ᾰο in the nominative and are declined exactly the same

as their feminine counterparts (with the exception of the nominative singular which adds -ο the genitive singular

which regularly ends in -ᾱν and the vocative singular which ends in -ε -ᾱ or -ᾰ) Those ending in -εο retain -ε

throughout the singular those ending in -ᾱο retain the -ᾱ throughout the singular and those ending in -ᾰο take the -ε

ending in the dative

Masculines ending in -δεο take -ε in the vocative singular while those ending in -ηεο (as well as compound

nouns and the names of nationalities) regularly take -ᾰ Those ending in -ᾱο take the the nominative singular in -ᾱ

A very few first declension adjectives take a masculine ending in -ᾰ (without the final -ο) Many of these also

have an alternative form that ends in the more common -εο Those that do not have an alternative form in -εο usually

have the recessive accent (a feature inherited from the Aeolic influence in Homer) The only masculine noun ending

in -ᾰ in the nominative is the name Θύεζηα (Thyestes)

First declension masculine nouns typically follow the paradigms for Ἀηξεΐδεο (Atreides son of Atreus) Αἰλείᾱο

(Aeneas) and αἰρκεηήο (spearman warrior)

Ἀηξεΐδεο ᾱν ὁ Αἰλείᾱο ᾱν ὁ αἰρκεηήο ᾱν ὁ

(Αηξεϝηδᾱ-) (Αἰλεηᾱ-) (αἰρκεηᾱ-)

N Ἀηξεΐδεο Αἰλείᾱο αἰρκεηήο [ά]

G Ἀηξεΐδᾱν [εσ] Αἰλείᾱν [σ] αἰρκεηᾶν [έσ]

D Ἀηξεΐδῃ Αἰλείᾳ αἰρκεηῇ

A Ἀηξεΐδελ Αἰλείαλ αἰρκεηήλ

V Ἀηξεΐδε Αἰλείᾱ αἰρκεηά

N A V Ἀηξεΐδᾱ αἰρκεηά (ᾱ)

G D Ἀηξεΐδῃηλ αἰρκεηῇηλ

N V Ἀηξεΐδαη αἰρκεηαί

G Ἀηξετδάσλ (ᾱ) αἰρκεηάσλ (ᾱ)

[έσλ ῶλ] [έσλ ῶλ]

D Ἀηξεΐδῃζη ῃο αἰρκεηῇζη ῇο

A Ἀηξεΐδᾱο αἰρκεηάο (ᾱ)

112 Compound Verbs

Compound verbs are formed from a preposition or adverb coupled with a verb such as ἀλαβαίλσ (ascend)

formed from ἀλα (up) and βαίλσ (go) If the preposition ends in a vowel and the verb begins with a vowel the vowel

of the preposition is usually elided as in δηίζηεκη (δηὰ ἰζηεκη) ἁθαηξέσ (ἀπὸ αἱξέσ)

The augment occurs between the preposition and the verb When two vowels are thus brought together the first

vowel is usually elided leaving the augment Thus ἀπνιύσ (I release present) ἀπέιπνλ (I was releasing

imperfect) ἀπέιῡζα (I released aorist)

113 Vocabulary

ἀλαβαίλσ ἀλαβήζσ ἀλέβεζα go up ascend embark

ἀπνιύσ ἀπνιύζσ (ῡ) ἀπέιῡζα loose set free release

Ἀηξεΐδεο -ᾱν ὁ Atreides son of Atreus (usually refers to Agamemnon)

θαηαθεύσ θαηαθαύζσ θαηέθεα burn consume

θειεύσ - ἔθιπνλ (+gen) hear hearken to

κεηέεηπνλ κεηεῖπνλ (2nd

aor of εἴξσ) spoke among addressed spoke to

ὅηε when whenever

Πειεηάδεο ᾱν (εσ) ὁ Peleiades son of Peleus (used in reference to Achilles)

πξνζέεηπνλ πξνζεῖπνλ (2nd

aor of εἴξσ) addressed spoke to

ηόηε then at that time

ρνιόσ ρνιώζσ ἐρόισζα anger enrage vex

Υξύζεο (ῡ) ᾱν (εσ) ὁ Chryses

Verbs

ἀλαβαίλσ

stem ἀλα + βαλ- βα-

future ἀλαβήζσ (rarely ἀλαβήζνκαη)

1st aorist ἀλέβεζα (rarely 2

nd aor ἀλέβελ)

ἀπνιύσ

stem ἀπό + ιύσ

future ἀπνιύζσ (ῡ)

1st aorist ἀπέιῡζα

θαηαθαίσ

stem θαηά + θαπ- θαϝ- θαη-

future θαηαθαύζσ (assumed form)

1st aorist θαηέθεα

θειεύσ (Attic)

stem θιεπ- θιεϝ- θιπ-

future none

2nd

aorist ἐθιπνλ

ρνιόσ

stem ρνιν-

future ρνιώζσ

1st aorist ἐρόισζα

Notes

In Homeric Greek the stem vowel is usually lengthened before -ζ hence ἀλαβαίλσ =gt ἀλαβήζσ =gt

ἀλέβεζα ἀπνιύσ =gt ἀπνιύζσ (ῡ) =gt ἀπέιῡζα

ἀλαβαίλσ also has a 2nd

aorist ἀλέβελ

A few verbs have active forms in the present but middle forms in the future ἀλαβαίλσ has two future

forms one active (ἀλαβήζσ) and one middle (ἀλαβήζνκαη)

Verbs with stems ending in -αηλσ originally had a consonantal η following the λ (ie ἀλαβαηλησ)

114 Translation

1 θᾱινὶ ζενὶ ἔηεπμαλ ζάλαηνλ θαθὸλ δίῳ (ῑ) Πειεηάδῃ ὁ δrsquo ἀλέβελ ππξήλ 2 ἑθεβόινο ὤιεθε ιᾱὸλ Ἀραηῶλ

νὕλεθα δῖνο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) 3 θαηέθεα ἑθαηόκβᾱο πνιιάο (ᾱ) 4 ἑθεβόινο νὐθ ἔθιπελ Ἀηξεΐδᾱν

νὕλεθα ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) 5 Υξύζεο (ῡ) κεηέεηπελ Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἀιιrsquo νὐθ Ἀηξεΐδῃ ἥλδαλε ζῡκῷ 6 ὅηε θαθῶο

πξνζέεηπελ Ἀηξεΐδεο Υξύζελ (ῡ) ηόηε ἐρόισζελ ἑθεβόινλ 7 ἀπειύζακελ (ῡ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) νὕλεθα ηὸλ

ἐθηιήζακελ 8 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἤλεηθελ ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα Ἀηξεΐδῃ 9 νἴζνκελ ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀπνιύζνκελ (ῡ)

Υξύζελ (ῡ) νὕλεθα ηὸλ ἐθηιήζακελ θαὶ θίινο ἐζηὶλ ἑθεβόιῳ 10 ηίο θέξεη ἄπνηλα Υξύζᾱν (ῡ) Ἀηξεΐδῃ 11 δῖνο

Πειεηάδεο ἐρόισζελ Ἀηξεΐδελ 12 ὅηε θαηεθήακελ πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἑθαηόκβᾱο θᾱιάο (ᾱ) ηόηε ἐπείζακελ ζῡκνὺο ζεῶλ

13 δηὰ καληνζύλελ Υξύζεο (ῡ) εἶπε βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεῶλ Ἀηξεΐδῃ Πειεηάδῃ ηε

KEY

1 The noble gods prepared evil death for the divine Peleiades and he ascended the funeral pyre 2 The free-

shooter destroyed the host of the Achaeans because the divine Atreides dishonored Chryses 3 I burned many

funeral pyres 4 The free-shooter did not hear the son of Atreus because he dishonored Chryses 5 Chryses spoke

among the Achaeans but but it did not please the heart of Atreides 6 It angered the free-shooter when the son of

Atreus spoke wickedly to Chryses 7 We released Chryses because we loved him 8 Chryses brought countless

glorious ransoms to the son of Atreus 9 We will bring many ransoms and release Chryses because we loved him

and he is dear to the free-shooter 10 Who brought the ransoms of Chryses to the son of Atreus 11 The divine

Peleiades angered the son of Atreus 12 We persuaded the hearts of the gods when we burned many good

hecatombs 13 Through prophesy Chryses spoke the will of the gods to both Atreides and Peleiades

115 Composition

1 The Achaeans ascended into Troy and killed the noble Priam 2 We burned many goodly hecatombs to the

Olympian gods 3 Chryses spoke among the Achaeans but the son of Atreus did not hearken to him 4 The

Achaeans addressed the son of Atreus but he did not free Chryses 5 The son of Atreus will bring many ransoms

into the camp of the Achaeans 6 Who will persuade the gods with many goodly hecatombs

KEY

1 Ἀραηνὶ ἀλέβεζαλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ θαὶ ὤιεμαλ θᾱιὸλ Πξηάκνλ 2 θαηέθεκελ πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) ἑθαηόκβὰο (ᾱ)

ζενῖο ιπκπίνηο 3 Υξύζεο (ῡ) κεηέεηπελ Ἀραηνῖο ἀιιrsquo Ἀηξεΐδεο ηὸλ νὐθ ἔθιπελ 4 Ἀραηνὶ πξνζέεηπνλ Ἀηξεΐδῃ

ἀιιrsquo νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε Υξύζελ (ῡ) 5 Ἀηξεΐδεο νἴζεη ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ εἰο ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 6 ηίο πείζεη ζενὺο πνιιῇο

ἑθαηόκβῃζηλ

Lesson 12

Review

121 Review Vocabulary

Lesson 13

(680-692 701-709)

(cf 897 874 886 619 841-843 576 1178 830-831 837 580 837)

131 Nouns of the Third Declension

Third declension nouns can be either masculine feminine or neuter The nominative endings can take many

forms but there are some conventions Masculine and feminine stems except those ending in λ ξ or ζ simply add

ζ to the stem and make the necessary euphonic changes Stems ending in ξ λ and ζ typically make no changes

except to lengthen the last vowel if it is short Stems ending in -λ(η) either drop the η and lengthen a short vowel or

drop the -λ(η) lengthen the vowel and add ζ Examples δαηκνλ- = δαηκσλ ζῑλ- = ζίο (ῑ) κειαλ- = κέιᾱο γεξνλη- =

γέξσλ etc Neuters typically consist of just the stem in the nominative and accusative except to drop a final -η

where it occurs

In general the stem of a third declension noun is found by dropping the -νο ending from the genitive singular

The dative singular regularly ends in -ῐ but occasionally in -ῑ

The accusative ending was originally -λ and this ending is common on stems ending in a vowel On stems

ending in a consonant the -λ was a sonant consonant which eventually came be pronounced as -ᾰ The result is that

the accusative singular usually ends in -λ for stems ending in a vowel and -ᾰ for stems ending in a consonant

Dental mute stems ending in -ηο and -πο in the nominative singular rarely drop the mute and typically adopt the -λ

accusative ending as if they were vowel stems

The dative plural is formed by adding either -εζζη (rarely -εζη) or -ζη (rarely -ζζη) and making the usual

euphonic changes Most third declension nouns thus have alternate dative plural forms as πνύο = πνζζί = πνζί =

πόδεζζη etc

The accusative plural originally ended in -λο (sonant λ) which gives -αο for stems ending in a consonant and -ῑο

and -ῡο for stems ending in a vowel A few vowel stems borrowed an -αο ending from the first declension by

analogy

The vocative singular is usually either identical to the nominative or identical to the stem alone Stems ending

in λ ξ or ο typically drop this final consonant in the vocative singular

Compensatory lengthening usually occurs in the dative plural when -λη is dropped as in γέξνληζη = γέξνπζη

132 Paradigms

Stems ending in -επ (επ) -νπ and σϝ follow the paradigms of βαζηιεύο (king βαζηιεϝ-) βνῦο (ox βνϝ-) λεῦο

(ship λᾱϝ-) and ἥξσο (hero ἡξσϝ- () or ἡξσ-)

N βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

G βαζηιῆνο [-ένο] βνόο λεόο ἥξσνο

D βαζηιῆη [-έη] βνΐ λεί ἥξση

A βαζηιῆα [-έα] βνῦλ [βῶλ] λῆα [λέα] ἥξσα

V βαζηιεῦ βνῦ λεῦ ἥξσο

N A V βαζηιῆε βόε λῆε ἥξσε

G D βαζηιήνηηλ βόνηηλ λήνηηλ ἡξώνηηλ

N V βαζηιεῆεο βόεο λῆεο ἥξσεο

G βαζηιήσλ βνῶλ λεῶλ [λεῶλ] ἡξώσλ

D βαζηιήεζζη βόεζζη λήεζζη [λέεζζἰ ἡξώεζζη

βαζηιεῦζη βνπζί λεπζί ἥξσζη

A βαζηιῆαο βόαο (βνῦο) λῆζαο (λέαο) ἥξσαο

A long vowel is typically shortened when it occurs before another vowel thus βαζηιῆνο or βαζηιένο This

convention was almost certainly consistent in pronunciation but is only occasionally represented in written form

The π in the stem of these words frequently became ϝ and subsequently disappeared as in βαζηιεπ- βαζηιεϝ-

βαζηιε-

Stems ending in η (εη) and π (επ εϝ) follow the paradigms of πόιηο (city πνιη-) πῆρπο (forearm περεϝ-) ἄζηπ

(city ἀζηεϝ-) λέθπο (corpse λεθῡ-) and δάθξπ (tear δαθξπ-)

N πόιηο πῆρπο ἄζηπ λέθῡο δάθξπ

G πόιηνο -ενο πήρενο ἄζηενο λέθπνο δάθξπνο

D πόιηη -ῑ -εη -εη πήρετ ἄζηετ λέθπτ δάθξπτ

A πόιηλ πῆρσλ ἄζηπ λέθῡλ δαθξπ

V πόιη πῆρπ ἄζηπ λέθῡ δάθξπ

N V πόιηε πήρεε ἄζηεε λέθπε δάθξπε

G D πνιίνηηλ περένηηλ ἄζηνηηλ λεθύνηηλ δαθξύνηηλ

N V πόιηεο -εεο πήρεεο ἄζηεα λέθπεο δάθξπα

G πνιίσλ περέσλ ἀζηέσλ λεθύσλ δαθξύσλ

D πνιίεζζη περέεζζη ἀζηέεζη λεθύεζζη δαθξύεζζη

πόιεζη -ηζη πήρεζη ἄζηεζη λέθῡζ(ζ)η δάθξπζη

A πόιηαο -εαο -ῑο πήρεαο ἄζηεα λέθπαο [-ῡο] δάθξπα

Nouns with stems in -ο (-εο -αο -νο) and -η are declined like ἔπνο (ϝεπεζ-) γέξαο (γεξαζ-) ἠώο (ἀϝζνζ-) δῶκα

(δσκαη-) and ἦκαξ (ἠκαξ- ἠκαη-) Note that -ζ- usually disappears when it occurs between two vowels

N ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο δῶκα ἧκαξ

G ἔπενο γέξανο ἠόνο δώκαηνο ἥκαηνο

D ἔπετ γέξατ ἠόη δώκαηη ἥκαηη

A ἔπνο γέξαο ἠόα δῶκα ἧκαξ

V ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο δῶκα ἧκαξ

N V ἔπεε γέξαε δώκαηε ἥκαηε

G D επένηηλ γεξάνηηλ δσκάηνηηλ ἡκάηνηηλ

N V ἔπεο γέξα(α) δώκαηα ἥκαηα

G ἐπέσλ γεξάσλ δσκάησλ ἡκάησλ

D ἐπέεζζη γεξάεζζη δσκάηεζζη ἡκάηεζζη

ἔπε(ζ)ζη γέξα(ζ)ζη δώκαζη ἥκαζη

A ἔπεα γέξα(α) δώκαηα ἥκαηα

Note that all nouns ening in -νο in the second declension are either masculine or feminine but all nouns ending in -

νο in the third declension are neuter All nouns ending in -κα in the nominative singular and all nouns with genitives

in -αηνο are neuter

133 Further Notes on the Third Declension

Nouns of the third declension can be any gender and consist of stems ending in -η -π or a consonant In

general the following endings are applied to the stem with the usual euphonic changes

N -ο

G -νο

D -η

A -λ

V -

N A V -ε

G D -νηηλ

N V -εο

G -σλ

D -εζζη

A -λο

Standard Euphonic Changes

Later forms of Greek such as Attic and Koine frequently contracted the forms found in Homer

The -λ in the accusative singular and plural is sonant meaning that it is pronounced as λ when

following a vowel but it is pronounced as ᾰ when following a consonant Thus πνιη-λ = πνιηλ and

πνιη-λο = πνιηο but δαηκνλ-λ = δαηκνλα and δαηκνλ-λο = δαηκνλαο

o In most cases a stem originally ending in ϝ is treated as if it ends in a consonant Thus

βαζηιεϝα = βαζηιεα εξσϝα = εξσα

o The word βνϝ- is an exception where ϝ becomes π (probably because νπ is such a common

diphthong) βνϝλ = βνπλ

Dentals are dropped before ζ Thus παηδο = παηο

o In cases where the stem ends in -λη the dental and the ζ are typically dropped with the last

vowel lengthened by compensation Thus γεξνληο = γεξσλ

Palatals combine with ζ to form μ Thus αηγο = αημ θεξπθο = θεξπμ etc

o Stems ending in -θη apply both the dental and palatal changes first dropping the η and then

combining the θζ to form μ Thus λπθηο = λπθο = λπμ

Labials combine with ζ to form ς Thus Αηζηνπο = Αηζηνς

The ζ is dropped when it follows a nasal or ξ and the last vowel is lengthened to compensate (if it

isnrsquot long already) Thus δαηκνλο = δαηκσλ θξελο = θξελ ρεηξο = ρεηξ παηεξο = παηεξ κεηεξο =

κεηεξ etc

Stems that originally ended in ϝ usually retain a π in its place in the nominative Thus βαζηιεϝο =

βαζηιεπο (originally βαζηιεπο) λεϝο = λεπο βνϝο = βνπο etc

o The same phenomenon sometimes occurs in the accusative singular as well where ϝ becomes

π and the final λ is retained Thus περεϝλ = περευλ = περπλ

o The word εξσο is an apparent exception where εξσϝο = εξσο This may be from analogy

with the relatively common -σο ending in Greek or it could be that the stem was originally

εξσ- witout the ϝ

o When the stem ends in -εϝ the ε is usually dropped in the nominative thus περεϝο = περεπο =

περπο (but the genitive and dative are περενο περετ)

Some confusion can occur at the apparent irregularity of stems ending in -π αζηπ αζηενο αζηεη etc

but δαθξπ δαθξπνο δαθξπτ etc The difference is that stems like αζηπ originally ended in a vowel + ϝ

(αζηεϝ) while stems like δαθξπ originally ended in π

Some neuters originally ended in -εο These are usually declined as -νο in the nominative and

accusative In the other cases the endings are simply applied to -εζ- and the sigma is dropped when it

occurs between two vowels επνο (nom acc from επεζο) επενο (gen from επεζνο) επετ (dat from

επεζη) etc

o Stems ending in -αο simple drop the extra sigma in the nominative singular and append the

case endings to -αζ- (dropping ζ when it occurs between two vowels) Thus γεξαο γεξανο

γεξατ etc

o Stems ending in -νο follow the same pattern as those ending in -αο except that the ν is

lengthened to σ in the nominative Thus εσο εννο εντ etc

Neuter stems ending in -καη usually drop the η in the nominative and accusative singular but retain it

in the plural Thus δσκα (nom and acc sing) δσκαηνο (gen sing) δσκαηη (dat sing) δσκαηα (nom and

acc plur) δσκαησλ (gen plur) δσκαηεζζη (dat plur) etc Neuter stems ending in -καξ usually behave

as if they ended in -καη in all cases except the nominative and accusative singular Thus εκαξ εκαηνο

εκαηη etc

The dative plural ending is given as -εζζη This could be shortened to -ζζη (before vowels) -εζη or -ζη

The -ζη ending is the most common in later dialects Thus Homeric θεξπθεζζη is typically θεξπμη in

Attic and Koine

The vocative singular in neuters is always identical to the nominative and accusative singulars

o In masculine and feminine nouns the vocative singular is usually just the stem without any

endings applied as long as the stem is capable of standing alone Thus δαηκνλ ρεηξ παηεξ

κεηεξ ζπγαηεξ αλεξ βνπ λεπ πνιη λεθῡ δαθξπ etc

o In some cases where the nominative singular has slightly modified the stem before adding -ο

the vocative is formed by simply dropping the ο Thus παη βαζηιεπ περπ

o In cases where the ο of the nominative singular has combined with the stem the vocative is

usually indentical to the nominative singular Thus αλαμ λπμ αημ θεξπμ Αηζηνς etc

o In rare cases the vocative is identical to the nominative singular even when dropping the ο

would have been convenient as in εξσο εσο

Alternate Endings The following are some alternate endings that could be applied instead of the usual

case endings listed above

o -ζη can be used to denote place where

o -ζελ can be used to denote source or separation or as an alternative ending for the genitive

case

o -δε can be added to the accusative ending to denote place to which or limit of motion

o -η can be added to denote place where

o -θη(λ) can be added as a substitute for several uses of the genitive and the dative cases

particularly in the instrumental sense

134 References

This lesson references several points in the grammar Note the following

Deponent verbs take middle or passive forms but denote active meanings

Some verbs reduplicate the initial syllable in the present tense by repeating the initial consonant

followed by -η Thus ἴζηεκη (orig ζηζηεκη) ηίζεκη δίδσκη πίκπιεκη γίγλνκαη γηγλώζθσ κηκλήζθσ

etc When futures and second aorists are reduplicated they usually follow the pattern of reduplication

found in the perfect tense If the initial consonant is aspirated the reduplicated consonant is typically

smooth Thus ηίζεκη rather than ζίζεκη

Note that ἴκη δίδσκη and ηίζεκη take the aorist in -θα rather than -ζα

When a word ends in a vowel and the following word begins with a vowel the result is called hiatus

In general hiatus is avoided in poetry through the use of elision crasis synizesis moveable

consonants etc However hiatus is allowed in some circumstances such as when elision has already

occurred when the first of the two vowels is long and occurs on the beat (or ictus) of the verse or

when a long vowel or diphthong has been shortened or when the two vowels were originally separated

by ϝ

Recall that the verbal augment is frequently omitted

135 Vocabulary

Ἄηο Ἄηδνο ὁ (nom not used) Hades

ἄιγνο ενο ηό grief pain woe trouble

Ἀρηιιεύο ῆνο ὁ Achilles

δαίο δαηηόο ἡ feast banquet portion

Εεύο Γηόο ὁ Zeus

ἥξσο ἥξσνο ὁ hero mighty warrior protector savior

ἴθζῑκνο ε νλ mighty valiant stout-hearted brave

θύσλ θπλόο ὁ ἡ dog

κῆληο ηνο ἡ wrath fury madness rage

νὐιόκελνο ε νλ accursed destructive deadly

πξντάπησ πξντάςσ πξνΐαςα hurl forward send forth

ηίζεκη (ζε- ζε-) ζήζσ ἔζεθα put place cause

Ἀρηιιεπο (Ἀρηιιεϝ-) Ἀρηιιενο Ἀρηιιεη Ἀρηιιεα

δαηο (δαηη-) δαηηνο δαηηη δαηηα δαηηεο δαηησλ δαηηεζζη δαηηαο

Εεπο Γηνο Γηη Γηα

ἡξσο ἡξσνο ἡξστ ἡξσα ἡξσεο ἡξσσλ ἡξσεζζη ἡξσαο

θπσλ θπλνο θπλη θπλα θπλεο θπλσλ θπλεζζη θπλαο

κεληο (κελη-) κεληνο κεληη κεληλ κεληεο κελησλ κεληεζζη κεληαο

136 Translation

1 κῆληο Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο ἦλ νὐινκέλε ἔζεθε γὰξ κῡξηrsquo ἄιγεα ηνῖζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ πξνΐαςε δὲ πνιιὰο (ᾱ)

ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἰθζίκνπο (ῑ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη ἔηεπρε δrsquo αὐηνὺο ἑιώξηα θαὶ δαῖηα θύλεζζηλ νἰσλνῖζί ηε ἐηέιεζε δὲ βνπιὴλ

Γηόο 2 ζεὰ (ᾱ) ἀείδεη κῆληλ νὐινκέλελ Ἀρηιῆνο ἣ ἔζεθελ κῡξίrsquo ἄιγεrsquo Ἀραηνῖζηλ 3 ζενὶ ὀιέθνπζη ηὸλ ζηξαηόλ θαὶ

πξντάπηνπζη πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη 4ηεύμνκελ κῡξίνπο Ἀραηνὺο ἑιώξηα θύλεζζηλ θαὶ δαῖηα ηνῖζηλ

νἰσλνῖζηλ νὕλεθα ἠηίκαζαλ (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) 5 θᾱιὴ ἦλ ἡ βνπιὴ Γηόο

KEY

1 The wrath of Achilles son of Peleus was destructive for it caused countless woes to the Achaeans and sent

forth many valiant souls of heros to Hades making them spoils and a banquet for the dogs and the vultures 2 The

goddess sings the accursed wrath of Achilles which brought countless woes to the Achaeans 3 The gods are

destroying the camp and sending forth many souls of the heros to Hades 4 We will make countless Achaeans spoils

for the dogs and a feast for these vultures because they dishonored Chryses 5 The will of Zeus was good

137 Iliad 1-5

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κπξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςπρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιήλ

Μῆληλ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse

ἄεηδε - present active imperative 2nd

person singular of ἀείδσ

ζεά - vocative case

Πειεηάδεσ = Πειεηάδᾱν (the verse may have originally read Πειεηάδᾱrsquo)

νὐινκέλελ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse as well as out of

the natural order and is placed directly opposite the word κῆληλ

κῡξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο - the hiatus is permited because elision has already occurred in κῡξίνηο

Ἄηδη was originally Ἄϝηδη and is still accented as it began with α instead of αη

ἡξώσλ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse and its deviation from

the natural order

δὲ ἑιώξηα - the hiatus is permitted because the original was δὲ ϝειώξηα

ηεῦρε - the augment is dropped (usually ἔηεπρε)

ἐηειείεην - imperfect passive indicative 3rd

person singular of ηειείσ

KEY

Sing O goddess of the accursed wrath of Achilles Peleiades

which brought countless woes to the Achaeans

and cast forth the souls of many valiant warriors to Hades

making them the spoils and feast of both dogs

and vultures But the will of Zeus was accomplished

138 Composition

1 The valiant Achaeans are singing the accursed wrath of Achilles 2 The wrath of Achilles caused many woes

to the Achaeans and sent many valiant souls of heroes to the god Hades 3 We shall make the army of the Achaeans

a booty for the dogs and a banquet for the birds 4 We are accomplishing the will of the goddess

KEY

1 ἴθζῑκνη Ἀραηνὶ ἀείδνπζηλ νὐινκέλελ κῆληλ Ἀρηιῆνο 2 κῆληο Ἀρηιῆνο ἔζεθε κῡξίrsquo ἄιγεrsquo Ἀραηνῖζη θαὶ

πξνΐαςε πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἰθζίκνπο ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη 3 ηεύμνκελ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ ἑιώξηα θύλεζζηλ θαὶ δαῖηα

νἰσλνῖζηλ 4 ηεύρνκελ βνπιὴλ ζεᾶο

Lesson 14

(519-526 1159-1192)

(cf 586)

141 Syllable Quantity

A syllable is long (by nature) when it contains a long vowel or a diphthong or (by position) when it ends in two

consecutive consonants (or a double consonant) A short vowel followed by a mute and a liquid κ or λ is common

and can be either long or short depending on the requirements of the verse Occasionally the letters ι κ λ ξ or ζ

are doubled in pronunciation when they follow a short vowel making the syllable long by position but this

convention is not always represented in writing And occasionally a lost ϝ will combine with another consonant to

make the preceding syllable long by position

Observe the following rules when determing the length of a syllable

Any vowel with the circumflex accent is long

The vowel of any ultmia whose penult bears the circumflex is short

If the penult has an acute then the vowel of the ultima must also be long

If the vowel of the ultima is short and the penult has the acute then the vowel of the penult must

be short as well

If the antepenult is accented the vowel of the ultima must be short

Occasionally these rules do not apply to certain compounds where one of the two words are

accented as if they were separate

If a short syllable stands where a long syllable is expected it is usually because the pause of the caesura or

diaresis fills out the foot or because the following word has lost a consonant (usually ϝ or ζ) And occasionally a

short syllable ending in a consonant is lengthened when it occurs on the ictus (beat) of the verse Such lengthening is

called thesis

142 Metrical Quantity

With the exception of pauses at the end of the verse caesura and diaresis all feet must consist of two long

syllables or a long syllable followed by two shorts Thus if a long syllable is followed by a short syllable then the

next syllable must be short as well Likewise if a short syllable is followed by a long syllable then the preceding

syllable must be short as well

When a word ends in a short vowel (and sometimes -νη and -αη) and the following word begins with a vowel

the short vowel is usually elided unless the following word originally began with ϝ When a word ends in a long

vowel or a diphthong and the following word begins with a vowel the long vowel is usually shortened This

phenomenon can also occur within the same word and again it is less common when the following word originally

began with ϝ Vowel shortening is also rare when the long vowel occurs on the ictus

The meter of Homer is called dactylic or heroic hexameter and is the most common meter in Greek verse Each

verse has six feet The first five feet can be dactyls (one long syllable followed by two short syllables) or spondees

(two long syllables) The final foot of the verse is always a spndee but keep in mind that the pause at the end of the

verse often combines with a final short syllable to form one long syllable The fifth foot of each verse is usually a

dactyl with only one in twenty (or so) verses containing a spondee in the fifth foot The verses that have a spndee in

the fifth foot are called spondaic and usually take slightly longer to recite In dactylic hexameter the ictus (beat) of

the verse always occurs on the first syllable of each foot producing six distinct beats per verse

Caesura occurs when a word ends within a foot (ie at the end of the first syllable of a foot or between the two

short syllables of the foot) When a caesura occurs at a natural pause in the verse this is said to be the caesura of the

verse A pause after the first syllable of a foot is called a masculine caesura and a pause after the second syllable of

the foot is called a feminine caesura

Diaresis occurs when the end of a word coincides with the end of a foot When this falls at a natural pause in

the verse it is said to be the diaresis of the verse When the diaresis occurs at the end of the fourth foot is it called

the bucolic diaresis (due to its common use in pastoral poetry)

143 Marking the Rhythm of the Iliad 1-5

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κπξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςπρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιήλ

ΜΖ ληλ α | ΔΗ δε ζε | Α ΠΖ | ΛΖ η α | ΓΔΧ α ρη | ΛΖ Ο-

dact dact spon dact dact spon

The pauses at the end of κῆληλ and ἄεηδε are feminine caesuras

The pauses at the end of ζεά Πειεηάδεσ and Ἀρηιῆνο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of ζεά is the caesura of the verse

The dash at the end of the verse indicates a pause that combines with a short vowel to fill out the

last foot

ΟΤ ιν κε | ΝΖΝ Ζ | ΜΤ ξη α | ΥΑΗ ΟΗ | ΑΛ γε ε | ΘΖ ΚΔΝ-

dact spon dact spon dact spon

The pauses at the end of κῡξίrsquo and ἄιγε are feminine caesuras

The pauses at the end of νὐινκέλελ and ἔζεθελ are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of νὐινκέλελ is the caesura of the verse

The pauses at the end of ἥ and Ἀραηνῖο are diareses

The diaresis at Ἀραηνῖο is a bucolic diaresis

κῡξία Ἀραηνῖο and ἄιγεα ἔζεθελ are examples of hiatus

The first syllable of ἄιγεrsquo is long because it is followed by two consecutive consonants

ΠΟΛ ΛΑ | ΓrsquoΗΦ ΘΗ | ΜΟΤ ΦΤ | ΥΑ ΑΗ | ΓΗ πξν τ | Α ΦΔΝ-

spon spon spon spon dact spon

The pauses at the end of ἰθζίκνπο and ςπράο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of πνιιάο is a diaresis

δὲ ἰθζίκνπο is hiatus

The first syllable of πνιιάο is long by position as is the first syllable of ἰθζίκνπο the last syllable

of Ἄηδη and the second syllable of πξνΐαςελ

Ζ ΡΧ | ΧΝ ΑΤ | ΣΟΤ δε ε | ΛΧ ξη α | ΣΔΤ ρε θπ | ΝΔ ΗΝ-

spon spon dact dact dact spon

The pause at the end of ηεῦρε is a feminine caesura

The pauses at the end of ἡξώσλ and αὐηνύο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of ἡξώσλ is the caesura of the verse

The pause at the end of ἑιώξηα is a diaresis

ΟΗ Χ | ΝΟΗ ζη ηε | ΓΑΗ ηα δη | Ο δrsquoε ηε | ΛΔΗ ε ην | ΒΟΤ ΛΖΝ

The pauses at the end of νἰσλνῖζη and δαῖηα are feminine caesuras

The pause at the end of Γηόο is a masculine caesura

The pauses at the end of ηε ἐηειείεην and βνπιήλ are diareses

The pause at the end of δαῖηα is the diaresis of the verse

Lesson 15

(693-694 697-700)

(cf 781-782 837 580 1009 996 584-585)

151 Third Declension Paradigms (continued)

Third declension nouns ending in a dental mute stem are exemplified by ἄλαμ (king ϝαλαθη-) λύμ (night λπθη-

) παῖο (child παηδ-) and γέξσλ (old man γεξνλη-)

N ἄλαμ λύμ παῖο γέξσλ

G ἄλαθηνο λπθηόο παηδόο γέξνληνο

D ἄλαθηη λπθηί παηδί γέξνληη

A ἄλαθηα λύθηα παίδα γέξνληα

V ἄλαμ [ἄλα] λύμ παῖ γέξσλ

N V A ἄλαθηε λύθηε παίδε γέξνληε

G D ἀλάθηνηηλ λύθηνηηλ παίδνηηλ γεξόληνηηλ

N ἄλαθηεο λύθηεο παίδεο γέξνληεο

G ἀλάθησλ λπθηῶλ παηδῶλ γεξόλησλ

D ἀλάθηεζζη λύθηεζζη παίδεζζη γεξόληεζζη

ἄλαμη λπμί παηζί γέξνπζη

A ἄλαθηαο λύθηνο παῖδαο γέξνληαο

Third declension nouns ending in labial and palatal stems are exemplified by αἴμ (goat αἰγ-) θῆξπμ (herald

θεξῡθ-) and Αἰζίνς (Ethipoian Αἰζηνπ-)

N αἴμ θῆξπμ Αἰζίνς

G αἰγόο θήξῡθνο Αἰζίνπνο

D αἰγί θήξῡθη Αἰζίνπη

A αἶγα θήξῡθα Αἰζίνπα

V αἴμ θῆξπμ Αἰζίνς

N V A αἶγε θήξῡθε Αἰζίνπε

G D αἴγνηηλ θεξύθνηηλ (ῡ) Αἰζηόπνηηλ

N αἶγεο θήξῡθεο Αἰζίνπεο

G αἰγῶλ θεξύθσλ (ῡ) Αἰζηόπσλ

D αἴγεζζη θεξύθεζζη (ῡ) Αἰζηόπεζζη

αἰμί θήξῡμ Αἰζίνςη

A αἶγαο θήξῡθαο Αἰζίνπαο

Nouns with stems ending in -εξ express different grades of ablaut in the stem (-εξ -εξ -ξ) with a recessive

accent in the vocative singular These are exemplified by παηήξ (father παηεξ-) κήηεξ (mother κεηεξ-) ζπγάηεξ

(daughter ζπγαηεξ-) and ἀλήξ (man ἀλεξ-)

N παηήξ κήηεξ ζπγάηεξ ἀλήξ

G παηέξνο -ηξόο κεηέξνο -ηξόο ζπγαηέξνο -ηξόο ἀλέξνο ἀλδξόο

D παηέξη -ηξί κεηέξη -ηξί ζπγαηέξη -ηξί ἀλέξη ἀλδξί

A παηέξα κεηέξα ζπγαηέξα ἀλέξα ἄλδξα

V πάηεξ κῆηεξ ζύγαηεξ ἄλεξ

N V A παηέξε κεηέξε ζπγαηέξε ἀλέξε ἄλδξε

G D παηέξνηηλ κεηέξνηηλ ζπγαηέξνηηλ ἀλέξνηηλ ἄλδξνηηλ

N παηέξεο κεηέξεο ζπγαηέξεο ζύγαηξεο ἀλέξεο ἄλδξεο

G παηέξσλ -ηξῶλ κεηέξσλ -ηξῶλ ζπγαηέξσλ ζπγαηξῶλ ἀλέξσλ ἀλδξῶλ

D παηξάζη κεηξάζη ζπγαηξάζη ζπγαηέξεζζη ἀλδξάζη ἄλδξεζζη

A παηέξαο κεηέξαο ζπγαηέξαο ζύγαηξαο ἀλέξαο ἄλδξαο

Note that δ is inserted into ἀλήξ between λ and ξ where they occur together The accent of the shorter forms of

ἀλέξ follow the pattern seen in παηήξ The alpha after ξ in the dative plural was added euphonically to strengthen

what was originally a sonant ξ

152 Vocabulary

ἄλαμ ἄλαθηνο ὁ king lord protector

ἀλήξ ἀλέξνο (ἀλδξόο) ὁ (real) man warrior hero

ἄξ(α) (ῥά) naturally of course as you know as you might expect that is

in effect (not always translatable)

βαζηιεύο ῆνο ὁ king ruler

δή indeed truly forsooth now

δηίζηεκη (ζηε- ζηα-) δηαζηήζσ stand apart separate

δηέζηεζα (δηέζηελ)

ἐμ νὗ from the time when

ἐξίδσ (ἐξηδ-) - ἤξηζ(ζ)α quarrel strive

ἠξηζάηελ (they) strove

ἔξηο ηδνο ἡ strife quarrel

Λεηώ Λεηόνο ἡ Leto

κάρνκαη fight battle

κάρεζζαη to fight

μπλίκη μπλήζσ μπλῆθα (μπλέεθα) bring together throw together hearken heed

ὄξλῡκη ὄξζσ ὦξζα (ὤξνξνλ) stir up kindle incite excite arouse

πξῶηνο ε νλ first foremost chief

ηὸ πξῶηνλ ηὰ πξῶηα (adv) at first firstly first

πἱόο νῦ ὁ son

ζθσε these two

153 Translation

1 ζεὰ (ᾱ) ἀείζεη κῆληλ Ἀρηιῆνο ἐμ νὗ δὴ ηὰ πξῶηα δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο θαὶ Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἀλδξῶλ ἠξηζάηελ θαὶ

δηεζηήηελ 2 ηίο ζεῶλ μπλέεθε δῖνλ Ἀρηιῆά ηε θαὶ Ἀηξεΐδελ ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 3 πἱὸο Λεηόνο θαὶ Γηὸο ἑθεβόινο

μπλέεθέ ζθσε ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη ηὸλ γὰξ βαζηιεὺο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἐρόισζελ ὁ δrsquo ὦξζε θαθὴλ λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ

ὤιεθε δὲ ιᾱνύο

KEY

1 The goddess sings the wrath of Achilles from the time when first the divine Achilles and Atreides king of

men strove and separated 2 Which of the gods brought together the divine Achilles and the son of Atreus to fight

in strife 3 The son of Leto and Zeus the Free-shooter brought these two together to fight in strife for Atreides the

king enraged him so he stirred up an evil plague through the camp of the Achaeans and destroyed their host

154 Iliad 1-10

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κῡξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςῡρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιή

ἐμ νὗ δὴ ηὰ πξῶηα δηαζηήηελ ἐξίζαληε

Ἀηξεΐδεο ηε ἄλαμ ἀλδξῶλ θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεύο

ηίο ηrsquo ἄξ ζθσε ζεῶλ ἔξηδη μπλέεθε κάρεζζαη

Λεηνῦο θαὶ Γηὸο πἱόο ὁ γὰξ βαζηιῆη ρνισζεὶο

λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ ὦξζε θαθήλ ὀιέθνλην δὲ ιᾱνί

δηαζηήηελ = δηεζηήηελ

ἐξίζαληε = aor act part nom dual masc (they two) having quarreled

ηε ἄλαμ originally ηε ϝάλαμ thus allowing the hiatus

ζθσε [ἕσ] = 3rd

pers pron acc dual these two

ἔξηδη is dative of means in strife

κάρεζζαη = pres act infinitive deponent to fight

ρνισζείο = aor pass part nom sing masc having been enraged

Λεηνῦο = contracted form of Λεηόνο

βαζηιῆη = Agamemnon instrumental case by the king

ὀιέθνλην = ὠιέθνλην imperf pass ind 3rd

pers plural were being destroyed or kept

perishing

KEY

Sing O goddess of the accursed wrath of Achilles Peleiades

which brought countless woes to the Achaeans

and cast forth the souls of many valiant warriors to Hades

making them the spoils and feast of both dogs

and vultures But the will of Zeus was accomplished

indeed from the time when at first having quarreled both

Atreides king of men and the divine Achilles separated

Which of the gods of course brought these two together to fight in strife

The son of Leto and Zeus For enraged by the king he

kindled an evil plague up through the camp and the people were destroyed

155 Composition

1 ἠείδνκελ κῆληλ νὐινκέλελ Ἀρηιιῆνο ἐμ νὗ ηὰ πξῶηα Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἀλέξσλ (ἀλδξῶλ) θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο

ἠξηζάηελ θαὶ δηεζηεζάηελ (δηεζηήηελ) 2 ηίο ζεῶλ μπλῆθε (μπλέεθα) Ἀραηνὺο θαὶ ιᾱὸλ Πξηάκνπ ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 3

μπλῆθε (μπλέεθα) ζθσε (ἕν) πἱὸο Λεηόνο (Λεηνῦο) θαὶ Γηὸο ἑθεβόινο ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 4 Αηξεΐδεο βαζηιεὺο

Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο ἐρόισζαλ ἄλαθηα ἑθεβόινλ θαὶ ὁ ὦξζα (ὤξνξε) λνῦζνπο πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θαθὰο (ᾱ) ἀλὰ

ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ θαθῶο ὤιεθελ ἀγαζὸλ ιᾱόλ

Lesson 16

(887-897 910 1065-1068 697-703 707 710 732)

161 Formation of Middle Passive and Deponent Verbs

The endings of the middle voice are different from the active voice The passive voice applies the same endings

as the middle voice except in the aorist passive which applies active endings Because the middle and passive voice

are identical (other than the aorist) the context determines whether a verb is used with middle or the passive

meaning The aorist middle is often used with a passive meaning (especially in athematic forms) and the aorist

passive is often used with a middle meaning

The perfect and pluperfect of the middlepassive are athematic with the personal endings attached directly to

the reduplicated stem

The future perfect passive is formed by adding -ζνε to the perfect middle passive lengthening the vowel that

precedes this ending

The first aorist passive is formed by adding -(ζ)ζεε to the stem Before ζ π and β become θ θ and γ become ρ

and η δ ζ become ζ Many verbs have a second aorist passive that drops the ζ altogether

Deponent verbs have no active form but use the middlepassive forms in an active sense

162 Paradigms Present and Future Indicative MiddlePassive of ιύσ

Present

S 1 ιύνκαη

2 ιύεαη [(ιύῃ)]

3 ιύεηαη

D 2 ιύεζζνλ

3 ιύεζζνλ

P 1 ιπόκε(ζ)ζα

2 ιύεζζα

3 ιύνληαη

Future

S 1 ιύζνκαη (ῡ)

2 ιύζεαη (ῡ) [(ιύζῃ (ῡ))]

3 ιύζεηαη (ῡ)

D 2 ιύζεζζνλ (ῡ)

3 ιύζεζζνλ (ῡ)

P 1 ιῡζόκεζα

2 ιύζεζζε (ῡ)

3 ιύζνληαη (ῡ)

163 The Use of Voice in Greek

The active voice indicates that the subject is acting λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ ὦξζε = he kindled a plague up

through the camp

The passive voice indicates that the subject is acted upon Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιή = but the will of Zeus was

being accomplished

The Middle voice denotes one of three meanings

1 The subject acting upon itself πείζνκαη (I convince myself) θαίλνκαη (I show myself)

2 The subject acting for itself θαιένκαη (I call for myself)

3 The subject acting upon something belonging to itself ιύνκαη (I loose my own I ransom)

When determing the difference between the middle and passive keep in mind that the middle voice always

conveys a direct or indirect reference to the subject and that the subject is effect by or has an interest in the action

164 Third Declension Stems in -επ -επ -νπ and -σϝ

Stems in -επ usually became -εϝ and the third declension endings are applied after the ϝ Thus βαζηιεϝνο =

βαζηιῆνο βαηιεϝη = βαζηιῆη βαζηιεϝα = βαζηιῆα etc Note that the ϝ explains why εη (εϝη) does not form an

improper diphthong as well as why the accusative singular ends in -εα (as if the stem ended in a consonant) instead

of -ελ (as if the stem ended in a vowel) Note that when the ending consists of a consonant the -εϝ is contracted to

the diphthong -επ Thus βαζηιεϝο = βαζηιεύο βαζηιεϝ = βαζηιεῦ βαζηιεϝζη = βαζηιεῦζη In rare cases the other

endings also contract the -ε to -ε (ie βαζηιῆνο = βαζηιένο)

In stems ending originally in -ᾱϝ the ᾱ becomes ε in the Ionic dialect These are declined the same as -εϝ

except that -εῡ is formed before consonants instead of -επ Thus λᾱϝο = λεϝο = λεῦο λᾱϝ = λεϝ = λεῦ But note the

exception in the shorter form of the dative plural where λᾱϝζη = λεϝζη = λεπζί (rather than λεῡζη) In contracted

forms the ε usually becomes ε

In stems ending in -σϝ the third declension endings are applied directly to the stem Thus ἡξσϝο = ἥξσο

ἡξσϝνο = ἥξσνο ἡξσϝη = ἥξση ἡξσϝα = ἥξσα etc

In stems ending originally in -ν or -νϝ the third declension endings are applied as usual But keep in mind that -

νϝ is contracted to the diphthong -νπ before a consonant thus βνϝο = βνῦο and βνϝζη = βνπζί But note the

exception that occurs in the accusative singular where βνϝλ = βνῦλ rather than βνϝα

βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

(βαζηιεϝ-) (βνϝ-) (λᾱϝ-) (ἡξσϝ-)

N βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

G βαζηιῆνο [ένο] βνόο λεόο [εόο] ἥξσνο

D βαζηιῆη [έη] βνΐ λεί ἥξση

A βαζηιῆα [έα] βνῦλ [βῶλ] λῆα [έα] ἥξσα

V βαζηιεῦ βνῦ λεῦ ἥξσο

N V A βαζηιῆε βόε λῆε ἥξσε

G D βαζηιήνηηλ βόνηηλ λήνηηλ ἡξώνηηλ

N V βαζηιῆεο βόεο λῆεο ἥξσεο

G βαζηιήσλ βνῶλ λεῶλ [εῶλ] ἡξώσλ

D βαζηιήεζζη βόεζζη λήεζζη [έεζζη] ἡξώεζζη

βαζηιεῦζη βνπζί λεπζί ἥξσζη

A βαζηιῆαο βόαο (βνῦο) λῆαο [έαο] ἥξσαο

165 Third Declension Stems in -εζ -αζ and -νζ

When a stem ends in a vowel plus -ζ the initial ζ is dropped between two vowels Thus γεξαζνο = γέξανο

ἠνζνο = ἠόνο etc

All third declension nouns with stems ending in -εο are neuters and follow the pattern of ἔπνο The third

declension endings are applied as usual except that the nominative vocative and accusative singulars end in -νο

Nouns with stems ending in -νο take -σο in the nominative and vocative singular but otherwise apply the third

declension endings as usual (dropping ζ between two vowels)

ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

(ϝεπεζ-) (γεξαζ-) (ἀϝζνζ- (ᾱ))

N ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

G ἔπενο γέξανο ἠόνο

D ἔπετ γέξατ ἠόη

A ἔπνο γέξαο ἠόα

V ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

N V A ἔπεε γέξαε

G D ἐπένηηλ γεξάνηηλ

N V ἔπεα γέξα(α)

G ἐπέσλ γεξάσλ

D ἐπέεζζη γεξάεζζη

ἔπε(ζ)ζη γέξα(ζ)ζη

A ἔπεα γέξα(α)

166 Third Declension Stems in -καη and -καξ

Stems ending in -καη and -καξ are neuters

Stems in -καη drop the -ηο in the nominative vocative and accusative singular δσκαηο = δῶκα Otherwise the

third declension endings are applied as usual

Stems ending in -καξ are declined like those ending in -καη except in the nominative vocative and accusative

singular (which end in -καξ)

δῶκα ἦκαξ

(δσκαη-) (ἠκαξ- ἠκαη-)

N δῶκα ἦκαξ

G δώκαηνο ἤκαηνο

D δώκαηη ἤκαηη

A δῶκα ἦκαξ

V δῶκα ἦκαξ

N V A δώκαηε ἤκαηε

G D δσκάηνηηλ ἠκάηνηηλ

N V δώκαηα ἤκαηα

G δσκάησλ ἠκάησλ

D δσκάηεζζη ἠκάηεζζη

δώκαζη ἤκαζη

A δώκαηα ἤκαηα

167 Third Declension Stems in -λη and -λ

Stems ending in -λη drop the -λη before ζ and lengthen the preceding vowel thus παληο = πᾶο παληζη = πᾶζη

Otherwise the third declension endings are applied as usual In neuters the -η is dropped at the end of the word thus

παλη = πᾶλ Stems in -λ drop the -λ before ζ and lengthen the preceding vowel in the masculine (but not in the

neuter)

πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

(παλη- παληα- παλη-)

Masc Fem Neut

N πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

G παληόο πάζεο (ᾱ) παληόο

D παληί πάζῃ (ᾱ) παληί

A πάληα πᾶζαλ πᾶλ

V πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

N V πάληεο πᾶζαη πάληα

G πάλησλ πᾱζάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] πάλησλ

D πάληεζ(ζ)η πάζῃζη (ᾱ) πάληεζ(ζ)η

πᾶζη πάζῃο (ᾱ) πᾶζη

A πάληνο πάζᾱο (ᾱ) πάληα

κέιᾱο κέιαηλα κέιαλ

(κειαλ- κειαηλα- κειαλ-)

N κέιᾱο κέιαηλα κέιαλ

G κέιαλνο κειαίλεο κέιαλνο

D κέιαλη κειαίλῃ κέιαλη

A κέιαλα κέιαηλαλ κέιαλ

V κέιαλ κέιαηλα κέιαλ

N V A κέιαλε κειαίλᾱ κέιαλε

G D κειάλνηηλ κειαίλῃηλ κειάλνηηλ

N V κέιαλεο κέιαηλαη κέιαλα

G κειάλσλ κειαηλάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] κειάλσλ

D κειάλεζ(ζ)η κειαίλῃζη κειάλεζ(ζ)η

κέιαζη κειαίλῃο κέιαζη

A κέιαλεο κειαίλᾱο κέιαλα

168 Vocabulary

Nouns

Ἀπόιισλ (ᾰ or ᾰ) σλνο ὁ Apollo

ἀξεηήξ (ᾱ) ῆξνο ὁ priest prayer

ζπγάηεξ ηέξνο (ηξόο) ἡ daughter

θνζκήησξ νξνο ὁ commander marshaller

λεῦο λεόο (λεόο) ἡ ship

ζηέκκα καηνο ηό fillet (of white cotton) wreath

ρείξ ρεηξόο ἡ hand arm

Verbs

ἔξρνκαη (ἐξρ- ἐιε- ἐιεπζ- ἐιπζ-) come go

ἐιεύζνκαη I will come I will go

ἦιζνλ (ἤιπζνλ) I came I went

ιίζζνκαη (ιηη-) I beg I entreat

---

ἐιιηζάκελ (ἐιηηόκελ) I begged I entreated

Adjectives Prepositions

ζνόο ή όλ swift speedy

πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ all every (the) whole

Indeclinable

δύν (δύσ) two

κάιηζηα most especially by all means

169 Translation

1 Ἀπόιισλ ἑθεβόινο ρνινῦηαη βαζηιῆη Αηξεΐδῃ θαὶ πέκπεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ ὀιέθνληαη δὲ

ιᾱνί νὕλεθα δῖνο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) 2 Υξύζεο (ῡ) γὰξ ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἑθεβόινπ ἔξρεηαη

ἐπὶ ζνὰο (ᾱ) λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ θέξεη δrsquo ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα ζπγαηξόο ἣλ Ἀηξεΐδεο ἔρεη ἐλ ζηξαηῷ 3 ὁ δrsquo ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἔρεη

ζηέκκαηα ἑθεβόινπ Ἀπόιισλνο ἐλ ρεξζὶλ ἀλὰ ρξῡζέῳ ζθήπηξῳ θαὶ ιίζζεηαη πάληαο Ἀραηνύο κάιηζηα δrsquo Ἀηξεΐδᾱ

δύσ θνζκήηνξε ιᾱῶλ 4 Ἀπόιισλ ρνιώζεηαη βαζηιῆη θαὶ ὄξζεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηόλ 5 ἐιεύζνληαη ἐπὶ ζνὰο

(ᾱ) λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ νἴζνπζη ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα βαζηιῆη 6 ιίζζνληαη πάληαο Ἀραηνύο 7 Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζελ (ῑ)

ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) θαὶ νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε ζύγαηξα

KEY

1 Apollo the free-shooter enraged by king Atreides sent an evil plague through the camp of the Achaeans and

the people were destroyed because the divine Atreides dishonored Chryses the priest 2 For Chryses the priest of

the free-shooter went upon the swift ships of the Achaeans bearing countless ransoms for his daughter whom

Atreides was holding in the camp 3 But the priest had a wreath of Apollo the free-shooter upon a staff in his hand

and was entreating all of the Achaeans but especially the sons of Atreus (who were) the commanders of the host 4

Apollo will be enraged by the king and will kindle an evil plague up through the camp 5 They will go upon the

swift ships of the Achaeans and bring countless ransoms to the king 6 They are entreating all of the Achaeans 7

Atreides dishonored the priest and would not release his daughter

1610 Iliad 11-16

hellipὀιέθνλην δὲ ιᾱνί

νὕλεθα ηὸλ Υξύζελ ἠηίκαζελ ἀξεηῆξα

Αηξεΐδεο ὁ γὰξ ἦιζε ζνὰο ἐπὶ λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ

ιπζόκελνο ηε ζύγαηξα θέξσλ ηrsquo ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα

ζηέκκαηrsquo ἔρσλ ἐλ ρεξζὶλ ἑθεβόινπ Ἀπόιισλνο

ρξπζέῳ ἀλὰ ζθήπηξῳ θαὶ ἐιίζζεην πάληαο Ἀραηνύο

Ἀηξεΐδα δὲ κάιηζηα δύσ θνζκήηνξε ιαῶλ

ηόλ Υξύζελ = that (well-known) Chryses

The first verse ends in two spondees making it a spondaic verse and emphasizing the fact that

Chryses was a priest

ιῡζόκελνο = fut mid part nom masc sing being about to ransom

θέξσλ = pres act part nom sing masc bearing bringing

ἔρσλ = pres act part nom sing masc having holding

ρεξζὶλ ἑθεβόινπ = ρεξζὶ ϝεθεβόινπ

ρξῡζέῳ = synizesis where -έῳ is pronounced as a single syllable

ἐιίζζεην = imperf act ind 3rd

pers sing dep (kept) entreating was entreating

Ἀηξεΐδᾱ = dual of Ἀηξεΐδεο refers to both Agamemnon and Menelaus

KEY

hellipand the people were being destroyed

because Atreides dishonored Chryses the priest

For he had gone upon the swift ships of the Achaeans

intending to ransom his daughter bearing countless gifts

and holding in his hand fillets of Apollo the free-shooter

upon a golden staff and was entreating all of the Achaeans

but especially the two sons of Atreus the commanders of the host

1611 Composition

1 Chryses the priest of Apollo is dishonored by the son of Atreus 2 The Achaeans will go from their swift

ships to Troy and ransom the beloved daughter of the priest 3 We shall bring many ransoms and shall hold in our

hands the fillets of Apollo 4 We do not have a golden scepter but we entreat Priam and all the people of Troy 5

The two sons of Atreus marshallers of the people are entreating Priam but he will slight them 6 The son of

Atreus king of men slighted the priest and did not release his daughter

KEY

1 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) Ἀπόιινπ ἀηῑκάδεηαη Ἀηξεΐδῃ 2 Ἀραηνὶ ἐιεύζνληαη ἐθ ζνάσλ (ᾱ) λήσλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ (ῑ)

θαὶ ἀπειύζνληαη (ῡ) θίιε ζπγάηεξα ἀξεηῆξη (ᾱ) 3 νἴζνκελ πνιιrsquo ἄπνηλα θαὶ ἕζρνκελ ἐλ ρείξεζζη ζηέκκαηα

Ἀπόιινπ 4 νὐθ ἔρνκελ ζθῆπηξνλ ρξύζενλ ἀιιὰ ιηζζόκεζα Πξίακνλ θαὶ πᾶληα ιᾱνλ Ἰιίνπ (ῑ) 5 δύrsquo Ἀηξεΐδᾱ

θνζκήηεξᾱ ιᾱσλ ιίζζεζζνλ Πξίακνλ αὐηνὺο δrsquo ἀηῑκάζεη 6 Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἄλδξσλ ἠηίκαζελ (ῑ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) θαὶ

νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε ζπγάηεξα

1612 Meter

ΟΤ λε θα | ΣΟΝ ΥΡΤ | ΖΝ Ζ | ΣΗ κα ζελ | Α ΡΖ | ΣΖ ΡΑ~

Α ηξε η | ΓΖ ν γαξ | ΖΛ ζε ζν | Α ε πη | ΝΖ αο α | ΥΑΗ ΧΝ

ΛΤ ζν κε | ΝΟ ηε ζπ | ΓΑΣ ξα θε | ΡΧΝ ηα πε | ΡΔΗ ζη α | ΠΟΗ ΝΑ~

ΣΔΜ καη ε | ΥΧΝ ΔΝ | ΥΔΡ ζηλ ε | ΚΖ βν ινπ | Α ΠΟΛ | ΛΧ ΝΟ~

ΥΡΤζεσα | ΝΑ ΚΖΠ | ΣΡΧ θαη ε | ΛΗ ζε ην | ΠΑΝ ηαο α | ΥΑΗ ΟΤ

ΑΣ ξε η | ΓΑ δε κα | ΛΗ ηα δπ | Χ ΚΟ | ΜΖ ην ξε | ΛΑ ΧΝ

Lesson 17

(910 - imperfect middle and passive aorist middle of ιύσ 648-658 - the table

of endings in 32)

171 Paradigms Imperfect MiddlePassive of ιύσ

S 1 ἐιπόκελ

2 ἐιύεν [(ἐιύεπ)]

3 ἐιύεην

D 2 ἐιύεζζνλ

3 ἐιπέζζελ

P 1 ἐιπόκε(ζ)ζα

2 ἐιύεζζε

3 ἐιύνλην

172 Paradigms Aorist Middle of ιύσ

Thematic Athematic (2nd

Aorist)

S 1 ἐιῡζάκελ ἐιύκελ

2 ἐιύζαν (ῡ) [(ἐιύζσ (ῡ))] ἔιπ(ζ)ν

3 ἐιύζαην (ῡ) ἔιπην

D 2 ἐιύζαζζνλ (ῡ) ἔιπζζνλ

3 ἐιῡζάζζελ ἐιύζζελ

P 1 ἐιῡζάκε(ζ)ζα ἐιύκε(ζ)ζα

2 ἐιύζαζζε (ῡ) ἔιπζζε

3 ἐιύζαλην (ῡ) ἔιπλην

173 Vocabulary

δῶκα αηνο ηό house home

παῖο παηδόο ὁ ἡ child son daughter

π(η)όιηο ηνο (ενο) ἡ city state

ἐπθλήκῑο ῑδνο well-greaved

ἐγώ(λ) κέν (κεῦ) I

ζύ ζέν (ζεῦ) you

κέλhellip δέ on the one handhellip trulyhellip on the one handhellip on the other hand

partlyhellip partly the onehellip the other

νἴθαδε home homeward to home home

Verbs

ἅδνκαη (ἁγ-) (defective) I reverence

δέρνκαη I accept I receive

δέμνκαη I will accept

ἐδεμάκελ (ἐδέγκελ) I accepted

δίδσκη (δσ- δν-) I give I grant

(δη)δώζσ I will give

ἔδσθα I gave

ἐθπέξζσ (πεξζ- πξαζ-) I sack (utterly) I plunder I pillage

ἐθπέξζσ I will sack

ἐμέπεξζα (ἐμέπξαζνλ) I sacked

ἱθλένκαη I arrive I reach (a destination)

ἵμνκαη I will arrive

ἱθόκελ (ῑ) I arrived

174 Translation

1 ζενὶ ἔρνπζηλ ιύκπηα δώκαηα ἔδσθαλ δrsquo Ἀηξεΐδεο θαὶ ἄιινηζηλ ἐπθλεκίδεζζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἐθπέξζαη

(infinitive) πόιηλ Πξηάκνπ ηόηε δrsquo ἵθνλην (ῑ) ἐὺ νἴθαδε νὕλεθα παῖδα θίιελ ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἔιῡζαλ 2 ἀπέιῡζαλ

ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνὶ ζύγαηξα θίιελ ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἐδέμαλην δrsquo ἀγιαὰ ἄπνηλα νὕλεθα ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλα Γηὸο πἱὸλ

ἅδνλην 3 ἅδεηαη ἑθεβόινλ 4 Ἀηξεΐδεο νὐθ ἐδέμαην ηὰ ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα 5 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἔδσθελ ἄπνηλα

πνιιὰ βαζηιῆη Ἀηξεΐδῃ 6 πάληεο ζενὶ θαὶ πᾶζαη ζεαὶ εἶρνλ ιύκπηα δώκαηα 7 Ἀραηνὶ ἐπθλήκῑδεο ἐθπέξζνπζη

Πξηάκνην πόιηλ ἵμνληαη δrsquo ἐπ νἴθαδε 8 παῖο θίιε ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἐιύζαην (ῡ) ἵθεην (ῑ) δrsquo ἐὺ νἴθαδε

KEY

1 The gods have Olympian homes but they gave the son of Atreus and the other well-greaved Achaeans to

utterly sack the city of Priam and then they returned safe at home because they released the dear child of the priest

2 The well-greaved Achaeans released the dear daughter of the priest and received glorious ransoms because they

reverenced the free-shooter Apollo son of Zeus 3 He reverences te free-shooter 4 The son of Atreus did not

receive the glorious ransoms 5 Chryses the priest gave many ransoms to king Atreides 6 All of the gods and all of

the goddesses had Olympian homes 7 The well-greved Achaeans will utterly sack Priamrsquos city and will return safe

to home 8 The dear child of the priest was released and arrived well to her home

175 Iliad 17-21

ltltἈηξεΐδαη ηε θαὶ ἄιινη ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνί

ὑκῖλ κὲλ ζενὶ δνῖελ ιύκπηα δώκαηrsquo ἔρνληεο

ἐθπέξζαη Πξηάκνην πόιηλ ἐὺ δrsquo νἴθαδrsquo ἱθέζζαη

παῖδα δrsquo ἐκνὶ ιῦζαί ηε θίιελ ηά ηrsquo ἄπνηλα δέρεζζαη

ἁδόκελνη Γηὸο πἱὸλ ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλαgtgt

Ἀηξεΐδαηhellip ἄιινη ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνί = vocative case

ὑκῖλ (ῡ) = dat plural of ζύ to you

ζενί = one syllable by synizesis

κέλ (v 18) = correlative of δέ (v 20)

δνῖελ = aor act optative 3rd

plural of δίδσκη may they grant

ἔρνληεο = pres act part nom masc plural of ἔρσ having possessing

ἐθπέξζαη = aor act inf of ἐθπέξζσ to sack utterly

ἱθέζζαη = aor act inf of ἱθένκαη to arrive (compare κάρεζζαη)

ιῦζαη δέρεζζαη = infinitives used as imperatives free and accept

ηά ηrsquo ἄπνηλα (ηά ηε ἄπνηλα) = thesehellip gifts

ἁδόκελνη = pres act part nom masc plural reverencing

KEY

ldquoSons of Atreus and you other well-greaved Achaeans

may the gods who have their homes on Olympus grant you

to utterly sack Priamrsquos city and return safe to home

but release my dear child to me and accept these gifts

reverencing Apollo who shoots at will the son of Zeusrdquo

176 Composition

1 The gods who have (ἔρνληεο) Olympian homes will grant to the sons of Atreus and to the other well-greaved

Achaeans to sack utterly (ἐθπέξζαη) the city of Priam 2 When they sacked the city of Priam they returned happily

home 3 They accepted the shining ransoms and freed the darling daughter of the priest Chryses 4 We reverenced

the free-shooter Apollo son of Leto and Zeus and escaped death 5 Will the son of Atreus accept the shining

ransoms 6 The child of the priest was freed when he gave many shining ransoms which the two sons of Atreus

accepted

KEY

1 ζενὶ ἔρνληεο ιύκπηα δώκαηα δώζνπζη Ἀηξεΐδῃζη θαὶ ἄιινηζηλ ἐπθλεκίδεζζηλ (ῑ) Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἐθπέξζαη πόιηλ

Πξηάκνπ 2 ηόηε ἐμέπεξζαλ πόιηλ Πξηάκνην ἵθνλην (ῑ) ἐὺ νἴθαδε 3 ἐδέμαλην ἀγιαrsquo ἄπνηλα θαὶ ἀπέιῡζαλ ζπγάηεξα

θίιε ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) Υξύζᾱν (ῡ) 4 ἡμάκεζα ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλα Λεηόνο θαὶ Γηὸο πἱόλ θαὶ ζάλαηνλ 5

Ἀηξεΐδεο δέμεηαη ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα 6 παῖο ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἀπειύζαην (ῡ) ηόηε ἔδσθελ ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀγιάα ηὰ

Ἀηξεΐδᾱ ἐδώθαζηλ

Lesson 18

(Perfect and Pluperfect Active of Verbs 904 922 Third Declension γέρων

αἴξ 693-695)

181 Formation of the Perfect and Pluperfect Active

The perfect and pluperfect in all modes experience reduplication of the initial syllable which denotes completed

action Verbs beginning with a single consonant (except ξ) prefix this consonant followed by -ε Thus ιύσ =

ιέιπθα The stem sometimes stands in ablaut relation to the stem of the present as in βαίλσ = βέβεθα A

reduplicated syllable beginning with an aspirated mute is changed to its corresponding voiceless mute in the

reduplicated syllable ie ζλήζθσ = ηέζλεθα In these cases the reduplicated pluperfect adds ἐ- to the reduplicated

syllable ie ιύσ = ιέιπθα = ἐιέιπθε

Vebs beginning with a double consonant two consonants (except a mute followed by a liquid or a nasal) ξ and

some beginning with κ simply augment the stem with the addition of ε-

Verbs beginning in a vowel typically take the temporal augment by lengthening the vowel ie νἴρνκαη =

ᾤρσθα However verbs beginning with a vowel in which an initial consonant has been lost may take the syllabic

augment

Compound verbs typically insert the reduplication and augment between the preposition and the verb ie

ἀπνιύσ = ἀπνιέιπθα = ἀπειειύθε

The first perfect active adds -θα- to the stem followed by the primary endings The first pluperfect active

similarly adds -θε- followed by the secondary endings In general a short final vowel is lengthened before the

addition of the -θα- or -θε- Second perfects and pluperfects active are the older form and are more common in

Homer These omit the θ and simply add -α- or -ε- respectively The second perfects are more common in stems

ending in a consonant

In general the singular perfect and pluperfect active stand in ablaut relation to the dual and plural forms

Perfects and pluperfects are rare in Homer and only occur in some twenty verbs

182 Paradigms λέλυκα and βέβηκα

ιέιπθα ἐιειύθε (ἐιειύθεα)

ιέιπθαο ἐιειύθο (ἐιειύθεαο)

ιέιπθε(λ) ἐιειύθεη (ἐιειύθεε)

ιειύθαηνλ ἐιειύθαηνλ

ιειύθαηνλ ἐιειπθάηελ

ιειύθακελ ἐιειύθεκελ

ιειύθαηε ἐιειύθεηε

ιειύθᾱζη ἐιειύθεζαλ

βέβεθα ἐβεβήθεα (ἐβεβήθε)

βέβεθαο ἐβεβήθεαο (ἐβεβήθεο)

βέβεθε(λ) ἐβεβήθεε (ἐβεβήθεη)

βέβαηνλ ἐβέβαηνλ

βέβαηνλ ἐβεβάηελ

βέβακελ ἐβέβακελ

βέβαηε ἐβέβαηε

βέβᾱζη ἐβέβαζαλ

183 Paradigms γέρων and αἴξ

γέξσλ αἴμ

γέξνληνο αἰγόο

γέξνληη αἰγί

γέξνληα αἶγα

γέξνλ αἴμ

γέξνληε αἶγε

γεξόληνηηλ αἴγνηηλ

γέξνληεο αἶγεο

γεξόλησλ αἰγῶλ

γεξόληεζ(ζ)η (γέξνπζη) αἴγεζ(ζ)η (αἰμί)

γέξνληαο αἶγαο

184 Vocabulary

ἀγνξή ῆο ἡ assembly meeting place gathering harrangue

αἴμ αἰγόο ὁ ἡ goat

Ἄξγνο ενο ηό Argos (both a country and a city in Greece)

γέξσλ νληνο ὁ old man

γῆξαο ανο ηό old age

ἱεξεύο ῆνο ὁ priest holy man

κεξίνλ νπ ηό thigh-bone thigh-piece

πνύο πνδόο ὁ foot

ηαῦξνο νπ ὁ bull

θξήλ θξελόο ἡ diaphragm mind heart soul spirit disposition

δέθαηνο ε νλ tenth

ἡκέηεξνο ε νλ our ours

θνῖινο ε νλ hollow

ὠθύο ὠθεῖα ὠθύ swift speedy

ζλήζθσ die perish

ζαλένκαη

ἔζαλνλ

ηέζλεθα

θεύγσ flee fly escape run (off away along)

θεύμνκαη

ἔθπγνλ

πέθεπγα

επ eh+oo fused into one syllable

επ ᾱ+oo fused into one syllable

νη oi as in boil

νπ ou as in soup

πη we as in we

σπ oh+oo fused into one syllable

The improper diphthongs are ᾳ ῃ ῳ These consist of a long vowel (ᾱ ε σ) with iota written as a subscript

When the initial long vowel is capitalized the iota is written on the line as normal ᾤρεην = ΧΗΥΔΣΟ When ever

iota immediately follows ᾱ ε or σ it becomes an iota subscript The iota is silent in an improper diphthong ᾳ ῃ and

ῳ are pronounced as ᾱ ε and σ

ζ θ and ρ were originally pronounced as t-h (hot-head) p-h (sap-head) and k-h (block-head)

γ before κ λ γ ρ or μ is called gamma-nasal and is pronounced like the n in sing

12 Quantity

The vowels ε and σ are always long ε and ν are always short α η and π can be either long or short and are

thus called doubtful vowels

In this text long doubtful vowels will be marked with a macron ᾱ ῑ ῡ unless they already have the circumflex

accent or the iota subscript (both of which can only occur on long vowels) In cases where the long doubtful vowel

already carries an accent or aspiration mark the length of doubtful vowels will be indicated in parentheses behind

the word ιύσ (ῡ)

13 Breathing

Every initial vowel has either the rough breathing (ἁ) or the smooth breathing (ἀ) indicated over the letter If the

letter is capitalized the breathing is indicated before the letter When the entire word is written in capitals the

breathing is omitted

The rough breathing (or aspiration) indicates that the word originally started with an h sound Initial ξ always

has the rough breathing and initial π usually has the rough breathing The smooth breathing denotes that the vowel

was not sound with an h sound

Initial proper diphthongs take the breathing over the second vowl Improper diphthongs take the breathing over

the vowel or before the vowel when it is an initial capital followed by small letters In compounds the breathing is

only indicated over the initial vowel however the initial aspiration should still be pronounced

14 Word List for Practice in Pronunciation

Spell and pronounce

κῆληο - wrath fury madness rage δέ - but and for so

ἀείδσ - sing (of) hymn ἴθζῑκνο - valiant mighty

ζεά (ᾱ) - goddess ςῡρή - soul spirit breath life

Πειεηάδεο - son of Peleus Achilles Ἄηο - Hades god of the underworld

Ἀρηιιεύο - Achilles πξντάπησ - hurl forward send forth

νὐιόκελνο - accursed destructive ἥξσο - hero mighty warrior protector savior

ὅο - who which what αὐηόο - self same

κῡξίνη - countless innumerable ἑιώξηνλ - booty prey spoils

Ἀραηόο - Achaean Greek ηεύρσ - make fashion cause

ἄιγνο - grief pain woe θύσλ - dog

ηίζεκη - put place cause Εεύο - Zeus father and king of gods and men

πνιιόο - much many numerous ηειείσ - accomplish fulfill

νἰσλόο - bird (of prey) vulture omen βνπιή - will wish plan purpose counsel council

ηέ - and also

δαίο - portion feast banquet

Derivatives

κεληο - mania maniac maniacal

ἀείδσ - ode melody palinode

κῡξίνη - myriad

ἄιγνο - neuralgia nostalgia

ςῡρή - psychology

ἥξσο - hero heroic

αὐηόο - automaton autocracy

θύσλ - cynic cynical

ηειείσ - teleology

Lesson 2

(534-551 553 560 575 622-625)

21 Principles of Accentuation

There are three accents the acute (ά) the grave (ὰ) and the circumflex (ᾶ) These accents are usually

pronounced by stressing the accented syllable but in ancient Greek they represented variations in pitch The acute

can stand on any of the last three accents of a word the circumflex can stand on either of the last two syllables and

the grave can only stand on the last syllable The circumflex can only stand on a long vowel or a diphthong

In accented syllables containing a single vowel or an improper diphthong the accent (as well as the breathing

mark when applicable) is written over the vowel when it is lower case and before an initial Capital Accented

diphthongs take the accent over the second vowel when written in lower case If a vowel or diphthong has both the

accent and the breathing the acute and grave accents follow the breathing mark while the circumflex is written

above the breathing mark If the entire word is written in capital letters both the accent and the breathing marks are

omitted

The final syllable of a word is called the ultima the second to last syllable is called the penult and the third to

last syllable is called the antepenult The following rules govern the placement of accents

If the antepenult is accented it must take the acute But the antepenult cannot take an accent when the

ultima is long or when the ultima ends in a double consonant (μ ς) In words that normally accent the

antepenult the acute is pulled to the penult when the ultima is long (ie through inflection)

An accented penult takes the circumflex if it is long and the ultima is short Otherwise it must take the

acute

An accented ultima may take any of the three accents if it is long If the ultima is short it can only take

the circumflex or the grave

Final αη and νη are considered short when determining the accent except when they occur in the

optative mood and the word νἴθνη (which means ldquoat homerdquo)

Verbs normally have a recessive accent meaning that the accent occurs as close to the beginning of the

word as the rules allow

A word with an acute on the ultima is said to be oxytone (sharp-toned) The acute on an onytone

changes to the grave when another word follows without intervening punctuation However this rule

does not apply when the oxytone is elided when the following word is an enclitic or in the

interrogative pronoun ηίο ηί (meaning ldquowhordquo ldquowhichrdquo ldquowhatrdquo)

Proclitics are words that are pronounced as a prefix attached to the following word and so have no accent of

their own Proclitics are only accented when they are followed by an enclitic when they occur at the end of a

sentence or in the case of certain words (εἰο ἐθ ἐλ ὡο) when they follow the word that they modify

Enclitics are words that are pronounced as a suffix attached to the preceding word While enclitics usually have

their own accent the accent typically disappears when the enclitic is pronounced as a part of the preceding word

The rules governing the accent of enclitics are fairly complex and will be addressed in a later lesson

22 Formation of Syllables and Elision

A Greek word has as many syllables as it has vowels and diphthongs When dividing a word into syllables

single consonants combinations of consonants that can begin a word or a mute (π η θ θ ζ ρ β δ γ) followed by

κ or λ are usually placed at the beginning of a syllable if possible Other combinations of consonants are divided

into separate syllables Compound words are divided between the original words that form the compound

A short final vowel is regularly dropped and replaced with an apostrophe when the following word begins with

a vowel This process is called elision

23 Punctuation and Transliteration

There are four punctuation marks used in printed Greek The period and the comma are the same as in English

The Greek question marks looks like an English semicolon () and the Greek semicoloncolon are a raised dot ()

The most common method of transliteration is that used by the ancient Romans where Greek words are

represented by their Latin equivalents Most proper names are transliterated by replacing the Greek nominative

ending with the equivalent Latin nominative ending Transliterate proper names are usually accented on the penult if

it is long (or if the word only has two syllables) and the antepenult otherwise The Ionic ε was often pronounced as

ᾱ in Attic and in those cases the ε is usually transliterated as a Iota subscript is normally omitted Most of the

letters of the Greek alphabet are transliterated by their EnglishLatin equivalents but note the following

δ = z

θ = c

π = y (except when part of a diphthong)

αη = ae or e

εη = e i or ei

νη = oe or e

νπ = u

επ = eu

ῥ = rh

γ-nasal = n

The following points apply especially to word endings

νη = i

ε = a (occasionally e)

νο = us (changed to the Latin nominative)

νλ = um (changed to the Latin nominative)

ηηα = cy

ηε ηα = y

Lesson 3

(626-658 659-662 970 1011 1025 cf 561)

31 Inflection

Inflection is the fusion of a stem with certain elements (ie prefixes suffixes) that express relationship to other

words The inflection of nouns adjectives and pronouns is called declension the inflection of adjectives and adverbs

is called comparison and the inflection of verbs is called conjugation

A root is the essential part of a word once it has been analyzed into its various parts and all prefixes suffixes

and formative elements have been removed A stem is a root with added formative elements prefixes and suffixes

Stems frequently have more than one form with multiple forms standing in ablaut relationship to one another (as

sing vs song in English or ιεγ- vs ινγ- in Greek) Some roots are also stems and take on inflectional endings

directly

[For example the word ι-γ is a root conveying the idea of speech or speaking ιεγ and ινγν are both stems

standing in ablaut relationship to one another with the former comprising a verb stem and the latter comprising a

noun stem ιέγσ (ιεγ-ν-ν ldquoI speakrdquo) and ιόγνο (ινγν-ο ldquowordrdquo) are both words formed by adding inflectional

elements to the stem]

An inflected word is made up of two parts the stem and the inflectional element (which may take the form of

prefixes suffixes augments etc) The last letter of the stem is called the stem characteristic Stems are generally

classified according to the stem characteristic ie vowel stems mute stems liquid stems etc

32 Declension

Nouns pronouns and adjectives are declined There are three numbers (singular plural dual) and three genders

(masculine feminine neuter) The dual denotes two things closely associated as a pair and may be used

interchangeably with the plural

Gender must be learned by observation The names of males and females are typically masculine and feminine

respectively Rivers winds and months are usually masculine Countries towns trees islands qualities and

conditions are usually feminine A few nouns (as well as a few adjectives) can be either masculine or feminine

without changing form These are said to be of common gender

The most common demonstrative relative and personal pronoun in Homer is ὁ (masc) ἡ (fem) ηό (neut)

Nouns in lexicons generally appear in the nominative singular followed by the genitive singular ending and the

appropriate form of this pronoun

There five cases in Greek nominative genitive dative accusative and vocative These five cases have also

absorbed the meanings of three lost cases the locative instrumental and ablative All of these cases except the

nominative and vocative are oblique cases and represent relationships that are normally expressed with prepositions

in English

The accent of a noun is determined by its position in the nominative singular and it usually remains on the

same syllable throughout the declension as long as the rules for accents allow Nouns that are monosyllabic in the

nominative but which become disyllabic through declension usually take the accent on the ultima in the genitive and

dative of both numbers and otherwise accent the penult A long ultima when accented takes the circumflex in the

genitive and dative of all numbers

Nouns are declined according to the vowel declension (stems ending in ᾱ or ν) or the consonant declension

(stems ending in a consonant or the closed vowels η and π) The vowel declension if further divided into the first

declension (stems ending in ᾱ) and the second declension (stems ending in ν) The consonant declension is

considered the third declension Words of the first declension have stems ending in -ᾱ which almost always

becomes either -ε or -ᾰ in the nominative singular

In order to form the various cases numbers and genders the following case endings were fused with the stems

of substantives and adjectives (forms in parentheses are contracted)

Vowel Declension Consonant Declension

Singular

First Decl Second Decl Third Decl

Masc Fem M and F Neut M and F Neut

Nom ο (none) none ο λ ο (none) none

Gen ν (ην) εο ν (ην) ν (ην) νο νο

Dat η η η η η η

Acc λ λ λ λ λ α none

Voc none none none λ ο (none) none

Dual

N V A none none none none ε ε

G D ηηλ ηηλ ηηλ ηηλ νηηλ νηηλ

Plural

NV η η η ᾰ εο ᾰ

Gen σλ σλ σλ σλ σλ σλ

Dat (η)ζη ηο (η)ζη ηο (η)ζη ηο (η)ζη ηο ζ(ζ)η ζ(ζ)η

εζ(ζ)η εζ(ζ)η

Acc λο λο λο ᾰ λο ᾰ

When these suffixes were combined with the stem of a word the following endings were produced (forms in

brackets are rare)

First Decl Second Decl

Singular

Masc Fem M and F Neut

N εο [α ᾱο] ε α ᾱ νο [(σο νπο)] νλ

G ᾱν [εσ σ] εο ᾱο νην νπ [νν σν (σ)] νην νπ [νν σν (σ)]

D ῃ [ᾳ] ῃ ᾳ ῳ ῳ

A ελ [ᾱλ] ελ αλ ᾱλ νλ [(σλ)] νλ

V ε α [ᾱ] ε α ᾱ ε [νο] νλ

Dual

N V A ᾱ ᾱ σ σ

G D [ῃηλ] [ῃηλ] νηηλ νηηλ

Plural

N V αη αη νη [(ῳ)] α

G ᾱσλ [εσλ (σλ)] ᾱσλ [εσλ (σλ)] σλ σλ

D ῃζη ῃο [αηο] ῃζη ῃο νηζη νηο νηζη νηο

A ᾱο ᾱο νπο [(σο)] α

Third Decl

Singular

Masc and Fem Neut

N ο (none)

G νο [(επο νπο σο)] νο

D η [(ῑ ῳ)] η [(ῑ)]

A α λ [(ε σ)]

V ο (none)

Dual

N V A ε ε

G D νηηλ νηηλ

Plural

N V εο [(εηο νπο)] α [(ε σ)]

G σλ σλ

D ζη εζζη [εζη] ζη εζζη [εζη]

A ο αο [(ῑο ῡο εηο)] α [(ε)]

Note that the dative singular of all declensions ends in η which becomes iota subecript after long vowels The

dative plural regularly becomes ζη to which may be added λ-moveable (explained later in this lesson) -ῃζη and -νηζη

are the two regular forms for the ending of the dative plural in the first two declension However the shorter forms -

ῃο and -νηο occasionally occur when the following word begins with a vowel and should possibly be categorized as

a case of elision

The genitive plural of all forms ends in -σλ

There are only two forms of the dual in each declension one for the nominative accusative and vocative and

one for the genitive and dative

As in Latin the vocative singular is frequently identical to the nominative and the vocative plural is always

identical to the nominative

The nominative vocative and accusative of all neuters is always alike and the plurals always end in -α

In an earlier unrecorded stage of the language there were three other cases the instrumental denoting means

the locative denoting place where and the ablative denoting separation or source The dative absorbed most of the

uses of the instrumental and locatives cases and the genitive absorbed most of the uses of the ablative case

In addition to the endings outlined in this lesson the suffixes -θη(λ) and -ζελ were also occasionally used and

will be discussed in a later lesson

33 Paradigms

First declension feminine nouns ending in -ε are declined like βνπιή ῆο ἡ (desire will plan counsel council

stem βνπιᾱ-) These stems end in -ᾱ which becomes -ε in the nominative singular

Sigular Dual Plural

N βνπιή βνπιά (ᾱ) βνπιαί

G βνπιῆο βνπιῇηλ βνπιάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ]

D βνπιῇ βνπιῇηλ βνπιῇζη ῇο

A βνπιήλ βνπιά (ᾱ) βνπιάο (ᾱ)

V βνπιή βνπιά (ᾱ) βνπιαί

Another example is the expression θᾱιὴ βνπιή (a good plan stems θᾱιᾱ- βνπιᾱ-)

Sigular Dual Plural

N θᾱιὴ βνπιή θᾱιὰ (ᾱ) βνπιά (ᾱ) θᾱιαὶ βνπιαί

G θᾱιῆο βνπιῆο θᾱιῇλ βνπιῇηλ θᾱιάσλ (ᾱ) βνπιάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ]

D θαιῇ βνπιῇ θᾱιῇλ βνπιῇηλ θᾱιῇζη βνπιῇζη ῇο

A θᾱιὴλ βνπιήλ θᾱιὰ (ᾱ) βνπιά (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) βνπιάο (ᾱ)

V θᾱιὴ βνπιή θᾱιὰ (ᾱ) βνπιά (ᾱ) θᾱιαὶ βνπιαί

34 Notes on Syntax

The subject of a finite verb is in the nominative case

The direct object of a transitive verb is in the accusative case

Adjectives agree with their nouns in gender number and case Adjectives however can belong to a different

declension than the nouns they modify so the forms are not always the same

Some words that end in a vowel add -λ to the end of the word when the following word begins with a vowel

The following list describes the words that are commonly spelled with a moveable -λ

1 All words that end in -ζη -μη or -ςη except ἐζζί

2 All verbs of the third person ending in -ε

3 The third person singular of the pluperfect ending in -εη (originally -εε)

4 The verb ἐζηί and the paticles θέ and λύ all of which are enclitics

5 The dative plural of the pronouns ἄκκη ὕκκη ζθί and ζθίζη

6 The adverbial endings θη and ζε

7 The pronoun ἐγώ (ldquoIrdquo)

35 Vocabulary

βνπιή ῆο ἡ - plan will wish purpose counsel council

δεηλή - fearful terrible awful dreadful dread

ἐλ ἐλί εἰλ - (adv or prep with dat) in among therein thereon on

ἔρεη - he she it has holds

ἔρνπζη(λ) - they have hold

ἦλ - he she it there was

ἦζαλ - they there were

θαί - and also even

θαθή - bad poor ugly mean coeardly wicked

θᾱιή - good goodly noble handsom fair brave

θιαγγή ῆο ἡ - uproar roar noise

ηίο - (masc or fem) who which what

ηί - (neut) which what why

Υξύζε (ῡ) εο ἡ - Chrysa a town in the Troad

θίιε εο ἡ - dear darling lovely beloved

36 Derivatives

δεηλή - dinosaur (ldquoterrible lizardrdquo) dinichthys (ldquoterrible fishrdquo)

θαθή - cacography (ldquobad writingrdquo) cacophony (ldquobad soundrdquo)

θᾱιή - calligraphy (ldquobeautiful writingrdquo) calliope

θιαγγή - clang

θίιε - Philadelphia (ldquobrotherly loverdquo) Philanthropy (ldquolove of mankindrdquo)

37 Translation

1 βνπιαὶ θᾱιαὶ θαὶ θαθαί 2 ηίο ἔρεη βνπιὴλ θᾱιήλ 3 ηί ἔρνπζηλ 4 θᾱιαὶ βνπιαὶ ἦζαλ θίιαη 5 ηίο ἦλ θᾱιή

6 δεηλὴ θιαγγὴ ἦλ ἐλ Υξύζῃ (ῡ) θᾱιῇ 7 ἔρνπζη βνπιὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θίιᾱο 8 ηί ἦλ θιαγγὴ δεηλὴ ἐλ Υξύζῃ

(ῡ) θᾱιῇ 9 θαθῆο βνπιῆο 10 θαθῇο βνπιῇο 11 θαθάσλ (ᾱ) βνπιάσλ (ᾱ) 12 θαθὴ βνπιή θαθῇ βνπιῇ θαθὴλ

βνπιήλ θαθὰο (ᾱ) βνπιάο (ᾱ)

(1) βνπιαὶhellip The acute changes to a grave when another word follows without intervening punctuation

But see the notes on 2

(2) The acute on the pronouns ηίο and ηί does not change to a grave ηίοηί is an interrogative pronoun and

indicates that the sentence is a question ηίο can be either masculine or feminine usually refers to a person

and is generally translated ldquowhordquo ηί is neuter usually refers to an object and is generally translated

ldquowhatrdquo

(4) Like Latin and unlike later dialects of Greek there is no definite article in Homeric The article must be

supplied in this sentence ldquoThe good planshelliprdquo

(6) ἦλ is frequenly translated ldquothere wasrdquo

(7) The phrasing here is common ldquohellipplans good and dearrdquo A pair of adjectives connected by θαί is often

placed after the noun they modify

(10) This sentence uses the less common -ῇο instead of -ῇζη(λ) The dative in this case is best represented

by the English preposition ldquoforrdquo The preposition ldquotordquo is usually used to render the the dative as indirect

object

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 Good and bad plans 2 Who has a good plan 3 What do they have 4 The good plans were dear 5 Who

was good 6 There was a terrible uproar in beautiful Chrysa 7 They have good and dear plans 8 What was the

terrible uproar in beautiful Chrysa 9 Of the bad plan 10 For the bad plans 11 Of the bad plans 12 The bad plan

for the bad plan the bad plan the bad plans

38 Composition

1 Of good and bad plans 2 For the noble plan 3 Who has the evil plan 4 There was a terrible uproar in

beautiful Chrysa 5 Was the plan good 6 The plans were cowardly

(1) Follow the standard construction ldquoOf plans good and badrdquo

(2) The preposition ldquoforrdquo is represented by the use of the dative

(3) This could be rendered either singular (ηίο ἔρεη) or plural (ηίο ἔρνπζη)

(4) Follow the same construction seen in exercise 6 of Translation ldquoA terrible uproar there was in Chrysa

beautifulrdquo While the word order is not fixed Phar usually places adjectives after the words they modify

When ἦλ is rendered ldquothere wasrdquo it is usually placed in the predicate position ie ldquoA terrible uproar there

washelliprdquo

(5) The construction should place the verb between the subject and the predicate nominative ie βνπιὴ ἦλ

θᾱιή or θᾱιὴ ἦλ βνπιή Otherwise the translation would be ldquoWas there a good planrdquo Note that the

predicate nominative is always placed in the nominative case

(6) As with (5) the verb should come between the subject and the predicate nominative to avoid

ambiguity ἦζαλ βνπιαὶ θαθαί or βνπιαὶ θαθαὶ ἦζαλ would be translated ldquoThere were cowardly plansrdquo

Again the Greek is ambiguous in this regard but we are following Pharrrsquos conventions in the exercises

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 βνπιαὶ θᾱιαὶ θαὶ θαθαί 2 βνπιῇ θᾱιῇ 3 ηίο ἔρεη βνπιὴλ θαθήλ 4 δεηλὴ θιαγγή ἦλ ἐλ Υξύζῃ (ῡ) θᾱιῇ 5

βνπιὴ ἦλ θᾱιή 6 βνπιαὶ ἦζαλ θαθαί

Lesson 4

(663)

41 Declension of ζεά (ᾱ)

The few feminine nouns that end in -ᾱ in the nominative are declined like ζεά (ᾱ) goddess In general the

original ᾱ stem becomes ε in the singular (as in the declension of ζάιαζζα below) It remains ᾱ in the word ζεά (ᾱ)

and a few proper names

Sigular Dual Plural

N ζεά (ᾱ) ζεά (ᾱ) ζεαί

G ζεᾶο ζεῇηλ ζεάσλ (ᾱ) [ῶλ]

D ζεᾷ ζεῇηλ ζεῇζη ῇο [αῖο]

A ζεάλ (ᾱ) ζεά (ᾱ) ζεάο (ᾱ)

V ζεά (ᾱ) ζεά (ᾱ) ζεαί

42 Declension of ζάιαζζα

Feminine nouns ending in -ᾰ are declines like ζάιαηηα sea Note that the acute is pulled from the antepenult to

the penult when the ultima is long

Sigular Dual Plural

N ζάιαζζα ζαιάζζᾱ ζάιαζζαη

G ζαιάζζεο ζαιάζζῃηλ ζαιαζζάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ]

D ζαιάζζῃ ζαιάζζῃηλ ζαιάζζῃζη ῃο

A ζάιαζζαλ ζαιάζζᾱ ζαιάζζᾱο

V ζάιαζζα ζαιάζζᾱ ζάιαζζαη

43 Vocabulary

γάξ -(postpositive conjunction) for in fact

δέ -(postpositive conjunction) but and so for

εἰζί(λ) -they there are

ἐζηί(λ) -he she it there is

ἐθ (ἐμ) -(adv and prep + gen) from out of

ἐπί -(adv) upon on thereon

ἐπί -(prep + gen) upon on over during

ἐπί -(prep + dat) upon on in for about against at beside by

ἐπί -(prep + acc) to up to over up upon

ζάιαζζα εο ἡ -sea

ζεά (ᾱ) ᾶο ἡ -goddess

Κίιια εο ἡ -Cilla a town in the Troad

νὐ (νὐθ νὐρ) -not no

πάηξε εο ἡ -fatherland native land

πνιιή -much many numerous

ππξή ῆο ἡ -funeral pyre pyre

ςῡρή ῆο ἡ -soul breath life spirit

44 Derivatives

ζάιαζζα (thalassa) = thalassocracy

παηξή (patre) = patriotic

ππξή (pyre) = pyre pyrolatry pyrotechnic pyrotechnical pyrography

ςῡρή (psyche) = psyche psychology psychotherapy psychic psychical

45 Translation

1 θᾱιὴ ζεὰ (ᾱ) ἔρεη βνπιὴλ θᾱιήλ 2 θᾱιαὶ ζεαί εἰζη θίιαη ςῡρῇ ζεᾶο ζαιάζζεο δεηλῆο 3 Κίιια θαὶ Υξύζε

(ῡ) εἰζὶ θᾱιαη θαὶ θίιαη ζεῇζη ζαιαζζάσλ (ᾱ) 4 θᾱιὴ ζεὰ (ᾱ) νὐθ ἔρεη ςῡρὴλ θαθήλ 5 θᾱιή ἐζηη ζεά (ᾱ) ἔρεη δὲ

ςῡρὴλ θαθήλ 6 δεηλὴ θιαγγή ἐζηηλ ἐθ ζαιάζζεο 7 Κίιια θαὶ Υξύζε (ῡ) ἦζαλ ἐπὶ ζαιάζζῃ 8 ζεαὶ ζαιάζζεο εἰζὶ

θίιαη ςῡρῇο πνιιῇο θίιαη γάξ εἰζηλ 9 πάηξε θᾱιή ἐζηη θίιε πνιιῇο ςῡρῇο θᾱιῇο 10 ἐθ πάηεο θαθῆο ἦλ 11

ἦζαλ ππξαὶ πνιιαὶ ἐλ θίιῃ πάηξῃ ἐπὶ δεηλῇ ζαιάζζῃ 12 ηίο νὐθ ἔρεη θᾱιὴλ ςῡρήλ

(2) εἰζη is an enclitic When the preceding word carries an acute on the ultima the enclitic looses its own

accent and the accent on the ultima does not change to a grave

(3) When an enclitic follows a word with the acute on the penult the enclitic retains its own accent

(4) νὐ is used before consonants νὐθ before vowels with the smooth breathing and νὐρ before vowels

with the rough breathing As an adverb it usually precedes the verb that it modifies

(6) ἐθ + gen The phrase is rendered ldquohellipfrom out of the seardquo

(7) ἐπί with the dative indicates location and frequently denotes close proximity This phrase is usually

translated with the English idiom ldquoupon the seardquo but it literally means ldquobeside the seardquo or ldquonear the seardquo

(8) postpositives like γάξ and δέ never occur first in a sentence they usually occur as the second or third

word of the sentence

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 Does the beautiful goddess have a good plan 2 Beautiful goddesses are dear to the soul of the goddess of

the terrible sea 3 Cilla and Chrysa are beautiful and dear to the goddesses of the seas 4 The beautiful goddess does

not have an ugly soul 5 The goddess is beautiful but she has an ugly soul 6 There is a terrible roar from out of the

sea 7 Cilla and Chrysa were upon the sea 8 The goddesses of the sea are dear to many souls for they are beloved

9 The beautiful fatherland is dear to many good souls 10 There was evil from out of the fatherland 11 There were

many funeral pyres in the beloeved fatherland upon the terrible sea

46 Composition

1 Are the good plans dear to the souls of the goddesses 2 They have many plans but (they are) cowardly

ones 3 The plans are dear to the soul of the beautiful goddess for they are noble 4 The lovely goddess of the sea

was not in Cilla 5 There are many funeral pyres by the sea in (our) beloved fatherland 6 Who was in Cilla by the

sea

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 θᾱιαὶ βνπιαί εἰζη θίιαη ςῡρῇζη ζεάσλ (ᾱ) 2 ἔρνπζη βνπιὰο (ᾱ) πνιιάο (ᾱ) θαθὰο (ᾱ) δέ 3 βνπιαὶ θίιαη

εἰζὶ ςῡρῇ θᾱιῆο ζεᾶο θίιαη γάξ εἰζηλ 4 θᾱιὴ ζεὰ (ᾱ) ζαιάζζεο νὐθ ἦλ ἐλ Κίιιῃ 5 ππξαὶ πνιιαί ἐζηηλ ἐπὶ

ζαιάζζῃ ἐλ πάηξῃ θίιῃ 6 ηίο ἦλ ἐλ Κίιιῃ ἐπὶ ζαιάζζῃ

Lesson 5

(789-806 904)

51 Introduction to Greek Verbs

The uses of the Greek verb will be covered in more detail later However Pharr employs several terms in this

lesson that may be perplexing without a brief introduction

Greek verbs employ prefixes suffixes and formative elements in order to conjugate verbs A similar function

exists in English although to a lesser extent precook (use of a prefix) walked (use of a suffix) ranrun (use of

ablaut as a formative element) etc

There are three voices in Greek The active and passive voice function as in English where the active indicates

action performed by the subject (ldquothe dog bit the mailmanrdquo) and the passive indicates action performed upon the

subject (ldquothe mailman was bitten by the dogrdquo) The Greek also employs a third voice called the middle which

indicates (among other things) that the subject acted on its own behalf (ldquothe dog himself bit the mailmanrdquo) or that

plural subjects acted upon each other (ldquothe dogs bit each otherrdquo) The endings for the passive and the middle are

sometimes identical and the meaning must be determined from the context

In Greek as in English verbs convey certain moods The indicative mood simply denotes an action that is

performed (ldquothe dog bites the mailmanrdquo) The subjunctive mood denotes (among other things) possibility and

wishes etc (ldquothe dog may bite the mailmanrdquo ldquoI wish that the dog would bite the mailmanrdquo) Like the subjunctive

the optative mood denotes (among other things) possibility wish conditions or indirect discourse (ldquothe dog would

bite the mailman ifhelliprdquo ldquowould that the dog had bitten the mailmanrdquo ldquomay the dog bite the mailmanrdquo) The

imperative mood expresses a command (ldquobite the mailman you dogrdquo) The infinitive mood expresses the verb as if it

were a noun (ldquoto bite the mailmanrdquo) The participle is a verbal noun or adjective similar to the infinitive ( ldquobiting the

mailman is badrdquo)

There are seven different tenses in Greek most of which have corresponding meanings in English present (ldquothe

dog bites the mailmanrdquo) future (ldquothe dog will bite the mailmanrdquo) imperfect (ldquothe dog was biting the mailmanrdquo)

aorist (ldquothe dog bit the mailmanrdquo) perfect (ldquothe dog has bitten the mailmanrdquo) pluperfect (ldquothe dog had bitten the

mailmanrdquo) and future perfect (ldquothe dog would have bitten the mailmanrdquo)

Grammarians divide the Greek tenses into two categories The primary (or principle) tenses consist of the

present future perfect and future perfect and denote action that occurs from a perspective in the present or future

The secondary (past or historic) consist of the imperfect aorist and pluperfect and denote action occurring from

the perspective of the past

Each tense can be expressed in multiple moods and voices The aorist active indicative for example is ldquothe dog

bit the mailmanrdquo The aorist middle indicative is ldquothe dog himself bit the mailmanrdquo The aorist passive indicative is

ldquothe mailman was bitten by the dogrdquo The present active subjunctive is ldquothe dog may bite the mailmanrdquo The present

passive subjunctive is ldquothe mailman may be bitten by the dogrdquo

There are three persons in the Greek and these correspond to the three persons used in the English verbs first

person (ldquoI bit the mailmanrdquo) second person (ldquoyou bit the mailmanrdquo) and third person (ldquohe bit the mailmanrdquo) Each

person can also take on the dual form (ldquothe pair of them bit the mailmanrdquo third person dual) and the plural form

(ldquowe bit the mailmanrdquo first person plural)

As you can see there are many possible combinations in Greek and the majority of those possible

combinations has accompanying endings that can be applied All in all there are hundreds of possible endings that

can be applied to various Greek verbs and the student must eventually learn them all

Grammarians use the word ldquoaugmentrdquo in reference to a prefix that is applied to a verb In general Greek

augments consist of either the letter ε- appended to the beginning of the word (ιπσ ldquoI looserdquo ειπνλ ldquoI was

loosingrdquo) or a lengthening of an initial vowel (ἄγσ ldquoI leadrdquo ἦγνλ ldquoI was leadingrdquo) Augments typically indicate an

event occurring in the past tense

Reduplication consists of doubling the initial syllable of a word and are used in the formation of some tenses

and stems (ιπσ ldquoI looserdquo ιειπθα ldquoI have loosedrdquo)

52 Inflection of Verbs

As with other inflected forms verbs consist of the stem and the ending (or suffix) Frequently more than one

ending is applied to a verb stem in order to indicate relationships such as mood tense voice person and number

Greek verb forms fall into two categories finite (indicative subjunctive optative imperative) and infinite

(infinitive participle) The finite forms of the verb include personal endings (1st person 2

nd person etc) augment

(prefixes used to indicate historic time) and reduplication (doubling of the first syllable of the word) as well as

endings representing tense mood voice etc Collectively these prefixes suffixes and modifications are called the

characteristics of the verb

The infinite forms of the verb are used as nouns or adjectives The participle is a verbal adjective and is used as

other adjectives It corresponds roughly to English verbs ending in -ing such as ldquothe running horserdquo or ldquowalking is

healthyrdquo The infinitive is a verbal noun and corresponds roughly to verbs preceded by the preposition ldquotordquo in

English ldquoit is good to runrdquo ldquohe wanted to walkrdquo

53 Thematic and Athematic Forms

Greek verbs fall into two primary conjugations -σ (or thematic) verbs which end in -σ in the first person

singular (present active indicative) and -κη (or athematic) verbs which end in -κη in the first person singular

(present active indicative)

In thematic verbs the stem ends in either -ν or -ε (which are called the theme) and the various suffixes are

applied to after the thematic vowel For example ιύεηε consists of ιῡ- the thematic vowel -ε- and the personal

ending -ηε Combined they form the word ιύ-ε-ηε ye loose The thematic vowel is -o- when it occurs before κ λ or

when used in the optative mood otherwise the thematic vowel is -ε- In the subjunctive mood the thematic vowel is

lengthened to -ε- (for -ε-) or -σ- (for -o-)

In athematic verbs the theme is omitted and the suffixes are applied directly to the stem of the verb Many

verbs which are regularly thematic also have corresponding athematic forms Strictly speaking no Greek verb is

entirely thematic or athematic each verb has both thematic and athematic forms

In general verb forms that are thematic include all futures all presents and imperfects of -σ verbs all second

aorists having the thematic vowel (ending in -νλ in the first person singular) and all subjunctives The verb forms

that are athematic include the presents and imperfects of -κη verbs all passive aorists (except in the subjunctive) all

middle and passive perfects and pluperfects all second aorists whose tense stem does not end in the thematic vowel

a few verbs in the second perfect and pluperfect active all first aorists active and middle and most perfects and

pluperfects active

In athematic inflections the singular is usually built on a long vowel and the duals and plurals are usually built

on the corresponding short vowel

54 Conjugation of the Present Active Indicative of -ω Verbs

The verb ιύσ (ldquoI looserdquo) is typically used as an example of the conjugation of -σ verbs The following

paradigm covers the present tense indicative mood and active voice of ιύσ (Note that there is no first person dual)

Singular 1st Person ιύσ I loose

2nd

Person ιύεηο you loose

3rd

Person ιύεη he she it looses

Dual 2nd

Person ιύεηνλ you two (or the pair of you) loose

3rd

Person ιύεηνλ they two (or the pair of them) loose

Plural 1st Person ιύνκελ we loose

2nd

Person ιύεηε you (or ye) loose

3rd

Person ιύνπζη(λ) they loose

55 Vocabulary

ἀείδσ sing sing of hymn chant

ἀλ- (prefix ἀ- before consonants) not un- dis- -less without

ἁλδάλσ (to) please (used with the dative)

ἀηῑκάδσ dishonor slight insult

βαίλσ come go walk

εἰο ἐο (adv and prep + acc) into until therein

ἔρσ have hold keep

θαίσ burn consume

ιύσ loose free break up destroy

ὀιέθσ kill destroy ruin

πέκπσ send escort conduct

ηειείσ accomplish fulfill complete

ηεύρσ make do fashion perform cause prepare

θέξσ bear carry bring

56 Derivatives

ἀείδσ (aed-) = ode odium melody palinode

ἀλ- (a- an-) = atheist anarchy

θαίσ (cae-) = caustic cauterize holocaust

ιύσ (ly-) = analysis

πέκπσ (pemp-) = pomp

ηειείσ (tele-) = teleology

θέξσ (pher-) = periphery phosphorus

57 Translation

1 ἀείδνκελ βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεάσλ (ᾱ) πνιιάσλ (ᾱ) 2 θιαγγὴ δεηλὴ θαθῆο ζαιάζζεο νὐρ ἁλδάλεη ςῡρῇ ζεᾶο 3 ηίο

ἀηῑκάδεη θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) ζεάο (ᾱ) 4 νὐρ ἀηῑκάδνκελ πάηξελ θίιε γάξ ἐζηηλ 5 βαίλνπζηλ ἐθ Κίιιεο εἰο Υξύζελ (ῡ) 6

θαίνπζη ππξὰο (ᾱ) πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἐλ Υξύζῃ (ῡ) ἐπὶ ζαιάζζῃ 7 ἔρνκελ πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) βνπιάο (ᾱ) 8 θαίεηε

ππξὰο (ᾱ) ἐλ πάηξῃ 9 ιύεηνλ ιύεηο ιύνκελ ιύνπζηλ ιύεηε 10 ὀιέθνκελ ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θαθὰο (ᾱ) ἐλ

πάηξῃ θίιῃ 11 ηίο πέκπεη ζεὰο (ᾱ) ἐο Υξύζελ (ῡ) 12 ηειείεηε βνπιὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) πάηξῃ θίιῃ 13 ηειείνκελ

βνπιὴλ θίιεο ζεᾶο 14 ηεύρνκελ ππξήλ 15 ηί θέξεηε ηί θέξνπζηλ

(2) ἁλδάλεη ςῡρῇhellip The object of the verb ἁλδάλσ takes the dative case In general the English can be

translated with the addition of the word ldquotordquo thus νὐθ ἁλδάλεη ςῡρῇ is ldquois not pleasing to the soulrdquo or ldquodoes

not please the soulrdquo

(5) The word εἰο can either be translated ldquotordquo or ldquointordquo

(6) ἐπὶ ζαιάζζῃ is a title for Chrysa thus Υξύζε (ῡ) ἐπὶ ζαιάζζῃ is ldquoChrysa upon the seardquo or ldquoChrysa by

the seardquo

(8) The word πάηξε refers to the person addressed and so is more appropriately translated ldquonative landrdquo

(the more familiar ldquofatherlandrdquo would typically apply only to the person speaking) Note that the possessive

is implied by using the 2nd

person of the verb thus ldquohellipin (your) native landrdquo

(9) ιύεηνλ can be either 2nd

or 3rd

person

(10) As with many Homeric words the best translation depends on the context Here the word ὀιέθσ

occurs in a military context (the Iliad) and so probably refers to killing enemies θαθή probably refers to

cowardice But the passage could be rendered in many ways such as ldquoWe ruin many wicked soulshelliprdquo or

ldquoWe kill many cowardly soulshelliprdquo etc

(11) Note the alternate form of εἰο As with many common prepositions Homer offers different forms to fit

the rhythmic structure of the poem εἰο is a single long syllable while ἐο can be either long or short

depending on the following word In like manner ἐλ is either long or short ἐλί is two short syllables and

εἰλ is a single long syllable

(12) The dative without a preposition is here translated with ldquoforhelliprdquo I also rendered βνπιαί θαιαί as

ldquonoble thingsrdquo in this context although it could also be translated ldquogood plansrdquo ldquobrave plansrdquo etc

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 We sing the plans of many goddesses 2 The terrible roar of the evil sea was not pleasing to the soul of the

goddess 3 Who dishonors the noble goddesses 4 We do not dishonor (our) fatherland for it is dear 5 They go

from Cilla to Chrysa 6 Do they burn many funeral pyres in Chrysa by the sea 7 We have many fair plans 8 Do

you burn pyres in (your) native land 9 You two loose you loose we loose they loose you loose 10 We destroy

many wicked souls in (our) dear fatherland 11 Who escorts the goddess into Chrysa 12 You accomplish noble

things for (our) dear fatherland 13 We fulfill the will of the beloved goddess

58 Composition Exercises

1 Who is singing the evil plans of the fair goddess 2 The roar of the sea is pleasing to the soul of the goddess

in Cilla 3 We do not dishonor the goddesses of (our) dear fatherland 4 Are you going from Chrysa to Cilla by the

sea 5 The two goddesses come from the sea into Cilla 6 They are burning two funeral pyres in (their) fatherland

7 They have many fair plans 8 We loose you loose they (two) loose he is loosing 9 The goddess destroys many

wicked souls 10 We escort the goddess into (our) dear fatherland 11 They accomplish the will of (their)

fatherland 12 He is making a funeral pyre 13 What does he bring

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 ηίο ἀείδεη θαθὰο (ᾱ) βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεᾶο θᾱιῆο 2 θιαγγὴ ζαιάζζεο ἁλδάλεη ςῡρῇ ζεᾶο ἐλ Κίιιῃ 3 νὐθ

ἀηῑκάδνκελ ζεὰλ (ᾱ) θίιεο πάηξεο 4 βαίλεηο ἐθ Υξύζεο (ῡ) εἰο Κίιιελ ἐπὶ ζαιάζζῃ 5 ζεὰ (ᾱ) βαίλνπζηλ ἐθ

ζαιάζζεο εἰο Κίιιελ 6 θαίνπζη πύξᾱ ἐλ πάηξῃ 7 ἔρνπζη πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) βνπιάο (ᾱ) 8 ιύνκελ ιύεηο

ιύεηνλ ιύεη 9 ζεὰ (ᾱ) ὀιέθεη πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θαθὰο (ᾱ) ςῡράο (ᾱ) 10 θέξνκελ ζεὰλ (ᾱ) εἰο θίιελ πάηξελ 11

ηειείνπζη βνπιὴλ πάηξεο 12 ηεύρεη πύξελ 13 ηί θέξεη

Lesson 6

(678-679 717-721 1025 cf 575 996 1009)

61 Second Declension Masculines

Second declension nouns have stems ending in -o Masculine nouns of the second declension are inflected like

ζῡκόο (spirit life soul) and πνιεκόο (war) Second declension adjectives are inflected like θαθόο (evil)

Sigular Dual Plural

N ζῡκόο ζῡκώ ζῡκνί

G ζῡκνῦ νῖν [όν] ζῡκνῖηλ ζῡκῶλ

D ζῡκῷ ζῡκνῖηλ ζῡκνῖζη νῖο

A ζῡκόλ ζῡκώ ζῡκνύο

V ζῡκέ ζῡκώ ζῡκνί

Sigular Dual Plural

N θαθὸο πόιεκνο θαθὼ πνιέκσ θαθνὶ πόιεκνη

G θαθνῦ νῖν [όν] πνιέκνπ νην [νν] θαθνῖηλ πνιέκνηηλ θαθῶλ πνιέκσλ

D θαθῷ πνιέκῳ θαθνῖλ πνιέκνηηλ θαθνῖο πνιέκνηο

A θαθὸλ πόιεκνλ θαθὼ πνιέκσ θαθνὺο πνιέκνπο

V θαθὲ πόιεκε θαθὼ πνιέκσ θαθνὶ πνιεκνί

62 Second Declension Neuters

Second declension neuters end in -νλ in the nominative vocative and accusative singlular and -ᾰ in the

nominative vocative and accusative plural They are identical to second declension masculines in the genitive and

dative as well as all cases of the dual Second declension neuters nouns are declined like ἔξγνλ (deed) and second

declension neuter adjectives are declined like θᾱιόλ (noble)

Sigular Dual Plural

N θᾱιὸλ ἔξγνλ θᾱιὼ ἔξγσ θᾱιὰ ἔξγα

G θᾱινῦ νῖν [όν] ἔξγνπ νην [νν] θᾱινῖηλ ἔξγνηηλ θᾱιῶλ ἔξγσλ

D θᾱιῷ ἔξγῳ θᾱινῖηλ ἔξγνηηλ θᾱινῖο ἔξγνηο

A θᾱιὸλ ἔξγνλ θᾱιὼ ἔξγσ θᾱινὺο ἔξγνπο

V θᾱιὸλ ἔξγνλ θᾱιὼ ἔξγσ θᾱιὰ ἔξγα

63 Second Declension Feminines

A few second declension nouns are feminine These are declined exactly the same as the masculine form the

only difference being that all adjectives and modifiers take their respective feminine forms Thus θαθὸο ζῡκόο = the

evil spirit and θαθὸλ ἔξγνλ = the evil deed but θαθὴ λνῦζνο = the evil plague

Sigular Dual Plural

N θαθὴ λνῦζνο θαθὰ (ᾱ) λνύζσ θαθαὶ λνῦζνη

G θαθῆο λνύζνπ νην [νν] θαθῇηλ λνύζνηηλ θαθάσλ [έσλ ῶλ] λνύζσλ

D θαθῇ λνύζῳ θαθῇηλ λνύζνηηλ θαθῇζη ῇο λνύζνηζη νηο

A θαθὴλ λνῦζνλ θαθὰ (ᾱ) λνύζσ θαθὰο (ᾱ) λνύζνπο

V θαθὴ λνῦζε θαθὰ (ᾱ) λνύζσ θαθαὶ λνῦζνη

64 Adjectives

Adjectives always agree in case number and gender with the nouns they modify

Adjectives fall into three declensions just like nouns However adjectives frequently have masculine feminine

and neuter forms whereas nouns typically fall into a single gender The adjective θαθόο for example has three

forms θαθόο (masculine) θαθή (femine) and θαθόλ (neuter) Adjectives are usually listed in dictionary entries in

the nominative masculine singular followed by the femine and neuter singular endings θαθόο ή όλ

Adjectives are usually grouped into one of four categories 1) First and Second Declension Adjectives whose

forms usually represent the first declension when feminine and the second declension when masculine or neuter 2)

Second Declension Adjectives which usually have a single second declension form that serves as both masculine

and feminine as well as a second declension neuter form 3) First and Third Declension Adjectives whose

masculine and neuter forms are of the third declension but whose feminine form falls under the first declension and

4) Third Declension Adjectives which have a single third declension form for both masculine and feminine and a

third declension neuter form

First and Second Declension Adjectives have the nominative singular endings -νο (masculine) -ε (feminine)

and -νλ (neuter) Of these θᾱιόο (beautiful noble) and θίινο (dear lovely beloved) are good examples

Singular

Masc Fem Neut

N θᾱιόο θᾱιή θᾱιόλ θᾱιή θᾱιόλ

G θᾱινῦ νῖν [όν] θᾱιῆο θᾱινῦ νῖν [όν]

D θᾱιῷ θᾱιῇ θᾱιῷ

A θᾱιόλ θᾱιήλ θᾱιόλ

V θᾱιέ θᾱιή θᾱιόλ

Dual

N A V θᾱιώ θᾱιά (ᾱ) θᾱιώ

G D θᾱινῖηλ θᾱιῇηλ θᾱινῖηλ

Plural

N θᾱινί θᾱιαί θᾱιά

G θᾱιῶλ θᾱιάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] θᾱιῶλ

D θᾱινῖζη νῖο θᾱιῇζη ῇο θᾱινῖζη νῖο

A θᾱινύο θᾱιάο (ᾱ) θᾱιά

Singular

Masc Fem Neut

N θίινο θίιε θίινλ

G θίινπ νην [νν] θίιεο θίινπ νην [νν]

D θίιῳ θίιῃ θίιῳ

A θίινλ θίιελ θίινλ

V

Dual

N A V θίισ θίιᾱ θίισ

G D θίινηηλ θίιῃηλ θίινηηλ

Plural

N θίινη θίιαη θίια

G θίισλ θηιάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] θίισλ

D θίινηζη νηο θίιῃζη ῃο θίινηζη νηο

A θίινπο θίιᾱο θίια

V θίινη θίιαη θίια

65 Vocabulary

ἀγιαόο ή όλ bright shining splendid glorious

ἀλά ἄλ (adv prep + gen dat acc) upon on thereon along up through

ἀπεξείζηνο ε νλ boundless countless immeasureable

ἄπνηλα σλ ηά ransom

Ἀραηόο νῦ ὁ Achaean

δεηλόο ή όλ terrible awful dreadful dread fearful

ἑιώξηνλ νπ ηό booty spoils prey

ζεόο νῦ ὁ god divinity

ζῡκόο νῦ ὁ heart soul spirit courage passion

θαθόο ή όλ bad poor ugly mean cowardly evil wicked

θᾱιόο ή όλ good goodly noble handsome brave fair beautiful

ιᾱόο νῦ ὁ people host soldiery

κῡξίνη αη α countless innumerable

λνῦζνο νπ ἡ plague disease pest pestilence

νἰσλόο νῦ ὁ bird (of prey) vulture omen

πνιιόο ή όλ much many numerous

ζηξαηόο νῦ ὁ army encampment host

θίινο ε νλ dear darling lovely beloved

66 Derivatives

ἀλά (ana-) = anatomy

ἄπνηλα (apen-) = pentalty

ζεόο (theo-) = theology theocracy atheism polytheism monotheism henotheism pantheism

ιᾱόο (lao-) = laity layman

ζηξαηόο (strato-) = strategy strategic strategical

67 Translation Exercises

1 ἀγιαὰ ἄπνηλα θέξνπζηλ Ἀραηνὶ εἰο ζηξαηόλ 2 θέξνκελ ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 3 ζεὸο ηεύρεη

πνιινὺο Ἀραηνὺο ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζηλ 4 ἦζαλ Ἀραηνὶ θαθνί 5 νὐθ ἦζαλ θαθνί θᾱινὶ δέ λνῦζνο θαθὴ ὀιέθεη ιᾱὸλ

θᾱιόλ 6 Ἀραηνὶ πέκπνπζηλ ἄπνηλα κῡξίrsquo εἰο πάηξελ 7 ζεὸο βαίλεη ἐο ζηξαηόλ ὀιέθεη δὲ ιᾱὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 8 ηίο

ἀηῑκάδεη ζενὺο θᾱινύο 9 θαθνὶ ιᾱνὶ ἀηῑκάδνπζη ζενὺο πάηξεο 10 ζεὸο πέκπεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ

Ἀραηῶλ νὐ γὰξ ηειείνπζη βνπιὴλ ζεῶλ πάηξεο 11 βαίλεη ἐπὶ ζάιαζζαλ δεηλὴλ θαὶ ηεύρεη ππξὰο (ᾱ) πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἀλὰ

ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 12 ἔρνπζηλ ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα Ἀραηῶλ ἐλὶ ζηξαηῷ 13 βνπιὴ ζηξαηνῦ νὐρ ἁλδάλεη ζῡκῷ ζενῦ 14

ιᾱὸο Κίιιεο θίινο ἦλ ςῡρῇ ζεᾶο ζαιάζζεο 15 νὐθ ἀείδνκελ θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεῶλ ζηξαηῷ νὐ γὰξ ἁλδάλεη

Ἀραηνῖζη ζῡκῷ

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 The Achaeans bring countless splendid ransmoms into the camp 2 We carry boundless ransoms up through

the camp of the Achaeans 3 The god makes many Achaens spoils for the birds 4 Were the Achaeans evil 5 They

were not evil but good An evil pestilence destroyed the good host 6 The Achaeans send countless ransoms into

(their) fatherland 7 The god walks into the camp and destroys the host of the Achaeans 8 Who dishonors the noble

gods 9 The evil host dishonors the gods of (our) fatherlans 10 The god sends an evil plague up through the camp

of the Achaeans for they do not fulfill the will of the gods of (their) native country 11 He walks along the sea and

builds many funeral pyres throughout the camp of the Achaeans 12 They have boundless ransoms of the Achaeans

in the camp 13 The armyrsquos plan is not pleasing to the heart of the god 14 The host of Cilla was dear to the soul of

the goddess of the sea 15 We do not sing the brave plan of the goods of the camp for (that) is not pleasing to the

heart of the Achaeans

68 Composition Exercises

1 The terrible roar of the sea is pleasing to the goddess in (her) soul 2 We bring many splendid ransoms to the

army of the Achaeans 3 The god does not destroy the host of the Achaeans for they do not dishonor the gods of

(their) fatherland 4 The evil plague makes countless Achaeans a booty (use plural) for many birds 5 The people of

the Achaeans send countless shining ransoms to the goddess of the sea in Cilla 6 The Achaeans go to the sea and

sing but the noise is not pleasing to the goddess in (her) soul 7 The plague destroys the people for they dishonor

the god of Chrysa

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 θιαγγὴ δεηλὴ ἁλδάλεη ζεᾷ ςῡρῇ 2 θέξνκελ ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀγιαὰ ἐο ζηξαηῷ Ἀραηῶλ 3 ζεὸο νὐθ ὀιέθεη

ιᾱὸλ Ἀραηῶλ νὐ γὰξ ἀηῑκάδνπζη ζενὺο πάηξεο 4 θαθὴ λνῦζνο ηεύρεη κῡξίνπο Ἀραηνὺο ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζη πνιινῖζηλ

5 ιᾱὸο Ἀραηῶλ πέκπνπζη κῡξίrsquo ἄπνηλα ἀγιαὰ ζεᾷ ζαιάζζεο ἐλὶ Κίιιᾳ 6 Ἀραηνὶ βαίλνπζηλ εἰο ζάιαζζαλ θαὶ

ἀείδνπζηλ θιαγγὴ δὲ νὐρ ἁλδάλεη ζεᾷ ςῡρῇ 7 λνῦζνο ὀιέθεη ιᾱόλ ἀηῑκάδνπζη γὰξ ζεὸλ Υξύζεο (ῡ)

Lesson 7

Review

71 Review Vocabulary

ἀγιαόο ή όλ splendid ζῡκόο νῦ ὁ heart

ἀείδσ sing θαί and

ἀλ- ἀ- un- θαίσ burn

ἁλδάλσ is pleasing to θαθόο ή όλ evil

ἀπεξείζηνο ε νλ immeasurable θᾱιόο ή όλ good

ἄπνηλα σλ ηά ransom Κίιια εο ἡ Cilla

ἀηῑκάδσ dishonor θιαγγή ῆο ἡ roar

Ἀραηόο νῦ ὁ Achaean ιᾱόο νῦ ὁ host

βαίλσ go walk ιύσ loose

βνπιή ῆο ἡ plan κῡξίνη αη α countless

γάξ for λνῦζνο νπ ἡ plague

δέ but νἰσλόο νῦ ὁ bird

δεηλόο ή όλ terrible ὀιέθσ kill

εἰο (ἐο) into νὐ (νὐρ) not

εἰζί they are πάηξε εο ἡ fatherland

ἐθ (ἐμ) out of πέκπσ send

ἑιώξηνλ νπ ηό spoil πνιιόο ή όλ many

ἐλ(ί) εἰλ in ππξή ῆο ἡ funeral pyre

ἐπί upon ζηξαηόο νῦ ὁ army

ἐζηί it is ηειείσ accomplish

ἔρσ have ηεύρσ make

ἦλ it was ηίο ηί who what

ἦζαλ they were θέξσ carry

ζάιαζζα εο ἡ sea θίινο ε νλ beloved

ζεά (ᾱ) ᾶο ἡ goddess Υξύζε (ῡ) εο ἡ Chrysa

ςῡρή ῆο ἡ soul

72 Translation Exercises

1 ἀδείδνκελ ζεὰλ (ᾱ) ζαιάζζεο δεηλῆο θιαγγῇ πνιιῇ 2 νὐθ ἀηῑκάδνπζη ζενὺο 3 βνπιαὶ Ἀραηῶλ νὐρ

ἁλδάλνπζη ζεᾳ θᾱιῇ ζῡκῷ 4 βαίλεη ἐθ ζηξαηνῦ Ἀραηῶλ εἰο Κίιιαλ θαὶ θέξεη ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα ζεῷ 5 λνῦζνο θαθὴ

βαίλεη ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ θαὶ ηεύρεη πνιινὺο Ἀραηνὺο ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζηλ 6 θαὶ ζενὶ θαὶ ζεαὶ ὀιέθνπζη ιᾱὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 7 ηίο

Ἀραηῶλ ἔρεη ζῡκὸλ θαθόλ 8 ἦζαλ πνιιαὶ ζεαὶ ἐλὶ ζαιάζζῃ 9 θαίεη ππξὰο (ᾱ) ἐπὶ ζαιάζζῃ 10 ιύεηε ζηξαηὸλ

Ἀραηῶλ 11 πάηξε ἐζηὶ θίιε ςῡρῇ κῡξίσλ Ἀραηῶλ 12 ηίο πέκπεη ζηξαηὸλ ἐθ Κίιιεο εἰο Υξύζελ (ῡ) 13 βνπιὴ

θαθὴ ἐζηηλ ἁλδάλεη δὲ ζεᾷ ζῡκῷ 14 ηί ἀείδεηε

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 With a great noise we hymn the goodess of the terrible sea 2 We do not dishonor the gods 3 The will of the

Achaeans does not please the heart of the beautiful goddess 4 He goes from the Achaean camp to Cilla and delivers

countless ransoms to the god 5 An evil plague goes up through the camp and makes many Achaeans spoils for the

vultures 6 Both gods and goddesses destroy the host of the Achaeans 7 Who of the Achaeans has an evil heart 8

Were there many goddesses in the sea 9 He burns funeral pyres by the sea 10 You destroy the camp of the

Achaeans 11 The fatherland is dear to the soul of countless Achaeans 12 Who dispatches the army from Cilla to

Chrysa 13 It is an evil plan but it pleases the heart of the goddess 14 What do you sing

73 Composition Exercises

1 The Achaeans sing the beautiful goddess of the terrible sea 2 We do not dishonor the gods for they are dear

to (our) souls 3 The plans of the army are pleasing to the goddess in (her) noble soul 4 Many Achaeans are going

from the encampment and are bringing countless glorious ransoms to the gods 5 The evil plague destroys the

people and makes the army a booty for countless birds 6 We do not sing for it is not pleasing to the soul of the

goddess

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 Ἀραηνὶ ἀείδνπζη ζεὰλ (ᾱ) θᾱιὴλ δεηλῆο ζαιάζζεο 2 νὐθ ἀηῑκάδνκελ ζενὺο θίινη δὲ ζῡκνῖζηλ 3 βνπιαὶ

ζηξαηῷ ἁλδάλνπζη ζεᾷ ζῡκῷ 4 Ἀραηνὶ πνιινὶ βαίλνπζηλ ἐθ ζηξαηνῦ θαὶ θέξνπζηλ ἄπνηλα ἀπεξείζηα θαὶ ἀγιαὰ

ζενῖζηλ 5 θαθὴ λνῦζνο ὀιέθεη ιᾱὸλ θαὶ ηεύρεη ζηξαηὸλ ἄπνηλα νἰσλνῖζηλ ἀπεξείζηνῐζηλ 6 νὐθ ἀείδνκελ νὐθ γὰξ

ἁλδάλεη ςῡρῇ ζεᾶο

Lesson 8

(765-766 773-774)

81 The Second Declension (Continued)

Several words are declined like θᾱιόο ή όλ except that the nominative vocative and accusative singular of

the neuter ends in -o instead of -νλ Some of these words include ὅο ἥ ὅ (which) ὁ ἡ ηό (that) (ἐ)θεῖλνο ε ν

(that) αὐηόο ή ό (he she it) and ἄιινο ε ν (another)

The words ὅδε and νὗηνο are not introduced in this lesson but they are dleclined similarly and so are included

in the paradigms as reference

ὁ ἡ ηό (that hesheit whowhichwhat)

Masc Fem Neut

N ὁ ἡ ηό

G ηνῦ ηνῖν ηῆο ηνῦ ηνῖν

D ηῷ ηῇ ηῷ

A ηόλ ηήλ ηό

N A ηώ (ηώ) ηώ

G D ηνῖηλ (ηνῖηλ) ηνῖηλ

N νἱ αἱ ηά

G ηῶλ ηάσλ (ᾱ) [ηῶλ] ηῶλ

D ηνῖζη ηνῖο ηῇζη ηῇο ηνῖζη ηνῖο

A ηνύο ηάο (ᾱ) ηά

αὐηόο ή ό (hesheit self same)

Masc Fem Neut

N αὐηόο αὐηή αὐηό

G αὐηνῦ νῖν αὐηῆο αὐηνῦ νῖν

D αὐηῷ αὐηῇ αὐηῷ

A αὐηόλ αὐηήλ αὐηό

N A αὐηώ (αὐηώ) αὐηώ

G D αὐηνῖηλ (αὐηνῖηλ) αὐηνῖηλ

N αὐηνί αὐηαί αὐηά

G αὐηῶλ αὐηάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] αὐηῶλ

D αὐηνῖζη νῖο αὐηῇζη ῇο αὐηνῖζη νῖο

A αὐηνύο αὐηάο (ᾱ) αὐηά

ὅο ἥ ὅ (whowhichwhat)

Masc Fem Neut

N ὅο ἥ ὅ

G νὖ [ὅνπ ὅν] ἥο νὗ [ὅνπ ὅν]

D ᾧ ᾗ ᾧ

A ὅλ ἥλ ὅ

N A ὥ (ὥ) ὥ

G D νἷηλ (νἷηλ) νἶηλ

N νἵ αἵ ἅ

G ὧλ ὧλ ὧλ

D νἷζη νἷο ᾗζη ᾗο νἷζη νἷο

A νὕο ἅο (ᾱ) ἅ

(ἐ)θεῖλνο ε ν (that)

Masc Fem Neut

N (ἐ)θεῖλνο (ἐ)θείλε (ἐ)θεῖλν

G (ἐ)θείλνπ νην (ἐ)θείλεο (ἐ)θείλνπ νην

D (ἐ)θείλῳ (ἐ)θείλῃ (ἐ)θείλῳ

A (ἐ)θεῖλνλ (ἐ)θείλελ (ἐ)θεῖλν

N A (ἐ)θείλσ ((ἐ)θείλσ) (ἐ)θείλσ

G D (ἐ)θείλνηηλ ((ἐ)θείλνηηλ) (ἐ)θείλνηηλ

N (ἐ)θεῖλνη (ἐ)θεῖλαη (ἐ)θεῖλα

G (ἐ)θείλσλ (ἐ)θεηλάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] (ἐ)θείλσλ

D (ἐ)θείλνηζη νηο (ἐ)θείλῃζη ῃο (ἐ)θείλνηζη νηο

A (ἐ)θείλνπο (ἐ)θείλᾱο (ἐ)θεῖλα

ὅδε ἥδε ηόδε (this)

Masc Fem Neut

N ὅδε ἥδε ηόδε

G ηνύδε ηνῖνδε ηῆζδε ηνύδε ηνῖνδε

D ηῷδε ηῇδε ηῷδε

A ηόλδε ηήλδε ηόδε

N A ηώδε (ηώδε) ηώδε

G D ηνῖηλδε (ηνῖηλδε) ηνῖηλδε

N νἵδε (ηνίδε) αἵδε (ηαίδε) ηάδε

G ηῶλδε ηάσλδε (ᾱ) [ηῶλδε] ηῶλδε

D ηνῖζηδε ηνῖζδε ηῇζηδε ηῇζδε ηνῖζηδε ηνῖζδε

ηνίζδεζη ηνίζδεζη

ηνίζδεζζη ηνίζδεζζη

A ηνύζδε ηάζδε (ᾱ) ηάδε

νὗηνο αὕηε ηνῦην (this)

Masc Fem Neut

N νὗηνο αὕηε ηνῦην

G ηνύηνπ νην ηαύηεο ηνύηνπ νην

D ηνύηῳ ηαύηῃ ηνύηῳ

A ηνῦηνλ ηαύηελ ηνῦην

N A ηνύησ (ηνύησ) ηνύησ

G D ηνύηνηηλ (ηνύηνηηλ) ηνύηνηηλ

N νὗηνη αὗηαη ηαῦηα

G ηνύησλ ηαῡηάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] ηνύησλ

D ηνύηνηζη νηο ηαύηῃζη ῃο ηνύηνηζη νηο

A ηνύηνπο ηαύηᾱο ηαῦηα

82 Vocabulary

ἀιιά but moreover

ἄιινο ε νλ other another

αὐηόο ή ό self him himself her herself it itself same

δῖνο α νλ (declined like ζάιαζζα) divine heavenly glorious

(ἐ)θεῖλνο ε ν that (one) he she it

ἑθεβόινο νπ ὁ free-shooter sharpshooter (originally shoots-at-will a title for Apollo)

θαθῶο evilly wickedly harshly with evil consequences

ὁ ἡ ηό this that he she it who which what

νὕλεθα (νὗ-ἔλεθα) because

ζθῆπηξνλ νπ ηό scepter staff

ηέ and also both

ρξύζενο (ῡ) ε νλ gold golden of gold

83 Derivatives

ἄιινο (allo-) = allopathy

αὐηόο (auto-) = automaton autocracy autograph autonomy

ρξύζενο (ῡ) (chryse-) = chrysanthemum chrysalis chrysolite

84 Translation Excersis

1 δῖνο ἑθεβόινο αὐηὸο ἀείδεη ἀιιrsquo νὐρ ἁλδάλεη ἄιινηζη ζενῖζη ζῡκῷ 2 θεῖλνη Ἀραηνὶ ἀηῑκάδνπζη ηνὺο ζενύο

3 ὁ ἑθεβόινο πέκπεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ θαθῶο ὀιέθεη θεῖλνλ ιᾱόλ νὕλεθα ηὸλ ἀηῑκάδνπζηλ 4

νὐθ ἀηῑκάδνκελ ηνὺο ζενύο νἳ ἔρνπζη ζθῆπηξα ρξύζεα (ῡ) 5 ὁ ἑθεβόινο ηε θαὶ νἱ ἄιινη ζενὶ θέξνπζη ρξύζεα (ῡ)

ζθῆπηξα θᾱιά 6 ηίο ηεύρεη ηὰ ζθῆπηξα ρξύζεα (ῡ) ηνῖζη ζενῖο ζαιάζζεο 7 ἀείδεη ἑθεβόινο αὐηὸο βνπιὰο (ᾱ)

ἄιισλ ζεῶλ ηνῖζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ 8 εἰζὶλ νἱ Ἀραηνὶ θᾱινί νἱ ὀιέθνπζη ηὸλ ζηξαηὸλ θαίνπζί ηε ηὰο (ᾱ) ππξάο (ᾱ) 9 ἡ

ζεὰ (ᾱ) ηῆο δεηλῆο ζαιάζζεο ἔρεη ηὸ ζθῆηξνλ ρξύζενλ (ῡ) 10 ἐλὶ ηῇ πάηξε εἰζὶλ αἱ ππξαί 11 ηίο ηεύρεη ηὸλ

ζηξαηὸλ ἑιώξηα ηνῖζηλ νἰσλνῖζηλ

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 The divine free-shooter himself sings but it does not please the hearts of the other gods 2 Those Achaeans

dishonor these gods 3 This free-shooter sends an evil plague up through the camp of the Achaeans and wickedly

destroys that host because they dishonor him 4 We do not dishonor these gods who hold the golden scepters 5

Both this free-shooter and these other gods carry beautiful golden scepters 6 Who fashions the golden scepters for

these gods of the sea 7 Does the free-shooter himself sing the plans of the other gods to these Achaeans 8 Are

these Achaeans noble who destroy (our) camp and burn funeral pyres 9 This goddess of the terrible sea holds a

golden scepter 10 The funeral pyrers are in (our) fatherland 11 Who makes (our) camp a spoil for these vultures

85 Composition Exercises

1 ἑθεβόινο αὐηὸο ἀείδεη ηὰο (ᾱ) βνπιὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) ζεῶλ 2 ηί νὐρ ἁλδάλεη ηνῖο ἄιινηζη ζενῖζηλ νἳ ἐλὶ

ζαιάζζῃ 3 ἐθεῖλνο Ἀραηὸο ἀηῑκάδεη ηνὺο ζενὺο πάηξεο νἱ ἔρνπζη ηὰ ζθῆπηξα ρξύζεα (ῡ) 4 ὁ ἑθεβόινο πέκπεη

λνύζνπο πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θαθὰο (ᾱ) ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ ὀιέθεη κῡξίνπο ιᾱνύο νὕλεθα ηὸλ ἀηῑκάδνπζηλ 5 ηίο

θαίεη ηὰο (ᾱ) ππξὰο (ᾱ) Ἀραηῶλ ἐπὶ δεηλῇ ζαιάζζῃ 6 ὁ ἑθεβόινο ηεύρεη κῡξίνπο Ἀραίνπο ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζηλ νὕλεθα

ηὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) ζεὰο (ᾱ) ζαιάζζεο ἀηῑκάδνπζηλ

Lesson 9

(830-840 904)

91 The Verbal Augment

Greek verbs frequently add a prefix to a verb (in the secondary tenses of the idicative) to indicate action

occurring in the past This prefix is called an augment Verbal augments take one of two forms the syllabic

augment which consists of adding an extra syllable to the beginning of a word and the temporal augment which

consists of lengthening the first syllable of a word While the augment is consistently applied in later dialects of

Greek it was still optional in Homeric and is often omitted (the tense being determined solely from the suffixes)

The syllabic augment is applied to verbs that begin with a consonant (or rare verbs that originally began with a

consonant) and consists of the prefix ε- Thus ιύνκελ = we loose (present tense) but ἐιύνκελ = we were loosing

(past tense) Some Greek words originally began with a ϝ or an ζ that later disappeared (usually replace with the

rough breathing) In those cases the augment is sometimes syllabic reflecting the earlier practice The word ἁλδάλσ

for example was originally ζϝαλδάλσ (swandano) The original augmented form of the imperfect was ἐζϝάλδαλνλ

(eswandano) When the ζϝ- was dropped the syllabic augment was retained ἑάλδαλνλ (heandano)

When a verb has lost an initial ζ the syllabic augment frequently contracts with the initial vowel For example

the word ἔρσ was originally ζέρσ The original augmented imperfect was ἔζερνλ When the initial ζ disappeared

the result was ἔερνλ which contracted to εἶρνλ (because εε usually contracts to εη) This pattern is also sometimes

present in verbs that originally began with ϝ such as ϝίδνλ =gt ἐϝηδνλ = ἔηδνλ = εἶδνλ

The temporal augment consists of lengthening an initial vowel and occurs in most Greek verbs that begin with

an initial vowel In general initial α or ε becomes ε initial η ν or π becomes ῑ initial αη and ᾳ become ῃ and initial

νη becomes ῳ Thus ἄγνκελ (we lead) becomes ἤγνκελ (we were leading) If the verb already begins with a long

vowel (ε ῃ ῑ ῡ σ ῳ) there is usually no change

Verbs that begin with ξ usually double the ξ when adding the syllabic augment This feature also sometimes

occurs in verbs beginning with ι κ λ or ζ

Compound verbs are usually formed from a combination of preposition + verb such as ἀπό (away from) + ιύσ

(loosen) = ἀπνιύσ (set free turn loose) In compound verbs a temporal augment is inserted between the preposition

and the verb If the preposition ends in a vowel the vowel is usually elided Thus ἀπνιύνκελ (we set free) becomes

ἀπειύνκελ (elided from ἀπνειύνκελ we were setting free)

92 The Imperfect Tense

The imperfect denotes continuous action in past time and typically corresponds to the past participle in English

Thus ἔιπνλ (imperfect) = I was loosing Occasionally the Greek imperfect is best translated by the simple past tense

in English The imperfect tense is formed by adding the secondary tense endings (which will be described in a later

lesson) to the augmented stem of the verb

In the paradigm below the unaugmented form is shown in brackets

Imperfect Tense

S 1st Pers ἔιπνλ [ιύνλ] I was loosing

2nd

Pers ἔιπεο [ιύεο] you were loosing

3rd

Pers ἔιπε(λ) [ιύε(λ)] he she it was loosing

D 2nd

Pers ἐιύεηνλ [ιύεηνλ] you (two) were loosing the pair of you were loosing

3rd

Pers ἐιπέηελ [ιπέηελ] they (two) were loosing the pair of them were loosing

P 1st Pers ἐιύνκελ [ιύνκελ] we were loosing

2nd

Pers ἐιύεηε [ιύεηε] you (ye) were loosing

3rd

Pers ἐιύνλ [ιύνλ] they were loosing

93 Vocabulary

ἄιιῃ elsewhere

Ἀξγεῖνο νπ ὁ Argive

-δε (suffix + acc) to

δηά (adv) between among (+gen) through (+acc) through by means

of on account of during

δηίθηινο (ῑ) ε νλ dear to Zeus

εἴξσ speak say tell

ἐκόο ή όλ my mine

ἔξγνλ νπ ηό (ϝέξγνλ) work deed accomplishment

-ζελ (suffix gen ending) from

Κιπηαηκήζηξε εο ἡ Clytaemnestra

(also Κιπηαηκλήζηξε)

καληνζύλε εο ἡ gift of prophesy

νἶθνο νπ ὁ house home

ιύκπηνο ε νλ Olympian

Ὄιπκπνο νπ ὁ Olympus

Πξίακνο νπ ὁ Priam

ζόο ζή ζόλ your yours

εἶρνλ (imperfect of ἔρσ) I was having I had

94 Derivatives

95 Translation Exercises

1 ὁ ἑθεβόινο δηὰ καληνζύλελ εἴξεη βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ηῶλ ζεῶλ Ἀξγείνηζηλ 2 νἱ ιύκπηνη ζενὶ εἶρνλ νἴθνπο ἐλ

ιύκπῳ 3 ὁ ἑθεβόινο δηίθηινο (ῑ) ἔηεπρε ηνὺο Ἀξγείνπο Ἀραηνύο ηε ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζηλ 4 Ἀραηνὶ Ἀξγεῖνί ηrsquo

ἔηεπρνλ ἔξγα θαθὰ δηὰ βνπιὴλ ζεᾶο 5 Κιπηαηκήζηξε δηὰ ηὸλ ζῡκὸλ ἔηεπρελ ηὰ ἔξγα δεηλά 6 Πξίακνο ιᾱόο ηε

Πξηάκνπ ὤιεθνλ πνιινὺο Ἀξγείνπο 7 ηίο εἴξεη ηὰ ζὰ ἔξγα θαθὰ Πξηάκῳ 8 ηὰ ἔξγα ἐκά ἐζηη θᾱιά νὕλεθα ἔηεπρνλ

βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεῶλ θαὶ ζεάσλ (ᾱ) δηὰ ηὴλ καληνζύλελ 9 ἐπέκπνκελ ηὰ ρξύζεα (ῡ) ζθῆπηξα εἰο νἶθνλ Πξηάκῳ 10

ἐθαίεηε ηὰο (ᾱ) ππξὰο (ᾱ) δεηλῇ θιαγγῇ 11 νὐρ ἥλδαλε ἡ βνπιὴ ζεᾷ ζαιάζζεο ζῡκῷ 12 αἱ ζεαὶ ἀείδνπζη ηὰ θᾱιὰ

ἔξγα ηῶλ ζεῶλ ἑθεβόινο δὲ βαίλεη ἄιιῃ 13 εἶρε Πξίακνο ἀγιαὸλ θαὶ θᾱιὸλ νἶθνλ

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 This free-shooter relates the plans of the gods to the Argives through prophesy 2 These Olympian gods had

homes on Olympus 3 This free-shooter beloved of Zeus made both the Argives and the Achaeans prey for the

vultures 4 Both the Achaeans and the Argives committed evil deeds through the will of the goddess 5 Because of

her heart Clytaemnestra wrought these terrible deeds 6 Both Priam and the host of Priam killed many Argives 7

Who relates these evil deeds of yours to Priam 8 These works of mine are noble because through prophesy I

accomplished the of the gods and goddess 9 We sent the golden scepters to the house of Priam 10 Were you

burning the funeral pyres with a terrible uproar 11 Does the plan not please the heart of the goddess of the sea 12

The goddesses sing the noble deeds of the gods but the free-shooter walks elsewhere 13 Priam had a splendid and

beautiful home

96 Composition Exercises

1 Who brought these countless shining ransoms to the beautiful home of Priam 2 The Achaeans and the

Argives burned many funeral pyres in your beloved fatherland 3 Clytaemnestra was wicked and performed many

dreadful deeds 4 Through the gift of prophesy we tell many glorious deeds of the gods and goddesses who have

Olympian homes 5 My deeds are noble but yours are cowardly 6 The gods sent an evil plague up through the

camp and destroyed many Achaeans because they dishonored the free-shooter 7 It was not pleasing to

Clytaemnestra in (her) wicked soul

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 ηίο ἔθεξε ηὰο ἄπνηλα ἀγιαὰ εἰο νἶθνλ θᾱιὸλ Πξηάκνπ 2 Ἀραηνὶ θαὶ Ἀξγεῖνη ἔθαηνλ ππξὰο (ᾱ) πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἐλ

ζῇ πάηξῃ θᾱιῇ 3 Κιπηαηκλήζηξε θαθὴ ἦλ θαὶ ἔηεπρελ ἄξγα πνιιὰ θαὶ δεηλά 4 δηὰ καληνζύλελ εἴξνκελ ἔξγα

πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀγιαὰ ζεῶλ θαὶ ζεάσλ (ᾱ) νἳ ἔρνπζηλ νἴθνπο ιπκπίνπο 5 ἔξγα ἐκὰ θᾱιή εἰζηλ ζὰ δὲ θαθά 6 ζενὶ

ἔπεκπνλ λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ θαὶ ὤιεθνλ Ἀραίνπο πνιινύο νὕλεθα ἠηίκαδνλ (ῑ) ἑθεβόινλ 7 νὐρ ἥλδαλε

Κιπηαηκλήζηξῃ ζῡκῷ θαθῷ

Lesson 10

(841-857 904)

101 Formation of the Aorist and Future Tenses

The first aorist is a secondary tense formed by adding -ζ(ζ)α to the augmented verb stem followed by the

personal endings of the secondary tense If the verb stem ends in a consonant or a long vowel only a single ζ is

added If the stem ends in a short vowel either one or two sigmas may be added A few aorists (called ldquomixed

aoristsrdquo) are formed by adding -ζ followed by the thematic vowel and the personal endings for the secondary tenses

to the augmented stem

The future is formed by adding -ζ followed by the thematic vowel and the personal endings for the primary

tenses

If the verb stem ends in a long vowel the stem is not affected by the addition of the suffixes for the future or

aorist tenses If the stem ends in a short vowel it is regularly lengthened in all tenses except the present and the

imperfect There are however a few exceptions to this pattern In most cases these verbs add ζ before the personal

endings of the perfect middle and aorist passive

102 Classification of Verbs

Verbs are classified into four groups according to the final letter of the stem vowel verbs liquid verbs nasal

verbs and mute verbs

When -ζ is added to the end of a mute verb a labial combines with ζ to form ς a palatal combines with ζ to

form μ and a lingual is dropped (leaving only ζ)

When -ζ is added to the end of a liquid or nasal verb it is usually preceded by -ε and the ζ is dropped in

contraction Thus βαιισ = βαιέζσ = βαιέσ In rare cases the ε is dropped and the ζ retained In some vowel-stem

verbs where the final vowel is preceded by a liquid or nasal the verb behaves as a liquidnasal and adds -εζ to the

stem θαιέσ (present) = θαιέζσ (future) = θαιέσ (future contracted) The formations in which the ζ is dropped

after α or ε are sometimes called ldquoAttic futuresrdquo

Verbs with liquid and nasal stems regularly form the aorist by dropping the ζ and lengthening the stem vowel

A few verbs have active forms in the present tense but middle forms in the future tense ἀθνύσ (I hear) but

ἀθνύζνκαη (I will hear)

103 Paradigms Future and First Aorist of ιύσ

Future

S 1st Pers ιύζσ (ῡ) I shall loose

2nd

Pers ιύζεηο (ῡ) you will loose

3rd

Pers ιύζεη (ῡ) he she it will loose

D 2nd

Pers ιύζεηνλ (ῡ) you (two) will loose

3rd

Pers ιύζεηνλ (ῡ) they (two) will loose

P 1st Pers ιύζνκελ (ῡ) we shall loose

2nd

Pers ιύζεηε (ῡ) you (ye) will loose

3rd

Pers ιύζνπζη(λ) (ῡ) they will loose

First Aorist

S 1st Pers ἔιῡζα I loosed

2nd

Pers ἔιῡζαο you loosed

3rd

Pers ἔιῡζε(λ) he she it loosed

D 2nd

Pers ἐιύζαηνλ (ῡ) you (two) loosed

3rd

Pers ἔιῡζάηελ they (two) loosed

P 1st Pers ἐιύζακελ (ῡ) we loosed

2nd

Pers ἐιύζαηε (ῡ) you (ye) loosed

3rd

Pers ἔιῡζαλ they loosed

104 Vocabulary

ἄγσ ἄμσ ἤγαγνλ lead drive conduct bring carry

ἀλάζζσ (ϝαλαθ-) ἀλάμσ ἠλαμα (+gen) rule (over) guard protect

ἄξηζηνο ε νλ best noblest bravest fairest

αὖηηο (back) again anew

Γαλαόο νῦ ὁ Danaan

ἑθαηόκβε εο ἡ hecatomb sacrifice

ζάλαηνο νπ ὁ death

Ἴιηνο νπ ἡ Ilium Troy the region around Troy

κεγάζῡκνο ε νλ great-souled brave

ὄρα far much considerably

πέζσ (πεηζ- πνηζ- πηζ-) πείζσ ἔπεηζα (πέπηζνλ) persuade win over mislead

θηιέσ θηιήζσ ἐθίιεζα love cherish entertain hospitably

εἶπνλ εἶπεο εἶπε(λ) θηι 2nd

aor speak say tell etc

ἔβεζα ἔβεζαο ἔβεζε(λ) θηι 1st aor come go walk etc

105 Derivatives

ἄγσ (ag-) = pedagogue demagogue synagogue

ἄξηζηνο (arist-) = aristocracy

ζάλαηνο (thanat-) = thanatopsis euthanasia

106 Translation Exercises

1 ηίο ἦλ ὄρrsquo ἄξηζηνο Γαλαῶλ 2 Πξίακνο κεγάζῡκνο ἤλαζζελ Ἰιίνπ 3 νὐθ αὖηηο ἄμνπζη Γαλανὶ κεγάζῡκνη

ἑθαηόκβᾱο πνιιὰο (ᾱ) εἰο Υξύζελ (ῡ) 4 νὐθ ἔπεηζαλ ἑθεβόινλ πνιιῇο ἑθαηόβῃζη θᾱιῇζηλ 5 νὐ θηιήζνκελ ζενύο

νὕλεθα θᾱινὶ εἰζηλ 6 Γαλανὶ ηεύμνπζη ζάλαηνλ Πξηάκῳ ἐλ Ἰιίῳ 7 ἐθίιεζα ζεὰλ (ᾱ) ζαιάζζεο ἀιιrsquo νὐρ ἥλδαλε

ἑθεβόιῳ ζῡκῷ 8 ἀείζνκελ θαὶ πείζνκελ ζενύο 9 ὄρrsquo ἄξηζνη ἐλ Ἰιίῳ ηὰ εἶπνλ Πξηάκῳ ἀιιὰ ηνὺο ἠηῑκάζελ 10

Πξίακνο ἔπεκςε ηὸλ ζηξαηὸλ ἄξηζηνλ ἐπrsquo Ἀξγείνηζηλ 11 ἔβεζαλ αὖηηο Γαλανὶ εἰο Ἴιηνλ ἀιιrsquo νὐθ ἔπεηζαλ

Πξίακνλ 12 ἀείζνκελ ἑθεβόινλ ὄρrsquo ἄξηζηνλ ζεῶλ νὕλεθrsquo ἤγαγε Γαλανὺο εἰο Ἴιηνλ

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 Who was by far the noblest of the Danaans 2 Great-souled Priam ruled Ilium 3 Not agan will the great-

souled Danaans lead many sacrifices into Chrysa 4 They did not persuade the free-shooter with many goodly

sacrifices 5 Do we not love the gods because they are good 6 The Danaans will prepare death for Priam in Ilium

7 I loved the goddess of the sea but it was not pleasing to the heart of the free-shooter 8 We will sing and

persuade the gods 9 By far the noblest in Ilium this they say of Priam but he (is the one) he dishonored () 10

Priam sent the best army against the Argives 11 The Danaans went back to Ilium but they did not persuade Priam

12 We hymn the free-shooter greatest of the gods because he led the Danaans into Ilium

107 Composition Exercises

1 The great-souled Achaeans will not persuade the free-shooter with goodly hecatombs but he will prepare evil

death for the people 2 The noblest of the Achaeans went to Ilium but they did not persuade the soul of Priam 3

We shall sing because the gods have led (aor) the people into Troy 4 We shall have many shining golden scepters

5 Did you not love the gods who have Olympian homes 6 Priam shall not rule Ilium again for the Achaeans will

prepare evil death for him 7 Does he speak to the beautiful goddess of the sea 8 They will persuade the souls of

the gods with many hecatombs

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 Ἀραηνὶ κεγάζῡκνη νὐ πείζνπζηλ ἑθεβόινλ πνιιῇο ἑθαηόκβῆζηλ ἀιιὰ ηεύμεη ζάλαηνλ θαθὸλ ιᾱνῖζηλ 2

ἄξηζηνη Ἀραηῶλ ἔβεζαλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ ἀιιrsquo νὐθ ἔπεηζαλ ζῡκὸλ Πξηάκῳ 3 ἀείζνκελ νὕλεθα ζενὺο ἤγαγνλ ιᾱὸλ εἰο

Ἴιηνλ 4 ἕζρνκελ πνιιὰ ρξύζεα (ῡ) ἀγιαὰ ζθῆπηξα 5 νὐθ ἐθηιήζαηε ζενὺο νἳ ἔρνπζηλ νἴθνπο ιπκπίνπο 6 νὐθ

αὖηηο ἀλάζζεη Πξίακνο Ἰιίνπ Ἀραηνὶ γὰξ ηεύμνπζη ζάλαηνλ θαθὸλ αὐηῷ 7 εἴξεη ζεᾷ θᾱιᾷ ζαιάζζεο 8 πείζνπζη

ζῡκνὺο ζεῶλ πνιιῇο ἑθαηόκβῃζηλ

Lesson 11

(664-675 838-839)

111 First Declension Masculine Nouns

First declension masculines typically end in -εο -ᾱο or -ᾰο in the nominative and are declined exactly the same

as their feminine counterparts (with the exception of the nominative singular which adds -ο the genitive singular

which regularly ends in -ᾱν and the vocative singular which ends in -ε -ᾱ or -ᾰ) Those ending in -εο retain -ε

throughout the singular those ending in -ᾱο retain the -ᾱ throughout the singular and those ending in -ᾰο take the -ε

ending in the dative

Masculines ending in -δεο take -ε in the vocative singular while those ending in -ηεο (as well as compound

nouns and the names of nationalities) regularly take -ᾰ Those ending in -ᾱο take the the nominative singular in -ᾱ

A very few first declension adjectives take a masculine ending in -ᾰ (without the final -ο) Many of these also

have an alternative form that ends in the more common -εο Those that do not have an alternative form in -εο usually

have the recessive accent (a feature inherited from the Aeolic influence in Homer) The only masculine noun ending

in -ᾰ in the nominative is the name Θύεζηα (Thyestes)

First declension masculine nouns typically follow the paradigms for Ἀηξεΐδεο (Atreides son of Atreus) Αἰλείᾱο

(Aeneas) and αἰρκεηήο (spearman warrior)

Ἀηξεΐδεο ᾱν ὁ Αἰλείᾱο ᾱν ὁ αἰρκεηήο ᾱν ὁ

(Αηξεϝηδᾱ-) (Αἰλεηᾱ-) (αἰρκεηᾱ-)

N Ἀηξεΐδεο Αἰλείᾱο αἰρκεηήο [ά]

G Ἀηξεΐδᾱν [εσ] Αἰλείᾱν [σ] αἰρκεηᾶν [έσ]

D Ἀηξεΐδῃ Αἰλείᾳ αἰρκεηῇ

A Ἀηξεΐδελ Αἰλείαλ αἰρκεηήλ

V Ἀηξεΐδε Αἰλείᾱ αἰρκεηά

N A V Ἀηξεΐδᾱ αἰρκεηά (ᾱ)

G D Ἀηξεΐδῃηλ αἰρκεηῇηλ

N V Ἀηξεΐδαη αἰρκεηαί

G Ἀηξετδάσλ (ᾱ) αἰρκεηάσλ (ᾱ)

[έσλ ῶλ] [έσλ ῶλ]

D Ἀηξεΐδῃζη ῃο αἰρκεηῇζη ῇο

A Ἀηξεΐδᾱο αἰρκεηάο (ᾱ)

112 Compound Verbs

Compound verbs are formed from a preposition or adverb coupled with a verb such as ἀλαβαίλσ (ascend)

formed from ἀλα (up) and βαίλσ (go) If the preposition ends in a vowel and the verb begins with a vowel the vowel

of the preposition is usually elided as in δηίζηεκη (δηὰ ἰζηεκη) ἁθαηξέσ (ἀπὸ αἱξέσ)

The augment occurs between the preposition and the verb When two vowels are thus brought together the first

vowel is usually elided leaving the augment Thus ἀπνιύσ (I release present) ἀπέιπνλ (I was releasing

imperfect) ἀπέιῡζα (I released aorist)

113 Vocabulary

ἀλαβαίλσ ἀλαβήζσ ἀλέβεζα go up ascend embark

ἀπνιύσ ἀπνιύζσ (ῡ) ἀπέιῡζα loose set free release

Ἀηξεΐδεο -ᾱν ὁ Atreides son of Atreus (usually refers to Agamemnon)

θαηαθεύσ θαηαθαύζσ θαηέθεα burn consume

θειεύσ - ἔθιπνλ (+gen) hear hearken to

κεηέεηπνλ κεηεῖπνλ (2nd

aor of εἴξσ) spoke among addressed spoke to

ὅηε when whenever

Πειεηάδεο ᾱν (εσ) ὁ Peleiades son of Peleus (used in reference to Achilles)

πξνζέεηπνλ πξνζεῖπνλ (2nd

aor of εἴξσ) addressed spoke to

ηόηε then at that time

ρνιόσ ρνιώζσ ἐρόισζα anger enrage vex

Υξύζεο (ῡ) ᾱν (εσ) ὁ Chryses

Verbs

ἀλαβαίλσ

stem ἀλα + βαλ- βα-

future ἀλαβήζσ (rarely ἀλαβήζνκαη)

1st aorist ἀλέβεζα (rarely 2

nd aor ἀλέβελ)

ἀπνιύσ

stem ἀπό + ιύσ

future ἀπνιύζσ (ῡ)

1st aorist ἀπέιῡζα

θαηαθαίσ

stem θαηά + θαπ- θαϝ- θαη-

future θαηαθαύζσ (assumed form)

1st aorist θαηέθεα

θειεύσ (Attic)

stem θιεπ- θιεϝ- θιπ-

future none

2nd

aorist ἐθιπνλ

ρνιόσ

stem ρνιν-

future ρνιώζσ

1st aorist ἐρόισζα

Notes

In Homeric Greek the stem vowel is usually lengthened before -ζ hence ἀλαβαίλσ =gt ἀλαβήζσ =gt

ἀλέβεζα ἀπνιύσ =gt ἀπνιύζσ (ῡ) =gt ἀπέιῡζα

ἀλαβαίλσ also has a 2nd

aorist ἀλέβελ

A few verbs have active forms in the present but middle forms in the future ἀλαβαίλσ has two future

forms one active (ἀλαβήζσ) and one middle (ἀλαβήζνκαη)

Verbs with stems ending in -αηλσ originally had a consonantal η following the λ (ie ἀλαβαηλησ)

114 Translation

1 θᾱινὶ ζενὶ ἔηεπμαλ ζάλαηνλ θαθὸλ δίῳ (ῑ) Πειεηάδῃ ὁ δrsquo ἀλέβελ ππξήλ 2 ἑθεβόινο ὤιεθε ιᾱὸλ Ἀραηῶλ

νὕλεθα δῖνο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) 3 θαηέθεα ἑθαηόκβᾱο πνιιάο (ᾱ) 4 ἑθεβόινο νὐθ ἔθιπελ Ἀηξεΐδᾱν

νὕλεθα ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) 5 Υξύζεο (ῡ) κεηέεηπελ Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἀιιrsquo νὐθ Ἀηξεΐδῃ ἥλδαλε ζῡκῷ 6 ὅηε θαθῶο

πξνζέεηπελ Ἀηξεΐδεο Υξύζελ (ῡ) ηόηε ἐρόισζελ ἑθεβόινλ 7 ἀπειύζακελ (ῡ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) νὕλεθα ηὸλ

ἐθηιήζακελ 8 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἤλεηθελ ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα Ἀηξεΐδῃ 9 νἴζνκελ ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀπνιύζνκελ (ῡ)

Υξύζελ (ῡ) νὕλεθα ηὸλ ἐθηιήζακελ θαὶ θίινο ἐζηὶλ ἑθεβόιῳ 10 ηίο θέξεη ἄπνηλα Υξύζᾱν (ῡ) Ἀηξεΐδῃ 11 δῖνο

Πειεηάδεο ἐρόισζελ Ἀηξεΐδελ 12 ὅηε θαηεθήακελ πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἑθαηόκβᾱο θᾱιάο (ᾱ) ηόηε ἐπείζακελ ζῡκνὺο ζεῶλ

13 δηὰ καληνζύλελ Υξύζεο (ῡ) εἶπε βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεῶλ Ἀηξεΐδῃ Πειεηάδῃ ηε

KEY

1 The noble gods prepared evil death for the divine Peleiades and he ascended the funeral pyre 2 The free-

shooter destroyed the host of the Achaeans because the divine Atreides dishonored Chryses 3 I burned many

funeral pyres 4 The free-shooter did not hear the son of Atreus because he dishonored Chryses 5 Chryses spoke

among the Achaeans but but it did not please the heart of Atreides 6 It angered the free-shooter when the son of

Atreus spoke wickedly to Chryses 7 We released Chryses because we loved him 8 Chryses brought countless

glorious ransoms to the son of Atreus 9 We will bring many ransoms and release Chryses because we loved him

and he is dear to the free-shooter 10 Who brought the ransoms of Chryses to the son of Atreus 11 The divine

Peleiades angered the son of Atreus 12 We persuaded the hearts of the gods when we burned many good

hecatombs 13 Through prophesy Chryses spoke the will of the gods to both Atreides and Peleiades

115 Composition

1 The Achaeans ascended into Troy and killed the noble Priam 2 We burned many goodly hecatombs to the

Olympian gods 3 Chryses spoke among the Achaeans but the son of Atreus did not hearken to him 4 The

Achaeans addressed the son of Atreus but he did not free Chryses 5 The son of Atreus will bring many ransoms

into the camp of the Achaeans 6 Who will persuade the gods with many goodly hecatombs

KEY

1 Ἀραηνὶ ἀλέβεζαλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ θαὶ ὤιεμαλ θᾱιὸλ Πξηάκνλ 2 θαηέθεκελ πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) ἑθαηόκβὰο (ᾱ)

ζενῖο ιπκπίνηο 3 Υξύζεο (ῡ) κεηέεηπελ Ἀραηνῖο ἀιιrsquo Ἀηξεΐδεο ηὸλ νὐθ ἔθιπελ 4 Ἀραηνὶ πξνζέεηπνλ Ἀηξεΐδῃ

ἀιιrsquo νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε Υξύζελ (ῡ) 5 Ἀηξεΐδεο νἴζεη ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ εἰο ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 6 ηίο πείζεη ζενὺο πνιιῇο

ἑθαηόκβῃζηλ

Lesson 12

Review

121 Review Vocabulary

Lesson 13

(680-692 701-709)

(cf 897 874 886 619 841-843 576 1178 830-831 837 580 837)

131 Nouns of the Third Declension

Third declension nouns can be either masculine feminine or neuter The nominative endings can take many

forms but there are some conventions Masculine and feminine stems except those ending in λ ξ or ζ simply add

ζ to the stem and make the necessary euphonic changes Stems ending in ξ λ and ζ typically make no changes

except to lengthen the last vowel if it is short Stems ending in -λ(η) either drop the η and lengthen a short vowel or

drop the -λ(η) lengthen the vowel and add ζ Examples δαηκνλ- = δαηκσλ ζῑλ- = ζίο (ῑ) κειαλ- = κέιᾱο γεξνλη- =

γέξσλ etc Neuters typically consist of just the stem in the nominative and accusative except to drop a final -η

where it occurs

In general the stem of a third declension noun is found by dropping the -νο ending from the genitive singular

The dative singular regularly ends in -ῐ but occasionally in -ῑ

The accusative ending was originally -λ and this ending is common on stems ending in a vowel On stems

ending in a consonant the -λ was a sonant consonant which eventually came be pronounced as -ᾰ The result is that

the accusative singular usually ends in -λ for stems ending in a vowel and -ᾰ for stems ending in a consonant

Dental mute stems ending in -ηο and -πο in the nominative singular rarely drop the mute and typically adopt the -λ

accusative ending as if they were vowel stems

The dative plural is formed by adding either -εζζη (rarely -εζη) or -ζη (rarely -ζζη) and making the usual

euphonic changes Most third declension nouns thus have alternate dative plural forms as πνύο = πνζζί = πνζί =

πόδεζζη etc

The accusative plural originally ended in -λο (sonant λ) which gives -αο for stems ending in a consonant and -ῑο

and -ῡο for stems ending in a vowel A few vowel stems borrowed an -αο ending from the first declension by

analogy

The vocative singular is usually either identical to the nominative or identical to the stem alone Stems ending

in λ ξ or ο typically drop this final consonant in the vocative singular

Compensatory lengthening usually occurs in the dative plural when -λη is dropped as in γέξνληζη = γέξνπζη

132 Paradigms

Stems ending in -επ (επ) -νπ and σϝ follow the paradigms of βαζηιεύο (king βαζηιεϝ-) βνῦο (ox βνϝ-) λεῦο

(ship λᾱϝ-) and ἥξσο (hero ἡξσϝ- () or ἡξσ-)

N βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

G βαζηιῆνο [-ένο] βνόο λεόο ἥξσνο

D βαζηιῆη [-έη] βνΐ λεί ἥξση

A βαζηιῆα [-έα] βνῦλ [βῶλ] λῆα [λέα] ἥξσα

V βαζηιεῦ βνῦ λεῦ ἥξσο

N A V βαζηιῆε βόε λῆε ἥξσε

G D βαζηιήνηηλ βόνηηλ λήνηηλ ἡξώνηηλ

N V βαζηιεῆεο βόεο λῆεο ἥξσεο

G βαζηιήσλ βνῶλ λεῶλ [λεῶλ] ἡξώσλ

D βαζηιήεζζη βόεζζη λήεζζη [λέεζζἰ ἡξώεζζη

βαζηιεῦζη βνπζί λεπζί ἥξσζη

A βαζηιῆαο βόαο (βνῦο) λῆζαο (λέαο) ἥξσαο

A long vowel is typically shortened when it occurs before another vowel thus βαζηιῆνο or βαζηιένο This

convention was almost certainly consistent in pronunciation but is only occasionally represented in written form

The π in the stem of these words frequently became ϝ and subsequently disappeared as in βαζηιεπ- βαζηιεϝ-

βαζηιε-

Stems ending in η (εη) and π (επ εϝ) follow the paradigms of πόιηο (city πνιη-) πῆρπο (forearm περεϝ-) ἄζηπ

(city ἀζηεϝ-) λέθπο (corpse λεθῡ-) and δάθξπ (tear δαθξπ-)

N πόιηο πῆρπο ἄζηπ λέθῡο δάθξπ

G πόιηνο -ενο πήρενο ἄζηενο λέθπνο δάθξπνο

D πόιηη -ῑ -εη -εη πήρετ ἄζηετ λέθπτ δάθξπτ

A πόιηλ πῆρσλ ἄζηπ λέθῡλ δαθξπ

V πόιη πῆρπ ἄζηπ λέθῡ δάθξπ

N V πόιηε πήρεε ἄζηεε λέθπε δάθξπε

G D πνιίνηηλ περένηηλ ἄζηνηηλ λεθύνηηλ δαθξύνηηλ

N V πόιηεο -εεο πήρεεο ἄζηεα λέθπεο δάθξπα

G πνιίσλ περέσλ ἀζηέσλ λεθύσλ δαθξύσλ

D πνιίεζζη περέεζζη ἀζηέεζη λεθύεζζη δαθξύεζζη

πόιεζη -ηζη πήρεζη ἄζηεζη λέθῡζ(ζ)η δάθξπζη

A πόιηαο -εαο -ῑο πήρεαο ἄζηεα λέθπαο [-ῡο] δάθξπα

Nouns with stems in -ο (-εο -αο -νο) and -η are declined like ἔπνο (ϝεπεζ-) γέξαο (γεξαζ-) ἠώο (ἀϝζνζ-) δῶκα

(δσκαη-) and ἦκαξ (ἠκαξ- ἠκαη-) Note that -ζ- usually disappears when it occurs between two vowels

N ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο δῶκα ἧκαξ

G ἔπενο γέξανο ἠόνο δώκαηνο ἥκαηνο

D ἔπετ γέξατ ἠόη δώκαηη ἥκαηη

A ἔπνο γέξαο ἠόα δῶκα ἧκαξ

V ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο δῶκα ἧκαξ

N V ἔπεε γέξαε δώκαηε ἥκαηε

G D επένηηλ γεξάνηηλ δσκάηνηηλ ἡκάηνηηλ

N V ἔπεο γέξα(α) δώκαηα ἥκαηα

G ἐπέσλ γεξάσλ δσκάησλ ἡκάησλ

D ἐπέεζζη γεξάεζζη δσκάηεζζη ἡκάηεζζη

ἔπε(ζ)ζη γέξα(ζ)ζη δώκαζη ἥκαζη

A ἔπεα γέξα(α) δώκαηα ἥκαηα

Note that all nouns ening in -νο in the second declension are either masculine or feminine but all nouns ending in -

νο in the third declension are neuter All nouns ending in -κα in the nominative singular and all nouns with genitives

in -αηνο are neuter

133 Further Notes on the Third Declension

Nouns of the third declension can be any gender and consist of stems ending in -η -π or a consonant In

general the following endings are applied to the stem with the usual euphonic changes

N -ο

G -νο

D -η

A -λ

V -

N A V -ε

G D -νηηλ

N V -εο

G -σλ

D -εζζη

A -λο

Standard Euphonic Changes

Later forms of Greek such as Attic and Koine frequently contracted the forms found in Homer

The -λ in the accusative singular and plural is sonant meaning that it is pronounced as λ when

following a vowel but it is pronounced as ᾰ when following a consonant Thus πνιη-λ = πνιηλ and

πνιη-λο = πνιηο but δαηκνλ-λ = δαηκνλα and δαηκνλ-λο = δαηκνλαο

o In most cases a stem originally ending in ϝ is treated as if it ends in a consonant Thus

βαζηιεϝα = βαζηιεα εξσϝα = εξσα

o The word βνϝ- is an exception where ϝ becomes π (probably because νπ is such a common

diphthong) βνϝλ = βνπλ

Dentals are dropped before ζ Thus παηδο = παηο

o In cases where the stem ends in -λη the dental and the ζ are typically dropped with the last

vowel lengthened by compensation Thus γεξνληο = γεξσλ

Palatals combine with ζ to form μ Thus αηγο = αημ θεξπθο = θεξπμ etc

o Stems ending in -θη apply both the dental and palatal changes first dropping the η and then

combining the θζ to form μ Thus λπθηο = λπθο = λπμ

Labials combine with ζ to form ς Thus Αηζηνπο = Αηζηνς

The ζ is dropped when it follows a nasal or ξ and the last vowel is lengthened to compensate (if it

isnrsquot long already) Thus δαηκνλο = δαηκσλ θξελο = θξελ ρεηξο = ρεηξ παηεξο = παηεξ κεηεξο =

κεηεξ etc

Stems that originally ended in ϝ usually retain a π in its place in the nominative Thus βαζηιεϝο =

βαζηιεπο (originally βαζηιεπο) λεϝο = λεπο βνϝο = βνπο etc

o The same phenomenon sometimes occurs in the accusative singular as well where ϝ becomes

π and the final λ is retained Thus περεϝλ = περευλ = περπλ

o The word εξσο is an apparent exception where εξσϝο = εξσο This may be from analogy

with the relatively common -σο ending in Greek or it could be that the stem was originally

εξσ- witout the ϝ

o When the stem ends in -εϝ the ε is usually dropped in the nominative thus περεϝο = περεπο =

περπο (but the genitive and dative are περενο περετ)

Some confusion can occur at the apparent irregularity of stems ending in -π αζηπ αζηενο αζηεη etc

but δαθξπ δαθξπνο δαθξπτ etc The difference is that stems like αζηπ originally ended in a vowel + ϝ

(αζηεϝ) while stems like δαθξπ originally ended in π

Some neuters originally ended in -εο These are usually declined as -νο in the nominative and

accusative In the other cases the endings are simply applied to -εζ- and the sigma is dropped when it

occurs between two vowels επνο (nom acc from επεζο) επενο (gen from επεζνο) επετ (dat from

επεζη) etc

o Stems ending in -αο simple drop the extra sigma in the nominative singular and append the

case endings to -αζ- (dropping ζ when it occurs between two vowels) Thus γεξαο γεξανο

γεξατ etc

o Stems ending in -νο follow the same pattern as those ending in -αο except that the ν is

lengthened to σ in the nominative Thus εσο εννο εντ etc

Neuter stems ending in -καη usually drop the η in the nominative and accusative singular but retain it

in the plural Thus δσκα (nom and acc sing) δσκαηνο (gen sing) δσκαηη (dat sing) δσκαηα (nom and

acc plur) δσκαησλ (gen plur) δσκαηεζζη (dat plur) etc Neuter stems ending in -καξ usually behave

as if they ended in -καη in all cases except the nominative and accusative singular Thus εκαξ εκαηνο

εκαηη etc

The dative plural ending is given as -εζζη This could be shortened to -ζζη (before vowels) -εζη or -ζη

The -ζη ending is the most common in later dialects Thus Homeric θεξπθεζζη is typically θεξπμη in

Attic and Koine

The vocative singular in neuters is always identical to the nominative and accusative singulars

o In masculine and feminine nouns the vocative singular is usually just the stem without any

endings applied as long as the stem is capable of standing alone Thus δαηκνλ ρεηξ παηεξ

κεηεξ ζπγαηεξ αλεξ βνπ λεπ πνιη λεθῡ δαθξπ etc

o In some cases where the nominative singular has slightly modified the stem before adding -ο

the vocative is formed by simply dropping the ο Thus παη βαζηιεπ περπ

o In cases where the ο of the nominative singular has combined with the stem the vocative is

usually indentical to the nominative singular Thus αλαμ λπμ αημ θεξπμ Αηζηνς etc

o In rare cases the vocative is identical to the nominative singular even when dropping the ο

would have been convenient as in εξσο εσο

Alternate Endings The following are some alternate endings that could be applied instead of the usual

case endings listed above

o -ζη can be used to denote place where

o -ζελ can be used to denote source or separation or as an alternative ending for the genitive

case

o -δε can be added to the accusative ending to denote place to which or limit of motion

o -η can be added to denote place where

o -θη(λ) can be added as a substitute for several uses of the genitive and the dative cases

particularly in the instrumental sense

134 References

This lesson references several points in the grammar Note the following

Deponent verbs take middle or passive forms but denote active meanings

Some verbs reduplicate the initial syllable in the present tense by repeating the initial consonant

followed by -η Thus ἴζηεκη (orig ζηζηεκη) ηίζεκη δίδσκη πίκπιεκη γίγλνκαη γηγλώζθσ κηκλήζθσ

etc When futures and second aorists are reduplicated they usually follow the pattern of reduplication

found in the perfect tense If the initial consonant is aspirated the reduplicated consonant is typically

smooth Thus ηίζεκη rather than ζίζεκη

Note that ἴκη δίδσκη and ηίζεκη take the aorist in -θα rather than -ζα

When a word ends in a vowel and the following word begins with a vowel the result is called hiatus

In general hiatus is avoided in poetry through the use of elision crasis synizesis moveable

consonants etc However hiatus is allowed in some circumstances such as when elision has already

occurred when the first of the two vowels is long and occurs on the beat (or ictus) of the verse or

when a long vowel or diphthong has been shortened or when the two vowels were originally separated

by ϝ

Recall that the verbal augment is frequently omitted

135 Vocabulary

Ἄηο Ἄηδνο ὁ (nom not used) Hades

ἄιγνο ενο ηό grief pain woe trouble

Ἀρηιιεύο ῆνο ὁ Achilles

δαίο δαηηόο ἡ feast banquet portion

Εεύο Γηόο ὁ Zeus

ἥξσο ἥξσνο ὁ hero mighty warrior protector savior

ἴθζῑκνο ε νλ mighty valiant stout-hearted brave

θύσλ θπλόο ὁ ἡ dog

κῆληο ηνο ἡ wrath fury madness rage

νὐιόκελνο ε νλ accursed destructive deadly

πξντάπησ πξντάςσ πξνΐαςα hurl forward send forth

ηίζεκη (ζε- ζε-) ζήζσ ἔζεθα put place cause

Ἀρηιιεπο (Ἀρηιιεϝ-) Ἀρηιιενο Ἀρηιιεη Ἀρηιιεα

δαηο (δαηη-) δαηηνο δαηηη δαηηα δαηηεο δαηησλ δαηηεζζη δαηηαο

Εεπο Γηνο Γηη Γηα

ἡξσο ἡξσνο ἡξστ ἡξσα ἡξσεο ἡξσσλ ἡξσεζζη ἡξσαο

θπσλ θπλνο θπλη θπλα θπλεο θπλσλ θπλεζζη θπλαο

κεληο (κελη-) κεληνο κεληη κεληλ κεληεο κελησλ κεληεζζη κεληαο

136 Translation

1 κῆληο Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο ἦλ νὐινκέλε ἔζεθε γὰξ κῡξηrsquo ἄιγεα ηνῖζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ πξνΐαςε δὲ πνιιὰο (ᾱ)

ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἰθζίκνπο (ῑ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη ἔηεπρε δrsquo αὐηνὺο ἑιώξηα θαὶ δαῖηα θύλεζζηλ νἰσλνῖζί ηε ἐηέιεζε δὲ βνπιὴλ

Γηόο 2 ζεὰ (ᾱ) ἀείδεη κῆληλ νὐινκέλελ Ἀρηιῆνο ἣ ἔζεθελ κῡξίrsquo ἄιγεrsquo Ἀραηνῖζηλ 3 ζενὶ ὀιέθνπζη ηὸλ ζηξαηόλ θαὶ

πξντάπηνπζη πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη 4ηεύμνκελ κῡξίνπο Ἀραηνὺο ἑιώξηα θύλεζζηλ θαὶ δαῖηα ηνῖζηλ

νἰσλνῖζηλ νὕλεθα ἠηίκαζαλ (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) 5 θᾱιὴ ἦλ ἡ βνπιὴ Γηόο

KEY

1 The wrath of Achilles son of Peleus was destructive for it caused countless woes to the Achaeans and sent

forth many valiant souls of heros to Hades making them spoils and a banquet for the dogs and the vultures 2 The

goddess sings the accursed wrath of Achilles which brought countless woes to the Achaeans 3 The gods are

destroying the camp and sending forth many souls of the heros to Hades 4 We will make countless Achaeans spoils

for the dogs and a feast for these vultures because they dishonored Chryses 5 The will of Zeus was good

137 Iliad 1-5

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κπξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςπρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιήλ

Μῆληλ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse

ἄεηδε - present active imperative 2nd

person singular of ἀείδσ

ζεά - vocative case

Πειεηάδεσ = Πειεηάδᾱν (the verse may have originally read Πειεηάδᾱrsquo)

νὐινκέλελ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse as well as out of

the natural order and is placed directly opposite the word κῆληλ

κῡξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο - the hiatus is permited because elision has already occurred in κῡξίνηο

Ἄηδη was originally Ἄϝηδη and is still accented as it began with α instead of αη

ἡξώσλ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse and its deviation from

the natural order

δὲ ἑιώξηα - the hiatus is permitted because the original was δὲ ϝειώξηα

ηεῦρε - the augment is dropped (usually ἔηεπρε)

ἐηειείεην - imperfect passive indicative 3rd

person singular of ηειείσ

KEY

Sing O goddess of the accursed wrath of Achilles Peleiades

which brought countless woes to the Achaeans

and cast forth the souls of many valiant warriors to Hades

making them the spoils and feast of both dogs

and vultures But the will of Zeus was accomplished

138 Composition

1 The valiant Achaeans are singing the accursed wrath of Achilles 2 The wrath of Achilles caused many woes

to the Achaeans and sent many valiant souls of heroes to the god Hades 3 We shall make the army of the Achaeans

a booty for the dogs and a banquet for the birds 4 We are accomplishing the will of the goddess

KEY

1 ἴθζῑκνη Ἀραηνὶ ἀείδνπζηλ νὐινκέλελ κῆληλ Ἀρηιῆνο 2 κῆληο Ἀρηιῆνο ἔζεθε κῡξίrsquo ἄιγεrsquo Ἀραηνῖζη θαὶ

πξνΐαςε πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἰθζίκνπο ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη 3 ηεύμνκελ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ ἑιώξηα θύλεζζηλ θαὶ δαῖηα

νἰσλνῖζηλ 4 ηεύρνκελ βνπιὴλ ζεᾶο

Lesson 14

(519-526 1159-1192)

(cf 586)

141 Syllable Quantity

A syllable is long (by nature) when it contains a long vowel or a diphthong or (by position) when it ends in two

consecutive consonants (or a double consonant) A short vowel followed by a mute and a liquid κ or λ is common

and can be either long or short depending on the requirements of the verse Occasionally the letters ι κ λ ξ or ζ

are doubled in pronunciation when they follow a short vowel making the syllable long by position but this

convention is not always represented in writing And occasionally a lost ϝ will combine with another consonant to

make the preceding syllable long by position

Observe the following rules when determing the length of a syllable

Any vowel with the circumflex accent is long

The vowel of any ultmia whose penult bears the circumflex is short

If the penult has an acute then the vowel of the ultima must also be long

If the vowel of the ultima is short and the penult has the acute then the vowel of the penult must

be short as well

If the antepenult is accented the vowel of the ultima must be short

Occasionally these rules do not apply to certain compounds where one of the two words are

accented as if they were separate

If a short syllable stands where a long syllable is expected it is usually because the pause of the caesura or

diaresis fills out the foot or because the following word has lost a consonant (usually ϝ or ζ) And occasionally a

short syllable ending in a consonant is lengthened when it occurs on the ictus (beat) of the verse Such lengthening is

called thesis

142 Metrical Quantity

With the exception of pauses at the end of the verse caesura and diaresis all feet must consist of two long

syllables or a long syllable followed by two shorts Thus if a long syllable is followed by a short syllable then the

next syllable must be short as well Likewise if a short syllable is followed by a long syllable then the preceding

syllable must be short as well

When a word ends in a short vowel (and sometimes -νη and -αη) and the following word begins with a vowel

the short vowel is usually elided unless the following word originally began with ϝ When a word ends in a long

vowel or a diphthong and the following word begins with a vowel the long vowel is usually shortened This

phenomenon can also occur within the same word and again it is less common when the following word originally

began with ϝ Vowel shortening is also rare when the long vowel occurs on the ictus

The meter of Homer is called dactylic or heroic hexameter and is the most common meter in Greek verse Each

verse has six feet The first five feet can be dactyls (one long syllable followed by two short syllables) or spondees

(two long syllables) The final foot of the verse is always a spndee but keep in mind that the pause at the end of the

verse often combines with a final short syllable to form one long syllable The fifth foot of each verse is usually a

dactyl with only one in twenty (or so) verses containing a spondee in the fifth foot The verses that have a spndee in

the fifth foot are called spondaic and usually take slightly longer to recite In dactylic hexameter the ictus (beat) of

the verse always occurs on the first syllable of each foot producing six distinct beats per verse

Caesura occurs when a word ends within a foot (ie at the end of the first syllable of a foot or between the two

short syllables of the foot) When a caesura occurs at a natural pause in the verse this is said to be the caesura of the

verse A pause after the first syllable of a foot is called a masculine caesura and a pause after the second syllable of

the foot is called a feminine caesura

Diaresis occurs when the end of a word coincides with the end of a foot When this falls at a natural pause in

the verse it is said to be the diaresis of the verse When the diaresis occurs at the end of the fourth foot is it called

the bucolic diaresis (due to its common use in pastoral poetry)

143 Marking the Rhythm of the Iliad 1-5

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κπξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςπρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιήλ

ΜΖ ληλ α | ΔΗ δε ζε | Α ΠΖ | ΛΖ η α | ΓΔΧ α ρη | ΛΖ Ο-

dact dact spon dact dact spon

The pauses at the end of κῆληλ and ἄεηδε are feminine caesuras

The pauses at the end of ζεά Πειεηάδεσ and Ἀρηιῆνο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of ζεά is the caesura of the verse

The dash at the end of the verse indicates a pause that combines with a short vowel to fill out the

last foot

ΟΤ ιν κε | ΝΖΝ Ζ | ΜΤ ξη α | ΥΑΗ ΟΗ | ΑΛ γε ε | ΘΖ ΚΔΝ-

dact spon dact spon dact spon

The pauses at the end of κῡξίrsquo and ἄιγε are feminine caesuras

The pauses at the end of νὐινκέλελ and ἔζεθελ are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of νὐινκέλελ is the caesura of the verse

The pauses at the end of ἥ and Ἀραηνῖο are diareses

The diaresis at Ἀραηνῖο is a bucolic diaresis

κῡξία Ἀραηνῖο and ἄιγεα ἔζεθελ are examples of hiatus

The first syllable of ἄιγεrsquo is long because it is followed by two consecutive consonants

ΠΟΛ ΛΑ | ΓrsquoΗΦ ΘΗ | ΜΟΤ ΦΤ | ΥΑ ΑΗ | ΓΗ πξν τ | Α ΦΔΝ-

spon spon spon spon dact spon

The pauses at the end of ἰθζίκνπο and ςπράο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of πνιιάο is a diaresis

δὲ ἰθζίκνπο is hiatus

The first syllable of πνιιάο is long by position as is the first syllable of ἰθζίκνπο the last syllable

of Ἄηδη and the second syllable of πξνΐαςελ

Ζ ΡΧ | ΧΝ ΑΤ | ΣΟΤ δε ε | ΛΧ ξη α | ΣΔΤ ρε θπ | ΝΔ ΗΝ-

spon spon dact dact dact spon

The pause at the end of ηεῦρε is a feminine caesura

The pauses at the end of ἡξώσλ and αὐηνύο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of ἡξώσλ is the caesura of the verse

The pause at the end of ἑιώξηα is a diaresis

ΟΗ Χ | ΝΟΗ ζη ηε | ΓΑΗ ηα δη | Ο δrsquoε ηε | ΛΔΗ ε ην | ΒΟΤ ΛΖΝ

The pauses at the end of νἰσλνῖζη and δαῖηα are feminine caesuras

The pause at the end of Γηόο is a masculine caesura

The pauses at the end of ηε ἐηειείεην and βνπιήλ are diareses

The pause at the end of δαῖηα is the diaresis of the verse

Lesson 15

(693-694 697-700)

(cf 781-782 837 580 1009 996 584-585)

151 Third Declension Paradigms (continued)

Third declension nouns ending in a dental mute stem are exemplified by ἄλαμ (king ϝαλαθη-) λύμ (night λπθη-

) παῖο (child παηδ-) and γέξσλ (old man γεξνλη-)

N ἄλαμ λύμ παῖο γέξσλ

G ἄλαθηνο λπθηόο παηδόο γέξνληνο

D ἄλαθηη λπθηί παηδί γέξνληη

A ἄλαθηα λύθηα παίδα γέξνληα

V ἄλαμ [ἄλα] λύμ παῖ γέξσλ

N V A ἄλαθηε λύθηε παίδε γέξνληε

G D ἀλάθηνηηλ λύθηνηηλ παίδνηηλ γεξόληνηηλ

N ἄλαθηεο λύθηεο παίδεο γέξνληεο

G ἀλάθησλ λπθηῶλ παηδῶλ γεξόλησλ

D ἀλάθηεζζη λύθηεζζη παίδεζζη γεξόληεζζη

ἄλαμη λπμί παηζί γέξνπζη

A ἄλαθηαο λύθηνο παῖδαο γέξνληαο

Third declension nouns ending in labial and palatal stems are exemplified by αἴμ (goat αἰγ-) θῆξπμ (herald

θεξῡθ-) and Αἰζίνς (Ethipoian Αἰζηνπ-)

N αἴμ θῆξπμ Αἰζίνς

G αἰγόο θήξῡθνο Αἰζίνπνο

D αἰγί θήξῡθη Αἰζίνπη

A αἶγα θήξῡθα Αἰζίνπα

V αἴμ θῆξπμ Αἰζίνς

N V A αἶγε θήξῡθε Αἰζίνπε

G D αἴγνηηλ θεξύθνηηλ (ῡ) Αἰζηόπνηηλ

N αἶγεο θήξῡθεο Αἰζίνπεο

G αἰγῶλ θεξύθσλ (ῡ) Αἰζηόπσλ

D αἴγεζζη θεξύθεζζη (ῡ) Αἰζηόπεζζη

αἰμί θήξῡμ Αἰζίνςη

A αἶγαο θήξῡθαο Αἰζίνπαο

Nouns with stems ending in -εξ express different grades of ablaut in the stem (-εξ -εξ -ξ) with a recessive

accent in the vocative singular These are exemplified by παηήξ (father παηεξ-) κήηεξ (mother κεηεξ-) ζπγάηεξ

(daughter ζπγαηεξ-) and ἀλήξ (man ἀλεξ-)

N παηήξ κήηεξ ζπγάηεξ ἀλήξ

G παηέξνο -ηξόο κεηέξνο -ηξόο ζπγαηέξνο -ηξόο ἀλέξνο ἀλδξόο

D παηέξη -ηξί κεηέξη -ηξί ζπγαηέξη -ηξί ἀλέξη ἀλδξί

A παηέξα κεηέξα ζπγαηέξα ἀλέξα ἄλδξα

V πάηεξ κῆηεξ ζύγαηεξ ἄλεξ

N V A παηέξε κεηέξε ζπγαηέξε ἀλέξε ἄλδξε

G D παηέξνηηλ κεηέξνηηλ ζπγαηέξνηηλ ἀλέξνηηλ ἄλδξνηηλ

N παηέξεο κεηέξεο ζπγαηέξεο ζύγαηξεο ἀλέξεο ἄλδξεο

G παηέξσλ -ηξῶλ κεηέξσλ -ηξῶλ ζπγαηέξσλ ζπγαηξῶλ ἀλέξσλ ἀλδξῶλ

D παηξάζη κεηξάζη ζπγαηξάζη ζπγαηέξεζζη ἀλδξάζη ἄλδξεζζη

A παηέξαο κεηέξαο ζπγαηέξαο ζύγαηξαο ἀλέξαο ἄλδξαο

Note that δ is inserted into ἀλήξ between λ and ξ where they occur together The accent of the shorter forms of

ἀλέξ follow the pattern seen in παηήξ The alpha after ξ in the dative plural was added euphonically to strengthen

what was originally a sonant ξ

152 Vocabulary

ἄλαμ ἄλαθηνο ὁ king lord protector

ἀλήξ ἀλέξνο (ἀλδξόο) ὁ (real) man warrior hero

ἄξ(α) (ῥά) naturally of course as you know as you might expect that is

in effect (not always translatable)

βαζηιεύο ῆνο ὁ king ruler

δή indeed truly forsooth now

δηίζηεκη (ζηε- ζηα-) δηαζηήζσ stand apart separate

δηέζηεζα (δηέζηελ)

ἐμ νὗ from the time when

ἐξίδσ (ἐξηδ-) - ἤξηζ(ζ)α quarrel strive

ἠξηζάηελ (they) strove

ἔξηο ηδνο ἡ strife quarrel

Λεηώ Λεηόνο ἡ Leto

κάρνκαη fight battle

κάρεζζαη to fight

μπλίκη μπλήζσ μπλῆθα (μπλέεθα) bring together throw together hearken heed

ὄξλῡκη ὄξζσ ὦξζα (ὤξνξνλ) stir up kindle incite excite arouse

πξῶηνο ε νλ first foremost chief

ηὸ πξῶηνλ ηὰ πξῶηα (adv) at first firstly first

πἱόο νῦ ὁ son

ζθσε these two

153 Translation

1 ζεὰ (ᾱ) ἀείζεη κῆληλ Ἀρηιῆνο ἐμ νὗ δὴ ηὰ πξῶηα δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο θαὶ Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἀλδξῶλ ἠξηζάηελ θαὶ

δηεζηήηελ 2 ηίο ζεῶλ μπλέεθε δῖνλ Ἀρηιῆά ηε θαὶ Ἀηξεΐδελ ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 3 πἱὸο Λεηόνο θαὶ Γηὸο ἑθεβόινο

μπλέεθέ ζθσε ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη ηὸλ γὰξ βαζηιεὺο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἐρόισζελ ὁ δrsquo ὦξζε θαθὴλ λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ

ὤιεθε δὲ ιᾱνύο

KEY

1 The goddess sings the wrath of Achilles from the time when first the divine Achilles and Atreides king of

men strove and separated 2 Which of the gods brought together the divine Achilles and the son of Atreus to fight

in strife 3 The son of Leto and Zeus the Free-shooter brought these two together to fight in strife for Atreides the

king enraged him so he stirred up an evil plague through the camp of the Achaeans and destroyed their host

154 Iliad 1-10

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κῡξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςῡρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιή

ἐμ νὗ δὴ ηὰ πξῶηα δηαζηήηελ ἐξίζαληε

Ἀηξεΐδεο ηε ἄλαμ ἀλδξῶλ θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεύο

ηίο ηrsquo ἄξ ζθσε ζεῶλ ἔξηδη μπλέεθε κάρεζζαη

Λεηνῦο θαὶ Γηὸο πἱόο ὁ γὰξ βαζηιῆη ρνισζεὶο

λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ ὦξζε θαθήλ ὀιέθνλην δὲ ιᾱνί

δηαζηήηελ = δηεζηήηελ

ἐξίζαληε = aor act part nom dual masc (they two) having quarreled

ηε ἄλαμ originally ηε ϝάλαμ thus allowing the hiatus

ζθσε [ἕσ] = 3rd

pers pron acc dual these two

ἔξηδη is dative of means in strife

κάρεζζαη = pres act infinitive deponent to fight

ρνισζείο = aor pass part nom sing masc having been enraged

Λεηνῦο = contracted form of Λεηόνο

βαζηιῆη = Agamemnon instrumental case by the king

ὀιέθνλην = ὠιέθνλην imperf pass ind 3rd

pers plural were being destroyed or kept

perishing

KEY

Sing O goddess of the accursed wrath of Achilles Peleiades

which brought countless woes to the Achaeans

and cast forth the souls of many valiant warriors to Hades

making them the spoils and feast of both dogs

and vultures But the will of Zeus was accomplished

indeed from the time when at first having quarreled both

Atreides king of men and the divine Achilles separated

Which of the gods of course brought these two together to fight in strife

The son of Leto and Zeus For enraged by the king he

kindled an evil plague up through the camp and the people were destroyed

155 Composition

1 ἠείδνκελ κῆληλ νὐινκέλελ Ἀρηιιῆνο ἐμ νὗ ηὰ πξῶηα Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἀλέξσλ (ἀλδξῶλ) θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο

ἠξηζάηελ θαὶ δηεζηεζάηελ (δηεζηήηελ) 2 ηίο ζεῶλ μπλῆθε (μπλέεθα) Ἀραηνὺο θαὶ ιᾱὸλ Πξηάκνπ ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 3

μπλῆθε (μπλέεθα) ζθσε (ἕν) πἱὸο Λεηόνο (Λεηνῦο) θαὶ Γηὸο ἑθεβόινο ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 4 Αηξεΐδεο βαζηιεὺο

Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο ἐρόισζαλ ἄλαθηα ἑθεβόινλ θαὶ ὁ ὦξζα (ὤξνξε) λνῦζνπο πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θαθὰο (ᾱ) ἀλὰ

ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ θαθῶο ὤιεθελ ἀγαζὸλ ιᾱόλ

Lesson 16

(887-897 910 1065-1068 697-703 707 710 732)

161 Formation of Middle Passive and Deponent Verbs

The endings of the middle voice are different from the active voice The passive voice applies the same endings

as the middle voice except in the aorist passive which applies active endings Because the middle and passive voice

are identical (other than the aorist) the context determines whether a verb is used with middle or the passive

meaning The aorist middle is often used with a passive meaning (especially in athematic forms) and the aorist

passive is often used with a middle meaning

The perfect and pluperfect of the middlepassive are athematic with the personal endings attached directly to

the reduplicated stem

The future perfect passive is formed by adding -ζνε to the perfect middle passive lengthening the vowel that

precedes this ending

The first aorist passive is formed by adding -(ζ)ζεε to the stem Before ζ π and β become θ θ and γ become ρ

and η δ ζ become ζ Many verbs have a second aorist passive that drops the ζ altogether

Deponent verbs have no active form but use the middlepassive forms in an active sense

162 Paradigms Present and Future Indicative MiddlePassive of ιύσ

Present

S 1 ιύνκαη

2 ιύεαη [(ιύῃ)]

3 ιύεηαη

D 2 ιύεζζνλ

3 ιύεζζνλ

P 1 ιπόκε(ζ)ζα

2 ιύεζζα

3 ιύνληαη

Future

S 1 ιύζνκαη (ῡ)

2 ιύζεαη (ῡ) [(ιύζῃ (ῡ))]

3 ιύζεηαη (ῡ)

D 2 ιύζεζζνλ (ῡ)

3 ιύζεζζνλ (ῡ)

P 1 ιῡζόκεζα

2 ιύζεζζε (ῡ)

3 ιύζνληαη (ῡ)

163 The Use of Voice in Greek

The active voice indicates that the subject is acting λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ ὦξζε = he kindled a plague up

through the camp

The passive voice indicates that the subject is acted upon Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιή = but the will of Zeus was

being accomplished

The Middle voice denotes one of three meanings

1 The subject acting upon itself πείζνκαη (I convince myself) θαίλνκαη (I show myself)

2 The subject acting for itself θαιένκαη (I call for myself)

3 The subject acting upon something belonging to itself ιύνκαη (I loose my own I ransom)

When determing the difference between the middle and passive keep in mind that the middle voice always

conveys a direct or indirect reference to the subject and that the subject is effect by or has an interest in the action

164 Third Declension Stems in -επ -επ -νπ and -σϝ

Stems in -επ usually became -εϝ and the third declension endings are applied after the ϝ Thus βαζηιεϝνο =

βαζηιῆνο βαηιεϝη = βαζηιῆη βαζηιεϝα = βαζηιῆα etc Note that the ϝ explains why εη (εϝη) does not form an

improper diphthong as well as why the accusative singular ends in -εα (as if the stem ended in a consonant) instead

of -ελ (as if the stem ended in a vowel) Note that when the ending consists of a consonant the -εϝ is contracted to

the diphthong -επ Thus βαζηιεϝο = βαζηιεύο βαζηιεϝ = βαζηιεῦ βαζηιεϝζη = βαζηιεῦζη In rare cases the other

endings also contract the -ε to -ε (ie βαζηιῆνο = βαζηιένο)

In stems ending originally in -ᾱϝ the ᾱ becomes ε in the Ionic dialect These are declined the same as -εϝ

except that -εῡ is formed before consonants instead of -επ Thus λᾱϝο = λεϝο = λεῦο λᾱϝ = λεϝ = λεῦ But note the

exception in the shorter form of the dative plural where λᾱϝζη = λεϝζη = λεπζί (rather than λεῡζη) In contracted

forms the ε usually becomes ε

In stems ending in -σϝ the third declension endings are applied directly to the stem Thus ἡξσϝο = ἥξσο

ἡξσϝνο = ἥξσνο ἡξσϝη = ἥξση ἡξσϝα = ἥξσα etc

In stems ending originally in -ν or -νϝ the third declension endings are applied as usual But keep in mind that -

νϝ is contracted to the diphthong -νπ before a consonant thus βνϝο = βνῦο and βνϝζη = βνπζί But note the

exception that occurs in the accusative singular where βνϝλ = βνῦλ rather than βνϝα

βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

(βαζηιεϝ-) (βνϝ-) (λᾱϝ-) (ἡξσϝ-)

N βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

G βαζηιῆνο [ένο] βνόο λεόο [εόο] ἥξσνο

D βαζηιῆη [έη] βνΐ λεί ἥξση

A βαζηιῆα [έα] βνῦλ [βῶλ] λῆα [έα] ἥξσα

V βαζηιεῦ βνῦ λεῦ ἥξσο

N V A βαζηιῆε βόε λῆε ἥξσε

G D βαζηιήνηηλ βόνηηλ λήνηηλ ἡξώνηηλ

N V βαζηιῆεο βόεο λῆεο ἥξσεο

G βαζηιήσλ βνῶλ λεῶλ [εῶλ] ἡξώσλ

D βαζηιήεζζη βόεζζη λήεζζη [έεζζη] ἡξώεζζη

βαζηιεῦζη βνπζί λεπζί ἥξσζη

A βαζηιῆαο βόαο (βνῦο) λῆαο [έαο] ἥξσαο

165 Third Declension Stems in -εζ -αζ and -νζ

When a stem ends in a vowel plus -ζ the initial ζ is dropped between two vowels Thus γεξαζνο = γέξανο

ἠνζνο = ἠόνο etc

All third declension nouns with stems ending in -εο are neuters and follow the pattern of ἔπνο The third

declension endings are applied as usual except that the nominative vocative and accusative singulars end in -νο

Nouns with stems ending in -νο take -σο in the nominative and vocative singular but otherwise apply the third

declension endings as usual (dropping ζ between two vowels)

ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

(ϝεπεζ-) (γεξαζ-) (ἀϝζνζ- (ᾱ))

N ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

G ἔπενο γέξανο ἠόνο

D ἔπετ γέξατ ἠόη

A ἔπνο γέξαο ἠόα

V ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

N V A ἔπεε γέξαε

G D ἐπένηηλ γεξάνηηλ

N V ἔπεα γέξα(α)

G ἐπέσλ γεξάσλ

D ἐπέεζζη γεξάεζζη

ἔπε(ζ)ζη γέξα(ζ)ζη

A ἔπεα γέξα(α)

166 Third Declension Stems in -καη and -καξ

Stems ending in -καη and -καξ are neuters

Stems in -καη drop the -ηο in the nominative vocative and accusative singular δσκαηο = δῶκα Otherwise the

third declension endings are applied as usual

Stems ending in -καξ are declined like those ending in -καη except in the nominative vocative and accusative

singular (which end in -καξ)

δῶκα ἦκαξ

(δσκαη-) (ἠκαξ- ἠκαη-)

N δῶκα ἦκαξ

G δώκαηνο ἤκαηνο

D δώκαηη ἤκαηη

A δῶκα ἦκαξ

V δῶκα ἦκαξ

N V A δώκαηε ἤκαηε

G D δσκάηνηηλ ἠκάηνηηλ

N V δώκαηα ἤκαηα

G δσκάησλ ἠκάησλ

D δσκάηεζζη ἠκάηεζζη

δώκαζη ἤκαζη

A δώκαηα ἤκαηα

167 Third Declension Stems in -λη and -λ

Stems ending in -λη drop the -λη before ζ and lengthen the preceding vowel thus παληο = πᾶο παληζη = πᾶζη

Otherwise the third declension endings are applied as usual In neuters the -η is dropped at the end of the word thus

παλη = πᾶλ Stems in -λ drop the -λ before ζ and lengthen the preceding vowel in the masculine (but not in the

neuter)

πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

(παλη- παληα- παλη-)

Masc Fem Neut

N πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

G παληόο πάζεο (ᾱ) παληόο

D παληί πάζῃ (ᾱ) παληί

A πάληα πᾶζαλ πᾶλ

V πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

N V πάληεο πᾶζαη πάληα

G πάλησλ πᾱζάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] πάλησλ

D πάληεζ(ζ)η πάζῃζη (ᾱ) πάληεζ(ζ)η

πᾶζη πάζῃο (ᾱ) πᾶζη

A πάληνο πάζᾱο (ᾱ) πάληα

κέιᾱο κέιαηλα κέιαλ

(κειαλ- κειαηλα- κειαλ-)

N κέιᾱο κέιαηλα κέιαλ

G κέιαλνο κειαίλεο κέιαλνο

D κέιαλη κειαίλῃ κέιαλη

A κέιαλα κέιαηλαλ κέιαλ

V κέιαλ κέιαηλα κέιαλ

N V A κέιαλε κειαίλᾱ κέιαλε

G D κειάλνηηλ κειαίλῃηλ κειάλνηηλ

N V κέιαλεο κέιαηλαη κέιαλα

G κειάλσλ κειαηλάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] κειάλσλ

D κειάλεζ(ζ)η κειαίλῃζη κειάλεζ(ζ)η

κέιαζη κειαίλῃο κέιαζη

A κέιαλεο κειαίλᾱο κέιαλα

168 Vocabulary

Nouns

Ἀπόιισλ (ᾰ or ᾰ) σλνο ὁ Apollo

ἀξεηήξ (ᾱ) ῆξνο ὁ priest prayer

ζπγάηεξ ηέξνο (ηξόο) ἡ daughter

θνζκήησξ νξνο ὁ commander marshaller

λεῦο λεόο (λεόο) ἡ ship

ζηέκκα καηνο ηό fillet (of white cotton) wreath

ρείξ ρεηξόο ἡ hand arm

Verbs

ἔξρνκαη (ἐξρ- ἐιε- ἐιεπζ- ἐιπζ-) come go

ἐιεύζνκαη I will come I will go

ἦιζνλ (ἤιπζνλ) I came I went

ιίζζνκαη (ιηη-) I beg I entreat

---

ἐιιηζάκελ (ἐιηηόκελ) I begged I entreated

Adjectives Prepositions

ζνόο ή όλ swift speedy

πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ all every (the) whole

Indeclinable

δύν (δύσ) two

κάιηζηα most especially by all means

169 Translation

1 Ἀπόιισλ ἑθεβόινο ρνινῦηαη βαζηιῆη Αηξεΐδῃ θαὶ πέκπεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ ὀιέθνληαη δὲ

ιᾱνί νὕλεθα δῖνο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) 2 Υξύζεο (ῡ) γὰξ ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἑθεβόινπ ἔξρεηαη

ἐπὶ ζνὰο (ᾱ) λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ θέξεη δrsquo ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα ζπγαηξόο ἣλ Ἀηξεΐδεο ἔρεη ἐλ ζηξαηῷ 3 ὁ δrsquo ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἔρεη

ζηέκκαηα ἑθεβόινπ Ἀπόιισλνο ἐλ ρεξζὶλ ἀλὰ ρξῡζέῳ ζθήπηξῳ θαὶ ιίζζεηαη πάληαο Ἀραηνύο κάιηζηα δrsquo Ἀηξεΐδᾱ

δύσ θνζκήηνξε ιᾱῶλ 4 Ἀπόιισλ ρνιώζεηαη βαζηιῆη θαὶ ὄξζεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηόλ 5 ἐιεύζνληαη ἐπὶ ζνὰο

(ᾱ) λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ νἴζνπζη ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα βαζηιῆη 6 ιίζζνληαη πάληαο Ἀραηνύο 7 Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζελ (ῑ)

ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) θαὶ νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε ζύγαηξα

KEY

1 Apollo the free-shooter enraged by king Atreides sent an evil plague through the camp of the Achaeans and

the people were destroyed because the divine Atreides dishonored Chryses the priest 2 For Chryses the priest of

the free-shooter went upon the swift ships of the Achaeans bearing countless ransoms for his daughter whom

Atreides was holding in the camp 3 But the priest had a wreath of Apollo the free-shooter upon a staff in his hand

and was entreating all of the Achaeans but especially the sons of Atreus (who were) the commanders of the host 4

Apollo will be enraged by the king and will kindle an evil plague up through the camp 5 They will go upon the

swift ships of the Achaeans and bring countless ransoms to the king 6 They are entreating all of the Achaeans 7

Atreides dishonored the priest and would not release his daughter

1610 Iliad 11-16

hellipὀιέθνλην δὲ ιᾱνί

νὕλεθα ηὸλ Υξύζελ ἠηίκαζελ ἀξεηῆξα

Αηξεΐδεο ὁ γὰξ ἦιζε ζνὰο ἐπὶ λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ

ιπζόκελνο ηε ζύγαηξα θέξσλ ηrsquo ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα

ζηέκκαηrsquo ἔρσλ ἐλ ρεξζὶλ ἑθεβόινπ Ἀπόιισλνο

ρξπζέῳ ἀλὰ ζθήπηξῳ θαὶ ἐιίζζεην πάληαο Ἀραηνύο

Ἀηξεΐδα δὲ κάιηζηα δύσ θνζκήηνξε ιαῶλ

ηόλ Υξύζελ = that (well-known) Chryses

The first verse ends in two spondees making it a spondaic verse and emphasizing the fact that

Chryses was a priest

ιῡζόκελνο = fut mid part nom masc sing being about to ransom

θέξσλ = pres act part nom sing masc bearing bringing

ἔρσλ = pres act part nom sing masc having holding

ρεξζὶλ ἑθεβόινπ = ρεξζὶ ϝεθεβόινπ

ρξῡζέῳ = synizesis where -έῳ is pronounced as a single syllable

ἐιίζζεην = imperf act ind 3rd

pers sing dep (kept) entreating was entreating

Ἀηξεΐδᾱ = dual of Ἀηξεΐδεο refers to both Agamemnon and Menelaus

KEY

hellipand the people were being destroyed

because Atreides dishonored Chryses the priest

For he had gone upon the swift ships of the Achaeans

intending to ransom his daughter bearing countless gifts

and holding in his hand fillets of Apollo the free-shooter

upon a golden staff and was entreating all of the Achaeans

but especially the two sons of Atreus the commanders of the host

1611 Composition

1 Chryses the priest of Apollo is dishonored by the son of Atreus 2 The Achaeans will go from their swift

ships to Troy and ransom the beloved daughter of the priest 3 We shall bring many ransoms and shall hold in our

hands the fillets of Apollo 4 We do not have a golden scepter but we entreat Priam and all the people of Troy 5

The two sons of Atreus marshallers of the people are entreating Priam but he will slight them 6 The son of

Atreus king of men slighted the priest and did not release his daughter

KEY

1 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) Ἀπόιινπ ἀηῑκάδεηαη Ἀηξεΐδῃ 2 Ἀραηνὶ ἐιεύζνληαη ἐθ ζνάσλ (ᾱ) λήσλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ (ῑ)

θαὶ ἀπειύζνληαη (ῡ) θίιε ζπγάηεξα ἀξεηῆξη (ᾱ) 3 νἴζνκελ πνιιrsquo ἄπνηλα θαὶ ἕζρνκελ ἐλ ρείξεζζη ζηέκκαηα

Ἀπόιινπ 4 νὐθ ἔρνκελ ζθῆπηξνλ ρξύζενλ ἀιιὰ ιηζζόκεζα Πξίακνλ θαὶ πᾶληα ιᾱνλ Ἰιίνπ (ῑ) 5 δύrsquo Ἀηξεΐδᾱ

θνζκήηεξᾱ ιᾱσλ ιίζζεζζνλ Πξίακνλ αὐηνὺο δrsquo ἀηῑκάζεη 6 Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἄλδξσλ ἠηίκαζελ (ῑ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) θαὶ

νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε ζπγάηεξα

1612 Meter

ΟΤ λε θα | ΣΟΝ ΥΡΤ | ΖΝ Ζ | ΣΗ κα ζελ | Α ΡΖ | ΣΖ ΡΑ~

Α ηξε η | ΓΖ ν γαξ | ΖΛ ζε ζν | Α ε πη | ΝΖ αο α | ΥΑΗ ΧΝ

ΛΤ ζν κε | ΝΟ ηε ζπ | ΓΑΣ ξα θε | ΡΧΝ ηα πε | ΡΔΗ ζη α | ΠΟΗ ΝΑ~

ΣΔΜ καη ε | ΥΧΝ ΔΝ | ΥΔΡ ζηλ ε | ΚΖ βν ινπ | Α ΠΟΛ | ΛΧ ΝΟ~

ΥΡΤζεσα | ΝΑ ΚΖΠ | ΣΡΧ θαη ε | ΛΗ ζε ην | ΠΑΝ ηαο α | ΥΑΗ ΟΤ

ΑΣ ξε η | ΓΑ δε κα | ΛΗ ηα δπ | Χ ΚΟ | ΜΖ ην ξε | ΛΑ ΧΝ

Lesson 17

(910 - imperfect middle and passive aorist middle of ιύσ 648-658 - the table

of endings in 32)

171 Paradigms Imperfect MiddlePassive of ιύσ

S 1 ἐιπόκελ

2 ἐιύεν [(ἐιύεπ)]

3 ἐιύεην

D 2 ἐιύεζζνλ

3 ἐιπέζζελ

P 1 ἐιπόκε(ζ)ζα

2 ἐιύεζζε

3 ἐιύνλην

172 Paradigms Aorist Middle of ιύσ

Thematic Athematic (2nd

Aorist)

S 1 ἐιῡζάκελ ἐιύκελ

2 ἐιύζαν (ῡ) [(ἐιύζσ (ῡ))] ἔιπ(ζ)ν

3 ἐιύζαην (ῡ) ἔιπην

D 2 ἐιύζαζζνλ (ῡ) ἔιπζζνλ

3 ἐιῡζάζζελ ἐιύζζελ

P 1 ἐιῡζάκε(ζ)ζα ἐιύκε(ζ)ζα

2 ἐιύζαζζε (ῡ) ἔιπζζε

3 ἐιύζαλην (ῡ) ἔιπλην

173 Vocabulary

δῶκα αηνο ηό house home

παῖο παηδόο ὁ ἡ child son daughter

π(η)όιηο ηνο (ενο) ἡ city state

ἐπθλήκῑο ῑδνο well-greaved

ἐγώ(λ) κέν (κεῦ) I

ζύ ζέν (ζεῦ) you

κέλhellip δέ on the one handhellip trulyhellip on the one handhellip on the other hand

partlyhellip partly the onehellip the other

νἴθαδε home homeward to home home

Verbs

ἅδνκαη (ἁγ-) (defective) I reverence

δέρνκαη I accept I receive

δέμνκαη I will accept

ἐδεμάκελ (ἐδέγκελ) I accepted

δίδσκη (δσ- δν-) I give I grant

(δη)δώζσ I will give

ἔδσθα I gave

ἐθπέξζσ (πεξζ- πξαζ-) I sack (utterly) I plunder I pillage

ἐθπέξζσ I will sack

ἐμέπεξζα (ἐμέπξαζνλ) I sacked

ἱθλένκαη I arrive I reach (a destination)

ἵμνκαη I will arrive

ἱθόκελ (ῑ) I arrived

174 Translation

1 ζενὶ ἔρνπζηλ ιύκπηα δώκαηα ἔδσθαλ δrsquo Ἀηξεΐδεο θαὶ ἄιινηζηλ ἐπθλεκίδεζζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἐθπέξζαη

(infinitive) πόιηλ Πξηάκνπ ηόηε δrsquo ἵθνλην (ῑ) ἐὺ νἴθαδε νὕλεθα παῖδα θίιελ ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἔιῡζαλ 2 ἀπέιῡζαλ

ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνὶ ζύγαηξα θίιελ ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἐδέμαλην δrsquo ἀγιαὰ ἄπνηλα νὕλεθα ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλα Γηὸο πἱὸλ

ἅδνλην 3 ἅδεηαη ἑθεβόινλ 4 Ἀηξεΐδεο νὐθ ἐδέμαην ηὰ ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα 5 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἔδσθελ ἄπνηλα

πνιιὰ βαζηιῆη Ἀηξεΐδῃ 6 πάληεο ζενὶ θαὶ πᾶζαη ζεαὶ εἶρνλ ιύκπηα δώκαηα 7 Ἀραηνὶ ἐπθλήκῑδεο ἐθπέξζνπζη

Πξηάκνην πόιηλ ἵμνληαη δrsquo ἐπ νἴθαδε 8 παῖο θίιε ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἐιύζαην (ῡ) ἵθεην (ῑ) δrsquo ἐὺ νἴθαδε

KEY

1 The gods have Olympian homes but they gave the son of Atreus and the other well-greaved Achaeans to

utterly sack the city of Priam and then they returned safe at home because they released the dear child of the priest

2 The well-greaved Achaeans released the dear daughter of the priest and received glorious ransoms because they

reverenced the free-shooter Apollo son of Zeus 3 He reverences te free-shooter 4 The son of Atreus did not

receive the glorious ransoms 5 Chryses the priest gave many ransoms to king Atreides 6 All of the gods and all of

the goddesses had Olympian homes 7 The well-greved Achaeans will utterly sack Priamrsquos city and will return safe

to home 8 The dear child of the priest was released and arrived well to her home

175 Iliad 17-21

ltltἈηξεΐδαη ηε θαὶ ἄιινη ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνί

ὑκῖλ κὲλ ζενὶ δνῖελ ιύκπηα δώκαηrsquo ἔρνληεο

ἐθπέξζαη Πξηάκνην πόιηλ ἐὺ δrsquo νἴθαδrsquo ἱθέζζαη

παῖδα δrsquo ἐκνὶ ιῦζαί ηε θίιελ ηά ηrsquo ἄπνηλα δέρεζζαη

ἁδόκελνη Γηὸο πἱὸλ ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλαgtgt

Ἀηξεΐδαηhellip ἄιινη ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνί = vocative case

ὑκῖλ (ῡ) = dat plural of ζύ to you

ζενί = one syllable by synizesis

κέλ (v 18) = correlative of δέ (v 20)

δνῖελ = aor act optative 3rd

plural of δίδσκη may they grant

ἔρνληεο = pres act part nom masc plural of ἔρσ having possessing

ἐθπέξζαη = aor act inf of ἐθπέξζσ to sack utterly

ἱθέζζαη = aor act inf of ἱθένκαη to arrive (compare κάρεζζαη)

ιῦζαη δέρεζζαη = infinitives used as imperatives free and accept

ηά ηrsquo ἄπνηλα (ηά ηε ἄπνηλα) = thesehellip gifts

ἁδόκελνη = pres act part nom masc plural reverencing

KEY

ldquoSons of Atreus and you other well-greaved Achaeans

may the gods who have their homes on Olympus grant you

to utterly sack Priamrsquos city and return safe to home

but release my dear child to me and accept these gifts

reverencing Apollo who shoots at will the son of Zeusrdquo

176 Composition

1 The gods who have (ἔρνληεο) Olympian homes will grant to the sons of Atreus and to the other well-greaved

Achaeans to sack utterly (ἐθπέξζαη) the city of Priam 2 When they sacked the city of Priam they returned happily

home 3 They accepted the shining ransoms and freed the darling daughter of the priest Chryses 4 We reverenced

the free-shooter Apollo son of Leto and Zeus and escaped death 5 Will the son of Atreus accept the shining

ransoms 6 The child of the priest was freed when he gave many shining ransoms which the two sons of Atreus

accepted

KEY

1 ζενὶ ἔρνληεο ιύκπηα δώκαηα δώζνπζη Ἀηξεΐδῃζη θαὶ ἄιινηζηλ ἐπθλεκίδεζζηλ (ῑ) Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἐθπέξζαη πόιηλ

Πξηάκνπ 2 ηόηε ἐμέπεξζαλ πόιηλ Πξηάκνην ἵθνλην (ῑ) ἐὺ νἴθαδε 3 ἐδέμαλην ἀγιαrsquo ἄπνηλα θαὶ ἀπέιῡζαλ ζπγάηεξα

θίιε ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) Υξύζᾱν (ῡ) 4 ἡμάκεζα ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλα Λεηόνο θαὶ Γηὸο πἱόλ θαὶ ζάλαηνλ 5

Ἀηξεΐδεο δέμεηαη ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα 6 παῖο ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἀπειύζαην (ῡ) ηόηε ἔδσθελ ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀγιάα ηὰ

Ἀηξεΐδᾱ ἐδώθαζηλ

Lesson 18

(Perfect and Pluperfect Active of Verbs 904 922 Third Declension γέρων

αἴξ 693-695)

181 Formation of the Perfect and Pluperfect Active

The perfect and pluperfect in all modes experience reduplication of the initial syllable which denotes completed

action Verbs beginning with a single consonant (except ξ) prefix this consonant followed by -ε Thus ιύσ =

ιέιπθα The stem sometimes stands in ablaut relation to the stem of the present as in βαίλσ = βέβεθα A

reduplicated syllable beginning with an aspirated mute is changed to its corresponding voiceless mute in the

reduplicated syllable ie ζλήζθσ = ηέζλεθα In these cases the reduplicated pluperfect adds ἐ- to the reduplicated

syllable ie ιύσ = ιέιπθα = ἐιέιπθε

Vebs beginning with a double consonant two consonants (except a mute followed by a liquid or a nasal) ξ and

some beginning with κ simply augment the stem with the addition of ε-

Verbs beginning in a vowel typically take the temporal augment by lengthening the vowel ie νἴρνκαη =

ᾤρσθα However verbs beginning with a vowel in which an initial consonant has been lost may take the syllabic

augment

Compound verbs typically insert the reduplication and augment between the preposition and the verb ie

ἀπνιύσ = ἀπνιέιπθα = ἀπειειύθε

The first perfect active adds -θα- to the stem followed by the primary endings The first pluperfect active

similarly adds -θε- followed by the secondary endings In general a short final vowel is lengthened before the

addition of the -θα- or -θε- Second perfects and pluperfects active are the older form and are more common in

Homer These omit the θ and simply add -α- or -ε- respectively The second perfects are more common in stems

ending in a consonant

In general the singular perfect and pluperfect active stand in ablaut relation to the dual and plural forms

Perfects and pluperfects are rare in Homer and only occur in some twenty verbs

182 Paradigms λέλυκα and βέβηκα

ιέιπθα ἐιειύθε (ἐιειύθεα)

ιέιπθαο ἐιειύθο (ἐιειύθεαο)

ιέιπθε(λ) ἐιειύθεη (ἐιειύθεε)

ιειύθαηνλ ἐιειύθαηνλ

ιειύθαηνλ ἐιειπθάηελ

ιειύθακελ ἐιειύθεκελ

ιειύθαηε ἐιειύθεηε

ιειύθᾱζη ἐιειύθεζαλ

βέβεθα ἐβεβήθεα (ἐβεβήθε)

βέβεθαο ἐβεβήθεαο (ἐβεβήθεο)

βέβεθε(λ) ἐβεβήθεε (ἐβεβήθεη)

βέβαηνλ ἐβέβαηνλ

βέβαηνλ ἐβεβάηελ

βέβακελ ἐβέβακελ

βέβαηε ἐβέβαηε

βέβᾱζη ἐβέβαζαλ

183 Paradigms γέρων and αἴξ

γέξσλ αἴμ

γέξνληνο αἰγόο

γέξνληη αἰγί

γέξνληα αἶγα

γέξνλ αἴμ

γέξνληε αἶγε

γεξόληνηηλ αἴγνηηλ

γέξνληεο αἶγεο

γεξόλησλ αἰγῶλ

γεξόληεζ(ζ)η (γέξνπζη) αἴγεζ(ζ)η (αἰμί)

γέξνληαο αἶγαο

184 Vocabulary

ἀγνξή ῆο ἡ assembly meeting place gathering harrangue

αἴμ αἰγόο ὁ ἡ goat

Ἄξγνο ενο ηό Argos (both a country and a city in Greece)

γέξσλ νληνο ὁ old man

γῆξαο ανο ηό old age

ἱεξεύο ῆνο ὁ priest holy man

κεξίνλ νπ ηό thigh-bone thigh-piece

πνύο πνδόο ὁ foot

ηαῦξνο νπ ὁ bull

θξήλ θξελόο ἡ diaphragm mind heart soul spirit disposition

δέθαηνο ε νλ tenth

ἡκέηεξνο ε νλ our ours

θνῖινο ε νλ hollow

ὠθύο ὠθεῖα ὠθύ swift speedy

ζλήζθσ die perish

ζαλένκαη

ἔζαλνλ

ηέζλεθα

θεύγσ flee fly escape run (off away along)

θεύμνκαη

ἔθπγνλ

πέθεπγα

δαίο - portion feast banquet

Derivatives

κεληο - mania maniac maniacal

ἀείδσ - ode melody palinode

κῡξίνη - myriad

ἄιγνο - neuralgia nostalgia

ςῡρή - psychology

ἥξσο - hero heroic

αὐηόο - automaton autocracy

θύσλ - cynic cynical

ηειείσ - teleology

Lesson 2

(534-551 553 560 575 622-625)

21 Principles of Accentuation

There are three accents the acute (ά) the grave (ὰ) and the circumflex (ᾶ) These accents are usually

pronounced by stressing the accented syllable but in ancient Greek they represented variations in pitch The acute

can stand on any of the last three accents of a word the circumflex can stand on either of the last two syllables and

the grave can only stand on the last syllable The circumflex can only stand on a long vowel or a diphthong

In accented syllables containing a single vowel or an improper diphthong the accent (as well as the breathing

mark when applicable) is written over the vowel when it is lower case and before an initial Capital Accented

diphthongs take the accent over the second vowel when written in lower case If a vowel or diphthong has both the

accent and the breathing the acute and grave accents follow the breathing mark while the circumflex is written

above the breathing mark If the entire word is written in capital letters both the accent and the breathing marks are

omitted

The final syllable of a word is called the ultima the second to last syllable is called the penult and the third to

last syllable is called the antepenult The following rules govern the placement of accents

If the antepenult is accented it must take the acute But the antepenult cannot take an accent when the

ultima is long or when the ultima ends in a double consonant (μ ς) In words that normally accent the

antepenult the acute is pulled to the penult when the ultima is long (ie through inflection)

An accented penult takes the circumflex if it is long and the ultima is short Otherwise it must take the

acute

An accented ultima may take any of the three accents if it is long If the ultima is short it can only take

the circumflex or the grave

Final αη and νη are considered short when determining the accent except when they occur in the

optative mood and the word νἴθνη (which means ldquoat homerdquo)

Verbs normally have a recessive accent meaning that the accent occurs as close to the beginning of the

word as the rules allow

A word with an acute on the ultima is said to be oxytone (sharp-toned) The acute on an onytone

changes to the grave when another word follows without intervening punctuation However this rule

does not apply when the oxytone is elided when the following word is an enclitic or in the

interrogative pronoun ηίο ηί (meaning ldquowhordquo ldquowhichrdquo ldquowhatrdquo)

Proclitics are words that are pronounced as a prefix attached to the following word and so have no accent of

their own Proclitics are only accented when they are followed by an enclitic when they occur at the end of a

sentence or in the case of certain words (εἰο ἐθ ἐλ ὡο) when they follow the word that they modify

Enclitics are words that are pronounced as a suffix attached to the preceding word While enclitics usually have

their own accent the accent typically disappears when the enclitic is pronounced as a part of the preceding word

The rules governing the accent of enclitics are fairly complex and will be addressed in a later lesson

22 Formation of Syllables and Elision

A Greek word has as many syllables as it has vowels and diphthongs When dividing a word into syllables

single consonants combinations of consonants that can begin a word or a mute (π η θ θ ζ ρ β δ γ) followed by

κ or λ are usually placed at the beginning of a syllable if possible Other combinations of consonants are divided

into separate syllables Compound words are divided between the original words that form the compound

A short final vowel is regularly dropped and replaced with an apostrophe when the following word begins with

a vowel This process is called elision

23 Punctuation and Transliteration

There are four punctuation marks used in printed Greek The period and the comma are the same as in English

The Greek question marks looks like an English semicolon () and the Greek semicoloncolon are a raised dot ()

The most common method of transliteration is that used by the ancient Romans where Greek words are

represented by their Latin equivalents Most proper names are transliterated by replacing the Greek nominative

ending with the equivalent Latin nominative ending Transliterate proper names are usually accented on the penult if

it is long (or if the word only has two syllables) and the antepenult otherwise The Ionic ε was often pronounced as

ᾱ in Attic and in those cases the ε is usually transliterated as a Iota subscript is normally omitted Most of the

letters of the Greek alphabet are transliterated by their EnglishLatin equivalents but note the following

δ = z

θ = c

π = y (except when part of a diphthong)

αη = ae or e

εη = e i or ei

νη = oe or e

νπ = u

επ = eu

ῥ = rh

γ-nasal = n

The following points apply especially to word endings

νη = i

ε = a (occasionally e)

νο = us (changed to the Latin nominative)

νλ = um (changed to the Latin nominative)

ηηα = cy

ηε ηα = y

Lesson 3

(626-658 659-662 970 1011 1025 cf 561)

31 Inflection

Inflection is the fusion of a stem with certain elements (ie prefixes suffixes) that express relationship to other

words The inflection of nouns adjectives and pronouns is called declension the inflection of adjectives and adverbs

is called comparison and the inflection of verbs is called conjugation

A root is the essential part of a word once it has been analyzed into its various parts and all prefixes suffixes

and formative elements have been removed A stem is a root with added formative elements prefixes and suffixes

Stems frequently have more than one form with multiple forms standing in ablaut relationship to one another (as

sing vs song in English or ιεγ- vs ινγ- in Greek) Some roots are also stems and take on inflectional endings

directly

[For example the word ι-γ is a root conveying the idea of speech or speaking ιεγ and ινγν are both stems

standing in ablaut relationship to one another with the former comprising a verb stem and the latter comprising a

noun stem ιέγσ (ιεγ-ν-ν ldquoI speakrdquo) and ιόγνο (ινγν-ο ldquowordrdquo) are both words formed by adding inflectional

elements to the stem]

An inflected word is made up of two parts the stem and the inflectional element (which may take the form of

prefixes suffixes augments etc) The last letter of the stem is called the stem characteristic Stems are generally

classified according to the stem characteristic ie vowel stems mute stems liquid stems etc

32 Declension

Nouns pronouns and adjectives are declined There are three numbers (singular plural dual) and three genders

(masculine feminine neuter) The dual denotes two things closely associated as a pair and may be used

interchangeably with the plural

Gender must be learned by observation The names of males and females are typically masculine and feminine

respectively Rivers winds and months are usually masculine Countries towns trees islands qualities and

conditions are usually feminine A few nouns (as well as a few adjectives) can be either masculine or feminine

without changing form These are said to be of common gender

The most common demonstrative relative and personal pronoun in Homer is ὁ (masc) ἡ (fem) ηό (neut)

Nouns in lexicons generally appear in the nominative singular followed by the genitive singular ending and the

appropriate form of this pronoun

There five cases in Greek nominative genitive dative accusative and vocative These five cases have also

absorbed the meanings of three lost cases the locative instrumental and ablative All of these cases except the

nominative and vocative are oblique cases and represent relationships that are normally expressed with prepositions

in English

The accent of a noun is determined by its position in the nominative singular and it usually remains on the

same syllable throughout the declension as long as the rules for accents allow Nouns that are monosyllabic in the

nominative but which become disyllabic through declension usually take the accent on the ultima in the genitive and

dative of both numbers and otherwise accent the penult A long ultima when accented takes the circumflex in the

genitive and dative of all numbers

Nouns are declined according to the vowel declension (stems ending in ᾱ or ν) or the consonant declension

(stems ending in a consonant or the closed vowels η and π) The vowel declension if further divided into the first

declension (stems ending in ᾱ) and the second declension (stems ending in ν) The consonant declension is

considered the third declension Words of the first declension have stems ending in -ᾱ which almost always

becomes either -ε or -ᾰ in the nominative singular

In order to form the various cases numbers and genders the following case endings were fused with the stems

of substantives and adjectives (forms in parentheses are contracted)

Vowel Declension Consonant Declension

Singular

First Decl Second Decl Third Decl

Masc Fem M and F Neut M and F Neut

Nom ο (none) none ο λ ο (none) none

Gen ν (ην) εο ν (ην) ν (ην) νο νο

Dat η η η η η η

Acc λ λ λ λ λ α none

Voc none none none λ ο (none) none

Dual

N V A none none none none ε ε

G D ηηλ ηηλ ηηλ ηηλ νηηλ νηηλ

Plural

NV η η η ᾰ εο ᾰ

Gen σλ σλ σλ σλ σλ σλ

Dat (η)ζη ηο (η)ζη ηο (η)ζη ηο (η)ζη ηο ζ(ζ)η ζ(ζ)η

εζ(ζ)η εζ(ζ)η

Acc λο λο λο ᾰ λο ᾰ

When these suffixes were combined with the stem of a word the following endings were produced (forms in

brackets are rare)

First Decl Second Decl

Singular

Masc Fem M and F Neut

N εο [α ᾱο] ε α ᾱ νο [(σο νπο)] νλ

G ᾱν [εσ σ] εο ᾱο νην νπ [νν σν (σ)] νην νπ [νν σν (σ)]

D ῃ [ᾳ] ῃ ᾳ ῳ ῳ

A ελ [ᾱλ] ελ αλ ᾱλ νλ [(σλ)] νλ

V ε α [ᾱ] ε α ᾱ ε [νο] νλ

Dual

N V A ᾱ ᾱ σ σ

G D [ῃηλ] [ῃηλ] νηηλ νηηλ

Plural

N V αη αη νη [(ῳ)] α

G ᾱσλ [εσλ (σλ)] ᾱσλ [εσλ (σλ)] σλ σλ

D ῃζη ῃο [αηο] ῃζη ῃο νηζη νηο νηζη νηο

A ᾱο ᾱο νπο [(σο)] α

Third Decl

Singular

Masc and Fem Neut

N ο (none)

G νο [(επο νπο σο)] νο

D η [(ῑ ῳ)] η [(ῑ)]

A α λ [(ε σ)]

V ο (none)

Dual

N V A ε ε

G D νηηλ νηηλ

Plural

N V εο [(εηο νπο)] α [(ε σ)]

G σλ σλ

D ζη εζζη [εζη] ζη εζζη [εζη]

A ο αο [(ῑο ῡο εηο)] α [(ε)]

Note that the dative singular of all declensions ends in η which becomes iota subecript after long vowels The

dative plural regularly becomes ζη to which may be added λ-moveable (explained later in this lesson) -ῃζη and -νηζη

are the two regular forms for the ending of the dative plural in the first two declension However the shorter forms -

ῃο and -νηο occasionally occur when the following word begins with a vowel and should possibly be categorized as

a case of elision

The genitive plural of all forms ends in -σλ

There are only two forms of the dual in each declension one for the nominative accusative and vocative and

one for the genitive and dative

As in Latin the vocative singular is frequently identical to the nominative and the vocative plural is always

identical to the nominative

The nominative vocative and accusative of all neuters is always alike and the plurals always end in -α

In an earlier unrecorded stage of the language there were three other cases the instrumental denoting means

the locative denoting place where and the ablative denoting separation or source The dative absorbed most of the

uses of the instrumental and locatives cases and the genitive absorbed most of the uses of the ablative case

In addition to the endings outlined in this lesson the suffixes -θη(λ) and -ζελ were also occasionally used and

will be discussed in a later lesson

33 Paradigms

First declension feminine nouns ending in -ε are declined like βνπιή ῆο ἡ (desire will plan counsel council

stem βνπιᾱ-) These stems end in -ᾱ which becomes -ε in the nominative singular

Sigular Dual Plural

N βνπιή βνπιά (ᾱ) βνπιαί

G βνπιῆο βνπιῇηλ βνπιάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ]

D βνπιῇ βνπιῇηλ βνπιῇζη ῇο

A βνπιήλ βνπιά (ᾱ) βνπιάο (ᾱ)

V βνπιή βνπιά (ᾱ) βνπιαί

Another example is the expression θᾱιὴ βνπιή (a good plan stems θᾱιᾱ- βνπιᾱ-)

Sigular Dual Plural

N θᾱιὴ βνπιή θᾱιὰ (ᾱ) βνπιά (ᾱ) θᾱιαὶ βνπιαί

G θᾱιῆο βνπιῆο θᾱιῇλ βνπιῇηλ θᾱιάσλ (ᾱ) βνπιάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ]

D θαιῇ βνπιῇ θᾱιῇλ βνπιῇηλ θᾱιῇζη βνπιῇζη ῇο

A θᾱιὴλ βνπιήλ θᾱιὰ (ᾱ) βνπιά (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) βνπιάο (ᾱ)

V θᾱιὴ βνπιή θᾱιὰ (ᾱ) βνπιά (ᾱ) θᾱιαὶ βνπιαί

34 Notes on Syntax

The subject of a finite verb is in the nominative case

The direct object of a transitive verb is in the accusative case

Adjectives agree with their nouns in gender number and case Adjectives however can belong to a different

declension than the nouns they modify so the forms are not always the same

Some words that end in a vowel add -λ to the end of the word when the following word begins with a vowel

The following list describes the words that are commonly spelled with a moveable -λ

1 All words that end in -ζη -μη or -ςη except ἐζζί

2 All verbs of the third person ending in -ε

3 The third person singular of the pluperfect ending in -εη (originally -εε)

4 The verb ἐζηί and the paticles θέ and λύ all of which are enclitics

5 The dative plural of the pronouns ἄκκη ὕκκη ζθί and ζθίζη

6 The adverbial endings θη and ζε

7 The pronoun ἐγώ (ldquoIrdquo)

35 Vocabulary

βνπιή ῆο ἡ - plan will wish purpose counsel council

δεηλή - fearful terrible awful dreadful dread

ἐλ ἐλί εἰλ - (adv or prep with dat) in among therein thereon on

ἔρεη - he she it has holds

ἔρνπζη(λ) - they have hold

ἦλ - he she it there was

ἦζαλ - they there were

θαί - and also even

θαθή - bad poor ugly mean coeardly wicked

θᾱιή - good goodly noble handsom fair brave

θιαγγή ῆο ἡ - uproar roar noise

ηίο - (masc or fem) who which what

ηί - (neut) which what why

Υξύζε (ῡ) εο ἡ - Chrysa a town in the Troad

θίιε εο ἡ - dear darling lovely beloved

36 Derivatives

δεηλή - dinosaur (ldquoterrible lizardrdquo) dinichthys (ldquoterrible fishrdquo)

θαθή - cacography (ldquobad writingrdquo) cacophony (ldquobad soundrdquo)

θᾱιή - calligraphy (ldquobeautiful writingrdquo) calliope

θιαγγή - clang

θίιε - Philadelphia (ldquobrotherly loverdquo) Philanthropy (ldquolove of mankindrdquo)

37 Translation

1 βνπιαὶ θᾱιαὶ θαὶ θαθαί 2 ηίο ἔρεη βνπιὴλ θᾱιήλ 3 ηί ἔρνπζηλ 4 θᾱιαὶ βνπιαὶ ἦζαλ θίιαη 5 ηίο ἦλ θᾱιή

6 δεηλὴ θιαγγὴ ἦλ ἐλ Υξύζῃ (ῡ) θᾱιῇ 7 ἔρνπζη βνπιὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θίιᾱο 8 ηί ἦλ θιαγγὴ δεηλὴ ἐλ Υξύζῃ

(ῡ) θᾱιῇ 9 θαθῆο βνπιῆο 10 θαθῇο βνπιῇο 11 θαθάσλ (ᾱ) βνπιάσλ (ᾱ) 12 θαθὴ βνπιή θαθῇ βνπιῇ θαθὴλ

βνπιήλ θαθὰο (ᾱ) βνπιάο (ᾱ)

(1) βνπιαὶhellip The acute changes to a grave when another word follows without intervening punctuation

But see the notes on 2

(2) The acute on the pronouns ηίο and ηί does not change to a grave ηίοηί is an interrogative pronoun and

indicates that the sentence is a question ηίο can be either masculine or feminine usually refers to a person

and is generally translated ldquowhordquo ηί is neuter usually refers to an object and is generally translated

ldquowhatrdquo

(4) Like Latin and unlike later dialects of Greek there is no definite article in Homeric The article must be

supplied in this sentence ldquoThe good planshelliprdquo

(6) ἦλ is frequenly translated ldquothere wasrdquo

(7) The phrasing here is common ldquohellipplans good and dearrdquo A pair of adjectives connected by θαί is often

placed after the noun they modify

(10) This sentence uses the less common -ῇο instead of -ῇζη(λ) The dative in this case is best represented

by the English preposition ldquoforrdquo The preposition ldquotordquo is usually used to render the the dative as indirect

object

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 Good and bad plans 2 Who has a good plan 3 What do they have 4 The good plans were dear 5 Who

was good 6 There was a terrible uproar in beautiful Chrysa 7 They have good and dear plans 8 What was the

terrible uproar in beautiful Chrysa 9 Of the bad plan 10 For the bad plans 11 Of the bad plans 12 The bad plan

for the bad plan the bad plan the bad plans

38 Composition

1 Of good and bad plans 2 For the noble plan 3 Who has the evil plan 4 There was a terrible uproar in

beautiful Chrysa 5 Was the plan good 6 The plans were cowardly

(1) Follow the standard construction ldquoOf plans good and badrdquo

(2) The preposition ldquoforrdquo is represented by the use of the dative

(3) This could be rendered either singular (ηίο ἔρεη) or plural (ηίο ἔρνπζη)

(4) Follow the same construction seen in exercise 6 of Translation ldquoA terrible uproar there was in Chrysa

beautifulrdquo While the word order is not fixed Phar usually places adjectives after the words they modify

When ἦλ is rendered ldquothere wasrdquo it is usually placed in the predicate position ie ldquoA terrible uproar there

washelliprdquo

(5) The construction should place the verb between the subject and the predicate nominative ie βνπιὴ ἦλ

θᾱιή or θᾱιὴ ἦλ βνπιή Otherwise the translation would be ldquoWas there a good planrdquo Note that the

predicate nominative is always placed in the nominative case

(6) As with (5) the verb should come between the subject and the predicate nominative to avoid

ambiguity ἦζαλ βνπιαὶ θαθαί or βνπιαὶ θαθαὶ ἦζαλ would be translated ldquoThere were cowardly plansrdquo

Again the Greek is ambiguous in this regard but we are following Pharrrsquos conventions in the exercises

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 βνπιαὶ θᾱιαὶ θαὶ θαθαί 2 βνπιῇ θᾱιῇ 3 ηίο ἔρεη βνπιὴλ θαθήλ 4 δεηλὴ θιαγγή ἦλ ἐλ Υξύζῃ (ῡ) θᾱιῇ 5

βνπιὴ ἦλ θᾱιή 6 βνπιαὶ ἦζαλ θαθαί

Lesson 4

(663)

41 Declension of ζεά (ᾱ)

The few feminine nouns that end in -ᾱ in the nominative are declined like ζεά (ᾱ) goddess In general the

original ᾱ stem becomes ε in the singular (as in the declension of ζάιαζζα below) It remains ᾱ in the word ζεά (ᾱ)

and a few proper names

Sigular Dual Plural

N ζεά (ᾱ) ζεά (ᾱ) ζεαί

G ζεᾶο ζεῇηλ ζεάσλ (ᾱ) [ῶλ]

D ζεᾷ ζεῇηλ ζεῇζη ῇο [αῖο]

A ζεάλ (ᾱ) ζεά (ᾱ) ζεάο (ᾱ)

V ζεά (ᾱ) ζεά (ᾱ) ζεαί

42 Declension of ζάιαζζα

Feminine nouns ending in -ᾰ are declines like ζάιαηηα sea Note that the acute is pulled from the antepenult to

the penult when the ultima is long

Sigular Dual Plural

N ζάιαζζα ζαιάζζᾱ ζάιαζζαη

G ζαιάζζεο ζαιάζζῃηλ ζαιαζζάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ]

D ζαιάζζῃ ζαιάζζῃηλ ζαιάζζῃζη ῃο

A ζάιαζζαλ ζαιάζζᾱ ζαιάζζᾱο

V ζάιαζζα ζαιάζζᾱ ζάιαζζαη

43 Vocabulary

γάξ -(postpositive conjunction) for in fact

δέ -(postpositive conjunction) but and so for

εἰζί(λ) -they there are

ἐζηί(λ) -he she it there is

ἐθ (ἐμ) -(adv and prep + gen) from out of

ἐπί -(adv) upon on thereon

ἐπί -(prep + gen) upon on over during

ἐπί -(prep + dat) upon on in for about against at beside by

ἐπί -(prep + acc) to up to over up upon

ζάιαζζα εο ἡ -sea

ζεά (ᾱ) ᾶο ἡ -goddess

Κίιια εο ἡ -Cilla a town in the Troad

νὐ (νὐθ νὐρ) -not no

πάηξε εο ἡ -fatherland native land

πνιιή -much many numerous

ππξή ῆο ἡ -funeral pyre pyre

ςῡρή ῆο ἡ -soul breath life spirit

44 Derivatives

ζάιαζζα (thalassa) = thalassocracy

παηξή (patre) = patriotic

ππξή (pyre) = pyre pyrolatry pyrotechnic pyrotechnical pyrography

ςῡρή (psyche) = psyche psychology psychotherapy psychic psychical

45 Translation

1 θᾱιὴ ζεὰ (ᾱ) ἔρεη βνπιὴλ θᾱιήλ 2 θᾱιαὶ ζεαί εἰζη θίιαη ςῡρῇ ζεᾶο ζαιάζζεο δεηλῆο 3 Κίιια θαὶ Υξύζε

(ῡ) εἰζὶ θᾱιαη θαὶ θίιαη ζεῇζη ζαιαζζάσλ (ᾱ) 4 θᾱιὴ ζεὰ (ᾱ) νὐθ ἔρεη ςῡρὴλ θαθήλ 5 θᾱιή ἐζηη ζεά (ᾱ) ἔρεη δὲ

ςῡρὴλ θαθήλ 6 δεηλὴ θιαγγή ἐζηηλ ἐθ ζαιάζζεο 7 Κίιια θαὶ Υξύζε (ῡ) ἦζαλ ἐπὶ ζαιάζζῃ 8 ζεαὶ ζαιάζζεο εἰζὶ

θίιαη ςῡρῇο πνιιῇο θίιαη γάξ εἰζηλ 9 πάηξε θᾱιή ἐζηη θίιε πνιιῇο ςῡρῇο θᾱιῇο 10 ἐθ πάηεο θαθῆο ἦλ 11

ἦζαλ ππξαὶ πνιιαὶ ἐλ θίιῃ πάηξῃ ἐπὶ δεηλῇ ζαιάζζῃ 12 ηίο νὐθ ἔρεη θᾱιὴλ ςῡρήλ

(2) εἰζη is an enclitic When the preceding word carries an acute on the ultima the enclitic looses its own

accent and the accent on the ultima does not change to a grave

(3) When an enclitic follows a word with the acute on the penult the enclitic retains its own accent

(4) νὐ is used before consonants νὐθ before vowels with the smooth breathing and νὐρ before vowels

with the rough breathing As an adverb it usually precedes the verb that it modifies

(6) ἐθ + gen The phrase is rendered ldquohellipfrom out of the seardquo

(7) ἐπί with the dative indicates location and frequently denotes close proximity This phrase is usually

translated with the English idiom ldquoupon the seardquo but it literally means ldquobeside the seardquo or ldquonear the seardquo

(8) postpositives like γάξ and δέ never occur first in a sentence they usually occur as the second or third

word of the sentence

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 Does the beautiful goddess have a good plan 2 Beautiful goddesses are dear to the soul of the goddess of

the terrible sea 3 Cilla and Chrysa are beautiful and dear to the goddesses of the seas 4 The beautiful goddess does

not have an ugly soul 5 The goddess is beautiful but she has an ugly soul 6 There is a terrible roar from out of the

sea 7 Cilla and Chrysa were upon the sea 8 The goddesses of the sea are dear to many souls for they are beloved

9 The beautiful fatherland is dear to many good souls 10 There was evil from out of the fatherland 11 There were

many funeral pyres in the beloeved fatherland upon the terrible sea

46 Composition

1 Are the good plans dear to the souls of the goddesses 2 They have many plans but (they are) cowardly

ones 3 The plans are dear to the soul of the beautiful goddess for they are noble 4 The lovely goddess of the sea

was not in Cilla 5 There are many funeral pyres by the sea in (our) beloved fatherland 6 Who was in Cilla by the

sea

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 θᾱιαὶ βνπιαί εἰζη θίιαη ςῡρῇζη ζεάσλ (ᾱ) 2 ἔρνπζη βνπιὰο (ᾱ) πνιιάο (ᾱ) θαθὰο (ᾱ) δέ 3 βνπιαὶ θίιαη

εἰζὶ ςῡρῇ θᾱιῆο ζεᾶο θίιαη γάξ εἰζηλ 4 θᾱιὴ ζεὰ (ᾱ) ζαιάζζεο νὐθ ἦλ ἐλ Κίιιῃ 5 ππξαὶ πνιιαί ἐζηηλ ἐπὶ

ζαιάζζῃ ἐλ πάηξῃ θίιῃ 6 ηίο ἦλ ἐλ Κίιιῃ ἐπὶ ζαιάζζῃ

Lesson 5

(789-806 904)

51 Introduction to Greek Verbs

The uses of the Greek verb will be covered in more detail later However Pharr employs several terms in this

lesson that may be perplexing without a brief introduction

Greek verbs employ prefixes suffixes and formative elements in order to conjugate verbs A similar function

exists in English although to a lesser extent precook (use of a prefix) walked (use of a suffix) ranrun (use of

ablaut as a formative element) etc

There are three voices in Greek The active and passive voice function as in English where the active indicates

action performed by the subject (ldquothe dog bit the mailmanrdquo) and the passive indicates action performed upon the

subject (ldquothe mailman was bitten by the dogrdquo) The Greek also employs a third voice called the middle which

indicates (among other things) that the subject acted on its own behalf (ldquothe dog himself bit the mailmanrdquo) or that

plural subjects acted upon each other (ldquothe dogs bit each otherrdquo) The endings for the passive and the middle are

sometimes identical and the meaning must be determined from the context

In Greek as in English verbs convey certain moods The indicative mood simply denotes an action that is

performed (ldquothe dog bites the mailmanrdquo) The subjunctive mood denotes (among other things) possibility and

wishes etc (ldquothe dog may bite the mailmanrdquo ldquoI wish that the dog would bite the mailmanrdquo) Like the subjunctive

the optative mood denotes (among other things) possibility wish conditions or indirect discourse (ldquothe dog would

bite the mailman ifhelliprdquo ldquowould that the dog had bitten the mailmanrdquo ldquomay the dog bite the mailmanrdquo) The

imperative mood expresses a command (ldquobite the mailman you dogrdquo) The infinitive mood expresses the verb as if it

were a noun (ldquoto bite the mailmanrdquo) The participle is a verbal noun or adjective similar to the infinitive ( ldquobiting the

mailman is badrdquo)

There are seven different tenses in Greek most of which have corresponding meanings in English present (ldquothe

dog bites the mailmanrdquo) future (ldquothe dog will bite the mailmanrdquo) imperfect (ldquothe dog was biting the mailmanrdquo)

aorist (ldquothe dog bit the mailmanrdquo) perfect (ldquothe dog has bitten the mailmanrdquo) pluperfect (ldquothe dog had bitten the

mailmanrdquo) and future perfect (ldquothe dog would have bitten the mailmanrdquo)

Grammarians divide the Greek tenses into two categories The primary (or principle) tenses consist of the

present future perfect and future perfect and denote action that occurs from a perspective in the present or future

The secondary (past or historic) consist of the imperfect aorist and pluperfect and denote action occurring from

the perspective of the past

Each tense can be expressed in multiple moods and voices The aorist active indicative for example is ldquothe dog

bit the mailmanrdquo The aorist middle indicative is ldquothe dog himself bit the mailmanrdquo The aorist passive indicative is

ldquothe mailman was bitten by the dogrdquo The present active subjunctive is ldquothe dog may bite the mailmanrdquo The present

passive subjunctive is ldquothe mailman may be bitten by the dogrdquo

There are three persons in the Greek and these correspond to the three persons used in the English verbs first

person (ldquoI bit the mailmanrdquo) second person (ldquoyou bit the mailmanrdquo) and third person (ldquohe bit the mailmanrdquo) Each

person can also take on the dual form (ldquothe pair of them bit the mailmanrdquo third person dual) and the plural form

(ldquowe bit the mailmanrdquo first person plural)

As you can see there are many possible combinations in Greek and the majority of those possible

combinations has accompanying endings that can be applied All in all there are hundreds of possible endings that

can be applied to various Greek verbs and the student must eventually learn them all

Grammarians use the word ldquoaugmentrdquo in reference to a prefix that is applied to a verb In general Greek

augments consist of either the letter ε- appended to the beginning of the word (ιπσ ldquoI looserdquo ειπνλ ldquoI was

loosingrdquo) or a lengthening of an initial vowel (ἄγσ ldquoI leadrdquo ἦγνλ ldquoI was leadingrdquo) Augments typically indicate an

event occurring in the past tense

Reduplication consists of doubling the initial syllable of a word and are used in the formation of some tenses

and stems (ιπσ ldquoI looserdquo ιειπθα ldquoI have loosedrdquo)

52 Inflection of Verbs

As with other inflected forms verbs consist of the stem and the ending (or suffix) Frequently more than one

ending is applied to a verb stem in order to indicate relationships such as mood tense voice person and number

Greek verb forms fall into two categories finite (indicative subjunctive optative imperative) and infinite

(infinitive participle) The finite forms of the verb include personal endings (1st person 2

nd person etc) augment

(prefixes used to indicate historic time) and reduplication (doubling of the first syllable of the word) as well as

endings representing tense mood voice etc Collectively these prefixes suffixes and modifications are called the

characteristics of the verb

The infinite forms of the verb are used as nouns or adjectives The participle is a verbal adjective and is used as

other adjectives It corresponds roughly to English verbs ending in -ing such as ldquothe running horserdquo or ldquowalking is

healthyrdquo The infinitive is a verbal noun and corresponds roughly to verbs preceded by the preposition ldquotordquo in

English ldquoit is good to runrdquo ldquohe wanted to walkrdquo

53 Thematic and Athematic Forms

Greek verbs fall into two primary conjugations -σ (or thematic) verbs which end in -σ in the first person

singular (present active indicative) and -κη (or athematic) verbs which end in -κη in the first person singular

(present active indicative)

In thematic verbs the stem ends in either -ν or -ε (which are called the theme) and the various suffixes are

applied to after the thematic vowel For example ιύεηε consists of ιῡ- the thematic vowel -ε- and the personal

ending -ηε Combined they form the word ιύ-ε-ηε ye loose The thematic vowel is -o- when it occurs before κ λ or

when used in the optative mood otherwise the thematic vowel is -ε- In the subjunctive mood the thematic vowel is

lengthened to -ε- (for -ε-) or -σ- (for -o-)

In athematic verbs the theme is omitted and the suffixes are applied directly to the stem of the verb Many

verbs which are regularly thematic also have corresponding athematic forms Strictly speaking no Greek verb is

entirely thematic or athematic each verb has both thematic and athematic forms

In general verb forms that are thematic include all futures all presents and imperfects of -σ verbs all second

aorists having the thematic vowel (ending in -νλ in the first person singular) and all subjunctives The verb forms

that are athematic include the presents and imperfects of -κη verbs all passive aorists (except in the subjunctive) all

middle and passive perfects and pluperfects all second aorists whose tense stem does not end in the thematic vowel

a few verbs in the second perfect and pluperfect active all first aorists active and middle and most perfects and

pluperfects active

In athematic inflections the singular is usually built on a long vowel and the duals and plurals are usually built

on the corresponding short vowel

54 Conjugation of the Present Active Indicative of -ω Verbs

The verb ιύσ (ldquoI looserdquo) is typically used as an example of the conjugation of -σ verbs The following

paradigm covers the present tense indicative mood and active voice of ιύσ (Note that there is no first person dual)

Singular 1st Person ιύσ I loose

2nd

Person ιύεηο you loose

3rd

Person ιύεη he she it looses

Dual 2nd

Person ιύεηνλ you two (or the pair of you) loose

3rd

Person ιύεηνλ they two (or the pair of them) loose

Plural 1st Person ιύνκελ we loose

2nd

Person ιύεηε you (or ye) loose

3rd

Person ιύνπζη(λ) they loose

55 Vocabulary

ἀείδσ sing sing of hymn chant

ἀλ- (prefix ἀ- before consonants) not un- dis- -less without

ἁλδάλσ (to) please (used with the dative)

ἀηῑκάδσ dishonor slight insult

βαίλσ come go walk

εἰο ἐο (adv and prep + acc) into until therein

ἔρσ have hold keep

θαίσ burn consume

ιύσ loose free break up destroy

ὀιέθσ kill destroy ruin

πέκπσ send escort conduct

ηειείσ accomplish fulfill complete

ηεύρσ make do fashion perform cause prepare

θέξσ bear carry bring

56 Derivatives

ἀείδσ (aed-) = ode odium melody palinode

ἀλ- (a- an-) = atheist anarchy

θαίσ (cae-) = caustic cauterize holocaust

ιύσ (ly-) = analysis

πέκπσ (pemp-) = pomp

ηειείσ (tele-) = teleology

θέξσ (pher-) = periphery phosphorus

57 Translation

1 ἀείδνκελ βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεάσλ (ᾱ) πνιιάσλ (ᾱ) 2 θιαγγὴ δεηλὴ θαθῆο ζαιάζζεο νὐρ ἁλδάλεη ςῡρῇ ζεᾶο 3 ηίο

ἀηῑκάδεη θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) ζεάο (ᾱ) 4 νὐρ ἀηῑκάδνκελ πάηξελ θίιε γάξ ἐζηηλ 5 βαίλνπζηλ ἐθ Κίιιεο εἰο Υξύζελ (ῡ) 6

θαίνπζη ππξὰο (ᾱ) πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἐλ Υξύζῃ (ῡ) ἐπὶ ζαιάζζῃ 7 ἔρνκελ πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) βνπιάο (ᾱ) 8 θαίεηε

ππξὰο (ᾱ) ἐλ πάηξῃ 9 ιύεηνλ ιύεηο ιύνκελ ιύνπζηλ ιύεηε 10 ὀιέθνκελ ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θαθὰο (ᾱ) ἐλ

πάηξῃ θίιῃ 11 ηίο πέκπεη ζεὰο (ᾱ) ἐο Υξύζελ (ῡ) 12 ηειείεηε βνπιὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) πάηξῃ θίιῃ 13 ηειείνκελ

βνπιὴλ θίιεο ζεᾶο 14 ηεύρνκελ ππξήλ 15 ηί θέξεηε ηί θέξνπζηλ

(2) ἁλδάλεη ςῡρῇhellip The object of the verb ἁλδάλσ takes the dative case In general the English can be

translated with the addition of the word ldquotordquo thus νὐθ ἁλδάλεη ςῡρῇ is ldquois not pleasing to the soulrdquo or ldquodoes

not please the soulrdquo

(5) The word εἰο can either be translated ldquotordquo or ldquointordquo

(6) ἐπὶ ζαιάζζῃ is a title for Chrysa thus Υξύζε (ῡ) ἐπὶ ζαιάζζῃ is ldquoChrysa upon the seardquo or ldquoChrysa by

the seardquo

(8) The word πάηξε refers to the person addressed and so is more appropriately translated ldquonative landrdquo

(the more familiar ldquofatherlandrdquo would typically apply only to the person speaking) Note that the possessive

is implied by using the 2nd

person of the verb thus ldquohellipin (your) native landrdquo

(9) ιύεηνλ can be either 2nd

or 3rd

person

(10) As with many Homeric words the best translation depends on the context Here the word ὀιέθσ

occurs in a military context (the Iliad) and so probably refers to killing enemies θαθή probably refers to

cowardice But the passage could be rendered in many ways such as ldquoWe ruin many wicked soulshelliprdquo or

ldquoWe kill many cowardly soulshelliprdquo etc

(11) Note the alternate form of εἰο As with many common prepositions Homer offers different forms to fit

the rhythmic structure of the poem εἰο is a single long syllable while ἐο can be either long or short

depending on the following word In like manner ἐλ is either long or short ἐλί is two short syllables and

εἰλ is a single long syllable

(12) The dative without a preposition is here translated with ldquoforhelliprdquo I also rendered βνπιαί θαιαί as

ldquonoble thingsrdquo in this context although it could also be translated ldquogood plansrdquo ldquobrave plansrdquo etc

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 We sing the plans of many goddesses 2 The terrible roar of the evil sea was not pleasing to the soul of the

goddess 3 Who dishonors the noble goddesses 4 We do not dishonor (our) fatherland for it is dear 5 They go

from Cilla to Chrysa 6 Do they burn many funeral pyres in Chrysa by the sea 7 We have many fair plans 8 Do

you burn pyres in (your) native land 9 You two loose you loose we loose they loose you loose 10 We destroy

many wicked souls in (our) dear fatherland 11 Who escorts the goddess into Chrysa 12 You accomplish noble

things for (our) dear fatherland 13 We fulfill the will of the beloved goddess

58 Composition Exercises

1 Who is singing the evil plans of the fair goddess 2 The roar of the sea is pleasing to the soul of the goddess

in Cilla 3 We do not dishonor the goddesses of (our) dear fatherland 4 Are you going from Chrysa to Cilla by the

sea 5 The two goddesses come from the sea into Cilla 6 They are burning two funeral pyres in (their) fatherland

7 They have many fair plans 8 We loose you loose they (two) loose he is loosing 9 The goddess destroys many

wicked souls 10 We escort the goddess into (our) dear fatherland 11 They accomplish the will of (their)

fatherland 12 He is making a funeral pyre 13 What does he bring

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 ηίο ἀείδεη θαθὰο (ᾱ) βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεᾶο θᾱιῆο 2 θιαγγὴ ζαιάζζεο ἁλδάλεη ςῡρῇ ζεᾶο ἐλ Κίιιῃ 3 νὐθ

ἀηῑκάδνκελ ζεὰλ (ᾱ) θίιεο πάηξεο 4 βαίλεηο ἐθ Υξύζεο (ῡ) εἰο Κίιιελ ἐπὶ ζαιάζζῃ 5 ζεὰ (ᾱ) βαίλνπζηλ ἐθ

ζαιάζζεο εἰο Κίιιελ 6 θαίνπζη πύξᾱ ἐλ πάηξῃ 7 ἔρνπζη πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) βνπιάο (ᾱ) 8 ιύνκελ ιύεηο

ιύεηνλ ιύεη 9 ζεὰ (ᾱ) ὀιέθεη πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θαθὰο (ᾱ) ςῡράο (ᾱ) 10 θέξνκελ ζεὰλ (ᾱ) εἰο θίιελ πάηξελ 11

ηειείνπζη βνπιὴλ πάηξεο 12 ηεύρεη πύξελ 13 ηί θέξεη

Lesson 6

(678-679 717-721 1025 cf 575 996 1009)

61 Second Declension Masculines

Second declension nouns have stems ending in -o Masculine nouns of the second declension are inflected like

ζῡκόο (spirit life soul) and πνιεκόο (war) Second declension adjectives are inflected like θαθόο (evil)

Sigular Dual Plural

N ζῡκόο ζῡκώ ζῡκνί

G ζῡκνῦ νῖν [όν] ζῡκνῖηλ ζῡκῶλ

D ζῡκῷ ζῡκνῖηλ ζῡκνῖζη νῖο

A ζῡκόλ ζῡκώ ζῡκνύο

V ζῡκέ ζῡκώ ζῡκνί

Sigular Dual Plural

N θαθὸο πόιεκνο θαθὼ πνιέκσ θαθνὶ πόιεκνη

G θαθνῦ νῖν [όν] πνιέκνπ νην [νν] θαθνῖηλ πνιέκνηηλ θαθῶλ πνιέκσλ

D θαθῷ πνιέκῳ θαθνῖλ πνιέκνηηλ θαθνῖο πνιέκνηο

A θαθὸλ πόιεκνλ θαθὼ πνιέκσ θαθνὺο πνιέκνπο

V θαθὲ πόιεκε θαθὼ πνιέκσ θαθνὶ πνιεκνί

62 Second Declension Neuters

Second declension neuters end in -νλ in the nominative vocative and accusative singlular and -ᾰ in the

nominative vocative and accusative plural They are identical to second declension masculines in the genitive and

dative as well as all cases of the dual Second declension neuters nouns are declined like ἔξγνλ (deed) and second

declension neuter adjectives are declined like θᾱιόλ (noble)

Sigular Dual Plural

N θᾱιὸλ ἔξγνλ θᾱιὼ ἔξγσ θᾱιὰ ἔξγα

G θᾱινῦ νῖν [όν] ἔξγνπ νην [νν] θᾱινῖηλ ἔξγνηηλ θᾱιῶλ ἔξγσλ

D θᾱιῷ ἔξγῳ θᾱινῖηλ ἔξγνηηλ θᾱινῖο ἔξγνηο

A θᾱιὸλ ἔξγνλ θᾱιὼ ἔξγσ θᾱινὺο ἔξγνπο

V θᾱιὸλ ἔξγνλ θᾱιὼ ἔξγσ θᾱιὰ ἔξγα

63 Second Declension Feminines

A few second declension nouns are feminine These are declined exactly the same as the masculine form the

only difference being that all adjectives and modifiers take their respective feminine forms Thus θαθὸο ζῡκόο = the

evil spirit and θαθὸλ ἔξγνλ = the evil deed but θαθὴ λνῦζνο = the evil plague

Sigular Dual Plural

N θαθὴ λνῦζνο θαθὰ (ᾱ) λνύζσ θαθαὶ λνῦζνη

G θαθῆο λνύζνπ νην [νν] θαθῇηλ λνύζνηηλ θαθάσλ [έσλ ῶλ] λνύζσλ

D θαθῇ λνύζῳ θαθῇηλ λνύζνηηλ θαθῇζη ῇο λνύζνηζη νηο

A θαθὴλ λνῦζνλ θαθὰ (ᾱ) λνύζσ θαθὰο (ᾱ) λνύζνπο

V θαθὴ λνῦζε θαθὰ (ᾱ) λνύζσ θαθαὶ λνῦζνη

64 Adjectives

Adjectives always agree in case number and gender with the nouns they modify

Adjectives fall into three declensions just like nouns However adjectives frequently have masculine feminine

and neuter forms whereas nouns typically fall into a single gender The adjective θαθόο for example has three

forms θαθόο (masculine) θαθή (femine) and θαθόλ (neuter) Adjectives are usually listed in dictionary entries in

the nominative masculine singular followed by the femine and neuter singular endings θαθόο ή όλ

Adjectives are usually grouped into one of four categories 1) First and Second Declension Adjectives whose

forms usually represent the first declension when feminine and the second declension when masculine or neuter 2)

Second Declension Adjectives which usually have a single second declension form that serves as both masculine

and feminine as well as a second declension neuter form 3) First and Third Declension Adjectives whose

masculine and neuter forms are of the third declension but whose feminine form falls under the first declension and

4) Third Declension Adjectives which have a single third declension form for both masculine and feminine and a

third declension neuter form

First and Second Declension Adjectives have the nominative singular endings -νο (masculine) -ε (feminine)

and -νλ (neuter) Of these θᾱιόο (beautiful noble) and θίινο (dear lovely beloved) are good examples

Singular

Masc Fem Neut

N θᾱιόο θᾱιή θᾱιόλ θᾱιή θᾱιόλ

G θᾱινῦ νῖν [όν] θᾱιῆο θᾱινῦ νῖν [όν]

D θᾱιῷ θᾱιῇ θᾱιῷ

A θᾱιόλ θᾱιήλ θᾱιόλ

V θᾱιέ θᾱιή θᾱιόλ

Dual

N A V θᾱιώ θᾱιά (ᾱ) θᾱιώ

G D θᾱινῖηλ θᾱιῇηλ θᾱινῖηλ

Plural

N θᾱινί θᾱιαί θᾱιά

G θᾱιῶλ θᾱιάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] θᾱιῶλ

D θᾱινῖζη νῖο θᾱιῇζη ῇο θᾱινῖζη νῖο

A θᾱινύο θᾱιάο (ᾱ) θᾱιά

Singular

Masc Fem Neut

N θίινο θίιε θίινλ

G θίινπ νην [νν] θίιεο θίινπ νην [νν]

D θίιῳ θίιῃ θίιῳ

A θίινλ θίιελ θίινλ

V

Dual

N A V θίισ θίιᾱ θίισ

G D θίινηηλ θίιῃηλ θίινηηλ

Plural

N θίινη θίιαη θίια

G θίισλ θηιάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] θίισλ

D θίινηζη νηο θίιῃζη ῃο θίινηζη νηο

A θίινπο θίιᾱο θίια

V θίινη θίιαη θίια

65 Vocabulary

ἀγιαόο ή όλ bright shining splendid glorious

ἀλά ἄλ (adv prep + gen dat acc) upon on thereon along up through

ἀπεξείζηνο ε νλ boundless countless immeasureable

ἄπνηλα σλ ηά ransom

Ἀραηόο νῦ ὁ Achaean

δεηλόο ή όλ terrible awful dreadful dread fearful

ἑιώξηνλ νπ ηό booty spoils prey

ζεόο νῦ ὁ god divinity

ζῡκόο νῦ ὁ heart soul spirit courage passion

θαθόο ή όλ bad poor ugly mean cowardly evil wicked

θᾱιόο ή όλ good goodly noble handsome brave fair beautiful

ιᾱόο νῦ ὁ people host soldiery

κῡξίνη αη α countless innumerable

λνῦζνο νπ ἡ plague disease pest pestilence

νἰσλόο νῦ ὁ bird (of prey) vulture omen

πνιιόο ή όλ much many numerous

ζηξαηόο νῦ ὁ army encampment host

θίινο ε νλ dear darling lovely beloved

66 Derivatives

ἀλά (ana-) = anatomy

ἄπνηλα (apen-) = pentalty

ζεόο (theo-) = theology theocracy atheism polytheism monotheism henotheism pantheism

ιᾱόο (lao-) = laity layman

ζηξαηόο (strato-) = strategy strategic strategical

67 Translation Exercises

1 ἀγιαὰ ἄπνηλα θέξνπζηλ Ἀραηνὶ εἰο ζηξαηόλ 2 θέξνκελ ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 3 ζεὸο ηεύρεη

πνιινὺο Ἀραηνὺο ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζηλ 4 ἦζαλ Ἀραηνὶ θαθνί 5 νὐθ ἦζαλ θαθνί θᾱινὶ δέ λνῦζνο θαθὴ ὀιέθεη ιᾱὸλ

θᾱιόλ 6 Ἀραηνὶ πέκπνπζηλ ἄπνηλα κῡξίrsquo εἰο πάηξελ 7 ζεὸο βαίλεη ἐο ζηξαηόλ ὀιέθεη δὲ ιᾱὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 8 ηίο

ἀηῑκάδεη ζενὺο θᾱινύο 9 θαθνὶ ιᾱνὶ ἀηῑκάδνπζη ζενὺο πάηξεο 10 ζεὸο πέκπεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ

Ἀραηῶλ νὐ γὰξ ηειείνπζη βνπιὴλ ζεῶλ πάηξεο 11 βαίλεη ἐπὶ ζάιαζζαλ δεηλὴλ θαὶ ηεύρεη ππξὰο (ᾱ) πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἀλὰ

ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 12 ἔρνπζηλ ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα Ἀραηῶλ ἐλὶ ζηξαηῷ 13 βνπιὴ ζηξαηνῦ νὐρ ἁλδάλεη ζῡκῷ ζενῦ 14

ιᾱὸο Κίιιεο θίινο ἦλ ςῡρῇ ζεᾶο ζαιάζζεο 15 νὐθ ἀείδνκελ θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεῶλ ζηξαηῷ νὐ γὰξ ἁλδάλεη

Ἀραηνῖζη ζῡκῷ

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 The Achaeans bring countless splendid ransmoms into the camp 2 We carry boundless ransoms up through

the camp of the Achaeans 3 The god makes many Achaens spoils for the birds 4 Were the Achaeans evil 5 They

were not evil but good An evil pestilence destroyed the good host 6 The Achaeans send countless ransoms into

(their) fatherland 7 The god walks into the camp and destroys the host of the Achaeans 8 Who dishonors the noble

gods 9 The evil host dishonors the gods of (our) fatherlans 10 The god sends an evil plague up through the camp

of the Achaeans for they do not fulfill the will of the gods of (their) native country 11 He walks along the sea and

builds many funeral pyres throughout the camp of the Achaeans 12 They have boundless ransoms of the Achaeans

in the camp 13 The armyrsquos plan is not pleasing to the heart of the god 14 The host of Cilla was dear to the soul of

the goddess of the sea 15 We do not sing the brave plan of the goods of the camp for (that) is not pleasing to the

heart of the Achaeans

68 Composition Exercises

1 The terrible roar of the sea is pleasing to the goddess in (her) soul 2 We bring many splendid ransoms to the

army of the Achaeans 3 The god does not destroy the host of the Achaeans for they do not dishonor the gods of

(their) fatherland 4 The evil plague makes countless Achaeans a booty (use plural) for many birds 5 The people of

the Achaeans send countless shining ransoms to the goddess of the sea in Cilla 6 The Achaeans go to the sea and

sing but the noise is not pleasing to the goddess in (her) soul 7 The plague destroys the people for they dishonor

the god of Chrysa

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 θιαγγὴ δεηλὴ ἁλδάλεη ζεᾷ ςῡρῇ 2 θέξνκελ ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀγιαὰ ἐο ζηξαηῷ Ἀραηῶλ 3 ζεὸο νὐθ ὀιέθεη

ιᾱὸλ Ἀραηῶλ νὐ γὰξ ἀηῑκάδνπζη ζενὺο πάηξεο 4 θαθὴ λνῦζνο ηεύρεη κῡξίνπο Ἀραηνὺο ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζη πνιινῖζηλ

5 ιᾱὸο Ἀραηῶλ πέκπνπζη κῡξίrsquo ἄπνηλα ἀγιαὰ ζεᾷ ζαιάζζεο ἐλὶ Κίιιᾳ 6 Ἀραηνὶ βαίλνπζηλ εἰο ζάιαζζαλ θαὶ

ἀείδνπζηλ θιαγγὴ δὲ νὐρ ἁλδάλεη ζεᾷ ςῡρῇ 7 λνῦζνο ὀιέθεη ιᾱόλ ἀηῑκάδνπζη γὰξ ζεὸλ Υξύζεο (ῡ)

Lesson 7

Review

71 Review Vocabulary

ἀγιαόο ή όλ splendid ζῡκόο νῦ ὁ heart

ἀείδσ sing θαί and

ἀλ- ἀ- un- θαίσ burn

ἁλδάλσ is pleasing to θαθόο ή όλ evil

ἀπεξείζηνο ε νλ immeasurable θᾱιόο ή όλ good

ἄπνηλα σλ ηά ransom Κίιια εο ἡ Cilla

ἀηῑκάδσ dishonor θιαγγή ῆο ἡ roar

Ἀραηόο νῦ ὁ Achaean ιᾱόο νῦ ὁ host

βαίλσ go walk ιύσ loose

βνπιή ῆο ἡ plan κῡξίνη αη α countless

γάξ for λνῦζνο νπ ἡ plague

δέ but νἰσλόο νῦ ὁ bird

δεηλόο ή όλ terrible ὀιέθσ kill

εἰο (ἐο) into νὐ (νὐρ) not

εἰζί they are πάηξε εο ἡ fatherland

ἐθ (ἐμ) out of πέκπσ send

ἑιώξηνλ νπ ηό spoil πνιιόο ή όλ many

ἐλ(ί) εἰλ in ππξή ῆο ἡ funeral pyre

ἐπί upon ζηξαηόο νῦ ὁ army

ἐζηί it is ηειείσ accomplish

ἔρσ have ηεύρσ make

ἦλ it was ηίο ηί who what

ἦζαλ they were θέξσ carry

ζάιαζζα εο ἡ sea θίινο ε νλ beloved

ζεά (ᾱ) ᾶο ἡ goddess Υξύζε (ῡ) εο ἡ Chrysa

ςῡρή ῆο ἡ soul

72 Translation Exercises

1 ἀδείδνκελ ζεὰλ (ᾱ) ζαιάζζεο δεηλῆο θιαγγῇ πνιιῇ 2 νὐθ ἀηῑκάδνπζη ζενὺο 3 βνπιαὶ Ἀραηῶλ νὐρ

ἁλδάλνπζη ζεᾳ θᾱιῇ ζῡκῷ 4 βαίλεη ἐθ ζηξαηνῦ Ἀραηῶλ εἰο Κίιιαλ θαὶ θέξεη ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα ζεῷ 5 λνῦζνο θαθὴ

βαίλεη ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ θαὶ ηεύρεη πνιινὺο Ἀραηνὺο ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζηλ 6 θαὶ ζενὶ θαὶ ζεαὶ ὀιέθνπζη ιᾱὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 7 ηίο

Ἀραηῶλ ἔρεη ζῡκὸλ θαθόλ 8 ἦζαλ πνιιαὶ ζεαὶ ἐλὶ ζαιάζζῃ 9 θαίεη ππξὰο (ᾱ) ἐπὶ ζαιάζζῃ 10 ιύεηε ζηξαηὸλ

Ἀραηῶλ 11 πάηξε ἐζηὶ θίιε ςῡρῇ κῡξίσλ Ἀραηῶλ 12 ηίο πέκπεη ζηξαηὸλ ἐθ Κίιιεο εἰο Υξύζελ (ῡ) 13 βνπιὴ

θαθὴ ἐζηηλ ἁλδάλεη δὲ ζεᾷ ζῡκῷ 14 ηί ἀείδεηε

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 With a great noise we hymn the goodess of the terrible sea 2 We do not dishonor the gods 3 The will of the

Achaeans does not please the heart of the beautiful goddess 4 He goes from the Achaean camp to Cilla and delivers

countless ransoms to the god 5 An evil plague goes up through the camp and makes many Achaeans spoils for the

vultures 6 Both gods and goddesses destroy the host of the Achaeans 7 Who of the Achaeans has an evil heart 8

Were there many goddesses in the sea 9 He burns funeral pyres by the sea 10 You destroy the camp of the

Achaeans 11 The fatherland is dear to the soul of countless Achaeans 12 Who dispatches the army from Cilla to

Chrysa 13 It is an evil plan but it pleases the heart of the goddess 14 What do you sing

73 Composition Exercises

1 The Achaeans sing the beautiful goddess of the terrible sea 2 We do not dishonor the gods for they are dear

to (our) souls 3 The plans of the army are pleasing to the goddess in (her) noble soul 4 Many Achaeans are going

from the encampment and are bringing countless glorious ransoms to the gods 5 The evil plague destroys the

people and makes the army a booty for countless birds 6 We do not sing for it is not pleasing to the soul of the

goddess

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 Ἀραηνὶ ἀείδνπζη ζεὰλ (ᾱ) θᾱιὴλ δεηλῆο ζαιάζζεο 2 νὐθ ἀηῑκάδνκελ ζενὺο θίινη δὲ ζῡκνῖζηλ 3 βνπιαὶ

ζηξαηῷ ἁλδάλνπζη ζεᾷ ζῡκῷ 4 Ἀραηνὶ πνιινὶ βαίλνπζηλ ἐθ ζηξαηνῦ θαὶ θέξνπζηλ ἄπνηλα ἀπεξείζηα θαὶ ἀγιαὰ

ζενῖζηλ 5 θαθὴ λνῦζνο ὀιέθεη ιᾱὸλ θαὶ ηεύρεη ζηξαηὸλ ἄπνηλα νἰσλνῖζηλ ἀπεξείζηνῐζηλ 6 νὐθ ἀείδνκελ νὐθ γὰξ

ἁλδάλεη ςῡρῇ ζεᾶο

Lesson 8

(765-766 773-774)

81 The Second Declension (Continued)

Several words are declined like θᾱιόο ή όλ except that the nominative vocative and accusative singular of

the neuter ends in -o instead of -νλ Some of these words include ὅο ἥ ὅ (which) ὁ ἡ ηό (that) (ἐ)θεῖλνο ε ν

(that) αὐηόο ή ό (he she it) and ἄιινο ε ν (another)

The words ὅδε and νὗηνο are not introduced in this lesson but they are dleclined similarly and so are included

in the paradigms as reference

ὁ ἡ ηό (that hesheit whowhichwhat)

Masc Fem Neut

N ὁ ἡ ηό

G ηνῦ ηνῖν ηῆο ηνῦ ηνῖν

D ηῷ ηῇ ηῷ

A ηόλ ηήλ ηό

N A ηώ (ηώ) ηώ

G D ηνῖηλ (ηνῖηλ) ηνῖηλ

N νἱ αἱ ηά

G ηῶλ ηάσλ (ᾱ) [ηῶλ] ηῶλ

D ηνῖζη ηνῖο ηῇζη ηῇο ηνῖζη ηνῖο

A ηνύο ηάο (ᾱ) ηά

αὐηόο ή ό (hesheit self same)

Masc Fem Neut

N αὐηόο αὐηή αὐηό

G αὐηνῦ νῖν αὐηῆο αὐηνῦ νῖν

D αὐηῷ αὐηῇ αὐηῷ

A αὐηόλ αὐηήλ αὐηό

N A αὐηώ (αὐηώ) αὐηώ

G D αὐηνῖηλ (αὐηνῖηλ) αὐηνῖηλ

N αὐηνί αὐηαί αὐηά

G αὐηῶλ αὐηάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] αὐηῶλ

D αὐηνῖζη νῖο αὐηῇζη ῇο αὐηνῖζη νῖο

A αὐηνύο αὐηάο (ᾱ) αὐηά

ὅο ἥ ὅ (whowhichwhat)

Masc Fem Neut

N ὅο ἥ ὅ

G νὖ [ὅνπ ὅν] ἥο νὗ [ὅνπ ὅν]

D ᾧ ᾗ ᾧ

A ὅλ ἥλ ὅ

N A ὥ (ὥ) ὥ

G D νἷηλ (νἷηλ) νἶηλ

N νἵ αἵ ἅ

G ὧλ ὧλ ὧλ

D νἷζη νἷο ᾗζη ᾗο νἷζη νἷο

A νὕο ἅο (ᾱ) ἅ

(ἐ)θεῖλνο ε ν (that)

Masc Fem Neut

N (ἐ)θεῖλνο (ἐ)θείλε (ἐ)θεῖλν

G (ἐ)θείλνπ νην (ἐ)θείλεο (ἐ)θείλνπ νην

D (ἐ)θείλῳ (ἐ)θείλῃ (ἐ)θείλῳ

A (ἐ)θεῖλνλ (ἐ)θείλελ (ἐ)θεῖλν

N A (ἐ)θείλσ ((ἐ)θείλσ) (ἐ)θείλσ

G D (ἐ)θείλνηηλ ((ἐ)θείλνηηλ) (ἐ)θείλνηηλ

N (ἐ)θεῖλνη (ἐ)θεῖλαη (ἐ)θεῖλα

G (ἐ)θείλσλ (ἐ)θεηλάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] (ἐ)θείλσλ

D (ἐ)θείλνηζη νηο (ἐ)θείλῃζη ῃο (ἐ)θείλνηζη νηο

A (ἐ)θείλνπο (ἐ)θείλᾱο (ἐ)θεῖλα

ὅδε ἥδε ηόδε (this)

Masc Fem Neut

N ὅδε ἥδε ηόδε

G ηνύδε ηνῖνδε ηῆζδε ηνύδε ηνῖνδε

D ηῷδε ηῇδε ηῷδε

A ηόλδε ηήλδε ηόδε

N A ηώδε (ηώδε) ηώδε

G D ηνῖηλδε (ηνῖηλδε) ηνῖηλδε

N νἵδε (ηνίδε) αἵδε (ηαίδε) ηάδε

G ηῶλδε ηάσλδε (ᾱ) [ηῶλδε] ηῶλδε

D ηνῖζηδε ηνῖζδε ηῇζηδε ηῇζδε ηνῖζηδε ηνῖζδε

ηνίζδεζη ηνίζδεζη

ηνίζδεζζη ηνίζδεζζη

A ηνύζδε ηάζδε (ᾱ) ηάδε

νὗηνο αὕηε ηνῦην (this)

Masc Fem Neut

N νὗηνο αὕηε ηνῦην

G ηνύηνπ νην ηαύηεο ηνύηνπ νην

D ηνύηῳ ηαύηῃ ηνύηῳ

A ηνῦηνλ ηαύηελ ηνῦην

N A ηνύησ (ηνύησ) ηνύησ

G D ηνύηνηηλ (ηνύηνηηλ) ηνύηνηηλ

N νὗηνη αὗηαη ηαῦηα

G ηνύησλ ηαῡηάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] ηνύησλ

D ηνύηνηζη νηο ηαύηῃζη ῃο ηνύηνηζη νηο

A ηνύηνπο ηαύηᾱο ηαῦηα

82 Vocabulary

ἀιιά but moreover

ἄιινο ε νλ other another

αὐηόο ή ό self him himself her herself it itself same

δῖνο α νλ (declined like ζάιαζζα) divine heavenly glorious

(ἐ)θεῖλνο ε ν that (one) he she it

ἑθεβόινο νπ ὁ free-shooter sharpshooter (originally shoots-at-will a title for Apollo)

θαθῶο evilly wickedly harshly with evil consequences

ὁ ἡ ηό this that he she it who which what

νὕλεθα (νὗ-ἔλεθα) because

ζθῆπηξνλ νπ ηό scepter staff

ηέ and also both

ρξύζενο (ῡ) ε νλ gold golden of gold

83 Derivatives

ἄιινο (allo-) = allopathy

αὐηόο (auto-) = automaton autocracy autograph autonomy

ρξύζενο (ῡ) (chryse-) = chrysanthemum chrysalis chrysolite

84 Translation Excersis

1 δῖνο ἑθεβόινο αὐηὸο ἀείδεη ἀιιrsquo νὐρ ἁλδάλεη ἄιινηζη ζενῖζη ζῡκῷ 2 θεῖλνη Ἀραηνὶ ἀηῑκάδνπζη ηνὺο ζενύο

3 ὁ ἑθεβόινο πέκπεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ θαθῶο ὀιέθεη θεῖλνλ ιᾱόλ νὕλεθα ηὸλ ἀηῑκάδνπζηλ 4

νὐθ ἀηῑκάδνκελ ηνὺο ζενύο νἳ ἔρνπζη ζθῆπηξα ρξύζεα (ῡ) 5 ὁ ἑθεβόινο ηε θαὶ νἱ ἄιινη ζενὶ θέξνπζη ρξύζεα (ῡ)

ζθῆπηξα θᾱιά 6 ηίο ηεύρεη ηὰ ζθῆπηξα ρξύζεα (ῡ) ηνῖζη ζενῖο ζαιάζζεο 7 ἀείδεη ἑθεβόινο αὐηὸο βνπιὰο (ᾱ)

ἄιισλ ζεῶλ ηνῖζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ 8 εἰζὶλ νἱ Ἀραηνὶ θᾱινί νἱ ὀιέθνπζη ηὸλ ζηξαηὸλ θαίνπζί ηε ηὰο (ᾱ) ππξάο (ᾱ) 9 ἡ

ζεὰ (ᾱ) ηῆο δεηλῆο ζαιάζζεο ἔρεη ηὸ ζθῆηξνλ ρξύζενλ (ῡ) 10 ἐλὶ ηῇ πάηξε εἰζὶλ αἱ ππξαί 11 ηίο ηεύρεη ηὸλ

ζηξαηὸλ ἑιώξηα ηνῖζηλ νἰσλνῖζηλ

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 The divine free-shooter himself sings but it does not please the hearts of the other gods 2 Those Achaeans

dishonor these gods 3 This free-shooter sends an evil plague up through the camp of the Achaeans and wickedly

destroys that host because they dishonor him 4 We do not dishonor these gods who hold the golden scepters 5

Both this free-shooter and these other gods carry beautiful golden scepters 6 Who fashions the golden scepters for

these gods of the sea 7 Does the free-shooter himself sing the plans of the other gods to these Achaeans 8 Are

these Achaeans noble who destroy (our) camp and burn funeral pyres 9 This goddess of the terrible sea holds a

golden scepter 10 The funeral pyrers are in (our) fatherland 11 Who makes (our) camp a spoil for these vultures

85 Composition Exercises

1 ἑθεβόινο αὐηὸο ἀείδεη ηὰο (ᾱ) βνπιὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) ζεῶλ 2 ηί νὐρ ἁλδάλεη ηνῖο ἄιινηζη ζενῖζηλ νἳ ἐλὶ

ζαιάζζῃ 3 ἐθεῖλνο Ἀραηὸο ἀηῑκάδεη ηνὺο ζενὺο πάηξεο νἱ ἔρνπζη ηὰ ζθῆπηξα ρξύζεα (ῡ) 4 ὁ ἑθεβόινο πέκπεη

λνύζνπο πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θαθὰο (ᾱ) ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ ὀιέθεη κῡξίνπο ιᾱνύο νὕλεθα ηὸλ ἀηῑκάδνπζηλ 5 ηίο

θαίεη ηὰο (ᾱ) ππξὰο (ᾱ) Ἀραηῶλ ἐπὶ δεηλῇ ζαιάζζῃ 6 ὁ ἑθεβόινο ηεύρεη κῡξίνπο Ἀραίνπο ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζηλ νὕλεθα

ηὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) ζεὰο (ᾱ) ζαιάζζεο ἀηῑκάδνπζηλ

Lesson 9

(830-840 904)

91 The Verbal Augment

Greek verbs frequently add a prefix to a verb (in the secondary tenses of the idicative) to indicate action

occurring in the past This prefix is called an augment Verbal augments take one of two forms the syllabic

augment which consists of adding an extra syllable to the beginning of a word and the temporal augment which

consists of lengthening the first syllable of a word While the augment is consistently applied in later dialects of

Greek it was still optional in Homeric and is often omitted (the tense being determined solely from the suffixes)

The syllabic augment is applied to verbs that begin with a consonant (or rare verbs that originally began with a

consonant) and consists of the prefix ε- Thus ιύνκελ = we loose (present tense) but ἐιύνκελ = we were loosing

(past tense) Some Greek words originally began with a ϝ or an ζ that later disappeared (usually replace with the

rough breathing) In those cases the augment is sometimes syllabic reflecting the earlier practice The word ἁλδάλσ

for example was originally ζϝαλδάλσ (swandano) The original augmented form of the imperfect was ἐζϝάλδαλνλ

(eswandano) When the ζϝ- was dropped the syllabic augment was retained ἑάλδαλνλ (heandano)

When a verb has lost an initial ζ the syllabic augment frequently contracts with the initial vowel For example

the word ἔρσ was originally ζέρσ The original augmented imperfect was ἔζερνλ When the initial ζ disappeared

the result was ἔερνλ which contracted to εἶρνλ (because εε usually contracts to εη) This pattern is also sometimes

present in verbs that originally began with ϝ such as ϝίδνλ =gt ἐϝηδνλ = ἔηδνλ = εἶδνλ

The temporal augment consists of lengthening an initial vowel and occurs in most Greek verbs that begin with

an initial vowel In general initial α or ε becomes ε initial η ν or π becomes ῑ initial αη and ᾳ become ῃ and initial

νη becomes ῳ Thus ἄγνκελ (we lead) becomes ἤγνκελ (we were leading) If the verb already begins with a long

vowel (ε ῃ ῑ ῡ σ ῳ) there is usually no change

Verbs that begin with ξ usually double the ξ when adding the syllabic augment This feature also sometimes

occurs in verbs beginning with ι κ λ or ζ

Compound verbs are usually formed from a combination of preposition + verb such as ἀπό (away from) + ιύσ

(loosen) = ἀπνιύσ (set free turn loose) In compound verbs a temporal augment is inserted between the preposition

and the verb If the preposition ends in a vowel the vowel is usually elided Thus ἀπνιύνκελ (we set free) becomes

ἀπειύνκελ (elided from ἀπνειύνκελ we were setting free)

92 The Imperfect Tense

The imperfect denotes continuous action in past time and typically corresponds to the past participle in English

Thus ἔιπνλ (imperfect) = I was loosing Occasionally the Greek imperfect is best translated by the simple past tense

in English The imperfect tense is formed by adding the secondary tense endings (which will be described in a later

lesson) to the augmented stem of the verb

In the paradigm below the unaugmented form is shown in brackets

Imperfect Tense

S 1st Pers ἔιπνλ [ιύνλ] I was loosing

2nd

Pers ἔιπεο [ιύεο] you were loosing

3rd

Pers ἔιπε(λ) [ιύε(λ)] he she it was loosing

D 2nd

Pers ἐιύεηνλ [ιύεηνλ] you (two) were loosing the pair of you were loosing

3rd

Pers ἐιπέηελ [ιπέηελ] they (two) were loosing the pair of them were loosing

P 1st Pers ἐιύνκελ [ιύνκελ] we were loosing

2nd

Pers ἐιύεηε [ιύεηε] you (ye) were loosing

3rd

Pers ἐιύνλ [ιύνλ] they were loosing

93 Vocabulary

ἄιιῃ elsewhere

Ἀξγεῖνο νπ ὁ Argive

-δε (suffix + acc) to

δηά (adv) between among (+gen) through (+acc) through by means

of on account of during

δηίθηινο (ῑ) ε νλ dear to Zeus

εἴξσ speak say tell

ἐκόο ή όλ my mine

ἔξγνλ νπ ηό (ϝέξγνλ) work deed accomplishment

-ζελ (suffix gen ending) from

Κιπηαηκήζηξε εο ἡ Clytaemnestra

(also Κιπηαηκλήζηξε)

καληνζύλε εο ἡ gift of prophesy

νἶθνο νπ ὁ house home

ιύκπηνο ε νλ Olympian

Ὄιπκπνο νπ ὁ Olympus

Πξίακνο νπ ὁ Priam

ζόο ζή ζόλ your yours

εἶρνλ (imperfect of ἔρσ) I was having I had

94 Derivatives

95 Translation Exercises

1 ὁ ἑθεβόινο δηὰ καληνζύλελ εἴξεη βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ηῶλ ζεῶλ Ἀξγείνηζηλ 2 νἱ ιύκπηνη ζενὶ εἶρνλ νἴθνπο ἐλ

ιύκπῳ 3 ὁ ἑθεβόινο δηίθηινο (ῑ) ἔηεπρε ηνὺο Ἀξγείνπο Ἀραηνύο ηε ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζηλ 4 Ἀραηνὶ Ἀξγεῖνί ηrsquo

ἔηεπρνλ ἔξγα θαθὰ δηὰ βνπιὴλ ζεᾶο 5 Κιπηαηκήζηξε δηὰ ηὸλ ζῡκὸλ ἔηεπρελ ηὰ ἔξγα δεηλά 6 Πξίακνο ιᾱόο ηε

Πξηάκνπ ὤιεθνλ πνιινὺο Ἀξγείνπο 7 ηίο εἴξεη ηὰ ζὰ ἔξγα θαθὰ Πξηάκῳ 8 ηὰ ἔξγα ἐκά ἐζηη θᾱιά νὕλεθα ἔηεπρνλ

βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεῶλ θαὶ ζεάσλ (ᾱ) δηὰ ηὴλ καληνζύλελ 9 ἐπέκπνκελ ηὰ ρξύζεα (ῡ) ζθῆπηξα εἰο νἶθνλ Πξηάκῳ 10

ἐθαίεηε ηὰο (ᾱ) ππξὰο (ᾱ) δεηλῇ θιαγγῇ 11 νὐρ ἥλδαλε ἡ βνπιὴ ζεᾷ ζαιάζζεο ζῡκῷ 12 αἱ ζεαὶ ἀείδνπζη ηὰ θᾱιὰ

ἔξγα ηῶλ ζεῶλ ἑθεβόινο δὲ βαίλεη ἄιιῃ 13 εἶρε Πξίακνο ἀγιαὸλ θαὶ θᾱιὸλ νἶθνλ

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 This free-shooter relates the plans of the gods to the Argives through prophesy 2 These Olympian gods had

homes on Olympus 3 This free-shooter beloved of Zeus made both the Argives and the Achaeans prey for the

vultures 4 Both the Achaeans and the Argives committed evil deeds through the will of the goddess 5 Because of

her heart Clytaemnestra wrought these terrible deeds 6 Both Priam and the host of Priam killed many Argives 7

Who relates these evil deeds of yours to Priam 8 These works of mine are noble because through prophesy I

accomplished the of the gods and goddess 9 We sent the golden scepters to the house of Priam 10 Were you

burning the funeral pyres with a terrible uproar 11 Does the plan not please the heart of the goddess of the sea 12

The goddesses sing the noble deeds of the gods but the free-shooter walks elsewhere 13 Priam had a splendid and

beautiful home

96 Composition Exercises

1 Who brought these countless shining ransoms to the beautiful home of Priam 2 The Achaeans and the

Argives burned many funeral pyres in your beloved fatherland 3 Clytaemnestra was wicked and performed many

dreadful deeds 4 Through the gift of prophesy we tell many glorious deeds of the gods and goddesses who have

Olympian homes 5 My deeds are noble but yours are cowardly 6 The gods sent an evil plague up through the

camp and destroyed many Achaeans because they dishonored the free-shooter 7 It was not pleasing to

Clytaemnestra in (her) wicked soul

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 ηίο ἔθεξε ηὰο ἄπνηλα ἀγιαὰ εἰο νἶθνλ θᾱιὸλ Πξηάκνπ 2 Ἀραηνὶ θαὶ Ἀξγεῖνη ἔθαηνλ ππξὰο (ᾱ) πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἐλ

ζῇ πάηξῃ θᾱιῇ 3 Κιπηαηκλήζηξε θαθὴ ἦλ θαὶ ἔηεπρελ ἄξγα πνιιὰ θαὶ δεηλά 4 δηὰ καληνζύλελ εἴξνκελ ἔξγα

πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀγιαὰ ζεῶλ θαὶ ζεάσλ (ᾱ) νἳ ἔρνπζηλ νἴθνπο ιπκπίνπο 5 ἔξγα ἐκὰ θᾱιή εἰζηλ ζὰ δὲ θαθά 6 ζενὶ

ἔπεκπνλ λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ θαὶ ὤιεθνλ Ἀραίνπο πνιινύο νὕλεθα ἠηίκαδνλ (ῑ) ἑθεβόινλ 7 νὐρ ἥλδαλε

Κιπηαηκλήζηξῃ ζῡκῷ θαθῷ

Lesson 10

(841-857 904)

101 Formation of the Aorist and Future Tenses

The first aorist is a secondary tense formed by adding -ζ(ζ)α to the augmented verb stem followed by the

personal endings of the secondary tense If the verb stem ends in a consonant or a long vowel only a single ζ is

added If the stem ends in a short vowel either one or two sigmas may be added A few aorists (called ldquomixed

aoristsrdquo) are formed by adding -ζ followed by the thematic vowel and the personal endings for the secondary tenses

to the augmented stem

The future is formed by adding -ζ followed by the thematic vowel and the personal endings for the primary

tenses

If the verb stem ends in a long vowel the stem is not affected by the addition of the suffixes for the future or

aorist tenses If the stem ends in a short vowel it is regularly lengthened in all tenses except the present and the

imperfect There are however a few exceptions to this pattern In most cases these verbs add ζ before the personal

endings of the perfect middle and aorist passive

102 Classification of Verbs

Verbs are classified into four groups according to the final letter of the stem vowel verbs liquid verbs nasal

verbs and mute verbs

When -ζ is added to the end of a mute verb a labial combines with ζ to form ς a palatal combines with ζ to

form μ and a lingual is dropped (leaving only ζ)

When -ζ is added to the end of a liquid or nasal verb it is usually preceded by -ε and the ζ is dropped in

contraction Thus βαιισ = βαιέζσ = βαιέσ In rare cases the ε is dropped and the ζ retained In some vowel-stem

verbs where the final vowel is preceded by a liquid or nasal the verb behaves as a liquidnasal and adds -εζ to the

stem θαιέσ (present) = θαιέζσ (future) = θαιέσ (future contracted) The formations in which the ζ is dropped

after α or ε are sometimes called ldquoAttic futuresrdquo

Verbs with liquid and nasal stems regularly form the aorist by dropping the ζ and lengthening the stem vowel

A few verbs have active forms in the present tense but middle forms in the future tense ἀθνύσ (I hear) but

ἀθνύζνκαη (I will hear)

103 Paradigms Future and First Aorist of ιύσ

Future

S 1st Pers ιύζσ (ῡ) I shall loose

2nd

Pers ιύζεηο (ῡ) you will loose

3rd

Pers ιύζεη (ῡ) he she it will loose

D 2nd

Pers ιύζεηνλ (ῡ) you (two) will loose

3rd

Pers ιύζεηνλ (ῡ) they (two) will loose

P 1st Pers ιύζνκελ (ῡ) we shall loose

2nd

Pers ιύζεηε (ῡ) you (ye) will loose

3rd

Pers ιύζνπζη(λ) (ῡ) they will loose

First Aorist

S 1st Pers ἔιῡζα I loosed

2nd

Pers ἔιῡζαο you loosed

3rd

Pers ἔιῡζε(λ) he she it loosed

D 2nd

Pers ἐιύζαηνλ (ῡ) you (two) loosed

3rd

Pers ἔιῡζάηελ they (two) loosed

P 1st Pers ἐιύζακελ (ῡ) we loosed

2nd

Pers ἐιύζαηε (ῡ) you (ye) loosed

3rd

Pers ἔιῡζαλ they loosed

104 Vocabulary

ἄγσ ἄμσ ἤγαγνλ lead drive conduct bring carry

ἀλάζζσ (ϝαλαθ-) ἀλάμσ ἠλαμα (+gen) rule (over) guard protect

ἄξηζηνο ε νλ best noblest bravest fairest

αὖηηο (back) again anew

Γαλαόο νῦ ὁ Danaan

ἑθαηόκβε εο ἡ hecatomb sacrifice

ζάλαηνο νπ ὁ death

Ἴιηνο νπ ἡ Ilium Troy the region around Troy

κεγάζῡκνο ε νλ great-souled brave

ὄρα far much considerably

πέζσ (πεηζ- πνηζ- πηζ-) πείζσ ἔπεηζα (πέπηζνλ) persuade win over mislead

θηιέσ θηιήζσ ἐθίιεζα love cherish entertain hospitably

εἶπνλ εἶπεο εἶπε(λ) θηι 2nd

aor speak say tell etc

ἔβεζα ἔβεζαο ἔβεζε(λ) θηι 1st aor come go walk etc

105 Derivatives

ἄγσ (ag-) = pedagogue demagogue synagogue

ἄξηζηνο (arist-) = aristocracy

ζάλαηνο (thanat-) = thanatopsis euthanasia

106 Translation Exercises

1 ηίο ἦλ ὄρrsquo ἄξηζηνο Γαλαῶλ 2 Πξίακνο κεγάζῡκνο ἤλαζζελ Ἰιίνπ 3 νὐθ αὖηηο ἄμνπζη Γαλανὶ κεγάζῡκνη

ἑθαηόκβᾱο πνιιὰο (ᾱ) εἰο Υξύζελ (ῡ) 4 νὐθ ἔπεηζαλ ἑθεβόινλ πνιιῇο ἑθαηόβῃζη θᾱιῇζηλ 5 νὐ θηιήζνκελ ζενύο

νὕλεθα θᾱινὶ εἰζηλ 6 Γαλανὶ ηεύμνπζη ζάλαηνλ Πξηάκῳ ἐλ Ἰιίῳ 7 ἐθίιεζα ζεὰλ (ᾱ) ζαιάζζεο ἀιιrsquo νὐρ ἥλδαλε

ἑθεβόιῳ ζῡκῷ 8 ἀείζνκελ θαὶ πείζνκελ ζενύο 9 ὄρrsquo ἄξηζνη ἐλ Ἰιίῳ ηὰ εἶπνλ Πξηάκῳ ἀιιὰ ηνὺο ἠηῑκάζελ 10

Πξίακνο ἔπεκςε ηὸλ ζηξαηὸλ ἄξηζηνλ ἐπrsquo Ἀξγείνηζηλ 11 ἔβεζαλ αὖηηο Γαλανὶ εἰο Ἴιηνλ ἀιιrsquo νὐθ ἔπεηζαλ

Πξίακνλ 12 ἀείζνκελ ἑθεβόινλ ὄρrsquo ἄξηζηνλ ζεῶλ νὕλεθrsquo ἤγαγε Γαλανὺο εἰο Ἴιηνλ

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 Who was by far the noblest of the Danaans 2 Great-souled Priam ruled Ilium 3 Not agan will the great-

souled Danaans lead many sacrifices into Chrysa 4 They did not persuade the free-shooter with many goodly

sacrifices 5 Do we not love the gods because they are good 6 The Danaans will prepare death for Priam in Ilium

7 I loved the goddess of the sea but it was not pleasing to the heart of the free-shooter 8 We will sing and

persuade the gods 9 By far the noblest in Ilium this they say of Priam but he (is the one) he dishonored () 10

Priam sent the best army against the Argives 11 The Danaans went back to Ilium but they did not persuade Priam

12 We hymn the free-shooter greatest of the gods because he led the Danaans into Ilium

107 Composition Exercises

1 The great-souled Achaeans will not persuade the free-shooter with goodly hecatombs but he will prepare evil

death for the people 2 The noblest of the Achaeans went to Ilium but they did not persuade the soul of Priam 3

We shall sing because the gods have led (aor) the people into Troy 4 We shall have many shining golden scepters

5 Did you not love the gods who have Olympian homes 6 Priam shall not rule Ilium again for the Achaeans will

prepare evil death for him 7 Does he speak to the beautiful goddess of the sea 8 They will persuade the souls of

the gods with many hecatombs

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 Ἀραηνὶ κεγάζῡκνη νὐ πείζνπζηλ ἑθεβόινλ πνιιῇο ἑθαηόκβῆζηλ ἀιιὰ ηεύμεη ζάλαηνλ θαθὸλ ιᾱνῖζηλ 2

ἄξηζηνη Ἀραηῶλ ἔβεζαλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ ἀιιrsquo νὐθ ἔπεηζαλ ζῡκὸλ Πξηάκῳ 3 ἀείζνκελ νὕλεθα ζενὺο ἤγαγνλ ιᾱὸλ εἰο

Ἴιηνλ 4 ἕζρνκελ πνιιὰ ρξύζεα (ῡ) ἀγιαὰ ζθῆπηξα 5 νὐθ ἐθηιήζαηε ζενὺο νἳ ἔρνπζηλ νἴθνπο ιπκπίνπο 6 νὐθ

αὖηηο ἀλάζζεη Πξίακνο Ἰιίνπ Ἀραηνὶ γὰξ ηεύμνπζη ζάλαηνλ θαθὸλ αὐηῷ 7 εἴξεη ζεᾷ θᾱιᾷ ζαιάζζεο 8 πείζνπζη

ζῡκνὺο ζεῶλ πνιιῇο ἑθαηόκβῃζηλ

Lesson 11

(664-675 838-839)

111 First Declension Masculine Nouns

First declension masculines typically end in -εο -ᾱο or -ᾰο in the nominative and are declined exactly the same

as their feminine counterparts (with the exception of the nominative singular which adds -ο the genitive singular

which regularly ends in -ᾱν and the vocative singular which ends in -ε -ᾱ or -ᾰ) Those ending in -εο retain -ε

throughout the singular those ending in -ᾱο retain the -ᾱ throughout the singular and those ending in -ᾰο take the -ε

ending in the dative

Masculines ending in -δεο take -ε in the vocative singular while those ending in -ηεο (as well as compound

nouns and the names of nationalities) regularly take -ᾰ Those ending in -ᾱο take the the nominative singular in -ᾱ

A very few first declension adjectives take a masculine ending in -ᾰ (without the final -ο) Many of these also

have an alternative form that ends in the more common -εο Those that do not have an alternative form in -εο usually

have the recessive accent (a feature inherited from the Aeolic influence in Homer) The only masculine noun ending

in -ᾰ in the nominative is the name Θύεζηα (Thyestes)

First declension masculine nouns typically follow the paradigms for Ἀηξεΐδεο (Atreides son of Atreus) Αἰλείᾱο

(Aeneas) and αἰρκεηήο (spearman warrior)

Ἀηξεΐδεο ᾱν ὁ Αἰλείᾱο ᾱν ὁ αἰρκεηήο ᾱν ὁ

(Αηξεϝηδᾱ-) (Αἰλεηᾱ-) (αἰρκεηᾱ-)

N Ἀηξεΐδεο Αἰλείᾱο αἰρκεηήο [ά]

G Ἀηξεΐδᾱν [εσ] Αἰλείᾱν [σ] αἰρκεηᾶν [έσ]

D Ἀηξεΐδῃ Αἰλείᾳ αἰρκεηῇ

A Ἀηξεΐδελ Αἰλείαλ αἰρκεηήλ

V Ἀηξεΐδε Αἰλείᾱ αἰρκεηά

N A V Ἀηξεΐδᾱ αἰρκεηά (ᾱ)

G D Ἀηξεΐδῃηλ αἰρκεηῇηλ

N V Ἀηξεΐδαη αἰρκεηαί

G Ἀηξετδάσλ (ᾱ) αἰρκεηάσλ (ᾱ)

[έσλ ῶλ] [έσλ ῶλ]

D Ἀηξεΐδῃζη ῃο αἰρκεηῇζη ῇο

A Ἀηξεΐδᾱο αἰρκεηάο (ᾱ)

112 Compound Verbs

Compound verbs are formed from a preposition or adverb coupled with a verb such as ἀλαβαίλσ (ascend)

formed from ἀλα (up) and βαίλσ (go) If the preposition ends in a vowel and the verb begins with a vowel the vowel

of the preposition is usually elided as in δηίζηεκη (δηὰ ἰζηεκη) ἁθαηξέσ (ἀπὸ αἱξέσ)

The augment occurs between the preposition and the verb When two vowels are thus brought together the first

vowel is usually elided leaving the augment Thus ἀπνιύσ (I release present) ἀπέιπνλ (I was releasing

imperfect) ἀπέιῡζα (I released aorist)

113 Vocabulary

ἀλαβαίλσ ἀλαβήζσ ἀλέβεζα go up ascend embark

ἀπνιύσ ἀπνιύζσ (ῡ) ἀπέιῡζα loose set free release

Ἀηξεΐδεο -ᾱν ὁ Atreides son of Atreus (usually refers to Agamemnon)

θαηαθεύσ θαηαθαύζσ θαηέθεα burn consume

θειεύσ - ἔθιπνλ (+gen) hear hearken to

κεηέεηπνλ κεηεῖπνλ (2nd

aor of εἴξσ) spoke among addressed spoke to

ὅηε when whenever

Πειεηάδεο ᾱν (εσ) ὁ Peleiades son of Peleus (used in reference to Achilles)

πξνζέεηπνλ πξνζεῖπνλ (2nd

aor of εἴξσ) addressed spoke to

ηόηε then at that time

ρνιόσ ρνιώζσ ἐρόισζα anger enrage vex

Υξύζεο (ῡ) ᾱν (εσ) ὁ Chryses

Verbs

ἀλαβαίλσ

stem ἀλα + βαλ- βα-

future ἀλαβήζσ (rarely ἀλαβήζνκαη)

1st aorist ἀλέβεζα (rarely 2

nd aor ἀλέβελ)

ἀπνιύσ

stem ἀπό + ιύσ

future ἀπνιύζσ (ῡ)

1st aorist ἀπέιῡζα

θαηαθαίσ

stem θαηά + θαπ- θαϝ- θαη-

future θαηαθαύζσ (assumed form)

1st aorist θαηέθεα

θειεύσ (Attic)

stem θιεπ- θιεϝ- θιπ-

future none

2nd

aorist ἐθιπνλ

ρνιόσ

stem ρνιν-

future ρνιώζσ

1st aorist ἐρόισζα

Notes

In Homeric Greek the stem vowel is usually lengthened before -ζ hence ἀλαβαίλσ =gt ἀλαβήζσ =gt

ἀλέβεζα ἀπνιύσ =gt ἀπνιύζσ (ῡ) =gt ἀπέιῡζα

ἀλαβαίλσ also has a 2nd

aorist ἀλέβελ

A few verbs have active forms in the present but middle forms in the future ἀλαβαίλσ has two future

forms one active (ἀλαβήζσ) and one middle (ἀλαβήζνκαη)

Verbs with stems ending in -αηλσ originally had a consonantal η following the λ (ie ἀλαβαηλησ)

114 Translation

1 θᾱινὶ ζενὶ ἔηεπμαλ ζάλαηνλ θαθὸλ δίῳ (ῑ) Πειεηάδῃ ὁ δrsquo ἀλέβελ ππξήλ 2 ἑθεβόινο ὤιεθε ιᾱὸλ Ἀραηῶλ

νὕλεθα δῖνο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) 3 θαηέθεα ἑθαηόκβᾱο πνιιάο (ᾱ) 4 ἑθεβόινο νὐθ ἔθιπελ Ἀηξεΐδᾱν

νὕλεθα ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) 5 Υξύζεο (ῡ) κεηέεηπελ Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἀιιrsquo νὐθ Ἀηξεΐδῃ ἥλδαλε ζῡκῷ 6 ὅηε θαθῶο

πξνζέεηπελ Ἀηξεΐδεο Υξύζελ (ῡ) ηόηε ἐρόισζελ ἑθεβόινλ 7 ἀπειύζακελ (ῡ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) νὕλεθα ηὸλ

ἐθηιήζακελ 8 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἤλεηθελ ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα Ἀηξεΐδῃ 9 νἴζνκελ ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀπνιύζνκελ (ῡ)

Υξύζελ (ῡ) νὕλεθα ηὸλ ἐθηιήζακελ θαὶ θίινο ἐζηὶλ ἑθεβόιῳ 10 ηίο θέξεη ἄπνηλα Υξύζᾱν (ῡ) Ἀηξεΐδῃ 11 δῖνο

Πειεηάδεο ἐρόισζελ Ἀηξεΐδελ 12 ὅηε θαηεθήακελ πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἑθαηόκβᾱο θᾱιάο (ᾱ) ηόηε ἐπείζακελ ζῡκνὺο ζεῶλ

13 δηὰ καληνζύλελ Υξύζεο (ῡ) εἶπε βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεῶλ Ἀηξεΐδῃ Πειεηάδῃ ηε

KEY

1 The noble gods prepared evil death for the divine Peleiades and he ascended the funeral pyre 2 The free-

shooter destroyed the host of the Achaeans because the divine Atreides dishonored Chryses 3 I burned many

funeral pyres 4 The free-shooter did not hear the son of Atreus because he dishonored Chryses 5 Chryses spoke

among the Achaeans but but it did not please the heart of Atreides 6 It angered the free-shooter when the son of

Atreus spoke wickedly to Chryses 7 We released Chryses because we loved him 8 Chryses brought countless

glorious ransoms to the son of Atreus 9 We will bring many ransoms and release Chryses because we loved him

and he is dear to the free-shooter 10 Who brought the ransoms of Chryses to the son of Atreus 11 The divine

Peleiades angered the son of Atreus 12 We persuaded the hearts of the gods when we burned many good

hecatombs 13 Through prophesy Chryses spoke the will of the gods to both Atreides and Peleiades

115 Composition

1 The Achaeans ascended into Troy and killed the noble Priam 2 We burned many goodly hecatombs to the

Olympian gods 3 Chryses spoke among the Achaeans but the son of Atreus did not hearken to him 4 The

Achaeans addressed the son of Atreus but he did not free Chryses 5 The son of Atreus will bring many ransoms

into the camp of the Achaeans 6 Who will persuade the gods with many goodly hecatombs

KEY

1 Ἀραηνὶ ἀλέβεζαλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ θαὶ ὤιεμαλ θᾱιὸλ Πξηάκνλ 2 θαηέθεκελ πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) ἑθαηόκβὰο (ᾱ)

ζενῖο ιπκπίνηο 3 Υξύζεο (ῡ) κεηέεηπελ Ἀραηνῖο ἀιιrsquo Ἀηξεΐδεο ηὸλ νὐθ ἔθιπελ 4 Ἀραηνὶ πξνζέεηπνλ Ἀηξεΐδῃ

ἀιιrsquo νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε Υξύζελ (ῡ) 5 Ἀηξεΐδεο νἴζεη ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ εἰο ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 6 ηίο πείζεη ζενὺο πνιιῇο

ἑθαηόκβῃζηλ

Lesson 12

Review

121 Review Vocabulary

Lesson 13

(680-692 701-709)

(cf 897 874 886 619 841-843 576 1178 830-831 837 580 837)

131 Nouns of the Third Declension

Third declension nouns can be either masculine feminine or neuter The nominative endings can take many

forms but there are some conventions Masculine and feminine stems except those ending in λ ξ or ζ simply add

ζ to the stem and make the necessary euphonic changes Stems ending in ξ λ and ζ typically make no changes

except to lengthen the last vowel if it is short Stems ending in -λ(η) either drop the η and lengthen a short vowel or

drop the -λ(η) lengthen the vowel and add ζ Examples δαηκνλ- = δαηκσλ ζῑλ- = ζίο (ῑ) κειαλ- = κέιᾱο γεξνλη- =

γέξσλ etc Neuters typically consist of just the stem in the nominative and accusative except to drop a final -η

where it occurs

In general the stem of a third declension noun is found by dropping the -νο ending from the genitive singular

The dative singular regularly ends in -ῐ but occasionally in -ῑ

The accusative ending was originally -λ and this ending is common on stems ending in a vowel On stems

ending in a consonant the -λ was a sonant consonant which eventually came be pronounced as -ᾰ The result is that

the accusative singular usually ends in -λ for stems ending in a vowel and -ᾰ for stems ending in a consonant

Dental mute stems ending in -ηο and -πο in the nominative singular rarely drop the mute and typically adopt the -λ

accusative ending as if they were vowel stems

The dative plural is formed by adding either -εζζη (rarely -εζη) or -ζη (rarely -ζζη) and making the usual

euphonic changes Most third declension nouns thus have alternate dative plural forms as πνύο = πνζζί = πνζί =

πόδεζζη etc

The accusative plural originally ended in -λο (sonant λ) which gives -αο for stems ending in a consonant and -ῑο

and -ῡο for stems ending in a vowel A few vowel stems borrowed an -αο ending from the first declension by

analogy

The vocative singular is usually either identical to the nominative or identical to the stem alone Stems ending

in λ ξ or ο typically drop this final consonant in the vocative singular

Compensatory lengthening usually occurs in the dative plural when -λη is dropped as in γέξνληζη = γέξνπζη

132 Paradigms

Stems ending in -επ (επ) -νπ and σϝ follow the paradigms of βαζηιεύο (king βαζηιεϝ-) βνῦο (ox βνϝ-) λεῦο

(ship λᾱϝ-) and ἥξσο (hero ἡξσϝ- () or ἡξσ-)

N βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

G βαζηιῆνο [-ένο] βνόο λεόο ἥξσνο

D βαζηιῆη [-έη] βνΐ λεί ἥξση

A βαζηιῆα [-έα] βνῦλ [βῶλ] λῆα [λέα] ἥξσα

V βαζηιεῦ βνῦ λεῦ ἥξσο

N A V βαζηιῆε βόε λῆε ἥξσε

G D βαζηιήνηηλ βόνηηλ λήνηηλ ἡξώνηηλ

N V βαζηιεῆεο βόεο λῆεο ἥξσεο

G βαζηιήσλ βνῶλ λεῶλ [λεῶλ] ἡξώσλ

D βαζηιήεζζη βόεζζη λήεζζη [λέεζζἰ ἡξώεζζη

βαζηιεῦζη βνπζί λεπζί ἥξσζη

A βαζηιῆαο βόαο (βνῦο) λῆζαο (λέαο) ἥξσαο

A long vowel is typically shortened when it occurs before another vowel thus βαζηιῆνο or βαζηιένο This

convention was almost certainly consistent in pronunciation but is only occasionally represented in written form

The π in the stem of these words frequently became ϝ and subsequently disappeared as in βαζηιεπ- βαζηιεϝ-

βαζηιε-

Stems ending in η (εη) and π (επ εϝ) follow the paradigms of πόιηο (city πνιη-) πῆρπο (forearm περεϝ-) ἄζηπ

(city ἀζηεϝ-) λέθπο (corpse λεθῡ-) and δάθξπ (tear δαθξπ-)

N πόιηο πῆρπο ἄζηπ λέθῡο δάθξπ

G πόιηνο -ενο πήρενο ἄζηενο λέθπνο δάθξπνο

D πόιηη -ῑ -εη -εη πήρετ ἄζηετ λέθπτ δάθξπτ

A πόιηλ πῆρσλ ἄζηπ λέθῡλ δαθξπ

V πόιη πῆρπ ἄζηπ λέθῡ δάθξπ

N V πόιηε πήρεε ἄζηεε λέθπε δάθξπε

G D πνιίνηηλ περένηηλ ἄζηνηηλ λεθύνηηλ δαθξύνηηλ

N V πόιηεο -εεο πήρεεο ἄζηεα λέθπεο δάθξπα

G πνιίσλ περέσλ ἀζηέσλ λεθύσλ δαθξύσλ

D πνιίεζζη περέεζζη ἀζηέεζη λεθύεζζη δαθξύεζζη

πόιεζη -ηζη πήρεζη ἄζηεζη λέθῡζ(ζ)η δάθξπζη

A πόιηαο -εαο -ῑο πήρεαο ἄζηεα λέθπαο [-ῡο] δάθξπα

Nouns with stems in -ο (-εο -αο -νο) and -η are declined like ἔπνο (ϝεπεζ-) γέξαο (γεξαζ-) ἠώο (ἀϝζνζ-) δῶκα

(δσκαη-) and ἦκαξ (ἠκαξ- ἠκαη-) Note that -ζ- usually disappears when it occurs between two vowels

N ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο δῶκα ἧκαξ

G ἔπενο γέξανο ἠόνο δώκαηνο ἥκαηνο

D ἔπετ γέξατ ἠόη δώκαηη ἥκαηη

A ἔπνο γέξαο ἠόα δῶκα ἧκαξ

V ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο δῶκα ἧκαξ

N V ἔπεε γέξαε δώκαηε ἥκαηε

G D επένηηλ γεξάνηηλ δσκάηνηηλ ἡκάηνηηλ

N V ἔπεο γέξα(α) δώκαηα ἥκαηα

G ἐπέσλ γεξάσλ δσκάησλ ἡκάησλ

D ἐπέεζζη γεξάεζζη δσκάηεζζη ἡκάηεζζη

ἔπε(ζ)ζη γέξα(ζ)ζη δώκαζη ἥκαζη

A ἔπεα γέξα(α) δώκαηα ἥκαηα

Note that all nouns ening in -νο in the second declension are either masculine or feminine but all nouns ending in -

νο in the third declension are neuter All nouns ending in -κα in the nominative singular and all nouns with genitives

in -αηνο are neuter

133 Further Notes on the Third Declension

Nouns of the third declension can be any gender and consist of stems ending in -η -π or a consonant In

general the following endings are applied to the stem with the usual euphonic changes

N -ο

G -νο

D -η

A -λ

V -

N A V -ε

G D -νηηλ

N V -εο

G -σλ

D -εζζη

A -λο

Standard Euphonic Changes

Later forms of Greek such as Attic and Koine frequently contracted the forms found in Homer

The -λ in the accusative singular and plural is sonant meaning that it is pronounced as λ when

following a vowel but it is pronounced as ᾰ when following a consonant Thus πνιη-λ = πνιηλ and

πνιη-λο = πνιηο but δαηκνλ-λ = δαηκνλα and δαηκνλ-λο = δαηκνλαο

o In most cases a stem originally ending in ϝ is treated as if it ends in a consonant Thus

βαζηιεϝα = βαζηιεα εξσϝα = εξσα

o The word βνϝ- is an exception where ϝ becomes π (probably because νπ is such a common

diphthong) βνϝλ = βνπλ

Dentals are dropped before ζ Thus παηδο = παηο

o In cases where the stem ends in -λη the dental and the ζ are typically dropped with the last

vowel lengthened by compensation Thus γεξνληο = γεξσλ

Palatals combine with ζ to form μ Thus αηγο = αημ θεξπθο = θεξπμ etc

o Stems ending in -θη apply both the dental and palatal changes first dropping the η and then

combining the θζ to form μ Thus λπθηο = λπθο = λπμ

Labials combine with ζ to form ς Thus Αηζηνπο = Αηζηνς

The ζ is dropped when it follows a nasal or ξ and the last vowel is lengthened to compensate (if it

isnrsquot long already) Thus δαηκνλο = δαηκσλ θξελο = θξελ ρεηξο = ρεηξ παηεξο = παηεξ κεηεξο =

κεηεξ etc

Stems that originally ended in ϝ usually retain a π in its place in the nominative Thus βαζηιεϝο =

βαζηιεπο (originally βαζηιεπο) λεϝο = λεπο βνϝο = βνπο etc

o The same phenomenon sometimes occurs in the accusative singular as well where ϝ becomes

π and the final λ is retained Thus περεϝλ = περευλ = περπλ

o The word εξσο is an apparent exception where εξσϝο = εξσο This may be from analogy

with the relatively common -σο ending in Greek or it could be that the stem was originally

εξσ- witout the ϝ

o When the stem ends in -εϝ the ε is usually dropped in the nominative thus περεϝο = περεπο =

περπο (but the genitive and dative are περενο περετ)

Some confusion can occur at the apparent irregularity of stems ending in -π αζηπ αζηενο αζηεη etc

but δαθξπ δαθξπνο δαθξπτ etc The difference is that stems like αζηπ originally ended in a vowel + ϝ

(αζηεϝ) while stems like δαθξπ originally ended in π

Some neuters originally ended in -εο These are usually declined as -νο in the nominative and

accusative In the other cases the endings are simply applied to -εζ- and the sigma is dropped when it

occurs between two vowels επνο (nom acc from επεζο) επενο (gen from επεζνο) επετ (dat from

επεζη) etc

o Stems ending in -αο simple drop the extra sigma in the nominative singular and append the

case endings to -αζ- (dropping ζ when it occurs between two vowels) Thus γεξαο γεξανο

γεξατ etc

o Stems ending in -νο follow the same pattern as those ending in -αο except that the ν is

lengthened to σ in the nominative Thus εσο εννο εντ etc

Neuter stems ending in -καη usually drop the η in the nominative and accusative singular but retain it

in the plural Thus δσκα (nom and acc sing) δσκαηνο (gen sing) δσκαηη (dat sing) δσκαηα (nom and

acc plur) δσκαησλ (gen plur) δσκαηεζζη (dat plur) etc Neuter stems ending in -καξ usually behave

as if they ended in -καη in all cases except the nominative and accusative singular Thus εκαξ εκαηνο

εκαηη etc

The dative plural ending is given as -εζζη This could be shortened to -ζζη (before vowels) -εζη or -ζη

The -ζη ending is the most common in later dialects Thus Homeric θεξπθεζζη is typically θεξπμη in

Attic and Koine

The vocative singular in neuters is always identical to the nominative and accusative singulars

o In masculine and feminine nouns the vocative singular is usually just the stem without any

endings applied as long as the stem is capable of standing alone Thus δαηκνλ ρεηξ παηεξ

κεηεξ ζπγαηεξ αλεξ βνπ λεπ πνιη λεθῡ δαθξπ etc

o In some cases where the nominative singular has slightly modified the stem before adding -ο

the vocative is formed by simply dropping the ο Thus παη βαζηιεπ περπ

o In cases where the ο of the nominative singular has combined with the stem the vocative is

usually indentical to the nominative singular Thus αλαμ λπμ αημ θεξπμ Αηζηνς etc

o In rare cases the vocative is identical to the nominative singular even when dropping the ο

would have been convenient as in εξσο εσο

Alternate Endings The following are some alternate endings that could be applied instead of the usual

case endings listed above

o -ζη can be used to denote place where

o -ζελ can be used to denote source or separation or as an alternative ending for the genitive

case

o -δε can be added to the accusative ending to denote place to which or limit of motion

o -η can be added to denote place where

o -θη(λ) can be added as a substitute for several uses of the genitive and the dative cases

particularly in the instrumental sense

134 References

This lesson references several points in the grammar Note the following

Deponent verbs take middle or passive forms but denote active meanings

Some verbs reduplicate the initial syllable in the present tense by repeating the initial consonant

followed by -η Thus ἴζηεκη (orig ζηζηεκη) ηίζεκη δίδσκη πίκπιεκη γίγλνκαη γηγλώζθσ κηκλήζθσ

etc When futures and second aorists are reduplicated they usually follow the pattern of reduplication

found in the perfect tense If the initial consonant is aspirated the reduplicated consonant is typically

smooth Thus ηίζεκη rather than ζίζεκη

Note that ἴκη δίδσκη and ηίζεκη take the aorist in -θα rather than -ζα

When a word ends in a vowel and the following word begins with a vowel the result is called hiatus

In general hiatus is avoided in poetry through the use of elision crasis synizesis moveable

consonants etc However hiatus is allowed in some circumstances such as when elision has already

occurred when the first of the two vowels is long and occurs on the beat (or ictus) of the verse or

when a long vowel or diphthong has been shortened or when the two vowels were originally separated

by ϝ

Recall that the verbal augment is frequently omitted

135 Vocabulary

Ἄηο Ἄηδνο ὁ (nom not used) Hades

ἄιγνο ενο ηό grief pain woe trouble

Ἀρηιιεύο ῆνο ὁ Achilles

δαίο δαηηόο ἡ feast banquet portion

Εεύο Γηόο ὁ Zeus

ἥξσο ἥξσνο ὁ hero mighty warrior protector savior

ἴθζῑκνο ε νλ mighty valiant stout-hearted brave

θύσλ θπλόο ὁ ἡ dog

κῆληο ηνο ἡ wrath fury madness rage

νὐιόκελνο ε νλ accursed destructive deadly

πξντάπησ πξντάςσ πξνΐαςα hurl forward send forth

ηίζεκη (ζε- ζε-) ζήζσ ἔζεθα put place cause

Ἀρηιιεπο (Ἀρηιιεϝ-) Ἀρηιιενο Ἀρηιιεη Ἀρηιιεα

δαηο (δαηη-) δαηηνο δαηηη δαηηα δαηηεο δαηησλ δαηηεζζη δαηηαο

Εεπο Γηνο Γηη Γηα

ἡξσο ἡξσνο ἡξστ ἡξσα ἡξσεο ἡξσσλ ἡξσεζζη ἡξσαο

θπσλ θπλνο θπλη θπλα θπλεο θπλσλ θπλεζζη θπλαο

κεληο (κελη-) κεληνο κεληη κεληλ κεληεο κελησλ κεληεζζη κεληαο

136 Translation

1 κῆληο Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο ἦλ νὐινκέλε ἔζεθε γὰξ κῡξηrsquo ἄιγεα ηνῖζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ πξνΐαςε δὲ πνιιὰο (ᾱ)

ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἰθζίκνπο (ῑ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη ἔηεπρε δrsquo αὐηνὺο ἑιώξηα θαὶ δαῖηα θύλεζζηλ νἰσλνῖζί ηε ἐηέιεζε δὲ βνπιὴλ

Γηόο 2 ζεὰ (ᾱ) ἀείδεη κῆληλ νὐινκέλελ Ἀρηιῆνο ἣ ἔζεθελ κῡξίrsquo ἄιγεrsquo Ἀραηνῖζηλ 3 ζενὶ ὀιέθνπζη ηὸλ ζηξαηόλ θαὶ

πξντάπηνπζη πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη 4ηεύμνκελ κῡξίνπο Ἀραηνὺο ἑιώξηα θύλεζζηλ θαὶ δαῖηα ηνῖζηλ

νἰσλνῖζηλ νὕλεθα ἠηίκαζαλ (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) 5 θᾱιὴ ἦλ ἡ βνπιὴ Γηόο

KEY

1 The wrath of Achilles son of Peleus was destructive for it caused countless woes to the Achaeans and sent

forth many valiant souls of heros to Hades making them spoils and a banquet for the dogs and the vultures 2 The

goddess sings the accursed wrath of Achilles which brought countless woes to the Achaeans 3 The gods are

destroying the camp and sending forth many souls of the heros to Hades 4 We will make countless Achaeans spoils

for the dogs and a feast for these vultures because they dishonored Chryses 5 The will of Zeus was good

137 Iliad 1-5

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κπξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςπρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιήλ

Μῆληλ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse

ἄεηδε - present active imperative 2nd

person singular of ἀείδσ

ζεά - vocative case

Πειεηάδεσ = Πειεηάδᾱν (the verse may have originally read Πειεηάδᾱrsquo)

νὐινκέλελ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse as well as out of

the natural order and is placed directly opposite the word κῆληλ

κῡξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο - the hiatus is permited because elision has already occurred in κῡξίνηο

Ἄηδη was originally Ἄϝηδη and is still accented as it began with α instead of αη

ἡξώσλ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse and its deviation from

the natural order

δὲ ἑιώξηα - the hiatus is permitted because the original was δὲ ϝειώξηα

ηεῦρε - the augment is dropped (usually ἔηεπρε)

ἐηειείεην - imperfect passive indicative 3rd

person singular of ηειείσ

KEY

Sing O goddess of the accursed wrath of Achilles Peleiades

which brought countless woes to the Achaeans

and cast forth the souls of many valiant warriors to Hades

making them the spoils and feast of both dogs

and vultures But the will of Zeus was accomplished

138 Composition

1 The valiant Achaeans are singing the accursed wrath of Achilles 2 The wrath of Achilles caused many woes

to the Achaeans and sent many valiant souls of heroes to the god Hades 3 We shall make the army of the Achaeans

a booty for the dogs and a banquet for the birds 4 We are accomplishing the will of the goddess

KEY

1 ἴθζῑκνη Ἀραηνὶ ἀείδνπζηλ νὐινκέλελ κῆληλ Ἀρηιῆνο 2 κῆληο Ἀρηιῆνο ἔζεθε κῡξίrsquo ἄιγεrsquo Ἀραηνῖζη θαὶ

πξνΐαςε πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἰθζίκνπο ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη 3 ηεύμνκελ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ ἑιώξηα θύλεζζηλ θαὶ δαῖηα

νἰσλνῖζηλ 4 ηεύρνκελ βνπιὴλ ζεᾶο

Lesson 14

(519-526 1159-1192)

(cf 586)

141 Syllable Quantity

A syllable is long (by nature) when it contains a long vowel or a diphthong or (by position) when it ends in two

consecutive consonants (or a double consonant) A short vowel followed by a mute and a liquid κ or λ is common

and can be either long or short depending on the requirements of the verse Occasionally the letters ι κ λ ξ or ζ

are doubled in pronunciation when they follow a short vowel making the syllable long by position but this

convention is not always represented in writing And occasionally a lost ϝ will combine with another consonant to

make the preceding syllable long by position

Observe the following rules when determing the length of a syllable

Any vowel with the circumflex accent is long

The vowel of any ultmia whose penult bears the circumflex is short

If the penult has an acute then the vowel of the ultima must also be long

If the vowel of the ultima is short and the penult has the acute then the vowel of the penult must

be short as well

If the antepenult is accented the vowel of the ultima must be short

Occasionally these rules do not apply to certain compounds where one of the two words are

accented as if they were separate

If a short syllable stands where a long syllable is expected it is usually because the pause of the caesura or

diaresis fills out the foot or because the following word has lost a consonant (usually ϝ or ζ) And occasionally a

short syllable ending in a consonant is lengthened when it occurs on the ictus (beat) of the verse Such lengthening is

called thesis

142 Metrical Quantity

With the exception of pauses at the end of the verse caesura and diaresis all feet must consist of two long

syllables or a long syllable followed by two shorts Thus if a long syllable is followed by a short syllable then the

next syllable must be short as well Likewise if a short syllable is followed by a long syllable then the preceding

syllable must be short as well

When a word ends in a short vowel (and sometimes -νη and -αη) and the following word begins with a vowel

the short vowel is usually elided unless the following word originally began with ϝ When a word ends in a long

vowel or a diphthong and the following word begins with a vowel the long vowel is usually shortened This

phenomenon can also occur within the same word and again it is less common when the following word originally

began with ϝ Vowel shortening is also rare when the long vowel occurs on the ictus

The meter of Homer is called dactylic or heroic hexameter and is the most common meter in Greek verse Each

verse has six feet The first five feet can be dactyls (one long syllable followed by two short syllables) or spondees

(two long syllables) The final foot of the verse is always a spndee but keep in mind that the pause at the end of the

verse often combines with a final short syllable to form one long syllable The fifth foot of each verse is usually a

dactyl with only one in twenty (or so) verses containing a spondee in the fifth foot The verses that have a spndee in

the fifth foot are called spondaic and usually take slightly longer to recite In dactylic hexameter the ictus (beat) of

the verse always occurs on the first syllable of each foot producing six distinct beats per verse

Caesura occurs when a word ends within a foot (ie at the end of the first syllable of a foot or between the two

short syllables of the foot) When a caesura occurs at a natural pause in the verse this is said to be the caesura of the

verse A pause after the first syllable of a foot is called a masculine caesura and a pause after the second syllable of

the foot is called a feminine caesura

Diaresis occurs when the end of a word coincides with the end of a foot When this falls at a natural pause in

the verse it is said to be the diaresis of the verse When the diaresis occurs at the end of the fourth foot is it called

the bucolic diaresis (due to its common use in pastoral poetry)

143 Marking the Rhythm of the Iliad 1-5

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κπξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςπρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιήλ

ΜΖ ληλ α | ΔΗ δε ζε | Α ΠΖ | ΛΖ η α | ΓΔΧ α ρη | ΛΖ Ο-

dact dact spon dact dact spon

The pauses at the end of κῆληλ and ἄεηδε are feminine caesuras

The pauses at the end of ζεά Πειεηάδεσ and Ἀρηιῆνο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of ζεά is the caesura of the verse

The dash at the end of the verse indicates a pause that combines with a short vowel to fill out the

last foot

ΟΤ ιν κε | ΝΖΝ Ζ | ΜΤ ξη α | ΥΑΗ ΟΗ | ΑΛ γε ε | ΘΖ ΚΔΝ-

dact spon dact spon dact spon

The pauses at the end of κῡξίrsquo and ἄιγε are feminine caesuras

The pauses at the end of νὐινκέλελ and ἔζεθελ are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of νὐινκέλελ is the caesura of the verse

The pauses at the end of ἥ and Ἀραηνῖο are diareses

The diaresis at Ἀραηνῖο is a bucolic diaresis

κῡξία Ἀραηνῖο and ἄιγεα ἔζεθελ are examples of hiatus

The first syllable of ἄιγεrsquo is long because it is followed by two consecutive consonants

ΠΟΛ ΛΑ | ΓrsquoΗΦ ΘΗ | ΜΟΤ ΦΤ | ΥΑ ΑΗ | ΓΗ πξν τ | Α ΦΔΝ-

spon spon spon spon dact spon

The pauses at the end of ἰθζίκνπο and ςπράο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of πνιιάο is a diaresis

δὲ ἰθζίκνπο is hiatus

The first syllable of πνιιάο is long by position as is the first syllable of ἰθζίκνπο the last syllable

of Ἄηδη and the second syllable of πξνΐαςελ

Ζ ΡΧ | ΧΝ ΑΤ | ΣΟΤ δε ε | ΛΧ ξη α | ΣΔΤ ρε θπ | ΝΔ ΗΝ-

spon spon dact dact dact spon

The pause at the end of ηεῦρε is a feminine caesura

The pauses at the end of ἡξώσλ and αὐηνύο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of ἡξώσλ is the caesura of the verse

The pause at the end of ἑιώξηα is a diaresis

ΟΗ Χ | ΝΟΗ ζη ηε | ΓΑΗ ηα δη | Ο δrsquoε ηε | ΛΔΗ ε ην | ΒΟΤ ΛΖΝ

The pauses at the end of νἰσλνῖζη and δαῖηα are feminine caesuras

The pause at the end of Γηόο is a masculine caesura

The pauses at the end of ηε ἐηειείεην and βνπιήλ are diareses

The pause at the end of δαῖηα is the diaresis of the verse

Lesson 15

(693-694 697-700)

(cf 781-782 837 580 1009 996 584-585)

151 Third Declension Paradigms (continued)

Third declension nouns ending in a dental mute stem are exemplified by ἄλαμ (king ϝαλαθη-) λύμ (night λπθη-

) παῖο (child παηδ-) and γέξσλ (old man γεξνλη-)

N ἄλαμ λύμ παῖο γέξσλ

G ἄλαθηνο λπθηόο παηδόο γέξνληνο

D ἄλαθηη λπθηί παηδί γέξνληη

A ἄλαθηα λύθηα παίδα γέξνληα

V ἄλαμ [ἄλα] λύμ παῖ γέξσλ

N V A ἄλαθηε λύθηε παίδε γέξνληε

G D ἀλάθηνηηλ λύθηνηηλ παίδνηηλ γεξόληνηηλ

N ἄλαθηεο λύθηεο παίδεο γέξνληεο

G ἀλάθησλ λπθηῶλ παηδῶλ γεξόλησλ

D ἀλάθηεζζη λύθηεζζη παίδεζζη γεξόληεζζη

ἄλαμη λπμί παηζί γέξνπζη

A ἄλαθηαο λύθηνο παῖδαο γέξνληαο

Third declension nouns ending in labial and palatal stems are exemplified by αἴμ (goat αἰγ-) θῆξπμ (herald

θεξῡθ-) and Αἰζίνς (Ethipoian Αἰζηνπ-)

N αἴμ θῆξπμ Αἰζίνς

G αἰγόο θήξῡθνο Αἰζίνπνο

D αἰγί θήξῡθη Αἰζίνπη

A αἶγα θήξῡθα Αἰζίνπα

V αἴμ θῆξπμ Αἰζίνς

N V A αἶγε θήξῡθε Αἰζίνπε

G D αἴγνηηλ θεξύθνηηλ (ῡ) Αἰζηόπνηηλ

N αἶγεο θήξῡθεο Αἰζίνπεο

G αἰγῶλ θεξύθσλ (ῡ) Αἰζηόπσλ

D αἴγεζζη θεξύθεζζη (ῡ) Αἰζηόπεζζη

αἰμί θήξῡμ Αἰζίνςη

A αἶγαο θήξῡθαο Αἰζίνπαο

Nouns with stems ending in -εξ express different grades of ablaut in the stem (-εξ -εξ -ξ) with a recessive

accent in the vocative singular These are exemplified by παηήξ (father παηεξ-) κήηεξ (mother κεηεξ-) ζπγάηεξ

(daughter ζπγαηεξ-) and ἀλήξ (man ἀλεξ-)

N παηήξ κήηεξ ζπγάηεξ ἀλήξ

G παηέξνο -ηξόο κεηέξνο -ηξόο ζπγαηέξνο -ηξόο ἀλέξνο ἀλδξόο

D παηέξη -ηξί κεηέξη -ηξί ζπγαηέξη -ηξί ἀλέξη ἀλδξί

A παηέξα κεηέξα ζπγαηέξα ἀλέξα ἄλδξα

V πάηεξ κῆηεξ ζύγαηεξ ἄλεξ

N V A παηέξε κεηέξε ζπγαηέξε ἀλέξε ἄλδξε

G D παηέξνηηλ κεηέξνηηλ ζπγαηέξνηηλ ἀλέξνηηλ ἄλδξνηηλ

N παηέξεο κεηέξεο ζπγαηέξεο ζύγαηξεο ἀλέξεο ἄλδξεο

G παηέξσλ -ηξῶλ κεηέξσλ -ηξῶλ ζπγαηέξσλ ζπγαηξῶλ ἀλέξσλ ἀλδξῶλ

D παηξάζη κεηξάζη ζπγαηξάζη ζπγαηέξεζζη ἀλδξάζη ἄλδξεζζη

A παηέξαο κεηέξαο ζπγαηέξαο ζύγαηξαο ἀλέξαο ἄλδξαο

Note that δ is inserted into ἀλήξ between λ and ξ where they occur together The accent of the shorter forms of

ἀλέξ follow the pattern seen in παηήξ The alpha after ξ in the dative plural was added euphonically to strengthen

what was originally a sonant ξ

152 Vocabulary

ἄλαμ ἄλαθηνο ὁ king lord protector

ἀλήξ ἀλέξνο (ἀλδξόο) ὁ (real) man warrior hero

ἄξ(α) (ῥά) naturally of course as you know as you might expect that is

in effect (not always translatable)

βαζηιεύο ῆνο ὁ king ruler

δή indeed truly forsooth now

δηίζηεκη (ζηε- ζηα-) δηαζηήζσ stand apart separate

δηέζηεζα (δηέζηελ)

ἐμ νὗ from the time when

ἐξίδσ (ἐξηδ-) - ἤξηζ(ζ)α quarrel strive

ἠξηζάηελ (they) strove

ἔξηο ηδνο ἡ strife quarrel

Λεηώ Λεηόνο ἡ Leto

κάρνκαη fight battle

κάρεζζαη to fight

μπλίκη μπλήζσ μπλῆθα (μπλέεθα) bring together throw together hearken heed

ὄξλῡκη ὄξζσ ὦξζα (ὤξνξνλ) stir up kindle incite excite arouse

πξῶηνο ε νλ first foremost chief

ηὸ πξῶηνλ ηὰ πξῶηα (adv) at first firstly first

πἱόο νῦ ὁ son

ζθσε these two

153 Translation

1 ζεὰ (ᾱ) ἀείζεη κῆληλ Ἀρηιῆνο ἐμ νὗ δὴ ηὰ πξῶηα δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο θαὶ Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἀλδξῶλ ἠξηζάηελ θαὶ

δηεζηήηελ 2 ηίο ζεῶλ μπλέεθε δῖνλ Ἀρηιῆά ηε θαὶ Ἀηξεΐδελ ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 3 πἱὸο Λεηόνο θαὶ Γηὸο ἑθεβόινο

μπλέεθέ ζθσε ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη ηὸλ γὰξ βαζηιεὺο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἐρόισζελ ὁ δrsquo ὦξζε θαθὴλ λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ

ὤιεθε δὲ ιᾱνύο

KEY

1 The goddess sings the wrath of Achilles from the time when first the divine Achilles and Atreides king of

men strove and separated 2 Which of the gods brought together the divine Achilles and the son of Atreus to fight

in strife 3 The son of Leto and Zeus the Free-shooter brought these two together to fight in strife for Atreides the

king enraged him so he stirred up an evil plague through the camp of the Achaeans and destroyed their host

154 Iliad 1-10

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κῡξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςῡρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιή

ἐμ νὗ δὴ ηὰ πξῶηα δηαζηήηελ ἐξίζαληε

Ἀηξεΐδεο ηε ἄλαμ ἀλδξῶλ θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεύο

ηίο ηrsquo ἄξ ζθσε ζεῶλ ἔξηδη μπλέεθε κάρεζζαη

Λεηνῦο θαὶ Γηὸο πἱόο ὁ γὰξ βαζηιῆη ρνισζεὶο

λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ ὦξζε θαθήλ ὀιέθνλην δὲ ιᾱνί

δηαζηήηελ = δηεζηήηελ

ἐξίζαληε = aor act part nom dual masc (they two) having quarreled

ηε ἄλαμ originally ηε ϝάλαμ thus allowing the hiatus

ζθσε [ἕσ] = 3rd

pers pron acc dual these two

ἔξηδη is dative of means in strife

κάρεζζαη = pres act infinitive deponent to fight

ρνισζείο = aor pass part nom sing masc having been enraged

Λεηνῦο = contracted form of Λεηόνο

βαζηιῆη = Agamemnon instrumental case by the king

ὀιέθνλην = ὠιέθνλην imperf pass ind 3rd

pers plural were being destroyed or kept

perishing

KEY

Sing O goddess of the accursed wrath of Achilles Peleiades

which brought countless woes to the Achaeans

and cast forth the souls of many valiant warriors to Hades

making them the spoils and feast of both dogs

and vultures But the will of Zeus was accomplished

indeed from the time when at first having quarreled both

Atreides king of men and the divine Achilles separated

Which of the gods of course brought these two together to fight in strife

The son of Leto and Zeus For enraged by the king he

kindled an evil plague up through the camp and the people were destroyed

155 Composition

1 ἠείδνκελ κῆληλ νὐινκέλελ Ἀρηιιῆνο ἐμ νὗ ηὰ πξῶηα Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἀλέξσλ (ἀλδξῶλ) θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο

ἠξηζάηελ θαὶ δηεζηεζάηελ (δηεζηήηελ) 2 ηίο ζεῶλ μπλῆθε (μπλέεθα) Ἀραηνὺο θαὶ ιᾱὸλ Πξηάκνπ ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 3

μπλῆθε (μπλέεθα) ζθσε (ἕν) πἱὸο Λεηόνο (Λεηνῦο) θαὶ Γηὸο ἑθεβόινο ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 4 Αηξεΐδεο βαζηιεὺο

Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο ἐρόισζαλ ἄλαθηα ἑθεβόινλ θαὶ ὁ ὦξζα (ὤξνξε) λνῦζνπο πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θαθὰο (ᾱ) ἀλὰ

ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ θαθῶο ὤιεθελ ἀγαζὸλ ιᾱόλ

Lesson 16

(887-897 910 1065-1068 697-703 707 710 732)

161 Formation of Middle Passive and Deponent Verbs

The endings of the middle voice are different from the active voice The passive voice applies the same endings

as the middle voice except in the aorist passive which applies active endings Because the middle and passive voice

are identical (other than the aorist) the context determines whether a verb is used with middle or the passive

meaning The aorist middle is often used with a passive meaning (especially in athematic forms) and the aorist

passive is often used with a middle meaning

The perfect and pluperfect of the middlepassive are athematic with the personal endings attached directly to

the reduplicated stem

The future perfect passive is formed by adding -ζνε to the perfect middle passive lengthening the vowel that

precedes this ending

The first aorist passive is formed by adding -(ζ)ζεε to the stem Before ζ π and β become θ θ and γ become ρ

and η δ ζ become ζ Many verbs have a second aorist passive that drops the ζ altogether

Deponent verbs have no active form but use the middlepassive forms in an active sense

162 Paradigms Present and Future Indicative MiddlePassive of ιύσ

Present

S 1 ιύνκαη

2 ιύεαη [(ιύῃ)]

3 ιύεηαη

D 2 ιύεζζνλ

3 ιύεζζνλ

P 1 ιπόκε(ζ)ζα

2 ιύεζζα

3 ιύνληαη

Future

S 1 ιύζνκαη (ῡ)

2 ιύζεαη (ῡ) [(ιύζῃ (ῡ))]

3 ιύζεηαη (ῡ)

D 2 ιύζεζζνλ (ῡ)

3 ιύζεζζνλ (ῡ)

P 1 ιῡζόκεζα

2 ιύζεζζε (ῡ)

3 ιύζνληαη (ῡ)

163 The Use of Voice in Greek

The active voice indicates that the subject is acting λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ ὦξζε = he kindled a plague up

through the camp

The passive voice indicates that the subject is acted upon Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιή = but the will of Zeus was

being accomplished

The Middle voice denotes one of three meanings

1 The subject acting upon itself πείζνκαη (I convince myself) θαίλνκαη (I show myself)

2 The subject acting for itself θαιένκαη (I call for myself)

3 The subject acting upon something belonging to itself ιύνκαη (I loose my own I ransom)

When determing the difference between the middle and passive keep in mind that the middle voice always

conveys a direct or indirect reference to the subject and that the subject is effect by or has an interest in the action

164 Third Declension Stems in -επ -επ -νπ and -σϝ

Stems in -επ usually became -εϝ and the third declension endings are applied after the ϝ Thus βαζηιεϝνο =

βαζηιῆνο βαηιεϝη = βαζηιῆη βαζηιεϝα = βαζηιῆα etc Note that the ϝ explains why εη (εϝη) does not form an

improper diphthong as well as why the accusative singular ends in -εα (as if the stem ended in a consonant) instead

of -ελ (as if the stem ended in a vowel) Note that when the ending consists of a consonant the -εϝ is contracted to

the diphthong -επ Thus βαζηιεϝο = βαζηιεύο βαζηιεϝ = βαζηιεῦ βαζηιεϝζη = βαζηιεῦζη In rare cases the other

endings also contract the -ε to -ε (ie βαζηιῆνο = βαζηιένο)

In stems ending originally in -ᾱϝ the ᾱ becomes ε in the Ionic dialect These are declined the same as -εϝ

except that -εῡ is formed before consonants instead of -επ Thus λᾱϝο = λεϝο = λεῦο λᾱϝ = λεϝ = λεῦ But note the

exception in the shorter form of the dative plural where λᾱϝζη = λεϝζη = λεπζί (rather than λεῡζη) In contracted

forms the ε usually becomes ε

In stems ending in -σϝ the third declension endings are applied directly to the stem Thus ἡξσϝο = ἥξσο

ἡξσϝνο = ἥξσνο ἡξσϝη = ἥξση ἡξσϝα = ἥξσα etc

In stems ending originally in -ν or -νϝ the third declension endings are applied as usual But keep in mind that -

νϝ is contracted to the diphthong -νπ before a consonant thus βνϝο = βνῦο and βνϝζη = βνπζί But note the

exception that occurs in the accusative singular where βνϝλ = βνῦλ rather than βνϝα

βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

(βαζηιεϝ-) (βνϝ-) (λᾱϝ-) (ἡξσϝ-)

N βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

G βαζηιῆνο [ένο] βνόο λεόο [εόο] ἥξσνο

D βαζηιῆη [έη] βνΐ λεί ἥξση

A βαζηιῆα [έα] βνῦλ [βῶλ] λῆα [έα] ἥξσα

V βαζηιεῦ βνῦ λεῦ ἥξσο

N V A βαζηιῆε βόε λῆε ἥξσε

G D βαζηιήνηηλ βόνηηλ λήνηηλ ἡξώνηηλ

N V βαζηιῆεο βόεο λῆεο ἥξσεο

G βαζηιήσλ βνῶλ λεῶλ [εῶλ] ἡξώσλ

D βαζηιήεζζη βόεζζη λήεζζη [έεζζη] ἡξώεζζη

βαζηιεῦζη βνπζί λεπζί ἥξσζη

A βαζηιῆαο βόαο (βνῦο) λῆαο [έαο] ἥξσαο

165 Third Declension Stems in -εζ -αζ and -νζ

When a stem ends in a vowel plus -ζ the initial ζ is dropped between two vowels Thus γεξαζνο = γέξανο

ἠνζνο = ἠόνο etc

All third declension nouns with stems ending in -εο are neuters and follow the pattern of ἔπνο The third

declension endings are applied as usual except that the nominative vocative and accusative singulars end in -νο

Nouns with stems ending in -νο take -σο in the nominative and vocative singular but otherwise apply the third

declension endings as usual (dropping ζ between two vowels)

ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

(ϝεπεζ-) (γεξαζ-) (ἀϝζνζ- (ᾱ))

N ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

G ἔπενο γέξανο ἠόνο

D ἔπετ γέξατ ἠόη

A ἔπνο γέξαο ἠόα

V ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

N V A ἔπεε γέξαε

G D ἐπένηηλ γεξάνηηλ

N V ἔπεα γέξα(α)

G ἐπέσλ γεξάσλ

D ἐπέεζζη γεξάεζζη

ἔπε(ζ)ζη γέξα(ζ)ζη

A ἔπεα γέξα(α)

166 Third Declension Stems in -καη and -καξ

Stems ending in -καη and -καξ are neuters

Stems in -καη drop the -ηο in the nominative vocative and accusative singular δσκαηο = δῶκα Otherwise the

third declension endings are applied as usual

Stems ending in -καξ are declined like those ending in -καη except in the nominative vocative and accusative

singular (which end in -καξ)

δῶκα ἦκαξ

(δσκαη-) (ἠκαξ- ἠκαη-)

N δῶκα ἦκαξ

G δώκαηνο ἤκαηνο

D δώκαηη ἤκαηη

A δῶκα ἦκαξ

V δῶκα ἦκαξ

N V A δώκαηε ἤκαηε

G D δσκάηνηηλ ἠκάηνηηλ

N V δώκαηα ἤκαηα

G δσκάησλ ἠκάησλ

D δσκάηεζζη ἠκάηεζζη

δώκαζη ἤκαζη

A δώκαηα ἤκαηα

167 Third Declension Stems in -λη and -λ

Stems ending in -λη drop the -λη before ζ and lengthen the preceding vowel thus παληο = πᾶο παληζη = πᾶζη

Otherwise the third declension endings are applied as usual In neuters the -η is dropped at the end of the word thus

παλη = πᾶλ Stems in -λ drop the -λ before ζ and lengthen the preceding vowel in the masculine (but not in the

neuter)

πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

(παλη- παληα- παλη-)

Masc Fem Neut

N πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

G παληόο πάζεο (ᾱ) παληόο

D παληί πάζῃ (ᾱ) παληί

A πάληα πᾶζαλ πᾶλ

V πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

N V πάληεο πᾶζαη πάληα

G πάλησλ πᾱζάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] πάλησλ

D πάληεζ(ζ)η πάζῃζη (ᾱ) πάληεζ(ζ)η

πᾶζη πάζῃο (ᾱ) πᾶζη

A πάληνο πάζᾱο (ᾱ) πάληα

κέιᾱο κέιαηλα κέιαλ

(κειαλ- κειαηλα- κειαλ-)

N κέιᾱο κέιαηλα κέιαλ

G κέιαλνο κειαίλεο κέιαλνο

D κέιαλη κειαίλῃ κέιαλη

A κέιαλα κέιαηλαλ κέιαλ

V κέιαλ κέιαηλα κέιαλ

N V A κέιαλε κειαίλᾱ κέιαλε

G D κειάλνηηλ κειαίλῃηλ κειάλνηηλ

N V κέιαλεο κέιαηλαη κέιαλα

G κειάλσλ κειαηλάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] κειάλσλ

D κειάλεζ(ζ)η κειαίλῃζη κειάλεζ(ζ)η

κέιαζη κειαίλῃο κέιαζη

A κέιαλεο κειαίλᾱο κέιαλα

168 Vocabulary

Nouns

Ἀπόιισλ (ᾰ or ᾰ) σλνο ὁ Apollo

ἀξεηήξ (ᾱ) ῆξνο ὁ priest prayer

ζπγάηεξ ηέξνο (ηξόο) ἡ daughter

θνζκήησξ νξνο ὁ commander marshaller

λεῦο λεόο (λεόο) ἡ ship

ζηέκκα καηνο ηό fillet (of white cotton) wreath

ρείξ ρεηξόο ἡ hand arm

Verbs

ἔξρνκαη (ἐξρ- ἐιε- ἐιεπζ- ἐιπζ-) come go

ἐιεύζνκαη I will come I will go

ἦιζνλ (ἤιπζνλ) I came I went

ιίζζνκαη (ιηη-) I beg I entreat

---

ἐιιηζάκελ (ἐιηηόκελ) I begged I entreated

Adjectives Prepositions

ζνόο ή όλ swift speedy

πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ all every (the) whole

Indeclinable

δύν (δύσ) two

κάιηζηα most especially by all means

169 Translation

1 Ἀπόιισλ ἑθεβόινο ρνινῦηαη βαζηιῆη Αηξεΐδῃ θαὶ πέκπεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ ὀιέθνληαη δὲ

ιᾱνί νὕλεθα δῖνο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) 2 Υξύζεο (ῡ) γὰξ ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἑθεβόινπ ἔξρεηαη

ἐπὶ ζνὰο (ᾱ) λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ θέξεη δrsquo ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα ζπγαηξόο ἣλ Ἀηξεΐδεο ἔρεη ἐλ ζηξαηῷ 3 ὁ δrsquo ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἔρεη

ζηέκκαηα ἑθεβόινπ Ἀπόιισλνο ἐλ ρεξζὶλ ἀλὰ ρξῡζέῳ ζθήπηξῳ θαὶ ιίζζεηαη πάληαο Ἀραηνύο κάιηζηα δrsquo Ἀηξεΐδᾱ

δύσ θνζκήηνξε ιᾱῶλ 4 Ἀπόιισλ ρνιώζεηαη βαζηιῆη θαὶ ὄξζεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηόλ 5 ἐιεύζνληαη ἐπὶ ζνὰο

(ᾱ) λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ νἴζνπζη ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα βαζηιῆη 6 ιίζζνληαη πάληαο Ἀραηνύο 7 Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζελ (ῑ)

ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) θαὶ νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε ζύγαηξα

KEY

1 Apollo the free-shooter enraged by king Atreides sent an evil plague through the camp of the Achaeans and

the people were destroyed because the divine Atreides dishonored Chryses the priest 2 For Chryses the priest of

the free-shooter went upon the swift ships of the Achaeans bearing countless ransoms for his daughter whom

Atreides was holding in the camp 3 But the priest had a wreath of Apollo the free-shooter upon a staff in his hand

and was entreating all of the Achaeans but especially the sons of Atreus (who were) the commanders of the host 4

Apollo will be enraged by the king and will kindle an evil plague up through the camp 5 They will go upon the

swift ships of the Achaeans and bring countless ransoms to the king 6 They are entreating all of the Achaeans 7

Atreides dishonored the priest and would not release his daughter

1610 Iliad 11-16

hellipὀιέθνλην δὲ ιᾱνί

νὕλεθα ηὸλ Υξύζελ ἠηίκαζελ ἀξεηῆξα

Αηξεΐδεο ὁ γὰξ ἦιζε ζνὰο ἐπὶ λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ

ιπζόκελνο ηε ζύγαηξα θέξσλ ηrsquo ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα

ζηέκκαηrsquo ἔρσλ ἐλ ρεξζὶλ ἑθεβόινπ Ἀπόιισλνο

ρξπζέῳ ἀλὰ ζθήπηξῳ θαὶ ἐιίζζεην πάληαο Ἀραηνύο

Ἀηξεΐδα δὲ κάιηζηα δύσ θνζκήηνξε ιαῶλ

ηόλ Υξύζελ = that (well-known) Chryses

The first verse ends in two spondees making it a spondaic verse and emphasizing the fact that

Chryses was a priest

ιῡζόκελνο = fut mid part nom masc sing being about to ransom

θέξσλ = pres act part nom sing masc bearing bringing

ἔρσλ = pres act part nom sing masc having holding

ρεξζὶλ ἑθεβόινπ = ρεξζὶ ϝεθεβόινπ

ρξῡζέῳ = synizesis where -έῳ is pronounced as a single syllable

ἐιίζζεην = imperf act ind 3rd

pers sing dep (kept) entreating was entreating

Ἀηξεΐδᾱ = dual of Ἀηξεΐδεο refers to both Agamemnon and Menelaus

KEY

hellipand the people were being destroyed

because Atreides dishonored Chryses the priest

For he had gone upon the swift ships of the Achaeans

intending to ransom his daughter bearing countless gifts

and holding in his hand fillets of Apollo the free-shooter

upon a golden staff and was entreating all of the Achaeans

but especially the two sons of Atreus the commanders of the host

1611 Composition

1 Chryses the priest of Apollo is dishonored by the son of Atreus 2 The Achaeans will go from their swift

ships to Troy and ransom the beloved daughter of the priest 3 We shall bring many ransoms and shall hold in our

hands the fillets of Apollo 4 We do not have a golden scepter but we entreat Priam and all the people of Troy 5

The two sons of Atreus marshallers of the people are entreating Priam but he will slight them 6 The son of

Atreus king of men slighted the priest and did not release his daughter

KEY

1 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) Ἀπόιινπ ἀηῑκάδεηαη Ἀηξεΐδῃ 2 Ἀραηνὶ ἐιεύζνληαη ἐθ ζνάσλ (ᾱ) λήσλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ (ῑ)

θαὶ ἀπειύζνληαη (ῡ) θίιε ζπγάηεξα ἀξεηῆξη (ᾱ) 3 νἴζνκελ πνιιrsquo ἄπνηλα θαὶ ἕζρνκελ ἐλ ρείξεζζη ζηέκκαηα

Ἀπόιινπ 4 νὐθ ἔρνκελ ζθῆπηξνλ ρξύζενλ ἀιιὰ ιηζζόκεζα Πξίακνλ θαὶ πᾶληα ιᾱνλ Ἰιίνπ (ῑ) 5 δύrsquo Ἀηξεΐδᾱ

θνζκήηεξᾱ ιᾱσλ ιίζζεζζνλ Πξίακνλ αὐηνὺο δrsquo ἀηῑκάζεη 6 Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἄλδξσλ ἠηίκαζελ (ῑ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) θαὶ

νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε ζπγάηεξα

1612 Meter

ΟΤ λε θα | ΣΟΝ ΥΡΤ | ΖΝ Ζ | ΣΗ κα ζελ | Α ΡΖ | ΣΖ ΡΑ~

Α ηξε η | ΓΖ ν γαξ | ΖΛ ζε ζν | Α ε πη | ΝΖ αο α | ΥΑΗ ΧΝ

ΛΤ ζν κε | ΝΟ ηε ζπ | ΓΑΣ ξα θε | ΡΧΝ ηα πε | ΡΔΗ ζη α | ΠΟΗ ΝΑ~

ΣΔΜ καη ε | ΥΧΝ ΔΝ | ΥΔΡ ζηλ ε | ΚΖ βν ινπ | Α ΠΟΛ | ΛΧ ΝΟ~

ΥΡΤζεσα | ΝΑ ΚΖΠ | ΣΡΧ θαη ε | ΛΗ ζε ην | ΠΑΝ ηαο α | ΥΑΗ ΟΤ

ΑΣ ξε η | ΓΑ δε κα | ΛΗ ηα δπ | Χ ΚΟ | ΜΖ ην ξε | ΛΑ ΧΝ

Lesson 17

(910 - imperfect middle and passive aorist middle of ιύσ 648-658 - the table

of endings in 32)

171 Paradigms Imperfect MiddlePassive of ιύσ

S 1 ἐιπόκελ

2 ἐιύεν [(ἐιύεπ)]

3 ἐιύεην

D 2 ἐιύεζζνλ

3 ἐιπέζζελ

P 1 ἐιπόκε(ζ)ζα

2 ἐιύεζζε

3 ἐιύνλην

172 Paradigms Aorist Middle of ιύσ

Thematic Athematic (2nd

Aorist)

S 1 ἐιῡζάκελ ἐιύκελ

2 ἐιύζαν (ῡ) [(ἐιύζσ (ῡ))] ἔιπ(ζ)ν

3 ἐιύζαην (ῡ) ἔιπην

D 2 ἐιύζαζζνλ (ῡ) ἔιπζζνλ

3 ἐιῡζάζζελ ἐιύζζελ

P 1 ἐιῡζάκε(ζ)ζα ἐιύκε(ζ)ζα

2 ἐιύζαζζε (ῡ) ἔιπζζε

3 ἐιύζαλην (ῡ) ἔιπλην

173 Vocabulary

δῶκα αηνο ηό house home

παῖο παηδόο ὁ ἡ child son daughter

π(η)όιηο ηνο (ενο) ἡ city state

ἐπθλήκῑο ῑδνο well-greaved

ἐγώ(λ) κέν (κεῦ) I

ζύ ζέν (ζεῦ) you

κέλhellip δέ on the one handhellip trulyhellip on the one handhellip on the other hand

partlyhellip partly the onehellip the other

νἴθαδε home homeward to home home

Verbs

ἅδνκαη (ἁγ-) (defective) I reverence

δέρνκαη I accept I receive

δέμνκαη I will accept

ἐδεμάκελ (ἐδέγκελ) I accepted

δίδσκη (δσ- δν-) I give I grant

(δη)δώζσ I will give

ἔδσθα I gave

ἐθπέξζσ (πεξζ- πξαζ-) I sack (utterly) I plunder I pillage

ἐθπέξζσ I will sack

ἐμέπεξζα (ἐμέπξαζνλ) I sacked

ἱθλένκαη I arrive I reach (a destination)

ἵμνκαη I will arrive

ἱθόκελ (ῑ) I arrived

174 Translation

1 ζενὶ ἔρνπζηλ ιύκπηα δώκαηα ἔδσθαλ δrsquo Ἀηξεΐδεο θαὶ ἄιινηζηλ ἐπθλεκίδεζζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἐθπέξζαη

(infinitive) πόιηλ Πξηάκνπ ηόηε δrsquo ἵθνλην (ῑ) ἐὺ νἴθαδε νὕλεθα παῖδα θίιελ ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἔιῡζαλ 2 ἀπέιῡζαλ

ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνὶ ζύγαηξα θίιελ ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἐδέμαλην δrsquo ἀγιαὰ ἄπνηλα νὕλεθα ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλα Γηὸο πἱὸλ

ἅδνλην 3 ἅδεηαη ἑθεβόινλ 4 Ἀηξεΐδεο νὐθ ἐδέμαην ηὰ ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα 5 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἔδσθελ ἄπνηλα

πνιιὰ βαζηιῆη Ἀηξεΐδῃ 6 πάληεο ζενὶ θαὶ πᾶζαη ζεαὶ εἶρνλ ιύκπηα δώκαηα 7 Ἀραηνὶ ἐπθλήκῑδεο ἐθπέξζνπζη

Πξηάκνην πόιηλ ἵμνληαη δrsquo ἐπ νἴθαδε 8 παῖο θίιε ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἐιύζαην (ῡ) ἵθεην (ῑ) δrsquo ἐὺ νἴθαδε

KEY

1 The gods have Olympian homes but they gave the son of Atreus and the other well-greaved Achaeans to

utterly sack the city of Priam and then they returned safe at home because they released the dear child of the priest

2 The well-greaved Achaeans released the dear daughter of the priest and received glorious ransoms because they

reverenced the free-shooter Apollo son of Zeus 3 He reverences te free-shooter 4 The son of Atreus did not

receive the glorious ransoms 5 Chryses the priest gave many ransoms to king Atreides 6 All of the gods and all of

the goddesses had Olympian homes 7 The well-greved Achaeans will utterly sack Priamrsquos city and will return safe

to home 8 The dear child of the priest was released and arrived well to her home

175 Iliad 17-21

ltltἈηξεΐδαη ηε θαὶ ἄιινη ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνί

ὑκῖλ κὲλ ζενὶ δνῖελ ιύκπηα δώκαηrsquo ἔρνληεο

ἐθπέξζαη Πξηάκνην πόιηλ ἐὺ δrsquo νἴθαδrsquo ἱθέζζαη

παῖδα δrsquo ἐκνὶ ιῦζαί ηε θίιελ ηά ηrsquo ἄπνηλα δέρεζζαη

ἁδόκελνη Γηὸο πἱὸλ ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλαgtgt

Ἀηξεΐδαηhellip ἄιινη ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνί = vocative case

ὑκῖλ (ῡ) = dat plural of ζύ to you

ζενί = one syllable by synizesis

κέλ (v 18) = correlative of δέ (v 20)

δνῖελ = aor act optative 3rd

plural of δίδσκη may they grant

ἔρνληεο = pres act part nom masc plural of ἔρσ having possessing

ἐθπέξζαη = aor act inf of ἐθπέξζσ to sack utterly

ἱθέζζαη = aor act inf of ἱθένκαη to arrive (compare κάρεζζαη)

ιῦζαη δέρεζζαη = infinitives used as imperatives free and accept

ηά ηrsquo ἄπνηλα (ηά ηε ἄπνηλα) = thesehellip gifts

ἁδόκελνη = pres act part nom masc plural reverencing

KEY

ldquoSons of Atreus and you other well-greaved Achaeans

may the gods who have their homes on Olympus grant you

to utterly sack Priamrsquos city and return safe to home

but release my dear child to me and accept these gifts

reverencing Apollo who shoots at will the son of Zeusrdquo

176 Composition

1 The gods who have (ἔρνληεο) Olympian homes will grant to the sons of Atreus and to the other well-greaved

Achaeans to sack utterly (ἐθπέξζαη) the city of Priam 2 When they sacked the city of Priam they returned happily

home 3 They accepted the shining ransoms and freed the darling daughter of the priest Chryses 4 We reverenced

the free-shooter Apollo son of Leto and Zeus and escaped death 5 Will the son of Atreus accept the shining

ransoms 6 The child of the priest was freed when he gave many shining ransoms which the two sons of Atreus

accepted

KEY

1 ζενὶ ἔρνληεο ιύκπηα δώκαηα δώζνπζη Ἀηξεΐδῃζη θαὶ ἄιινηζηλ ἐπθλεκίδεζζηλ (ῑ) Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἐθπέξζαη πόιηλ

Πξηάκνπ 2 ηόηε ἐμέπεξζαλ πόιηλ Πξηάκνην ἵθνλην (ῑ) ἐὺ νἴθαδε 3 ἐδέμαλην ἀγιαrsquo ἄπνηλα θαὶ ἀπέιῡζαλ ζπγάηεξα

θίιε ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) Υξύζᾱν (ῡ) 4 ἡμάκεζα ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλα Λεηόνο θαὶ Γηὸο πἱόλ θαὶ ζάλαηνλ 5

Ἀηξεΐδεο δέμεηαη ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα 6 παῖο ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἀπειύζαην (ῡ) ηόηε ἔδσθελ ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀγιάα ηὰ

Ἀηξεΐδᾱ ἐδώθαζηλ

Lesson 18

(Perfect and Pluperfect Active of Verbs 904 922 Third Declension γέρων

αἴξ 693-695)

181 Formation of the Perfect and Pluperfect Active

The perfect and pluperfect in all modes experience reduplication of the initial syllable which denotes completed

action Verbs beginning with a single consonant (except ξ) prefix this consonant followed by -ε Thus ιύσ =

ιέιπθα The stem sometimes stands in ablaut relation to the stem of the present as in βαίλσ = βέβεθα A

reduplicated syllable beginning with an aspirated mute is changed to its corresponding voiceless mute in the

reduplicated syllable ie ζλήζθσ = ηέζλεθα In these cases the reduplicated pluperfect adds ἐ- to the reduplicated

syllable ie ιύσ = ιέιπθα = ἐιέιπθε

Vebs beginning with a double consonant two consonants (except a mute followed by a liquid or a nasal) ξ and

some beginning with κ simply augment the stem with the addition of ε-

Verbs beginning in a vowel typically take the temporal augment by lengthening the vowel ie νἴρνκαη =

ᾤρσθα However verbs beginning with a vowel in which an initial consonant has been lost may take the syllabic

augment

Compound verbs typically insert the reduplication and augment between the preposition and the verb ie

ἀπνιύσ = ἀπνιέιπθα = ἀπειειύθε

The first perfect active adds -θα- to the stem followed by the primary endings The first pluperfect active

similarly adds -θε- followed by the secondary endings In general a short final vowel is lengthened before the

addition of the -θα- or -θε- Second perfects and pluperfects active are the older form and are more common in

Homer These omit the θ and simply add -α- or -ε- respectively The second perfects are more common in stems

ending in a consonant

In general the singular perfect and pluperfect active stand in ablaut relation to the dual and plural forms

Perfects and pluperfects are rare in Homer and only occur in some twenty verbs

182 Paradigms λέλυκα and βέβηκα

ιέιπθα ἐιειύθε (ἐιειύθεα)

ιέιπθαο ἐιειύθο (ἐιειύθεαο)

ιέιπθε(λ) ἐιειύθεη (ἐιειύθεε)

ιειύθαηνλ ἐιειύθαηνλ

ιειύθαηνλ ἐιειπθάηελ

ιειύθακελ ἐιειύθεκελ

ιειύθαηε ἐιειύθεηε

ιειύθᾱζη ἐιειύθεζαλ

βέβεθα ἐβεβήθεα (ἐβεβήθε)

βέβεθαο ἐβεβήθεαο (ἐβεβήθεο)

βέβεθε(λ) ἐβεβήθεε (ἐβεβήθεη)

βέβαηνλ ἐβέβαηνλ

βέβαηνλ ἐβεβάηελ

βέβακελ ἐβέβακελ

βέβαηε ἐβέβαηε

βέβᾱζη ἐβέβαζαλ

183 Paradigms γέρων and αἴξ

γέξσλ αἴμ

γέξνληνο αἰγόο

γέξνληη αἰγί

γέξνληα αἶγα

γέξνλ αἴμ

γέξνληε αἶγε

γεξόληνηηλ αἴγνηηλ

γέξνληεο αἶγεο

γεξόλησλ αἰγῶλ

γεξόληεζ(ζ)η (γέξνπζη) αἴγεζ(ζ)η (αἰμί)

γέξνληαο αἶγαο

184 Vocabulary

ἀγνξή ῆο ἡ assembly meeting place gathering harrangue

αἴμ αἰγόο ὁ ἡ goat

Ἄξγνο ενο ηό Argos (both a country and a city in Greece)

γέξσλ νληνο ὁ old man

γῆξαο ανο ηό old age

ἱεξεύο ῆνο ὁ priest holy man

κεξίνλ νπ ηό thigh-bone thigh-piece

πνύο πνδόο ὁ foot

ηαῦξνο νπ ὁ bull

θξήλ θξελόο ἡ diaphragm mind heart soul spirit disposition

δέθαηνο ε νλ tenth

ἡκέηεξνο ε νλ our ours

θνῖινο ε νλ hollow

ὠθύο ὠθεῖα ὠθύ swift speedy

ζλήζθσ die perish

ζαλένκαη

ἔζαλνλ

ηέζλεθα

θεύγσ flee fly escape run (off away along)

θεύμνκαη

ἔθπγνλ

πέθεπγα

Lesson 2

(534-551 553 560 575 622-625)

21 Principles of Accentuation

There are three accents the acute (ά) the grave (ὰ) and the circumflex (ᾶ) These accents are usually

pronounced by stressing the accented syllable but in ancient Greek they represented variations in pitch The acute

can stand on any of the last three accents of a word the circumflex can stand on either of the last two syllables and

the grave can only stand on the last syllable The circumflex can only stand on a long vowel or a diphthong

In accented syllables containing a single vowel or an improper diphthong the accent (as well as the breathing

mark when applicable) is written over the vowel when it is lower case and before an initial Capital Accented

diphthongs take the accent over the second vowel when written in lower case If a vowel or diphthong has both the

accent and the breathing the acute and grave accents follow the breathing mark while the circumflex is written

above the breathing mark If the entire word is written in capital letters both the accent and the breathing marks are

omitted

The final syllable of a word is called the ultima the second to last syllable is called the penult and the third to

last syllable is called the antepenult The following rules govern the placement of accents

If the antepenult is accented it must take the acute But the antepenult cannot take an accent when the

ultima is long or when the ultima ends in a double consonant (μ ς) In words that normally accent the

antepenult the acute is pulled to the penult when the ultima is long (ie through inflection)

An accented penult takes the circumflex if it is long and the ultima is short Otherwise it must take the

acute

An accented ultima may take any of the three accents if it is long If the ultima is short it can only take

the circumflex or the grave

Final αη and νη are considered short when determining the accent except when they occur in the

optative mood and the word νἴθνη (which means ldquoat homerdquo)

Verbs normally have a recessive accent meaning that the accent occurs as close to the beginning of the

word as the rules allow

A word with an acute on the ultima is said to be oxytone (sharp-toned) The acute on an onytone

changes to the grave when another word follows without intervening punctuation However this rule

does not apply when the oxytone is elided when the following word is an enclitic or in the

interrogative pronoun ηίο ηί (meaning ldquowhordquo ldquowhichrdquo ldquowhatrdquo)

Proclitics are words that are pronounced as a prefix attached to the following word and so have no accent of

their own Proclitics are only accented when they are followed by an enclitic when they occur at the end of a

sentence or in the case of certain words (εἰο ἐθ ἐλ ὡο) when they follow the word that they modify

Enclitics are words that are pronounced as a suffix attached to the preceding word While enclitics usually have

their own accent the accent typically disappears when the enclitic is pronounced as a part of the preceding word

The rules governing the accent of enclitics are fairly complex and will be addressed in a later lesson

22 Formation of Syllables and Elision

A Greek word has as many syllables as it has vowels and diphthongs When dividing a word into syllables

single consonants combinations of consonants that can begin a word or a mute (π η θ θ ζ ρ β δ γ) followed by

κ or λ are usually placed at the beginning of a syllable if possible Other combinations of consonants are divided

into separate syllables Compound words are divided between the original words that form the compound

A short final vowel is regularly dropped and replaced with an apostrophe when the following word begins with

a vowel This process is called elision

23 Punctuation and Transliteration

There are four punctuation marks used in printed Greek The period and the comma are the same as in English

The Greek question marks looks like an English semicolon () and the Greek semicoloncolon are a raised dot ()

The most common method of transliteration is that used by the ancient Romans where Greek words are

represented by their Latin equivalents Most proper names are transliterated by replacing the Greek nominative

ending with the equivalent Latin nominative ending Transliterate proper names are usually accented on the penult if

it is long (or if the word only has two syllables) and the antepenult otherwise The Ionic ε was often pronounced as

ᾱ in Attic and in those cases the ε is usually transliterated as a Iota subscript is normally omitted Most of the

letters of the Greek alphabet are transliterated by their EnglishLatin equivalents but note the following

δ = z

θ = c

π = y (except when part of a diphthong)

αη = ae or e

εη = e i or ei

νη = oe or e

νπ = u

επ = eu

ῥ = rh

γ-nasal = n

The following points apply especially to word endings

νη = i

ε = a (occasionally e)

νο = us (changed to the Latin nominative)

νλ = um (changed to the Latin nominative)

ηηα = cy

ηε ηα = y

Lesson 3

(626-658 659-662 970 1011 1025 cf 561)

31 Inflection

Inflection is the fusion of a stem with certain elements (ie prefixes suffixes) that express relationship to other

words The inflection of nouns adjectives and pronouns is called declension the inflection of adjectives and adverbs

is called comparison and the inflection of verbs is called conjugation

A root is the essential part of a word once it has been analyzed into its various parts and all prefixes suffixes

and formative elements have been removed A stem is a root with added formative elements prefixes and suffixes

Stems frequently have more than one form with multiple forms standing in ablaut relationship to one another (as

sing vs song in English or ιεγ- vs ινγ- in Greek) Some roots are also stems and take on inflectional endings

directly

[For example the word ι-γ is a root conveying the idea of speech or speaking ιεγ and ινγν are both stems

standing in ablaut relationship to one another with the former comprising a verb stem and the latter comprising a

noun stem ιέγσ (ιεγ-ν-ν ldquoI speakrdquo) and ιόγνο (ινγν-ο ldquowordrdquo) are both words formed by adding inflectional

elements to the stem]

An inflected word is made up of two parts the stem and the inflectional element (which may take the form of

prefixes suffixes augments etc) The last letter of the stem is called the stem characteristic Stems are generally

classified according to the stem characteristic ie vowel stems mute stems liquid stems etc

32 Declension

Nouns pronouns and adjectives are declined There are three numbers (singular plural dual) and three genders

(masculine feminine neuter) The dual denotes two things closely associated as a pair and may be used

interchangeably with the plural

Gender must be learned by observation The names of males and females are typically masculine and feminine

respectively Rivers winds and months are usually masculine Countries towns trees islands qualities and

conditions are usually feminine A few nouns (as well as a few adjectives) can be either masculine or feminine

without changing form These are said to be of common gender

The most common demonstrative relative and personal pronoun in Homer is ὁ (masc) ἡ (fem) ηό (neut)

Nouns in lexicons generally appear in the nominative singular followed by the genitive singular ending and the

appropriate form of this pronoun

There five cases in Greek nominative genitive dative accusative and vocative These five cases have also

absorbed the meanings of three lost cases the locative instrumental and ablative All of these cases except the

nominative and vocative are oblique cases and represent relationships that are normally expressed with prepositions

in English

The accent of a noun is determined by its position in the nominative singular and it usually remains on the

same syllable throughout the declension as long as the rules for accents allow Nouns that are monosyllabic in the

nominative but which become disyllabic through declension usually take the accent on the ultima in the genitive and

dative of both numbers and otherwise accent the penult A long ultima when accented takes the circumflex in the

genitive and dative of all numbers

Nouns are declined according to the vowel declension (stems ending in ᾱ or ν) or the consonant declension

(stems ending in a consonant or the closed vowels η and π) The vowel declension if further divided into the first

declension (stems ending in ᾱ) and the second declension (stems ending in ν) The consonant declension is

considered the third declension Words of the first declension have stems ending in -ᾱ which almost always

becomes either -ε or -ᾰ in the nominative singular

In order to form the various cases numbers and genders the following case endings were fused with the stems

of substantives and adjectives (forms in parentheses are contracted)

Vowel Declension Consonant Declension

Singular

First Decl Second Decl Third Decl

Masc Fem M and F Neut M and F Neut

Nom ο (none) none ο λ ο (none) none

Gen ν (ην) εο ν (ην) ν (ην) νο νο

Dat η η η η η η

Acc λ λ λ λ λ α none

Voc none none none λ ο (none) none

Dual

N V A none none none none ε ε

G D ηηλ ηηλ ηηλ ηηλ νηηλ νηηλ

Plural

NV η η η ᾰ εο ᾰ

Gen σλ σλ σλ σλ σλ σλ

Dat (η)ζη ηο (η)ζη ηο (η)ζη ηο (η)ζη ηο ζ(ζ)η ζ(ζ)η

εζ(ζ)η εζ(ζ)η

Acc λο λο λο ᾰ λο ᾰ

When these suffixes were combined with the stem of a word the following endings were produced (forms in

brackets are rare)

First Decl Second Decl

Singular

Masc Fem M and F Neut

N εο [α ᾱο] ε α ᾱ νο [(σο νπο)] νλ

G ᾱν [εσ σ] εο ᾱο νην νπ [νν σν (σ)] νην νπ [νν σν (σ)]

D ῃ [ᾳ] ῃ ᾳ ῳ ῳ

A ελ [ᾱλ] ελ αλ ᾱλ νλ [(σλ)] νλ

V ε α [ᾱ] ε α ᾱ ε [νο] νλ

Dual

N V A ᾱ ᾱ σ σ

G D [ῃηλ] [ῃηλ] νηηλ νηηλ

Plural

N V αη αη νη [(ῳ)] α

G ᾱσλ [εσλ (σλ)] ᾱσλ [εσλ (σλ)] σλ σλ

D ῃζη ῃο [αηο] ῃζη ῃο νηζη νηο νηζη νηο

A ᾱο ᾱο νπο [(σο)] α

Third Decl

Singular

Masc and Fem Neut

N ο (none)

G νο [(επο νπο σο)] νο

D η [(ῑ ῳ)] η [(ῑ)]

A α λ [(ε σ)]

V ο (none)

Dual

N V A ε ε

G D νηηλ νηηλ

Plural

N V εο [(εηο νπο)] α [(ε σ)]

G σλ σλ

D ζη εζζη [εζη] ζη εζζη [εζη]

A ο αο [(ῑο ῡο εηο)] α [(ε)]

Note that the dative singular of all declensions ends in η which becomes iota subecript after long vowels The

dative plural regularly becomes ζη to which may be added λ-moveable (explained later in this lesson) -ῃζη and -νηζη

are the two regular forms for the ending of the dative plural in the first two declension However the shorter forms -

ῃο and -νηο occasionally occur when the following word begins with a vowel and should possibly be categorized as

a case of elision

The genitive plural of all forms ends in -σλ

There are only two forms of the dual in each declension one for the nominative accusative and vocative and

one for the genitive and dative

As in Latin the vocative singular is frequently identical to the nominative and the vocative plural is always

identical to the nominative

The nominative vocative and accusative of all neuters is always alike and the plurals always end in -α

In an earlier unrecorded stage of the language there were three other cases the instrumental denoting means

the locative denoting place where and the ablative denoting separation or source The dative absorbed most of the

uses of the instrumental and locatives cases and the genitive absorbed most of the uses of the ablative case

In addition to the endings outlined in this lesson the suffixes -θη(λ) and -ζελ were also occasionally used and

will be discussed in a later lesson

33 Paradigms

First declension feminine nouns ending in -ε are declined like βνπιή ῆο ἡ (desire will plan counsel council

stem βνπιᾱ-) These stems end in -ᾱ which becomes -ε in the nominative singular

Sigular Dual Plural

N βνπιή βνπιά (ᾱ) βνπιαί

G βνπιῆο βνπιῇηλ βνπιάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ]

D βνπιῇ βνπιῇηλ βνπιῇζη ῇο

A βνπιήλ βνπιά (ᾱ) βνπιάο (ᾱ)

V βνπιή βνπιά (ᾱ) βνπιαί

Another example is the expression θᾱιὴ βνπιή (a good plan stems θᾱιᾱ- βνπιᾱ-)

Sigular Dual Plural

N θᾱιὴ βνπιή θᾱιὰ (ᾱ) βνπιά (ᾱ) θᾱιαὶ βνπιαί

G θᾱιῆο βνπιῆο θᾱιῇλ βνπιῇηλ θᾱιάσλ (ᾱ) βνπιάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ]

D θαιῇ βνπιῇ θᾱιῇλ βνπιῇηλ θᾱιῇζη βνπιῇζη ῇο

A θᾱιὴλ βνπιήλ θᾱιὰ (ᾱ) βνπιά (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) βνπιάο (ᾱ)

V θᾱιὴ βνπιή θᾱιὰ (ᾱ) βνπιά (ᾱ) θᾱιαὶ βνπιαί

34 Notes on Syntax

The subject of a finite verb is in the nominative case

The direct object of a transitive verb is in the accusative case

Adjectives agree with their nouns in gender number and case Adjectives however can belong to a different

declension than the nouns they modify so the forms are not always the same

Some words that end in a vowel add -λ to the end of the word when the following word begins with a vowel

The following list describes the words that are commonly spelled with a moveable -λ

1 All words that end in -ζη -μη or -ςη except ἐζζί

2 All verbs of the third person ending in -ε

3 The third person singular of the pluperfect ending in -εη (originally -εε)

4 The verb ἐζηί and the paticles θέ and λύ all of which are enclitics

5 The dative plural of the pronouns ἄκκη ὕκκη ζθί and ζθίζη

6 The adverbial endings θη and ζε

7 The pronoun ἐγώ (ldquoIrdquo)

35 Vocabulary

βνπιή ῆο ἡ - plan will wish purpose counsel council

δεηλή - fearful terrible awful dreadful dread

ἐλ ἐλί εἰλ - (adv or prep with dat) in among therein thereon on

ἔρεη - he she it has holds

ἔρνπζη(λ) - they have hold

ἦλ - he she it there was

ἦζαλ - they there were

θαί - and also even

θαθή - bad poor ugly mean coeardly wicked

θᾱιή - good goodly noble handsom fair brave

θιαγγή ῆο ἡ - uproar roar noise

ηίο - (masc or fem) who which what

ηί - (neut) which what why

Υξύζε (ῡ) εο ἡ - Chrysa a town in the Troad

θίιε εο ἡ - dear darling lovely beloved

36 Derivatives

δεηλή - dinosaur (ldquoterrible lizardrdquo) dinichthys (ldquoterrible fishrdquo)

θαθή - cacography (ldquobad writingrdquo) cacophony (ldquobad soundrdquo)

θᾱιή - calligraphy (ldquobeautiful writingrdquo) calliope

θιαγγή - clang

θίιε - Philadelphia (ldquobrotherly loverdquo) Philanthropy (ldquolove of mankindrdquo)

37 Translation

1 βνπιαὶ θᾱιαὶ θαὶ θαθαί 2 ηίο ἔρεη βνπιὴλ θᾱιήλ 3 ηί ἔρνπζηλ 4 θᾱιαὶ βνπιαὶ ἦζαλ θίιαη 5 ηίο ἦλ θᾱιή

6 δεηλὴ θιαγγὴ ἦλ ἐλ Υξύζῃ (ῡ) θᾱιῇ 7 ἔρνπζη βνπιὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θίιᾱο 8 ηί ἦλ θιαγγὴ δεηλὴ ἐλ Υξύζῃ

(ῡ) θᾱιῇ 9 θαθῆο βνπιῆο 10 θαθῇο βνπιῇο 11 θαθάσλ (ᾱ) βνπιάσλ (ᾱ) 12 θαθὴ βνπιή θαθῇ βνπιῇ θαθὴλ

βνπιήλ θαθὰο (ᾱ) βνπιάο (ᾱ)

(1) βνπιαὶhellip The acute changes to a grave when another word follows without intervening punctuation

But see the notes on 2

(2) The acute on the pronouns ηίο and ηί does not change to a grave ηίοηί is an interrogative pronoun and

indicates that the sentence is a question ηίο can be either masculine or feminine usually refers to a person

and is generally translated ldquowhordquo ηί is neuter usually refers to an object and is generally translated

ldquowhatrdquo

(4) Like Latin and unlike later dialects of Greek there is no definite article in Homeric The article must be

supplied in this sentence ldquoThe good planshelliprdquo

(6) ἦλ is frequenly translated ldquothere wasrdquo

(7) The phrasing here is common ldquohellipplans good and dearrdquo A pair of adjectives connected by θαί is often

placed after the noun they modify

(10) This sentence uses the less common -ῇο instead of -ῇζη(λ) The dative in this case is best represented

by the English preposition ldquoforrdquo The preposition ldquotordquo is usually used to render the the dative as indirect

object

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 Good and bad plans 2 Who has a good plan 3 What do they have 4 The good plans were dear 5 Who

was good 6 There was a terrible uproar in beautiful Chrysa 7 They have good and dear plans 8 What was the

terrible uproar in beautiful Chrysa 9 Of the bad plan 10 For the bad plans 11 Of the bad plans 12 The bad plan

for the bad plan the bad plan the bad plans

38 Composition

1 Of good and bad plans 2 For the noble plan 3 Who has the evil plan 4 There was a terrible uproar in

beautiful Chrysa 5 Was the plan good 6 The plans were cowardly

(1) Follow the standard construction ldquoOf plans good and badrdquo

(2) The preposition ldquoforrdquo is represented by the use of the dative

(3) This could be rendered either singular (ηίο ἔρεη) or plural (ηίο ἔρνπζη)

(4) Follow the same construction seen in exercise 6 of Translation ldquoA terrible uproar there was in Chrysa

beautifulrdquo While the word order is not fixed Phar usually places adjectives after the words they modify

When ἦλ is rendered ldquothere wasrdquo it is usually placed in the predicate position ie ldquoA terrible uproar there

washelliprdquo

(5) The construction should place the verb between the subject and the predicate nominative ie βνπιὴ ἦλ

θᾱιή or θᾱιὴ ἦλ βνπιή Otherwise the translation would be ldquoWas there a good planrdquo Note that the

predicate nominative is always placed in the nominative case

(6) As with (5) the verb should come between the subject and the predicate nominative to avoid

ambiguity ἦζαλ βνπιαὶ θαθαί or βνπιαὶ θαθαὶ ἦζαλ would be translated ldquoThere were cowardly plansrdquo

Again the Greek is ambiguous in this regard but we are following Pharrrsquos conventions in the exercises

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 βνπιαὶ θᾱιαὶ θαὶ θαθαί 2 βνπιῇ θᾱιῇ 3 ηίο ἔρεη βνπιὴλ θαθήλ 4 δεηλὴ θιαγγή ἦλ ἐλ Υξύζῃ (ῡ) θᾱιῇ 5

βνπιὴ ἦλ θᾱιή 6 βνπιαὶ ἦζαλ θαθαί

Lesson 4

(663)

41 Declension of ζεά (ᾱ)

The few feminine nouns that end in -ᾱ in the nominative are declined like ζεά (ᾱ) goddess In general the

original ᾱ stem becomes ε in the singular (as in the declension of ζάιαζζα below) It remains ᾱ in the word ζεά (ᾱ)

and a few proper names

Sigular Dual Plural

N ζεά (ᾱ) ζεά (ᾱ) ζεαί

G ζεᾶο ζεῇηλ ζεάσλ (ᾱ) [ῶλ]

D ζεᾷ ζεῇηλ ζεῇζη ῇο [αῖο]

A ζεάλ (ᾱ) ζεά (ᾱ) ζεάο (ᾱ)

V ζεά (ᾱ) ζεά (ᾱ) ζεαί

42 Declension of ζάιαζζα

Feminine nouns ending in -ᾰ are declines like ζάιαηηα sea Note that the acute is pulled from the antepenult to

the penult when the ultima is long

Sigular Dual Plural

N ζάιαζζα ζαιάζζᾱ ζάιαζζαη

G ζαιάζζεο ζαιάζζῃηλ ζαιαζζάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ]

D ζαιάζζῃ ζαιάζζῃηλ ζαιάζζῃζη ῃο

A ζάιαζζαλ ζαιάζζᾱ ζαιάζζᾱο

V ζάιαζζα ζαιάζζᾱ ζάιαζζαη

43 Vocabulary

γάξ -(postpositive conjunction) for in fact

δέ -(postpositive conjunction) but and so for

εἰζί(λ) -they there are

ἐζηί(λ) -he she it there is

ἐθ (ἐμ) -(adv and prep + gen) from out of

ἐπί -(adv) upon on thereon

ἐπί -(prep + gen) upon on over during

ἐπί -(prep + dat) upon on in for about against at beside by

ἐπί -(prep + acc) to up to over up upon

ζάιαζζα εο ἡ -sea

ζεά (ᾱ) ᾶο ἡ -goddess

Κίιια εο ἡ -Cilla a town in the Troad

νὐ (νὐθ νὐρ) -not no

πάηξε εο ἡ -fatherland native land

πνιιή -much many numerous

ππξή ῆο ἡ -funeral pyre pyre

ςῡρή ῆο ἡ -soul breath life spirit

44 Derivatives

ζάιαζζα (thalassa) = thalassocracy

παηξή (patre) = patriotic

ππξή (pyre) = pyre pyrolatry pyrotechnic pyrotechnical pyrography

ςῡρή (psyche) = psyche psychology psychotherapy psychic psychical

45 Translation

1 θᾱιὴ ζεὰ (ᾱ) ἔρεη βνπιὴλ θᾱιήλ 2 θᾱιαὶ ζεαί εἰζη θίιαη ςῡρῇ ζεᾶο ζαιάζζεο δεηλῆο 3 Κίιια θαὶ Υξύζε

(ῡ) εἰζὶ θᾱιαη θαὶ θίιαη ζεῇζη ζαιαζζάσλ (ᾱ) 4 θᾱιὴ ζεὰ (ᾱ) νὐθ ἔρεη ςῡρὴλ θαθήλ 5 θᾱιή ἐζηη ζεά (ᾱ) ἔρεη δὲ

ςῡρὴλ θαθήλ 6 δεηλὴ θιαγγή ἐζηηλ ἐθ ζαιάζζεο 7 Κίιια θαὶ Υξύζε (ῡ) ἦζαλ ἐπὶ ζαιάζζῃ 8 ζεαὶ ζαιάζζεο εἰζὶ

θίιαη ςῡρῇο πνιιῇο θίιαη γάξ εἰζηλ 9 πάηξε θᾱιή ἐζηη θίιε πνιιῇο ςῡρῇο θᾱιῇο 10 ἐθ πάηεο θαθῆο ἦλ 11

ἦζαλ ππξαὶ πνιιαὶ ἐλ θίιῃ πάηξῃ ἐπὶ δεηλῇ ζαιάζζῃ 12 ηίο νὐθ ἔρεη θᾱιὴλ ςῡρήλ

(2) εἰζη is an enclitic When the preceding word carries an acute on the ultima the enclitic looses its own

accent and the accent on the ultima does not change to a grave

(3) When an enclitic follows a word with the acute on the penult the enclitic retains its own accent

(4) νὐ is used before consonants νὐθ before vowels with the smooth breathing and νὐρ before vowels

with the rough breathing As an adverb it usually precedes the verb that it modifies

(6) ἐθ + gen The phrase is rendered ldquohellipfrom out of the seardquo

(7) ἐπί with the dative indicates location and frequently denotes close proximity This phrase is usually

translated with the English idiom ldquoupon the seardquo but it literally means ldquobeside the seardquo or ldquonear the seardquo

(8) postpositives like γάξ and δέ never occur first in a sentence they usually occur as the second or third

word of the sentence

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 Does the beautiful goddess have a good plan 2 Beautiful goddesses are dear to the soul of the goddess of

the terrible sea 3 Cilla and Chrysa are beautiful and dear to the goddesses of the seas 4 The beautiful goddess does

not have an ugly soul 5 The goddess is beautiful but she has an ugly soul 6 There is a terrible roar from out of the

sea 7 Cilla and Chrysa were upon the sea 8 The goddesses of the sea are dear to many souls for they are beloved

9 The beautiful fatherland is dear to many good souls 10 There was evil from out of the fatherland 11 There were

many funeral pyres in the beloeved fatherland upon the terrible sea

46 Composition

1 Are the good plans dear to the souls of the goddesses 2 They have many plans but (they are) cowardly

ones 3 The plans are dear to the soul of the beautiful goddess for they are noble 4 The lovely goddess of the sea

was not in Cilla 5 There are many funeral pyres by the sea in (our) beloved fatherland 6 Who was in Cilla by the

sea

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 θᾱιαὶ βνπιαί εἰζη θίιαη ςῡρῇζη ζεάσλ (ᾱ) 2 ἔρνπζη βνπιὰο (ᾱ) πνιιάο (ᾱ) θαθὰο (ᾱ) δέ 3 βνπιαὶ θίιαη

εἰζὶ ςῡρῇ θᾱιῆο ζεᾶο θίιαη γάξ εἰζηλ 4 θᾱιὴ ζεὰ (ᾱ) ζαιάζζεο νὐθ ἦλ ἐλ Κίιιῃ 5 ππξαὶ πνιιαί ἐζηηλ ἐπὶ

ζαιάζζῃ ἐλ πάηξῃ θίιῃ 6 ηίο ἦλ ἐλ Κίιιῃ ἐπὶ ζαιάζζῃ

Lesson 5

(789-806 904)

51 Introduction to Greek Verbs

The uses of the Greek verb will be covered in more detail later However Pharr employs several terms in this

lesson that may be perplexing without a brief introduction

Greek verbs employ prefixes suffixes and formative elements in order to conjugate verbs A similar function

exists in English although to a lesser extent precook (use of a prefix) walked (use of a suffix) ranrun (use of

ablaut as a formative element) etc

There are three voices in Greek The active and passive voice function as in English where the active indicates

action performed by the subject (ldquothe dog bit the mailmanrdquo) and the passive indicates action performed upon the

subject (ldquothe mailman was bitten by the dogrdquo) The Greek also employs a third voice called the middle which

indicates (among other things) that the subject acted on its own behalf (ldquothe dog himself bit the mailmanrdquo) or that

plural subjects acted upon each other (ldquothe dogs bit each otherrdquo) The endings for the passive and the middle are

sometimes identical and the meaning must be determined from the context

In Greek as in English verbs convey certain moods The indicative mood simply denotes an action that is

performed (ldquothe dog bites the mailmanrdquo) The subjunctive mood denotes (among other things) possibility and

wishes etc (ldquothe dog may bite the mailmanrdquo ldquoI wish that the dog would bite the mailmanrdquo) Like the subjunctive

the optative mood denotes (among other things) possibility wish conditions or indirect discourse (ldquothe dog would

bite the mailman ifhelliprdquo ldquowould that the dog had bitten the mailmanrdquo ldquomay the dog bite the mailmanrdquo) The

imperative mood expresses a command (ldquobite the mailman you dogrdquo) The infinitive mood expresses the verb as if it

were a noun (ldquoto bite the mailmanrdquo) The participle is a verbal noun or adjective similar to the infinitive ( ldquobiting the

mailman is badrdquo)

There are seven different tenses in Greek most of which have corresponding meanings in English present (ldquothe

dog bites the mailmanrdquo) future (ldquothe dog will bite the mailmanrdquo) imperfect (ldquothe dog was biting the mailmanrdquo)

aorist (ldquothe dog bit the mailmanrdquo) perfect (ldquothe dog has bitten the mailmanrdquo) pluperfect (ldquothe dog had bitten the

mailmanrdquo) and future perfect (ldquothe dog would have bitten the mailmanrdquo)

Grammarians divide the Greek tenses into two categories The primary (or principle) tenses consist of the

present future perfect and future perfect and denote action that occurs from a perspective in the present or future

The secondary (past or historic) consist of the imperfect aorist and pluperfect and denote action occurring from

the perspective of the past

Each tense can be expressed in multiple moods and voices The aorist active indicative for example is ldquothe dog

bit the mailmanrdquo The aorist middle indicative is ldquothe dog himself bit the mailmanrdquo The aorist passive indicative is

ldquothe mailman was bitten by the dogrdquo The present active subjunctive is ldquothe dog may bite the mailmanrdquo The present

passive subjunctive is ldquothe mailman may be bitten by the dogrdquo

There are three persons in the Greek and these correspond to the three persons used in the English verbs first

person (ldquoI bit the mailmanrdquo) second person (ldquoyou bit the mailmanrdquo) and third person (ldquohe bit the mailmanrdquo) Each

person can also take on the dual form (ldquothe pair of them bit the mailmanrdquo third person dual) and the plural form

(ldquowe bit the mailmanrdquo first person plural)

As you can see there are many possible combinations in Greek and the majority of those possible

combinations has accompanying endings that can be applied All in all there are hundreds of possible endings that

can be applied to various Greek verbs and the student must eventually learn them all

Grammarians use the word ldquoaugmentrdquo in reference to a prefix that is applied to a verb In general Greek

augments consist of either the letter ε- appended to the beginning of the word (ιπσ ldquoI looserdquo ειπνλ ldquoI was

loosingrdquo) or a lengthening of an initial vowel (ἄγσ ldquoI leadrdquo ἦγνλ ldquoI was leadingrdquo) Augments typically indicate an

event occurring in the past tense

Reduplication consists of doubling the initial syllable of a word and are used in the formation of some tenses

and stems (ιπσ ldquoI looserdquo ιειπθα ldquoI have loosedrdquo)

52 Inflection of Verbs

As with other inflected forms verbs consist of the stem and the ending (or suffix) Frequently more than one

ending is applied to a verb stem in order to indicate relationships such as mood tense voice person and number

Greek verb forms fall into two categories finite (indicative subjunctive optative imperative) and infinite

(infinitive participle) The finite forms of the verb include personal endings (1st person 2

nd person etc) augment

(prefixes used to indicate historic time) and reduplication (doubling of the first syllable of the word) as well as

endings representing tense mood voice etc Collectively these prefixes suffixes and modifications are called the

characteristics of the verb

The infinite forms of the verb are used as nouns or adjectives The participle is a verbal adjective and is used as

other adjectives It corresponds roughly to English verbs ending in -ing such as ldquothe running horserdquo or ldquowalking is

healthyrdquo The infinitive is a verbal noun and corresponds roughly to verbs preceded by the preposition ldquotordquo in

English ldquoit is good to runrdquo ldquohe wanted to walkrdquo

53 Thematic and Athematic Forms

Greek verbs fall into two primary conjugations -σ (or thematic) verbs which end in -σ in the first person

singular (present active indicative) and -κη (or athematic) verbs which end in -κη in the first person singular

(present active indicative)

In thematic verbs the stem ends in either -ν or -ε (which are called the theme) and the various suffixes are

applied to after the thematic vowel For example ιύεηε consists of ιῡ- the thematic vowel -ε- and the personal

ending -ηε Combined they form the word ιύ-ε-ηε ye loose The thematic vowel is -o- when it occurs before κ λ or

when used in the optative mood otherwise the thematic vowel is -ε- In the subjunctive mood the thematic vowel is

lengthened to -ε- (for -ε-) or -σ- (for -o-)

In athematic verbs the theme is omitted and the suffixes are applied directly to the stem of the verb Many

verbs which are regularly thematic also have corresponding athematic forms Strictly speaking no Greek verb is

entirely thematic or athematic each verb has both thematic and athematic forms

In general verb forms that are thematic include all futures all presents and imperfects of -σ verbs all second

aorists having the thematic vowel (ending in -νλ in the first person singular) and all subjunctives The verb forms

that are athematic include the presents and imperfects of -κη verbs all passive aorists (except in the subjunctive) all

middle and passive perfects and pluperfects all second aorists whose tense stem does not end in the thematic vowel

a few verbs in the second perfect and pluperfect active all first aorists active and middle and most perfects and

pluperfects active

In athematic inflections the singular is usually built on a long vowel and the duals and plurals are usually built

on the corresponding short vowel

54 Conjugation of the Present Active Indicative of -ω Verbs

The verb ιύσ (ldquoI looserdquo) is typically used as an example of the conjugation of -σ verbs The following

paradigm covers the present tense indicative mood and active voice of ιύσ (Note that there is no first person dual)

Singular 1st Person ιύσ I loose

2nd

Person ιύεηο you loose

3rd

Person ιύεη he she it looses

Dual 2nd

Person ιύεηνλ you two (or the pair of you) loose

3rd

Person ιύεηνλ they two (or the pair of them) loose

Plural 1st Person ιύνκελ we loose

2nd

Person ιύεηε you (or ye) loose

3rd

Person ιύνπζη(λ) they loose

55 Vocabulary

ἀείδσ sing sing of hymn chant

ἀλ- (prefix ἀ- before consonants) not un- dis- -less without

ἁλδάλσ (to) please (used with the dative)

ἀηῑκάδσ dishonor slight insult

βαίλσ come go walk

εἰο ἐο (adv and prep + acc) into until therein

ἔρσ have hold keep

θαίσ burn consume

ιύσ loose free break up destroy

ὀιέθσ kill destroy ruin

πέκπσ send escort conduct

ηειείσ accomplish fulfill complete

ηεύρσ make do fashion perform cause prepare

θέξσ bear carry bring

56 Derivatives

ἀείδσ (aed-) = ode odium melody palinode

ἀλ- (a- an-) = atheist anarchy

θαίσ (cae-) = caustic cauterize holocaust

ιύσ (ly-) = analysis

πέκπσ (pemp-) = pomp

ηειείσ (tele-) = teleology

θέξσ (pher-) = periphery phosphorus

57 Translation

1 ἀείδνκελ βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεάσλ (ᾱ) πνιιάσλ (ᾱ) 2 θιαγγὴ δεηλὴ θαθῆο ζαιάζζεο νὐρ ἁλδάλεη ςῡρῇ ζεᾶο 3 ηίο

ἀηῑκάδεη θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) ζεάο (ᾱ) 4 νὐρ ἀηῑκάδνκελ πάηξελ θίιε γάξ ἐζηηλ 5 βαίλνπζηλ ἐθ Κίιιεο εἰο Υξύζελ (ῡ) 6

θαίνπζη ππξὰο (ᾱ) πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἐλ Υξύζῃ (ῡ) ἐπὶ ζαιάζζῃ 7 ἔρνκελ πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) βνπιάο (ᾱ) 8 θαίεηε

ππξὰο (ᾱ) ἐλ πάηξῃ 9 ιύεηνλ ιύεηο ιύνκελ ιύνπζηλ ιύεηε 10 ὀιέθνκελ ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θαθὰο (ᾱ) ἐλ

πάηξῃ θίιῃ 11 ηίο πέκπεη ζεὰο (ᾱ) ἐο Υξύζελ (ῡ) 12 ηειείεηε βνπιὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) πάηξῃ θίιῃ 13 ηειείνκελ

βνπιὴλ θίιεο ζεᾶο 14 ηεύρνκελ ππξήλ 15 ηί θέξεηε ηί θέξνπζηλ

(2) ἁλδάλεη ςῡρῇhellip The object of the verb ἁλδάλσ takes the dative case In general the English can be

translated with the addition of the word ldquotordquo thus νὐθ ἁλδάλεη ςῡρῇ is ldquois not pleasing to the soulrdquo or ldquodoes

not please the soulrdquo

(5) The word εἰο can either be translated ldquotordquo or ldquointordquo

(6) ἐπὶ ζαιάζζῃ is a title for Chrysa thus Υξύζε (ῡ) ἐπὶ ζαιάζζῃ is ldquoChrysa upon the seardquo or ldquoChrysa by

the seardquo

(8) The word πάηξε refers to the person addressed and so is more appropriately translated ldquonative landrdquo

(the more familiar ldquofatherlandrdquo would typically apply only to the person speaking) Note that the possessive

is implied by using the 2nd

person of the verb thus ldquohellipin (your) native landrdquo

(9) ιύεηνλ can be either 2nd

or 3rd

person

(10) As with many Homeric words the best translation depends on the context Here the word ὀιέθσ

occurs in a military context (the Iliad) and so probably refers to killing enemies θαθή probably refers to

cowardice But the passage could be rendered in many ways such as ldquoWe ruin many wicked soulshelliprdquo or

ldquoWe kill many cowardly soulshelliprdquo etc

(11) Note the alternate form of εἰο As with many common prepositions Homer offers different forms to fit

the rhythmic structure of the poem εἰο is a single long syllable while ἐο can be either long or short

depending on the following word In like manner ἐλ is either long or short ἐλί is two short syllables and

εἰλ is a single long syllable

(12) The dative without a preposition is here translated with ldquoforhelliprdquo I also rendered βνπιαί θαιαί as

ldquonoble thingsrdquo in this context although it could also be translated ldquogood plansrdquo ldquobrave plansrdquo etc

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 We sing the plans of many goddesses 2 The terrible roar of the evil sea was not pleasing to the soul of the

goddess 3 Who dishonors the noble goddesses 4 We do not dishonor (our) fatherland for it is dear 5 They go

from Cilla to Chrysa 6 Do they burn many funeral pyres in Chrysa by the sea 7 We have many fair plans 8 Do

you burn pyres in (your) native land 9 You two loose you loose we loose they loose you loose 10 We destroy

many wicked souls in (our) dear fatherland 11 Who escorts the goddess into Chrysa 12 You accomplish noble

things for (our) dear fatherland 13 We fulfill the will of the beloved goddess

58 Composition Exercises

1 Who is singing the evil plans of the fair goddess 2 The roar of the sea is pleasing to the soul of the goddess

in Cilla 3 We do not dishonor the goddesses of (our) dear fatherland 4 Are you going from Chrysa to Cilla by the

sea 5 The two goddesses come from the sea into Cilla 6 They are burning two funeral pyres in (their) fatherland

7 They have many fair plans 8 We loose you loose they (two) loose he is loosing 9 The goddess destroys many

wicked souls 10 We escort the goddess into (our) dear fatherland 11 They accomplish the will of (their)

fatherland 12 He is making a funeral pyre 13 What does he bring

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 ηίο ἀείδεη θαθὰο (ᾱ) βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεᾶο θᾱιῆο 2 θιαγγὴ ζαιάζζεο ἁλδάλεη ςῡρῇ ζεᾶο ἐλ Κίιιῃ 3 νὐθ

ἀηῑκάδνκελ ζεὰλ (ᾱ) θίιεο πάηξεο 4 βαίλεηο ἐθ Υξύζεο (ῡ) εἰο Κίιιελ ἐπὶ ζαιάζζῃ 5 ζεὰ (ᾱ) βαίλνπζηλ ἐθ

ζαιάζζεο εἰο Κίιιελ 6 θαίνπζη πύξᾱ ἐλ πάηξῃ 7 ἔρνπζη πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) βνπιάο (ᾱ) 8 ιύνκελ ιύεηο

ιύεηνλ ιύεη 9 ζεὰ (ᾱ) ὀιέθεη πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θαθὰο (ᾱ) ςῡράο (ᾱ) 10 θέξνκελ ζεὰλ (ᾱ) εἰο θίιελ πάηξελ 11

ηειείνπζη βνπιὴλ πάηξεο 12 ηεύρεη πύξελ 13 ηί θέξεη

Lesson 6

(678-679 717-721 1025 cf 575 996 1009)

61 Second Declension Masculines

Second declension nouns have stems ending in -o Masculine nouns of the second declension are inflected like

ζῡκόο (spirit life soul) and πνιεκόο (war) Second declension adjectives are inflected like θαθόο (evil)

Sigular Dual Plural

N ζῡκόο ζῡκώ ζῡκνί

G ζῡκνῦ νῖν [όν] ζῡκνῖηλ ζῡκῶλ

D ζῡκῷ ζῡκνῖηλ ζῡκνῖζη νῖο

A ζῡκόλ ζῡκώ ζῡκνύο

V ζῡκέ ζῡκώ ζῡκνί

Sigular Dual Plural

N θαθὸο πόιεκνο θαθὼ πνιέκσ θαθνὶ πόιεκνη

G θαθνῦ νῖν [όν] πνιέκνπ νην [νν] θαθνῖηλ πνιέκνηηλ θαθῶλ πνιέκσλ

D θαθῷ πνιέκῳ θαθνῖλ πνιέκνηηλ θαθνῖο πνιέκνηο

A θαθὸλ πόιεκνλ θαθὼ πνιέκσ θαθνὺο πνιέκνπο

V θαθὲ πόιεκε θαθὼ πνιέκσ θαθνὶ πνιεκνί

62 Second Declension Neuters

Second declension neuters end in -νλ in the nominative vocative and accusative singlular and -ᾰ in the

nominative vocative and accusative plural They are identical to second declension masculines in the genitive and

dative as well as all cases of the dual Second declension neuters nouns are declined like ἔξγνλ (deed) and second

declension neuter adjectives are declined like θᾱιόλ (noble)

Sigular Dual Plural

N θᾱιὸλ ἔξγνλ θᾱιὼ ἔξγσ θᾱιὰ ἔξγα

G θᾱινῦ νῖν [όν] ἔξγνπ νην [νν] θᾱινῖηλ ἔξγνηηλ θᾱιῶλ ἔξγσλ

D θᾱιῷ ἔξγῳ θᾱινῖηλ ἔξγνηηλ θᾱινῖο ἔξγνηο

A θᾱιὸλ ἔξγνλ θᾱιὼ ἔξγσ θᾱινὺο ἔξγνπο

V θᾱιὸλ ἔξγνλ θᾱιὼ ἔξγσ θᾱιὰ ἔξγα

63 Second Declension Feminines

A few second declension nouns are feminine These are declined exactly the same as the masculine form the

only difference being that all adjectives and modifiers take their respective feminine forms Thus θαθὸο ζῡκόο = the

evil spirit and θαθὸλ ἔξγνλ = the evil deed but θαθὴ λνῦζνο = the evil plague

Sigular Dual Plural

N θαθὴ λνῦζνο θαθὰ (ᾱ) λνύζσ θαθαὶ λνῦζνη

G θαθῆο λνύζνπ νην [νν] θαθῇηλ λνύζνηηλ θαθάσλ [έσλ ῶλ] λνύζσλ

D θαθῇ λνύζῳ θαθῇηλ λνύζνηηλ θαθῇζη ῇο λνύζνηζη νηο

A θαθὴλ λνῦζνλ θαθὰ (ᾱ) λνύζσ θαθὰο (ᾱ) λνύζνπο

V θαθὴ λνῦζε θαθὰ (ᾱ) λνύζσ θαθαὶ λνῦζνη

64 Adjectives

Adjectives always agree in case number and gender with the nouns they modify

Adjectives fall into three declensions just like nouns However adjectives frequently have masculine feminine

and neuter forms whereas nouns typically fall into a single gender The adjective θαθόο for example has three

forms θαθόο (masculine) θαθή (femine) and θαθόλ (neuter) Adjectives are usually listed in dictionary entries in

the nominative masculine singular followed by the femine and neuter singular endings θαθόο ή όλ

Adjectives are usually grouped into one of four categories 1) First and Second Declension Adjectives whose

forms usually represent the first declension when feminine and the second declension when masculine or neuter 2)

Second Declension Adjectives which usually have a single second declension form that serves as both masculine

and feminine as well as a second declension neuter form 3) First and Third Declension Adjectives whose

masculine and neuter forms are of the third declension but whose feminine form falls under the first declension and

4) Third Declension Adjectives which have a single third declension form for both masculine and feminine and a

third declension neuter form

First and Second Declension Adjectives have the nominative singular endings -νο (masculine) -ε (feminine)

and -νλ (neuter) Of these θᾱιόο (beautiful noble) and θίινο (dear lovely beloved) are good examples

Singular

Masc Fem Neut

N θᾱιόο θᾱιή θᾱιόλ θᾱιή θᾱιόλ

G θᾱινῦ νῖν [όν] θᾱιῆο θᾱινῦ νῖν [όν]

D θᾱιῷ θᾱιῇ θᾱιῷ

A θᾱιόλ θᾱιήλ θᾱιόλ

V θᾱιέ θᾱιή θᾱιόλ

Dual

N A V θᾱιώ θᾱιά (ᾱ) θᾱιώ

G D θᾱινῖηλ θᾱιῇηλ θᾱινῖηλ

Plural

N θᾱινί θᾱιαί θᾱιά

G θᾱιῶλ θᾱιάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] θᾱιῶλ

D θᾱινῖζη νῖο θᾱιῇζη ῇο θᾱινῖζη νῖο

A θᾱινύο θᾱιάο (ᾱ) θᾱιά

Singular

Masc Fem Neut

N θίινο θίιε θίινλ

G θίινπ νην [νν] θίιεο θίινπ νην [νν]

D θίιῳ θίιῃ θίιῳ

A θίινλ θίιελ θίινλ

V

Dual

N A V θίισ θίιᾱ θίισ

G D θίινηηλ θίιῃηλ θίινηηλ

Plural

N θίινη θίιαη θίια

G θίισλ θηιάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] θίισλ

D θίινηζη νηο θίιῃζη ῃο θίινηζη νηο

A θίινπο θίιᾱο θίια

V θίινη θίιαη θίια

65 Vocabulary

ἀγιαόο ή όλ bright shining splendid glorious

ἀλά ἄλ (adv prep + gen dat acc) upon on thereon along up through

ἀπεξείζηνο ε νλ boundless countless immeasureable

ἄπνηλα σλ ηά ransom

Ἀραηόο νῦ ὁ Achaean

δεηλόο ή όλ terrible awful dreadful dread fearful

ἑιώξηνλ νπ ηό booty spoils prey

ζεόο νῦ ὁ god divinity

ζῡκόο νῦ ὁ heart soul spirit courage passion

θαθόο ή όλ bad poor ugly mean cowardly evil wicked

θᾱιόο ή όλ good goodly noble handsome brave fair beautiful

ιᾱόο νῦ ὁ people host soldiery

κῡξίνη αη α countless innumerable

λνῦζνο νπ ἡ plague disease pest pestilence

νἰσλόο νῦ ὁ bird (of prey) vulture omen

πνιιόο ή όλ much many numerous

ζηξαηόο νῦ ὁ army encampment host

θίινο ε νλ dear darling lovely beloved

66 Derivatives

ἀλά (ana-) = anatomy

ἄπνηλα (apen-) = pentalty

ζεόο (theo-) = theology theocracy atheism polytheism monotheism henotheism pantheism

ιᾱόο (lao-) = laity layman

ζηξαηόο (strato-) = strategy strategic strategical

67 Translation Exercises

1 ἀγιαὰ ἄπνηλα θέξνπζηλ Ἀραηνὶ εἰο ζηξαηόλ 2 θέξνκελ ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 3 ζεὸο ηεύρεη

πνιινὺο Ἀραηνὺο ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζηλ 4 ἦζαλ Ἀραηνὶ θαθνί 5 νὐθ ἦζαλ θαθνί θᾱινὶ δέ λνῦζνο θαθὴ ὀιέθεη ιᾱὸλ

θᾱιόλ 6 Ἀραηνὶ πέκπνπζηλ ἄπνηλα κῡξίrsquo εἰο πάηξελ 7 ζεὸο βαίλεη ἐο ζηξαηόλ ὀιέθεη δὲ ιᾱὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 8 ηίο

ἀηῑκάδεη ζενὺο θᾱινύο 9 θαθνὶ ιᾱνὶ ἀηῑκάδνπζη ζενὺο πάηξεο 10 ζεὸο πέκπεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ

Ἀραηῶλ νὐ γὰξ ηειείνπζη βνπιὴλ ζεῶλ πάηξεο 11 βαίλεη ἐπὶ ζάιαζζαλ δεηλὴλ θαὶ ηεύρεη ππξὰο (ᾱ) πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἀλὰ

ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 12 ἔρνπζηλ ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα Ἀραηῶλ ἐλὶ ζηξαηῷ 13 βνπιὴ ζηξαηνῦ νὐρ ἁλδάλεη ζῡκῷ ζενῦ 14

ιᾱὸο Κίιιεο θίινο ἦλ ςῡρῇ ζεᾶο ζαιάζζεο 15 νὐθ ἀείδνκελ θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεῶλ ζηξαηῷ νὐ γὰξ ἁλδάλεη

Ἀραηνῖζη ζῡκῷ

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 The Achaeans bring countless splendid ransmoms into the camp 2 We carry boundless ransoms up through

the camp of the Achaeans 3 The god makes many Achaens spoils for the birds 4 Were the Achaeans evil 5 They

were not evil but good An evil pestilence destroyed the good host 6 The Achaeans send countless ransoms into

(their) fatherland 7 The god walks into the camp and destroys the host of the Achaeans 8 Who dishonors the noble

gods 9 The evil host dishonors the gods of (our) fatherlans 10 The god sends an evil plague up through the camp

of the Achaeans for they do not fulfill the will of the gods of (their) native country 11 He walks along the sea and

builds many funeral pyres throughout the camp of the Achaeans 12 They have boundless ransoms of the Achaeans

in the camp 13 The armyrsquos plan is not pleasing to the heart of the god 14 The host of Cilla was dear to the soul of

the goddess of the sea 15 We do not sing the brave plan of the goods of the camp for (that) is not pleasing to the

heart of the Achaeans

68 Composition Exercises

1 The terrible roar of the sea is pleasing to the goddess in (her) soul 2 We bring many splendid ransoms to the

army of the Achaeans 3 The god does not destroy the host of the Achaeans for they do not dishonor the gods of

(their) fatherland 4 The evil plague makes countless Achaeans a booty (use plural) for many birds 5 The people of

the Achaeans send countless shining ransoms to the goddess of the sea in Cilla 6 The Achaeans go to the sea and

sing but the noise is not pleasing to the goddess in (her) soul 7 The plague destroys the people for they dishonor

the god of Chrysa

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 θιαγγὴ δεηλὴ ἁλδάλεη ζεᾷ ςῡρῇ 2 θέξνκελ ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀγιαὰ ἐο ζηξαηῷ Ἀραηῶλ 3 ζεὸο νὐθ ὀιέθεη

ιᾱὸλ Ἀραηῶλ νὐ γὰξ ἀηῑκάδνπζη ζενὺο πάηξεο 4 θαθὴ λνῦζνο ηεύρεη κῡξίνπο Ἀραηνὺο ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζη πνιινῖζηλ

5 ιᾱὸο Ἀραηῶλ πέκπνπζη κῡξίrsquo ἄπνηλα ἀγιαὰ ζεᾷ ζαιάζζεο ἐλὶ Κίιιᾳ 6 Ἀραηνὶ βαίλνπζηλ εἰο ζάιαζζαλ θαὶ

ἀείδνπζηλ θιαγγὴ δὲ νὐρ ἁλδάλεη ζεᾷ ςῡρῇ 7 λνῦζνο ὀιέθεη ιᾱόλ ἀηῑκάδνπζη γὰξ ζεὸλ Υξύζεο (ῡ)

Lesson 7

Review

71 Review Vocabulary

ἀγιαόο ή όλ splendid ζῡκόο νῦ ὁ heart

ἀείδσ sing θαί and

ἀλ- ἀ- un- θαίσ burn

ἁλδάλσ is pleasing to θαθόο ή όλ evil

ἀπεξείζηνο ε νλ immeasurable θᾱιόο ή όλ good

ἄπνηλα σλ ηά ransom Κίιια εο ἡ Cilla

ἀηῑκάδσ dishonor θιαγγή ῆο ἡ roar

Ἀραηόο νῦ ὁ Achaean ιᾱόο νῦ ὁ host

βαίλσ go walk ιύσ loose

βνπιή ῆο ἡ plan κῡξίνη αη α countless

γάξ for λνῦζνο νπ ἡ plague

δέ but νἰσλόο νῦ ὁ bird

δεηλόο ή όλ terrible ὀιέθσ kill

εἰο (ἐο) into νὐ (νὐρ) not

εἰζί they are πάηξε εο ἡ fatherland

ἐθ (ἐμ) out of πέκπσ send

ἑιώξηνλ νπ ηό spoil πνιιόο ή όλ many

ἐλ(ί) εἰλ in ππξή ῆο ἡ funeral pyre

ἐπί upon ζηξαηόο νῦ ὁ army

ἐζηί it is ηειείσ accomplish

ἔρσ have ηεύρσ make

ἦλ it was ηίο ηί who what

ἦζαλ they were θέξσ carry

ζάιαζζα εο ἡ sea θίινο ε νλ beloved

ζεά (ᾱ) ᾶο ἡ goddess Υξύζε (ῡ) εο ἡ Chrysa

ςῡρή ῆο ἡ soul

72 Translation Exercises

1 ἀδείδνκελ ζεὰλ (ᾱ) ζαιάζζεο δεηλῆο θιαγγῇ πνιιῇ 2 νὐθ ἀηῑκάδνπζη ζενὺο 3 βνπιαὶ Ἀραηῶλ νὐρ

ἁλδάλνπζη ζεᾳ θᾱιῇ ζῡκῷ 4 βαίλεη ἐθ ζηξαηνῦ Ἀραηῶλ εἰο Κίιιαλ θαὶ θέξεη ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα ζεῷ 5 λνῦζνο θαθὴ

βαίλεη ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ θαὶ ηεύρεη πνιινὺο Ἀραηνὺο ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζηλ 6 θαὶ ζενὶ θαὶ ζεαὶ ὀιέθνπζη ιᾱὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 7 ηίο

Ἀραηῶλ ἔρεη ζῡκὸλ θαθόλ 8 ἦζαλ πνιιαὶ ζεαὶ ἐλὶ ζαιάζζῃ 9 θαίεη ππξὰο (ᾱ) ἐπὶ ζαιάζζῃ 10 ιύεηε ζηξαηὸλ

Ἀραηῶλ 11 πάηξε ἐζηὶ θίιε ςῡρῇ κῡξίσλ Ἀραηῶλ 12 ηίο πέκπεη ζηξαηὸλ ἐθ Κίιιεο εἰο Υξύζελ (ῡ) 13 βνπιὴ

θαθὴ ἐζηηλ ἁλδάλεη δὲ ζεᾷ ζῡκῷ 14 ηί ἀείδεηε

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 With a great noise we hymn the goodess of the terrible sea 2 We do not dishonor the gods 3 The will of the

Achaeans does not please the heart of the beautiful goddess 4 He goes from the Achaean camp to Cilla and delivers

countless ransoms to the god 5 An evil plague goes up through the camp and makes many Achaeans spoils for the

vultures 6 Both gods and goddesses destroy the host of the Achaeans 7 Who of the Achaeans has an evil heart 8

Were there many goddesses in the sea 9 He burns funeral pyres by the sea 10 You destroy the camp of the

Achaeans 11 The fatherland is dear to the soul of countless Achaeans 12 Who dispatches the army from Cilla to

Chrysa 13 It is an evil plan but it pleases the heart of the goddess 14 What do you sing

73 Composition Exercises

1 The Achaeans sing the beautiful goddess of the terrible sea 2 We do not dishonor the gods for they are dear

to (our) souls 3 The plans of the army are pleasing to the goddess in (her) noble soul 4 Many Achaeans are going

from the encampment and are bringing countless glorious ransoms to the gods 5 The evil plague destroys the

people and makes the army a booty for countless birds 6 We do not sing for it is not pleasing to the soul of the

goddess

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 Ἀραηνὶ ἀείδνπζη ζεὰλ (ᾱ) θᾱιὴλ δεηλῆο ζαιάζζεο 2 νὐθ ἀηῑκάδνκελ ζενὺο θίινη δὲ ζῡκνῖζηλ 3 βνπιαὶ

ζηξαηῷ ἁλδάλνπζη ζεᾷ ζῡκῷ 4 Ἀραηνὶ πνιινὶ βαίλνπζηλ ἐθ ζηξαηνῦ θαὶ θέξνπζηλ ἄπνηλα ἀπεξείζηα θαὶ ἀγιαὰ

ζενῖζηλ 5 θαθὴ λνῦζνο ὀιέθεη ιᾱὸλ θαὶ ηεύρεη ζηξαηὸλ ἄπνηλα νἰσλνῖζηλ ἀπεξείζηνῐζηλ 6 νὐθ ἀείδνκελ νὐθ γὰξ

ἁλδάλεη ςῡρῇ ζεᾶο

Lesson 8

(765-766 773-774)

81 The Second Declension (Continued)

Several words are declined like θᾱιόο ή όλ except that the nominative vocative and accusative singular of

the neuter ends in -o instead of -νλ Some of these words include ὅο ἥ ὅ (which) ὁ ἡ ηό (that) (ἐ)θεῖλνο ε ν

(that) αὐηόο ή ό (he she it) and ἄιινο ε ν (another)

The words ὅδε and νὗηνο are not introduced in this lesson but they are dleclined similarly and so are included

in the paradigms as reference

ὁ ἡ ηό (that hesheit whowhichwhat)

Masc Fem Neut

N ὁ ἡ ηό

G ηνῦ ηνῖν ηῆο ηνῦ ηνῖν

D ηῷ ηῇ ηῷ

A ηόλ ηήλ ηό

N A ηώ (ηώ) ηώ

G D ηνῖηλ (ηνῖηλ) ηνῖηλ

N νἱ αἱ ηά

G ηῶλ ηάσλ (ᾱ) [ηῶλ] ηῶλ

D ηνῖζη ηνῖο ηῇζη ηῇο ηνῖζη ηνῖο

A ηνύο ηάο (ᾱ) ηά

αὐηόο ή ό (hesheit self same)

Masc Fem Neut

N αὐηόο αὐηή αὐηό

G αὐηνῦ νῖν αὐηῆο αὐηνῦ νῖν

D αὐηῷ αὐηῇ αὐηῷ

A αὐηόλ αὐηήλ αὐηό

N A αὐηώ (αὐηώ) αὐηώ

G D αὐηνῖηλ (αὐηνῖηλ) αὐηνῖηλ

N αὐηνί αὐηαί αὐηά

G αὐηῶλ αὐηάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] αὐηῶλ

D αὐηνῖζη νῖο αὐηῇζη ῇο αὐηνῖζη νῖο

A αὐηνύο αὐηάο (ᾱ) αὐηά

ὅο ἥ ὅ (whowhichwhat)

Masc Fem Neut

N ὅο ἥ ὅ

G νὖ [ὅνπ ὅν] ἥο νὗ [ὅνπ ὅν]

D ᾧ ᾗ ᾧ

A ὅλ ἥλ ὅ

N A ὥ (ὥ) ὥ

G D νἷηλ (νἷηλ) νἶηλ

N νἵ αἵ ἅ

G ὧλ ὧλ ὧλ

D νἷζη νἷο ᾗζη ᾗο νἷζη νἷο

A νὕο ἅο (ᾱ) ἅ

(ἐ)θεῖλνο ε ν (that)

Masc Fem Neut

N (ἐ)θεῖλνο (ἐ)θείλε (ἐ)θεῖλν

G (ἐ)θείλνπ νην (ἐ)θείλεο (ἐ)θείλνπ νην

D (ἐ)θείλῳ (ἐ)θείλῃ (ἐ)θείλῳ

A (ἐ)θεῖλνλ (ἐ)θείλελ (ἐ)θεῖλν

N A (ἐ)θείλσ ((ἐ)θείλσ) (ἐ)θείλσ

G D (ἐ)θείλνηηλ ((ἐ)θείλνηηλ) (ἐ)θείλνηηλ

N (ἐ)θεῖλνη (ἐ)θεῖλαη (ἐ)θεῖλα

G (ἐ)θείλσλ (ἐ)θεηλάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] (ἐ)θείλσλ

D (ἐ)θείλνηζη νηο (ἐ)θείλῃζη ῃο (ἐ)θείλνηζη νηο

A (ἐ)θείλνπο (ἐ)θείλᾱο (ἐ)θεῖλα

ὅδε ἥδε ηόδε (this)

Masc Fem Neut

N ὅδε ἥδε ηόδε

G ηνύδε ηνῖνδε ηῆζδε ηνύδε ηνῖνδε

D ηῷδε ηῇδε ηῷδε

A ηόλδε ηήλδε ηόδε

N A ηώδε (ηώδε) ηώδε

G D ηνῖηλδε (ηνῖηλδε) ηνῖηλδε

N νἵδε (ηνίδε) αἵδε (ηαίδε) ηάδε

G ηῶλδε ηάσλδε (ᾱ) [ηῶλδε] ηῶλδε

D ηνῖζηδε ηνῖζδε ηῇζηδε ηῇζδε ηνῖζηδε ηνῖζδε

ηνίζδεζη ηνίζδεζη

ηνίζδεζζη ηνίζδεζζη

A ηνύζδε ηάζδε (ᾱ) ηάδε

νὗηνο αὕηε ηνῦην (this)

Masc Fem Neut

N νὗηνο αὕηε ηνῦην

G ηνύηνπ νην ηαύηεο ηνύηνπ νην

D ηνύηῳ ηαύηῃ ηνύηῳ

A ηνῦηνλ ηαύηελ ηνῦην

N A ηνύησ (ηνύησ) ηνύησ

G D ηνύηνηηλ (ηνύηνηηλ) ηνύηνηηλ

N νὗηνη αὗηαη ηαῦηα

G ηνύησλ ηαῡηάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] ηνύησλ

D ηνύηνηζη νηο ηαύηῃζη ῃο ηνύηνηζη νηο

A ηνύηνπο ηαύηᾱο ηαῦηα

82 Vocabulary

ἀιιά but moreover

ἄιινο ε νλ other another

αὐηόο ή ό self him himself her herself it itself same

δῖνο α νλ (declined like ζάιαζζα) divine heavenly glorious

(ἐ)θεῖλνο ε ν that (one) he she it

ἑθεβόινο νπ ὁ free-shooter sharpshooter (originally shoots-at-will a title for Apollo)

θαθῶο evilly wickedly harshly with evil consequences

ὁ ἡ ηό this that he she it who which what

νὕλεθα (νὗ-ἔλεθα) because

ζθῆπηξνλ νπ ηό scepter staff

ηέ and also both

ρξύζενο (ῡ) ε νλ gold golden of gold

83 Derivatives

ἄιινο (allo-) = allopathy

αὐηόο (auto-) = automaton autocracy autograph autonomy

ρξύζενο (ῡ) (chryse-) = chrysanthemum chrysalis chrysolite

84 Translation Excersis

1 δῖνο ἑθεβόινο αὐηὸο ἀείδεη ἀιιrsquo νὐρ ἁλδάλεη ἄιινηζη ζενῖζη ζῡκῷ 2 θεῖλνη Ἀραηνὶ ἀηῑκάδνπζη ηνὺο ζενύο

3 ὁ ἑθεβόινο πέκπεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ θαθῶο ὀιέθεη θεῖλνλ ιᾱόλ νὕλεθα ηὸλ ἀηῑκάδνπζηλ 4

νὐθ ἀηῑκάδνκελ ηνὺο ζενύο νἳ ἔρνπζη ζθῆπηξα ρξύζεα (ῡ) 5 ὁ ἑθεβόινο ηε θαὶ νἱ ἄιινη ζενὶ θέξνπζη ρξύζεα (ῡ)

ζθῆπηξα θᾱιά 6 ηίο ηεύρεη ηὰ ζθῆπηξα ρξύζεα (ῡ) ηνῖζη ζενῖο ζαιάζζεο 7 ἀείδεη ἑθεβόινο αὐηὸο βνπιὰο (ᾱ)

ἄιισλ ζεῶλ ηνῖζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ 8 εἰζὶλ νἱ Ἀραηνὶ θᾱινί νἱ ὀιέθνπζη ηὸλ ζηξαηὸλ θαίνπζί ηε ηὰο (ᾱ) ππξάο (ᾱ) 9 ἡ

ζεὰ (ᾱ) ηῆο δεηλῆο ζαιάζζεο ἔρεη ηὸ ζθῆηξνλ ρξύζενλ (ῡ) 10 ἐλὶ ηῇ πάηξε εἰζὶλ αἱ ππξαί 11 ηίο ηεύρεη ηὸλ

ζηξαηὸλ ἑιώξηα ηνῖζηλ νἰσλνῖζηλ

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 The divine free-shooter himself sings but it does not please the hearts of the other gods 2 Those Achaeans

dishonor these gods 3 This free-shooter sends an evil plague up through the camp of the Achaeans and wickedly

destroys that host because they dishonor him 4 We do not dishonor these gods who hold the golden scepters 5

Both this free-shooter and these other gods carry beautiful golden scepters 6 Who fashions the golden scepters for

these gods of the sea 7 Does the free-shooter himself sing the plans of the other gods to these Achaeans 8 Are

these Achaeans noble who destroy (our) camp and burn funeral pyres 9 This goddess of the terrible sea holds a

golden scepter 10 The funeral pyrers are in (our) fatherland 11 Who makes (our) camp a spoil for these vultures

85 Composition Exercises

1 ἑθεβόινο αὐηὸο ἀείδεη ηὰο (ᾱ) βνπιὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) ζεῶλ 2 ηί νὐρ ἁλδάλεη ηνῖο ἄιινηζη ζενῖζηλ νἳ ἐλὶ

ζαιάζζῃ 3 ἐθεῖλνο Ἀραηὸο ἀηῑκάδεη ηνὺο ζενὺο πάηξεο νἱ ἔρνπζη ηὰ ζθῆπηξα ρξύζεα (ῡ) 4 ὁ ἑθεβόινο πέκπεη

λνύζνπο πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θαθὰο (ᾱ) ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ ὀιέθεη κῡξίνπο ιᾱνύο νὕλεθα ηὸλ ἀηῑκάδνπζηλ 5 ηίο

θαίεη ηὰο (ᾱ) ππξὰο (ᾱ) Ἀραηῶλ ἐπὶ δεηλῇ ζαιάζζῃ 6 ὁ ἑθεβόινο ηεύρεη κῡξίνπο Ἀραίνπο ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζηλ νὕλεθα

ηὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) ζεὰο (ᾱ) ζαιάζζεο ἀηῑκάδνπζηλ

Lesson 9

(830-840 904)

91 The Verbal Augment

Greek verbs frequently add a prefix to a verb (in the secondary tenses of the idicative) to indicate action

occurring in the past This prefix is called an augment Verbal augments take one of two forms the syllabic

augment which consists of adding an extra syllable to the beginning of a word and the temporal augment which

consists of lengthening the first syllable of a word While the augment is consistently applied in later dialects of

Greek it was still optional in Homeric and is often omitted (the tense being determined solely from the suffixes)

The syllabic augment is applied to verbs that begin with a consonant (or rare verbs that originally began with a

consonant) and consists of the prefix ε- Thus ιύνκελ = we loose (present tense) but ἐιύνκελ = we were loosing

(past tense) Some Greek words originally began with a ϝ or an ζ that later disappeared (usually replace with the

rough breathing) In those cases the augment is sometimes syllabic reflecting the earlier practice The word ἁλδάλσ

for example was originally ζϝαλδάλσ (swandano) The original augmented form of the imperfect was ἐζϝάλδαλνλ

(eswandano) When the ζϝ- was dropped the syllabic augment was retained ἑάλδαλνλ (heandano)

When a verb has lost an initial ζ the syllabic augment frequently contracts with the initial vowel For example

the word ἔρσ was originally ζέρσ The original augmented imperfect was ἔζερνλ When the initial ζ disappeared

the result was ἔερνλ which contracted to εἶρνλ (because εε usually contracts to εη) This pattern is also sometimes

present in verbs that originally began with ϝ such as ϝίδνλ =gt ἐϝηδνλ = ἔηδνλ = εἶδνλ

The temporal augment consists of lengthening an initial vowel and occurs in most Greek verbs that begin with

an initial vowel In general initial α or ε becomes ε initial η ν or π becomes ῑ initial αη and ᾳ become ῃ and initial

νη becomes ῳ Thus ἄγνκελ (we lead) becomes ἤγνκελ (we were leading) If the verb already begins with a long

vowel (ε ῃ ῑ ῡ σ ῳ) there is usually no change

Verbs that begin with ξ usually double the ξ when adding the syllabic augment This feature also sometimes

occurs in verbs beginning with ι κ λ or ζ

Compound verbs are usually formed from a combination of preposition + verb such as ἀπό (away from) + ιύσ

(loosen) = ἀπνιύσ (set free turn loose) In compound verbs a temporal augment is inserted between the preposition

and the verb If the preposition ends in a vowel the vowel is usually elided Thus ἀπνιύνκελ (we set free) becomes

ἀπειύνκελ (elided from ἀπνειύνκελ we were setting free)

92 The Imperfect Tense

The imperfect denotes continuous action in past time and typically corresponds to the past participle in English

Thus ἔιπνλ (imperfect) = I was loosing Occasionally the Greek imperfect is best translated by the simple past tense

in English The imperfect tense is formed by adding the secondary tense endings (which will be described in a later

lesson) to the augmented stem of the verb

In the paradigm below the unaugmented form is shown in brackets

Imperfect Tense

S 1st Pers ἔιπνλ [ιύνλ] I was loosing

2nd

Pers ἔιπεο [ιύεο] you were loosing

3rd

Pers ἔιπε(λ) [ιύε(λ)] he she it was loosing

D 2nd

Pers ἐιύεηνλ [ιύεηνλ] you (two) were loosing the pair of you were loosing

3rd

Pers ἐιπέηελ [ιπέηελ] they (two) were loosing the pair of them were loosing

P 1st Pers ἐιύνκελ [ιύνκελ] we were loosing

2nd

Pers ἐιύεηε [ιύεηε] you (ye) were loosing

3rd

Pers ἐιύνλ [ιύνλ] they were loosing

93 Vocabulary

ἄιιῃ elsewhere

Ἀξγεῖνο νπ ὁ Argive

-δε (suffix + acc) to

δηά (adv) between among (+gen) through (+acc) through by means

of on account of during

δηίθηινο (ῑ) ε νλ dear to Zeus

εἴξσ speak say tell

ἐκόο ή όλ my mine

ἔξγνλ νπ ηό (ϝέξγνλ) work deed accomplishment

-ζελ (suffix gen ending) from

Κιπηαηκήζηξε εο ἡ Clytaemnestra

(also Κιπηαηκλήζηξε)

καληνζύλε εο ἡ gift of prophesy

νἶθνο νπ ὁ house home

ιύκπηνο ε νλ Olympian

Ὄιπκπνο νπ ὁ Olympus

Πξίακνο νπ ὁ Priam

ζόο ζή ζόλ your yours

εἶρνλ (imperfect of ἔρσ) I was having I had

94 Derivatives

95 Translation Exercises

1 ὁ ἑθεβόινο δηὰ καληνζύλελ εἴξεη βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ηῶλ ζεῶλ Ἀξγείνηζηλ 2 νἱ ιύκπηνη ζενὶ εἶρνλ νἴθνπο ἐλ

ιύκπῳ 3 ὁ ἑθεβόινο δηίθηινο (ῑ) ἔηεπρε ηνὺο Ἀξγείνπο Ἀραηνύο ηε ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζηλ 4 Ἀραηνὶ Ἀξγεῖνί ηrsquo

ἔηεπρνλ ἔξγα θαθὰ δηὰ βνπιὴλ ζεᾶο 5 Κιπηαηκήζηξε δηὰ ηὸλ ζῡκὸλ ἔηεπρελ ηὰ ἔξγα δεηλά 6 Πξίακνο ιᾱόο ηε

Πξηάκνπ ὤιεθνλ πνιινὺο Ἀξγείνπο 7 ηίο εἴξεη ηὰ ζὰ ἔξγα θαθὰ Πξηάκῳ 8 ηὰ ἔξγα ἐκά ἐζηη θᾱιά νὕλεθα ἔηεπρνλ

βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεῶλ θαὶ ζεάσλ (ᾱ) δηὰ ηὴλ καληνζύλελ 9 ἐπέκπνκελ ηὰ ρξύζεα (ῡ) ζθῆπηξα εἰο νἶθνλ Πξηάκῳ 10

ἐθαίεηε ηὰο (ᾱ) ππξὰο (ᾱ) δεηλῇ θιαγγῇ 11 νὐρ ἥλδαλε ἡ βνπιὴ ζεᾷ ζαιάζζεο ζῡκῷ 12 αἱ ζεαὶ ἀείδνπζη ηὰ θᾱιὰ

ἔξγα ηῶλ ζεῶλ ἑθεβόινο δὲ βαίλεη ἄιιῃ 13 εἶρε Πξίακνο ἀγιαὸλ θαὶ θᾱιὸλ νἶθνλ

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 This free-shooter relates the plans of the gods to the Argives through prophesy 2 These Olympian gods had

homes on Olympus 3 This free-shooter beloved of Zeus made both the Argives and the Achaeans prey for the

vultures 4 Both the Achaeans and the Argives committed evil deeds through the will of the goddess 5 Because of

her heart Clytaemnestra wrought these terrible deeds 6 Both Priam and the host of Priam killed many Argives 7

Who relates these evil deeds of yours to Priam 8 These works of mine are noble because through prophesy I

accomplished the of the gods and goddess 9 We sent the golden scepters to the house of Priam 10 Were you

burning the funeral pyres with a terrible uproar 11 Does the plan not please the heart of the goddess of the sea 12

The goddesses sing the noble deeds of the gods but the free-shooter walks elsewhere 13 Priam had a splendid and

beautiful home

96 Composition Exercises

1 Who brought these countless shining ransoms to the beautiful home of Priam 2 The Achaeans and the

Argives burned many funeral pyres in your beloved fatherland 3 Clytaemnestra was wicked and performed many

dreadful deeds 4 Through the gift of prophesy we tell many glorious deeds of the gods and goddesses who have

Olympian homes 5 My deeds are noble but yours are cowardly 6 The gods sent an evil plague up through the

camp and destroyed many Achaeans because they dishonored the free-shooter 7 It was not pleasing to

Clytaemnestra in (her) wicked soul

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 ηίο ἔθεξε ηὰο ἄπνηλα ἀγιαὰ εἰο νἶθνλ θᾱιὸλ Πξηάκνπ 2 Ἀραηνὶ θαὶ Ἀξγεῖνη ἔθαηνλ ππξὰο (ᾱ) πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἐλ

ζῇ πάηξῃ θᾱιῇ 3 Κιπηαηκλήζηξε θαθὴ ἦλ θαὶ ἔηεπρελ ἄξγα πνιιὰ θαὶ δεηλά 4 δηὰ καληνζύλελ εἴξνκελ ἔξγα

πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀγιαὰ ζεῶλ θαὶ ζεάσλ (ᾱ) νἳ ἔρνπζηλ νἴθνπο ιπκπίνπο 5 ἔξγα ἐκὰ θᾱιή εἰζηλ ζὰ δὲ θαθά 6 ζενὶ

ἔπεκπνλ λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ θαὶ ὤιεθνλ Ἀραίνπο πνιινύο νὕλεθα ἠηίκαδνλ (ῑ) ἑθεβόινλ 7 νὐρ ἥλδαλε

Κιπηαηκλήζηξῃ ζῡκῷ θαθῷ

Lesson 10

(841-857 904)

101 Formation of the Aorist and Future Tenses

The first aorist is a secondary tense formed by adding -ζ(ζ)α to the augmented verb stem followed by the

personal endings of the secondary tense If the verb stem ends in a consonant or a long vowel only a single ζ is

added If the stem ends in a short vowel either one or two sigmas may be added A few aorists (called ldquomixed

aoristsrdquo) are formed by adding -ζ followed by the thematic vowel and the personal endings for the secondary tenses

to the augmented stem

The future is formed by adding -ζ followed by the thematic vowel and the personal endings for the primary

tenses

If the verb stem ends in a long vowel the stem is not affected by the addition of the suffixes for the future or

aorist tenses If the stem ends in a short vowel it is regularly lengthened in all tenses except the present and the

imperfect There are however a few exceptions to this pattern In most cases these verbs add ζ before the personal

endings of the perfect middle and aorist passive

102 Classification of Verbs

Verbs are classified into four groups according to the final letter of the stem vowel verbs liquid verbs nasal

verbs and mute verbs

When -ζ is added to the end of a mute verb a labial combines with ζ to form ς a palatal combines with ζ to

form μ and a lingual is dropped (leaving only ζ)

When -ζ is added to the end of a liquid or nasal verb it is usually preceded by -ε and the ζ is dropped in

contraction Thus βαιισ = βαιέζσ = βαιέσ In rare cases the ε is dropped and the ζ retained In some vowel-stem

verbs where the final vowel is preceded by a liquid or nasal the verb behaves as a liquidnasal and adds -εζ to the

stem θαιέσ (present) = θαιέζσ (future) = θαιέσ (future contracted) The formations in which the ζ is dropped

after α or ε are sometimes called ldquoAttic futuresrdquo

Verbs with liquid and nasal stems regularly form the aorist by dropping the ζ and lengthening the stem vowel

A few verbs have active forms in the present tense but middle forms in the future tense ἀθνύσ (I hear) but

ἀθνύζνκαη (I will hear)

103 Paradigms Future and First Aorist of ιύσ

Future

S 1st Pers ιύζσ (ῡ) I shall loose

2nd

Pers ιύζεηο (ῡ) you will loose

3rd

Pers ιύζεη (ῡ) he she it will loose

D 2nd

Pers ιύζεηνλ (ῡ) you (two) will loose

3rd

Pers ιύζεηνλ (ῡ) they (two) will loose

P 1st Pers ιύζνκελ (ῡ) we shall loose

2nd

Pers ιύζεηε (ῡ) you (ye) will loose

3rd

Pers ιύζνπζη(λ) (ῡ) they will loose

First Aorist

S 1st Pers ἔιῡζα I loosed

2nd

Pers ἔιῡζαο you loosed

3rd

Pers ἔιῡζε(λ) he she it loosed

D 2nd

Pers ἐιύζαηνλ (ῡ) you (two) loosed

3rd

Pers ἔιῡζάηελ they (two) loosed

P 1st Pers ἐιύζακελ (ῡ) we loosed

2nd

Pers ἐιύζαηε (ῡ) you (ye) loosed

3rd

Pers ἔιῡζαλ they loosed

104 Vocabulary

ἄγσ ἄμσ ἤγαγνλ lead drive conduct bring carry

ἀλάζζσ (ϝαλαθ-) ἀλάμσ ἠλαμα (+gen) rule (over) guard protect

ἄξηζηνο ε νλ best noblest bravest fairest

αὖηηο (back) again anew

Γαλαόο νῦ ὁ Danaan

ἑθαηόκβε εο ἡ hecatomb sacrifice

ζάλαηνο νπ ὁ death

Ἴιηνο νπ ἡ Ilium Troy the region around Troy

κεγάζῡκνο ε νλ great-souled brave

ὄρα far much considerably

πέζσ (πεηζ- πνηζ- πηζ-) πείζσ ἔπεηζα (πέπηζνλ) persuade win over mislead

θηιέσ θηιήζσ ἐθίιεζα love cherish entertain hospitably

εἶπνλ εἶπεο εἶπε(λ) θηι 2nd

aor speak say tell etc

ἔβεζα ἔβεζαο ἔβεζε(λ) θηι 1st aor come go walk etc

105 Derivatives

ἄγσ (ag-) = pedagogue demagogue synagogue

ἄξηζηνο (arist-) = aristocracy

ζάλαηνο (thanat-) = thanatopsis euthanasia

106 Translation Exercises

1 ηίο ἦλ ὄρrsquo ἄξηζηνο Γαλαῶλ 2 Πξίακνο κεγάζῡκνο ἤλαζζελ Ἰιίνπ 3 νὐθ αὖηηο ἄμνπζη Γαλανὶ κεγάζῡκνη

ἑθαηόκβᾱο πνιιὰο (ᾱ) εἰο Υξύζελ (ῡ) 4 νὐθ ἔπεηζαλ ἑθεβόινλ πνιιῇο ἑθαηόβῃζη θᾱιῇζηλ 5 νὐ θηιήζνκελ ζενύο

νὕλεθα θᾱινὶ εἰζηλ 6 Γαλανὶ ηεύμνπζη ζάλαηνλ Πξηάκῳ ἐλ Ἰιίῳ 7 ἐθίιεζα ζεὰλ (ᾱ) ζαιάζζεο ἀιιrsquo νὐρ ἥλδαλε

ἑθεβόιῳ ζῡκῷ 8 ἀείζνκελ θαὶ πείζνκελ ζενύο 9 ὄρrsquo ἄξηζνη ἐλ Ἰιίῳ ηὰ εἶπνλ Πξηάκῳ ἀιιὰ ηνὺο ἠηῑκάζελ 10

Πξίακνο ἔπεκςε ηὸλ ζηξαηὸλ ἄξηζηνλ ἐπrsquo Ἀξγείνηζηλ 11 ἔβεζαλ αὖηηο Γαλανὶ εἰο Ἴιηνλ ἀιιrsquo νὐθ ἔπεηζαλ

Πξίακνλ 12 ἀείζνκελ ἑθεβόινλ ὄρrsquo ἄξηζηνλ ζεῶλ νὕλεθrsquo ἤγαγε Γαλανὺο εἰο Ἴιηνλ

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 Who was by far the noblest of the Danaans 2 Great-souled Priam ruled Ilium 3 Not agan will the great-

souled Danaans lead many sacrifices into Chrysa 4 They did not persuade the free-shooter with many goodly

sacrifices 5 Do we not love the gods because they are good 6 The Danaans will prepare death for Priam in Ilium

7 I loved the goddess of the sea but it was not pleasing to the heart of the free-shooter 8 We will sing and

persuade the gods 9 By far the noblest in Ilium this they say of Priam but he (is the one) he dishonored () 10

Priam sent the best army against the Argives 11 The Danaans went back to Ilium but they did not persuade Priam

12 We hymn the free-shooter greatest of the gods because he led the Danaans into Ilium

107 Composition Exercises

1 The great-souled Achaeans will not persuade the free-shooter with goodly hecatombs but he will prepare evil

death for the people 2 The noblest of the Achaeans went to Ilium but they did not persuade the soul of Priam 3

We shall sing because the gods have led (aor) the people into Troy 4 We shall have many shining golden scepters

5 Did you not love the gods who have Olympian homes 6 Priam shall not rule Ilium again for the Achaeans will

prepare evil death for him 7 Does he speak to the beautiful goddess of the sea 8 They will persuade the souls of

the gods with many hecatombs

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 Ἀραηνὶ κεγάζῡκνη νὐ πείζνπζηλ ἑθεβόινλ πνιιῇο ἑθαηόκβῆζηλ ἀιιὰ ηεύμεη ζάλαηνλ θαθὸλ ιᾱνῖζηλ 2

ἄξηζηνη Ἀραηῶλ ἔβεζαλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ ἀιιrsquo νὐθ ἔπεηζαλ ζῡκὸλ Πξηάκῳ 3 ἀείζνκελ νὕλεθα ζενὺο ἤγαγνλ ιᾱὸλ εἰο

Ἴιηνλ 4 ἕζρνκελ πνιιὰ ρξύζεα (ῡ) ἀγιαὰ ζθῆπηξα 5 νὐθ ἐθηιήζαηε ζενὺο νἳ ἔρνπζηλ νἴθνπο ιπκπίνπο 6 νὐθ

αὖηηο ἀλάζζεη Πξίακνο Ἰιίνπ Ἀραηνὶ γὰξ ηεύμνπζη ζάλαηνλ θαθὸλ αὐηῷ 7 εἴξεη ζεᾷ θᾱιᾷ ζαιάζζεο 8 πείζνπζη

ζῡκνὺο ζεῶλ πνιιῇο ἑθαηόκβῃζηλ

Lesson 11

(664-675 838-839)

111 First Declension Masculine Nouns

First declension masculines typically end in -εο -ᾱο or -ᾰο in the nominative and are declined exactly the same

as their feminine counterparts (with the exception of the nominative singular which adds -ο the genitive singular

which regularly ends in -ᾱν and the vocative singular which ends in -ε -ᾱ or -ᾰ) Those ending in -εο retain -ε

throughout the singular those ending in -ᾱο retain the -ᾱ throughout the singular and those ending in -ᾰο take the -ε

ending in the dative

Masculines ending in -δεο take -ε in the vocative singular while those ending in -ηεο (as well as compound

nouns and the names of nationalities) regularly take -ᾰ Those ending in -ᾱο take the the nominative singular in -ᾱ

A very few first declension adjectives take a masculine ending in -ᾰ (without the final -ο) Many of these also

have an alternative form that ends in the more common -εο Those that do not have an alternative form in -εο usually

have the recessive accent (a feature inherited from the Aeolic influence in Homer) The only masculine noun ending

in -ᾰ in the nominative is the name Θύεζηα (Thyestes)

First declension masculine nouns typically follow the paradigms for Ἀηξεΐδεο (Atreides son of Atreus) Αἰλείᾱο

(Aeneas) and αἰρκεηήο (spearman warrior)

Ἀηξεΐδεο ᾱν ὁ Αἰλείᾱο ᾱν ὁ αἰρκεηήο ᾱν ὁ

(Αηξεϝηδᾱ-) (Αἰλεηᾱ-) (αἰρκεηᾱ-)

N Ἀηξεΐδεο Αἰλείᾱο αἰρκεηήο [ά]

G Ἀηξεΐδᾱν [εσ] Αἰλείᾱν [σ] αἰρκεηᾶν [έσ]

D Ἀηξεΐδῃ Αἰλείᾳ αἰρκεηῇ

A Ἀηξεΐδελ Αἰλείαλ αἰρκεηήλ

V Ἀηξεΐδε Αἰλείᾱ αἰρκεηά

N A V Ἀηξεΐδᾱ αἰρκεηά (ᾱ)

G D Ἀηξεΐδῃηλ αἰρκεηῇηλ

N V Ἀηξεΐδαη αἰρκεηαί

G Ἀηξετδάσλ (ᾱ) αἰρκεηάσλ (ᾱ)

[έσλ ῶλ] [έσλ ῶλ]

D Ἀηξεΐδῃζη ῃο αἰρκεηῇζη ῇο

A Ἀηξεΐδᾱο αἰρκεηάο (ᾱ)

112 Compound Verbs

Compound verbs are formed from a preposition or adverb coupled with a verb such as ἀλαβαίλσ (ascend)

formed from ἀλα (up) and βαίλσ (go) If the preposition ends in a vowel and the verb begins with a vowel the vowel

of the preposition is usually elided as in δηίζηεκη (δηὰ ἰζηεκη) ἁθαηξέσ (ἀπὸ αἱξέσ)

The augment occurs between the preposition and the verb When two vowels are thus brought together the first

vowel is usually elided leaving the augment Thus ἀπνιύσ (I release present) ἀπέιπνλ (I was releasing

imperfect) ἀπέιῡζα (I released aorist)

113 Vocabulary

ἀλαβαίλσ ἀλαβήζσ ἀλέβεζα go up ascend embark

ἀπνιύσ ἀπνιύζσ (ῡ) ἀπέιῡζα loose set free release

Ἀηξεΐδεο -ᾱν ὁ Atreides son of Atreus (usually refers to Agamemnon)

θαηαθεύσ θαηαθαύζσ θαηέθεα burn consume

θειεύσ - ἔθιπνλ (+gen) hear hearken to

κεηέεηπνλ κεηεῖπνλ (2nd

aor of εἴξσ) spoke among addressed spoke to

ὅηε when whenever

Πειεηάδεο ᾱν (εσ) ὁ Peleiades son of Peleus (used in reference to Achilles)

πξνζέεηπνλ πξνζεῖπνλ (2nd

aor of εἴξσ) addressed spoke to

ηόηε then at that time

ρνιόσ ρνιώζσ ἐρόισζα anger enrage vex

Υξύζεο (ῡ) ᾱν (εσ) ὁ Chryses

Verbs

ἀλαβαίλσ

stem ἀλα + βαλ- βα-

future ἀλαβήζσ (rarely ἀλαβήζνκαη)

1st aorist ἀλέβεζα (rarely 2

nd aor ἀλέβελ)

ἀπνιύσ

stem ἀπό + ιύσ

future ἀπνιύζσ (ῡ)

1st aorist ἀπέιῡζα

θαηαθαίσ

stem θαηά + θαπ- θαϝ- θαη-

future θαηαθαύζσ (assumed form)

1st aorist θαηέθεα

θειεύσ (Attic)

stem θιεπ- θιεϝ- θιπ-

future none

2nd

aorist ἐθιπνλ

ρνιόσ

stem ρνιν-

future ρνιώζσ

1st aorist ἐρόισζα

Notes

In Homeric Greek the stem vowel is usually lengthened before -ζ hence ἀλαβαίλσ =gt ἀλαβήζσ =gt

ἀλέβεζα ἀπνιύσ =gt ἀπνιύζσ (ῡ) =gt ἀπέιῡζα

ἀλαβαίλσ also has a 2nd

aorist ἀλέβελ

A few verbs have active forms in the present but middle forms in the future ἀλαβαίλσ has two future

forms one active (ἀλαβήζσ) and one middle (ἀλαβήζνκαη)

Verbs with stems ending in -αηλσ originally had a consonantal η following the λ (ie ἀλαβαηλησ)

114 Translation

1 θᾱινὶ ζενὶ ἔηεπμαλ ζάλαηνλ θαθὸλ δίῳ (ῑ) Πειεηάδῃ ὁ δrsquo ἀλέβελ ππξήλ 2 ἑθεβόινο ὤιεθε ιᾱὸλ Ἀραηῶλ

νὕλεθα δῖνο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) 3 θαηέθεα ἑθαηόκβᾱο πνιιάο (ᾱ) 4 ἑθεβόινο νὐθ ἔθιπελ Ἀηξεΐδᾱν

νὕλεθα ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) 5 Υξύζεο (ῡ) κεηέεηπελ Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἀιιrsquo νὐθ Ἀηξεΐδῃ ἥλδαλε ζῡκῷ 6 ὅηε θαθῶο

πξνζέεηπελ Ἀηξεΐδεο Υξύζελ (ῡ) ηόηε ἐρόισζελ ἑθεβόινλ 7 ἀπειύζακελ (ῡ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) νὕλεθα ηὸλ

ἐθηιήζακελ 8 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἤλεηθελ ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα Ἀηξεΐδῃ 9 νἴζνκελ ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀπνιύζνκελ (ῡ)

Υξύζελ (ῡ) νὕλεθα ηὸλ ἐθηιήζακελ θαὶ θίινο ἐζηὶλ ἑθεβόιῳ 10 ηίο θέξεη ἄπνηλα Υξύζᾱν (ῡ) Ἀηξεΐδῃ 11 δῖνο

Πειεηάδεο ἐρόισζελ Ἀηξεΐδελ 12 ὅηε θαηεθήακελ πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἑθαηόκβᾱο θᾱιάο (ᾱ) ηόηε ἐπείζακελ ζῡκνὺο ζεῶλ

13 δηὰ καληνζύλελ Υξύζεο (ῡ) εἶπε βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεῶλ Ἀηξεΐδῃ Πειεηάδῃ ηε

KEY

1 The noble gods prepared evil death for the divine Peleiades and he ascended the funeral pyre 2 The free-

shooter destroyed the host of the Achaeans because the divine Atreides dishonored Chryses 3 I burned many

funeral pyres 4 The free-shooter did not hear the son of Atreus because he dishonored Chryses 5 Chryses spoke

among the Achaeans but but it did not please the heart of Atreides 6 It angered the free-shooter when the son of

Atreus spoke wickedly to Chryses 7 We released Chryses because we loved him 8 Chryses brought countless

glorious ransoms to the son of Atreus 9 We will bring many ransoms and release Chryses because we loved him

and he is dear to the free-shooter 10 Who brought the ransoms of Chryses to the son of Atreus 11 The divine

Peleiades angered the son of Atreus 12 We persuaded the hearts of the gods when we burned many good

hecatombs 13 Through prophesy Chryses spoke the will of the gods to both Atreides and Peleiades

115 Composition

1 The Achaeans ascended into Troy and killed the noble Priam 2 We burned many goodly hecatombs to the

Olympian gods 3 Chryses spoke among the Achaeans but the son of Atreus did not hearken to him 4 The

Achaeans addressed the son of Atreus but he did not free Chryses 5 The son of Atreus will bring many ransoms

into the camp of the Achaeans 6 Who will persuade the gods with many goodly hecatombs

KEY

1 Ἀραηνὶ ἀλέβεζαλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ θαὶ ὤιεμαλ θᾱιὸλ Πξηάκνλ 2 θαηέθεκελ πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) ἑθαηόκβὰο (ᾱ)

ζενῖο ιπκπίνηο 3 Υξύζεο (ῡ) κεηέεηπελ Ἀραηνῖο ἀιιrsquo Ἀηξεΐδεο ηὸλ νὐθ ἔθιπελ 4 Ἀραηνὶ πξνζέεηπνλ Ἀηξεΐδῃ

ἀιιrsquo νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε Υξύζελ (ῡ) 5 Ἀηξεΐδεο νἴζεη ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ εἰο ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 6 ηίο πείζεη ζενὺο πνιιῇο

ἑθαηόκβῃζηλ

Lesson 12

Review

121 Review Vocabulary

Lesson 13

(680-692 701-709)

(cf 897 874 886 619 841-843 576 1178 830-831 837 580 837)

131 Nouns of the Third Declension

Third declension nouns can be either masculine feminine or neuter The nominative endings can take many

forms but there are some conventions Masculine and feminine stems except those ending in λ ξ or ζ simply add

ζ to the stem and make the necessary euphonic changes Stems ending in ξ λ and ζ typically make no changes

except to lengthen the last vowel if it is short Stems ending in -λ(η) either drop the η and lengthen a short vowel or

drop the -λ(η) lengthen the vowel and add ζ Examples δαηκνλ- = δαηκσλ ζῑλ- = ζίο (ῑ) κειαλ- = κέιᾱο γεξνλη- =

γέξσλ etc Neuters typically consist of just the stem in the nominative and accusative except to drop a final -η

where it occurs

In general the stem of a third declension noun is found by dropping the -νο ending from the genitive singular

The dative singular regularly ends in -ῐ but occasionally in -ῑ

The accusative ending was originally -λ and this ending is common on stems ending in a vowel On stems

ending in a consonant the -λ was a sonant consonant which eventually came be pronounced as -ᾰ The result is that

the accusative singular usually ends in -λ for stems ending in a vowel and -ᾰ for stems ending in a consonant

Dental mute stems ending in -ηο and -πο in the nominative singular rarely drop the mute and typically adopt the -λ

accusative ending as if they were vowel stems

The dative plural is formed by adding either -εζζη (rarely -εζη) or -ζη (rarely -ζζη) and making the usual

euphonic changes Most third declension nouns thus have alternate dative plural forms as πνύο = πνζζί = πνζί =

πόδεζζη etc

The accusative plural originally ended in -λο (sonant λ) which gives -αο for stems ending in a consonant and -ῑο

and -ῡο for stems ending in a vowel A few vowel stems borrowed an -αο ending from the first declension by

analogy

The vocative singular is usually either identical to the nominative or identical to the stem alone Stems ending

in λ ξ or ο typically drop this final consonant in the vocative singular

Compensatory lengthening usually occurs in the dative plural when -λη is dropped as in γέξνληζη = γέξνπζη

132 Paradigms

Stems ending in -επ (επ) -νπ and σϝ follow the paradigms of βαζηιεύο (king βαζηιεϝ-) βνῦο (ox βνϝ-) λεῦο

(ship λᾱϝ-) and ἥξσο (hero ἡξσϝ- () or ἡξσ-)

N βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

G βαζηιῆνο [-ένο] βνόο λεόο ἥξσνο

D βαζηιῆη [-έη] βνΐ λεί ἥξση

A βαζηιῆα [-έα] βνῦλ [βῶλ] λῆα [λέα] ἥξσα

V βαζηιεῦ βνῦ λεῦ ἥξσο

N A V βαζηιῆε βόε λῆε ἥξσε

G D βαζηιήνηηλ βόνηηλ λήνηηλ ἡξώνηηλ

N V βαζηιεῆεο βόεο λῆεο ἥξσεο

G βαζηιήσλ βνῶλ λεῶλ [λεῶλ] ἡξώσλ

D βαζηιήεζζη βόεζζη λήεζζη [λέεζζἰ ἡξώεζζη

βαζηιεῦζη βνπζί λεπζί ἥξσζη

A βαζηιῆαο βόαο (βνῦο) λῆζαο (λέαο) ἥξσαο

A long vowel is typically shortened when it occurs before another vowel thus βαζηιῆνο or βαζηιένο This

convention was almost certainly consistent in pronunciation but is only occasionally represented in written form

The π in the stem of these words frequently became ϝ and subsequently disappeared as in βαζηιεπ- βαζηιεϝ-

βαζηιε-

Stems ending in η (εη) and π (επ εϝ) follow the paradigms of πόιηο (city πνιη-) πῆρπο (forearm περεϝ-) ἄζηπ

(city ἀζηεϝ-) λέθπο (corpse λεθῡ-) and δάθξπ (tear δαθξπ-)

N πόιηο πῆρπο ἄζηπ λέθῡο δάθξπ

G πόιηνο -ενο πήρενο ἄζηενο λέθπνο δάθξπνο

D πόιηη -ῑ -εη -εη πήρετ ἄζηετ λέθπτ δάθξπτ

A πόιηλ πῆρσλ ἄζηπ λέθῡλ δαθξπ

V πόιη πῆρπ ἄζηπ λέθῡ δάθξπ

N V πόιηε πήρεε ἄζηεε λέθπε δάθξπε

G D πνιίνηηλ περένηηλ ἄζηνηηλ λεθύνηηλ δαθξύνηηλ

N V πόιηεο -εεο πήρεεο ἄζηεα λέθπεο δάθξπα

G πνιίσλ περέσλ ἀζηέσλ λεθύσλ δαθξύσλ

D πνιίεζζη περέεζζη ἀζηέεζη λεθύεζζη δαθξύεζζη

πόιεζη -ηζη πήρεζη ἄζηεζη λέθῡζ(ζ)η δάθξπζη

A πόιηαο -εαο -ῑο πήρεαο ἄζηεα λέθπαο [-ῡο] δάθξπα

Nouns with stems in -ο (-εο -αο -νο) and -η are declined like ἔπνο (ϝεπεζ-) γέξαο (γεξαζ-) ἠώο (ἀϝζνζ-) δῶκα

(δσκαη-) and ἦκαξ (ἠκαξ- ἠκαη-) Note that -ζ- usually disappears when it occurs between two vowels

N ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο δῶκα ἧκαξ

G ἔπενο γέξανο ἠόνο δώκαηνο ἥκαηνο

D ἔπετ γέξατ ἠόη δώκαηη ἥκαηη

A ἔπνο γέξαο ἠόα δῶκα ἧκαξ

V ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο δῶκα ἧκαξ

N V ἔπεε γέξαε δώκαηε ἥκαηε

G D επένηηλ γεξάνηηλ δσκάηνηηλ ἡκάηνηηλ

N V ἔπεο γέξα(α) δώκαηα ἥκαηα

G ἐπέσλ γεξάσλ δσκάησλ ἡκάησλ

D ἐπέεζζη γεξάεζζη δσκάηεζζη ἡκάηεζζη

ἔπε(ζ)ζη γέξα(ζ)ζη δώκαζη ἥκαζη

A ἔπεα γέξα(α) δώκαηα ἥκαηα

Note that all nouns ening in -νο in the second declension are either masculine or feminine but all nouns ending in -

νο in the third declension are neuter All nouns ending in -κα in the nominative singular and all nouns with genitives

in -αηνο are neuter

133 Further Notes on the Third Declension

Nouns of the third declension can be any gender and consist of stems ending in -η -π or a consonant In

general the following endings are applied to the stem with the usual euphonic changes

N -ο

G -νο

D -η

A -λ

V -

N A V -ε

G D -νηηλ

N V -εο

G -σλ

D -εζζη

A -λο

Standard Euphonic Changes

Later forms of Greek such as Attic and Koine frequently contracted the forms found in Homer

The -λ in the accusative singular and plural is sonant meaning that it is pronounced as λ when

following a vowel but it is pronounced as ᾰ when following a consonant Thus πνιη-λ = πνιηλ and

πνιη-λο = πνιηο but δαηκνλ-λ = δαηκνλα and δαηκνλ-λο = δαηκνλαο

o In most cases a stem originally ending in ϝ is treated as if it ends in a consonant Thus

βαζηιεϝα = βαζηιεα εξσϝα = εξσα

o The word βνϝ- is an exception where ϝ becomes π (probably because νπ is such a common

diphthong) βνϝλ = βνπλ

Dentals are dropped before ζ Thus παηδο = παηο

o In cases where the stem ends in -λη the dental and the ζ are typically dropped with the last

vowel lengthened by compensation Thus γεξνληο = γεξσλ

Palatals combine with ζ to form μ Thus αηγο = αημ θεξπθο = θεξπμ etc

o Stems ending in -θη apply both the dental and palatal changes first dropping the η and then

combining the θζ to form μ Thus λπθηο = λπθο = λπμ

Labials combine with ζ to form ς Thus Αηζηνπο = Αηζηνς

The ζ is dropped when it follows a nasal or ξ and the last vowel is lengthened to compensate (if it

isnrsquot long already) Thus δαηκνλο = δαηκσλ θξελο = θξελ ρεηξο = ρεηξ παηεξο = παηεξ κεηεξο =

κεηεξ etc

Stems that originally ended in ϝ usually retain a π in its place in the nominative Thus βαζηιεϝο =

βαζηιεπο (originally βαζηιεπο) λεϝο = λεπο βνϝο = βνπο etc

o The same phenomenon sometimes occurs in the accusative singular as well where ϝ becomes

π and the final λ is retained Thus περεϝλ = περευλ = περπλ

o The word εξσο is an apparent exception where εξσϝο = εξσο This may be from analogy

with the relatively common -σο ending in Greek or it could be that the stem was originally

εξσ- witout the ϝ

o When the stem ends in -εϝ the ε is usually dropped in the nominative thus περεϝο = περεπο =

περπο (but the genitive and dative are περενο περετ)

Some confusion can occur at the apparent irregularity of stems ending in -π αζηπ αζηενο αζηεη etc

but δαθξπ δαθξπνο δαθξπτ etc The difference is that stems like αζηπ originally ended in a vowel + ϝ

(αζηεϝ) while stems like δαθξπ originally ended in π

Some neuters originally ended in -εο These are usually declined as -νο in the nominative and

accusative In the other cases the endings are simply applied to -εζ- and the sigma is dropped when it

occurs between two vowels επνο (nom acc from επεζο) επενο (gen from επεζνο) επετ (dat from

επεζη) etc

o Stems ending in -αο simple drop the extra sigma in the nominative singular and append the

case endings to -αζ- (dropping ζ when it occurs between two vowels) Thus γεξαο γεξανο

γεξατ etc

o Stems ending in -νο follow the same pattern as those ending in -αο except that the ν is

lengthened to σ in the nominative Thus εσο εννο εντ etc

Neuter stems ending in -καη usually drop the η in the nominative and accusative singular but retain it

in the plural Thus δσκα (nom and acc sing) δσκαηνο (gen sing) δσκαηη (dat sing) δσκαηα (nom and

acc plur) δσκαησλ (gen plur) δσκαηεζζη (dat plur) etc Neuter stems ending in -καξ usually behave

as if they ended in -καη in all cases except the nominative and accusative singular Thus εκαξ εκαηνο

εκαηη etc

The dative plural ending is given as -εζζη This could be shortened to -ζζη (before vowels) -εζη or -ζη

The -ζη ending is the most common in later dialects Thus Homeric θεξπθεζζη is typically θεξπμη in

Attic and Koine

The vocative singular in neuters is always identical to the nominative and accusative singulars

o In masculine and feminine nouns the vocative singular is usually just the stem without any

endings applied as long as the stem is capable of standing alone Thus δαηκνλ ρεηξ παηεξ

κεηεξ ζπγαηεξ αλεξ βνπ λεπ πνιη λεθῡ δαθξπ etc

o In some cases where the nominative singular has slightly modified the stem before adding -ο

the vocative is formed by simply dropping the ο Thus παη βαζηιεπ περπ

o In cases where the ο of the nominative singular has combined with the stem the vocative is

usually indentical to the nominative singular Thus αλαμ λπμ αημ θεξπμ Αηζηνς etc

o In rare cases the vocative is identical to the nominative singular even when dropping the ο

would have been convenient as in εξσο εσο

Alternate Endings The following are some alternate endings that could be applied instead of the usual

case endings listed above

o -ζη can be used to denote place where

o -ζελ can be used to denote source or separation or as an alternative ending for the genitive

case

o -δε can be added to the accusative ending to denote place to which or limit of motion

o -η can be added to denote place where

o -θη(λ) can be added as a substitute for several uses of the genitive and the dative cases

particularly in the instrumental sense

134 References

This lesson references several points in the grammar Note the following

Deponent verbs take middle or passive forms but denote active meanings

Some verbs reduplicate the initial syllable in the present tense by repeating the initial consonant

followed by -η Thus ἴζηεκη (orig ζηζηεκη) ηίζεκη δίδσκη πίκπιεκη γίγλνκαη γηγλώζθσ κηκλήζθσ

etc When futures and second aorists are reduplicated they usually follow the pattern of reduplication

found in the perfect tense If the initial consonant is aspirated the reduplicated consonant is typically

smooth Thus ηίζεκη rather than ζίζεκη

Note that ἴκη δίδσκη and ηίζεκη take the aorist in -θα rather than -ζα

When a word ends in a vowel and the following word begins with a vowel the result is called hiatus

In general hiatus is avoided in poetry through the use of elision crasis synizesis moveable

consonants etc However hiatus is allowed in some circumstances such as when elision has already

occurred when the first of the two vowels is long and occurs on the beat (or ictus) of the verse or

when a long vowel or diphthong has been shortened or when the two vowels were originally separated

by ϝ

Recall that the verbal augment is frequently omitted

135 Vocabulary

Ἄηο Ἄηδνο ὁ (nom not used) Hades

ἄιγνο ενο ηό grief pain woe trouble

Ἀρηιιεύο ῆνο ὁ Achilles

δαίο δαηηόο ἡ feast banquet portion

Εεύο Γηόο ὁ Zeus

ἥξσο ἥξσνο ὁ hero mighty warrior protector savior

ἴθζῑκνο ε νλ mighty valiant stout-hearted brave

θύσλ θπλόο ὁ ἡ dog

κῆληο ηνο ἡ wrath fury madness rage

νὐιόκελνο ε νλ accursed destructive deadly

πξντάπησ πξντάςσ πξνΐαςα hurl forward send forth

ηίζεκη (ζε- ζε-) ζήζσ ἔζεθα put place cause

Ἀρηιιεπο (Ἀρηιιεϝ-) Ἀρηιιενο Ἀρηιιεη Ἀρηιιεα

δαηο (δαηη-) δαηηνο δαηηη δαηηα δαηηεο δαηησλ δαηηεζζη δαηηαο

Εεπο Γηνο Γηη Γηα

ἡξσο ἡξσνο ἡξστ ἡξσα ἡξσεο ἡξσσλ ἡξσεζζη ἡξσαο

θπσλ θπλνο θπλη θπλα θπλεο θπλσλ θπλεζζη θπλαο

κεληο (κελη-) κεληνο κεληη κεληλ κεληεο κελησλ κεληεζζη κεληαο

136 Translation

1 κῆληο Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο ἦλ νὐινκέλε ἔζεθε γὰξ κῡξηrsquo ἄιγεα ηνῖζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ πξνΐαςε δὲ πνιιὰο (ᾱ)

ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἰθζίκνπο (ῑ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη ἔηεπρε δrsquo αὐηνὺο ἑιώξηα θαὶ δαῖηα θύλεζζηλ νἰσλνῖζί ηε ἐηέιεζε δὲ βνπιὴλ

Γηόο 2 ζεὰ (ᾱ) ἀείδεη κῆληλ νὐινκέλελ Ἀρηιῆνο ἣ ἔζεθελ κῡξίrsquo ἄιγεrsquo Ἀραηνῖζηλ 3 ζενὶ ὀιέθνπζη ηὸλ ζηξαηόλ θαὶ

πξντάπηνπζη πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη 4ηεύμνκελ κῡξίνπο Ἀραηνὺο ἑιώξηα θύλεζζηλ θαὶ δαῖηα ηνῖζηλ

νἰσλνῖζηλ νὕλεθα ἠηίκαζαλ (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) 5 θᾱιὴ ἦλ ἡ βνπιὴ Γηόο

KEY

1 The wrath of Achilles son of Peleus was destructive for it caused countless woes to the Achaeans and sent

forth many valiant souls of heros to Hades making them spoils and a banquet for the dogs and the vultures 2 The

goddess sings the accursed wrath of Achilles which brought countless woes to the Achaeans 3 The gods are

destroying the camp and sending forth many souls of the heros to Hades 4 We will make countless Achaeans spoils

for the dogs and a feast for these vultures because they dishonored Chryses 5 The will of Zeus was good

137 Iliad 1-5

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κπξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςπρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιήλ

Μῆληλ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse

ἄεηδε - present active imperative 2nd

person singular of ἀείδσ

ζεά - vocative case

Πειεηάδεσ = Πειεηάδᾱν (the verse may have originally read Πειεηάδᾱrsquo)

νὐινκέλελ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse as well as out of

the natural order and is placed directly opposite the word κῆληλ

κῡξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο - the hiatus is permited because elision has already occurred in κῡξίνηο

Ἄηδη was originally Ἄϝηδη and is still accented as it began with α instead of αη

ἡξώσλ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse and its deviation from

the natural order

δὲ ἑιώξηα - the hiatus is permitted because the original was δὲ ϝειώξηα

ηεῦρε - the augment is dropped (usually ἔηεπρε)

ἐηειείεην - imperfect passive indicative 3rd

person singular of ηειείσ

KEY

Sing O goddess of the accursed wrath of Achilles Peleiades

which brought countless woes to the Achaeans

and cast forth the souls of many valiant warriors to Hades

making them the spoils and feast of both dogs

and vultures But the will of Zeus was accomplished

138 Composition

1 The valiant Achaeans are singing the accursed wrath of Achilles 2 The wrath of Achilles caused many woes

to the Achaeans and sent many valiant souls of heroes to the god Hades 3 We shall make the army of the Achaeans

a booty for the dogs and a banquet for the birds 4 We are accomplishing the will of the goddess

KEY

1 ἴθζῑκνη Ἀραηνὶ ἀείδνπζηλ νὐινκέλελ κῆληλ Ἀρηιῆνο 2 κῆληο Ἀρηιῆνο ἔζεθε κῡξίrsquo ἄιγεrsquo Ἀραηνῖζη θαὶ

πξνΐαςε πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἰθζίκνπο ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη 3 ηεύμνκελ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ ἑιώξηα θύλεζζηλ θαὶ δαῖηα

νἰσλνῖζηλ 4 ηεύρνκελ βνπιὴλ ζεᾶο

Lesson 14

(519-526 1159-1192)

(cf 586)

141 Syllable Quantity

A syllable is long (by nature) when it contains a long vowel or a diphthong or (by position) when it ends in two

consecutive consonants (or a double consonant) A short vowel followed by a mute and a liquid κ or λ is common

and can be either long or short depending on the requirements of the verse Occasionally the letters ι κ λ ξ or ζ

are doubled in pronunciation when they follow a short vowel making the syllable long by position but this

convention is not always represented in writing And occasionally a lost ϝ will combine with another consonant to

make the preceding syllable long by position

Observe the following rules when determing the length of a syllable

Any vowel with the circumflex accent is long

The vowel of any ultmia whose penult bears the circumflex is short

If the penult has an acute then the vowel of the ultima must also be long

If the vowel of the ultima is short and the penult has the acute then the vowel of the penult must

be short as well

If the antepenult is accented the vowel of the ultima must be short

Occasionally these rules do not apply to certain compounds where one of the two words are

accented as if they were separate

If a short syllable stands where a long syllable is expected it is usually because the pause of the caesura or

diaresis fills out the foot or because the following word has lost a consonant (usually ϝ or ζ) And occasionally a

short syllable ending in a consonant is lengthened when it occurs on the ictus (beat) of the verse Such lengthening is

called thesis

142 Metrical Quantity

With the exception of pauses at the end of the verse caesura and diaresis all feet must consist of two long

syllables or a long syllable followed by two shorts Thus if a long syllable is followed by a short syllable then the

next syllable must be short as well Likewise if a short syllable is followed by a long syllable then the preceding

syllable must be short as well

When a word ends in a short vowel (and sometimes -νη and -αη) and the following word begins with a vowel

the short vowel is usually elided unless the following word originally began with ϝ When a word ends in a long

vowel or a diphthong and the following word begins with a vowel the long vowel is usually shortened This

phenomenon can also occur within the same word and again it is less common when the following word originally

began with ϝ Vowel shortening is also rare when the long vowel occurs on the ictus

The meter of Homer is called dactylic or heroic hexameter and is the most common meter in Greek verse Each

verse has six feet The first five feet can be dactyls (one long syllable followed by two short syllables) or spondees

(two long syllables) The final foot of the verse is always a spndee but keep in mind that the pause at the end of the

verse often combines with a final short syllable to form one long syllable The fifth foot of each verse is usually a

dactyl with only one in twenty (or so) verses containing a spondee in the fifth foot The verses that have a spndee in

the fifth foot are called spondaic and usually take slightly longer to recite In dactylic hexameter the ictus (beat) of

the verse always occurs on the first syllable of each foot producing six distinct beats per verse

Caesura occurs when a word ends within a foot (ie at the end of the first syllable of a foot or between the two

short syllables of the foot) When a caesura occurs at a natural pause in the verse this is said to be the caesura of the

verse A pause after the first syllable of a foot is called a masculine caesura and a pause after the second syllable of

the foot is called a feminine caesura

Diaresis occurs when the end of a word coincides with the end of a foot When this falls at a natural pause in

the verse it is said to be the diaresis of the verse When the diaresis occurs at the end of the fourth foot is it called

the bucolic diaresis (due to its common use in pastoral poetry)

143 Marking the Rhythm of the Iliad 1-5

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κπξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςπρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιήλ

ΜΖ ληλ α | ΔΗ δε ζε | Α ΠΖ | ΛΖ η α | ΓΔΧ α ρη | ΛΖ Ο-

dact dact spon dact dact spon

The pauses at the end of κῆληλ and ἄεηδε are feminine caesuras

The pauses at the end of ζεά Πειεηάδεσ and Ἀρηιῆνο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of ζεά is the caesura of the verse

The dash at the end of the verse indicates a pause that combines with a short vowel to fill out the

last foot

ΟΤ ιν κε | ΝΖΝ Ζ | ΜΤ ξη α | ΥΑΗ ΟΗ | ΑΛ γε ε | ΘΖ ΚΔΝ-

dact spon dact spon dact spon

The pauses at the end of κῡξίrsquo and ἄιγε are feminine caesuras

The pauses at the end of νὐινκέλελ and ἔζεθελ are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of νὐινκέλελ is the caesura of the verse

The pauses at the end of ἥ and Ἀραηνῖο are diareses

The diaresis at Ἀραηνῖο is a bucolic diaresis

κῡξία Ἀραηνῖο and ἄιγεα ἔζεθελ are examples of hiatus

The first syllable of ἄιγεrsquo is long because it is followed by two consecutive consonants

ΠΟΛ ΛΑ | ΓrsquoΗΦ ΘΗ | ΜΟΤ ΦΤ | ΥΑ ΑΗ | ΓΗ πξν τ | Α ΦΔΝ-

spon spon spon spon dact spon

The pauses at the end of ἰθζίκνπο and ςπράο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of πνιιάο is a diaresis

δὲ ἰθζίκνπο is hiatus

The first syllable of πνιιάο is long by position as is the first syllable of ἰθζίκνπο the last syllable

of Ἄηδη and the second syllable of πξνΐαςελ

Ζ ΡΧ | ΧΝ ΑΤ | ΣΟΤ δε ε | ΛΧ ξη α | ΣΔΤ ρε θπ | ΝΔ ΗΝ-

spon spon dact dact dact spon

The pause at the end of ηεῦρε is a feminine caesura

The pauses at the end of ἡξώσλ and αὐηνύο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of ἡξώσλ is the caesura of the verse

The pause at the end of ἑιώξηα is a diaresis

ΟΗ Χ | ΝΟΗ ζη ηε | ΓΑΗ ηα δη | Ο δrsquoε ηε | ΛΔΗ ε ην | ΒΟΤ ΛΖΝ

The pauses at the end of νἰσλνῖζη and δαῖηα are feminine caesuras

The pause at the end of Γηόο is a masculine caesura

The pauses at the end of ηε ἐηειείεην and βνπιήλ are diareses

The pause at the end of δαῖηα is the diaresis of the verse

Lesson 15

(693-694 697-700)

(cf 781-782 837 580 1009 996 584-585)

151 Third Declension Paradigms (continued)

Third declension nouns ending in a dental mute stem are exemplified by ἄλαμ (king ϝαλαθη-) λύμ (night λπθη-

) παῖο (child παηδ-) and γέξσλ (old man γεξνλη-)

N ἄλαμ λύμ παῖο γέξσλ

G ἄλαθηνο λπθηόο παηδόο γέξνληνο

D ἄλαθηη λπθηί παηδί γέξνληη

A ἄλαθηα λύθηα παίδα γέξνληα

V ἄλαμ [ἄλα] λύμ παῖ γέξσλ

N V A ἄλαθηε λύθηε παίδε γέξνληε

G D ἀλάθηνηηλ λύθηνηηλ παίδνηηλ γεξόληνηηλ

N ἄλαθηεο λύθηεο παίδεο γέξνληεο

G ἀλάθησλ λπθηῶλ παηδῶλ γεξόλησλ

D ἀλάθηεζζη λύθηεζζη παίδεζζη γεξόληεζζη

ἄλαμη λπμί παηζί γέξνπζη

A ἄλαθηαο λύθηνο παῖδαο γέξνληαο

Third declension nouns ending in labial and palatal stems are exemplified by αἴμ (goat αἰγ-) θῆξπμ (herald

θεξῡθ-) and Αἰζίνς (Ethipoian Αἰζηνπ-)

N αἴμ θῆξπμ Αἰζίνς

G αἰγόο θήξῡθνο Αἰζίνπνο

D αἰγί θήξῡθη Αἰζίνπη

A αἶγα θήξῡθα Αἰζίνπα

V αἴμ θῆξπμ Αἰζίνς

N V A αἶγε θήξῡθε Αἰζίνπε

G D αἴγνηηλ θεξύθνηηλ (ῡ) Αἰζηόπνηηλ

N αἶγεο θήξῡθεο Αἰζίνπεο

G αἰγῶλ θεξύθσλ (ῡ) Αἰζηόπσλ

D αἴγεζζη θεξύθεζζη (ῡ) Αἰζηόπεζζη

αἰμί θήξῡμ Αἰζίνςη

A αἶγαο θήξῡθαο Αἰζίνπαο

Nouns with stems ending in -εξ express different grades of ablaut in the stem (-εξ -εξ -ξ) with a recessive

accent in the vocative singular These are exemplified by παηήξ (father παηεξ-) κήηεξ (mother κεηεξ-) ζπγάηεξ

(daughter ζπγαηεξ-) and ἀλήξ (man ἀλεξ-)

N παηήξ κήηεξ ζπγάηεξ ἀλήξ

G παηέξνο -ηξόο κεηέξνο -ηξόο ζπγαηέξνο -ηξόο ἀλέξνο ἀλδξόο

D παηέξη -ηξί κεηέξη -ηξί ζπγαηέξη -ηξί ἀλέξη ἀλδξί

A παηέξα κεηέξα ζπγαηέξα ἀλέξα ἄλδξα

V πάηεξ κῆηεξ ζύγαηεξ ἄλεξ

N V A παηέξε κεηέξε ζπγαηέξε ἀλέξε ἄλδξε

G D παηέξνηηλ κεηέξνηηλ ζπγαηέξνηηλ ἀλέξνηηλ ἄλδξνηηλ

N παηέξεο κεηέξεο ζπγαηέξεο ζύγαηξεο ἀλέξεο ἄλδξεο

G παηέξσλ -ηξῶλ κεηέξσλ -ηξῶλ ζπγαηέξσλ ζπγαηξῶλ ἀλέξσλ ἀλδξῶλ

D παηξάζη κεηξάζη ζπγαηξάζη ζπγαηέξεζζη ἀλδξάζη ἄλδξεζζη

A παηέξαο κεηέξαο ζπγαηέξαο ζύγαηξαο ἀλέξαο ἄλδξαο

Note that δ is inserted into ἀλήξ between λ and ξ where they occur together The accent of the shorter forms of

ἀλέξ follow the pattern seen in παηήξ The alpha after ξ in the dative plural was added euphonically to strengthen

what was originally a sonant ξ

152 Vocabulary

ἄλαμ ἄλαθηνο ὁ king lord protector

ἀλήξ ἀλέξνο (ἀλδξόο) ὁ (real) man warrior hero

ἄξ(α) (ῥά) naturally of course as you know as you might expect that is

in effect (not always translatable)

βαζηιεύο ῆνο ὁ king ruler

δή indeed truly forsooth now

δηίζηεκη (ζηε- ζηα-) δηαζηήζσ stand apart separate

δηέζηεζα (δηέζηελ)

ἐμ νὗ from the time when

ἐξίδσ (ἐξηδ-) - ἤξηζ(ζ)α quarrel strive

ἠξηζάηελ (they) strove

ἔξηο ηδνο ἡ strife quarrel

Λεηώ Λεηόνο ἡ Leto

κάρνκαη fight battle

κάρεζζαη to fight

μπλίκη μπλήζσ μπλῆθα (μπλέεθα) bring together throw together hearken heed

ὄξλῡκη ὄξζσ ὦξζα (ὤξνξνλ) stir up kindle incite excite arouse

πξῶηνο ε νλ first foremost chief

ηὸ πξῶηνλ ηὰ πξῶηα (adv) at first firstly first

πἱόο νῦ ὁ son

ζθσε these two

153 Translation

1 ζεὰ (ᾱ) ἀείζεη κῆληλ Ἀρηιῆνο ἐμ νὗ δὴ ηὰ πξῶηα δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο θαὶ Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἀλδξῶλ ἠξηζάηελ θαὶ

δηεζηήηελ 2 ηίο ζεῶλ μπλέεθε δῖνλ Ἀρηιῆά ηε θαὶ Ἀηξεΐδελ ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 3 πἱὸο Λεηόνο θαὶ Γηὸο ἑθεβόινο

μπλέεθέ ζθσε ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη ηὸλ γὰξ βαζηιεὺο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἐρόισζελ ὁ δrsquo ὦξζε θαθὴλ λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ

ὤιεθε δὲ ιᾱνύο

KEY

1 The goddess sings the wrath of Achilles from the time when first the divine Achilles and Atreides king of

men strove and separated 2 Which of the gods brought together the divine Achilles and the son of Atreus to fight

in strife 3 The son of Leto and Zeus the Free-shooter brought these two together to fight in strife for Atreides the

king enraged him so he stirred up an evil plague through the camp of the Achaeans and destroyed their host

154 Iliad 1-10

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κῡξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςῡρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιή

ἐμ νὗ δὴ ηὰ πξῶηα δηαζηήηελ ἐξίζαληε

Ἀηξεΐδεο ηε ἄλαμ ἀλδξῶλ θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεύο

ηίο ηrsquo ἄξ ζθσε ζεῶλ ἔξηδη μπλέεθε κάρεζζαη

Λεηνῦο θαὶ Γηὸο πἱόο ὁ γὰξ βαζηιῆη ρνισζεὶο

λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ ὦξζε θαθήλ ὀιέθνλην δὲ ιᾱνί

δηαζηήηελ = δηεζηήηελ

ἐξίζαληε = aor act part nom dual masc (they two) having quarreled

ηε ἄλαμ originally ηε ϝάλαμ thus allowing the hiatus

ζθσε [ἕσ] = 3rd

pers pron acc dual these two

ἔξηδη is dative of means in strife

κάρεζζαη = pres act infinitive deponent to fight

ρνισζείο = aor pass part nom sing masc having been enraged

Λεηνῦο = contracted form of Λεηόνο

βαζηιῆη = Agamemnon instrumental case by the king

ὀιέθνλην = ὠιέθνλην imperf pass ind 3rd

pers plural were being destroyed or kept

perishing

KEY

Sing O goddess of the accursed wrath of Achilles Peleiades

which brought countless woes to the Achaeans

and cast forth the souls of many valiant warriors to Hades

making them the spoils and feast of both dogs

and vultures But the will of Zeus was accomplished

indeed from the time when at first having quarreled both

Atreides king of men and the divine Achilles separated

Which of the gods of course brought these two together to fight in strife

The son of Leto and Zeus For enraged by the king he

kindled an evil plague up through the camp and the people were destroyed

155 Composition

1 ἠείδνκελ κῆληλ νὐινκέλελ Ἀρηιιῆνο ἐμ νὗ ηὰ πξῶηα Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἀλέξσλ (ἀλδξῶλ) θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο

ἠξηζάηελ θαὶ δηεζηεζάηελ (δηεζηήηελ) 2 ηίο ζεῶλ μπλῆθε (μπλέεθα) Ἀραηνὺο θαὶ ιᾱὸλ Πξηάκνπ ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 3

μπλῆθε (μπλέεθα) ζθσε (ἕν) πἱὸο Λεηόνο (Λεηνῦο) θαὶ Γηὸο ἑθεβόινο ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 4 Αηξεΐδεο βαζηιεὺο

Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο ἐρόισζαλ ἄλαθηα ἑθεβόινλ θαὶ ὁ ὦξζα (ὤξνξε) λνῦζνπο πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θαθὰο (ᾱ) ἀλὰ

ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ θαθῶο ὤιεθελ ἀγαζὸλ ιᾱόλ

Lesson 16

(887-897 910 1065-1068 697-703 707 710 732)

161 Formation of Middle Passive and Deponent Verbs

The endings of the middle voice are different from the active voice The passive voice applies the same endings

as the middle voice except in the aorist passive which applies active endings Because the middle and passive voice

are identical (other than the aorist) the context determines whether a verb is used with middle or the passive

meaning The aorist middle is often used with a passive meaning (especially in athematic forms) and the aorist

passive is often used with a middle meaning

The perfect and pluperfect of the middlepassive are athematic with the personal endings attached directly to

the reduplicated stem

The future perfect passive is formed by adding -ζνε to the perfect middle passive lengthening the vowel that

precedes this ending

The first aorist passive is formed by adding -(ζ)ζεε to the stem Before ζ π and β become θ θ and γ become ρ

and η δ ζ become ζ Many verbs have a second aorist passive that drops the ζ altogether

Deponent verbs have no active form but use the middlepassive forms in an active sense

162 Paradigms Present and Future Indicative MiddlePassive of ιύσ

Present

S 1 ιύνκαη

2 ιύεαη [(ιύῃ)]

3 ιύεηαη

D 2 ιύεζζνλ

3 ιύεζζνλ

P 1 ιπόκε(ζ)ζα

2 ιύεζζα

3 ιύνληαη

Future

S 1 ιύζνκαη (ῡ)

2 ιύζεαη (ῡ) [(ιύζῃ (ῡ))]

3 ιύζεηαη (ῡ)

D 2 ιύζεζζνλ (ῡ)

3 ιύζεζζνλ (ῡ)

P 1 ιῡζόκεζα

2 ιύζεζζε (ῡ)

3 ιύζνληαη (ῡ)

163 The Use of Voice in Greek

The active voice indicates that the subject is acting λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ ὦξζε = he kindled a plague up

through the camp

The passive voice indicates that the subject is acted upon Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιή = but the will of Zeus was

being accomplished

The Middle voice denotes one of three meanings

1 The subject acting upon itself πείζνκαη (I convince myself) θαίλνκαη (I show myself)

2 The subject acting for itself θαιένκαη (I call for myself)

3 The subject acting upon something belonging to itself ιύνκαη (I loose my own I ransom)

When determing the difference between the middle and passive keep in mind that the middle voice always

conveys a direct or indirect reference to the subject and that the subject is effect by or has an interest in the action

164 Third Declension Stems in -επ -επ -νπ and -σϝ

Stems in -επ usually became -εϝ and the third declension endings are applied after the ϝ Thus βαζηιεϝνο =

βαζηιῆνο βαηιεϝη = βαζηιῆη βαζηιεϝα = βαζηιῆα etc Note that the ϝ explains why εη (εϝη) does not form an

improper diphthong as well as why the accusative singular ends in -εα (as if the stem ended in a consonant) instead

of -ελ (as if the stem ended in a vowel) Note that when the ending consists of a consonant the -εϝ is contracted to

the diphthong -επ Thus βαζηιεϝο = βαζηιεύο βαζηιεϝ = βαζηιεῦ βαζηιεϝζη = βαζηιεῦζη In rare cases the other

endings also contract the -ε to -ε (ie βαζηιῆνο = βαζηιένο)

In stems ending originally in -ᾱϝ the ᾱ becomes ε in the Ionic dialect These are declined the same as -εϝ

except that -εῡ is formed before consonants instead of -επ Thus λᾱϝο = λεϝο = λεῦο λᾱϝ = λεϝ = λεῦ But note the

exception in the shorter form of the dative plural where λᾱϝζη = λεϝζη = λεπζί (rather than λεῡζη) In contracted

forms the ε usually becomes ε

In stems ending in -σϝ the third declension endings are applied directly to the stem Thus ἡξσϝο = ἥξσο

ἡξσϝνο = ἥξσνο ἡξσϝη = ἥξση ἡξσϝα = ἥξσα etc

In stems ending originally in -ν or -νϝ the third declension endings are applied as usual But keep in mind that -

νϝ is contracted to the diphthong -νπ before a consonant thus βνϝο = βνῦο and βνϝζη = βνπζί But note the

exception that occurs in the accusative singular where βνϝλ = βνῦλ rather than βνϝα

βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

(βαζηιεϝ-) (βνϝ-) (λᾱϝ-) (ἡξσϝ-)

N βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

G βαζηιῆνο [ένο] βνόο λεόο [εόο] ἥξσνο

D βαζηιῆη [έη] βνΐ λεί ἥξση

A βαζηιῆα [έα] βνῦλ [βῶλ] λῆα [έα] ἥξσα

V βαζηιεῦ βνῦ λεῦ ἥξσο

N V A βαζηιῆε βόε λῆε ἥξσε

G D βαζηιήνηηλ βόνηηλ λήνηηλ ἡξώνηηλ

N V βαζηιῆεο βόεο λῆεο ἥξσεο

G βαζηιήσλ βνῶλ λεῶλ [εῶλ] ἡξώσλ

D βαζηιήεζζη βόεζζη λήεζζη [έεζζη] ἡξώεζζη

βαζηιεῦζη βνπζί λεπζί ἥξσζη

A βαζηιῆαο βόαο (βνῦο) λῆαο [έαο] ἥξσαο

165 Third Declension Stems in -εζ -αζ and -νζ

When a stem ends in a vowel plus -ζ the initial ζ is dropped between two vowels Thus γεξαζνο = γέξανο

ἠνζνο = ἠόνο etc

All third declension nouns with stems ending in -εο are neuters and follow the pattern of ἔπνο The third

declension endings are applied as usual except that the nominative vocative and accusative singulars end in -νο

Nouns with stems ending in -νο take -σο in the nominative and vocative singular but otherwise apply the third

declension endings as usual (dropping ζ between two vowels)

ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

(ϝεπεζ-) (γεξαζ-) (ἀϝζνζ- (ᾱ))

N ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

G ἔπενο γέξανο ἠόνο

D ἔπετ γέξατ ἠόη

A ἔπνο γέξαο ἠόα

V ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

N V A ἔπεε γέξαε

G D ἐπένηηλ γεξάνηηλ

N V ἔπεα γέξα(α)

G ἐπέσλ γεξάσλ

D ἐπέεζζη γεξάεζζη

ἔπε(ζ)ζη γέξα(ζ)ζη

A ἔπεα γέξα(α)

166 Third Declension Stems in -καη and -καξ

Stems ending in -καη and -καξ are neuters

Stems in -καη drop the -ηο in the nominative vocative and accusative singular δσκαηο = δῶκα Otherwise the

third declension endings are applied as usual

Stems ending in -καξ are declined like those ending in -καη except in the nominative vocative and accusative

singular (which end in -καξ)

δῶκα ἦκαξ

(δσκαη-) (ἠκαξ- ἠκαη-)

N δῶκα ἦκαξ

G δώκαηνο ἤκαηνο

D δώκαηη ἤκαηη

A δῶκα ἦκαξ

V δῶκα ἦκαξ

N V A δώκαηε ἤκαηε

G D δσκάηνηηλ ἠκάηνηηλ

N V δώκαηα ἤκαηα

G δσκάησλ ἠκάησλ

D δσκάηεζζη ἠκάηεζζη

δώκαζη ἤκαζη

A δώκαηα ἤκαηα

167 Third Declension Stems in -λη and -λ

Stems ending in -λη drop the -λη before ζ and lengthen the preceding vowel thus παληο = πᾶο παληζη = πᾶζη

Otherwise the third declension endings are applied as usual In neuters the -η is dropped at the end of the word thus

παλη = πᾶλ Stems in -λ drop the -λ before ζ and lengthen the preceding vowel in the masculine (but not in the

neuter)

πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

(παλη- παληα- παλη-)

Masc Fem Neut

N πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

G παληόο πάζεο (ᾱ) παληόο

D παληί πάζῃ (ᾱ) παληί

A πάληα πᾶζαλ πᾶλ

V πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

N V πάληεο πᾶζαη πάληα

G πάλησλ πᾱζάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] πάλησλ

D πάληεζ(ζ)η πάζῃζη (ᾱ) πάληεζ(ζ)η

πᾶζη πάζῃο (ᾱ) πᾶζη

A πάληνο πάζᾱο (ᾱ) πάληα

κέιᾱο κέιαηλα κέιαλ

(κειαλ- κειαηλα- κειαλ-)

N κέιᾱο κέιαηλα κέιαλ

G κέιαλνο κειαίλεο κέιαλνο

D κέιαλη κειαίλῃ κέιαλη

A κέιαλα κέιαηλαλ κέιαλ

V κέιαλ κέιαηλα κέιαλ

N V A κέιαλε κειαίλᾱ κέιαλε

G D κειάλνηηλ κειαίλῃηλ κειάλνηηλ

N V κέιαλεο κέιαηλαη κέιαλα

G κειάλσλ κειαηλάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] κειάλσλ

D κειάλεζ(ζ)η κειαίλῃζη κειάλεζ(ζ)η

κέιαζη κειαίλῃο κέιαζη

A κέιαλεο κειαίλᾱο κέιαλα

168 Vocabulary

Nouns

Ἀπόιισλ (ᾰ or ᾰ) σλνο ὁ Apollo

ἀξεηήξ (ᾱ) ῆξνο ὁ priest prayer

ζπγάηεξ ηέξνο (ηξόο) ἡ daughter

θνζκήησξ νξνο ὁ commander marshaller

λεῦο λεόο (λεόο) ἡ ship

ζηέκκα καηνο ηό fillet (of white cotton) wreath

ρείξ ρεηξόο ἡ hand arm

Verbs

ἔξρνκαη (ἐξρ- ἐιε- ἐιεπζ- ἐιπζ-) come go

ἐιεύζνκαη I will come I will go

ἦιζνλ (ἤιπζνλ) I came I went

ιίζζνκαη (ιηη-) I beg I entreat

---

ἐιιηζάκελ (ἐιηηόκελ) I begged I entreated

Adjectives Prepositions

ζνόο ή όλ swift speedy

πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ all every (the) whole

Indeclinable

δύν (δύσ) two

κάιηζηα most especially by all means

169 Translation

1 Ἀπόιισλ ἑθεβόινο ρνινῦηαη βαζηιῆη Αηξεΐδῃ θαὶ πέκπεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ ὀιέθνληαη δὲ

ιᾱνί νὕλεθα δῖνο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) 2 Υξύζεο (ῡ) γὰξ ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἑθεβόινπ ἔξρεηαη

ἐπὶ ζνὰο (ᾱ) λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ θέξεη δrsquo ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα ζπγαηξόο ἣλ Ἀηξεΐδεο ἔρεη ἐλ ζηξαηῷ 3 ὁ δrsquo ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἔρεη

ζηέκκαηα ἑθεβόινπ Ἀπόιισλνο ἐλ ρεξζὶλ ἀλὰ ρξῡζέῳ ζθήπηξῳ θαὶ ιίζζεηαη πάληαο Ἀραηνύο κάιηζηα δrsquo Ἀηξεΐδᾱ

δύσ θνζκήηνξε ιᾱῶλ 4 Ἀπόιισλ ρνιώζεηαη βαζηιῆη θαὶ ὄξζεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηόλ 5 ἐιεύζνληαη ἐπὶ ζνὰο

(ᾱ) λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ νἴζνπζη ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα βαζηιῆη 6 ιίζζνληαη πάληαο Ἀραηνύο 7 Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζελ (ῑ)

ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) θαὶ νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε ζύγαηξα

KEY

1 Apollo the free-shooter enraged by king Atreides sent an evil plague through the camp of the Achaeans and

the people were destroyed because the divine Atreides dishonored Chryses the priest 2 For Chryses the priest of

the free-shooter went upon the swift ships of the Achaeans bearing countless ransoms for his daughter whom

Atreides was holding in the camp 3 But the priest had a wreath of Apollo the free-shooter upon a staff in his hand

and was entreating all of the Achaeans but especially the sons of Atreus (who were) the commanders of the host 4

Apollo will be enraged by the king and will kindle an evil plague up through the camp 5 They will go upon the

swift ships of the Achaeans and bring countless ransoms to the king 6 They are entreating all of the Achaeans 7

Atreides dishonored the priest and would not release his daughter

1610 Iliad 11-16

hellipὀιέθνλην δὲ ιᾱνί

νὕλεθα ηὸλ Υξύζελ ἠηίκαζελ ἀξεηῆξα

Αηξεΐδεο ὁ γὰξ ἦιζε ζνὰο ἐπὶ λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ

ιπζόκελνο ηε ζύγαηξα θέξσλ ηrsquo ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα

ζηέκκαηrsquo ἔρσλ ἐλ ρεξζὶλ ἑθεβόινπ Ἀπόιισλνο

ρξπζέῳ ἀλὰ ζθήπηξῳ θαὶ ἐιίζζεην πάληαο Ἀραηνύο

Ἀηξεΐδα δὲ κάιηζηα δύσ θνζκήηνξε ιαῶλ

ηόλ Υξύζελ = that (well-known) Chryses

The first verse ends in two spondees making it a spondaic verse and emphasizing the fact that

Chryses was a priest

ιῡζόκελνο = fut mid part nom masc sing being about to ransom

θέξσλ = pres act part nom sing masc bearing bringing

ἔρσλ = pres act part nom sing masc having holding

ρεξζὶλ ἑθεβόινπ = ρεξζὶ ϝεθεβόινπ

ρξῡζέῳ = synizesis where -έῳ is pronounced as a single syllable

ἐιίζζεην = imperf act ind 3rd

pers sing dep (kept) entreating was entreating

Ἀηξεΐδᾱ = dual of Ἀηξεΐδεο refers to both Agamemnon and Menelaus

KEY

hellipand the people were being destroyed

because Atreides dishonored Chryses the priest

For he had gone upon the swift ships of the Achaeans

intending to ransom his daughter bearing countless gifts

and holding in his hand fillets of Apollo the free-shooter

upon a golden staff and was entreating all of the Achaeans

but especially the two sons of Atreus the commanders of the host

1611 Composition

1 Chryses the priest of Apollo is dishonored by the son of Atreus 2 The Achaeans will go from their swift

ships to Troy and ransom the beloved daughter of the priest 3 We shall bring many ransoms and shall hold in our

hands the fillets of Apollo 4 We do not have a golden scepter but we entreat Priam and all the people of Troy 5

The two sons of Atreus marshallers of the people are entreating Priam but he will slight them 6 The son of

Atreus king of men slighted the priest and did not release his daughter

KEY

1 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) Ἀπόιινπ ἀηῑκάδεηαη Ἀηξεΐδῃ 2 Ἀραηνὶ ἐιεύζνληαη ἐθ ζνάσλ (ᾱ) λήσλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ (ῑ)

θαὶ ἀπειύζνληαη (ῡ) θίιε ζπγάηεξα ἀξεηῆξη (ᾱ) 3 νἴζνκελ πνιιrsquo ἄπνηλα θαὶ ἕζρνκελ ἐλ ρείξεζζη ζηέκκαηα

Ἀπόιινπ 4 νὐθ ἔρνκελ ζθῆπηξνλ ρξύζενλ ἀιιὰ ιηζζόκεζα Πξίακνλ θαὶ πᾶληα ιᾱνλ Ἰιίνπ (ῑ) 5 δύrsquo Ἀηξεΐδᾱ

θνζκήηεξᾱ ιᾱσλ ιίζζεζζνλ Πξίακνλ αὐηνὺο δrsquo ἀηῑκάζεη 6 Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἄλδξσλ ἠηίκαζελ (ῑ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) θαὶ

νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε ζπγάηεξα

1612 Meter

ΟΤ λε θα | ΣΟΝ ΥΡΤ | ΖΝ Ζ | ΣΗ κα ζελ | Α ΡΖ | ΣΖ ΡΑ~

Α ηξε η | ΓΖ ν γαξ | ΖΛ ζε ζν | Α ε πη | ΝΖ αο α | ΥΑΗ ΧΝ

ΛΤ ζν κε | ΝΟ ηε ζπ | ΓΑΣ ξα θε | ΡΧΝ ηα πε | ΡΔΗ ζη α | ΠΟΗ ΝΑ~

ΣΔΜ καη ε | ΥΧΝ ΔΝ | ΥΔΡ ζηλ ε | ΚΖ βν ινπ | Α ΠΟΛ | ΛΧ ΝΟ~

ΥΡΤζεσα | ΝΑ ΚΖΠ | ΣΡΧ θαη ε | ΛΗ ζε ην | ΠΑΝ ηαο α | ΥΑΗ ΟΤ

ΑΣ ξε η | ΓΑ δε κα | ΛΗ ηα δπ | Χ ΚΟ | ΜΖ ην ξε | ΛΑ ΧΝ

Lesson 17

(910 - imperfect middle and passive aorist middle of ιύσ 648-658 - the table

of endings in 32)

171 Paradigms Imperfect MiddlePassive of ιύσ

S 1 ἐιπόκελ

2 ἐιύεν [(ἐιύεπ)]

3 ἐιύεην

D 2 ἐιύεζζνλ

3 ἐιπέζζελ

P 1 ἐιπόκε(ζ)ζα

2 ἐιύεζζε

3 ἐιύνλην

172 Paradigms Aorist Middle of ιύσ

Thematic Athematic (2nd

Aorist)

S 1 ἐιῡζάκελ ἐιύκελ

2 ἐιύζαν (ῡ) [(ἐιύζσ (ῡ))] ἔιπ(ζ)ν

3 ἐιύζαην (ῡ) ἔιπην

D 2 ἐιύζαζζνλ (ῡ) ἔιπζζνλ

3 ἐιῡζάζζελ ἐιύζζελ

P 1 ἐιῡζάκε(ζ)ζα ἐιύκε(ζ)ζα

2 ἐιύζαζζε (ῡ) ἔιπζζε

3 ἐιύζαλην (ῡ) ἔιπλην

173 Vocabulary

δῶκα αηνο ηό house home

παῖο παηδόο ὁ ἡ child son daughter

π(η)όιηο ηνο (ενο) ἡ city state

ἐπθλήκῑο ῑδνο well-greaved

ἐγώ(λ) κέν (κεῦ) I

ζύ ζέν (ζεῦ) you

κέλhellip δέ on the one handhellip trulyhellip on the one handhellip on the other hand

partlyhellip partly the onehellip the other

νἴθαδε home homeward to home home

Verbs

ἅδνκαη (ἁγ-) (defective) I reverence

δέρνκαη I accept I receive

δέμνκαη I will accept

ἐδεμάκελ (ἐδέγκελ) I accepted

δίδσκη (δσ- δν-) I give I grant

(δη)δώζσ I will give

ἔδσθα I gave

ἐθπέξζσ (πεξζ- πξαζ-) I sack (utterly) I plunder I pillage

ἐθπέξζσ I will sack

ἐμέπεξζα (ἐμέπξαζνλ) I sacked

ἱθλένκαη I arrive I reach (a destination)

ἵμνκαη I will arrive

ἱθόκελ (ῑ) I arrived

174 Translation

1 ζενὶ ἔρνπζηλ ιύκπηα δώκαηα ἔδσθαλ δrsquo Ἀηξεΐδεο θαὶ ἄιινηζηλ ἐπθλεκίδεζζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἐθπέξζαη

(infinitive) πόιηλ Πξηάκνπ ηόηε δrsquo ἵθνλην (ῑ) ἐὺ νἴθαδε νὕλεθα παῖδα θίιελ ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἔιῡζαλ 2 ἀπέιῡζαλ

ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνὶ ζύγαηξα θίιελ ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἐδέμαλην δrsquo ἀγιαὰ ἄπνηλα νὕλεθα ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλα Γηὸο πἱὸλ

ἅδνλην 3 ἅδεηαη ἑθεβόινλ 4 Ἀηξεΐδεο νὐθ ἐδέμαην ηὰ ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα 5 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἔδσθελ ἄπνηλα

πνιιὰ βαζηιῆη Ἀηξεΐδῃ 6 πάληεο ζενὶ θαὶ πᾶζαη ζεαὶ εἶρνλ ιύκπηα δώκαηα 7 Ἀραηνὶ ἐπθλήκῑδεο ἐθπέξζνπζη

Πξηάκνην πόιηλ ἵμνληαη δrsquo ἐπ νἴθαδε 8 παῖο θίιε ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἐιύζαην (ῡ) ἵθεην (ῑ) δrsquo ἐὺ νἴθαδε

KEY

1 The gods have Olympian homes but they gave the son of Atreus and the other well-greaved Achaeans to

utterly sack the city of Priam and then they returned safe at home because they released the dear child of the priest

2 The well-greaved Achaeans released the dear daughter of the priest and received glorious ransoms because they

reverenced the free-shooter Apollo son of Zeus 3 He reverences te free-shooter 4 The son of Atreus did not

receive the glorious ransoms 5 Chryses the priest gave many ransoms to king Atreides 6 All of the gods and all of

the goddesses had Olympian homes 7 The well-greved Achaeans will utterly sack Priamrsquos city and will return safe

to home 8 The dear child of the priest was released and arrived well to her home

175 Iliad 17-21

ltltἈηξεΐδαη ηε θαὶ ἄιινη ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνί

ὑκῖλ κὲλ ζενὶ δνῖελ ιύκπηα δώκαηrsquo ἔρνληεο

ἐθπέξζαη Πξηάκνην πόιηλ ἐὺ δrsquo νἴθαδrsquo ἱθέζζαη

παῖδα δrsquo ἐκνὶ ιῦζαί ηε θίιελ ηά ηrsquo ἄπνηλα δέρεζζαη

ἁδόκελνη Γηὸο πἱὸλ ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλαgtgt

Ἀηξεΐδαηhellip ἄιινη ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνί = vocative case

ὑκῖλ (ῡ) = dat plural of ζύ to you

ζενί = one syllable by synizesis

κέλ (v 18) = correlative of δέ (v 20)

δνῖελ = aor act optative 3rd

plural of δίδσκη may they grant

ἔρνληεο = pres act part nom masc plural of ἔρσ having possessing

ἐθπέξζαη = aor act inf of ἐθπέξζσ to sack utterly

ἱθέζζαη = aor act inf of ἱθένκαη to arrive (compare κάρεζζαη)

ιῦζαη δέρεζζαη = infinitives used as imperatives free and accept

ηά ηrsquo ἄπνηλα (ηά ηε ἄπνηλα) = thesehellip gifts

ἁδόκελνη = pres act part nom masc plural reverencing

KEY

ldquoSons of Atreus and you other well-greaved Achaeans

may the gods who have their homes on Olympus grant you

to utterly sack Priamrsquos city and return safe to home

but release my dear child to me and accept these gifts

reverencing Apollo who shoots at will the son of Zeusrdquo

176 Composition

1 The gods who have (ἔρνληεο) Olympian homes will grant to the sons of Atreus and to the other well-greaved

Achaeans to sack utterly (ἐθπέξζαη) the city of Priam 2 When they sacked the city of Priam they returned happily

home 3 They accepted the shining ransoms and freed the darling daughter of the priest Chryses 4 We reverenced

the free-shooter Apollo son of Leto and Zeus and escaped death 5 Will the son of Atreus accept the shining

ransoms 6 The child of the priest was freed when he gave many shining ransoms which the two sons of Atreus

accepted

KEY

1 ζενὶ ἔρνληεο ιύκπηα δώκαηα δώζνπζη Ἀηξεΐδῃζη θαὶ ἄιινηζηλ ἐπθλεκίδεζζηλ (ῑ) Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἐθπέξζαη πόιηλ

Πξηάκνπ 2 ηόηε ἐμέπεξζαλ πόιηλ Πξηάκνην ἵθνλην (ῑ) ἐὺ νἴθαδε 3 ἐδέμαλην ἀγιαrsquo ἄπνηλα θαὶ ἀπέιῡζαλ ζπγάηεξα

θίιε ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) Υξύζᾱν (ῡ) 4 ἡμάκεζα ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλα Λεηόνο θαὶ Γηὸο πἱόλ θαὶ ζάλαηνλ 5

Ἀηξεΐδεο δέμεηαη ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα 6 παῖο ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἀπειύζαην (ῡ) ηόηε ἔδσθελ ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀγιάα ηὰ

Ἀηξεΐδᾱ ἐδώθαζηλ

Lesson 18

(Perfect and Pluperfect Active of Verbs 904 922 Third Declension γέρων

αἴξ 693-695)

181 Formation of the Perfect and Pluperfect Active

The perfect and pluperfect in all modes experience reduplication of the initial syllable which denotes completed

action Verbs beginning with a single consonant (except ξ) prefix this consonant followed by -ε Thus ιύσ =

ιέιπθα The stem sometimes stands in ablaut relation to the stem of the present as in βαίλσ = βέβεθα A

reduplicated syllable beginning with an aspirated mute is changed to its corresponding voiceless mute in the

reduplicated syllable ie ζλήζθσ = ηέζλεθα In these cases the reduplicated pluperfect adds ἐ- to the reduplicated

syllable ie ιύσ = ιέιπθα = ἐιέιπθε

Vebs beginning with a double consonant two consonants (except a mute followed by a liquid or a nasal) ξ and

some beginning with κ simply augment the stem with the addition of ε-

Verbs beginning in a vowel typically take the temporal augment by lengthening the vowel ie νἴρνκαη =

ᾤρσθα However verbs beginning with a vowel in which an initial consonant has been lost may take the syllabic

augment

Compound verbs typically insert the reduplication and augment between the preposition and the verb ie

ἀπνιύσ = ἀπνιέιπθα = ἀπειειύθε

The first perfect active adds -θα- to the stem followed by the primary endings The first pluperfect active

similarly adds -θε- followed by the secondary endings In general a short final vowel is lengthened before the

addition of the -θα- or -θε- Second perfects and pluperfects active are the older form and are more common in

Homer These omit the θ and simply add -α- or -ε- respectively The second perfects are more common in stems

ending in a consonant

In general the singular perfect and pluperfect active stand in ablaut relation to the dual and plural forms

Perfects and pluperfects are rare in Homer and only occur in some twenty verbs

182 Paradigms λέλυκα and βέβηκα

ιέιπθα ἐιειύθε (ἐιειύθεα)

ιέιπθαο ἐιειύθο (ἐιειύθεαο)

ιέιπθε(λ) ἐιειύθεη (ἐιειύθεε)

ιειύθαηνλ ἐιειύθαηνλ

ιειύθαηνλ ἐιειπθάηελ

ιειύθακελ ἐιειύθεκελ

ιειύθαηε ἐιειύθεηε

ιειύθᾱζη ἐιειύθεζαλ

βέβεθα ἐβεβήθεα (ἐβεβήθε)

βέβεθαο ἐβεβήθεαο (ἐβεβήθεο)

βέβεθε(λ) ἐβεβήθεε (ἐβεβήθεη)

βέβαηνλ ἐβέβαηνλ

βέβαηνλ ἐβεβάηελ

βέβακελ ἐβέβακελ

βέβαηε ἐβέβαηε

βέβᾱζη ἐβέβαζαλ

183 Paradigms γέρων and αἴξ

γέξσλ αἴμ

γέξνληνο αἰγόο

γέξνληη αἰγί

γέξνληα αἶγα

γέξνλ αἴμ

γέξνληε αἶγε

γεξόληνηηλ αἴγνηηλ

γέξνληεο αἶγεο

γεξόλησλ αἰγῶλ

γεξόληεζ(ζ)η (γέξνπζη) αἴγεζ(ζ)η (αἰμί)

γέξνληαο αἶγαο

184 Vocabulary

ἀγνξή ῆο ἡ assembly meeting place gathering harrangue

αἴμ αἰγόο ὁ ἡ goat

Ἄξγνο ενο ηό Argos (both a country and a city in Greece)

γέξσλ νληνο ὁ old man

γῆξαο ανο ηό old age

ἱεξεύο ῆνο ὁ priest holy man

κεξίνλ νπ ηό thigh-bone thigh-piece

πνύο πνδόο ὁ foot

ηαῦξνο νπ ὁ bull

θξήλ θξελόο ἡ diaphragm mind heart soul spirit disposition

δέθαηνο ε νλ tenth

ἡκέηεξνο ε νλ our ours

θνῖινο ε νλ hollow

ὠθύο ὠθεῖα ὠθύ swift speedy

ζλήζθσ die perish

ζαλένκαη

ἔζαλνλ

ηέζλεθα

θεύγσ flee fly escape run (off away along)

θεύμνκαη

ἔθπγνλ

πέθεπγα

23 Punctuation and Transliteration

There are four punctuation marks used in printed Greek The period and the comma are the same as in English

The Greek question marks looks like an English semicolon () and the Greek semicoloncolon are a raised dot ()

The most common method of transliteration is that used by the ancient Romans where Greek words are

represented by their Latin equivalents Most proper names are transliterated by replacing the Greek nominative

ending with the equivalent Latin nominative ending Transliterate proper names are usually accented on the penult if

it is long (or if the word only has two syllables) and the antepenult otherwise The Ionic ε was often pronounced as

ᾱ in Attic and in those cases the ε is usually transliterated as a Iota subscript is normally omitted Most of the

letters of the Greek alphabet are transliterated by their EnglishLatin equivalents but note the following

δ = z

θ = c

π = y (except when part of a diphthong)

αη = ae or e

εη = e i or ei

νη = oe or e

νπ = u

επ = eu

ῥ = rh

γ-nasal = n

The following points apply especially to word endings

νη = i

ε = a (occasionally e)

νο = us (changed to the Latin nominative)

νλ = um (changed to the Latin nominative)

ηηα = cy

ηε ηα = y

Lesson 3

(626-658 659-662 970 1011 1025 cf 561)

31 Inflection

Inflection is the fusion of a stem with certain elements (ie prefixes suffixes) that express relationship to other

words The inflection of nouns adjectives and pronouns is called declension the inflection of adjectives and adverbs

is called comparison and the inflection of verbs is called conjugation

A root is the essential part of a word once it has been analyzed into its various parts and all prefixes suffixes

and formative elements have been removed A stem is a root with added formative elements prefixes and suffixes

Stems frequently have more than one form with multiple forms standing in ablaut relationship to one another (as

sing vs song in English or ιεγ- vs ινγ- in Greek) Some roots are also stems and take on inflectional endings

directly

[For example the word ι-γ is a root conveying the idea of speech or speaking ιεγ and ινγν are both stems

standing in ablaut relationship to one another with the former comprising a verb stem and the latter comprising a

noun stem ιέγσ (ιεγ-ν-ν ldquoI speakrdquo) and ιόγνο (ινγν-ο ldquowordrdquo) are both words formed by adding inflectional

elements to the stem]

An inflected word is made up of two parts the stem and the inflectional element (which may take the form of

prefixes suffixes augments etc) The last letter of the stem is called the stem characteristic Stems are generally

classified according to the stem characteristic ie vowel stems mute stems liquid stems etc

32 Declension

Nouns pronouns and adjectives are declined There are three numbers (singular plural dual) and three genders

(masculine feminine neuter) The dual denotes two things closely associated as a pair and may be used

interchangeably with the plural

Gender must be learned by observation The names of males and females are typically masculine and feminine

respectively Rivers winds and months are usually masculine Countries towns trees islands qualities and

conditions are usually feminine A few nouns (as well as a few adjectives) can be either masculine or feminine

without changing form These are said to be of common gender

The most common demonstrative relative and personal pronoun in Homer is ὁ (masc) ἡ (fem) ηό (neut)

Nouns in lexicons generally appear in the nominative singular followed by the genitive singular ending and the

appropriate form of this pronoun

There five cases in Greek nominative genitive dative accusative and vocative These five cases have also

absorbed the meanings of three lost cases the locative instrumental and ablative All of these cases except the

nominative and vocative are oblique cases and represent relationships that are normally expressed with prepositions

in English

The accent of a noun is determined by its position in the nominative singular and it usually remains on the

same syllable throughout the declension as long as the rules for accents allow Nouns that are monosyllabic in the

nominative but which become disyllabic through declension usually take the accent on the ultima in the genitive and

dative of both numbers and otherwise accent the penult A long ultima when accented takes the circumflex in the

genitive and dative of all numbers

Nouns are declined according to the vowel declension (stems ending in ᾱ or ν) or the consonant declension

(stems ending in a consonant or the closed vowels η and π) The vowel declension if further divided into the first

declension (stems ending in ᾱ) and the second declension (stems ending in ν) The consonant declension is

considered the third declension Words of the first declension have stems ending in -ᾱ which almost always

becomes either -ε or -ᾰ in the nominative singular

In order to form the various cases numbers and genders the following case endings were fused with the stems

of substantives and adjectives (forms in parentheses are contracted)

Vowel Declension Consonant Declension

Singular

First Decl Second Decl Third Decl

Masc Fem M and F Neut M and F Neut

Nom ο (none) none ο λ ο (none) none

Gen ν (ην) εο ν (ην) ν (ην) νο νο

Dat η η η η η η

Acc λ λ λ λ λ α none

Voc none none none λ ο (none) none

Dual

N V A none none none none ε ε

G D ηηλ ηηλ ηηλ ηηλ νηηλ νηηλ

Plural

NV η η η ᾰ εο ᾰ

Gen σλ σλ σλ σλ σλ σλ

Dat (η)ζη ηο (η)ζη ηο (η)ζη ηο (η)ζη ηο ζ(ζ)η ζ(ζ)η

εζ(ζ)η εζ(ζ)η

Acc λο λο λο ᾰ λο ᾰ

When these suffixes were combined with the stem of a word the following endings were produced (forms in

brackets are rare)

First Decl Second Decl

Singular

Masc Fem M and F Neut

N εο [α ᾱο] ε α ᾱ νο [(σο νπο)] νλ

G ᾱν [εσ σ] εο ᾱο νην νπ [νν σν (σ)] νην νπ [νν σν (σ)]

D ῃ [ᾳ] ῃ ᾳ ῳ ῳ

A ελ [ᾱλ] ελ αλ ᾱλ νλ [(σλ)] νλ

V ε α [ᾱ] ε α ᾱ ε [νο] νλ

Dual

N V A ᾱ ᾱ σ σ

G D [ῃηλ] [ῃηλ] νηηλ νηηλ

Plural

N V αη αη νη [(ῳ)] α

G ᾱσλ [εσλ (σλ)] ᾱσλ [εσλ (σλ)] σλ σλ

D ῃζη ῃο [αηο] ῃζη ῃο νηζη νηο νηζη νηο

A ᾱο ᾱο νπο [(σο)] α

Third Decl

Singular

Masc and Fem Neut

N ο (none)

G νο [(επο νπο σο)] νο

D η [(ῑ ῳ)] η [(ῑ)]

A α λ [(ε σ)]

V ο (none)

Dual

N V A ε ε

G D νηηλ νηηλ

Plural

N V εο [(εηο νπο)] α [(ε σ)]

G σλ σλ

D ζη εζζη [εζη] ζη εζζη [εζη]

A ο αο [(ῑο ῡο εηο)] α [(ε)]

Note that the dative singular of all declensions ends in η which becomes iota subecript after long vowels The

dative plural regularly becomes ζη to which may be added λ-moveable (explained later in this lesson) -ῃζη and -νηζη

are the two regular forms for the ending of the dative plural in the first two declension However the shorter forms -

ῃο and -νηο occasionally occur when the following word begins with a vowel and should possibly be categorized as

a case of elision

The genitive plural of all forms ends in -σλ

There are only two forms of the dual in each declension one for the nominative accusative and vocative and

one for the genitive and dative

As in Latin the vocative singular is frequently identical to the nominative and the vocative plural is always

identical to the nominative

The nominative vocative and accusative of all neuters is always alike and the plurals always end in -α

In an earlier unrecorded stage of the language there were three other cases the instrumental denoting means

the locative denoting place where and the ablative denoting separation or source The dative absorbed most of the

uses of the instrumental and locatives cases and the genitive absorbed most of the uses of the ablative case

In addition to the endings outlined in this lesson the suffixes -θη(λ) and -ζελ were also occasionally used and

will be discussed in a later lesson

33 Paradigms

First declension feminine nouns ending in -ε are declined like βνπιή ῆο ἡ (desire will plan counsel council

stem βνπιᾱ-) These stems end in -ᾱ which becomes -ε in the nominative singular

Sigular Dual Plural

N βνπιή βνπιά (ᾱ) βνπιαί

G βνπιῆο βνπιῇηλ βνπιάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ]

D βνπιῇ βνπιῇηλ βνπιῇζη ῇο

A βνπιήλ βνπιά (ᾱ) βνπιάο (ᾱ)

V βνπιή βνπιά (ᾱ) βνπιαί

Another example is the expression θᾱιὴ βνπιή (a good plan stems θᾱιᾱ- βνπιᾱ-)

Sigular Dual Plural

N θᾱιὴ βνπιή θᾱιὰ (ᾱ) βνπιά (ᾱ) θᾱιαὶ βνπιαί

G θᾱιῆο βνπιῆο θᾱιῇλ βνπιῇηλ θᾱιάσλ (ᾱ) βνπιάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ]

D θαιῇ βνπιῇ θᾱιῇλ βνπιῇηλ θᾱιῇζη βνπιῇζη ῇο

A θᾱιὴλ βνπιήλ θᾱιὰ (ᾱ) βνπιά (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) βνπιάο (ᾱ)

V θᾱιὴ βνπιή θᾱιὰ (ᾱ) βνπιά (ᾱ) θᾱιαὶ βνπιαί

34 Notes on Syntax

The subject of a finite verb is in the nominative case

The direct object of a transitive verb is in the accusative case

Adjectives agree with their nouns in gender number and case Adjectives however can belong to a different

declension than the nouns they modify so the forms are not always the same

Some words that end in a vowel add -λ to the end of the word when the following word begins with a vowel

The following list describes the words that are commonly spelled with a moveable -λ

1 All words that end in -ζη -μη or -ςη except ἐζζί

2 All verbs of the third person ending in -ε

3 The third person singular of the pluperfect ending in -εη (originally -εε)

4 The verb ἐζηί and the paticles θέ and λύ all of which are enclitics

5 The dative plural of the pronouns ἄκκη ὕκκη ζθί and ζθίζη

6 The adverbial endings θη and ζε

7 The pronoun ἐγώ (ldquoIrdquo)

35 Vocabulary

βνπιή ῆο ἡ - plan will wish purpose counsel council

δεηλή - fearful terrible awful dreadful dread

ἐλ ἐλί εἰλ - (adv or prep with dat) in among therein thereon on

ἔρεη - he she it has holds

ἔρνπζη(λ) - they have hold

ἦλ - he she it there was

ἦζαλ - they there were

θαί - and also even

θαθή - bad poor ugly mean coeardly wicked

θᾱιή - good goodly noble handsom fair brave

θιαγγή ῆο ἡ - uproar roar noise

ηίο - (masc or fem) who which what

ηί - (neut) which what why

Υξύζε (ῡ) εο ἡ - Chrysa a town in the Troad

θίιε εο ἡ - dear darling lovely beloved

36 Derivatives

δεηλή - dinosaur (ldquoterrible lizardrdquo) dinichthys (ldquoterrible fishrdquo)

θαθή - cacography (ldquobad writingrdquo) cacophony (ldquobad soundrdquo)

θᾱιή - calligraphy (ldquobeautiful writingrdquo) calliope

θιαγγή - clang

θίιε - Philadelphia (ldquobrotherly loverdquo) Philanthropy (ldquolove of mankindrdquo)

37 Translation

1 βνπιαὶ θᾱιαὶ θαὶ θαθαί 2 ηίο ἔρεη βνπιὴλ θᾱιήλ 3 ηί ἔρνπζηλ 4 θᾱιαὶ βνπιαὶ ἦζαλ θίιαη 5 ηίο ἦλ θᾱιή

6 δεηλὴ θιαγγὴ ἦλ ἐλ Υξύζῃ (ῡ) θᾱιῇ 7 ἔρνπζη βνπιὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θίιᾱο 8 ηί ἦλ θιαγγὴ δεηλὴ ἐλ Υξύζῃ

(ῡ) θᾱιῇ 9 θαθῆο βνπιῆο 10 θαθῇο βνπιῇο 11 θαθάσλ (ᾱ) βνπιάσλ (ᾱ) 12 θαθὴ βνπιή θαθῇ βνπιῇ θαθὴλ

βνπιήλ θαθὰο (ᾱ) βνπιάο (ᾱ)

(1) βνπιαὶhellip The acute changes to a grave when another word follows without intervening punctuation

But see the notes on 2

(2) The acute on the pronouns ηίο and ηί does not change to a grave ηίοηί is an interrogative pronoun and

indicates that the sentence is a question ηίο can be either masculine or feminine usually refers to a person

and is generally translated ldquowhordquo ηί is neuter usually refers to an object and is generally translated

ldquowhatrdquo

(4) Like Latin and unlike later dialects of Greek there is no definite article in Homeric The article must be

supplied in this sentence ldquoThe good planshelliprdquo

(6) ἦλ is frequenly translated ldquothere wasrdquo

(7) The phrasing here is common ldquohellipplans good and dearrdquo A pair of adjectives connected by θαί is often

placed after the noun they modify

(10) This sentence uses the less common -ῇο instead of -ῇζη(λ) The dative in this case is best represented

by the English preposition ldquoforrdquo The preposition ldquotordquo is usually used to render the the dative as indirect

object

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 Good and bad plans 2 Who has a good plan 3 What do they have 4 The good plans were dear 5 Who

was good 6 There was a terrible uproar in beautiful Chrysa 7 They have good and dear plans 8 What was the

terrible uproar in beautiful Chrysa 9 Of the bad plan 10 For the bad plans 11 Of the bad plans 12 The bad plan

for the bad plan the bad plan the bad plans

38 Composition

1 Of good and bad plans 2 For the noble plan 3 Who has the evil plan 4 There was a terrible uproar in

beautiful Chrysa 5 Was the plan good 6 The plans were cowardly

(1) Follow the standard construction ldquoOf plans good and badrdquo

(2) The preposition ldquoforrdquo is represented by the use of the dative

(3) This could be rendered either singular (ηίο ἔρεη) or plural (ηίο ἔρνπζη)

(4) Follow the same construction seen in exercise 6 of Translation ldquoA terrible uproar there was in Chrysa

beautifulrdquo While the word order is not fixed Phar usually places adjectives after the words they modify

When ἦλ is rendered ldquothere wasrdquo it is usually placed in the predicate position ie ldquoA terrible uproar there

washelliprdquo

(5) The construction should place the verb between the subject and the predicate nominative ie βνπιὴ ἦλ

θᾱιή or θᾱιὴ ἦλ βνπιή Otherwise the translation would be ldquoWas there a good planrdquo Note that the

predicate nominative is always placed in the nominative case

(6) As with (5) the verb should come between the subject and the predicate nominative to avoid

ambiguity ἦζαλ βνπιαὶ θαθαί or βνπιαὶ θαθαὶ ἦζαλ would be translated ldquoThere were cowardly plansrdquo

Again the Greek is ambiguous in this regard but we are following Pharrrsquos conventions in the exercises

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 βνπιαὶ θᾱιαὶ θαὶ θαθαί 2 βνπιῇ θᾱιῇ 3 ηίο ἔρεη βνπιὴλ θαθήλ 4 δεηλὴ θιαγγή ἦλ ἐλ Υξύζῃ (ῡ) θᾱιῇ 5

βνπιὴ ἦλ θᾱιή 6 βνπιαὶ ἦζαλ θαθαί

Lesson 4

(663)

41 Declension of ζεά (ᾱ)

The few feminine nouns that end in -ᾱ in the nominative are declined like ζεά (ᾱ) goddess In general the

original ᾱ stem becomes ε in the singular (as in the declension of ζάιαζζα below) It remains ᾱ in the word ζεά (ᾱ)

and a few proper names

Sigular Dual Plural

N ζεά (ᾱ) ζεά (ᾱ) ζεαί

G ζεᾶο ζεῇηλ ζεάσλ (ᾱ) [ῶλ]

D ζεᾷ ζεῇηλ ζεῇζη ῇο [αῖο]

A ζεάλ (ᾱ) ζεά (ᾱ) ζεάο (ᾱ)

V ζεά (ᾱ) ζεά (ᾱ) ζεαί

42 Declension of ζάιαζζα

Feminine nouns ending in -ᾰ are declines like ζάιαηηα sea Note that the acute is pulled from the antepenult to

the penult when the ultima is long

Sigular Dual Plural

N ζάιαζζα ζαιάζζᾱ ζάιαζζαη

G ζαιάζζεο ζαιάζζῃηλ ζαιαζζάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ]

D ζαιάζζῃ ζαιάζζῃηλ ζαιάζζῃζη ῃο

A ζάιαζζαλ ζαιάζζᾱ ζαιάζζᾱο

V ζάιαζζα ζαιάζζᾱ ζάιαζζαη

43 Vocabulary

γάξ -(postpositive conjunction) for in fact

δέ -(postpositive conjunction) but and so for

εἰζί(λ) -they there are

ἐζηί(λ) -he she it there is

ἐθ (ἐμ) -(adv and prep + gen) from out of

ἐπί -(adv) upon on thereon

ἐπί -(prep + gen) upon on over during

ἐπί -(prep + dat) upon on in for about against at beside by

ἐπί -(prep + acc) to up to over up upon

ζάιαζζα εο ἡ -sea

ζεά (ᾱ) ᾶο ἡ -goddess

Κίιια εο ἡ -Cilla a town in the Troad

νὐ (νὐθ νὐρ) -not no

πάηξε εο ἡ -fatherland native land

πνιιή -much many numerous

ππξή ῆο ἡ -funeral pyre pyre

ςῡρή ῆο ἡ -soul breath life spirit

44 Derivatives

ζάιαζζα (thalassa) = thalassocracy

παηξή (patre) = patriotic

ππξή (pyre) = pyre pyrolatry pyrotechnic pyrotechnical pyrography

ςῡρή (psyche) = psyche psychology psychotherapy psychic psychical

45 Translation

1 θᾱιὴ ζεὰ (ᾱ) ἔρεη βνπιὴλ θᾱιήλ 2 θᾱιαὶ ζεαί εἰζη θίιαη ςῡρῇ ζεᾶο ζαιάζζεο δεηλῆο 3 Κίιια θαὶ Υξύζε

(ῡ) εἰζὶ θᾱιαη θαὶ θίιαη ζεῇζη ζαιαζζάσλ (ᾱ) 4 θᾱιὴ ζεὰ (ᾱ) νὐθ ἔρεη ςῡρὴλ θαθήλ 5 θᾱιή ἐζηη ζεά (ᾱ) ἔρεη δὲ

ςῡρὴλ θαθήλ 6 δεηλὴ θιαγγή ἐζηηλ ἐθ ζαιάζζεο 7 Κίιια θαὶ Υξύζε (ῡ) ἦζαλ ἐπὶ ζαιάζζῃ 8 ζεαὶ ζαιάζζεο εἰζὶ

θίιαη ςῡρῇο πνιιῇο θίιαη γάξ εἰζηλ 9 πάηξε θᾱιή ἐζηη θίιε πνιιῇο ςῡρῇο θᾱιῇο 10 ἐθ πάηεο θαθῆο ἦλ 11

ἦζαλ ππξαὶ πνιιαὶ ἐλ θίιῃ πάηξῃ ἐπὶ δεηλῇ ζαιάζζῃ 12 ηίο νὐθ ἔρεη θᾱιὴλ ςῡρήλ

(2) εἰζη is an enclitic When the preceding word carries an acute on the ultima the enclitic looses its own

accent and the accent on the ultima does not change to a grave

(3) When an enclitic follows a word with the acute on the penult the enclitic retains its own accent

(4) νὐ is used before consonants νὐθ before vowels with the smooth breathing and νὐρ before vowels

with the rough breathing As an adverb it usually precedes the verb that it modifies

(6) ἐθ + gen The phrase is rendered ldquohellipfrom out of the seardquo

(7) ἐπί with the dative indicates location and frequently denotes close proximity This phrase is usually

translated with the English idiom ldquoupon the seardquo but it literally means ldquobeside the seardquo or ldquonear the seardquo

(8) postpositives like γάξ and δέ never occur first in a sentence they usually occur as the second or third

word of the sentence

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 Does the beautiful goddess have a good plan 2 Beautiful goddesses are dear to the soul of the goddess of

the terrible sea 3 Cilla and Chrysa are beautiful and dear to the goddesses of the seas 4 The beautiful goddess does

not have an ugly soul 5 The goddess is beautiful but she has an ugly soul 6 There is a terrible roar from out of the

sea 7 Cilla and Chrysa were upon the sea 8 The goddesses of the sea are dear to many souls for they are beloved

9 The beautiful fatherland is dear to many good souls 10 There was evil from out of the fatherland 11 There were

many funeral pyres in the beloeved fatherland upon the terrible sea

46 Composition

1 Are the good plans dear to the souls of the goddesses 2 They have many plans but (they are) cowardly

ones 3 The plans are dear to the soul of the beautiful goddess for they are noble 4 The lovely goddess of the sea

was not in Cilla 5 There are many funeral pyres by the sea in (our) beloved fatherland 6 Who was in Cilla by the

sea

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 θᾱιαὶ βνπιαί εἰζη θίιαη ςῡρῇζη ζεάσλ (ᾱ) 2 ἔρνπζη βνπιὰο (ᾱ) πνιιάο (ᾱ) θαθὰο (ᾱ) δέ 3 βνπιαὶ θίιαη

εἰζὶ ςῡρῇ θᾱιῆο ζεᾶο θίιαη γάξ εἰζηλ 4 θᾱιὴ ζεὰ (ᾱ) ζαιάζζεο νὐθ ἦλ ἐλ Κίιιῃ 5 ππξαὶ πνιιαί ἐζηηλ ἐπὶ

ζαιάζζῃ ἐλ πάηξῃ θίιῃ 6 ηίο ἦλ ἐλ Κίιιῃ ἐπὶ ζαιάζζῃ

Lesson 5

(789-806 904)

51 Introduction to Greek Verbs

The uses of the Greek verb will be covered in more detail later However Pharr employs several terms in this

lesson that may be perplexing without a brief introduction

Greek verbs employ prefixes suffixes and formative elements in order to conjugate verbs A similar function

exists in English although to a lesser extent precook (use of a prefix) walked (use of a suffix) ranrun (use of

ablaut as a formative element) etc

There are three voices in Greek The active and passive voice function as in English where the active indicates

action performed by the subject (ldquothe dog bit the mailmanrdquo) and the passive indicates action performed upon the

subject (ldquothe mailman was bitten by the dogrdquo) The Greek also employs a third voice called the middle which

indicates (among other things) that the subject acted on its own behalf (ldquothe dog himself bit the mailmanrdquo) or that

plural subjects acted upon each other (ldquothe dogs bit each otherrdquo) The endings for the passive and the middle are

sometimes identical and the meaning must be determined from the context

In Greek as in English verbs convey certain moods The indicative mood simply denotes an action that is

performed (ldquothe dog bites the mailmanrdquo) The subjunctive mood denotes (among other things) possibility and

wishes etc (ldquothe dog may bite the mailmanrdquo ldquoI wish that the dog would bite the mailmanrdquo) Like the subjunctive

the optative mood denotes (among other things) possibility wish conditions or indirect discourse (ldquothe dog would

bite the mailman ifhelliprdquo ldquowould that the dog had bitten the mailmanrdquo ldquomay the dog bite the mailmanrdquo) The

imperative mood expresses a command (ldquobite the mailman you dogrdquo) The infinitive mood expresses the verb as if it

were a noun (ldquoto bite the mailmanrdquo) The participle is a verbal noun or adjective similar to the infinitive ( ldquobiting the

mailman is badrdquo)

There are seven different tenses in Greek most of which have corresponding meanings in English present (ldquothe

dog bites the mailmanrdquo) future (ldquothe dog will bite the mailmanrdquo) imperfect (ldquothe dog was biting the mailmanrdquo)

aorist (ldquothe dog bit the mailmanrdquo) perfect (ldquothe dog has bitten the mailmanrdquo) pluperfect (ldquothe dog had bitten the

mailmanrdquo) and future perfect (ldquothe dog would have bitten the mailmanrdquo)

Grammarians divide the Greek tenses into two categories The primary (or principle) tenses consist of the

present future perfect and future perfect and denote action that occurs from a perspective in the present or future

The secondary (past or historic) consist of the imperfect aorist and pluperfect and denote action occurring from

the perspective of the past

Each tense can be expressed in multiple moods and voices The aorist active indicative for example is ldquothe dog

bit the mailmanrdquo The aorist middle indicative is ldquothe dog himself bit the mailmanrdquo The aorist passive indicative is

ldquothe mailman was bitten by the dogrdquo The present active subjunctive is ldquothe dog may bite the mailmanrdquo The present

passive subjunctive is ldquothe mailman may be bitten by the dogrdquo

There are three persons in the Greek and these correspond to the three persons used in the English verbs first

person (ldquoI bit the mailmanrdquo) second person (ldquoyou bit the mailmanrdquo) and third person (ldquohe bit the mailmanrdquo) Each

person can also take on the dual form (ldquothe pair of them bit the mailmanrdquo third person dual) and the plural form

(ldquowe bit the mailmanrdquo first person plural)

As you can see there are many possible combinations in Greek and the majority of those possible

combinations has accompanying endings that can be applied All in all there are hundreds of possible endings that

can be applied to various Greek verbs and the student must eventually learn them all

Grammarians use the word ldquoaugmentrdquo in reference to a prefix that is applied to a verb In general Greek

augments consist of either the letter ε- appended to the beginning of the word (ιπσ ldquoI looserdquo ειπνλ ldquoI was

loosingrdquo) or a lengthening of an initial vowel (ἄγσ ldquoI leadrdquo ἦγνλ ldquoI was leadingrdquo) Augments typically indicate an

event occurring in the past tense

Reduplication consists of doubling the initial syllable of a word and are used in the formation of some tenses

and stems (ιπσ ldquoI looserdquo ιειπθα ldquoI have loosedrdquo)

52 Inflection of Verbs

As with other inflected forms verbs consist of the stem and the ending (or suffix) Frequently more than one

ending is applied to a verb stem in order to indicate relationships such as mood tense voice person and number

Greek verb forms fall into two categories finite (indicative subjunctive optative imperative) and infinite

(infinitive participle) The finite forms of the verb include personal endings (1st person 2

nd person etc) augment

(prefixes used to indicate historic time) and reduplication (doubling of the first syllable of the word) as well as

endings representing tense mood voice etc Collectively these prefixes suffixes and modifications are called the

characteristics of the verb

The infinite forms of the verb are used as nouns or adjectives The participle is a verbal adjective and is used as

other adjectives It corresponds roughly to English verbs ending in -ing such as ldquothe running horserdquo or ldquowalking is

healthyrdquo The infinitive is a verbal noun and corresponds roughly to verbs preceded by the preposition ldquotordquo in

English ldquoit is good to runrdquo ldquohe wanted to walkrdquo

53 Thematic and Athematic Forms

Greek verbs fall into two primary conjugations -σ (or thematic) verbs which end in -σ in the first person

singular (present active indicative) and -κη (or athematic) verbs which end in -κη in the first person singular

(present active indicative)

In thematic verbs the stem ends in either -ν or -ε (which are called the theme) and the various suffixes are

applied to after the thematic vowel For example ιύεηε consists of ιῡ- the thematic vowel -ε- and the personal

ending -ηε Combined they form the word ιύ-ε-ηε ye loose The thematic vowel is -o- when it occurs before κ λ or

when used in the optative mood otherwise the thematic vowel is -ε- In the subjunctive mood the thematic vowel is

lengthened to -ε- (for -ε-) or -σ- (for -o-)

In athematic verbs the theme is omitted and the suffixes are applied directly to the stem of the verb Many

verbs which are regularly thematic also have corresponding athematic forms Strictly speaking no Greek verb is

entirely thematic or athematic each verb has both thematic and athematic forms

In general verb forms that are thematic include all futures all presents and imperfects of -σ verbs all second

aorists having the thematic vowel (ending in -νλ in the first person singular) and all subjunctives The verb forms

that are athematic include the presents and imperfects of -κη verbs all passive aorists (except in the subjunctive) all

middle and passive perfects and pluperfects all second aorists whose tense stem does not end in the thematic vowel

a few verbs in the second perfect and pluperfect active all first aorists active and middle and most perfects and

pluperfects active

In athematic inflections the singular is usually built on a long vowel and the duals and plurals are usually built

on the corresponding short vowel

54 Conjugation of the Present Active Indicative of -ω Verbs

The verb ιύσ (ldquoI looserdquo) is typically used as an example of the conjugation of -σ verbs The following

paradigm covers the present tense indicative mood and active voice of ιύσ (Note that there is no first person dual)

Singular 1st Person ιύσ I loose

2nd

Person ιύεηο you loose

3rd

Person ιύεη he she it looses

Dual 2nd

Person ιύεηνλ you two (or the pair of you) loose

3rd

Person ιύεηνλ they two (or the pair of them) loose

Plural 1st Person ιύνκελ we loose

2nd

Person ιύεηε you (or ye) loose

3rd

Person ιύνπζη(λ) they loose

55 Vocabulary

ἀείδσ sing sing of hymn chant

ἀλ- (prefix ἀ- before consonants) not un- dis- -less without

ἁλδάλσ (to) please (used with the dative)

ἀηῑκάδσ dishonor slight insult

βαίλσ come go walk

εἰο ἐο (adv and prep + acc) into until therein

ἔρσ have hold keep

θαίσ burn consume

ιύσ loose free break up destroy

ὀιέθσ kill destroy ruin

πέκπσ send escort conduct

ηειείσ accomplish fulfill complete

ηεύρσ make do fashion perform cause prepare

θέξσ bear carry bring

56 Derivatives

ἀείδσ (aed-) = ode odium melody palinode

ἀλ- (a- an-) = atheist anarchy

θαίσ (cae-) = caustic cauterize holocaust

ιύσ (ly-) = analysis

πέκπσ (pemp-) = pomp

ηειείσ (tele-) = teleology

θέξσ (pher-) = periphery phosphorus

57 Translation

1 ἀείδνκελ βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεάσλ (ᾱ) πνιιάσλ (ᾱ) 2 θιαγγὴ δεηλὴ θαθῆο ζαιάζζεο νὐρ ἁλδάλεη ςῡρῇ ζεᾶο 3 ηίο

ἀηῑκάδεη θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) ζεάο (ᾱ) 4 νὐρ ἀηῑκάδνκελ πάηξελ θίιε γάξ ἐζηηλ 5 βαίλνπζηλ ἐθ Κίιιεο εἰο Υξύζελ (ῡ) 6

θαίνπζη ππξὰο (ᾱ) πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἐλ Υξύζῃ (ῡ) ἐπὶ ζαιάζζῃ 7 ἔρνκελ πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) βνπιάο (ᾱ) 8 θαίεηε

ππξὰο (ᾱ) ἐλ πάηξῃ 9 ιύεηνλ ιύεηο ιύνκελ ιύνπζηλ ιύεηε 10 ὀιέθνκελ ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θαθὰο (ᾱ) ἐλ

πάηξῃ θίιῃ 11 ηίο πέκπεη ζεὰο (ᾱ) ἐο Υξύζελ (ῡ) 12 ηειείεηε βνπιὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) πάηξῃ θίιῃ 13 ηειείνκελ

βνπιὴλ θίιεο ζεᾶο 14 ηεύρνκελ ππξήλ 15 ηί θέξεηε ηί θέξνπζηλ

(2) ἁλδάλεη ςῡρῇhellip The object of the verb ἁλδάλσ takes the dative case In general the English can be

translated with the addition of the word ldquotordquo thus νὐθ ἁλδάλεη ςῡρῇ is ldquois not pleasing to the soulrdquo or ldquodoes

not please the soulrdquo

(5) The word εἰο can either be translated ldquotordquo or ldquointordquo

(6) ἐπὶ ζαιάζζῃ is a title for Chrysa thus Υξύζε (ῡ) ἐπὶ ζαιάζζῃ is ldquoChrysa upon the seardquo or ldquoChrysa by

the seardquo

(8) The word πάηξε refers to the person addressed and so is more appropriately translated ldquonative landrdquo

(the more familiar ldquofatherlandrdquo would typically apply only to the person speaking) Note that the possessive

is implied by using the 2nd

person of the verb thus ldquohellipin (your) native landrdquo

(9) ιύεηνλ can be either 2nd

or 3rd

person

(10) As with many Homeric words the best translation depends on the context Here the word ὀιέθσ

occurs in a military context (the Iliad) and so probably refers to killing enemies θαθή probably refers to

cowardice But the passage could be rendered in many ways such as ldquoWe ruin many wicked soulshelliprdquo or

ldquoWe kill many cowardly soulshelliprdquo etc

(11) Note the alternate form of εἰο As with many common prepositions Homer offers different forms to fit

the rhythmic structure of the poem εἰο is a single long syllable while ἐο can be either long or short

depending on the following word In like manner ἐλ is either long or short ἐλί is two short syllables and

εἰλ is a single long syllable

(12) The dative without a preposition is here translated with ldquoforhelliprdquo I also rendered βνπιαί θαιαί as

ldquonoble thingsrdquo in this context although it could also be translated ldquogood plansrdquo ldquobrave plansrdquo etc

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 We sing the plans of many goddesses 2 The terrible roar of the evil sea was not pleasing to the soul of the

goddess 3 Who dishonors the noble goddesses 4 We do not dishonor (our) fatherland for it is dear 5 They go

from Cilla to Chrysa 6 Do they burn many funeral pyres in Chrysa by the sea 7 We have many fair plans 8 Do

you burn pyres in (your) native land 9 You two loose you loose we loose they loose you loose 10 We destroy

many wicked souls in (our) dear fatherland 11 Who escorts the goddess into Chrysa 12 You accomplish noble

things for (our) dear fatherland 13 We fulfill the will of the beloved goddess

58 Composition Exercises

1 Who is singing the evil plans of the fair goddess 2 The roar of the sea is pleasing to the soul of the goddess

in Cilla 3 We do not dishonor the goddesses of (our) dear fatherland 4 Are you going from Chrysa to Cilla by the

sea 5 The two goddesses come from the sea into Cilla 6 They are burning two funeral pyres in (their) fatherland

7 They have many fair plans 8 We loose you loose they (two) loose he is loosing 9 The goddess destroys many

wicked souls 10 We escort the goddess into (our) dear fatherland 11 They accomplish the will of (their)

fatherland 12 He is making a funeral pyre 13 What does he bring

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 ηίο ἀείδεη θαθὰο (ᾱ) βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεᾶο θᾱιῆο 2 θιαγγὴ ζαιάζζεο ἁλδάλεη ςῡρῇ ζεᾶο ἐλ Κίιιῃ 3 νὐθ

ἀηῑκάδνκελ ζεὰλ (ᾱ) θίιεο πάηξεο 4 βαίλεηο ἐθ Υξύζεο (ῡ) εἰο Κίιιελ ἐπὶ ζαιάζζῃ 5 ζεὰ (ᾱ) βαίλνπζηλ ἐθ

ζαιάζζεο εἰο Κίιιελ 6 θαίνπζη πύξᾱ ἐλ πάηξῃ 7 ἔρνπζη πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) βνπιάο (ᾱ) 8 ιύνκελ ιύεηο

ιύεηνλ ιύεη 9 ζεὰ (ᾱ) ὀιέθεη πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θαθὰο (ᾱ) ςῡράο (ᾱ) 10 θέξνκελ ζεὰλ (ᾱ) εἰο θίιελ πάηξελ 11

ηειείνπζη βνπιὴλ πάηξεο 12 ηεύρεη πύξελ 13 ηί θέξεη

Lesson 6

(678-679 717-721 1025 cf 575 996 1009)

61 Second Declension Masculines

Second declension nouns have stems ending in -o Masculine nouns of the second declension are inflected like

ζῡκόο (spirit life soul) and πνιεκόο (war) Second declension adjectives are inflected like θαθόο (evil)

Sigular Dual Plural

N ζῡκόο ζῡκώ ζῡκνί

G ζῡκνῦ νῖν [όν] ζῡκνῖηλ ζῡκῶλ

D ζῡκῷ ζῡκνῖηλ ζῡκνῖζη νῖο

A ζῡκόλ ζῡκώ ζῡκνύο

V ζῡκέ ζῡκώ ζῡκνί

Sigular Dual Plural

N θαθὸο πόιεκνο θαθὼ πνιέκσ θαθνὶ πόιεκνη

G θαθνῦ νῖν [όν] πνιέκνπ νην [νν] θαθνῖηλ πνιέκνηηλ θαθῶλ πνιέκσλ

D θαθῷ πνιέκῳ θαθνῖλ πνιέκνηηλ θαθνῖο πνιέκνηο

A θαθὸλ πόιεκνλ θαθὼ πνιέκσ θαθνὺο πνιέκνπο

V θαθὲ πόιεκε θαθὼ πνιέκσ θαθνὶ πνιεκνί

62 Second Declension Neuters

Second declension neuters end in -νλ in the nominative vocative and accusative singlular and -ᾰ in the

nominative vocative and accusative plural They are identical to second declension masculines in the genitive and

dative as well as all cases of the dual Second declension neuters nouns are declined like ἔξγνλ (deed) and second

declension neuter adjectives are declined like θᾱιόλ (noble)

Sigular Dual Plural

N θᾱιὸλ ἔξγνλ θᾱιὼ ἔξγσ θᾱιὰ ἔξγα

G θᾱινῦ νῖν [όν] ἔξγνπ νην [νν] θᾱινῖηλ ἔξγνηηλ θᾱιῶλ ἔξγσλ

D θᾱιῷ ἔξγῳ θᾱινῖηλ ἔξγνηηλ θᾱινῖο ἔξγνηο

A θᾱιὸλ ἔξγνλ θᾱιὼ ἔξγσ θᾱινὺο ἔξγνπο

V θᾱιὸλ ἔξγνλ θᾱιὼ ἔξγσ θᾱιὰ ἔξγα

63 Second Declension Feminines

A few second declension nouns are feminine These are declined exactly the same as the masculine form the

only difference being that all adjectives and modifiers take their respective feminine forms Thus θαθὸο ζῡκόο = the

evil spirit and θαθὸλ ἔξγνλ = the evil deed but θαθὴ λνῦζνο = the evil plague

Sigular Dual Plural

N θαθὴ λνῦζνο θαθὰ (ᾱ) λνύζσ θαθαὶ λνῦζνη

G θαθῆο λνύζνπ νην [νν] θαθῇηλ λνύζνηηλ θαθάσλ [έσλ ῶλ] λνύζσλ

D θαθῇ λνύζῳ θαθῇηλ λνύζνηηλ θαθῇζη ῇο λνύζνηζη νηο

A θαθὴλ λνῦζνλ θαθὰ (ᾱ) λνύζσ θαθὰο (ᾱ) λνύζνπο

V θαθὴ λνῦζε θαθὰ (ᾱ) λνύζσ θαθαὶ λνῦζνη

64 Adjectives

Adjectives always agree in case number and gender with the nouns they modify

Adjectives fall into three declensions just like nouns However adjectives frequently have masculine feminine

and neuter forms whereas nouns typically fall into a single gender The adjective θαθόο for example has three

forms θαθόο (masculine) θαθή (femine) and θαθόλ (neuter) Adjectives are usually listed in dictionary entries in

the nominative masculine singular followed by the femine and neuter singular endings θαθόο ή όλ

Adjectives are usually grouped into one of four categories 1) First and Second Declension Adjectives whose

forms usually represent the first declension when feminine and the second declension when masculine or neuter 2)

Second Declension Adjectives which usually have a single second declension form that serves as both masculine

and feminine as well as a second declension neuter form 3) First and Third Declension Adjectives whose

masculine and neuter forms are of the third declension but whose feminine form falls under the first declension and

4) Third Declension Adjectives which have a single third declension form for both masculine and feminine and a

third declension neuter form

First and Second Declension Adjectives have the nominative singular endings -νο (masculine) -ε (feminine)

and -νλ (neuter) Of these θᾱιόο (beautiful noble) and θίινο (dear lovely beloved) are good examples

Singular

Masc Fem Neut

N θᾱιόο θᾱιή θᾱιόλ θᾱιή θᾱιόλ

G θᾱινῦ νῖν [όν] θᾱιῆο θᾱινῦ νῖν [όν]

D θᾱιῷ θᾱιῇ θᾱιῷ

A θᾱιόλ θᾱιήλ θᾱιόλ

V θᾱιέ θᾱιή θᾱιόλ

Dual

N A V θᾱιώ θᾱιά (ᾱ) θᾱιώ

G D θᾱινῖηλ θᾱιῇηλ θᾱινῖηλ

Plural

N θᾱινί θᾱιαί θᾱιά

G θᾱιῶλ θᾱιάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] θᾱιῶλ

D θᾱινῖζη νῖο θᾱιῇζη ῇο θᾱινῖζη νῖο

A θᾱινύο θᾱιάο (ᾱ) θᾱιά

Singular

Masc Fem Neut

N θίινο θίιε θίινλ

G θίινπ νην [νν] θίιεο θίινπ νην [νν]

D θίιῳ θίιῃ θίιῳ

A θίινλ θίιελ θίινλ

V

Dual

N A V θίισ θίιᾱ θίισ

G D θίινηηλ θίιῃηλ θίινηηλ

Plural

N θίινη θίιαη θίια

G θίισλ θηιάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] θίισλ

D θίινηζη νηο θίιῃζη ῃο θίινηζη νηο

A θίινπο θίιᾱο θίια

V θίινη θίιαη θίια

65 Vocabulary

ἀγιαόο ή όλ bright shining splendid glorious

ἀλά ἄλ (adv prep + gen dat acc) upon on thereon along up through

ἀπεξείζηνο ε νλ boundless countless immeasureable

ἄπνηλα σλ ηά ransom

Ἀραηόο νῦ ὁ Achaean

δεηλόο ή όλ terrible awful dreadful dread fearful

ἑιώξηνλ νπ ηό booty spoils prey

ζεόο νῦ ὁ god divinity

ζῡκόο νῦ ὁ heart soul spirit courage passion

θαθόο ή όλ bad poor ugly mean cowardly evil wicked

θᾱιόο ή όλ good goodly noble handsome brave fair beautiful

ιᾱόο νῦ ὁ people host soldiery

κῡξίνη αη α countless innumerable

λνῦζνο νπ ἡ plague disease pest pestilence

νἰσλόο νῦ ὁ bird (of prey) vulture omen

πνιιόο ή όλ much many numerous

ζηξαηόο νῦ ὁ army encampment host

θίινο ε νλ dear darling lovely beloved

66 Derivatives

ἀλά (ana-) = anatomy

ἄπνηλα (apen-) = pentalty

ζεόο (theo-) = theology theocracy atheism polytheism monotheism henotheism pantheism

ιᾱόο (lao-) = laity layman

ζηξαηόο (strato-) = strategy strategic strategical

67 Translation Exercises

1 ἀγιαὰ ἄπνηλα θέξνπζηλ Ἀραηνὶ εἰο ζηξαηόλ 2 θέξνκελ ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 3 ζεὸο ηεύρεη

πνιινὺο Ἀραηνὺο ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζηλ 4 ἦζαλ Ἀραηνὶ θαθνί 5 νὐθ ἦζαλ θαθνί θᾱινὶ δέ λνῦζνο θαθὴ ὀιέθεη ιᾱὸλ

θᾱιόλ 6 Ἀραηνὶ πέκπνπζηλ ἄπνηλα κῡξίrsquo εἰο πάηξελ 7 ζεὸο βαίλεη ἐο ζηξαηόλ ὀιέθεη δὲ ιᾱὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 8 ηίο

ἀηῑκάδεη ζενὺο θᾱινύο 9 θαθνὶ ιᾱνὶ ἀηῑκάδνπζη ζενὺο πάηξεο 10 ζεὸο πέκπεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ

Ἀραηῶλ νὐ γὰξ ηειείνπζη βνπιὴλ ζεῶλ πάηξεο 11 βαίλεη ἐπὶ ζάιαζζαλ δεηλὴλ θαὶ ηεύρεη ππξὰο (ᾱ) πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἀλὰ

ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 12 ἔρνπζηλ ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα Ἀραηῶλ ἐλὶ ζηξαηῷ 13 βνπιὴ ζηξαηνῦ νὐρ ἁλδάλεη ζῡκῷ ζενῦ 14

ιᾱὸο Κίιιεο θίινο ἦλ ςῡρῇ ζεᾶο ζαιάζζεο 15 νὐθ ἀείδνκελ θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεῶλ ζηξαηῷ νὐ γὰξ ἁλδάλεη

Ἀραηνῖζη ζῡκῷ

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 The Achaeans bring countless splendid ransmoms into the camp 2 We carry boundless ransoms up through

the camp of the Achaeans 3 The god makes many Achaens spoils for the birds 4 Were the Achaeans evil 5 They

were not evil but good An evil pestilence destroyed the good host 6 The Achaeans send countless ransoms into

(their) fatherland 7 The god walks into the camp and destroys the host of the Achaeans 8 Who dishonors the noble

gods 9 The evil host dishonors the gods of (our) fatherlans 10 The god sends an evil plague up through the camp

of the Achaeans for they do not fulfill the will of the gods of (their) native country 11 He walks along the sea and

builds many funeral pyres throughout the camp of the Achaeans 12 They have boundless ransoms of the Achaeans

in the camp 13 The armyrsquos plan is not pleasing to the heart of the god 14 The host of Cilla was dear to the soul of

the goddess of the sea 15 We do not sing the brave plan of the goods of the camp for (that) is not pleasing to the

heart of the Achaeans

68 Composition Exercises

1 The terrible roar of the sea is pleasing to the goddess in (her) soul 2 We bring many splendid ransoms to the

army of the Achaeans 3 The god does not destroy the host of the Achaeans for they do not dishonor the gods of

(their) fatherland 4 The evil plague makes countless Achaeans a booty (use plural) for many birds 5 The people of

the Achaeans send countless shining ransoms to the goddess of the sea in Cilla 6 The Achaeans go to the sea and

sing but the noise is not pleasing to the goddess in (her) soul 7 The plague destroys the people for they dishonor

the god of Chrysa

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 θιαγγὴ δεηλὴ ἁλδάλεη ζεᾷ ςῡρῇ 2 θέξνκελ ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀγιαὰ ἐο ζηξαηῷ Ἀραηῶλ 3 ζεὸο νὐθ ὀιέθεη

ιᾱὸλ Ἀραηῶλ νὐ γὰξ ἀηῑκάδνπζη ζενὺο πάηξεο 4 θαθὴ λνῦζνο ηεύρεη κῡξίνπο Ἀραηνὺο ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζη πνιινῖζηλ

5 ιᾱὸο Ἀραηῶλ πέκπνπζη κῡξίrsquo ἄπνηλα ἀγιαὰ ζεᾷ ζαιάζζεο ἐλὶ Κίιιᾳ 6 Ἀραηνὶ βαίλνπζηλ εἰο ζάιαζζαλ θαὶ

ἀείδνπζηλ θιαγγὴ δὲ νὐρ ἁλδάλεη ζεᾷ ςῡρῇ 7 λνῦζνο ὀιέθεη ιᾱόλ ἀηῑκάδνπζη γὰξ ζεὸλ Υξύζεο (ῡ)

Lesson 7

Review

71 Review Vocabulary

ἀγιαόο ή όλ splendid ζῡκόο νῦ ὁ heart

ἀείδσ sing θαί and

ἀλ- ἀ- un- θαίσ burn

ἁλδάλσ is pleasing to θαθόο ή όλ evil

ἀπεξείζηνο ε νλ immeasurable θᾱιόο ή όλ good

ἄπνηλα σλ ηά ransom Κίιια εο ἡ Cilla

ἀηῑκάδσ dishonor θιαγγή ῆο ἡ roar

Ἀραηόο νῦ ὁ Achaean ιᾱόο νῦ ὁ host

βαίλσ go walk ιύσ loose

βνπιή ῆο ἡ plan κῡξίνη αη α countless

γάξ for λνῦζνο νπ ἡ plague

δέ but νἰσλόο νῦ ὁ bird

δεηλόο ή όλ terrible ὀιέθσ kill

εἰο (ἐο) into νὐ (νὐρ) not

εἰζί they are πάηξε εο ἡ fatherland

ἐθ (ἐμ) out of πέκπσ send

ἑιώξηνλ νπ ηό spoil πνιιόο ή όλ many

ἐλ(ί) εἰλ in ππξή ῆο ἡ funeral pyre

ἐπί upon ζηξαηόο νῦ ὁ army

ἐζηί it is ηειείσ accomplish

ἔρσ have ηεύρσ make

ἦλ it was ηίο ηί who what

ἦζαλ they were θέξσ carry

ζάιαζζα εο ἡ sea θίινο ε νλ beloved

ζεά (ᾱ) ᾶο ἡ goddess Υξύζε (ῡ) εο ἡ Chrysa

ςῡρή ῆο ἡ soul

72 Translation Exercises

1 ἀδείδνκελ ζεὰλ (ᾱ) ζαιάζζεο δεηλῆο θιαγγῇ πνιιῇ 2 νὐθ ἀηῑκάδνπζη ζενὺο 3 βνπιαὶ Ἀραηῶλ νὐρ

ἁλδάλνπζη ζεᾳ θᾱιῇ ζῡκῷ 4 βαίλεη ἐθ ζηξαηνῦ Ἀραηῶλ εἰο Κίιιαλ θαὶ θέξεη ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα ζεῷ 5 λνῦζνο θαθὴ

βαίλεη ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ θαὶ ηεύρεη πνιινὺο Ἀραηνὺο ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζηλ 6 θαὶ ζενὶ θαὶ ζεαὶ ὀιέθνπζη ιᾱὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 7 ηίο

Ἀραηῶλ ἔρεη ζῡκὸλ θαθόλ 8 ἦζαλ πνιιαὶ ζεαὶ ἐλὶ ζαιάζζῃ 9 θαίεη ππξὰο (ᾱ) ἐπὶ ζαιάζζῃ 10 ιύεηε ζηξαηὸλ

Ἀραηῶλ 11 πάηξε ἐζηὶ θίιε ςῡρῇ κῡξίσλ Ἀραηῶλ 12 ηίο πέκπεη ζηξαηὸλ ἐθ Κίιιεο εἰο Υξύζελ (ῡ) 13 βνπιὴ

θαθὴ ἐζηηλ ἁλδάλεη δὲ ζεᾷ ζῡκῷ 14 ηί ἀείδεηε

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 With a great noise we hymn the goodess of the terrible sea 2 We do not dishonor the gods 3 The will of the

Achaeans does not please the heart of the beautiful goddess 4 He goes from the Achaean camp to Cilla and delivers

countless ransoms to the god 5 An evil plague goes up through the camp and makes many Achaeans spoils for the

vultures 6 Both gods and goddesses destroy the host of the Achaeans 7 Who of the Achaeans has an evil heart 8

Were there many goddesses in the sea 9 He burns funeral pyres by the sea 10 You destroy the camp of the

Achaeans 11 The fatherland is dear to the soul of countless Achaeans 12 Who dispatches the army from Cilla to

Chrysa 13 It is an evil plan but it pleases the heart of the goddess 14 What do you sing

73 Composition Exercises

1 The Achaeans sing the beautiful goddess of the terrible sea 2 We do not dishonor the gods for they are dear

to (our) souls 3 The plans of the army are pleasing to the goddess in (her) noble soul 4 Many Achaeans are going

from the encampment and are bringing countless glorious ransoms to the gods 5 The evil plague destroys the

people and makes the army a booty for countless birds 6 We do not sing for it is not pleasing to the soul of the

goddess

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 Ἀραηνὶ ἀείδνπζη ζεὰλ (ᾱ) θᾱιὴλ δεηλῆο ζαιάζζεο 2 νὐθ ἀηῑκάδνκελ ζενὺο θίινη δὲ ζῡκνῖζηλ 3 βνπιαὶ

ζηξαηῷ ἁλδάλνπζη ζεᾷ ζῡκῷ 4 Ἀραηνὶ πνιινὶ βαίλνπζηλ ἐθ ζηξαηνῦ θαὶ θέξνπζηλ ἄπνηλα ἀπεξείζηα θαὶ ἀγιαὰ

ζενῖζηλ 5 θαθὴ λνῦζνο ὀιέθεη ιᾱὸλ θαὶ ηεύρεη ζηξαηὸλ ἄπνηλα νἰσλνῖζηλ ἀπεξείζηνῐζηλ 6 νὐθ ἀείδνκελ νὐθ γὰξ

ἁλδάλεη ςῡρῇ ζεᾶο

Lesson 8

(765-766 773-774)

81 The Second Declension (Continued)

Several words are declined like θᾱιόο ή όλ except that the nominative vocative and accusative singular of

the neuter ends in -o instead of -νλ Some of these words include ὅο ἥ ὅ (which) ὁ ἡ ηό (that) (ἐ)θεῖλνο ε ν

(that) αὐηόο ή ό (he she it) and ἄιινο ε ν (another)

The words ὅδε and νὗηνο are not introduced in this lesson but they are dleclined similarly and so are included

in the paradigms as reference

ὁ ἡ ηό (that hesheit whowhichwhat)

Masc Fem Neut

N ὁ ἡ ηό

G ηνῦ ηνῖν ηῆο ηνῦ ηνῖν

D ηῷ ηῇ ηῷ

A ηόλ ηήλ ηό

N A ηώ (ηώ) ηώ

G D ηνῖηλ (ηνῖηλ) ηνῖηλ

N νἱ αἱ ηά

G ηῶλ ηάσλ (ᾱ) [ηῶλ] ηῶλ

D ηνῖζη ηνῖο ηῇζη ηῇο ηνῖζη ηνῖο

A ηνύο ηάο (ᾱ) ηά

αὐηόο ή ό (hesheit self same)

Masc Fem Neut

N αὐηόο αὐηή αὐηό

G αὐηνῦ νῖν αὐηῆο αὐηνῦ νῖν

D αὐηῷ αὐηῇ αὐηῷ

A αὐηόλ αὐηήλ αὐηό

N A αὐηώ (αὐηώ) αὐηώ

G D αὐηνῖηλ (αὐηνῖηλ) αὐηνῖηλ

N αὐηνί αὐηαί αὐηά

G αὐηῶλ αὐηάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] αὐηῶλ

D αὐηνῖζη νῖο αὐηῇζη ῇο αὐηνῖζη νῖο

A αὐηνύο αὐηάο (ᾱ) αὐηά

ὅο ἥ ὅ (whowhichwhat)

Masc Fem Neut

N ὅο ἥ ὅ

G νὖ [ὅνπ ὅν] ἥο νὗ [ὅνπ ὅν]

D ᾧ ᾗ ᾧ

A ὅλ ἥλ ὅ

N A ὥ (ὥ) ὥ

G D νἷηλ (νἷηλ) νἶηλ

N νἵ αἵ ἅ

G ὧλ ὧλ ὧλ

D νἷζη νἷο ᾗζη ᾗο νἷζη νἷο

A νὕο ἅο (ᾱ) ἅ

(ἐ)θεῖλνο ε ν (that)

Masc Fem Neut

N (ἐ)θεῖλνο (ἐ)θείλε (ἐ)θεῖλν

G (ἐ)θείλνπ νην (ἐ)θείλεο (ἐ)θείλνπ νην

D (ἐ)θείλῳ (ἐ)θείλῃ (ἐ)θείλῳ

A (ἐ)θεῖλνλ (ἐ)θείλελ (ἐ)θεῖλν

N A (ἐ)θείλσ ((ἐ)θείλσ) (ἐ)θείλσ

G D (ἐ)θείλνηηλ ((ἐ)θείλνηηλ) (ἐ)θείλνηηλ

N (ἐ)θεῖλνη (ἐ)θεῖλαη (ἐ)θεῖλα

G (ἐ)θείλσλ (ἐ)θεηλάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] (ἐ)θείλσλ

D (ἐ)θείλνηζη νηο (ἐ)θείλῃζη ῃο (ἐ)θείλνηζη νηο

A (ἐ)θείλνπο (ἐ)θείλᾱο (ἐ)θεῖλα

ὅδε ἥδε ηόδε (this)

Masc Fem Neut

N ὅδε ἥδε ηόδε

G ηνύδε ηνῖνδε ηῆζδε ηνύδε ηνῖνδε

D ηῷδε ηῇδε ηῷδε

A ηόλδε ηήλδε ηόδε

N A ηώδε (ηώδε) ηώδε

G D ηνῖηλδε (ηνῖηλδε) ηνῖηλδε

N νἵδε (ηνίδε) αἵδε (ηαίδε) ηάδε

G ηῶλδε ηάσλδε (ᾱ) [ηῶλδε] ηῶλδε

D ηνῖζηδε ηνῖζδε ηῇζηδε ηῇζδε ηνῖζηδε ηνῖζδε

ηνίζδεζη ηνίζδεζη

ηνίζδεζζη ηνίζδεζζη

A ηνύζδε ηάζδε (ᾱ) ηάδε

νὗηνο αὕηε ηνῦην (this)

Masc Fem Neut

N νὗηνο αὕηε ηνῦην

G ηνύηνπ νην ηαύηεο ηνύηνπ νην

D ηνύηῳ ηαύηῃ ηνύηῳ

A ηνῦηνλ ηαύηελ ηνῦην

N A ηνύησ (ηνύησ) ηνύησ

G D ηνύηνηηλ (ηνύηνηηλ) ηνύηνηηλ

N νὗηνη αὗηαη ηαῦηα

G ηνύησλ ηαῡηάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] ηνύησλ

D ηνύηνηζη νηο ηαύηῃζη ῃο ηνύηνηζη νηο

A ηνύηνπο ηαύηᾱο ηαῦηα

82 Vocabulary

ἀιιά but moreover

ἄιινο ε νλ other another

αὐηόο ή ό self him himself her herself it itself same

δῖνο α νλ (declined like ζάιαζζα) divine heavenly glorious

(ἐ)θεῖλνο ε ν that (one) he she it

ἑθεβόινο νπ ὁ free-shooter sharpshooter (originally shoots-at-will a title for Apollo)

θαθῶο evilly wickedly harshly with evil consequences

ὁ ἡ ηό this that he she it who which what

νὕλεθα (νὗ-ἔλεθα) because

ζθῆπηξνλ νπ ηό scepter staff

ηέ and also both

ρξύζενο (ῡ) ε νλ gold golden of gold

83 Derivatives

ἄιινο (allo-) = allopathy

αὐηόο (auto-) = automaton autocracy autograph autonomy

ρξύζενο (ῡ) (chryse-) = chrysanthemum chrysalis chrysolite

84 Translation Excersis

1 δῖνο ἑθεβόινο αὐηὸο ἀείδεη ἀιιrsquo νὐρ ἁλδάλεη ἄιινηζη ζενῖζη ζῡκῷ 2 θεῖλνη Ἀραηνὶ ἀηῑκάδνπζη ηνὺο ζενύο

3 ὁ ἑθεβόινο πέκπεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ θαθῶο ὀιέθεη θεῖλνλ ιᾱόλ νὕλεθα ηὸλ ἀηῑκάδνπζηλ 4

νὐθ ἀηῑκάδνκελ ηνὺο ζενύο νἳ ἔρνπζη ζθῆπηξα ρξύζεα (ῡ) 5 ὁ ἑθεβόινο ηε θαὶ νἱ ἄιινη ζενὶ θέξνπζη ρξύζεα (ῡ)

ζθῆπηξα θᾱιά 6 ηίο ηεύρεη ηὰ ζθῆπηξα ρξύζεα (ῡ) ηνῖζη ζενῖο ζαιάζζεο 7 ἀείδεη ἑθεβόινο αὐηὸο βνπιὰο (ᾱ)

ἄιισλ ζεῶλ ηνῖζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ 8 εἰζὶλ νἱ Ἀραηνὶ θᾱινί νἱ ὀιέθνπζη ηὸλ ζηξαηὸλ θαίνπζί ηε ηὰο (ᾱ) ππξάο (ᾱ) 9 ἡ

ζεὰ (ᾱ) ηῆο δεηλῆο ζαιάζζεο ἔρεη ηὸ ζθῆηξνλ ρξύζενλ (ῡ) 10 ἐλὶ ηῇ πάηξε εἰζὶλ αἱ ππξαί 11 ηίο ηεύρεη ηὸλ

ζηξαηὸλ ἑιώξηα ηνῖζηλ νἰσλνῖζηλ

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 The divine free-shooter himself sings but it does not please the hearts of the other gods 2 Those Achaeans

dishonor these gods 3 This free-shooter sends an evil plague up through the camp of the Achaeans and wickedly

destroys that host because they dishonor him 4 We do not dishonor these gods who hold the golden scepters 5

Both this free-shooter and these other gods carry beautiful golden scepters 6 Who fashions the golden scepters for

these gods of the sea 7 Does the free-shooter himself sing the plans of the other gods to these Achaeans 8 Are

these Achaeans noble who destroy (our) camp and burn funeral pyres 9 This goddess of the terrible sea holds a

golden scepter 10 The funeral pyrers are in (our) fatherland 11 Who makes (our) camp a spoil for these vultures

85 Composition Exercises

1 ἑθεβόινο αὐηὸο ἀείδεη ηὰο (ᾱ) βνπιὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) ζεῶλ 2 ηί νὐρ ἁλδάλεη ηνῖο ἄιινηζη ζενῖζηλ νἳ ἐλὶ

ζαιάζζῃ 3 ἐθεῖλνο Ἀραηὸο ἀηῑκάδεη ηνὺο ζενὺο πάηξεο νἱ ἔρνπζη ηὰ ζθῆπηξα ρξύζεα (ῡ) 4 ὁ ἑθεβόινο πέκπεη

λνύζνπο πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θαθὰο (ᾱ) ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ ὀιέθεη κῡξίνπο ιᾱνύο νὕλεθα ηὸλ ἀηῑκάδνπζηλ 5 ηίο

θαίεη ηὰο (ᾱ) ππξὰο (ᾱ) Ἀραηῶλ ἐπὶ δεηλῇ ζαιάζζῃ 6 ὁ ἑθεβόινο ηεύρεη κῡξίνπο Ἀραίνπο ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζηλ νὕλεθα

ηὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) ζεὰο (ᾱ) ζαιάζζεο ἀηῑκάδνπζηλ

Lesson 9

(830-840 904)

91 The Verbal Augment

Greek verbs frequently add a prefix to a verb (in the secondary tenses of the idicative) to indicate action

occurring in the past This prefix is called an augment Verbal augments take one of two forms the syllabic

augment which consists of adding an extra syllable to the beginning of a word and the temporal augment which

consists of lengthening the first syllable of a word While the augment is consistently applied in later dialects of

Greek it was still optional in Homeric and is often omitted (the tense being determined solely from the suffixes)

The syllabic augment is applied to verbs that begin with a consonant (or rare verbs that originally began with a

consonant) and consists of the prefix ε- Thus ιύνκελ = we loose (present tense) but ἐιύνκελ = we were loosing

(past tense) Some Greek words originally began with a ϝ or an ζ that later disappeared (usually replace with the

rough breathing) In those cases the augment is sometimes syllabic reflecting the earlier practice The word ἁλδάλσ

for example was originally ζϝαλδάλσ (swandano) The original augmented form of the imperfect was ἐζϝάλδαλνλ

(eswandano) When the ζϝ- was dropped the syllabic augment was retained ἑάλδαλνλ (heandano)

When a verb has lost an initial ζ the syllabic augment frequently contracts with the initial vowel For example

the word ἔρσ was originally ζέρσ The original augmented imperfect was ἔζερνλ When the initial ζ disappeared

the result was ἔερνλ which contracted to εἶρνλ (because εε usually contracts to εη) This pattern is also sometimes

present in verbs that originally began with ϝ such as ϝίδνλ =gt ἐϝηδνλ = ἔηδνλ = εἶδνλ

The temporal augment consists of lengthening an initial vowel and occurs in most Greek verbs that begin with

an initial vowel In general initial α or ε becomes ε initial η ν or π becomes ῑ initial αη and ᾳ become ῃ and initial

νη becomes ῳ Thus ἄγνκελ (we lead) becomes ἤγνκελ (we were leading) If the verb already begins with a long

vowel (ε ῃ ῑ ῡ σ ῳ) there is usually no change

Verbs that begin with ξ usually double the ξ when adding the syllabic augment This feature also sometimes

occurs in verbs beginning with ι κ λ or ζ

Compound verbs are usually formed from a combination of preposition + verb such as ἀπό (away from) + ιύσ

(loosen) = ἀπνιύσ (set free turn loose) In compound verbs a temporal augment is inserted between the preposition

and the verb If the preposition ends in a vowel the vowel is usually elided Thus ἀπνιύνκελ (we set free) becomes

ἀπειύνκελ (elided from ἀπνειύνκελ we were setting free)

92 The Imperfect Tense

The imperfect denotes continuous action in past time and typically corresponds to the past participle in English

Thus ἔιπνλ (imperfect) = I was loosing Occasionally the Greek imperfect is best translated by the simple past tense

in English The imperfect tense is formed by adding the secondary tense endings (which will be described in a later

lesson) to the augmented stem of the verb

In the paradigm below the unaugmented form is shown in brackets

Imperfect Tense

S 1st Pers ἔιπνλ [ιύνλ] I was loosing

2nd

Pers ἔιπεο [ιύεο] you were loosing

3rd

Pers ἔιπε(λ) [ιύε(λ)] he she it was loosing

D 2nd

Pers ἐιύεηνλ [ιύεηνλ] you (two) were loosing the pair of you were loosing

3rd

Pers ἐιπέηελ [ιπέηελ] they (two) were loosing the pair of them were loosing

P 1st Pers ἐιύνκελ [ιύνκελ] we were loosing

2nd

Pers ἐιύεηε [ιύεηε] you (ye) were loosing

3rd

Pers ἐιύνλ [ιύνλ] they were loosing

93 Vocabulary

ἄιιῃ elsewhere

Ἀξγεῖνο νπ ὁ Argive

-δε (suffix + acc) to

δηά (adv) between among (+gen) through (+acc) through by means

of on account of during

δηίθηινο (ῑ) ε νλ dear to Zeus

εἴξσ speak say tell

ἐκόο ή όλ my mine

ἔξγνλ νπ ηό (ϝέξγνλ) work deed accomplishment

-ζελ (suffix gen ending) from

Κιπηαηκήζηξε εο ἡ Clytaemnestra

(also Κιπηαηκλήζηξε)

καληνζύλε εο ἡ gift of prophesy

νἶθνο νπ ὁ house home

ιύκπηνο ε νλ Olympian

Ὄιπκπνο νπ ὁ Olympus

Πξίακνο νπ ὁ Priam

ζόο ζή ζόλ your yours

εἶρνλ (imperfect of ἔρσ) I was having I had

94 Derivatives

95 Translation Exercises

1 ὁ ἑθεβόινο δηὰ καληνζύλελ εἴξεη βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ηῶλ ζεῶλ Ἀξγείνηζηλ 2 νἱ ιύκπηνη ζενὶ εἶρνλ νἴθνπο ἐλ

ιύκπῳ 3 ὁ ἑθεβόινο δηίθηινο (ῑ) ἔηεπρε ηνὺο Ἀξγείνπο Ἀραηνύο ηε ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζηλ 4 Ἀραηνὶ Ἀξγεῖνί ηrsquo

ἔηεπρνλ ἔξγα θαθὰ δηὰ βνπιὴλ ζεᾶο 5 Κιπηαηκήζηξε δηὰ ηὸλ ζῡκὸλ ἔηεπρελ ηὰ ἔξγα δεηλά 6 Πξίακνο ιᾱόο ηε

Πξηάκνπ ὤιεθνλ πνιινὺο Ἀξγείνπο 7 ηίο εἴξεη ηὰ ζὰ ἔξγα θαθὰ Πξηάκῳ 8 ηὰ ἔξγα ἐκά ἐζηη θᾱιά νὕλεθα ἔηεπρνλ

βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεῶλ θαὶ ζεάσλ (ᾱ) δηὰ ηὴλ καληνζύλελ 9 ἐπέκπνκελ ηὰ ρξύζεα (ῡ) ζθῆπηξα εἰο νἶθνλ Πξηάκῳ 10

ἐθαίεηε ηὰο (ᾱ) ππξὰο (ᾱ) δεηλῇ θιαγγῇ 11 νὐρ ἥλδαλε ἡ βνπιὴ ζεᾷ ζαιάζζεο ζῡκῷ 12 αἱ ζεαὶ ἀείδνπζη ηὰ θᾱιὰ

ἔξγα ηῶλ ζεῶλ ἑθεβόινο δὲ βαίλεη ἄιιῃ 13 εἶρε Πξίακνο ἀγιαὸλ θαὶ θᾱιὸλ νἶθνλ

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 This free-shooter relates the plans of the gods to the Argives through prophesy 2 These Olympian gods had

homes on Olympus 3 This free-shooter beloved of Zeus made both the Argives and the Achaeans prey for the

vultures 4 Both the Achaeans and the Argives committed evil deeds through the will of the goddess 5 Because of

her heart Clytaemnestra wrought these terrible deeds 6 Both Priam and the host of Priam killed many Argives 7

Who relates these evil deeds of yours to Priam 8 These works of mine are noble because through prophesy I

accomplished the of the gods and goddess 9 We sent the golden scepters to the house of Priam 10 Were you

burning the funeral pyres with a terrible uproar 11 Does the plan not please the heart of the goddess of the sea 12

The goddesses sing the noble deeds of the gods but the free-shooter walks elsewhere 13 Priam had a splendid and

beautiful home

96 Composition Exercises

1 Who brought these countless shining ransoms to the beautiful home of Priam 2 The Achaeans and the

Argives burned many funeral pyres in your beloved fatherland 3 Clytaemnestra was wicked and performed many

dreadful deeds 4 Through the gift of prophesy we tell many glorious deeds of the gods and goddesses who have

Olympian homes 5 My deeds are noble but yours are cowardly 6 The gods sent an evil plague up through the

camp and destroyed many Achaeans because they dishonored the free-shooter 7 It was not pleasing to

Clytaemnestra in (her) wicked soul

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 ηίο ἔθεξε ηὰο ἄπνηλα ἀγιαὰ εἰο νἶθνλ θᾱιὸλ Πξηάκνπ 2 Ἀραηνὶ θαὶ Ἀξγεῖνη ἔθαηνλ ππξὰο (ᾱ) πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἐλ

ζῇ πάηξῃ θᾱιῇ 3 Κιπηαηκλήζηξε θαθὴ ἦλ θαὶ ἔηεπρελ ἄξγα πνιιὰ θαὶ δεηλά 4 δηὰ καληνζύλελ εἴξνκελ ἔξγα

πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀγιαὰ ζεῶλ θαὶ ζεάσλ (ᾱ) νἳ ἔρνπζηλ νἴθνπο ιπκπίνπο 5 ἔξγα ἐκὰ θᾱιή εἰζηλ ζὰ δὲ θαθά 6 ζενὶ

ἔπεκπνλ λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ θαὶ ὤιεθνλ Ἀραίνπο πνιινύο νὕλεθα ἠηίκαδνλ (ῑ) ἑθεβόινλ 7 νὐρ ἥλδαλε

Κιπηαηκλήζηξῃ ζῡκῷ θαθῷ

Lesson 10

(841-857 904)

101 Formation of the Aorist and Future Tenses

The first aorist is a secondary tense formed by adding -ζ(ζ)α to the augmented verb stem followed by the

personal endings of the secondary tense If the verb stem ends in a consonant or a long vowel only a single ζ is

added If the stem ends in a short vowel either one or two sigmas may be added A few aorists (called ldquomixed

aoristsrdquo) are formed by adding -ζ followed by the thematic vowel and the personal endings for the secondary tenses

to the augmented stem

The future is formed by adding -ζ followed by the thematic vowel and the personal endings for the primary

tenses

If the verb stem ends in a long vowel the stem is not affected by the addition of the suffixes for the future or

aorist tenses If the stem ends in a short vowel it is regularly lengthened in all tenses except the present and the

imperfect There are however a few exceptions to this pattern In most cases these verbs add ζ before the personal

endings of the perfect middle and aorist passive

102 Classification of Verbs

Verbs are classified into four groups according to the final letter of the stem vowel verbs liquid verbs nasal

verbs and mute verbs

When -ζ is added to the end of a mute verb a labial combines with ζ to form ς a palatal combines with ζ to

form μ and a lingual is dropped (leaving only ζ)

When -ζ is added to the end of a liquid or nasal verb it is usually preceded by -ε and the ζ is dropped in

contraction Thus βαιισ = βαιέζσ = βαιέσ In rare cases the ε is dropped and the ζ retained In some vowel-stem

verbs where the final vowel is preceded by a liquid or nasal the verb behaves as a liquidnasal and adds -εζ to the

stem θαιέσ (present) = θαιέζσ (future) = θαιέσ (future contracted) The formations in which the ζ is dropped

after α or ε are sometimes called ldquoAttic futuresrdquo

Verbs with liquid and nasal stems regularly form the aorist by dropping the ζ and lengthening the stem vowel

A few verbs have active forms in the present tense but middle forms in the future tense ἀθνύσ (I hear) but

ἀθνύζνκαη (I will hear)

103 Paradigms Future and First Aorist of ιύσ

Future

S 1st Pers ιύζσ (ῡ) I shall loose

2nd

Pers ιύζεηο (ῡ) you will loose

3rd

Pers ιύζεη (ῡ) he she it will loose

D 2nd

Pers ιύζεηνλ (ῡ) you (two) will loose

3rd

Pers ιύζεηνλ (ῡ) they (two) will loose

P 1st Pers ιύζνκελ (ῡ) we shall loose

2nd

Pers ιύζεηε (ῡ) you (ye) will loose

3rd

Pers ιύζνπζη(λ) (ῡ) they will loose

First Aorist

S 1st Pers ἔιῡζα I loosed

2nd

Pers ἔιῡζαο you loosed

3rd

Pers ἔιῡζε(λ) he she it loosed

D 2nd

Pers ἐιύζαηνλ (ῡ) you (two) loosed

3rd

Pers ἔιῡζάηελ they (two) loosed

P 1st Pers ἐιύζακελ (ῡ) we loosed

2nd

Pers ἐιύζαηε (ῡ) you (ye) loosed

3rd

Pers ἔιῡζαλ they loosed

104 Vocabulary

ἄγσ ἄμσ ἤγαγνλ lead drive conduct bring carry

ἀλάζζσ (ϝαλαθ-) ἀλάμσ ἠλαμα (+gen) rule (over) guard protect

ἄξηζηνο ε νλ best noblest bravest fairest

αὖηηο (back) again anew

Γαλαόο νῦ ὁ Danaan

ἑθαηόκβε εο ἡ hecatomb sacrifice

ζάλαηνο νπ ὁ death

Ἴιηνο νπ ἡ Ilium Troy the region around Troy

κεγάζῡκνο ε νλ great-souled brave

ὄρα far much considerably

πέζσ (πεηζ- πνηζ- πηζ-) πείζσ ἔπεηζα (πέπηζνλ) persuade win over mislead

θηιέσ θηιήζσ ἐθίιεζα love cherish entertain hospitably

εἶπνλ εἶπεο εἶπε(λ) θηι 2nd

aor speak say tell etc

ἔβεζα ἔβεζαο ἔβεζε(λ) θηι 1st aor come go walk etc

105 Derivatives

ἄγσ (ag-) = pedagogue demagogue synagogue

ἄξηζηνο (arist-) = aristocracy

ζάλαηνο (thanat-) = thanatopsis euthanasia

106 Translation Exercises

1 ηίο ἦλ ὄρrsquo ἄξηζηνο Γαλαῶλ 2 Πξίακνο κεγάζῡκνο ἤλαζζελ Ἰιίνπ 3 νὐθ αὖηηο ἄμνπζη Γαλανὶ κεγάζῡκνη

ἑθαηόκβᾱο πνιιὰο (ᾱ) εἰο Υξύζελ (ῡ) 4 νὐθ ἔπεηζαλ ἑθεβόινλ πνιιῇο ἑθαηόβῃζη θᾱιῇζηλ 5 νὐ θηιήζνκελ ζενύο

νὕλεθα θᾱινὶ εἰζηλ 6 Γαλανὶ ηεύμνπζη ζάλαηνλ Πξηάκῳ ἐλ Ἰιίῳ 7 ἐθίιεζα ζεὰλ (ᾱ) ζαιάζζεο ἀιιrsquo νὐρ ἥλδαλε

ἑθεβόιῳ ζῡκῷ 8 ἀείζνκελ θαὶ πείζνκελ ζενύο 9 ὄρrsquo ἄξηζνη ἐλ Ἰιίῳ ηὰ εἶπνλ Πξηάκῳ ἀιιὰ ηνὺο ἠηῑκάζελ 10

Πξίακνο ἔπεκςε ηὸλ ζηξαηὸλ ἄξηζηνλ ἐπrsquo Ἀξγείνηζηλ 11 ἔβεζαλ αὖηηο Γαλανὶ εἰο Ἴιηνλ ἀιιrsquo νὐθ ἔπεηζαλ

Πξίακνλ 12 ἀείζνκελ ἑθεβόινλ ὄρrsquo ἄξηζηνλ ζεῶλ νὕλεθrsquo ἤγαγε Γαλανὺο εἰο Ἴιηνλ

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 Who was by far the noblest of the Danaans 2 Great-souled Priam ruled Ilium 3 Not agan will the great-

souled Danaans lead many sacrifices into Chrysa 4 They did not persuade the free-shooter with many goodly

sacrifices 5 Do we not love the gods because they are good 6 The Danaans will prepare death for Priam in Ilium

7 I loved the goddess of the sea but it was not pleasing to the heart of the free-shooter 8 We will sing and

persuade the gods 9 By far the noblest in Ilium this they say of Priam but he (is the one) he dishonored () 10

Priam sent the best army against the Argives 11 The Danaans went back to Ilium but they did not persuade Priam

12 We hymn the free-shooter greatest of the gods because he led the Danaans into Ilium

107 Composition Exercises

1 The great-souled Achaeans will not persuade the free-shooter with goodly hecatombs but he will prepare evil

death for the people 2 The noblest of the Achaeans went to Ilium but they did not persuade the soul of Priam 3

We shall sing because the gods have led (aor) the people into Troy 4 We shall have many shining golden scepters

5 Did you not love the gods who have Olympian homes 6 Priam shall not rule Ilium again for the Achaeans will

prepare evil death for him 7 Does he speak to the beautiful goddess of the sea 8 They will persuade the souls of

the gods with many hecatombs

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 Ἀραηνὶ κεγάζῡκνη νὐ πείζνπζηλ ἑθεβόινλ πνιιῇο ἑθαηόκβῆζηλ ἀιιὰ ηεύμεη ζάλαηνλ θαθὸλ ιᾱνῖζηλ 2

ἄξηζηνη Ἀραηῶλ ἔβεζαλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ ἀιιrsquo νὐθ ἔπεηζαλ ζῡκὸλ Πξηάκῳ 3 ἀείζνκελ νὕλεθα ζενὺο ἤγαγνλ ιᾱὸλ εἰο

Ἴιηνλ 4 ἕζρνκελ πνιιὰ ρξύζεα (ῡ) ἀγιαὰ ζθῆπηξα 5 νὐθ ἐθηιήζαηε ζενὺο νἳ ἔρνπζηλ νἴθνπο ιπκπίνπο 6 νὐθ

αὖηηο ἀλάζζεη Πξίακνο Ἰιίνπ Ἀραηνὶ γὰξ ηεύμνπζη ζάλαηνλ θαθὸλ αὐηῷ 7 εἴξεη ζεᾷ θᾱιᾷ ζαιάζζεο 8 πείζνπζη

ζῡκνὺο ζεῶλ πνιιῇο ἑθαηόκβῃζηλ

Lesson 11

(664-675 838-839)

111 First Declension Masculine Nouns

First declension masculines typically end in -εο -ᾱο or -ᾰο in the nominative and are declined exactly the same

as their feminine counterparts (with the exception of the nominative singular which adds -ο the genitive singular

which regularly ends in -ᾱν and the vocative singular which ends in -ε -ᾱ or -ᾰ) Those ending in -εο retain -ε

throughout the singular those ending in -ᾱο retain the -ᾱ throughout the singular and those ending in -ᾰο take the -ε

ending in the dative

Masculines ending in -δεο take -ε in the vocative singular while those ending in -ηεο (as well as compound

nouns and the names of nationalities) regularly take -ᾰ Those ending in -ᾱο take the the nominative singular in -ᾱ

A very few first declension adjectives take a masculine ending in -ᾰ (without the final -ο) Many of these also

have an alternative form that ends in the more common -εο Those that do not have an alternative form in -εο usually

have the recessive accent (a feature inherited from the Aeolic influence in Homer) The only masculine noun ending

in -ᾰ in the nominative is the name Θύεζηα (Thyestes)

First declension masculine nouns typically follow the paradigms for Ἀηξεΐδεο (Atreides son of Atreus) Αἰλείᾱο

(Aeneas) and αἰρκεηήο (spearman warrior)

Ἀηξεΐδεο ᾱν ὁ Αἰλείᾱο ᾱν ὁ αἰρκεηήο ᾱν ὁ

(Αηξεϝηδᾱ-) (Αἰλεηᾱ-) (αἰρκεηᾱ-)

N Ἀηξεΐδεο Αἰλείᾱο αἰρκεηήο [ά]

G Ἀηξεΐδᾱν [εσ] Αἰλείᾱν [σ] αἰρκεηᾶν [έσ]

D Ἀηξεΐδῃ Αἰλείᾳ αἰρκεηῇ

A Ἀηξεΐδελ Αἰλείαλ αἰρκεηήλ

V Ἀηξεΐδε Αἰλείᾱ αἰρκεηά

N A V Ἀηξεΐδᾱ αἰρκεηά (ᾱ)

G D Ἀηξεΐδῃηλ αἰρκεηῇηλ

N V Ἀηξεΐδαη αἰρκεηαί

G Ἀηξετδάσλ (ᾱ) αἰρκεηάσλ (ᾱ)

[έσλ ῶλ] [έσλ ῶλ]

D Ἀηξεΐδῃζη ῃο αἰρκεηῇζη ῇο

A Ἀηξεΐδᾱο αἰρκεηάο (ᾱ)

112 Compound Verbs

Compound verbs are formed from a preposition or adverb coupled with a verb such as ἀλαβαίλσ (ascend)

formed from ἀλα (up) and βαίλσ (go) If the preposition ends in a vowel and the verb begins with a vowel the vowel

of the preposition is usually elided as in δηίζηεκη (δηὰ ἰζηεκη) ἁθαηξέσ (ἀπὸ αἱξέσ)

The augment occurs between the preposition and the verb When two vowels are thus brought together the first

vowel is usually elided leaving the augment Thus ἀπνιύσ (I release present) ἀπέιπνλ (I was releasing

imperfect) ἀπέιῡζα (I released aorist)

113 Vocabulary

ἀλαβαίλσ ἀλαβήζσ ἀλέβεζα go up ascend embark

ἀπνιύσ ἀπνιύζσ (ῡ) ἀπέιῡζα loose set free release

Ἀηξεΐδεο -ᾱν ὁ Atreides son of Atreus (usually refers to Agamemnon)

θαηαθεύσ θαηαθαύζσ θαηέθεα burn consume

θειεύσ - ἔθιπνλ (+gen) hear hearken to

κεηέεηπνλ κεηεῖπνλ (2nd

aor of εἴξσ) spoke among addressed spoke to

ὅηε when whenever

Πειεηάδεο ᾱν (εσ) ὁ Peleiades son of Peleus (used in reference to Achilles)

πξνζέεηπνλ πξνζεῖπνλ (2nd

aor of εἴξσ) addressed spoke to

ηόηε then at that time

ρνιόσ ρνιώζσ ἐρόισζα anger enrage vex

Υξύζεο (ῡ) ᾱν (εσ) ὁ Chryses

Verbs

ἀλαβαίλσ

stem ἀλα + βαλ- βα-

future ἀλαβήζσ (rarely ἀλαβήζνκαη)

1st aorist ἀλέβεζα (rarely 2

nd aor ἀλέβελ)

ἀπνιύσ

stem ἀπό + ιύσ

future ἀπνιύζσ (ῡ)

1st aorist ἀπέιῡζα

θαηαθαίσ

stem θαηά + θαπ- θαϝ- θαη-

future θαηαθαύζσ (assumed form)

1st aorist θαηέθεα

θειεύσ (Attic)

stem θιεπ- θιεϝ- θιπ-

future none

2nd

aorist ἐθιπνλ

ρνιόσ

stem ρνιν-

future ρνιώζσ

1st aorist ἐρόισζα

Notes

In Homeric Greek the stem vowel is usually lengthened before -ζ hence ἀλαβαίλσ =gt ἀλαβήζσ =gt

ἀλέβεζα ἀπνιύσ =gt ἀπνιύζσ (ῡ) =gt ἀπέιῡζα

ἀλαβαίλσ also has a 2nd

aorist ἀλέβελ

A few verbs have active forms in the present but middle forms in the future ἀλαβαίλσ has two future

forms one active (ἀλαβήζσ) and one middle (ἀλαβήζνκαη)

Verbs with stems ending in -αηλσ originally had a consonantal η following the λ (ie ἀλαβαηλησ)

114 Translation

1 θᾱινὶ ζενὶ ἔηεπμαλ ζάλαηνλ θαθὸλ δίῳ (ῑ) Πειεηάδῃ ὁ δrsquo ἀλέβελ ππξήλ 2 ἑθεβόινο ὤιεθε ιᾱὸλ Ἀραηῶλ

νὕλεθα δῖνο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) 3 θαηέθεα ἑθαηόκβᾱο πνιιάο (ᾱ) 4 ἑθεβόινο νὐθ ἔθιπελ Ἀηξεΐδᾱν

νὕλεθα ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) 5 Υξύζεο (ῡ) κεηέεηπελ Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἀιιrsquo νὐθ Ἀηξεΐδῃ ἥλδαλε ζῡκῷ 6 ὅηε θαθῶο

πξνζέεηπελ Ἀηξεΐδεο Υξύζελ (ῡ) ηόηε ἐρόισζελ ἑθεβόινλ 7 ἀπειύζακελ (ῡ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) νὕλεθα ηὸλ

ἐθηιήζακελ 8 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἤλεηθελ ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα Ἀηξεΐδῃ 9 νἴζνκελ ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀπνιύζνκελ (ῡ)

Υξύζελ (ῡ) νὕλεθα ηὸλ ἐθηιήζακελ θαὶ θίινο ἐζηὶλ ἑθεβόιῳ 10 ηίο θέξεη ἄπνηλα Υξύζᾱν (ῡ) Ἀηξεΐδῃ 11 δῖνο

Πειεηάδεο ἐρόισζελ Ἀηξεΐδελ 12 ὅηε θαηεθήακελ πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἑθαηόκβᾱο θᾱιάο (ᾱ) ηόηε ἐπείζακελ ζῡκνὺο ζεῶλ

13 δηὰ καληνζύλελ Υξύζεο (ῡ) εἶπε βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεῶλ Ἀηξεΐδῃ Πειεηάδῃ ηε

KEY

1 The noble gods prepared evil death for the divine Peleiades and he ascended the funeral pyre 2 The free-

shooter destroyed the host of the Achaeans because the divine Atreides dishonored Chryses 3 I burned many

funeral pyres 4 The free-shooter did not hear the son of Atreus because he dishonored Chryses 5 Chryses spoke

among the Achaeans but but it did not please the heart of Atreides 6 It angered the free-shooter when the son of

Atreus spoke wickedly to Chryses 7 We released Chryses because we loved him 8 Chryses brought countless

glorious ransoms to the son of Atreus 9 We will bring many ransoms and release Chryses because we loved him

and he is dear to the free-shooter 10 Who brought the ransoms of Chryses to the son of Atreus 11 The divine

Peleiades angered the son of Atreus 12 We persuaded the hearts of the gods when we burned many good

hecatombs 13 Through prophesy Chryses spoke the will of the gods to both Atreides and Peleiades

115 Composition

1 The Achaeans ascended into Troy and killed the noble Priam 2 We burned many goodly hecatombs to the

Olympian gods 3 Chryses spoke among the Achaeans but the son of Atreus did not hearken to him 4 The

Achaeans addressed the son of Atreus but he did not free Chryses 5 The son of Atreus will bring many ransoms

into the camp of the Achaeans 6 Who will persuade the gods with many goodly hecatombs

KEY

1 Ἀραηνὶ ἀλέβεζαλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ θαὶ ὤιεμαλ θᾱιὸλ Πξηάκνλ 2 θαηέθεκελ πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) ἑθαηόκβὰο (ᾱ)

ζενῖο ιπκπίνηο 3 Υξύζεο (ῡ) κεηέεηπελ Ἀραηνῖο ἀιιrsquo Ἀηξεΐδεο ηὸλ νὐθ ἔθιπελ 4 Ἀραηνὶ πξνζέεηπνλ Ἀηξεΐδῃ

ἀιιrsquo νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε Υξύζελ (ῡ) 5 Ἀηξεΐδεο νἴζεη ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ εἰο ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 6 ηίο πείζεη ζενὺο πνιιῇο

ἑθαηόκβῃζηλ

Lesson 12

Review

121 Review Vocabulary

Lesson 13

(680-692 701-709)

(cf 897 874 886 619 841-843 576 1178 830-831 837 580 837)

131 Nouns of the Third Declension

Third declension nouns can be either masculine feminine or neuter The nominative endings can take many

forms but there are some conventions Masculine and feminine stems except those ending in λ ξ or ζ simply add

ζ to the stem and make the necessary euphonic changes Stems ending in ξ λ and ζ typically make no changes

except to lengthen the last vowel if it is short Stems ending in -λ(η) either drop the η and lengthen a short vowel or

drop the -λ(η) lengthen the vowel and add ζ Examples δαηκνλ- = δαηκσλ ζῑλ- = ζίο (ῑ) κειαλ- = κέιᾱο γεξνλη- =

γέξσλ etc Neuters typically consist of just the stem in the nominative and accusative except to drop a final -η

where it occurs

In general the stem of a third declension noun is found by dropping the -νο ending from the genitive singular

The dative singular regularly ends in -ῐ but occasionally in -ῑ

The accusative ending was originally -λ and this ending is common on stems ending in a vowel On stems

ending in a consonant the -λ was a sonant consonant which eventually came be pronounced as -ᾰ The result is that

the accusative singular usually ends in -λ for stems ending in a vowel and -ᾰ for stems ending in a consonant

Dental mute stems ending in -ηο and -πο in the nominative singular rarely drop the mute and typically adopt the -λ

accusative ending as if they were vowel stems

The dative plural is formed by adding either -εζζη (rarely -εζη) or -ζη (rarely -ζζη) and making the usual

euphonic changes Most third declension nouns thus have alternate dative plural forms as πνύο = πνζζί = πνζί =

πόδεζζη etc

The accusative plural originally ended in -λο (sonant λ) which gives -αο for stems ending in a consonant and -ῑο

and -ῡο for stems ending in a vowel A few vowel stems borrowed an -αο ending from the first declension by

analogy

The vocative singular is usually either identical to the nominative or identical to the stem alone Stems ending

in λ ξ or ο typically drop this final consonant in the vocative singular

Compensatory lengthening usually occurs in the dative plural when -λη is dropped as in γέξνληζη = γέξνπζη

132 Paradigms

Stems ending in -επ (επ) -νπ and σϝ follow the paradigms of βαζηιεύο (king βαζηιεϝ-) βνῦο (ox βνϝ-) λεῦο

(ship λᾱϝ-) and ἥξσο (hero ἡξσϝ- () or ἡξσ-)

N βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

G βαζηιῆνο [-ένο] βνόο λεόο ἥξσνο

D βαζηιῆη [-έη] βνΐ λεί ἥξση

A βαζηιῆα [-έα] βνῦλ [βῶλ] λῆα [λέα] ἥξσα

V βαζηιεῦ βνῦ λεῦ ἥξσο

N A V βαζηιῆε βόε λῆε ἥξσε

G D βαζηιήνηηλ βόνηηλ λήνηηλ ἡξώνηηλ

N V βαζηιεῆεο βόεο λῆεο ἥξσεο

G βαζηιήσλ βνῶλ λεῶλ [λεῶλ] ἡξώσλ

D βαζηιήεζζη βόεζζη λήεζζη [λέεζζἰ ἡξώεζζη

βαζηιεῦζη βνπζί λεπζί ἥξσζη

A βαζηιῆαο βόαο (βνῦο) λῆζαο (λέαο) ἥξσαο

A long vowel is typically shortened when it occurs before another vowel thus βαζηιῆνο or βαζηιένο This

convention was almost certainly consistent in pronunciation but is only occasionally represented in written form

The π in the stem of these words frequently became ϝ and subsequently disappeared as in βαζηιεπ- βαζηιεϝ-

βαζηιε-

Stems ending in η (εη) and π (επ εϝ) follow the paradigms of πόιηο (city πνιη-) πῆρπο (forearm περεϝ-) ἄζηπ

(city ἀζηεϝ-) λέθπο (corpse λεθῡ-) and δάθξπ (tear δαθξπ-)

N πόιηο πῆρπο ἄζηπ λέθῡο δάθξπ

G πόιηνο -ενο πήρενο ἄζηενο λέθπνο δάθξπνο

D πόιηη -ῑ -εη -εη πήρετ ἄζηετ λέθπτ δάθξπτ

A πόιηλ πῆρσλ ἄζηπ λέθῡλ δαθξπ

V πόιη πῆρπ ἄζηπ λέθῡ δάθξπ

N V πόιηε πήρεε ἄζηεε λέθπε δάθξπε

G D πνιίνηηλ περένηηλ ἄζηνηηλ λεθύνηηλ δαθξύνηηλ

N V πόιηεο -εεο πήρεεο ἄζηεα λέθπεο δάθξπα

G πνιίσλ περέσλ ἀζηέσλ λεθύσλ δαθξύσλ

D πνιίεζζη περέεζζη ἀζηέεζη λεθύεζζη δαθξύεζζη

πόιεζη -ηζη πήρεζη ἄζηεζη λέθῡζ(ζ)η δάθξπζη

A πόιηαο -εαο -ῑο πήρεαο ἄζηεα λέθπαο [-ῡο] δάθξπα

Nouns with stems in -ο (-εο -αο -νο) and -η are declined like ἔπνο (ϝεπεζ-) γέξαο (γεξαζ-) ἠώο (ἀϝζνζ-) δῶκα

(δσκαη-) and ἦκαξ (ἠκαξ- ἠκαη-) Note that -ζ- usually disappears when it occurs between two vowels

N ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο δῶκα ἧκαξ

G ἔπενο γέξανο ἠόνο δώκαηνο ἥκαηνο

D ἔπετ γέξατ ἠόη δώκαηη ἥκαηη

A ἔπνο γέξαο ἠόα δῶκα ἧκαξ

V ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο δῶκα ἧκαξ

N V ἔπεε γέξαε δώκαηε ἥκαηε

G D επένηηλ γεξάνηηλ δσκάηνηηλ ἡκάηνηηλ

N V ἔπεο γέξα(α) δώκαηα ἥκαηα

G ἐπέσλ γεξάσλ δσκάησλ ἡκάησλ

D ἐπέεζζη γεξάεζζη δσκάηεζζη ἡκάηεζζη

ἔπε(ζ)ζη γέξα(ζ)ζη δώκαζη ἥκαζη

A ἔπεα γέξα(α) δώκαηα ἥκαηα

Note that all nouns ening in -νο in the second declension are either masculine or feminine but all nouns ending in -

νο in the third declension are neuter All nouns ending in -κα in the nominative singular and all nouns with genitives

in -αηνο are neuter

133 Further Notes on the Third Declension

Nouns of the third declension can be any gender and consist of stems ending in -η -π or a consonant In

general the following endings are applied to the stem with the usual euphonic changes

N -ο

G -νο

D -η

A -λ

V -

N A V -ε

G D -νηηλ

N V -εο

G -σλ

D -εζζη

A -λο

Standard Euphonic Changes

Later forms of Greek such as Attic and Koine frequently contracted the forms found in Homer

The -λ in the accusative singular and plural is sonant meaning that it is pronounced as λ when

following a vowel but it is pronounced as ᾰ when following a consonant Thus πνιη-λ = πνιηλ and

πνιη-λο = πνιηο but δαηκνλ-λ = δαηκνλα and δαηκνλ-λο = δαηκνλαο

o In most cases a stem originally ending in ϝ is treated as if it ends in a consonant Thus

βαζηιεϝα = βαζηιεα εξσϝα = εξσα

o The word βνϝ- is an exception where ϝ becomes π (probably because νπ is such a common

diphthong) βνϝλ = βνπλ

Dentals are dropped before ζ Thus παηδο = παηο

o In cases where the stem ends in -λη the dental and the ζ are typically dropped with the last

vowel lengthened by compensation Thus γεξνληο = γεξσλ

Palatals combine with ζ to form μ Thus αηγο = αημ θεξπθο = θεξπμ etc

o Stems ending in -θη apply both the dental and palatal changes first dropping the η and then

combining the θζ to form μ Thus λπθηο = λπθο = λπμ

Labials combine with ζ to form ς Thus Αηζηνπο = Αηζηνς

The ζ is dropped when it follows a nasal or ξ and the last vowel is lengthened to compensate (if it

isnrsquot long already) Thus δαηκνλο = δαηκσλ θξελο = θξελ ρεηξο = ρεηξ παηεξο = παηεξ κεηεξο =

κεηεξ etc

Stems that originally ended in ϝ usually retain a π in its place in the nominative Thus βαζηιεϝο =

βαζηιεπο (originally βαζηιεπο) λεϝο = λεπο βνϝο = βνπο etc

o The same phenomenon sometimes occurs in the accusative singular as well where ϝ becomes

π and the final λ is retained Thus περεϝλ = περευλ = περπλ

o The word εξσο is an apparent exception where εξσϝο = εξσο This may be from analogy

with the relatively common -σο ending in Greek or it could be that the stem was originally

εξσ- witout the ϝ

o When the stem ends in -εϝ the ε is usually dropped in the nominative thus περεϝο = περεπο =

περπο (but the genitive and dative are περενο περετ)

Some confusion can occur at the apparent irregularity of stems ending in -π αζηπ αζηενο αζηεη etc

but δαθξπ δαθξπνο δαθξπτ etc The difference is that stems like αζηπ originally ended in a vowel + ϝ

(αζηεϝ) while stems like δαθξπ originally ended in π

Some neuters originally ended in -εο These are usually declined as -νο in the nominative and

accusative In the other cases the endings are simply applied to -εζ- and the sigma is dropped when it

occurs between two vowels επνο (nom acc from επεζο) επενο (gen from επεζνο) επετ (dat from

επεζη) etc

o Stems ending in -αο simple drop the extra sigma in the nominative singular and append the

case endings to -αζ- (dropping ζ when it occurs between two vowels) Thus γεξαο γεξανο

γεξατ etc

o Stems ending in -νο follow the same pattern as those ending in -αο except that the ν is

lengthened to σ in the nominative Thus εσο εννο εντ etc

Neuter stems ending in -καη usually drop the η in the nominative and accusative singular but retain it

in the plural Thus δσκα (nom and acc sing) δσκαηνο (gen sing) δσκαηη (dat sing) δσκαηα (nom and

acc plur) δσκαησλ (gen plur) δσκαηεζζη (dat plur) etc Neuter stems ending in -καξ usually behave

as if they ended in -καη in all cases except the nominative and accusative singular Thus εκαξ εκαηνο

εκαηη etc

The dative plural ending is given as -εζζη This could be shortened to -ζζη (before vowels) -εζη or -ζη

The -ζη ending is the most common in later dialects Thus Homeric θεξπθεζζη is typically θεξπμη in

Attic and Koine

The vocative singular in neuters is always identical to the nominative and accusative singulars

o In masculine and feminine nouns the vocative singular is usually just the stem without any

endings applied as long as the stem is capable of standing alone Thus δαηκνλ ρεηξ παηεξ

κεηεξ ζπγαηεξ αλεξ βνπ λεπ πνιη λεθῡ δαθξπ etc

o In some cases where the nominative singular has slightly modified the stem before adding -ο

the vocative is formed by simply dropping the ο Thus παη βαζηιεπ περπ

o In cases where the ο of the nominative singular has combined with the stem the vocative is

usually indentical to the nominative singular Thus αλαμ λπμ αημ θεξπμ Αηζηνς etc

o In rare cases the vocative is identical to the nominative singular even when dropping the ο

would have been convenient as in εξσο εσο

Alternate Endings The following are some alternate endings that could be applied instead of the usual

case endings listed above

o -ζη can be used to denote place where

o -ζελ can be used to denote source or separation or as an alternative ending for the genitive

case

o -δε can be added to the accusative ending to denote place to which or limit of motion

o -η can be added to denote place where

o -θη(λ) can be added as a substitute for several uses of the genitive and the dative cases

particularly in the instrumental sense

134 References

This lesson references several points in the grammar Note the following

Deponent verbs take middle or passive forms but denote active meanings

Some verbs reduplicate the initial syllable in the present tense by repeating the initial consonant

followed by -η Thus ἴζηεκη (orig ζηζηεκη) ηίζεκη δίδσκη πίκπιεκη γίγλνκαη γηγλώζθσ κηκλήζθσ

etc When futures and second aorists are reduplicated they usually follow the pattern of reduplication

found in the perfect tense If the initial consonant is aspirated the reduplicated consonant is typically

smooth Thus ηίζεκη rather than ζίζεκη

Note that ἴκη δίδσκη and ηίζεκη take the aorist in -θα rather than -ζα

When a word ends in a vowel and the following word begins with a vowel the result is called hiatus

In general hiatus is avoided in poetry through the use of elision crasis synizesis moveable

consonants etc However hiatus is allowed in some circumstances such as when elision has already

occurred when the first of the two vowels is long and occurs on the beat (or ictus) of the verse or

when a long vowel or diphthong has been shortened or when the two vowels were originally separated

by ϝ

Recall that the verbal augment is frequently omitted

135 Vocabulary

Ἄηο Ἄηδνο ὁ (nom not used) Hades

ἄιγνο ενο ηό grief pain woe trouble

Ἀρηιιεύο ῆνο ὁ Achilles

δαίο δαηηόο ἡ feast banquet portion

Εεύο Γηόο ὁ Zeus

ἥξσο ἥξσνο ὁ hero mighty warrior protector savior

ἴθζῑκνο ε νλ mighty valiant stout-hearted brave

θύσλ θπλόο ὁ ἡ dog

κῆληο ηνο ἡ wrath fury madness rage

νὐιόκελνο ε νλ accursed destructive deadly

πξντάπησ πξντάςσ πξνΐαςα hurl forward send forth

ηίζεκη (ζε- ζε-) ζήζσ ἔζεθα put place cause

Ἀρηιιεπο (Ἀρηιιεϝ-) Ἀρηιιενο Ἀρηιιεη Ἀρηιιεα

δαηο (δαηη-) δαηηνο δαηηη δαηηα δαηηεο δαηησλ δαηηεζζη δαηηαο

Εεπο Γηνο Γηη Γηα

ἡξσο ἡξσνο ἡξστ ἡξσα ἡξσεο ἡξσσλ ἡξσεζζη ἡξσαο

θπσλ θπλνο θπλη θπλα θπλεο θπλσλ θπλεζζη θπλαο

κεληο (κελη-) κεληνο κεληη κεληλ κεληεο κελησλ κεληεζζη κεληαο

136 Translation

1 κῆληο Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο ἦλ νὐινκέλε ἔζεθε γὰξ κῡξηrsquo ἄιγεα ηνῖζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ πξνΐαςε δὲ πνιιὰο (ᾱ)

ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἰθζίκνπο (ῑ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη ἔηεπρε δrsquo αὐηνὺο ἑιώξηα θαὶ δαῖηα θύλεζζηλ νἰσλνῖζί ηε ἐηέιεζε δὲ βνπιὴλ

Γηόο 2 ζεὰ (ᾱ) ἀείδεη κῆληλ νὐινκέλελ Ἀρηιῆνο ἣ ἔζεθελ κῡξίrsquo ἄιγεrsquo Ἀραηνῖζηλ 3 ζενὶ ὀιέθνπζη ηὸλ ζηξαηόλ θαὶ

πξντάπηνπζη πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη 4ηεύμνκελ κῡξίνπο Ἀραηνὺο ἑιώξηα θύλεζζηλ θαὶ δαῖηα ηνῖζηλ

νἰσλνῖζηλ νὕλεθα ἠηίκαζαλ (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) 5 θᾱιὴ ἦλ ἡ βνπιὴ Γηόο

KEY

1 The wrath of Achilles son of Peleus was destructive for it caused countless woes to the Achaeans and sent

forth many valiant souls of heros to Hades making them spoils and a banquet for the dogs and the vultures 2 The

goddess sings the accursed wrath of Achilles which brought countless woes to the Achaeans 3 The gods are

destroying the camp and sending forth many souls of the heros to Hades 4 We will make countless Achaeans spoils

for the dogs and a feast for these vultures because they dishonored Chryses 5 The will of Zeus was good

137 Iliad 1-5

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κπξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςπρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιήλ

Μῆληλ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse

ἄεηδε - present active imperative 2nd

person singular of ἀείδσ

ζεά - vocative case

Πειεηάδεσ = Πειεηάδᾱν (the verse may have originally read Πειεηάδᾱrsquo)

νὐινκέλελ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse as well as out of

the natural order and is placed directly opposite the word κῆληλ

κῡξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο - the hiatus is permited because elision has already occurred in κῡξίνηο

Ἄηδη was originally Ἄϝηδη and is still accented as it began with α instead of αη

ἡξώσλ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse and its deviation from

the natural order

δὲ ἑιώξηα - the hiatus is permitted because the original was δὲ ϝειώξηα

ηεῦρε - the augment is dropped (usually ἔηεπρε)

ἐηειείεην - imperfect passive indicative 3rd

person singular of ηειείσ

KEY

Sing O goddess of the accursed wrath of Achilles Peleiades

which brought countless woes to the Achaeans

and cast forth the souls of many valiant warriors to Hades

making them the spoils and feast of both dogs

and vultures But the will of Zeus was accomplished

138 Composition

1 The valiant Achaeans are singing the accursed wrath of Achilles 2 The wrath of Achilles caused many woes

to the Achaeans and sent many valiant souls of heroes to the god Hades 3 We shall make the army of the Achaeans

a booty for the dogs and a banquet for the birds 4 We are accomplishing the will of the goddess

KEY

1 ἴθζῑκνη Ἀραηνὶ ἀείδνπζηλ νὐινκέλελ κῆληλ Ἀρηιῆνο 2 κῆληο Ἀρηιῆνο ἔζεθε κῡξίrsquo ἄιγεrsquo Ἀραηνῖζη θαὶ

πξνΐαςε πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἰθζίκνπο ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη 3 ηεύμνκελ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ ἑιώξηα θύλεζζηλ θαὶ δαῖηα

νἰσλνῖζηλ 4 ηεύρνκελ βνπιὴλ ζεᾶο

Lesson 14

(519-526 1159-1192)

(cf 586)

141 Syllable Quantity

A syllable is long (by nature) when it contains a long vowel or a diphthong or (by position) when it ends in two

consecutive consonants (or a double consonant) A short vowel followed by a mute and a liquid κ or λ is common

and can be either long or short depending on the requirements of the verse Occasionally the letters ι κ λ ξ or ζ

are doubled in pronunciation when they follow a short vowel making the syllable long by position but this

convention is not always represented in writing And occasionally a lost ϝ will combine with another consonant to

make the preceding syllable long by position

Observe the following rules when determing the length of a syllable

Any vowel with the circumflex accent is long

The vowel of any ultmia whose penult bears the circumflex is short

If the penult has an acute then the vowel of the ultima must also be long

If the vowel of the ultima is short and the penult has the acute then the vowel of the penult must

be short as well

If the antepenult is accented the vowel of the ultima must be short

Occasionally these rules do not apply to certain compounds where one of the two words are

accented as if they were separate

If a short syllable stands where a long syllable is expected it is usually because the pause of the caesura or

diaresis fills out the foot or because the following word has lost a consonant (usually ϝ or ζ) And occasionally a

short syllable ending in a consonant is lengthened when it occurs on the ictus (beat) of the verse Such lengthening is

called thesis

142 Metrical Quantity

With the exception of pauses at the end of the verse caesura and diaresis all feet must consist of two long

syllables or a long syllable followed by two shorts Thus if a long syllable is followed by a short syllable then the

next syllable must be short as well Likewise if a short syllable is followed by a long syllable then the preceding

syllable must be short as well

When a word ends in a short vowel (and sometimes -νη and -αη) and the following word begins with a vowel

the short vowel is usually elided unless the following word originally began with ϝ When a word ends in a long

vowel or a diphthong and the following word begins with a vowel the long vowel is usually shortened This

phenomenon can also occur within the same word and again it is less common when the following word originally

began with ϝ Vowel shortening is also rare when the long vowel occurs on the ictus

The meter of Homer is called dactylic or heroic hexameter and is the most common meter in Greek verse Each

verse has six feet The first five feet can be dactyls (one long syllable followed by two short syllables) or spondees

(two long syllables) The final foot of the verse is always a spndee but keep in mind that the pause at the end of the

verse often combines with a final short syllable to form one long syllable The fifth foot of each verse is usually a

dactyl with only one in twenty (or so) verses containing a spondee in the fifth foot The verses that have a spndee in

the fifth foot are called spondaic and usually take slightly longer to recite In dactylic hexameter the ictus (beat) of

the verse always occurs on the first syllable of each foot producing six distinct beats per verse

Caesura occurs when a word ends within a foot (ie at the end of the first syllable of a foot or between the two

short syllables of the foot) When a caesura occurs at a natural pause in the verse this is said to be the caesura of the

verse A pause after the first syllable of a foot is called a masculine caesura and a pause after the second syllable of

the foot is called a feminine caesura

Diaresis occurs when the end of a word coincides with the end of a foot When this falls at a natural pause in

the verse it is said to be the diaresis of the verse When the diaresis occurs at the end of the fourth foot is it called

the bucolic diaresis (due to its common use in pastoral poetry)

143 Marking the Rhythm of the Iliad 1-5

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κπξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςπρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιήλ

ΜΖ ληλ α | ΔΗ δε ζε | Α ΠΖ | ΛΖ η α | ΓΔΧ α ρη | ΛΖ Ο-

dact dact spon dact dact spon

The pauses at the end of κῆληλ and ἄεηδε are feminine caesuras

The pauses at the end of ζεά Πειεηάδεσ and Ἀρηιῆνο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of ζεά is the caesura of the verse

The dash at the end of the verse indicates a pause that combines with a short vowel to fill out the

last foot

ΟΤ ιν κε | ΝΖΝ Ζ | ΜΤ ξη α | ΥΑΗ ΟΗ | ΑΛ γε ε | ΘΖ ΚΔΝ-

dact spon dact spon dact spon

The pauses at the end of κῡξίrsquo and ἄιγε are feminine caesuras

The pauses at the end of νὐινκέλελ and ἔζεθελ are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of νὐινκέλελ is the caesura of the verse

The pauses at the end of ἥ and Ἀραηνῖο are diareses

The diaresis at Ἀραηνῖο is a bucolic diaresis

κῡξία Ἀραηνῖο and ἄιγεα ἔζεθελ are examples of hiatus

The first syllable of ἄιγεrsquo is long because it is followed by two consecutive consonants

ΠΟΛ ΛΑ | ΓrsquoΗΦ ΘΗ | ΜΟΤ ΦΤ | ΥΑ ΑΗ | ΓΗ πξν τ | Α ΦΔΝ-

spon spon spon spon dact spon

The pauses at the end of ἰθζίκνπο and ςπράο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of πνιιάο is a diaresis

δὲ ἰθζίκνπο is hiatus

The first syllable of πνιιάο is long by position as is the first syllable of ἰθζίκνπο the last syllable

of Ἄηδη and the second syllable of πξνΐαςελ

Ζ ΡΧ | ΧΝ ΑΤ | ΣΟΤ δε ε | ΛΧ ξη α | ΣΔΤ ρε θπ | ΝΔ ΗΝ-

spon spon dact dact dact spon

The pause at the end of ηεῦρε is a feminine caesura

The pauses at the end of ἡξώσλ and αὐηνύο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of ἡξώσλ is the caesura of the verse

The pause at the end of ἑιώξηα is a diaresis

ΟΗ Χ | ΝΟΗ ζη ηε | ΓΑΗ ηα δη | Ο δrsquoε ηε | ΛΔΗ ε ην | ΒΟΤ ΛΖΝ

The pauses at the end of νἰσλνῖζη and δαῖηα are feminine caesuras

The pause at the end of Γηόο is a masculine caesura

The pauses at the end of ηε ἐηειείεην and βνπιήλ are diareses

The pause at the end of δαῖηα is the diaresis of the verse

Lesson 15

(693-694 697-700)

(cf 781-782 837 580 1009 996 584-585)

151 Third Declension Paradigms (continued)

Third declension nouns ending in a dental mute stem are exemplified by ἄλαμ (king ϝαλαθη-) λύμ (night λπθη-

) παῖο (child παηδ-) and γέξσλ (old man γεξνλη-)

N ἄλαμ λύμ παῖο γέξσλ

G ἄλαθηνο λπθηόο παηδόο γέξνληνο

D ἄλαθηη λπθηί παηδί γέξνληη

A ἄλαθηα λύθηα παίδα γέξνληα

V ἄλαμ [ἄλα] λύμ παῖ γέξσλ

N V A ἄλαθηε λύθηε παίδε γέξνληε

G D ἀλάθηνηηλ λύθηνηηλ παίδνηηλ γεξόληνηηλ

N ἄλαθηεο λύθηεο παίδεο γέξνληεο

G ἀλάθησλ λπθηῶλ παηδῶλ γεξόλησλ

D ἀλάθηεζζη λύθηεζζη παίδεζζη γεξόληεζζη

ἄλαμη λπμί παηζί γέξνπζη

A ἄλαθηαο λύθηνο παῖδαο γέξνληαο

Third declension nouns ending in labial and palatal stems are exemplified by αἴμ (goat αἰγ-) θῆξπμ (herald

θεξῡθ-) and Αἰζίνς (Ethipoian Αἰζηνπ-)

N αἴμ θῆξπμ Αἰζίνς

G αἰγόο θήξῡθνο Αἰζίνπνο

D αἰγί θήξῡθη Αἰζίνπη

A αἶγα θήξῡθα Αἰζίνπα

V αἴμ θῆξπμ Αἰζίνς

N V A αἶγε θήξῡθε Αἰζίνπε

G D αἴγνηηλ θεξύθνηηλ (ῡ) Αἰζηόπνηηλ

N αἶγεο θήξῡθεο Αἰζίνπεο

G αἰγῶλ θεξύθσλ (ῡ) Αἰζηόπσλ

D αἴγεζζη θεξύθεζζη (ῡ) Αἰζηόπεζζη

αἰμί θήξῡμ Αἰζίνςη

A αἶγαο θήξῡθαο Αἰζίνπαο

Nouns with stems ending in -εξ express different grades of ablaut in the stem (-εξ -εξ -ξ) with a recessive

accent in the vocative singular These are exemplified by παηήξ (father παηεξ-) κήηεξ (mother κεηεξ-) ζπγάηεξ

(daughter ζπγαηεξ-) and ἀλήξ (man ἀλεξ-)

N παηήξ κήηεξ ζπγάηεξ ἀλήξ

G παηέξνο -ηξόο κεηέξνο -ηξόο ζπγαηέξνο -ηξόο ἀλέξνο ἀλδξόο

D παηέξη -ηξί κεηέξη -ηξί ζπγαηέξη -ηξί ἀλέξη ἀλδξί

A παηέξα κεηέξα ζπγαηέξα ἀλέξα ἄλδξα

V πάηεξ κῆηεξ ζύγαηεξ ἄλεξ

N V A παηέξε κεηέξε ζπγαηέξε ἀλέξε ἄλδξε

G D παηέξνηηλ κεηέξνηηλ ζπγαηέξνηηλ ἀλέξνηηλ ἄλδξνηηλ

N παηέξεο κεηέξεο ζπγαηέξεο ζύγαηξεο ἀλέξεο ἄλδξεο

G παηέξσλ -ηξῶλ κεηέξσλ -ηξῶλ ζπγαηέξσλ ζπγαηξῶλ ἀλέξσλ ἀλδξῶλ

D παηξάζη κεηξάζη ζπγαηξάζη ζπγαηέξεζζη ἀλδξάζη ἄλδξεζζη

A παηέξαο κεηέξαο ζπγαηέξαο ζύγαηξαο ἀλέξαο ἄλδξαο

Note that δ is inserted into ἀλήξ between λ and ξ where they occur together The accent of the shorter forms of

ἀλέξ follow the pattern seen in παηήξ The alpha after ξ in the dative plural was added euphonically to strengthen

what was originally a sonant ξ

152 Vocabulary

ἄλαμ ἄλαθηνο ὁ king lord protector

ἀλήξ ἀλέξνο (ἀλδξόο) ὁ (real) man warrior hero

ἄξ(α) (ῥά) naturally of course as you know as you might expect that is

in effect (not always translatable)

βαζηιεύο ῆνο ὁ king ruler

δή indeed truly forsooth now

δηίζηεκη (ζηε- ζηα-) δηαζηήζσ stand apart separate

δηέζηεζα (δηέζηελ)

ἐμ νὗ from the time when

ἐξίδσ (ἐξηδ-) - ἤξηζ(ζ)α quarrel strive

ἠξηζάηελ (they) strove

ἔξηο ηδνο ἡ strife quarrel

Λεηώ Λεηόνο ἡ Leto

κάρνκαη fight battle

κάρεζζαη to fight

μπλίκη μπλήζσ μπλῆθα (μπλέεθα) bring together throw together hearken heed

ὄξλῡκη ὄξζσ ὦξζα (ὤξνξνλ) stir up kindle incite excite arouse

πξῶηνο ε νλ first foremost chief

ηὸ πξῶηνλ ηὰ πξῶηα (adv) at first firstly first

πἱόο νῦ ὁ son

ζθσε these two

153 Translation

1 ζεὰ (ᾱ) ἀείζεη κῆληλ Ἀρηιῆνο ἐμ νὗ δὴ ηὰ πξῶηα δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο θαὶ Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἀλδξῶλ ἠξηζάηελ θαὶ

δηεζηήηελ 2 ηίο ζεῶλ μπλέεθε δῖνλ Ἀρηιῆά ηε θαὶ Ἀηξεΐδελ ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 3 πἱὸο Λεηόνο θαὶ Γηὸο ἑθεβόινο

μπλέεθέ ζθσε ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη ηὸλ γὰξ βαζηιεὺο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἐρόισζελ ὁ δrsquo ὦξζε θαθὴλ λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ

ὤιεθε δὲ ιᾱνύο

KEY

1 The goddess sings the wrath of Achilles from the time when first the divine Achilles and Atreides king of

men strove and separated 2 Which of the gods brought together the divine Achilles and the son of Atreus to fight

in strife 3 The son of Leto and Zeus the Free-shooter brought these two together to fight in strife for Atreides the

king enraged him so he stirred up an evil plague through the camp of the Achaeans and destroyed their host

154 Iliad 1-10

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κῡξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςῡρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιή

ἐμ νὗ δὴ ηὰ πξῶηα δηαζηήηελ ἐξίζαληε

Ἀηξεΐδεο ηε ἄλαμ ἀλδξῶλ θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεύο

ηίο ηrsquo ἄξ ζθσε ζεῶλ ἔξηδη μπλέεθε κάρεζζαη

Λεηνῦο θαὶ Γηὸο πἱόο ὁ γὰξ βαζηιῆη ρνισζεὶο

λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ ὦξζε θαθήλ ὀιέθνλην δὲ ιᾱνί

δηαζηήηελ = δηεζηήηελ

ἐξίζαληε = aor act part nom dual masc (they two) having quarreled

ηε ἄλαμ originally ηε ϝάλαμ thus allowing the hiatus

ζθσε [ἕσ] = 3rd

pers pron acc dual these two

ἔξηδη is dative of means in strife

κάρεζζαη = pres act infinitive deponent to fight

ρνισζείο = aor pass part nom sing masc having been enraged

Λεηνῦο = contracted form of Λεηόνο

βαζηιῆη = Agamemnon instrumental case by the king

ὀιέθνλην = ὠιέθνλην imperf pass ind 3rd

pers plural were being destroyed or kept

perishing

KEY

Sing O goddess of the accursed wrath of Achilles Peleiades

which brought countless woes to the Achaeans

and cast forth the souls of many valiant warriors to Hades

making them the spoils and feast of both dogs

and vultures But the will of Zeus was accomplished

indeed from the time when at first having quarreled both

Atreides king of men and the divine Achilles separated

Which of the gods of course brought these two together to fight in strife

The son of Leto and Zeus For enraged by the king he

kindled an evil plague up through the camp and the people were destroyed

155 Composition

1 ἠείδνκελ κῆληλ νὐινκέλελ Ἀρηιιῆνο ἐμ νὗ ηὰ πξῶηα Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἀλέξσλ (ἀλδξῶλ) θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο

ἠξηζάηελ θαὶ δηεζηεζάηελ (δηεζηήηελ) 2 ηίο ζεῶλ μπλῆθε (μπλέεθα) Ἀραηνὺο θαὶ ιᾱὸλ Πξηάκνπ ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 3

μπλῆθε (μπλέεθα) ζθσε (ἕν) πἱὸο Λεηόνο (Λεηνῦο) θαὶ Γηὸο ἑθεβόινο ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 4 Αηξεΐδεο βαζηιεὺο

Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο ἐρόισζαλ ἄλαθηα ἑθεβόινλ θαὶ ὁ ὦξζα (ὤξνξε) λνῦζνπο πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θαθὰο (ᾱ) ἀλὰ

ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ θαθῶο ὤιεθελ ἀγαζὸλ ιᾱόλ

Lesson 16

(887-897 910 1065-1068 697-703 707 710 732)

161 Formation of Middle Passive and Deponent Verbs

The endings of the middle voice are different from the active voice The passive voice applies the same endings

as the middle voice except in the aorist passive which applies active endings Because the middle and passive voice

are identical (other than the aorist) the context determines whether a verb is used with middle or the passive

meaning The aorist middle is often used with a passive meaning (especially in athematic forms) and the aorist

passive is often used with a middle meaning

The perfect and pluperfect of the middlepassive are athematic with the personal endings attached directly to

the reduplicated stem

The future perfect passive is formed by adding -ζνε to the perfect middle passive lengthening the vowel that

precedes this ending

The first aorist passive is formed by adding -(ζ)ζεε to the stem Before ζ π and β become θ θ and γ become ρ

and η δ ζ become ζ Many verbs have a second aorist passive that drops the ζ altogether

Deponent verbs have no active form but use the middlepassive forms in an active sense

162 Paradigms Present and Future Indicative MiddlePassive of ιύσ

Present

S 1 ιύνκαη

2 ιύεαη [(ιύῃ)]

3 ιύεηαη

D 2 ιύεζζνλ

3 ιύεζζνλ

P 1 ιπόκε(ζ)ζα

2 ιύεζζα

3 ιύνληαη

Future

S 1 ιύζνκαη (ῡ)

2 ιύζεαη (ῡ) [(ιύζῃ (ῡ))]

3 ιύζεηαη (ῡ)

D 2 ιύζεζζνλ (ῡ)

3 ιύζεζζνλ (ῡ)

P 1 ιῡζόκεζα

2 ιύζεζζε (ῡ)

3 ιύζνληαη (ῡ)

163 The Use of Voice in Greek

The active voice indicates that the subject is acting λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ ὦξζε = he kindled a plague up

through the camp

The passive voice indicates that the subject is acted upon Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιή = but the will of Zeus was

being accomplished

The Middle voice denotes one of three meanings

1 The subject acting upon itself πείζνκαη (I convince myself) θαίλνκαη (I show myself)

2 The subject acting for itself θαιένκαη (I call for myself)

3 The subject acting upon something belonging to itself ιύνκαη (I loose my own I ransom)

When determing the difference between the middle and passive keep in mind that the middle voice always

conveys a direct or indirect reference to the subject and that the subject is effect by or has an interest in the action

164 Third Declension Stems in -επ -επ -νπ and -σϝ

Stems in -επ usually became -εϝ and the third declension endings are applied after the ϝ Thus βαζηιεϝνο =

βαζηιῆνο βαηιεϝη = βαζηιῆη βαζηιεϝα = βαζηιῆα etc Note that the ϝ explains why εη (εϝη) does not form an

improper diphthong as well as why the accusative singular ends in -εα (as if the stem ended in a consonant) instead

of -ελ (as if the stem ended in a vowel) Note that when the ending consists of a consonant the -εϝ is contracted to

the diphthong -επ Thus βαζηιεϝο = βαζηιεύο βαζηιεϝ = βαζηιεῦ βαζηιεϝζη = βαζηιεῦζη In rare cases the other

endings also contract the -ε to -ε (ie βαζηιῆνο = βαζηιένο)

In stems ending originally in -ᾱϝ the ᾱ becomes ε in the Ionic dialect These are declined the same as -εϝ

except that -εῡ is formed before consonants instead of -επ Thus λᾱϝο = λεϝο = λεῦο λᾱϝ = λεϝ = λεῦ But note the

exception in the shorter form of the dative plural where λᾱϝζη = λεϝζη = λεπζί (rather than λεῡζη) In contracted

forms the ε usually becomes ε

In stems ending in -σϝ the third declension endings are applied directly to the stem Thus ἡξσϝο = ἥξσο

ἡξσϝνο = ἥξσνο ἡξσϝη = ἥξση ἡξσϝα = ἥξσα etc

In stems ending originally in -ν or -νϝ the third declension endings are applied as usual But keep in mind that -

νϝ is contracted to the diphthong -νπ before a consonant thus βνϝο = βνῦο and βνϝζη = βνπζί But note the

exception that occurs in the accusative singular where βνϝλ = βνῦλ rather than βνϝα

βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

(βαζηιεϝ-) (βνϝ-) (λᾱϝ-) (ἡξσϝ-)

N βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

G βαζηιῆνο [ένο] βνόο λεόο [εόο] ἥξσνο

D βαζηιῆη [έη] βνΐ λεί ἥξση

A βαζηιῆα [έα] βνῦλ [βῶλ] λῆα [έα] ἥξσα

V βαζηιεῦ βνῦ λεῦ ἥξσο

N V A βαζηιῆε βόε λῆε ἥξσε

G D βαζηιήνηηλ βόνηηλ λήνηηλ ἡξώνηηλ

N V βαζηιῆεο βόεο λῆεο ἥξσεο

G βαζηιήσλ βνῶλ λεῶλ [εῶλ] ἡξώσλ

D βαζηιήεζζη βόεζζη λήεζζη [έεζζη] ἡξώεζζη

βαζηιεῦζη βνπζί λεπζί ἥξσζη

A βαζηιῆαο βόαο (βνῦο) λῆαο [έαο] ἥξσαο

165 Third Declension Stems in -εζ -αζ and -νζ

When a stem ends in a vowel plus -ζ the initial ζ is dropped between two vowels Thus γεξαζνο = γέξανο

ἠνζνο = ἠόνο etc

All third declension nouns with stems ending in -εο are neuters and follow the pattern of ἔπνο The third

declension endings are applied as usual except that the nominative vocative and accusative singulars end in -νο

Nouns with stems ending in -νο take -σο in the nominative and vocative singular but otherwise apply the third

declension endings as usual (dropping ζ between two vowels)

ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

(ϝεπεζ-) (γεξαζ-) (ἀϝζνζ- (ᾱ))

N ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

G ἔπενο γέξανο ἠόνο

D ἔπετ γέξατ ἠόη

A ἔπνο γέξαο ἠόα

V ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

N V A ἔπεε γέξαε

G D ἐπένηηλ γεξάνηηλ

N V ἔπεα γέξα(α)

G ἐπέσλ γεξάσλ

D ἐπέεζζη γεξάεζζη

ἔπε(ζ)ζη γέξα(ζ)ζη

A ἔπεα γέξα(α)

166 Third Declension Stems in -καη and -καξ

Stems ending in -καη and -καξ are neuters

Stems in -καη drop the -ηο in the nominative vocative and accusative singular δσκαηο = δῶκα Otherwise the

third declension endings are applied as usual

Stems ending in -καξ are declined like those ending in -καη except in the nominative vocative and accusative

singular (which end in -καξ)

δῶκα ἦκαξ

(δσκαη-) (ἠκαξ- ἠκαη-)

N δῶκα ἦκαξ

G δώκαηνο ἤκαηνο

D δώκαηη ἤκαηη

A δῶκα ἦκαξ

V δῶκα ἦκαξ

N V A δώκαηε ἤκαηε

G D δσκάηνηηλ ἠκάηνηηλ

N V δώκαηα ἤκαηα

G δσκάησλ ἠκάησλ

D δσκάηεζζη ἠκάηεζζη

δώκαζη ἤκαζη

A δώκαηα ἤκαηα

167 Third Declension Stems in -λη and -λ

Stems ending in -λη drop the -λη before ζ and lengthen the preceding vowel thus παληο = πᾶο παληζη = πᾶζη

Otherwise the third declension endings are applied as usual In neuters the -η is dropped at the end of the word thus

παλη = πᾶλ Stems in -λ drop the -λ before ζ and lengthen the preceding vowel in the masculine (but not in the

neuter)

πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

(παλη- παληα- παλη-)

Masc Fem Neut

N πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

G παληόο πάζεο (ᾱ) παληόο

D παληί πάζῃ (ᾱ) παληί

A πάληα πᾶζαλ πᾶλ

V πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

N V πάληεο πᾶζαη πάληα

G πάλησλ πᾱζάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] πάλησλ

D πάληεζ(ζ)η πάζῃζη (ᾱ) πάληεζ(ζ)η

πᾶζη πάζῃο (ᾱ) πᾶζη

A πάληνο πάζᾱο (ᾱ) πάληα

κέιᾱο κέιαηλα κέιαλ

(κειαλ- κειαηλα- κειαλ-)

N κέιᾱο κέιαηλα κέιαλ

G κέιαλνο κειαίλεο κέιαλνο

D κέιαλη κειαίλῃ κέιαλη

A κέιαλα κέιαηλαλ κέιαλ

V κέιαλ κέιαηλα κέιαλ

N V A κέιαλε κειαίλᾱ κέιαλε

G D κειάλνηηλ κειαίλῃηλ κειάλνηηλ

N V κέιαλεο κέιαηλαη κέιαλα

G κειάλσλ κειαηλάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] κειάλσλ

D κειάλεζ(ζ)η κειαίλῃζη κειάλεζ(ζ)η

κέιαζη κειαίλῃο κέιαζη

A κέιαλεο κειαίλᾱο κέιαλα

168 Vocabulary

Nouns

Ἀπόιισλ (ᾰ or ᾰ) σλνο ὁ Apollo

ἀξεηήξ (ᾱ) ῆξνο ὁ priest prayer

ζπγάηεξ ηέξνο (ηξόο) ἡ daughter

θνζκήησξ νξνο ὁ commander marshaller

λεῦο λεόο (λεόο) ἡ ship

ζηέκκα καηνο ηό fillet (of white cotton) wreath

ρείξ ρεηξόο ἡ hand arm

Verbs

ἔξρνκαη (ἐξρ- ἐιε- ἐιεπζ- ἐιπζ-) come go

ἐιεύζνκαη I will come I will go

ἦιζνλ (ἤιπζνλ) I came I went

ιίζζνκαη (ιηη-) I beg I entreat

---

ἐιιηζάκελ (ἐιηηόκελ) I begged I entreated

Adjectives Prepositions

ζνόο ή όλ swift speedy

πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ all every (the) whole

Indeclinable

δύν (δύσ) two

κάιηζηα most especially by all means

169 Translation

1 Ἀπόιισλ ἑθεβόινο ρνινῦηαη βαζηιῆη Αηξεΐδῃ θαὶ πέκπεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ ὀιέθνληαη δὲ

ιᾱνί νὕλεθα δῖνο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) 2 Υξύζεο (ῡ) γὰξ ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἑθεβόινπ ἔξρεηαη

ἐπὶ ζνὰο (ᾱ) λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ θέξεη δrsquo ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα ζπγαηξόο ἣλ Ἀηξεΐδεο ἔρεη ἐλ ζηξαηῷ 3 ὁ δrsquo ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἔρεη

ζηέκκαηα ἑθεβόινπ Ἀπόιισλνο ἐλ ρεξζὶλ ἀλὰ ρξῡζέῳ ζθήπηξῳ θαὶ ιίζζεηαη πάληαο Ἀραηνύο κάιηζηα δrsquo Ἀηξεΐδᾱ

δύσ θνζκήηνξε ιᾱῶλ 4 Ἀπόιισλ ρνιώζεηαη βαζηιῆη θαὶ ὄξζεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηόλ 5 ἐιεύζνληαη ἐπὶ ζνὰο

(ᾱ) λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ νἴζνπζη ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα βαζηιῆη 6 ιίζζνληαη πάληαο Ἀραηνύο 7 Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζελ (ῑ)

ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) θαὶ νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε ζύγαηξα

KEY

1 Apollo the free-shooter enraged by king Atreides sent an evil plague through the camp of the Achaeans and

the people were destroyed because the divine Atreides dishonored Chryses the priest 2 For Chryses the priest of

the free-shooter went upon the swift ships of the Achaeans bearing countless ransoms for his daughter whom

Atreides was holding in the camp 3 But the priest had a wreath of Apollo the free-shooter upon a staff in his hand

and was entreating all of the Achaeans but especially the sons of Atreus (who were) the commanders of the host 4

Apollo will be enraged by the king and will kindle an evil plague up through the camp 5 They will go upon the

swift ships of the Achaeans and bring countless ransoms to the king 6 They are entreating all of the Achaeans 7

Atreides dishonored the priest and would not release his daughter

1610 Iliad 11-16

hellipὀιέθνλην δὲ ιᾱνί

νὕλεθα ηὸλ Υξύζελ ἠηίκαζελ ἀξεηῆξα

Αηξεΐδεο ὁ γὰξ ἦιζε ζνὰο ἐπὶ λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ

ιπζόκελνο ηε ζύγαηξα θέξσλ ηrsquo ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα

ζηέκκαηrsquo ἔρσλ ἐλ ρεξζὶλ ἑθεβόινπ Ἀπόιισλνο

ρξπζέῳ ἀλὰ ζθήπηξῳ θαὶ ἐιίζζεην πάληαο Ἀραηνύο

Ἀηξεΐδα δὲ κάιηζηα δύσ θνζκήηνξε ιαῶλ

ηόλ Υξύζελ = that (well-known) Chryses

The first verse ends in two spondees making it a spondaic verse and emphasizing the fact that

Chryses was a priest

ιῡζόκελνο = fut mid part nom masc sing being about to ransom

θέξσλ = pres act part nom sing masc bearing bringing

ἔρσλ = pres act part nom sing masc having holding

ρεξζὶλ ἑθεβόινπ = ρεξζὶ ϝεθεβόινπ

ρξῡζέῳ = synizesis where -έῳ is pronounced as a single syllable

ἐιίζζεην = imperf act ind 3rd

pers sing dep (kept) entreating was entreating

Ἀηξεΐδᾱ = dual of Ἀηξεΐδεο refers to both Agamemnon and Menelaus

KEY

hellipand the people were being destroyed

because Atreides dishonored Chryses the priest

For he had gone upon the swift ships of the Achaeans

intending to ransom his daughter bearing countless gifts

and holding in his hand fillets of Apollo the free-shooter

upon a golden staff and was entreating all of the Achaeans

but especially the two sons of Atreus the commanders of the host

1611 Composition

1 Chryses the priest of Apollo is dishonored by the son of Atreus 2 The Achaeans will go from their swift

ships to Troy and ransom the beloved daughter of the priest 3 We shall bring many ransoms and shall hold in our

hands the fillets of Apollo 4 We do not have a golden scepter but we entreat Priam and all the people of Troy 5

The two sons of Atreus marshallers of the people are entreating Priam but he will slight them 6 The son of

Atreus king of men slighted the priest and did not release his daughter

KEY

1 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) Ἀπόιινπ ἀηῑκάδεηαη Ἀηξεΐδῃ 2 Ἀραηνὶ ἐιεύζνληαη ἐθ ζνάσλ (ᾱ) λήσλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ (ῑ)

θαὶ ἀπειύζνληαη (ῡ) θίιε ζπγάηεξα ἀξεηῆξη (ᾱ) 3 νἴζνκελ πνιιrsquo ἄπνηλα θαὶ ἕζρνκελ ἐλ ρείξεζζη ζηέκκαηα

Ἀπόιινπ 4 νὐθ ἔρνκελ ζθῆπηξνλ ρξύζενλ ἀιιὰ ιηζζόκεζα Πξίακνλ θαὶ πᾶληα ιᾱνλ Ἰιίνπ (ῑ) 5 δύrsquo Ἀηξεΐδᾱ

θνζκήηεξᾱ ιᾱσλ ιίζζεζζνλ Πξίακνλ αὐηνὺο δrsquo ἀηῑκάζεη 6 Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἄλδξσλ ἠηίκαζελ (ῑ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) θαὶ

νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε ζπγάηεξα

1612 Meter

ΟΤ λε θα | ΣΟΝ ΥΡΤ | ΖΝ Ζ | ΣΗ κα ζελ | Α ΡΖ | ΣΖ ΡΑ~

Α ηξε η | ΓΖ ν γαξ | ΖΛ ζε ζν | Α ε πη | ΝΖ αο α | ΥΑΗ ΧΝ

ΛΤ ζν κε | ΝΟ ηε ζπ | ΓΑΣ ξα θε | ΡΧΝ ηα πε | ΡΔΗ ζη α | ΠΟΗ ΝΑ~

ΣΔΜ καη ε | ΥΧΝ ΔΝ | ΥΔΡ ζηλ ε | ΚΖ βν ινπ | Α ΠΟΛ | ΛΧ ΝΟ~

ΥΡΤζεσα | ΝΑ ΚΖΠ | ΣΡΧ θαη ε | ΛΗ ζε ην | ΠΑΝ ηαο α | ΥΑΗ ΟΤ

ΑΣ ξε η | ΓΑ δε κα | ΛΗ ηα δπ | Χ ΚΟ | ΜΖ ην ξε | ΛΑ ΧΝ

Lesson 17

(910 - imperfect middle and passive aorist middle of ιύσ 648-658 - the table

of endings in 32)

171 Paradigms Imperfect MiddlePassive of ιύσ

S 1 ἐιπόκελ

2 ἐιύεν [(ἐιύεπ)]

3 ἐιύεην

D 2 ἐιύεζζνλ

3 ἐιπέζζελ

P 1 ἐιπόκε(ζ)ζα

2 ἐιύεζζε

3 ἐιύνλην

172 Paradigms Aorist Middle of ιύσ

Thematic Athematic (2nd

Aorist)

S 1 ἐιῡζάκελ ἐιύκελ

2 ἐιύζαν (ῡ) [(ἐιύζσ (ῡ))] ἔιπ(ζ)ν

3 ἐιύζαην (ῡ) ἔιπην

D 2 ἐιύζαζζνλ (ῡ) ἔιπζζνλ

3 ἐιῡζάζζελ ἐιύζζελ

P 1 ἐιῡζάκε(ζ)ζα ἐιύκε(ζ)ζα

2 ἐιύζαζζε (ῡ) ἔιπζζε

3 ἐιύζαλην (ῡ) ἔιπλην

173 Vocabulary

δῶκα αηνο ηό house home

παῖο παηδόο ὁ ἡ child son daughter

π(η)όιηο ηνο (ενο) ἡ city state

ἐπθλήκῑο ῑδνο well-greaved

ἐγώ(λ) κέν (κεῦ) I

ζύ ζέν (ζεῦ) you

κέλhellip δέ on the one handhellip trulyhellip on the one handhellip on the other hand

partlyhellip partly the onehellip the other

νἴθαδε home homeward to home home

Verbs

ἅδνκαη (ἁγ-) (defective) I reverence

δέρνκαη I accept I receive

δέμνκαη I will accept

ἐδεμάκελ (ἐδέγκελ) I accepted

δίδσκη (δσ- δν-) I give I grant

(δη)δώζσ I will give

ἔδσθα I gave

ἐθπέξζσ (πεξζ- πξαζ-) I sack (utterly) I plunder I pillage

ἐθπέξζσ I will sack

ἐμέπεξζα (ἐμέπξαζνλ) I sacked

ἱθλένκαη I arrive I reach (a destination)

ἵμνκαη I will arrive

ἱθόκελ (ῑ) I arrived

174 Translation

1 ζενὶ ἔρνπζηλ ιύκπηα δώκαηα ἔδσθαλ δrsquo Ἀηξεΐδεο θαὶ ἄιινηζηλ ἐπθλεκίδεζζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἐθπέξζαη

(infinitive) πόιηλ Πξηάκνπ ηόηε δrsquo ἵθνλην (ῑ) ἐὺ νἴθαδε νὕλεθα παῖδα θίιελ ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἔιῡζαλ 2 ἀπέιῡζαλ

ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνὶ ζύγαηξα θίιελ ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἐδέμαλην δrsquo ἀγιαὰ ἄπνηλα νὕλεθα ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλα Γηὸο πἱὸλ

ἅδνλην 3 ἅδεηαη ἑθεβόινλ 4 Ἀηξεΐδεο νὐθ ἐδέμαην ηὰ ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα 5 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἔδσθελ ἄπνηλα

πνιιὰ βαζηιῆη Ἀηξεΐδῃ 6 πάληεο ζενὶ θαὶ πᾶζαη ζεαὶ εἶρνλ ιύκπηα δώκαηα 7 Ἀραηνὶ ἐπθλήκῑδεο ἐθπέξζνπζη

Πξηάκνην πόιηλ ἵμνληαη δrsquo ἐπ νἴθαδε 8 παῖο θίιε ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἐιύζαην (ῡ) ἵθεην (ῑ) δrsquo ἐὺ νἴθαδε

KEY

1 The gods have Olympian homes but they gave the son of Atreus and the other well-greaved Achaeans to

utterly sack the city of Priam and then they returned safe at home because they released the dear child of the priest

2 The well-greaved Achaeans released the dear daughter of the priest and received glorious ransoms because they

reverenced the free-shooter Apollo son of Zeus 3 He reverences te free-shooter 4 The son of Atreus did not

receive the glorious ransoms 5 Chryses the priest gave many ransoms to king Atreides 6 All of the gods and all of

the goddesses had Olympian homes 7 The well-greved Achaeans will utterly sack Priamrsquos city and will return safe

to home 8 The dear child of the priest was released and arrived well to her home

175 Iliad 17-21

ltltἈηξεΐδαη ηε θαὶ ἄιινη ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνί

ὑκῖλ κὲλ ζενὶ δνῖελ ιύκπηα δώκαηrsquo ἔρνληεο

ἐθπέξζαη Πξηάκνην πόιηλ ἐὺ δrsquo νἴθαδrsquo ἱθέζζαη

παῖδα δrsquo ἐκνὶ ιῦζαί ηε θίιελ ηά ηrsquo ἄπνηλα δέρεζζαη

ἁδόκελνη Γηὸο πἱὸλ ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλαgtgt

Ἀηξεΐδαηhellip ἄιινη ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνί = vocative case

ὑκῖλ (ῡ) = dat plural of ζύ to you

ζενί = one syllable by synizesis

κέλ (v 18) = correlative of δέ (v 20)

δνῖελ = aor act optative 3rd

plural of δίδσκη may they grant

ἔρνληεο = pres act part nom masc plural of ἔρσ having possessing

ἐθπέξζαη = aor act inf of ἐθπέξζσ to sack utterly

ἱθέζζαη = aor act inf of ἱθένκαη to arrive (compare κάρεζζαη)

ιῦζαη δέρεζζαη = infinitives used as imperatives free and accept

ηά ηrsquo ἄπνηλα (ηά ηε ἄπνηλα) = thesehellip gifts

ἁδόκελνη = pres act part nom masc plural reverencing

KEY

ldquoSons of Atreus and you other well-greaved Achaeans

may the gods who have their homes on Olympus grant you

to utterly sack Priamrsquos city and return safe to home

but release my dear child to me and accept these gifts

reverencing Apollo who shoots at will the son of Zeusrdquo

176 Composition

1 The gods who have (ἔρνληεο) Olympian homes will grant to the sons of Atreus and to the other well-greaved

Achaeans to sack utterly (ἐθπέξζαη) the city of Priam 2 When they sacked the city of Priam they returned happily

home 3 They accepted the shining ransoms and freed the darling daughter of the priest Chryses 4 We reverenced

the free-shooter Apollo son of Leto and Zeus and escaped death 5 Will the son of Atreus accept the shining

ransoms 6 The child of the priest was freed when he gave many shining ransoms which the two sons of Atreus

accepted

KEY

1 ζενὶ ἔρνληεο ιύκπηα δώκαηα δώζνπζη Ἀηξεΐδῃζη θαὶ ἄιινηζηλ ἐπθλεκίδεζζηλ (ῑ) Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἐθπέξζαη πόιηλ

Πξηάκνπ 2 ηόηε ἐμέπεξζαλ πόιηλ Πξηάκνην ἵθνλην (ῑ) ἐὺ νἴθαδε 3 ἐδέμαλην ἀγιαrsquo ἄπνηλα θαὶ ἀπέιῡζαλ ζπγάηεξα

θίιε ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) Υξύζᾱν (ῡ) 4 ἡμάκεζα ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλα Λεηόνο θαὶ Γηὸο πἱόλ θαὶ ζάλαηνλ 5

Ἀηξεΐδεο δέμεηαη ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα 6 παῖο ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἀπειύζαην (ῡ) ηόηε ἔδσθελ ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀγιάα ηὰ

Ἀηξεΐδᾱ ἐδώθαζηλ

Lesson 18

(Perfect and Pluperfect Active of Verbs 904 922 Third Declension γέρων

αἴξ 693-695)

181 Formation of the Perfect and Pluperfect Active

The perfect and pluperfect in all modes experience reduplication of the initial syllable which denotes completed

action Verbs beginning with a single consonant (except ξ) prefix this consonant followed by -ε Thus ιύσ =

ιέιπθα The stem sometimes stands in ablaut relation to the stem of the present as in βαίλσ = βέβεθα A

reduplicated syllable beginning with an aspirated mute is changed to its corresponding voiceless mute in the

reduplicated syllable ie ζλήζθσ = ηέζλεθα In these cases the reduplicated pluperfect adds ἐ- to the reduplicated

syllable ie ιύσ = ιέιπθα = ἐιέιπθε

Vebs beginning with a double consonant two consonants (except a mute followed by a liquid or a nasal) ξ and

some beginning with κ simply augment the stem with the addition of ε-

Verbs beginning in a vowel typically take the temporal augment by lengthening the vowel ie νἴρνκαη =

ᾤρσθα However verbs beginning with a vowel in which an initial consonant has been lost may take the syllabic

augment

Compound verbs typically insert the reduplication and augment between the preposition and the verb ie

ἀπνιύσ = ἀπνιέιπθα = ἀπειειύθε

The first perfect active adds -θα- to the stem followed by the primary endings The first pluperfect active

similarly adds -θε- followed by the secondary endings In general a short final vowel is lengthened before the

addition of the -θα- or -θε- Second perfects and pluperfects active are the older form and are more common in

Homer These omit the θ and simply add -α- or -ε- respectively The second perfects are more common in stems

ending in a consonant

In general the singular perfect and pluperfect active stand in ablaut relation to the dual and plural forms

Perfects and pluperfects are rare in Homer and only occur in some twenty verbs

182 Paradigms λέλυκα and βέβηκα

ιέιπθα ἐιειύθε (ἐιειύθεα)

ιέιπθαο ἐιειύθο (ἐιειύθεαο)

ιέιπθε(λ) ἐιειύθεη (ἐιειύθεε)

ιειύθαηνλ ἐιειύθαηνλ

ιειύθαηνλ ἐιειπθάηελ

ιειύθακελ ἐιειύθεκελ

ιειύθαηε ἐιειύθεηε

ιειύθᾱζη ἐιειύθεζαλ

βέβεθα ἐβεβήθεα (ἐβεβήθε)

βέβεθαο ἐβεβήθεαο (ἐβεβήθεο)

βέβεθε(λ) ἐβεβήθεε (ἐβεβήθεη)

βέβαηνλ ἐβέβαηνλ

βέβαηνλ ἐβεβάηελ

βέβακελ ἐβέβακελ

βέβαηε ἐβέβαηε

βέβᾱζη ἐβέβαζαλ

183 Paradigms γέρων and αἴξ

γέξσλ αἴμ

γέξνληνο αἰγόο

γέξνληη αἰγί

γέξνληα αἶγα

γέξνλ αἴμ

γέξνληε αἶγε

γεξόληνηηλ αἴγνηηλ

γέξνληεο αἶγεο

γεξόλησλ αἰγῶλ

γεξόληεζ(ζ)η (γέξνπζη) αἴγεζ(ζ)η (αἰμί)

γέξνληαο αἶγαο

184 Vocabulary

ἀγνξή ῆο ἡ assembly meeting place gathering harrangue

αἴμ αἰγόο ὁ ἡ goat

Ἄξγνο ενο ηό Argos (both a country and a city in Greece)

γέξσλ νληνο ὁ old man

γῆξαο ανο ηό old age

ἱεξεύο ῆνο ὁ priest holy man

κεξίνλ νπ ηό thigh-bone thigh-piece

πνύο πνδόο ὁ foot

ηαῦξνο νπ ὁ bull

θξήλ θξελόο ἡ diaphragm mind heart soul spirit disposition

δέθαηνο ε νλ tenth

ἡκέηεξνο ε νλ our ours

θνῖινο ε νλ hollow

ὠθύο ὠθεῖα ὠθύ swift speedy

ζλήζθσ die perish

ζαλένκαη

ἔζαλνλ

ηέζλεθα

θεύγσ flee fly escape run (off away along)

θεύμνκαη

ἔθπγνλ

πέθεπγα

Lesson 3

(626-658 659-662 970 1011 1025 cf 561)

31 Inflection

Inflection is the fusion of a stem with certain elements (ie prefixes suffixes) that express relationship to other

words The inflection of nouns adjectives and pronouns is called declension the inflection of adjectives and adverbs

is called comparison and the inflection of verbs is called conjugation

A root is the essential part of a word once it has been analyzed into its various parts and all prefixes suffixes

and formative elements have been removed A stem is a root with added formative elements prefixes and suffixes

Stems frequently have more than one form with multiple forms standing in ablaut relationship to one another (as

sing vs song in English or ιεγ- vs ινγ- in Greek) Some roots are also stems and take on inflectional endings

directly

[For example the word ι-γ is a root conveying the idea of speech or speaking ιεγ and ινγν are both stems

standing in ablaut relationship to one another with the former comprising a verb stem and the latter comprising a

noun stem ιέγσ (ιεγ-ν-ν ldquoI speakrdquo) and ιόγνο (ινγν-ο ldquowordrdquo) are both words formed by adding inflectional

elements to the stem]

An inflected word is made up of two parts the stem and the inflectional element (which may take the form of

prefixes suffixes augments etc) The last letter of the stem is called the stem characteristic Stems are generally

classified according to the stem characteristic ie vowel stems mute stems liquid stems etc

32 Declension

Nouns pronouns and adjectives are declined There are three numbers (singular plural dual) and three genders

(masculine feminine neuter) The dual denotes two things closely associated as a pair and may be used

interchangeably with the plural

Gender must be learned by observation The names of males and females are typically masculine and feminine

respectively Rivers winds and months are usually masculine Countries towns trees islands qualities and

conditions are usually feminine A few nouns (as well as a few adjectives) can be either masculine or feminine

without changing form These are said to be of common gender

The most common demonstrative relative and personal pronoun in Homer is ὁ (masc) ἡ (fem) ηό (neut)

Nouns in lexicons generally appear in the nominative singular followed by the genitive singular ending and the

appropriate form of this pronoun

There five cases in Greek nominative genitive dative accusative and vocative These five cases have also

absorbed the meanings of three lost cases the locative instrumental and ablative All of these cases except the

nominative and vocative are oblique cases and represent relationships that are normally expressed with prepositions

in English

The accent of a noun is determined by its position in the nominative singular and it usually remains on the

same syllable throughout the declension as long as the rules for accents allow Nouns that are monosyllabic in the

nominative but which become disyllabic through declension usually take the accent on the ultima in the genitive and

dative of both numbers and otherwise accent the penult A long ultima when accented takes the circumflex in the

genitive and dative of all numbers

Nouns are declined according to the vowel declension (stems ending in ᾱ or ν) or the consonant declension

(stems ending in a consonant or the closed vowels η and π) The vowel declension if further divided into the first

declension (stems ending in ᾱ) and the second declension (stems ending in ν) The consonant declension is

considered the third declension Words of the first declension have stems ending in -ᾱ which almost always

becomes either -ε or -ᾰ in the nominative singular

In order to form the various cases numbers and genders the following case endings were fused with the stems

of substantives and adjectives (forms in parentheses are contracted)

Vowel Declension Consonant Declension

Singular

First Decl Second Decl Third Decl

Masc Fem M and F Neut M and F Neut

Nom ο (none) none ο λ ο (none) none

Gen ν (ην) εο ν (ην) ν (ην) νο νο

Dat η η η η η η

Acc λ λ λ λ λ α none

Voc none none none λ ο (none) none

Dual

N V A none none none none ε ε

G D ηηλ ηηλ ηηλ ηηλ νηηλ νηηλ

Plural

NV η η η ᾰ εο ᾰ

Gen σλ σλ σλ σλ σλ σλ

Dat (η)ζη ηο (η)ζη ηο (η)ζη ηο (η)ζη ηο ζ(ζ)η ζ(ζ)η

εζ(ζ)η εζ(ζ)η

Acc λο λο λο ᾰ λο ᾰ

When these suffixes were combined with the stem of a word the following endings were produced (forms in

brackets are rare)

First Decl Second Decl

Singular

Masc Fem M and F Neut

N εο [α ᾱο] ε α ᾱ νο [(σο νπο)] νλ

G ᾱν [εσ σ] εο ᾱο νην νπ [νν σν (σ)] νην νπ [νν σν (σ)]

D ῃ [ᾳ] ῃ ᾳ ῳ ῳ

A ελ [ᾱλ] ελ αλ ᾱλ νλ [(σλ)] νλ

V ε α [ᾱ] ε α ᾱ ε [νο] νλ

Dual

N V A ᾱ ᾱ σ σ

G D [ῃηλ] [ῃηλ] νηηλ νηηλ

Plural

N V αη αη νη [(ῳ)] α

G ᾱσλ [εσλ (σλ)] ᾱσλ [εσλ (σλ)] σλ σλ

D ῃζη ῃο [αηο] ῃζη ῃο νηζη νηο νηζη νηο

A ᾱο ᾱο νπο [(σο)] α

Third Decl

Singular

Masc and Fem Neut

N ο (none)

G νο [(επο νπο σο)] νο

D η [(ῑ ῳ)] η [(ῑ)]

A α λ [(ε σ)]

V ο (none)

Dual

N V A ε ε

G D νηηλ νηηλ

Plural

N V εο [(εηο νπο)] α [(ε σ)]

G σλ σλ

D ζη εζζη [εζη] ζη εζζη [εζη]

A ο αο [(ῑο ῡο εηο)] α [(ε)]

Note that the dative singular of all declensions ends in η which becomes iota subecript after long vowels The

dative plural regularly becomes ζη to which may be added λ-moveable (explained later in this lesson) -ῃζη and -νηζη

are the two regular forms for the ending of the dative plural in the first two declension However the shorter forms -

ῃο and -νηο occasionally occur when the following word begins with a vowel and should possibly be categorized as

a case of elision

The genitive plural of all forms ends in -σλ

There are only two forms of the dual in each declension one for the nominative accusative and vocative and

one for the genitive and dative

As in Latin the vocative singular is frequently identical to the nominative and the vocative plural is always

identical to the nominative

The nominative vocative and accusative of all neuters is always alike and the plurals always end in -α

In an earlier unrecorded stage of the language there were three other cases the instrumental denoting means

the locative denoting place where and the ablative denoting separation or source The dative absorbed most of the

uses of the instrumental and locatives cases and the genitive absorbed most of the uses of the ablative case

In addition to the endings outlined in this lesson the suffixes -θη(λ) and -ζελ were also occasionally used and

will be discussed in a later lesson

33 Paradigms

First declension feminine nouns ending in -ε are declined like βνπιή ῆο ἡ (desire will plan counsel council

stem βνπιᾱ-) These stems end in -ᾱ which becomes -ε in the nominative singular

Sigular Dual Plural

N βνπιή βνπιά (ᾱ) βνπιαί

G βνπιῆο βνπιῇηλ βνπιάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ]

D βνπιῇ βνπιῇηλ βνπιῇζη ῇο

A βνπιήλ βνπιά (ᾱ) βνπιάο (ᾱ)

V βνπιή βνπιά (ᾱ) βνπιαί

Another example is the expression θᾱιὴ βνπιή (a good plan stems θᾱιᾱ- βνπιᾱ-)

Sigular Dual Plural

N θᾱιὴ βνπιή θᾱιὰ (ᾱ) βνπιά (ᾱ) θᾱιαὶ βνπιαί

G θᾱιῆο βνπιῆο θᾱιῇλ βνπιῇηλ θᾱιάσλ (ᾱ) βνπιάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ]

D θαιῇ βνπιῇ θᾱιῇλ βνπιῇηλ θᾱιῇζη βνπιῇζη ῇο

A θᾱιὴλ βνπιήλ θᾱιὰ (ᾱ) βνπιά (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) βνπιάο (ᾱ)

V θᾱιὴ βνπιή θᾱιὰ (ᾱ) βνπιά (ᾱ) θᾱιαὶ βνπιαί

34 Notes on Syntax

The subject of a finite verb is in the nominative case

The direct object of a transitive verb is in the accusative case

Adjectives agree with their nouns in gender number and case Adjectives however can belong to a different

declension than the nouns they modify so the forms are not always the same

Some words that end in a vowel add -λ to the end of the word when the following word begins with a vowel

The following list describes the words that are commonly spelled with a moveable -λ

1 All words that end in -ζη -μη or -ςη except ἐζζί

2 All verbs of the third person ending in -ε

3 The third person singular of the pluperfect ending in -εη (originally -εε)

4 The verb ἐζηί and the paticles θέ and λύ all of which are enclitics

5 The dative plural of the pronouns ἄκκη ὕκκη ζθί and ζθίζη

6 The adverbial endings θη and ζε

7 The pronoun ἐγώ (ldquoIrdquo)

35 Vocabulary

βνπιή ῆο ἡ - plan will wish purpose counsel council

δεηλή - fearful terrible awful dreadful dread

ἐλ ἐλί εἰλ - (adv or prep with dat) in among therein thereon on

ἔρεη - he she it has holds

ἔρνπζη(λ) - they have hold

ἦλ - he she it there was

ἦζαλ - they there were

θαί - and also even

θαθή - bad poor ugly mean coeardly wicked

θᾱιή - good goodly noble handsom fair brave

θιαγγή ῆο ἡ - uproar roar noise

ηίο - (masc or fem) who which what

ηί - (neut) which what why

Υξύζε (ῡ) εο ἡ - Chrysa a town in the Troad

θίιε εο ἡ - dear darling lovely beloved

36 Derivatives

δεηλή - dinosaur (ldquoterrible lizardrdquo) dinichthys (ldquoterrible fishrdquo)

θαθή - cacography (ldquobad writingrdquo) cacophony (ldquobad soundrdquo)

θᾱιή - calligraphy (ldquobeautiful writingrdquo) calliope

θιαγγή - clang

θίιε - Philadelphia (ldquobrotherly loverdquo) Philanthropy (ldquolove of mankindrdquo)

37 Translation

1 βνπιαὶ θᾱιαὶ θαὶ θαθαί 2 ηίο ἔρεη βνπιὴλ θᾱιήλ 3 ηί ἔρνπζηλ 4 θᾱιαὶ βνπιαὶ ἦζαλ θίιαη 5 ηίο ἦλ θᾱιή

6 δεηλὴ θιαγγὴ ἦλ ἐλ Υξύζῃ (ῡ) θᾱιῇ 7 ἔρνπζη βνπιὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θίιᾱο 8 ηί ἦλ θιαγγὴ δεηλὴ ἐλ Υξύζῃ

(ῡ) θᾱιῇ 9 θαθῆο βνπιῆο 10 θαθῇο βνπιῇο 11 θαθάσλ (ᾱ) βνπιάσλ (ᾱ) 12 θαθὴ βνπιή θαθῇ βνπιῇ θαθὴλ

βνπιήλ θαθὰο (ᾱ) βνπιάο (ᾱ)

(1) βνπιαὶhellip The acute changes to a grave when another word follows without intervening punctuation

But see the notes on 2

(2) The acute on the pronouns ηίο and ηί does not change to a grave ηίοηί is an interrogative pronoun and

indicates that the sentence is a question ηίο can be either masculine or feminine usually refers to a person

and is generally translated ldquowhordquo ηί is neuter usually refers to an object and is generally translated

ldquowhatrdquo

(4) Like Latin and unlike later dialects of Greek there is no definite article in Homeric The article must be

supplied in this sentence ldquoThe good planshelliprdquo

(6) ἦλ is frequenly translated ldquothere wasrdquo

(7) The phrasing here is common ldquohellipplans good and dearrdquo A pair of adjectives connected by θαί is often

placed after the noun they modify

(10) This sentence uses the less common -ῇο instead of -ῇζη(λ) The dative in this case is best represented

by the English preposition ldquoforrdquo The preposition ldquotordquo is usually used to render the the dative as indirect

object

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 Good and bad plans 2 Who has a good plan 3 What do they have 4 The good plans were dear 5 Who

was good 6 There was a terrible uproar in beautiful Chrysa 7 They have good and dear plans 8 What was the

terrible uproar in beautiful Chrysa 9 Of the bad plan 10 For the bad plans 11 Of the bad plans 12 The bad plan

for the bad plan the bad plan the bad plans

38 Composition

1 Of good and bad plans 2 For the noble plan 3 Who has the evil plan 4 There was a terrible uproar in

beautiful Chrysa 5 Was the plan good 6 The plans were cowardly

(1) Follow the standard construction ldquoOf plans good and badrdquo

(2) The preposition ldquoforrdquo is represented by the use of the dative

(3) This could be rendered either singular (ηίο ἔρεη) or plural (ηίο ἔρνπζη)

(4) Follow the same construction seen in exercise 6 of Translation ldquoA terrible uproar there was in Chrysa

beautifulrdquo While the word order is not fixed Phar usually places adjectives after the words they modify

When ἦλ is rendered ldquothere wasrdquo it is usually placed in the predicate position ie ldquoA terrible uproar there

washelliprdquo

(5) The construction should place the verb between the subject and the predicate nominative ie βνπιὴ ἦλ

θᾱιή or θᾱιὴ ἦλ βνπιή Otherwise the translation would be ldquoWas there a good planrdquo Note that the

predicate nominative is always placed in the nominative case

(6) As with (5) the verb should come between the subject and the predicate nominative to avoid

ambiguity ἦζαλ βνπιαὶ θαθαί or βνπιαὶ θαθαὶ ἦζαλ would be translated ldquoThere were cowardly plansrdquo

Again the Greek is ambiguous in this regard but we are following Pharrrsquos conventions in the exercises

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 βνπιαὶ θᾱιαὶ θαὶ θαθαί 2 βνπιῇ θᾱιῇ 3 ηίο ἔρεη βνπιὴλ θαθήλ 4 δεηλὴ θιαγγή ἦλ ἐλ Υξύζῃ (ῡ) θᾱιῇ 5

βνπιὴ ἦλ θᾱιή 6 βνπιαὶ ἦζαλ θαθαί

Lesson 4

(663)

41 Declension of ζεά (ᾱ)

The few feminine nouns that end in -ᾱ in the nominative are declined like ζεά (ᾱ) goddess In general the

original ᾱ stem becomes ε in the singular (as in the declension of ζάιαζζα below) It remains ᾱ in the word ζεά (ᾱ)

and a few proper names

Sigular Dual Plural

N ζεά (ᾱ) ζεά (ᾱ) ζεαί

G ζεᾶο ζεῇηλ ζεάσλ (ᾱ) [ῶλ]

D ζεᾷ ζεῇηλ ζεῇζη ῇο [αῖο]

A ζεάλ (ᾱ) ζεά (ᾱ) ζεάο (ᾱ)

V ζεά (ᾱ) ζεά (ᾱ) ζεαί

42 Declension of ζάιαζζα

Feminine nouns ending in -ᾰ are declines like ζάιαηηα sea Note that the acute is pulled from the antepenult to

the penult when the ultima is long

Sigular Dual Plural

N ζάιαζζα ζαιάζζᾱ ζάιαζζαη

G ζαιάζζεο ζαιάζζῃηλ ζαιαζζάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ]

D ζαιάζζῃ ζαιάζζῃηλ ζαιάζζῃζη ῃο

A ζάιαζζαλ ζαιάζζᾱ ζαιάζζᾱο

V ζάιαζζα ζαιάζζᾱ ζάιαζζαη

43 Vocabulary

γάξ -(postpositive conjunction) for in fact

δέ -(postpositive conjunction) but and so for

εἰζί(λ) -they there are

ἐζηί(λ) -he she it there is

ἐθ (ἐμ) -(adv and prep + gen) from out of

ἐπί -(adv) upon on thereon

ἐπί -(prep + gen) upon on over during

ἐπί -(prep + dat) upon on in for about against at beside by

ἐπί -(prep + acc) to up to over up upon

ζάιαζζα εο ἡ -sea

ζεά (ᾱ) ᾶο ἡ -goddess

Κίιια εο ἡ -Cilla a town in the Troad

νὐ (νὐθ νὐρ) -not no

πάηξε εο ἡ -fatherland native land

πνιιή -much many numerous

ππξή ῆο ἡ -funeral pyre pyre

ςῡρή ῆο ἡ -soul breath life spirit

44 Derivatives

ζάιαζζα (thalassa) = thalassocracy

παηξή (patre) = patriotic

ππξή (pyre) = pyre pyrolatry pyrotechnic pyrotechnical pyrography

ςῡρή (psyche) = psyche psychology psychotherapy psychic psychical

45 Translation

1 θᾱιὴ ζεὰ (ᾱ) ἔρεη βνπιὴλ θᾱιήλ 2 θᾱιαὶ ζεαί εἰζη θίιαη ςῡρῇ ζεᾶο ζαιάζζεο δεηλῆο 3 Κίιια θαὶ Υξύζε

(ῡ) εἰζὶ θᾱιαη θαὶ θίιαη ζεῇζη ζαιαζζάσλ (ᾱ) 4 θᾱιὴ ζεὰ (ᾱ) νὐθ ἔρεη ςῡρὴλ θαθήλ 5 θᾱιή ἐζηη ζεά (ᾱ) ἔρεη δὲ

ςῡρὴλ θαθήλ 6 δεηλὴ θιαγγή ἐζηηλ ἐθ ζαιάζζεο 7 Κίιια θαὶ Υξύζε (ῡ) ἦζαλ ἐπὶ ζαιάζζῃ 8 ζεαὶ ζαιάζζεο εἰζὶ

θίιαη ςῡρῇο πνιιῇο θίιαη γάξ εἰζηλ 9 πάηξε θᾱιή ἐζηη θίιε πνιιῇο ςῡρῇο θᾱιῇο 10 ἐθ πάηεο θαθῆο ἦλ 11

ἦζαλ ππξαὶ πνιιαὶ ἐλ θίιῃ πάηξῃ ἐπὶ δεηλῇ ζαιάζζῃ 12 ηίο νὐθ ἔρεη θᾱιὴλ ςῡρήλ

(2) εἰζη is an enclitic When the preceding word carries an acute on the ultima the enclitic looses its own

accent and the accent on the ultima does not change to a grave

(3) When an enclitic follows a word with the acute on the penult the enclitic retains its own accent

(4) νὐ is used before consonants νὐθ before vowels with the smooth breathing and νὐρ before vowels

with the rough breathing As an adverb it usually precedes the verb that it modifies

(6) ἐθ + gen The phrase is rendered ldquohellipfrom out of the seardquo

(7) ἐπί with the dative indicates location and frequently denotes close proximity This phrase is usually

translated with the English idiom ldquoupon the seardquo but it literally means ldquobeside the seardquo or ldquonear the seardquo

(8) postpositives like γάξ and δέ never occur first in a sentence they usually occur as the second or third

word of the sentence

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 Does the beautiful goddess have a good plan 2 Beautiful goddesses are dear to the soul of the goddess of

the terrible sea 3 Cilla and Chrysa are beautiful and dear to the goddesses of the seas 4 The beautiful goddess does

not have an ugly soul 5 The goddess is beautiful but she has an ugly soul 6 There is a terrible roar from out of the

sea 7 Cilla and Chrysa were upon the sea 8 The goddesses of the sea are dear to many souls for they are beloved

9 The beautiful fatherland is dear to many good souls 10 There was evil from out of the fatherland 11 There were

many funeral pyres in the beloeved fatherland upon the terrible sea

46 Composition

1 Are the good plans dear to the souls of the goddesses 2 They have many plans but (they are) cowardly

ones 3 The plans are dear to the soul of the beautiful goddess for they are noble 4 The lovely goddess of the sea

was not in Cilla 5 There are many funeral pyres by the sea in (our) beloved fatherland 6 Who was in Cilla by the

sea

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 θᾱιαὶ βνπιαί εἰζη θίιαη ςῡρῇζη ζεάσλ (ᾱ) 2 ἔρνπζη βνπιὰο (ᾱ) πνιιάο (ᾱ) θαθὰο (ᾱ) δέ 3 βνπιαὶ θίιαη

εἰζὶ ςῡρῇ θᾱιῆο ζεᾶο θίιαη γάξ εἰζηλ 4 θᾱιὴ ζεὰ (ᾱ) ζαιάζζεο νὐθ ἦλ ἐλ Κίιιῃ 5 ππξαὶ πνιιαί ἐζηηλ ἐπὶ

ζαιάζζῃ ἐλ πάηξῃ θίιῃ 6 ηίο ἦλ ἐλ Κίιιῃ ἐπὶ ζαιάζζῃ

Lesson 5

(789-806 904)

51 Introduction to Greek Verbs

The uses of the Greek verb will be covered in more detail later However Pharr employs several terms in this

lesson that may be perplexing without a brief introduction

Greek verbs employ prefixes suffixes and formative elements in order to conjugate verbs A similar function

exists in English although to a lesser extent precook (use of a prefix) walked (use of a suffix) ranrun (use of

ablaut as a formative element) etc

There are three voices in Greek The active and passive voice function as in English where the active indicates

action performed by the subject (ldquothe dog bit the mailmanrdquo) and the passive indicates action performed upon the

subject (ldquothe mailman was bitten by the dogrdquo) The Greek also employs a third voice called the middle which

indicates (among other things) that the subject acted on its own behalf (ldquothe dog himself bit the mailmanrdquo) or that

plural subjects acted upon each other (ldquothe dogs bit each otherrdquo) The endings for the passive and the middle are

sometimes identical and the meaning must be determined from the context

In Greek as in English verbs convey certain moods The indicative mood simply denotes an action that is

performed (ldquothe dog bites the mailmanrdquo) The subjunctive mood denotes (among other things) possibility and

wishes etc (ldquothe dog may bite the mailmanrdquo ldquoI wish that the dog would bite the mailmanrdquo) Like the subjunctive

the optative mood denotes (among other things) possibility wish conditions or indirect discourse (ldquothe dog would

bite the mailman ifhelliprdquo ldquowould that the dog had bitten the mailmanrdquo ldquomay the dog bite the mailmanrdquo) The

imperative mood expresses a command (ldquobite the mailman you dogrdquo) The infinitive mood expresses the verb as if it

were a noun (ldquoto bite the mailmanrdquo) The participle is a verbal noun or adjective similar to the infinitive ( ldquobiting the

mailman is badrdquo)

There are seven different tenses in Greek most of which have corresponding meanings in English present (ldquothe

dog bites the mailmanrdquo) future (ldquothe dog will bite the mailmanrdquo) imperfect (ldquothe dog was biting the mailmanrdquo)

aorist (ldquothe dog bit the mailmanrdquo) perfect (ldquothe dog has bitten the mailmanrdquo) pluperfect (ldquothe dog had bitten the

mailmanrdquo) and future perfect (ldquothe dog would have bitten the mailmanrdquo)

Grammarians divide the Greek tenses into two categories The primary (or principle) tenses consist of the

present future perfect and future perfect and denote action that occurs from a perspective in the present or future

The secondary (past or historic) consist of the imperfect aorist and pluperfect and denote action occurring from

the perspective of the past

Each tense can be expressed in multiple moods and voices The aorist active indicative for example is ldquothe dog

bit the mailmanrdquo The aorist middle indicative is ldquothe dog himself bit the mailmanrdquo The aorist passive indicative is

ldquothe mailman was bitten by the dogrdquo The present active subjunctive is ldquothe dog may bite the mailmanrdquo The present

passive subjunctive is ldquothe mailman may be bitten by the dogrdquo

There are three persons in the Greek and these correspond to the three persons used in the English verbs first

person (ldquoI bit the mailmanrdquo) second person (ldquoyou bit the mailmanrdquo) and third person (ldquohe bit the mailmanrdquo) Each

person can also take on the dual form (ldquothe pair of them bit the mailmanrdquo third person dual) and the plural form

(ldquowe bit the mailmanrdquo first person plural)

As you can see there are many possible combinations in Greek and the majority of those possible

combinations has accompanying endings that can be applied All in all there are hundreds of possible endings that

can be applied to various Greek verbs and the student must eventually learn them all

Grammarians use the word ldquoaugmentrdquo in reference to a prefix that is applied to a verb In general Greek

augments consist of either the letter ε- appended to the beginning of the word (ιπσ ldquoI looserdquo ειπνλ ldquoI was

loosingrdquo) or a lengthening of an initial vowel (ἄγσ ldquoI leadrdquo ἦγνλ ldquoI was leadingrdquo) Augments typically indicate an

event occurring in the past tense

Reduplication consists of doubling the initial syllable of a word and are used in the formation of some tenses

and stems (ιπσ ldquoI looserdquo ιειπθα ldquoI have loosedrdquo)

52 Inflection of Verbs

As with other inflected forms verbs consist of the stem and the ending (or suffix) Frequently more than one

ending is applied to a verb stem in order to indicate relationships such as mood tense voice person and number

Greek verb forms fall into two categories finite (indicative subjunctive optative imperative) and infinite

(infinitive participle) The finite forms of the verb include personal endings (1st person 2

nd person etc) augment

(prefixes used to indicate historic time) and reduplication (doubling of the first syllable of the word) as well as

endings representing tense mood voice etc Collectively these prefixes suffixes and modifications are called the

characteristics of the verb

The infinite forms of the verb are used as nouns or adjectives The participle is a verbal adjective and is used as

other adjectives It corresponds roughly to English verbs ending in -ing such as ldquothe running horserdquo or ldquowalking is

healthyrdquo The infinitive is a verbal noun and corresponds roughly to verbs preceded by the preposition ldquotordquo in

English ldquoit is good to runrdquo ldquohe wanted to walkrdquo

53 Thematic and Athematic Forms

Greek verbs fall into two primary conjugations -σ (or thematic) verbs which end in -σ in the first person

singular (present active indicative) and -κη (or athematic) verbs which end in -κη in the first person singular

(present active indicative)

In thematic verbs the stem ends in either -ν or -ε (which are called the theme) and the various suffixes are

applied to after the thematic vowel For example ιύεηε consists of ιῡ- the thematic vowel -ε- and the personal

ending -ηε Combined they form the word ιύ-ε-ηε ye loose The thematic vowel is -o- when it occurs before κ λ or

when used in the optative mood otherwise the thematic vowel is -ε- In the subjunctive mood the thematic vowel is

lengthened to -ε- (for -ε-) or -σ- (for -o-)

In athematic verbs the theme is omitted and the suffixes are applied directly to the stem of the verb Many

verbs which are regularly thematic also have corresponding athematic forms Strictly speaking no Greek verb is

entirely thematic or athematic each verb has both thematic and athematic forms

In general verb forms that are thematic include all futures all presents and imperfects of -σ verbs all second

aorists having the thematic vowel (ending in -νλ in the first person singular) and all subjunctives The verb forms

that are athematic include the presents and imperfects of -κη verbs all passive aorists (except in the subjunctive) all

middle and passive perfects and pluperfects all second aorists whose tense stem does not end in the thematic vowel

a few verbs in the second perfect and pluperfect active all first aorists active and middle and most perfects and

pluperfects active

In athematic inflections the singular is usually built on a long vowel and the duals and plurals are usually built

on the corresponding short vowel

54 Conjugation of the Present Active Indicative of -ω Verbs

The verb ιύσ (ldquoI looserdquo) is typically used as an example of the conjugation of -σ verbs The following

paradigm covers the present tense indicative mood and active voice of ιύσ (Note that there is no first person dual)

Singular 1st Person ιύσ I loose

2nd

Person ιύεηο you loose

3rd

Person ιύεη he she it looses

Dual 2nd

Person ιύεηνλ you two (or the pair of you) loose

3rd

Person ιύεηνλ they two (or the pair of them) loose

Plural 1st Person ιύνκελ we loose

2nd

Person ιύεηε you (or ye) loose

3rd

Person ιύνπζη(λ) they loose

55 Vocabulary

ἀείδσ sing sing of hymn chant

ἀλ- (prefix ἀ- before consonants) not un- dis- -less without

ἁλδάλσ (to) please (used with the dative)

ἀηῑκάδσ dishonor slight insult

βαίλσ come go walk

εἰο ἐο (adv and prep + acc) into until therein

ἔρσ have hold keep

θαίσ burn consume

ιύσ loose free break up destroy

ὀιέθσ kill destroy ruin

πέκπσ send escort conduct

ηειείσ accomplish fulfill complete

ηεύρσ make do fashion perform cause prepare

θέξσ bear carry bring

56 Derivatives

ἀείδσ (aed-) = ode odium melody palinode

ἀλ- (a- an-) = atheist anarchy

θαίσ (cae-) = caustic cauterize holocaust

ιύσ (ly-) = analysis

πέκπσ (pemp-) = pomp

ηειείσ (tele-) = teleology

θέξσ (pher-) = periphery phosphorus

57 Translation

1 ἀείδνκελ βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεάσλ (ᾱ) πνιιάσλ (ᾱ) 2 θιαγγὴ δεηλὴ θαθῆο ζαιάζζεο νὐρ ἁλδάλεη ςῡρῇ ζεᾶο 3 ηίο

ἀηῑκάδεη θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) ζεάο (ᾱ) 4 νὐρ ἀηῑκάδνκελ πάηξελ θίιε γάξ ἐζηηλ 5 βαίλνπζηλ ἐθ Κίιιεο εἰο Υξύζελ (ῡ) 6

θαίνπζη ππξὰο (ᾱ) πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἐλ Υξύζῃ (ῡ) ἐπὶ ζαιάζζῃ 7 ἔρνκελ πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) βνπιάο (ᾱ) 8 θαίεηε

ππξὰο (ᾱ) ἐλ πάηξῃ 9 ιύεηνλ ιύεηο ιύνκελ ιύνπζηλ ιύεηε 10 ὀιέθνκελ ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θαθὰο (ᾱ) ἐλ

πάηξῃ θίιῃ 11 ηίο πέκπεη ζεὰο (ᾱ) ἐο Υξύζελ (ῡ) 12 ηειείεηε βνπιὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) πάηξῃ θίιῃ 13 ηειείνκελ

βνπιὴλ θίιεο ζεᾶο 14 ηεύρνκελ ππξήλ 15 ηί θέξεηε ηί θέξνπζηλ

(2) ἁλδάλεη ςῡρῇhellip The object of the verb ἁλδάλσ takes the dative case In general the English can be

translated with the addition of the word ldquotordquo thus νὐθ ἁλδάλεη ςῡρῇ is ldquois not pleasing to the soulrdquo or ldquodoes

not please the soulrdquo

(5) The word εἰο can either be translated ldquotordquo or ldquointordquo

(6) ἐπὶ ζαιάζζῃ is a title for Chrysa thus Υξύζε (ῡ) ἐπὶ ζαιάζζῃ is ldquoChrysa upon the seardquo or ldquoChrysa by

the seardquo

(8) The word πάηξε refers to the person addressed and so is more appropriately translated ldquonative landrdquo

(the more familiar ldquofatherlandrdquo would typically apply only to the person speaking) Note that the possessive

is implied by using the 2nd

person of the verb thus ldquohellipin (your) native landrdquo

(9) ιύεηνλ can be either 2nd

or 3rd

person

(10) As with many Homeric words the best translation depends on the context Here the word ὀιέθσ

occurs in a military context (the Iliad) and so probably refers to killing enemies θαθή probably refers to

cowardice But the passage could be rendered in many ways such as ldquoWe ruin many wicked soulshelliprdquo or

ldquoWe kill many cowardly soulshelliprdquo etc

(11) Note the alternate form of εἰο As with many common prepositions Homer offers different forms to fit

the rhythmic structure of the poem εἰο is a single long syllable while ἐο can be either long or short

depending on the following word In like manner ἐλ is either long or short ἐλί is two short syllables and

εἰλ is a single long syllable

(12) The dative without a preposition is here translated with ldquoforhelliprdquo I also rendered βνπιαί θαιαί as

ldquonoble thingsrdquo in this context although it could also be translated ldquogood plansrdquo ldquobrave plansrdquo etc

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 We sing the plans of many goddesses 2 The terrible roar of the evil sea was not pleasing to the soul of the

goddess 3 Who dishonors the noble goddesses 4 We do not dishonor (our) fatherland for it is dear 5 They go

from Cilla to Chrysa 6 Do they burn many funeral pyres in Chrysa by the sea 7 We have many fair plans 8 Do

you burn pyres in (your) native land 9 You two loose you loose we loose they loose you loose 10 We destroy

many wicked souls in (our) dear fatherland 11 Who escorts the goddess into Chrysa 12 You accomplish noble

things for (our) dear fatherland 13 We fulfill the will of the beloved goddess

58 Composition Exercises

1 Who is singing the evil plans of the fair goddess 2 The roar of the sea is pleasing to the soul of the goddess

in Cilla 3 We do not dishonor the goddesses of (our) dear fatherland 4 Are you going from Chrysa to Cilla by the

sea 5 The two goddesses come from the sea into Cilla 6 They are burning two funeral pyres in (their) fatherland

7 They have many fair plans 8 We loose you loose they (two) loose he is loosing 9 The goddess destroys many

wicked souls 10 We escort the goddess into (our) dear fatherland 11 They accomplish the will of (their)

fatherland 12 He is making a funeral pyre 13 What does he bring

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 ηίο ἀείδεη θαθὰο (ᾱ) βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεᾶο θᾱιῆο 2 θιαγγὴ ζαιάζζεο ἁλδάλεη ςῡρῇ ζεᾶο ἐλ Κίιιῃ 3 νὐθ

ἀηῑκάδνκελ ζεὰλ (ᾱ) θίιεο πάηξεο 4 βαίλεηο ἐθ Υξύζεο (ῡ) εἰο Κίιιελ ἐπὶ ζαιάζζῃ 5 ζεὰ (ᾱ) βαίλνπζηλ ἐθ

ζαιάζζεο εἰο Κίιιελ 6 θαίνπζη πύξᾱ ἐλ πάηξῃ 7 ἔρνπζη πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) βνπιάο (ᾱ) 8 ιύνκελ ιύεηο

ιύεηνλ ιύεη 9 ζεὰ (ᾱ) ὀιέθεη πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θαθὰο (ᾱ) ςῡράο (ᾱ) 10 θέξνκελ ζεὰλ (ᾱ) εἰο θίιελ πάηξελ 11

ηειείνπζη βνπιὴλ πάηξεο 12 ηεύρεη πύξελ 13 ηί θέξεη

Lesson 6

(678-679 717-721 1025 cf 575 996 1009)

61 Second Declension Masculines

Second declension nouns have stems ending in -o Masculine nouns of the second declension are inflected like

ζῡκόο (spirit life soul) and πνιεκόο (war) Second declension adjectives are inflected like θαθόο (evil)

Sigular Dual Plural

N ζῡκόο ζῡκώ ζῡκνί

G ζῡκνῦ νῖν [όν] ζῡκνῖηλ ζῡκῶλ

D ζῡκῷ ζῡκνῖηλ ζῡκνῖζη νῖο

A ζῡκόλ ζῡκώ ζῡκνύο

V ζῡκέ ζῡκώ ζῡκνί

Sigular Dual Plural

N θαθὸο πόιεκνο θαθὼ πνιέκσ θαθνὶ πόιεκνη

G θαθνῦ νῖν [όν] πνιέκνπ νην [νν] θαθνῖηλ πνιέκνηηλ θαθῶλ πνιέκσλ

D θαθῷ πνιέκῳ θαθνῖλ πνιέκνηηλ θαθνῖο πνιέκνηο

A θαθὸλ πόιεκνλ θαθὼ πνιέκσ θαθνὺο πνιέκνπο

V θαθὲ πόιεκε θαθὼ πνιέκσ θαθνὶ πνιεκνί

62 Second Declension Neuters

Second declension neuters end in -νλ in the nominative vocative and accusative singlular and -ᾰ in the

nominative vocative and accusative plural They are identical to second declension masculines in the genitive and

dative as well as all cases of the dual Second declension neuters nouns are declined like ἔξγνλ (deed) and second

declension neuter adjectives are declined like θᾱιόλ (noble)

Sigular Dual Plural

N θᾱιὸλ ἔξγνλ θᾱιὼ ἔξγσ θᾱιὰ ἔξγα

G θᾱινῦ νῖν [όν] ἔξγνπ νην [νν] θᾱινῖηλ ἔξγνηηλ θᾱιῶλ ἔξγσλ

D θᾱιῷ ἔξγῳ θᾱινῖηλ ἔξγνηηλ θᾱινῖο ἔξγνηο

A θᾱιὸλ ἔξγνλ θᾱιὼ ἔξγσ θᾱινὺο ἔξγνπο

V θᾱιὸλ ἔξγνλ θᾱιὼ ἔξγσ θᾱιὰ ἔξγα

63 Second Declension Feminines

A few second declension nouns are feminine These are declined exactly the same as the masculine form the

only difference being that all adjectives and modifiers take their respective feminine forms Thus θαθὸο ζῡκόο = the

evil spirit and θαθὸλ ἔξγνλ = the evil deed but θαθὴ λνῦζνο = the evil plague

Sigular Dual Plural

N θαθὴ λνῦζνο θαθὰ (ᾱ) λνύζσ θαθαὶ λνῦζνη

G θαθῆο λνύζνπ νην [νν] θαθῇηλ λνύζνηηλ θαθάσλ [έσλ ῶλ] λνύζσλ

D θαθῇ λνύζῳ θαθῇηλ λνύζνηηλ θαθῇζη ῇο λνύζνηζη νηο

A θαθὴλ λνῦζνλ θαθὰ (ᾱ) λνύζσ θαθὰο (ᾱ) λνύζνπο

V θαθὴ λνῦζε θαθὰ (ᾱ) λνύζσ θαθαὶ λνῦζνη

64 Adjectives

Adjectives always agree in case number and gender with the nouns they modify

Adjectives fall into three declensions just like nouns However adjectives frequently have masculine feminine

and neuter forms whereas nouns typically fall into a single gender The adjective θαθόο for example has three

forms θαθόο (masculine) θαθή (femine) and θαθόλ (neuter) Adjectives are usually listed in dictionary entries in

the nominative masculine singular followed by the femine and neuter singular endings θαθόο ή όλ

Adjectives are usually grouped into one of four categories 1) First and Second Declension Adjectives whose

forms usually represent the first declension when feminine and the second declension when masculine or neuter 2)

Second Declension Adjectives which usually have a single second declension form that serves as both masculine

and feminine as well as a second declension neuter form 3) First and Third Declension Adjectives whose

masculine and neuter forms are of the third declension but whose feminine form falls under the first declension and

4) Third Declension Adjectives which have a single third declension form for both masculine and feminine and a

third declension neuter form

First and Second Declension Adjectives have the nominative singular endings -νο (masculine) -ε (feminine)

and -νλ (neuter) Of these θᾱιόο (beautiful noble) and θίινο (dear lovely beloved) are good examples

Singular

Masc Fem Neut

N θᾱιόο θᾱιή θᾱιόλ θᾱιή θᾱιόλ

G θᾱινῦ νῖν [όν] θᾱιῆο θᾱινῦ νῖν [όν]

D θᾱιῷ θᾱιῇ θᾱιῷ

A θᾱιόλ θᾱιήλ θᾱιόλ

V θᾱιέ θᾱιή θᾱιόλ

Dual

N A V θᾱιώ θᾱιά (ᾱ) θᾱιώ

G D θᾱινῖηλ θᾱιῇηλ θᾱινῖηλ

Plural

N θᾱινί θᾱιαί θᾱιά

G θᾱιῶλ θᾱιάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] θᾱιῶλ

D θᾱινῖζη νῖο θᾱιῇζη ῇο θᾱινῖζη νῖο

A θᾱινύο θᾱιάο (ᾱ) θᾱιά

Singular

Masc Fem Neut

N θίινο θίιε θίινλ

G θίινπ νην [νν] θίιεο θίινπ νην [νν]

D θίιῳ θίιῃ θίιῳ

A θίινλ θίιελ θίινλ

V

Dual

N A V θίισ θίιᾱ θίισ

G D θίινηηλ θίιῃηλ θίινηηλ

Plural

N θίινη θίιαη θίια

G θίισλ θηιάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] θίισλ

D θίινηζη νηο θίιῃζη ῃο θίινηζη νηο

A θίινπο θίιᾱο θίια

V θίινη θίιαη θίια

65 Vocabulary

ἀγιαόο ή όλ bright shining splendid glorious

ἀλά ἄλ (adv prep + gen dat acc) upon on thereon along up through

ἀπεξείζηνο ε νλ boundless countless immeasureable

ἄπνηλα σλ ηά ransom

Ἀραηόο νῦ ὁ Achaean

δεηλόο ή όλ terrible awful dreadful dread fearful

ἑιώξηνλ νπ ηό booty spoils prey

ζεόο νῦ ὁ god divinity

ζῡκόο νῦ ὁ heart soul spirit courage passion

θαθόο ή όλ bad poor ugly mean cowardly evil wicked

θᾱιόο ή όλ good goodly noble handsome brave fair beautiful

ιᾱόο νῦ ὁ people host soldiery

κῡξίνη αη α countless innumerable

λνῦζνο νπ ἡ plague disease pest pestilence

νἰσλόο νῦ ὁ bird (of prey) vulture omen

πνιιόο ή όλ much many numerous

ζηξαηόο νῦ ὁ army encampment host

θίινο ε νλ dear darling lovely beloved

66 Derivatives

ἀλά (ana-) = anatomy

ἄπνηλα (apen-) = pentalty

ζεόο (theo-) = theology theocracy atheism polytheism monotheism henotheism pantheism

ιᾱόο (lao-) = laity layman

ζηξαηόο (strato-) = strategy strategic strategical

67 Translation Exercises

1 ἀγιαὰ ἄπνηλα θέξνπζηλ Ἀραηνὶ εἰο ζηξαηόλ 2 θέξνκελ ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 3 ζεὸο ηεύρεη

πνιινὺο Ἀραηνὺο ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζηλ 4 ἦζαλ Ἀραηνὶ θαθνί 5 νὐθ ἦζαλ θαθνί θᾱινὶ δέ λνῦζνο θαθὴ ὀιέθεη ιᾱὸλ

θᾱιόλ 6 Ἀραηνὶ πέκπνπζηλ ἄπνηλα κῡξίrsquo εἰο πάηξελ 7 ζεὸο βαίλεη ἐο ζηξαηόλ ὀιέθεη δὲ ιᾱὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 8 ηίο

ἀηῑκάδεη ζενὺο θᾱινύο 9 θαθνὶ ιᾱνὶ ἀηῑκάδνπζη ζενὺο πάηξεο 10 ζεὸο πέκπεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ

Ἀραηῶλ νὐ γὰξ ηειείνπζη βνπιὴλ ζεῶλ πάηξεο 11 βαίλεη ἐπὶ ζάιαζζαλ δεηλὴλ θαὶ ηεύρεη ππξὰο (ᾱ) πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἀλὰ

ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 12 ἔρνπζηλ ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα Ἀραηῶλ ἐλὶ ζηξαηῷ 13 βνπιὴ ζηξαηνῦ νὐρ ἁλδάλεη ζῡκῷ ζενῦ 14

ιᾱὸο Κίιιεο θίινο ἦλ ςῡρῇ ζεᾶο ζαιάζζεο 15 νὐθ ἀείδνκελ θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεῶλ ζηξαηῷ νὐ γὰξ ἁλδάλεη

Ἀραηνῖζη ζῡκῷ

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 The Achaeans bring countless splendid ransmoms into the camp 2 We carry boundless ransoms up through

the camp of the Achaeans 3 The god makes many Achaens spoils for the birds 4 Were the Achaeans evil 5 They

were not evil but good An evil pestilence destroyed the good host 6 The Achaeans send countless ransoms into

(their) fatherland 7 The god walks into the camp and destroys the host of the Achaeans 8 Who dishonors the noble

gods 9 The evil host dishonors the gods of (our) fatherlans 10 The god sends an evil plague up through the camp

of the Achaeans for they do not fulfill the will of the gods of (their) native country 11 He walks along the sea and

builds many funeral pyres throughout the camp of the Achaeans 12 They have boundless ransoms of the Achaeans

in the camp 13 The armyrsquos plan is not pleasing to the heart of the god 14 The host of Cilla was dear to the soul of

the goddess of the sea 15 We do not sing the brave plan of the goods of the camp for (that) is not pleasing to the

heart of the Achaeans

68 Composition Exercises

1 The terrible roar of the sea is pleasing to the goddess in (her) soul 2 We bring many splendid ransoms to the

army of the Achaeans 3 The god does not destroy the host of the Achaeans for they do not dishonor the gods of

(their) fatherland 4 The evil plague makes countless Achaeans a booty (use plural) for many birds 5 The people of

the Achaeans send countless shining ransoms to the goddess of the sea in Cilla 6 The Achaeans go to the sea and

sing but the noise is not pleasing to the goddess in (her) soul 7 The plague destroys the people for they dishonor

the god of Chrysa

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 θιαγγὴ δεηλὴ ἁλδάλεη ζεᾷ ςῡρῇ 2 θέξνκελ ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀγιαὰ ἐο ζηξαηῷ Ἀραηῶλ 3 ζεὸο νὐθ ὀιέθεη

ιᾱὸλ Ἀραηῶλ νὐ γὰξ ἀηῑκάδνπζη ζενὺο πάηξεο 4 θαθὴ λνῦζνο ηεύρεη κῡξίνπο Ἀραηνὺο ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζη πνιινῖζηλ

5 ιᾱὸο Ἀραηῶλ πέκπνπζη κῡξίrsquo ἄπνηλα ἀγιαὰ ζεᾷ ζαιάζζεο ἐλὶ Κίιιᾳ 6 Ἀραηνὶ βαίλνπζηλ εἰο ζάιαζζαλ θαὶ

ἀείδνπζηλ θιαγγὴ δὲ νὐρ ἁλδάλεη ζεᾷ ςῡρῇ 7 λνῦζνο ὀιέθεη ιᾱόλ ἀηῑκάδνπζη γὰξ ζεὸλ Υξύζεο (ῡ)

Lesson 7

Review

71 Review Vocabulary

ἀγιαόο ή όλ splendid ζῡκόο νῦ ὁ heart

ἀείδσ sing θαί and

ἀλ- ἀ- un- θαίσ burn

ἁλδάλσ is pleasing to θαθόο ή όλ evil

ἀπεξείζηνο ε νλ immeasurable θᾱιόο ή όλ good

ἄπνηλα σλ ηά ransom Κίιια εο ἡ Cilla

ἀηῑκάδσ dishonor θιαγγή ῆο ἡ roar

Ἀραηόο νῦ ὁ Achaean ιᾱόο νῦ ὁ host

βαίλσ go walk ιύσ loose

βνπιή ῆο ἡ plan κῡξίνη αη α countless

γάξ for λνῦζνο νπ ἡ plague

δέ but νἰσλόο νῦ ὁ bird

δεηλόο ή όλ terrible ὀιέθσ kill

εἰο (ἐο) into νὐ (νὐρ) not

εἰζί they are πάηξε εο ἡ fatherland

ἐθ (ἐμ) out of πέκπσ send

ἑιώξηνλ νπ ηό spoil πνιιόο ή όλ many

ἐλ(ί) εἰλ in ππξή ῆο ἡ funeral pyre

ἐπί upon ζηξαηόο νῦ ὁ army

ἐζηί it is ηειείσ accomplish

ἔρσ have ηεύρσ make

ἦλ it was ηίο ηί who what

ἦζαλ they were θέξσ carry

ζάιαζζα εο ἡ sea θίινο ε νλ beloved

ζεά (ᾱ) ᾶο ἡ goddess Υξύζε (ῡ) εο ἡ Chrysa

ςῡρή ῆο ἡ soul

72 Translation Exercises

1 ἀδείδνκελ ζεὰλ (ᾱ) ζαιάζζεο δεηλῆο θιαγγῇ πνιιῇ 2 νὐθ ἀηῑκάδνπζη ζενὺο 3 βνπιαὶ Ἀραηῶλ νὐρ

ἁλδάλνπζη ζεᾳ θᾱιῇ ζῡκῷ 4 βαίλεη ἐθ ζηξαηνῦ Ἀραηῶλ εἰο Κίιιαλ θαὶ θέξεη ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα ζεῷ 5 λνῦζνο θαθὴ

βαίλεη ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ θαὶ ηεύρεη πνιινὺο Ἀραηνὺο ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζηλ 6 θαὶ ζενὶ θαὶ ζεαὶ ὀιέθνπζη ιᾱὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 7 ηίο

Ἀραηῶλ ἔρεη ζῡκὸλ θαθόλ 8 ἦζαλ πνιιαὶ ζεαὶ ἐλὶ ζαιάζζῃ 9 θαίεη ππξὰο (ᾱ) ἐπὶ ζαιάζζῃ 10 ιύεηε ζηξαηὸλ

Ἀραηῶλ 11 πάηξε ἐζηὶ θίιε ςῡρῇ κῡξίσλ Ἀραηῶλ 12 ηίο πέκπεη ζηξαηὸλ ἐθ Κίιιεο εἰο Υξύζελ (ῡ) 13 βνπιὴ

θαθὴ ἐζηηλ ἁλδάλεη δὲ ζεᾷ ζῡκῷ 14 ηί ἀείδεηε

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 With a great noise we hymn the goodess of the terrible sea 2 We do not dishonor the gods 3 The will of the

Achaeans does not please the heart of the beautiful goddess 4 He goes from the Achaean camp to Cilla and delivers

countless ransoms to the god 5 An evil plague goes up through the camp and makes many Achaeans spoils for the

vultures 6 Both gods and goddesses destroy the host of the Achaeans 7 Who of the Achaeans has an evil heart 8

Were there many goddesses in the sea 9 He burns funeral pyres by the sea 10 You destroy the camp of the

Achaeans 11 The fatherland is dear to the soul of countless Achaeans 12 Who dispatches the army from Cilla to

Chrysa 13 It is an evil plan but it pleases the heart of the goddess 14 What do you sing

73 Composition Exercises

1 The Achaeans sing the beautiful goddess of the terrible sea 2 We do not dishonor the gods for they are dear

to (our) souls 3 The plans of the army are pleasing to the goddess in (her) noble soul 4 Many Achaeans are going

from the encampment and are bringing countless glorious ransoms to the gods 5 The evil plague destroys the

people and makes the army a booty for countless birds 6 We do not sing for it is not pleasing to the soul of the

goddess

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 Ἀραηνὶ ἀείδνπζη ζεὰλ (ᾱ) θᾱιὴλ δεηλῆο ζαιάζζεο 2 νὐθ ἀηῑκάδνκελ ζενὺο θίινη δὲ ζῡκνῖζηλ 3 βνπιαὶ

ζηξαηῷ ἁλδάλνπζη ζεᾷ ζῡκῷ 4 Ἀραηνὶ πνιινὶ βαίλνπζηλ ἐθ ζηξαηνῦ θαὶ θέξνπζηλ ἄπνηλα ἀπεξείζηα θαὶ ἀγιαὰ

ζενῖζηλ 5 θαθὴ λνῦζνο ὀιέθεη ιᾱὸλ θαὶ ηεύρεη ζηξαηὸλ ἄπνηλα νἰσλνῖζηλ ἀπεξείζηνῐζηλ 6 νὐθ ἀείδνκελ νὐθ γὰξ

ἁλδάλεη ςῡρῇ ζεᾶο

Lesson 8

(765-766 773-774)

81 The Second Declension (Continued)

Several words are declined like θᾱιόο ή όλ except that the nominative vocative and accusative singular of

the neuter ends in -o instead of -νλ Some of these words include ὅο ἥ ὅ (which) ὁ ἡ ηό (that) (ἐ)θεῖλνο ε ν

(that) αὐηόο ή ό (he she it) and ἄιινο ε ν (another)

The words ὅδε and νὗηνο are not introduced in this lesson but they are dleclined similarly and so are included

in the paradigms as reference

ὁ ἡ ηό (that hesheit whowhichwhat)

Masc Fem Neut

N ὁ ἡ ηό

G ηνῦ ηνῖν ηῆο ηνῦ ηνῖν

D ηῷ ηῇ ηῷ

A ηόλ ηήλ ηό

N A ηώ (ηώ) ηώ

G D ηνῖηλ (ηνῖηλ) ηνῖηλ

N νἱ αἱ ηά

G ηῶλ ηάσλ (ᾱ) [ηῶλ] ηῶλ

D ηνῖζη ηνῖο ηῇζη ηῇο ηνῖζη ηνῖο

A ηνύο ηάο (ᾱ) ηά

αὐηόο ή ό (hesheit self same)

Masc Fem Neut

N αὐηόο αὐηή αὐηό

G αὐηνῦ νῖν αὐηῆο αὐηνῦ νῖν

D αὐηῷ αὐηῇ αὐηῷ

A αὐηόλ αὐηήλ αὐηό

N A αὐηώ (αὐηώ) αὐηώ

G D αὐηνῖηλ (αὐηνῖηλ) αὐηνῖηλ

N αὐηνί αὐηαί αὐηά

G αὐηῶλ αὐηάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] αὐηῶλ

D αὐηνῖζη νῖο αὐηῇζη ῇο αὐηνῖζη νῖο

A αὐηνύο αὐηάο (ᾱ) αὐηά

ὅο ἥ ὅ (whowhichwhat)

Masc Fem Neut

N ὅο ἥ ὅ

G νὖ [ὅνπ ὅν] ἥο νὗ [ὅνπ ὅν]

D ᾧ ᾗ ᾧ

A ὅλ ἥλ ὅ

N A ὥ (ὥ) ὥ

G D νἷηλ (νἷηλ) νἶηλ

N νἵ αἵ ἅ

G ὧλ ὧλ ὧλ

D νἷζη νἷο ᾗζη ᾗο νἷζη νἷο

A νὕο ἅο (ᾱ) ἅ

(ἐ)θεῖλνο ε ν (that)

Masc Fem Neut

N (ἐ)θεῖλνο (ἐ)θείλε (ἐ)θεῖλν

G (ἐ)θείλνπ νην (ἐ)θείλεο (ἐ)θείλνπ νην

D (ἐ)θείλῳ (ἐ)θείλῃ (ἐ)θείλῳ

A (ἐ)θεῖλνλ (ἐ)θείλελ (ἐ)θεῖλν

N A (ἐ)θείλσ ((ἐ)θείλσ) (ἐ)θείλσ

G D (ἐ)θείλνηηλ ((ἐ)θείλνηηλ) (ἐ)θείλνηηλ

N (ἐ)θεῖλνη (ἐ)θεῖλαη (ἐ)θεῖλα

G (ἐ)θείλσλ (ἐ)θεηλάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] (ἐ)θείλσλ

D (ἐ)θείλνηζη νηο (ἐ)θείλῃζη ῃο (ἐ)θείλνηζη νηο

A (ἐ)θείλνπο (ἐ)θείλᾱο (ἐ)θεῖλα

ὅδε ἥδε ηόδε (this)

Masc Fem Neut

N ὅδε ἥδε ηόδε

G ηνύδε ηνῖνδε ηῆζδε ηνύδε ηνῖνδε

D ηῷδε ηῇδε ηῷδε

A ηόλδε ηήλδε ηόδε

N A ηώδε (ηώδε) ηώδε

G D ηνῖηλδε (ηνῖηλδε) ηνῖηλδε

N νἵδε (ηνίδε) αἵδε (ηαίδε) ηάδε

G ηῶλδε ηάσλδε (ᾱ) [ηῶλδε] ηῶλδε

D ηνῖζηδε ηνῖζδε ηῇζηδε ηῇζδε ηνῖζηδε ηνῖζδε

ηνίζδεζη ηνίζδεζη

ηνίζδεζζη ηνίζδεζζη

A ηνύζδε ηάζδε (ᾱ) ηάδε

νὗηνο αὕηε ηνῦην (this)

Masc Fem Neut

N νὗηνο αὕηε ηνῦην

G ηνύηνπ νην ηαύηεο ηνύηνπ νην

D ηνύηῳ ηαύηῃ ηνύηῳ

A ηνῦηνλ ηαύηελ ηνῦην

N A ηνύησ (ηνύησ) ηνύησ

G D ηνύηνηηλ (ηνύηνηηλ) ηνύηνηηλ

N νὗηνη αὗηαη ηαῦηα

G ηνύησλ ηαῡηάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] ηνύησλ

D ηνύηνηζη νηο ηαύηῃζη ῃο ηνύηνηζη νηο

A ηνύηνπο ηαύηᾱο ηαῦηα

82 Vocabulary

ἀιιά but moreover

ἄιινο ε νλ other another

αὐηόο ή ό self him himself her herself it itself same

δῖνο α νλ (declined like ζάιαζζα) divine heavenly glorious

(ἐ)θεῖλνο ε ν that (one) he she it

ἑθεβόινο νπ ὁ free-shooter sharpshooter (originally shoots-at-will a title for Apollo)

θαθῶο evilly wickedly harshly with evil consequences

ὁ ἡ ηό this that he she it who which what

νὕλεθα (νὗ-ἔλεθα) because

ζθῆπηξνλ νπ ηό scepter staff

ηέ and also both

ρξύζενο (ῡ) ε νλ gold golden of gold

83 Derivatives

ἄιινο (allo-) = allopathy

αὐηόο (auto-) = automaton autocracy autograph autonomy

ρξύζενο (ῡ) (chryse-) = chrysanthemum chrysalis chrysolite

84 Translation Excersis

1 δῖνο ἑθεβόινο αὐηὸο ἀείδεη ἀιιrsquo νὐρ ἁλδάλεη ἄιινηζη ζενῖζη ζῡκῷ 2 θεῖλνη Ἀραηνὶ ἀηῑκάδνπζη ηνὺο ζενύο

3 ὁ ἑθεβόινο πέκπεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ θαθῶο ὀιέθεη θεῖλνλ ιᾱόλ νὕλεθα ηὸλ ἀηῑκάδνπζηλ 4

νὐθ ἀηῑκάδνκελ ηνὺο ζενύο νἳ ἔρνπζη ζθῆπηξα ρξύζεα (ῡ) 5 ὁ ἑθεβόινο ηε θαὶ νἱ ἄιινη ζενὶ θέξνπζη ρξύζεα (ῡ)

ζθῆπηξα θᾱιά 6 ηίο ηεύρεη ηὰ ζθῆπηξα ρξύζεα (ῡ) ηνῖζη ζενῖο ζαιάζζεο 7 ἀείδεη ἑθεβόινο αὐηὸο βνπιὰο (ᾱ)

ἄιισλ ζεῶλ ηνῖζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ 8 εἰζὶλ νἱ Ἀραηνὶ θᾱινί νἱ ὀιέθνπζη ηὸλ ζηξαηὸλ θαίνπζί ηε ηὰο (ᾱ) ππξάο (ᾱ) 9 ἡ

ζεὰ (ᾱ) ηῆο δεηλῆο ζαιάζζεο ἔρεη ηὸ ζθῆηξνλ ρξύζενλ (ῡ) 10 ἐλὶ ηῇ πάηξε εἰζὶλ αἱ ππξαί 11 ηίο ηεύρεη ηὸλ

ζηξαηὸλ ἑιώξηα ηνῖζηλ νἰσλνῖζηλ

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 The divine free-shooter himself sings but it does not please the hearts of the other gods 2 Those Achaeans

dishonor these gods 3 This free-shooter sends an evil plague up through the camp of the Achaeans and wickedly

destroys that host because they dishonor him 4 We do not dishonor these gods who hold the golden scepters 5

Both this free-shooter and these other gods carry beautiful golden scepters 6 Who fashions the golden scepters for

these gods of the sea 7 Does the free-shooter himself sing the plans of the other gods to these Achaeans 8 Are

these Achaeans noble who destroy (our) camp and burn funeral pyres 9 This goddess of the terrible sea holds a

golden scepter 10 The funeral pyrers are in (our) fatherland 11 Who makes (our) camp a spoil for these vultures

85 Composition Exercises

1 ἑθεβόινο αὐηὸο ἀείδεη ηὰο (ᾱ) βνπιὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) ζεῶλ 2 ηί νὐρ ἁλδάλεη ηνῖο ἄιινηζη ζενῖζηλ νἳ ἐλὶ

ζαιάζζῃ 3 ἐθεῖλνο Ἀραηὸο ἀηῑκάδεη ηνὺο ζενὺο πάηξεο νἱ ἔρνπζη ηὰ ζθῆπηξα ρξύζεα (ῡ) 4 ὁ ἑθεβόινο πέκπεη

λνύζνπο πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θαθὰο (ᾱ) ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ ὀιέθεη κῡξίνπο ιᾱνύο νὕλεθα ηὸλ ἀηῑκάδνπζηλ 5 ηίο

θαίεη ηὰο (ᾱ) ππξὰο (ᾱ) Ἀραηῶλ ἐπὶ δεηλῇ ζαιάζζῃ 6 ὁ ἑθεβόινο ηεύρεη κῡξίνπο Ἀραίνπο ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζηλ νὕλεθα

ηὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) ζεὰο (ᾱ) ζαιάζζεο ἀηῑκάδνπζηλ

Lesson 9

(830-840 904)

91 The Verbal Augment

Greek verbs frequently add a prefix to a verb (in the secondary tenses of the idicative) to indicate action

occurring in the past This prefix is called an augment Verbal augments take one of two forms the syllabic

augment which consists of adding an extra syllable to the beginning of a word and the temporal augment which

consists of lengthening the first syllable of a word While the augment is consistently applied in later dialects of

Greek it was still optional in Homeric and is often omitted (the tense being determined solely from the suffixes)

The syllabic augment is applied to verbs that begin with a consonant (or rare verbs that originally began with a

consonant) and consists of the prefix ε- Thus ιύνκελ = we loose (present tense) but ἐιύνκελ = we were loosing

(past tense) Some Greek words originally began with a ϝ or an ζ that later disappeared (usually replace with the

rough breathing) In those cases the augment is sometimes syllabic reflecting the earlier practice The word ἁλδάλσ

for example was originally ζϝαλδάλσ (swandano) The original augmented form of the imperfect was ἐζϝάλδαλνλ

(eswandano) When the ζϝ- was dropped the syllabic augment was retained ἑάλδαλνλ (heandano)

When a verb has lost an initial ζ the syllabic augment frequently contracts with the initial vowel For example

the word ἔρσ was originally ζέρσ The original augmented imperfect was ἔζερνλ When the initial ζ disappeared

the result was ἔερνλ which contracted to εἶρνλ (because εε usually contracts to εη) This pattern is also sometimes

present in verbs that originally began with ϝ such as ϝίδνλ =gt ἐϝηδνλ = ἔηδνλ = εἶδνλ

The temporal augment consists of lengthening an initial vowel and occurs in most Greek verbs that begin with

an initial vowel In general initial α or ε becomes ε initial η ν or π becomes ῑ initial αη and ᾳ become ῃ and initial

νη becomes ῳ Thus ἄγνκελ (we lead) becomes ἤγνκελ (we were leading) If the verb already begins with a long

vowel (ε ῃ ῑ ῡ σ ῳ) there is usually no change

Verbs that begin with ξ usually double the ξ when adding the syllabic augment This feature also sometimes

occurs in verbs beginning with ι κ λ or ζ

Compound verbs are usually formed from a combination of preposition + verb such as ἀπό (away from) + ιύσ

(loosen) = ἀπνιύσ (set free turn loose) In compound verbs a temporal augment is inserted between the preposition

and the verb If the preposition ends in a vowel the vowel is usually elided Thus ἀπνιύνκελ (we set free) becomes

ἀπειύνκελ (elided from ἀπνειύνκελ we were setting free)

92 The Imperfect Tense

The imperfect denotes continuous action in past time and typically corresponds to the past participle in English

Thus ἔιπνλ (imperfect) = I was loosing Occasionally the Greek imperfect is best translated by the simple past tense

in English The imperfect tense is formed by adding the secondary tense endings (which will be described in a later

lesson) to the augmented stem of the verb

In the paradigm below the unaugmented form is shown in brackets

Imperfect Tense

S 1st Pers ἔιπνλ [ιύνλ] I was loosing

2nd

Pers ἔιπεο [ιύεο] you were loosing

3rd

Pers ἔιπε(λ) [ιύε(λ)] he she it was loosing

D 2nd

Pers ἐιύεηνλ [ιύεηνλ] you (two) were loosing the pair of you were loosing

3rd

Pers ἐιπέηελ [ιπέηελ] they (two) were loosing the pair of them were loosing

P 1st Pers ἐιύνκελ [ιύνκελ] we were loosing

2nd

Pers ἐιύεηε [ιύεηε] you (ye) were loosing

3rd

Pers ἐιύνλ [ιύνλ] they were loosing

93 Vocabulary

ἄιιῃ elsewhere

Ἀξγεῖνο νπ ὁ Argive

-δε (suffix + acc) to

δηά (adv) between among (+gen) through (+acc) through by means

of on account of during

δηίθηινο (ῑ) ε νλ dear to Zeus

εἴξσ speak say tell

ἐκόο ή όλ my mine

ἔξγνλ νπ ηό (ϝέξγνλ) work deed accomplishment

-ζελ (suffix gen ending) from

Κιπηαηκήζηξε εο ἡ Clytaemnestra

(also Κιπηαηκλήζηξε)

καληνζύλε εο ἡ gift of prophesy

νἶθνο νπ ὁ house home

ιύκπηνο ε νλ Olympian

Ὄιπκπνο νπ ὁ Olympus

Πξίακνο νπ ὁ Priam

ζόο ζή ζόλ your yours

εἶρνλ (imperfect of ἔρσ) I was having I had

94 Derivatives

95 Translation Exercises

1 ὁ ἑθεβόινο δηὰ καληνζύλελ εἴξεη βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ηῶλ ζεῶλ Ἀξγείνηζηλ 2 νἱ ιύκπηνη ζενὶ εἶρνλ νἴθνπο ἐλ

ιύκπῳ 3 ὁ ἑθεβόινο δηίθηινο (ῑ) ἔηεπρε ηνὺο Ἀξγείνπο Ἀραηνύο ηε ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζηλ 4 Ἀραηνὶ Ἀξγεῖνί ηrsquo

ἔηεπρνλ ἔξγα θαθὰ δηὰ βνπιὴλ ζεᾶο 5 Κιπηαηκήζηξε δηὰ ηὸλ ζῡκὸλ ἔηεπρελ ηὰ ἔξγα δεηλά 6 Πξίακνο ιᾱόο ηε

Πξηάκνπ ὤιεθνλ πνιινὺο Ἀξγείνπο 7 ηίο εἴξεη ηὰ ζὰ ἔξγα θαθὰ Πξηάκῳ 8 ηὰ ἔξγα ἐκά ἐζηη θᾱιά νὕλεθα ἔηεπρνλ

βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεῶλ θαὶ ζεάσλ (ᾱ) δηὰ ηὴλ καληνζύλελ 9 ἐπέκπνκελ ηὰ ρξύζεα (ῡ) ζθῆπηξα εἰο νἶθνλ Πξηάκῳ 10

ἐθαίεηε ηὰο (ᾱ) ππξὰο (ᾱ) δεηλῇ θιαγγῇ 11 νὐρ ἥλδαλε ἡ βνπιὴ ζεᾷ ζαιάζζεο ζῡκῷ 12 αἱ ζεαὶ ἀείδνπζη ηὰ θᾱιὰ

ἔξγα ηῶλ ζεῶλ ἑθεβόινο δὲ βαίλεη ἄιιῃ 13 εἶρε Πξίακνο ἀγιαὸλ θαὶ θᾱιὸλ νἶθνλ

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 This free-shooter relates the plans of the gods to the Argives through prophesy 2 These Olympian gods had

homes on Olympus 3 This free-shooter beloved of Zeus made both the Argives and the Achaeans prey for the

vultures 4 Both the Achaeans and the Argives committed evil deeds through the will of the goddess 5 Because of

her heart Clytaemnestra wrought these terrible deeds 6 Both Priam and the host of Priam killed many Argives 7

Who relates these evil deeds of yours to Priam 8 These works of mine are noble because through prophesy I

accomplished the of the gods and goddess 9 We sent the golden scepters to the house of Priam 10 Were you

burning the funeral pyres with a terrible uproar 11 Does the plan not please the heart of the goddess of the sea 12

The goddesses sing the noble deeds of the gods but the free-shooter walks elsewhere 13 Priam had a splendid and

beautiful home

96 Composition Exercises

1 Who brought these countless shining ransoms to the beautiful home of Priam 2 The Achaeans and the

Argives burned many funeral pyres in your beloved fatherland 3 Clytaemnestra was wicked and performed many

dreadful deeds 4 Through the gift of prophesy we tell many glorious deeds of the gods and goddesses who have

Olympian homes 5 My deeds are noble but yours are cowardly 6 The gods sent an evil plague up through the

camp and destroyed many Achaeans because they dishonored the free-shooter 7 It was not pleasing to

Clytaemnestra in (her) wicked soul

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 ηίο ἔθεξε ηὰο ἄπνηλα ἀγιαὰ εἰο νἶθνλ θᾱιὸλ Πξηάκνπ 2 Ἀραηνὶ θαὶ Ἀξγεῖνη ἔθαηνλ ππξὰο (ᾱ) πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἐλ

ζῇ πάηξῃ θᾱιῇ 3 Κιπηαηκλήζηξε θαθὴ ἦλ θαὶ ἔηεπρελ ἄξγα πνιιὰ θαὶ δεηλά 4 δηὰ καληνζύλελ εἴξνκελ ἔξγα

πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀγιαὰ ζεῶλ θαὶ ζεάσλ (ᾱ) νἳ ἔρνπζηλ νἴθνπο ιπκπίνπο 5 ἔξγα ἐκὰ θᾱιή εἰζηλ ζὰ δὲ θαθά 6 ζενὶ

ἔπεκπνλ λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ θαὶ ὤιεθνλ Ἀραίνπο πνιινύο νὕλεθα ἠηίκαδνλ (ῑ) ἑθεβόινλ 7 νὐρ ἥλδαλε

Κιπηαηκλήζηξῃ ζῡκῷ θαθῷ

Lesson 10

(841-857 904)

101 Formation of the Aorist and Future Tenses

The first aorist is a secondary tense formed by adding -ζ(ζ)α to the augmented verb stem followed by the

personal endings of the secondary tense If the verb stem ends in a consonant or a long vowel only a single ζ is

added If the stem ends in a short vowel either one or two sigmas may be added A few aorists (called ldquomixed

aoristsrdquo) are formed by adding -ζ followed by the thematic vowel and the personal endings for the secondary tenses

to the augmented stem

The future is formed by adding -ζ followed by the thematic vowel and the personal endings for the primary

tenses

If the verb stem ends in a long vowel the stem is not affected by the addition of the suffixes for the future or

aorist tenses If the stem ends in a short vowel it is regularly lengthened in all tenses except the present and the

imperfect There are however a few exceptions to this pattern In most cases these verbs add ζ before the personal

endings of the perfect middle and aorist passive

102 Classification of Verbs

Verbs are classified into four groups according to the final letter of the stem vowel verbs liquid verbs nasal

verbs and mute verbs

When -ζ is added to the end of a mute verb a labial combines with ζ to form ς a palatal combines with ζ to

form μ and a lingual is dropped (leaving only ζ)

When -ζ is added to the end of a liquid or nasal verb it is usually preceded by -ε and the ζ is dropped in

contraction Thus βαιισ = βαιέζσ = βαιέσ In rare cases the ε is dropped and the ζ retained In some vowel-stem

verbs where the final vowel is preceded by a liquid or nasal the verb behaves as a liquidnasal and adds -εζ to the

stem θαιέσ (present) = θαιέζσ (future) = θαιέσ (future contracted) The formations in which the ζ is dropped

after α or ε are sometimes called ldquoAttic futuresrdquo

Verbs with liquid and nasal stems regularly form the aorist by dropping the ζ and lengthening the stem vowel

A few verbs have active forms in the present tense but middle forms in the future tense ἀθνύσ (I hear) but

ἀθνύζνκαη (I will hear)

103 Paradigms Future and First Aorist of ιύσ

Future

S 1st Pers ιύζσ (ῡ) I shall loose

2nd

Pers ιύζεηο (ῡ) you will loose

3rd

Pers ιύζεη (ῡ) he she it will loose

D 2nd

Pers ιύζεηνλ (ῡ) you (two) will loose

3rd

Pers ιύζεηνλ (ῡ) they (two) will loose

P 1st Pers ιύζνκελ (ῡ) we shall loose

2nd

Pers ιύζεηε (ῡ) you (ye) will loose

3rd

Pers ιύζνπζη(λ) (ῡ) they will loose

First Aorist

S 1st Pers ἔιῡζα I loosed

2nd

Pers ἔιῡζαο you loosed

3rd

Pers ἔιῡζε(λ) he she it loosed

D 2nd

Pers ἐιύζαηνλ (ῡ) you (two) loosed

3rd

Pers ἔιῡζάηελ they (two) loosed

P 1st Pers ἐιύζακελ (ῡ) we loosed

2nd

Pers ἐιύζαηε (ῡ) you (ye) loosed

3rd

Pers ἔιῡζαλ they loosed

104 Vocabulary

ἄγσ ἄμσ ἤγαγνλ lead drive conduct bring carry

ἀλάζζσ (ϝαλαθ-) ἀλάμσ ἠλαμα (+gen) rule (over) guard protect

ἄξηζηνο ε νλ best noblest bravest fairest

αὖηηο (back) again anew

Γαλαόο νῦ ὁ Danaan

ἑθαηόκβε εο ἡ hecatomb sacrifice

ζάλαηνο νπ ὁ death

Ἴιηνο νπ ἡ Ilium Troy the region around Troy

κεγάζῡκνο ε νλ great-souled brave

ὄρα far much considerably

πέζσ (πεηζ- πνηζ- πηζ-) πείζσ ἔπεηζα (πέπηζνλ) persuade win over mislead

θηιέσ θηιήζσ ἐθίιεζα love cherish entertain hospitably

εἶπνλ εἶπεο εἶπε(λ) θηι 2nd

aor speak say tell etc

ἔβεζα ἔβεζαο ἔβεζε(λ) θηι 1st aor come go walk etc

105 Derivatives

ἄγσ (ag-) = pedagogue demagogue synagogue

ἄξηζηνο (arist-) = aristocracy

ζάλαηνο (thanat-) = thanatopsis euthanasia

106 Translation Exercises

1 ηίο ἦλ ὄρrsquo ἄξηζηνο Γαλαῶλ 2 Πξίακνο κεγάζῡκνο ἤλαζζελ Ἰιίνπ 3 νὐθ αὖηηο ἄμνπζη Γαλανὶ κεγάζῡκνη

ἑθαηόκβᾱο πνιιὰο (ᾱ) εἰο Υξύζελ (ῡ) 4 νὐθ ἔπεηζαλ ἑθεβόινλ πνιιῇο ἑθαηόβῃζη θᾱιῇζηλ 5 νὐ θηιήζνκελ ζενύο

νὕλεθα θᾱινὶ εἰζηλ 6 Γαλανὶ ηεύμνπζη ζάλαηνλ Πξηάκῳ ἐλ Ἰιίῳ 7 ἐθίιεζα ζεὰλ (ᾱ) ζαιάζζεο ἀιιrsquo νὐρ ἥλδαλε

ἑθεβόιῳ ζῡκῷ 8 ἀείζνκελ θαὶ πείζνκελ ζενύο 9 ὄρrsquo ἄξηζνη ἐλ Ἰιίῳ ηὰ εἶπνλ Πξηάκῳ ἀιιὰ ηνὺο ἠηῑκάζελ 10

Πξίακνο ἔπεκςε ηὸλ ζηξαηὸλ ἄξηζηνλ ἐπrsquo Ἀξγείνηζηλ 11 ἔβεζαλ αὖηηο Γαλανὶ εἰο Ἴιηνλ ἀιιrsquo νὐθ ἔπεηζαλ

Πξίακνλ 12 ἀείζνκελ ἑθεβόινλ ὄρrsquo ἄξηζηνλ ζεῶλ νὕλεθrsquo ἤγαγε Γαλανὺο εἰο Ἴιηνλ

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 Who was by far the noblest of the Danaans 2 Great-souled Priam ruled Ilium 3 Not agan will the great-

souled Danaans lead many sacrifices into Chrysa 4 They did not persuade the free-shooter with many goodly

sacrifices 5 Do we not love the gods because they are good 6 The Danaans will prepare death for Priam in Ilium

7 I loved the goddess of the sea but it was not pleasing to the heart of the free-shooter 8 We will sing and

persuade the gods 9 By far the noblest in Ilium this they say of Priam but he (is the one) he dishonored () 10

Priam sent the best army against the Argives 11 The Danaans went back to Ilium but they did not persuade Priam

12 We hymn the free-shooter greatest of the gods because he led the Danaans into Ilium

107 Composition Exercises

1 The great-souled Achaeans will not persuade the free-shooter with goodly hecatombs but he will prepare evil

death for the people 2 The noblest of the Achaeans went to Ilium but they did not persuade the soul of Priam 3

We shall sing because the gods have led (aor) the people into Troy 4 We shall have many shining golden scepters

5 Did you not love the gods who have Olympian homes 6 Priam shall not rule Ilium again for the Achaeans will

prepare evil death for him 7 Does he speak to the beautiful goddess of the sea 8 They will persuade the souls of

the gods with many hecatombs

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 Ἀραηνὶ κεγάζῡκνη νὐ πείζνπζηλ ἑθεβόινλ πνιιῇο ἑθαηόκβῆζηλ ἀιιὰ ηεύμεη ζάλαηνλ θαθὸλ ιᾱνῖζηλ 2

ἄξηζηνη Ἀραηῶλ ἔβεζαλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ ἀιιrsquo νὐθ ἔπεηζαλ ζῡκὸλ Πξηάκῳ 3 ἀείζνκελ νὕλεθα ζενὺο ἤγαγνλ ιᾱὸλ εἰο

Ἴιηνλ 4 ἕζρνκελ πνιιὰ ρξύζεα (ῡ) ἀγιαὰ ζθῆπηξα 5 νὐθ ἐθηιήζαηε ζενὺο νἳ ἔρνπζηλ νἴθνπο ιπκπίνπο 6 νὐθ

αὖηηο ἀλάζζεη Πξίακνο Ἰιίνπ Ἀραηνὶ γὰξ ηεύμνπζη ζάλαηνλ θαθὸλ αὐηῷ 7 εἴξεη ζεᾷ θᾱιᾷ ζαιάζζεο 8 πείζνπζη

ζῡκνὺο ζεῶλ πνιιῇο ἑθαηόκβῃζηλ

Lesson 11

(664-675 838-839)

111 First Declension Masculine Nouns

First declension masculines typically end in -εο -ᾱο or -ᾰο in the nominative and are declined exactly the same

as their feminine counterparts (with the exception of the nominative singular which adds -ο the genitive singular

which regularly ends in -ᾱν and the vocative singular which ends in -ε -ᾱ or -ᾰ) Those ending in -εο retain -ε

throughout the singular those ending in -ᾱο retain the -ᾱ throughout the singular and those ending in -ᾰο take the -ε

ending in the dative

Masculines ending in -δεο take -ε in the vocative singular while those ending in -ηεο (as well as compound

nouns and the names of nationalities) regularly take -ᾰ Those ending in -ᾱο take the the nominative singular in -ᾱ

A very few first declension adjectives take a masculine ending in -ᾰ (without the final -ο) Many of these also

have an alternative form that ends in the more common -εο Those that do not have an alternative form in -εο usually

have the recessive accent (a feature inherited from the Aeolic influence in Homer) The only masculine noun ending

in -ᾰ in the nominative is the name Θύεζηα (Thyestes)

First declension masculine nouns typically follow the paradigms for Ἀηξεΐδεο (Atreides son of Atreus) Αἰλείᾱο

(Aeneas) and αἰρκεηήο (spearman warrior)

Ἀηξεΐδεο ᾱν ὁ Αἰλείᾱο ᾱν ὁ αἰρκεηήο ᾱν ὁ

(Αηξεϝηδᾱ-) (Αἰλεηᾱ-) (αἰρκεηᾱ-)

N Ἀηξεΐδεο Αἰλείᾱο αἰρκεηήο [ά]

G Ἀηξεΐδᾱν [εσ] Αἰλείᾱν [σ] αἰρκεηᾶν [έσ]

D Ἀηξεΐδῃ Αἰλείᾳ αἰρκεηῇ

A Ἀηξεΐδελ Αἰλείαλ αἰρκεηήλ

V Ἀηξεΐδε Αἰλείᾱ αἰρκεηά

N A V Ἀηξεΐδᾱ αἰρκεηά (ᾱ)

G D Ἀηξεΐδῃηλ αἰρκεηῇηλ

N V Ἀηξεΐδαη αἰρκεηαί

G Ἀηξετδάσλ (ᾱ) αἰρκεηάσλ (ᾱ)

[έσλ ῶλ] [έσλ ῶλ]

D Ἀηξεΐδῃζη ῃο αἰρκεηῇζη ῇο

A Ἀηξεΐδᾱο αἰρκεηάο (ᾱ)

112 Compound Verbs

Compound verbs are formed from a preposition or adverb coupled with a verb such as ἀλαβαίλσ (ascend)

formed from ἀλα (up) and βαίλσ (go) If the preposition ends in a vowel and the verb begins with a vowel the vowel

of the preposition is usually elided as in δηίζηεκη (δηὰ ἰζηεκη) ἁθαηξέσ (ἀπὸ αἱξέσ)

The augment occurs between the preposition and the verb When two vowels are thus brought together the first

vowel is usually elided leaving the augment Thus ἀπνιύσ (I release present) ἀπέιπνλ (I was releasing

imperfect) ἀπέιῡζα (I released aorist)

113 Vocabulary

ἀλαβαίλσ ἀλαβήζσ ἀλέβεζα go up ascend embark

ἀπνιύσ ἀπνιύζσ (ῡ) ἀπέιῡζα loose set free release

Ἀηξεΐδεο -ᾱν ὁ Atreides son of Atreus (usually refers to Agamemnon)

θαηαθεύσ θαηαθαύζσ θαηέθεα burn consume

θειεύσ - ἔθιπνλ (+gen) hear hearken to

κεηέεηπνλ κεηεῖπνλ (2nd

aor of εἴξσ) spoke among addressed spoke to

ὅηε when whenever

Πειεηάδεο ᾱν (εσ) ὁ Peleiades son of Peleus (used in reference to Achilles)

πξνζέεηπνλ πξνζεῖπνλ (2nd

aor of εἴξσ) addressed spoke to

ηόηε then at that time

ρνιόσ ρνιώζσ ἐρόισζα anger enrage vex

Υξύζεο (ῡ) ᾱν (εσ) ὁ Chryses

Verbs

ἀλαβαίλσ

stem ἀλα + βαλ- βα-

future ἀλαβήζσ (rarely ἀλαβήζνκαη)

1st aorist ἀλέβεζα (rarely 2

nd aor ἀλέβελ)

ἀπνιύσ

stem ἀπό + ιύσ

future ἀπνιύζσ (ῡ)

1st aorist ἀπέιῡζα

θαηαθαίσ

stem θαηά + θαπ- θαϝ- θαη-

future θαηαθαύζσ (assumed form)

1st aorist θαηέθεα

θειεύσ (Attic)

stem θιεπ- θιεϝ- θιπ-

future none

2nd

aorist ἐθιπνλ

ρνιόσ

stem ρνιν-

future ρνιώζσ

1st aorist ἐρόισζα

Notes

In Homeric Greek the stem vowel is usually lengthened before -ζ hence ἀλαβαίλσ =gt ἀλαβήζσ =gt

ἀλέβεζα ἀπνιύσ =gt ἀπνιύζσ (ῡ) =gt ἀπέιῡζα

ἀλαβαίλσ also has a 2nd

aorist ἀλέβελ

A few verbs have active forms in the present but middle forms in the future ἀλαβαίλσ has two future

forms one active (ἀλαβήζσ) and one middle (ἀλαβήζνκαη)

Verbs with stems ending in -αηλσ originally had a consonantal η following the λ (ie ἀλαβαηλησ)

114 Translation

1 θᾱινὶ ζενὶ ἔηεπμαλ ζάλαηνλ θαθὸλ δίῳ (ῑ) Πειεηάδῃ ὁ δrsquo ἀλέβελ ππξήλ 2 ἑθεβόινο ὤιεθε ιᾱὸλ Ἀραηῶλ

νὕλεθα δῖνο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) 3 θαηέθεα ἑθαηόκβᾱο πνιιάο (ᾱ) 4 ἑθεβόινο νὐθ ἔθιπελ Ἀηξεΐδᾱν

νὕλεθα ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) 5 Υξύζεο (ῡ) κεηέεηπελ Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἀιιrsquo νὐθ Ἀηξεΐδῃ ἥλδαλε ζῡκῷ 6 ὅηε θαθῶο

πξνζέεηπελ Ἀηξεΐδεο Υξύζελ (ῡ) ηόηε ἐρόισζελ ἑθεβόινλ 7 ἀπειύζακελ (ῡ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) νὕλεθα ηὸλ

ἐθηιήζακελ 8 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἤλεηθελ ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα Ἀηξεΐδῃ 9 νἴζνκελ ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀπνιύζνκελ (ῡ)

Υξύζελ (ῡ) νὕλεθα ηὸλ ἐθηιήζακελ θαὶ θίινο ἐζηὶλ ἑθεβόιῳ 10 ηίο θέξεη ἄπνηλα Υξύζᾱν (ῡ) Ἀηξεΐδῃ 11 δῖνο

Πειεηάδεο ἐρόισζελ Ἀηξεΐδελ 12 ὅηε θαηεθήακελ πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἑθαηόκβᾱο θᾱιάο (ᾱ) ηόηε ἐπείζακελ ζῡκνὺο ζεῶλ

13 δηὰ καληνζύλελ Υξύζεο (ῡ) εἶπε βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεῶλ Ἀηξεΐδῃ Πειεηάδῃ ηε

KEY

1 The noble gods prepared evil death for the divine Peleiades and he ascended the funeral pyre 2 The free-

shooter destroyed the host of the Achaeans because the divine Atreides dishonored Chryses 3 I burned many

funeral pyres 4 The free-shooter did not hear the son of Atreus because he dishonored Chryses 5 Chryses spoke

among the Achaeans but but it did not please the heart of Atreides 6 It angered the free-shooter when the son of

Atreus spoke wickedly to Chryses 7 We released Chryses because we loved him 8 Chryses brought countless

glorious ransoms to the son of Atreus 9 We will bring many ransoms and release Chryses because we loved him

and he is dear to the free-shooter 10 Who brought the ransoms of Chryses to the son of Atreus 11 The divine

Peleiades angered the son of Atreus 12 We persuaded the hearts of the gods when we burned many good

hecatombs 13 Through prophesy Chryses spoke the will of the gods to both Atreides and Peleiades

115 Composition

1 The Achaeans ascended into Troy and killed the noble Priam 2 We burned many goodly hecatombs to the

Olympian gods 3 Chryses spoke among the Achaeans but the son of Atreus did not hearken to him 4 The

Achaeans addressed the son of Atreus but he did not free Chryses 5 The son of Atreus will bring many ransoms

into the camp of the Achaeans 6 Who will persuade the gods with many goodly hecatombs

KEY

1 Ἀραηνὶ ἀλέβεζαλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ θαὶ ὤιεμαλ θᾱιὸλ Πξηάκνλ 2 θαηέθεκελ πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) ἑθαηόκβὰο (ᾱ)

ζενῖο ιπκπίνηο 3 Υξύζεο (ῡ) κεηέεηπελ Ἀραηνῖο ἀιιrsquo Ἀηξεΐδεο ηὸλ νὐθ ἔθιπελ 4 Ἀραηνὶ πξνζέεηπνλ Ἀηξεΐδῃ

ἀιιrsquo νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε Υξύζελ (ῡ) 5 Ἀηξεΐδεο νἴζεη ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ εἰο ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 6 ηίο πείζεη ζενὺο πνιιῇο

ἑθαηόκβῃζηλ

Lesson 12

Review

121 Review Vocabulary

Lesson 13

(680-692 701-709)

(cf 897 874 886 619 841-843 576 1178 830-831 837 580 837)

131 Nouns of the Third Declension

Third declension nouns can be either masculine feminine or neuter The nominative endings can take many

forms but there are some conventions Masculine and feminine stems except those ending in λ ξ or ζ simply add

ζ to the stem and make the necessary euphonic changes Stems ending in ξ λ and ζ typically make no changes

except to lengthen the last vowel if it is short Stems ending in -λ(η) either drop the η and lengthen a short vowel or

drop the -λ(η) lengthen the vowel and add ζ Examples δαηκνλ- = δαηκσλ ζῑλ- = ζίο (ῑ) κειαλ- = κέιᾱο γεξνλη- =

γέξσλ etc Neuters typically consist of just the stem in the nominative and accusative except to drop a final -η

where it occurs

In general the stem of a third declension noun is found by dropping the -νο ending from the genitive singular

The dative singular regularly ends in -ῐ but occasionally in -ῑ

The accusative ending was originally -λ and this ending is common on stems ending in a vowel On stems

ending in a consonant the -λ was a sonant consonant which eventually came be pronounced as -ᾰ The result is that

the accusative singular usually ends in -λ for stems ending in a vowel and -ᾰ for stems ending in a consonant

Dental mute stems ending in -ηο and -πο in the nominative singular rarely drop the mute and typically adopt the -λ

accusative ending as if they were vowel stems

The dative plural is formed by adding either -εζζη (rarely -εζη) or -ζη (rarely -ζζη) and making the usual

euphonic changes Most third declension nouns thus have alternate dative plural forms as πνύο = πνζζί = πνζί =

πόδεζζη etc

The accusative plural originally ended in -λο (sonant λ) which gives -αο for stems ending in a consonant and -ῑο

and -ῡο for stems ending in a vowel A few vowel stems borrowed an -αο ending from the first declension by

analogy

The vocative singular is usually either identical to the nominative or identical to the stem alone Stems ending

in λ ξ or ο typically drop this final consonant in the vocative singular

Compensatory lengthening usually occurs in the dative plural when -λη is dropped as in γέξνληζη = γέξνπζη

132 Paradigms

Stems ending in -επ (επ) -νπ and σϝ follow the paradigms of βαζηιεύο (king βαζηιεϝ-) βνῦο (ox βνϝ-) λεῦο

(ship λᾱϝ-) and ἥξσο (hero ἡξσϝ- () or ἡξσ-)

N βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

G βαζηιῆνο [-ένο] βνόο λεόο ἥξσνο

D βαζηιῆη [-έη] βνΐ λεί ἥξση

A βαζηιῆα [-έα] βνῦλ [βῶλ] λῆα [λέα] ἥξσα

V βαζηιεῦ βνῦ λεῦ ἥξσο

N A V βαζηιῆε βόε λῆε ἥξσε

G D βαζηιήνηηλ βόνηηλ λήνηηλ ἡξώνηηλ

N V βαζηιεῆεο βόεο λῆεο ἥξσεο

G βαζηιήσλ βνῶλ λεῶλ [λεῶλ] ἡξώσλ

D βαζηιήεζζη βόεζζη λήεζζη [λέεζζἰ ἡξώεζζη

βαζηιεῦζη βνπζί λεπζί ἥξσζη

A βαζηιῆαο βόαο (βνῦο) λῆζαο (λέαο) ἥξσαο

A long vowel is typically shortened when it occurs before another vowel thus βαζηιῆνο or βαζηιένο This

convention was almost certainly consistent in pronunciation but is only occasionally represented in written form

The π in the stem of these words frequently became ϝ and subsequently disappeared as in βαζηιεπ- βαζηιεϝ-

βαζηιε-

Stems ending in η (εη) and π (επ εϝ) follow the paradigms of πόιηο (city πνιη-) πῆρπο (forearm περεϝ-) ἄζηπ

(city ἀζηεϝ-) λέθπο (corpse λεθῡ-) and δάθξπ (tear δαθξπ-)

N πόιηο πῆρπο ἄζηπ λέθῡο δάθξπ

G πόιηνο -ενο πήρενο ἄζηενο λέθπνο δάθξπνο

D πόιηη -ῑ -εη -εη πήρετ ἄζηετ λέθπτ δάθξπτ

A πόιηλ πῆρσλ ἄζηπ λέθῡλ δαθξπ

V πόιη πῆρπ ἄζηπ λέθῡ δάθξπ

N V πόιηε πήρεε ἄζηεε λέθπε δάθξπε

G D πνιίνηηλ περένηηλ ἄζηνηηλ λεθύνηηλ δαθξύνηηλ

N V πόιηεο -εεο πήρεεο ἄζηεα λέθπεο δάθξπα

G πνιίσλ περέσλ ἀζηέσλ λεθύσλ δαθξύσλ

D πνιίεζζη περέεζζη ἀζηέεζη λεθύεζζη δαθξύεζζη

πόιεζη -ηζη πήρεζη ἄζηεζη λέθῡζ(ζ)η δάθξπζη

A πόιηαο -εαο -ῑο πήρεαο ἄζηεα λέθπαο [-ῡο] δάθξπα

Nouns with stems in -ο (-εο -αο -νο) and -η are declined like ἔπνο (ϝεπεζ-) γέξαο (γεξαζ-) ἠώο (ἀϝζνζ-) δῶκα

(δσκαη-) and ἦκαξ (ἠκαξ- ἠκαη-) Note that -ζ- usually disappears when it occurs between two vowels

N ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο δῶκα ἧκαξ

G ἔπενο γέξανο ἠόνο δώκαηνο ἥκαηνο

D ἔπετ γέξατ ἠόη δώκαηη ἥκαηη

A ἔπνο γέξαο ἠόα δῶκα ἧκαξ

V ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο δῶκα ἧκαξ

N V ἔπεε γέξαε δώκαηε ἥκαηε

G D επένηηλ γεξάνηηλ δσκάηνηηλ ἡκάηνηηλ

N V ἔπεο γέξα(α) δώκαηα ἥκαηα

G ἐπέσλ γεξάσλ δσκάησλ ἡκάησλ

D ἐπέεζζη γεξάεζζη δσκάηεζζη ἡκάηεζζη

ἔπε(ζ)ζη γέξα(ζ)ζη δώκαζη ἥκαζη

A ἔπεα γέξα(α) δώκαηα ἥκαηα

Note that all nouns ening in -νο in the second declension are either masculine or feminine but all nouns ending in -

νο in the third declension are neuter All nouns ending in -κα in the nominative singular and all nouns with genitives

in -αηνο are neuter

133 Further Notes on the Third Declension

Nouns of the third declension can be any gender and consist of stems ending in -η -π or a consonant In

general the following endings are applied to the stem with the usual euphonic changes

N -ο

G -νο

D -η

A -λ

V -

N A V -ε

G D -νηηλ

N V -εο

G -σλ

D -εζζη

A -λο

Standard Euphonic Changes

Later forms of Greek such as Attic and Koine frequently contracted the forms found in Homer

The -λ in the accusative singular and plural is sonant meaning that it is pronounced as λ when

following a vowel but it is pronounced as ᾰ when following a consonant Thus πνιη-λ = πνιηλ and

πνιη-λο = πνιηο but δαηκνλ-λ = δαηκνλα and δαηκνλ-λο = δαηκνλαο

o In most cases a stem originally ending in ϝ is treated as if it ends in a consonant Thus

βαζηιεϝα = βαζηιεα εξσϝα = εξσα

o The word βνϝ- is an exception where ϝ becomes π (probably because νπ is such a common

diphthong) βνϝλ = βνπλ

Dentals are dropped before ζ Thus παηδο = παηο

o In cases where the stem ends in -λη the dental and the ζ are typically dropped with the last

vowel lengthened by compensation Thus γεξνληο = γεξσλ

Palatals combine with ζ to form μ Thus αηγο = αημ θεξπθο = θεξπμ etc

o Stems ending in -θη apply both the dental and palatal changes first dropping the η and then

combining the θζ to form μ Thus λπθηο = λπθο = λπμ

Labials combine with ζ to form ς Thus Αηζηνπο = Αηζηνς

The ζ is dropped when it follows a nasal or ξ and the last vowel is lengthened to compensate (if it

isnrsquot long already) Thus δαηκνλο = δαηκσλ θξελο = θξελ ρεηξο = ρεηξ παηεξο = παηεξ κεηεξο =

κεηεξ etc

Stems that originally ended in ϝ usually retain a π in its place in the nominative Thus βαζηιεϝο =

βαζηιεπο (originally βαζηιεπο) λεϝο = λεπο βνϝο = βνπο etc

o The same phenomenon sometimes occurs in the accusative singular as well where ϝ becomes

π and the final λ is retained Thus περεϝλ = περευλ = περπλ

o The word εξσο is an apparent exception where εξσϝο = εξσο This may be from analogy

with the relatively common -σο ending in Greek or it could be that the stem was originally

εξσ- witout the ϝ

o When the stem ends in -εϝ the ε is usually dropped in the nominative thus περεϝο = περεπο =

περπο (but the genitive and dative are περενο περετ)

Some confusion can occur at the apparent irregularity of stems ending in -π αζηπ αζηενο αζηεη etc

but δαθξπ δαθξπνο δαθξπτ etc The difference is that stems like αζηπ originally ended in a vowel + ϝ

(αζηεϝ) while stems like δαθξπ originally ended in π

Some neuters originally ended in -εο These are usually declined as -νο in the nominative and

accusative In the other cases the endings are simply applied to -εζ- and the sigma is dropped when it

occurs between two vowels επνο (nom acc from επεζο) επενο (gen from επεζνο) επετ (dat from

επεζη) etc

o Stems ending in -αο simple drop the extra sigma in the nominative singular and append the

case endings to -αζ- (dropping ζ when it occurs between two vowels) Thus γεξαο γεξανο

γεξατ etc

o Stems ending in -νο follow the same pattern as those ending in -αο except that the ν is

lengthened to σ in the nominative Thus εσο εννο εντ etc

Neuter stems ending in -καη usually drop the η in the nominative and accusative singular but retain it

in the plural Thus δσκα (nom and acc sing) δσκαηνο (gen sing) δσκαηη (dat sing) δσκαηα (nom and

acc plur) δσκαησλ (gen plur) δσκαηεζζη (dat plur) etc Neuter stems ending in -καξ usually behave

as if they ended in -καη in all cases except the nominative and accusative singular Thus εκαξ εκαηνο

εκαηη etc

The dative plural ending is given as -εζζη This could be shortened to -ζζη (before vowels) -εζη or -ζη

The -ζη ending is the most common in later dialects Thus Homeric θεξπθεζζη is typically θεξπμη in

Attic and Koine

The vocative singular in neuters is always identical to the nominative and accusative singulars

o In masculine and feminine nouns the vocative singular is usually just the stem without any

endings applied as long as the stem is capable of standing alone Thus δαηκνλ ρεηξ παηεξ

κεηεξ ζπγαηεξ αλεξ βνπ λεπ πνιη λεθῡ δαθξπ etc

o In some cases where the nominative singular has slightly modified the stem before adding -ο

the vocative is formed by simply dropping the ο Thus παη βαζηιεπ περπ

o In cases where the ο of the nominative singular has combined with the stem the vocative is

usually indentical to the nominative singular Thus αλαμ λπμ αημ θεξπμ Αηζηνς etc

o In rare cases the vocative is identical to the nominative singular even when dropping the ο

would have been convenient as in εξσο εσο

Alternate Endings The following are some alternate endings that could be applied instead of the usual

case endings listed above

o -ζη can be used to denote place where

o -ζελ can be used to denote source or separation or as an alternative ending for the genitive

case

o -δε can be added to the accusative ending to denote place to which or limit of motion

o -η can be added to denote place where

o -θη(λ) can be added as a substitute for several uses of the genitive and the dative cases

particularly in the instrumental sense

134 References

This lesson references several points in the grammar Note the following

Deponent verbs take middle or passive forms but denote active meanings

Some verbs reduplicate the initial syllable in the present tense by repeating the initial consonant

followed by -η Thus ἴζηεκη (orig ζηζηεκη) ηίζεκη δίδσκη πίκπιεκη γίγλνκαη γηγλώζθσ κηκλήζθσ

etc When futures and second aorists are reduplicated they usually follow the pattern of reduplication

found in the perfect tense If the initial consonant is aspirated the reduplicated consonant is typically

smooth Thus ηίζεκη rather than ζίζεκη

Note that ἴκη δίδσκη and ηίζεκη take the aorist in -θα rather than -ζα

When a word ends in a vowel and the following word begins with a vowel the result is called hiatus

In general hiatus is avoided in poetry through the use of elision crasis synizesis moveable

consonants etc However hiatus is allowed in some circumstances such as when elision has already

occurred when the first of the two vowels is long and occurs on the beat (or ictus) of the verse or

when a long vowel or diphthong has been shortened or when the two vowels were originally separated

by ϝ

Recall that the verbal augment is frequently omitted

135 Vocabulary

Ἄηο Ἄηδνο ὁ (nom not used) Hades

ἄιγνο ενο ηό grief pain woe trouble

Ἀρηιιεύο ῆνο ὁ Achilles

δαίο δαηηόο ἡ feast banquet portion

Εεύο Γηόο ὁ Zeus

ἥξσο ἥξσνο ὁ hero mighty warrior protector savior

ἴθζῑκνο ε νλ mighty valiant stout-hearted brave

θύσλ θπλόο ὁ ἡ dog

κῆληο ηνο ἡ wrath fury madness rage

νὐιόκελνο ε νλ accursed destructive deadly

πξντάπησ πξντάςσ πξνΐαςα hurl forward send forth

ηίζεκη (ζε- ζε-) ζήζσ ἔζεθα put place cause

Ἀρηιιεπο (Ἀρηιιεϝ-) Ἀρηιιενο Ἀρηιιεη Ἀρηιιεα

δαηο (δαηη-) δαηηνο δαηηη δαηηα δαηηεο δαηησλ δαηηεζζη δαηηαο

Εεπο Γηνο Γηη Γηα

ἡξσο ἡξσνο ἡξστ ἡξσα ἡξσεο ἡξσσλ ἡξσεζζη ἡξσαο

θπσλ θπλνο θπλη θπλα θπλεο θπλσλ θπλεζζη θπλαο

κεληο (κελη-) κεληνο κεληη κεληλ κεληεο κελησλ κεληεζζη κεληαο

136 Translation

1 κῆληο Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο ἦλ νὐινκέλε ἔζεθε γὰξ κῡξηrsquo ἄιγεα ηνῖζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ πξνΐαςε δὲ πνιιὰο (ᾱ)

ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἰθζίκνπο (ῑ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη ἔηεπρε δrsquo αὐηνὺο ἑιώξηα θαὶ δαῖηα θύλεζζηλ νἰσλνῖζί ηε ἐηέιεζε δὲ βνπιὴλ

Γηόο 2 ζεὰ (ᾱ) ἀείδεη κῆληλ νὐινκέλελ Ἀρηιῆνο ἣ ἔζεθελ κῡξίrsquo ἄιγεrsquo Ἀραηνῖζηλ 3 ζενὶ ὀιέθνπζη ηὸλ ζηξαηόλ θαὶ

πξντάπηνπζη πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη 4ηεύμνκελ κῡξίνπο Ἀραηνὺο ἑιώξηα θύλεζζηλ θαὶ δαῖηα ηνῖζηλ

νἰσλνῖζηλ νὕλεθα ἠηίκαζαλ (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) 5 θᾱιὴ ἦλ ἡ βνπιὴ Γηόο

KEY

1 The wrath of Achilles son of Peleus was destructive for it caused countless woes to the Achaeans and sent

forth many valiant souls of heros to Hades making them spoils and a banquet for the dogs and the vultures 2 The

goddess sings the accursed wrath of Achilles which brought countless woes to the Achaeans 3 The gods are

destroying the camp and sending forth many souls of the heros to Hades 4 We will make countless Achaeans spoils

for the dogs and a feast for these vultures because they dishonored Chryses 5 The will of Zeus was good

137 Iliad 1-5

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κπξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςπρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιήλ

Μῆληλ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse

ἄεηδε - present active imperative 2nd

person singular of ἀείδσ

ζεά - vocative case

Πειεηάδεσ = Πειεηάδᾱν (the verse may have originally read Πειεηάδᾱrsquo)

νὐινκέλελ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse as well as out of

the natural order and is placed directly opposite the word κῆληλ

κῡξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο - the hiatus is permited because elision has already occurred in κῡξίνηο

Ἄηδη was originally Ἄϝηδη and is still accented as it began with α instead of αη

ἡξώσλ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse and its deviation from

the natural order

δὲ ἑιώξηα - the hiatus is permitted because the original was δὲ ϝειώξηα

ηεῦρε - the augment is dropped (usually ἔηεπρε)

ἐηειείεην - imperfect passive indicative 3rd

person singular of ηειείσ

KEY

Sing O goddess of the accursed wrath of Achilles Peleiades

which brought countless woes to the Achaeans

and cast forth the souls of many valiant warriors to Hades

making them the spoils and feast of both dogs

and vultures But the will of Zeus was accomplished

138 Composition

1 The valiant Achaeans are singing the accursed wrath of Achilles 2 The wrath of Achilles caused many woes

to the Achaeans and sent many valiant souls of heroes to the god Hades 3 We shall make the army of the Achaeans

a booty for the dogs and a banquet for the birds 4 We are accomplishing the will of the goddess

KEY

1 ἴθζῑκνη Ἀραηνὶ ἀείδνπζηλ νὐινκέλελ κῆληλ Ἀρηιῆνο 2 κῆληο Ἀρηιῆνο ἔζεθε κῡξίrsquo ἄιγεrsquo Ἀραηνῖζη θαὶ

πξνΐαςε πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἰθζίκνπο ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη 3 ηεύμνκελ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ ἑιώξηα θύλεζζηλ θαὶ δαῖηα

νἰσλνῖζηλ 4 ηεύρνκελ βνπιὴλ ζεᾶο

Lesson 14

(519-526 1159-1192)

(cf 586)

141 Syllable Quantity

A syllable is long (by nature) when it contains a long vowel or a diphthong or (by position) when it ends in two

consecutive consonants (or a double consonant) A short vowel followed by a mute and a liquid κ or λ is common

and can be either long or short depending on the requirements of the verse Occasionally the letters ι κ λ ξ or ζ

are doubled in pronunciation when they follow a short vowel making the syllable long by position but this

convention is not always represented in writing And occasionally a lost ϝ will combine with another consonant to

make the preceding syllable long by position

Observe the following rules when determing the length of a syllable

Any vowel with the circumflex accent is long

The vowel of any ultmia whose penult bears the circumflex is short

If the penult has an acute then the vowel of the ultima must also be long

If the vowel of the ultima is short and the penult has the acute then the vowel of the penult must

be short as well

If the antepenult is accented the vowel of the ultima must be short

Occasionally these rules do not apply to certain compounds where one of the two words are

accented as if they were separate

If a short syllable stands where a long syllable is expected it is usually because the pause of the caesura or

diaresis fills out the foot or because the following word has lost a consonant (usually ϝ or ζ) And occasionally a

short syllable ending in a consonant is lengthened when it occurs on the ictus (beat) of the verse Such lengthening is

called thesis

142 Metrical Quantity

With the exception of pauses at the end of the verse caesura and diaresis all feet must consist of two long

syllables or a long syllable followed by two shorts Thus if a long syllable is followed by a short syllable then the

next syllable must be short as well Likewise if a short syllable is followed by a long syllable then the preceding

syllable must be short as well

When a word ends in a short vowel (and sometimes -νη and -αη) and the following word begins with a vowel

the short vowel is usually elided unless the following word originally began with ϝ When a word ends in a long

vowel or a diphthong and the following word begins with a vowel the long vowel is usually shortened This

phenomenon can also occur within the same word and again it is less common when the following word originally

began with ϝ Vowel shortening is also rare when the long vowel occurs on the ictus

The meter of Homer is called dactylic or heroic hexameter and is the most common meter in Greek verse Each

verse has six feet The first five feet can be dactyls (one long syllable followed by two short syllables) or spondees

(two long syllables) The final foot of the verse is always a spndee but keep in mind that the pause at the end of the

verse often combines with a final short syllable to form one long syllable The fifth foot of each verse is usually a

dactyl with only one in twenty (or so) verses containing a spondee in the fifth foot The verses that have a spndee in

the fifth foot are called spondaic and usually take slightly longer to recite In dactylic hexameter the ictus (beat) of

the verse always occurs on the first syllable of each foot producing six distinct beats per verse

Caesura occurs when a word ends within a foot (ie at the end of the first syllable of a foot or between the two

short syllables of the foot) When a caesura occurs at a natural pause in the verse this is said to be the caesura of the

verse A pause after the first syllable of a foot is called a masculine caesura and a pause after the second syllable of

the foot is called a feminine caesura

Diaresis occurs when the end of a word coincides with the end of a foot When this falls at a natural pause in

the verse it is said to be the diaresis of the verse When the diaresis occurs at the end of the fourth foot is it called

the bucolic diaresis (due to its common use in pastoral poetry)

143 Marking the Rhythm of the Iliad 1-5

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κπξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςπρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιήλ

ΜΖ ληλ α | ΔΗ δε ζε | Α ΠΖ | ΛΖ η α | ΓΔΧ α ρη | ΛΖ Ο-

dact dact spon dact dact spon

The pauses at the end of κῆληλ and ἄεηδε are feminine caesuras

The pauses at the end of ζεά Πειεηάδεσ and Ἀρηιῆνο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of ζεά is the caesura of the verse

The dash at the end of the verse indicates a pause that combines with a short vowel to fill out the

last foot

ΟΤ ιν κε | ΝΖΝ Ζ | ΜΤ ξη α | ΥΑΗ ΟΗ | ΑΛ γε ε | ΘΖ ΚΔΝ-

dact spon dact spon dact spon

The pauses at the end of κῡξίrsquo and ἄιγε are feminine caesuras

The pauses at the end of νὐινκέλελ and ἔζεθελ are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of νὐινκέλελ is the caesura of the verse

The pauses at the end of ἥ and Ἀραηνῖο are diareses

The diaresis at Ἀραηνῖο is a bucolic diaresis

κῡξία Ἀραηνῖο and ἄιγεα ἔζεθελ are examples of hiatus

The first syllable of ἄιγεrsquo is long because it is followed by two consecutive consonants

ΠΟΛ ΛΑ | ΓrsquoΗΦ ΘΗ | ΜΟΤ ΦΤ | ΥΑ ΑΗ | ΓΗ πξν τ | Α ΦΔΝ-

spon spon spon spon dact spon

The pauses at the end of ἰθζίκνπο and ςπράο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of πνιιάο is a diaresis

δὲ ἰθζίκνπο is hiatus

The first syllable of πνιιάο is long by position as is the first syllable of ἰθζίκνπο the last syllable

of Ἄηδη and the second syllable of πξνΐαςελ

Ζ ΡΧ | ΧΝ ΑΤ | ΣΟΤ δε ε | ΛΧ ξη α | ΣΔΤ ρε θπ | ΝΔ ΗΝ-

spon spon dact dact dact spon

The pause at the end of ηεῦρε is a feminine caesura

The pauses at the end of ἡξώσλ and αὐηνύο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of ἡξώσλ is the caesura of the verse

The pause at the end of ἑιώξηα is a diaresis

ΟΗ Χ | ΝΟΗ ζη ηε | ΓΑΗ ηα δη | Ο δrsquoε ηε | ΛΔΗ ε ην | ΒΟΤ ΛΖΝ

The pauses at the end of νἰσλνῖζη and δαῖηα are feminine caesuras

The pause at the end of Γηόο is a masculine caesura

The pauses at the end of ηε ἐηειείεην and βνπιήλ are diareses

The pause at the end of δαῖηα is the diaresis of the verse

Lesson 15

(693-694 697-700)

(cf 781-782 837 580 1009 996 584-585)

151 Third Declension Paradigms (continued)

Third declension nouns ending in a dental mute stem are exemplified by ἄλαμ (king ϝαλαθη-) λύμ (night λπθη-

) παῖο (child παηδ-) and γέξσλ (old man γεξνλη-)

N ἄλαμ λύμ παῖο γέξσλ

G ἄλαθηνο λπθηόο παηδόο γέξνληνο

D ἄλαθηη λπθηί παηδί γέξνληη

A ἄλαθηα λύθηα παίδα γέξνληα

V ἄλαμ [ἄλα] λύμ παῖ γέξσλ

N V A ἄλαθηε λύθηε παίδε γέξνληε

G D ἀλάθηνηηλ λύθηνηηλ παίδνηηλ γεξόληνηηλ

N ἄλαθηεο λύθηεο παίδεο γέξνληεο

G ἀλάθησλ λπθηῶλ παηδῶλ γεξόλησλ

D ἀλάθηεζζη λύθηεζζη παίδεζζη γεξόληεζζη

ἄλαμη λπμί παηζί γέξνπζη

A ἄλαθηαο λύθηνο παῖδαο γέξνληαο

Third declension nouns ending in labial and palatal stems are exemplified by αἴμ (goat αἰγ-) θῆξπμ (herald

θεξῡθ-) and Αἰζίνς (Ethipoian Αἰζηνπ-)

N αἴμ θῆξπμ Αἰζίνς

G αἰγόο θήξῡθνο Αἰζίνπνο

D αἰγί θήξῡθη Αἰζίνπη

A αἶγα θήξῡθα Αἰζίνπα

V αἴμ θῆξπμ Αἰζίνς

N V A αἶγε θήξῡθε Αἰζίνπε

G D αἴγνηηλ θεξύθνηηλ (ῡ) Αἰζηόπνηηλ

N αἶγεο θήξῡθεο Αἰζίνπεο

G αἰγῶλ θεξύθσλ (ῡ) Αἰζηόπσλ

D αἴγεζζη θεξύθεζζη (ῡ) Αἰζηόπεζζη

αἰμί θήξῡμ Αἰζίνςη

A αἶγαο θήξῡθαο Αἰζίνπαο

Nouns with stems ending in -εξ express different grades of ablaut in the stem (-εξ -εξ -ξ) with a recessive

accent in the vocative singular These are exemplified by παηήξ (father παηεξ-) κήηεξ (mother κεηεξ-) ζπγάηεξ

(daughter ζπγαηεξ-) and ἀλήξ (man ἀλεξ-)

N παηήξ κήηεξ ζπγάηεξ ἀλήξ

G παηέξνο -ηξόο κεηέξνο -ηξόο ζπγαηέξνο -ηξόο ἀλέξνο ἀλδξόο

D παηέξη -ηξί κεηέξη -ηξί ζπγαηέξη -ηξί ἀλέξη ἀλδξί

A παηέξα κεηέξα ζπγαηέξα ἀλέξα ἄλδξα

V πάηεξ κῆηεξ ζύγαηεξ ἄλεξ

N V A παηέξε κεηέξε ζπγαηέξε ἀλέξε ἄλδξε

G D παηέξνηηλ κεηέξνηηλ ζπγαηέξνηηλ ἀλέξνηηλ ἄλδξνηηλ

N παηέξεο κεηέξεο ζπγαηέξεο ζύγαηξεο ἀλέξεο ἄλδξεο

G παηέξσλ -ηξῶλ κεηέξσλ -ηξῶλ ζπγαηέξσλ ζπγαηξῶλ ἀλέξσλ ἀλδξῶλ

D παηξάζη κεηξάζη ζπγαηξάζη ζπγαηέξεζζη ἀλδξάζη ἄλδξεζζη

A παηέξαο κεηέξαο ζπγαηέξαο ζύγαηξαο ἀλέξαο ἄλδξαο

Note that δ is inserted into ἀλήξ between λ and ξ where they occur together The accent of the shorter forms of

ἀλέξ follow the pattern seen in παηήξ The alpha after ξ in the dative plural was added euphonically to strengthen

what was originally a sonant ξ

152 Vocabulary

ἄλαμ ἄλαθηνο ὁ king lord protector

ἀλήξ ἀλέξνο (ἀλδξόο) ὁ (real) man warrior hero

ἄξ(α) (ῥά) naturally of course as you know as you might expect that is

in effect (not always translatable)

βαζηιεύο ῆνο ὁ king ruler

δή indeed truly forsooth now

δηίζηεκη (ζηε- ζηα-) δηαζηήζσ stand apart separate

δηέζηεζα (δηέζηελ)

ἐμ νὗ from the time when

ἐξίδσ (ἐξηδ-) - ἤξηζ(ζ)α quarrel strive

ἠξηζάηελ (they) strove

ἔξηο ηδνο ἡ strife quarrel

Λεηώ Λεηόνο ἡ Leto

κάρνκαη fight battle

κάρεζζαη to fight

μπλίκη μπλήζσ μπλῆθα (μπλέεθα) bring together throw together hearken heed

ὄξλῡκη ὄξζσ ὦξζα (ὤξνξνλ) stir up kindle incite excite arouse

πξῶηνο ε νλ first foremost chief

ηὸ πξῶηνλ ηὰ πξῶηα (adv) at first firstly first

πἱόο νῦ ὁ son

ζθσε these two

153 Translation

1 ζεὰ (ᾱ) ἀείζεη κῆληλ Ἀρηιῆνο ἐμ νὗ δὴ ηὰ πξῶηα δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο θαὶ Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἀλδξῶλ ἠξηζάηελ θαὶ

δηεζηήηελ 2 ηίο ζεῶλ μπλέεθε δῖνλ Ἀρηιῆά ηε θαὶ Ἀηξεΐδελ ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 3 πἱὸο Λεηόνο θαὶ Γηὸο ἑθεβόινο

μπλέεθέ ζθσε ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη ηὸλ γὰξ βαζηιεὺο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἐρόισζελ ὁ δrsquo ὦξζε θαθὴλ λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ

ὤιεθε δὲ ιᾱνύο

KEY

1 The goddess sings the wrath of Achilles from the time when first the divine Achilles and Atreides king of

men strove and separated 2 Which of the gods brought together the divine Achilles and the son of Atreus to fight

in strife 3 The son of Leto and Zeus the Free-shooter brought these two together to fight in strife for Atreides the

king enraged him so he stirred up an evil plague through the camp of the Achaeans and destroyed their host

154 Iliad 1-10

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κῡξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςῡρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιή

ἐμ νὗ δὴ ηὰ πξῶηα δηαζηήηελ ἐξίζαληε

Ἀηξεΐδεο ηε ἄλαμ ἀλδξῶλ θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεύο

ηίο ηrsquo ἄξ ζθσε ζεῶλ ἔξηδη μπλέεθε κάρεζζαη

Λεηνῦο θαὶ Γηὸο πἱόο ὁ γὰξ βαζηιῆη ρνισζεὶο

λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ ὦξζε θαθήλ ὀιέθνλην δὲ ιᾱνί

δηαζηήηελ = δηεζηήηελ

ἐξίζαληε = aor act part nom dual masc (they two) having quarreled

ηε ἄλαμ originally ηε ϝάλαμ thus allowing the hiatus

ζθσε [ἕσ] = 3rd

pers pron acc dual these two

ἔξηδη is dative of means in strife

κάρεζζαη = pres act infinitive deponent to fight

ρνισζείο = aor pass part nom sing masc having been enraged

Λεηνῦο = contracted form of Λεηόνο

βαζηιῆη = Agamemnon instrumental case by the king

ὀιέθνλην = ὠιέθνλην imperf pass ind 3rd

pers plural were being destroyed or kept

perishing

KEY

Sing O goddess of the accursed wrath of Achilles Peleiades

which brought countless woes to the Achaeans

and cast forth the souls of many valiant warriors to Hades

making them the spoils and feast of both dogs

and vultures But the will of Zeus was accomplished

indeed from the time when at first having quarreled both

Atreides king of men and the divine Achilles separated

Which of the gods of course brought these two together to fight in strife

The son of Leto and Zeus For enraged by the king he

kindled an evil plague up through the camp and the people were destroyed

155 Composition

1 ἠείδνκελ κῆληλ νὐινκέλελ Ἀρηιιῆνο ἐμ νὗ ηὰ πξῶηα Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἀλέξσλ (ἀλδξῶλ) θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο

ἠξηζάηελ θαὶ δηεζηεζάηελ (δηεζηήηελ) 2 ηίο ζεῶλ μπλῆθε (μπλέεθα) Ἀραηνὺο θαὶ ιᾱὸλ Πξηάκνπ ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 3

μπλῆθε (μπλέεθα) ζθσε (ἕν) πἱὸο Λεηόνο (Λεηνῦο) θαὶ Γηὸο ἑθεβόινο ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 4 Αηξεΐδεο βαζηιεὺο

Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο ἐρόισζαλ ἄλαθηα ἑθεβόινλ θαὶ ὁ ὦξζα (ὤξνξε) λνῦζνπο πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θαθὰο (ᾱ) ἀλὰ

ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ θαθῶο ὤιεθελ ἀγαζὸλ ιᾱόλ

Lesson 16

(887-897 910 1065-1068 697-703 707 710 732)

161 Formation of Middle Passive and Deponent Verbs

The endings of the middle voice are different from the active voice The passive voice applies the same endings

as the middle voice except in the aorist passive which applies active endings Because the middle and passive voice

are identical (other than the aorist) the context determines whether a verb is used with middle or the passive

meaning The aorist middle is often used with a passive meaning (especially in athematic forms) and the aorist

passive is often used with a middle meaning

The perfect and pluperfect of the middlepassive are athematic with the personal endings attached directly to

the reduplicated stem

The future perfect passive is formed by adding -ζνε to the perfect middle passive lengthening the vowel that

precedes this ending

The first aorist passive is formed by adding -(ζ)ζεε to the stem Before ζ π and β become θ θ and γ become ρ

and η δ ζ become ζ Many verbs have a second aorist passive that drops the ζ altogether

Deponent verbs have no active form but use the middlepassive forms in an active sense

162 Paradigms Present and Future Indicative MiddlePassive of ιύσ

Present

S 1 ιύνκαη

2 ιύεαη [(ιύῃ)]

3 ιύεηαη

D 2 ιύεζζνλ

3 ιύεζζνλ

P 1 ιπόκε(ζ)ζα

2 ιύεζζα

3 ιύνληαη

Future

S 1 ιύζνκαη (ῡ)

2 ιύζεαη (ῡ) [(ιύζῃ (ῡ))]

3 ιύζεηαη (ῡ)

D 2 ιύζεζζνλ (ῡ)

3 ιύζεζζνλ (ῡ)

P 1 ιῡζόκεζα

2 ιύζεζζε (ῡ)

3 ιύζνληαη (ῡ)

163 The Use of Voice in Greek

The active voice indicates that the subject is acting λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ ὦξζε = he kindled a plague up

through the camp

The passive voice indicates that the subject is acted upon Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιή = but the will of Zeus was

being accomplished

The Middle voice denotes one of three meanings

1 The subject acting upon itself πείζνκαη (I convince myself) θαίλνκαη (I show myself)

2 The subject acting for itself θαιένκαη (I call for myself)

3 The subject acting upon something belonging to itself ιύνκαη (I loose my own I ransom)

When determing the difference between the middle and passive keep in mind that the middle voice always

conveys a direct or indirect reference to the subject and that the subject is effect by or has an interest in the action

164 Third Declension Stems in -επ -επ -νπ and -σϝ

Stems in -επ usually became -εϝ and the third declension endings are applied after the ϝ Thus βαζηιεϝνο =

βαζηιῆνο βαηιεϝη = βαζηιῆη βαζηιεϝα = βαζηιῆα etc Note that the ϝ explains why εη (εϝη) does not form an

improper diphthong as well as why the accusative singular ends in -εα (as if the stem ended in a consonant) instead

of -ελ (as if the stem ended in a vowel) Note that when the ending consists of a consonant the -εϝ is contracted to

the diphthong -επ Thus βαζηιεϝο = βαζηιεύο βαζηιεϝ = βαζηιεῦ βαζηιεϝζη = βαζηιεῦζη In rare cases the other

endings also contract the -ε to -ε (ie βαζηιῆνο = βαζηιένο)

In stems ending originally in -ᾱϝ the ᾱ becomes ε in the Ionic dialect These are declined the same as -εϝ

except that -εῡ is formed before consonants instead of -επ Thus λᾱϝο = λεϝο = λεῦο λᾱϝ = λεϝ = λεῦ But note the

exception in the shorter form of the dative plural where λᾱϝζη = λεϝζη = λεπζί (rather than λεῡζη) In contracted

forms the ε usually becomes ε

In stems ending in -σϝ the third declension endings are applied directly to the stem Thus ἡξσϝο = ἥξσο

ἡξσϝνο = ἥξσνο ἡξσϝη = ἥξση ἡξσϝα = ἥξσα etc

In stems ending originally in -ν or -νϝ the third declension endings are applied as usual But keep in mind that -

νϝ is contracted to the diphthong -νπ before a consonant thus βνϝο = βνῦο and βνϝζη = βνπζί But note the

exception that occurs in the accusative singular where βνϝλ = βνῦλ rather than βνϝα

βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

(βαζηιεϝ-) (βνϝ-) (λᾱϝ-) (ἡξσϝ-)

N βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

G βαζηιῆνο [ένο] βνόο λεόο [εόο] ἥξσνο

D βαζηιῆη [έη] βνΐ λεί ἥξση

A βαζηιῆα [έα] βνῦλ [βῶλ] λῆα [έα] ἥξσα

V βαζηιεῦ βνῦ λεῦ ἥξσο

N V A βαζηιῆε βόε λῆε ἥξσε

G D βαζηιήνηηλ βόνηηλ λήνηηλ ἡξώνηηλ

N V βαζηιῆεο βόεο λῆεο ἥξσεο

G βαζηιήσλ βνῶλ λεῶλ [εῶλ] ἡξώσλ

D βαζηιήεζζη βόεζζη λήεζζη [έεζζη] ἡξώεζζη

βαζηιεῦζη βνπζί λεπζί ἥξσζη

A βαζηιῆαο βόαο (βνῦο) λῆαο [έαο] ἥξσαο

165 Third Declension Stems in -εζ -αζ and -νζ

When a stem ends in a vowel plus -ζ the initial ζ is dropped between two vowels Thus γεξαζνο = γέξανο

ἠνζνο = ἠόνο etc

All third declension nouns with stems ending in -εο are neuters and follow the pattern of ἔπνο The third

declension endings are applied as usual except that the nominative vocative and accusative singulars end in -νο

Nouns with stems ending in -νο take -σο in the nominative and vocative singular but otherwise apply the third

declension endings as usual (dropping ζ between two vowels)

ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

(ϝεπεζ-) (γεξαζ-) (ἀϝζνζ- (ᾱ))

N ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

G ἔπενο γέξανο ἠόνο

D ἔπετ γέξατ ἠόη

A ἔπνο γέξαο ἠόα

V ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

N V A ἔπεε γέξαε

G D ἐπένηηλ γεξάνηηλ

N V ἔπεα γέξα(α)

G ἐπέσλ γεξάσλ

D ἐπέεζζη γεξάεζζη

ἔπε(ζ)ζη γέξα(ζ)ζη

A ἔπεα γέξα(α)

166 Third Declension Stems in -καη and -καξ

Stems ending in -καη and -καξ are neuters

Stems in -καη drop the -ηο in the nominative vocative and accusative singular δσκαηο = δῶκα Otherwise the

third declension endings are applied as usual

Stems ending in -καξ are declined like those ending in -καη except in the nominative vocative and accusative

singular (which end in -καξ)

δῶκα ἦκαξ

(δσκαη-) (ἠκαξ- ἠκαη-)

N δῶκα ἦκαξ

G δώκαηνο ἤκαηνο

D δώκαηη ἤκαηη

A δῶκα ἦκαξ

V δῶκα ἦκαξ

N V A δώκαηε ἤκαηε

G D δσκάηνηηλ ἠκάηνηηλ

N V δώκαηα ἤκαηα

G δσκάησλ ἠκάησλ

D δσκάηεζζη ἠκάηεζζη

δώκαζη ἤκαζη

A δώκαηα ἤκαηα

167 Third Declension Stems in -λη and -λ

Stems ending in -λη drop the -λη before ζ and lengthen the preceding vowel thus παληο = πᾶο παληζη = πᾶζη

Otherwise the third declension endings are applied as usual In neuters the -η is dropped at the end of the word thus

παλη = πᾶλ Stems in -λ drop the -λ before ζ and lengthen the preceding vowel in the masculine (but not in the

neuter)

πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

(παλη- παληα- παλη-)

Masc Fem Neut

N πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

G παληόο πάζεο (ᾱ) παληόο

D παληί πάζῃ (ᾱ) παληί

A πάληα πᾶζαλ πᾶλ

V πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

N V πάληεο πᾶζαη πάληα

G πάλησλ πᾱζάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] πάλησλ

D πάληεζ(ζ)η πάζῃζη (ᾱ) πάληεζ(ζ)η

πᾶζη πάζῃο (ᾱ) πᾶζη

A πάληνο πάζᾱο (ᾱ) πάληα

κέιᾱο κέιαηλα κέιαλ

(κειαλ- κειαηλα- κειαλ-)

N κέιᾱο κέιαηλα κέιαλ

G κέιαλνο κειαίλεο κέιαλνο

D κέιαλη κειαίλῃ κέιαλη

A κέιαλα κέιαηλαλ κέιαλ

V κέιαλ κέιαηλα κέιαλ

N V A κέιαλε κειαίλᾱ κέιαλε

G D κειάλνηηλ κειαίλῃηλ κειάλνηηλ

N V κέιαλεο κέιαηλαη κέιαλα

G κειάλσλ κειαηλάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] κειάλσλ

D κειάλεζ(ζ)η κειαίλῃζη κειάλεζ(ζ)η

κέιαζη κειαίλῃο κέιαζη

A κέιαλεο κειαίλᾱο κέιαλα

168 Vocabulary

Nouns

Ἀπόιισλ (ᾰ or ᾰ) σλνο ὁ Apollo

ἀξεηήξ (ᾱ) ῆξνο ὁ priest prayer

ζπγάηεξ ηέξνο (ηξόο) ἡ daughter

θνζκήησξ νξνο ὁ commander marshaller

λεῦο λεόο (λεόο) ἡ ship

ζηέκκα καηνο ηό fillet (of white cotton) wreath

ρείξ ρεηξόο ἡ hand arm

Verbs

ἔξρνκαη (ἐξρ- ἐιε- ἐιεπζ- ἐιπζ-) come go

ἐιεύζνκαη I will come I will go

ἦιζνλ (ἤιπζνλ) I came I went

ιίζζνκαη (ιηη-) I beg I entreat

---

ἐιιηζάκελ (ἐιηηόκελ) I begged I entreated

Adjectives Prepositions

ζνόο ή όλ swift speedy

πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ all every (the) whole

Indeclinable

δύν (δύσ) two

κάιηζηα most especially by all means

169 Translation

1 Ἀπόιισλ ἑθεβόινο ρνινῦηαη βαζηιῆη Αηξεΐδῃ θαὶ πέκπεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ ὀιέθνληαη δὲ

ιᾱνί νὕλεθα δῖνο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) 2 Υξύζεο (ῡ) γὰξ ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἑθεβόινπ ἔξρεηαη

ἐπὶ ζνὰο (ᾱ) λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ θέξεη δrsquo ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα ζπγαηξόο ἣλ Ἀηξεΐδεο ἔρεη ἐλ ζηξαηῷ 3 ὁ δrsquo ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἔρεη

ζηέκκαηα ἑθεβόινπ Ἀπόιισλνο ἐλ ρεξζὶλ ἀλὰ ρξῡζέῳ ζθήπηξῳ θαὶ ιίζζεηαη πάληαο Ἀραηνύο κάιηζηα δrsquo Ἀηξεΐδᾱ

δύσ θνζκήηνξε ιᾱῶλ 4 Ἀπόιισλ ρνιώζεηαη βαζηιῆη θαὶ ὄξζεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηόλ 5 ἐιεύζνληαη ἐπὶ ζνὰο

(ᾱ) λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ νἴζνπζη ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα βαζηιῆη 6 ιίζζνληαη πάληαο Ἀραηνύο 7 Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζελ (ῑ)

ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) θαὶ νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε ζύγαηξα

KEY

1 Apollo the free-shooter enraged by king Atreides sent an evil plague through the camp of the Achaeans and

the people were destroyed because the divine Atreides dishonored Chryses the priest 2 For Chryses the priest of

the free-shooter went upon the swift ships of the Achaeans bearing countless ransoms for his daughter whom

Atreides was holding in the camp 3 But the priest had a wreath of Apollo the free-shooter upon a staff in his hand

and was entreating all of the Achaeans but especially the sons of Atreus (who were) the commanders of the host 4

Apollo will be enraged by the king and will kindle an evil plague up through the camp 5 They will go upon the

swift ships of the Achaeans and bring countless ransoms to the king 6 They are entreating all of the Achaeans 7

Atreides dishonored the priest and would not release his daughter

1610 Iliad 11-16

hellipὀιέθνλην δὲ ιᾱνί

νὕλεθα ηὸλ Υξύζελ ἠηίκαζελ ἀξεηῆξα

Αηξεΐδεο ὁ γὰξ ἦιζε ζνὰο ἐπὶ λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ

ιπζόκελνο ηε ζύγαηξα θέξσλ ηrsquo ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα

ζηέκκαηrsquo ἔρσλ ἐλ ρεξζὶλ ἑθεβόινπ Ἀπόιισλνο

ρξπζέῳ ἀλὰ ζθήπηξῳ θαὶ ἐιίζζεην πάληαο Ἀραηνύο

Ἀηξεΐδα δὲ κάιηζηα δύσ θνζκήηνξε ιαῶλ

ηόλ Υξύζελ = that (well-known) Chryses

The first verse ends in two spondees making it a spondaic verse and emphasizing the fact that

Chryses was a priest

ιῡζόκελνο = fut mid part nom masc sing being about to ransom

θέξσλ = pres act part nom sing masc bearing bringing

ἔρσλ = pres act part nom sing masc having holding

ρεξζὶλ ἑθεβόινπ = ρεξζὶ ϝεθεβόινπ

ρξῡζέῳ = synizesis where -έῳ is pronounced as a single syllable

ἐιίζζεην = imperf act ind 3rd

pers sing dep (kept) entreating was entreating

Ἀηξεΐδᾱ = dual of Ἀηξεΐδεο refers to both Agamemnon and Menelaus

KEY

hellipand the people were being destroyed

because Atreides dishonored Chryses the priest

For he had gone upon the swift ships of the Achaeans

intending to ransom his daughter bearing countless gifts

and holding in his hand fillets of Apollo the free-shooter

upon a golden staff and was entreating all of the Achaeans

but especially the two sons of Atreus the commanders of the host

1611 Composition

1 Chryses the priest of Apollo is dishonored by the son of Atreus 2 The Achaeans will go from their swift

ships to Troy and ransom the beloved daughter of the priest 3 We shall bring many ransoms and shall hold in our

hands the fillets of Apollo 4 We do not have a golden scepter but we entreat Priam and all the people of Troy 5

The two sons of Atreus marshallers of the people are entreating Priam but he will slight them 6 The son of

Atreus king of men slighted the priest and did not release his daughter

KEY

1 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) Ἀπόιινπ ἀηῑκάδεηαη Ἀηξεΐδῃ 2 Ἀραηνὶ ἐιεύζνληαη ἐθ ζνάσλ (ᾱ) λήσλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ (ῑ)

θαὶ ἀπειύζνληαη (ῡ) θίιε ζπγάηεξα ἀξεηῆξη (ᾱ) 3 νἴζνκελ πνιιrsquo ἄπνηλα θαὶ ἕζρνκελ ἐλ ρείξεζζη ζηέκκαηα

Ἀπόιινπ 4 νὐθ ἔρνκελ ζθῆπηξνλ ρξύζενλ ἀιιὰ ιηζζόκεζα Πξίακνλ θαὶ πᾶληα ιᾱνλ Ἰιίνπ (ῑ) 5 δύrsquo Ἀηξεΐδᾱ

θνζκήηεξᾱ ιᾱσλ ιίζζεζζνλ Πξίακνλ αὐηνὺο δrsquo ἀηῑκάζεη 6 Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἄλδξσλ ἠηίκαζελ (ῑ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) θαὶ

νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε ζπγάηεξα

1612 Meter

ΟΤ λε θα | ΣΟΝ ΥΡΤ | ΖΝ Ζ | ΣΗ κα ζελ | Α ΡΖ | ΣΖ ΡΑ~

Α ηξε η | ΓΖ ν γαξ | ΖΛ ζε ζν | Α ε πη | ΝΖ αο α | ΥΑΗ ΧΝ

ΛΤ ζν κε | ΝΟ ηε ζπ | ΓΑΣ ξα θε | ΡΧΝ ηα πε | ΡΔΗ ζη α | ΠΟΗ ΝΑ~

ΣΔΜ καη ε | ΥΧΝ ΔΝ | ΥΔΡ ζηλ ε | ΚΖ βν ινπ | Α ΠΟΛ | ΛΧ ΝΟ~

ΥΡΤζεσα | ΝΑ ΚΖΠ | ΣΡΧ θαη ε | ΛΗ ζε ην | ΠΑΝ ηαο α | ΥΑΗ ΟΤ

ΑΣ ξε η | ΓΑ δε κα | ΛΗ ηα δπ | Χ ΚΟ | ΜΖ ην ξε | ΛΑ ΧΝ

Lesson 17

(910 - imperfect middle and passive aorist middle of ιύσ 648-658 - the table

of endings in 32)

171 Paradigms Imperfect MiddlePassive of ιύσ

S 1 ἐιπόκελ

2 ἐιύεν [(ἐιύεπ)]

3 ἐιύεην

D 2 ἐιύεζζνλ

3 ἐιπέζζελ

P 1 ἐιπόκε(ζ)ζα

2 ἐιύεζζε

3 ἐιύνλην

172 Paradigms Aorist Middle of ιύσ

Thematic Athematic (2nd

Aorist)

S 1 ἐιῡζάκελ ἐιύκελ

2 ἐιύζαν (ῡ) [(ἐιύζσ (ῡ))] ἔιπ(ζ)ν

3 ἐιύζαην (ῡ) ἔιπην

D 2 ἐιύζαζζνλ (ῡ) ἔιπζζνλ

3 ἐιῡζάζζελ ἐιύζζελ

P 1 ἐιῡζάκε(ζ)ζα ἐιύκε(ζ)ζα

2 ἐιύζαζζε (ῡ) ἔιπζζε

3 ἐιύζαλην (ῡ) ἔιπλην

173 Vocabulary

δῶκα αηνο ηό house home

παῖο παηδόο ὁ ἡ child son daughter

π(η)όιηο ηνο (ενο) ἡ city state

ἐπθλήκῑο ῑδνο well-greaved

ἐγώ(λ) κέν (κεῦ) I

ζύ ζέν (ζεῦ) you

κέλhellip δέ on the one handhellip trulyhellip on the one handhellip on the other hand

partlyhellip partly the onehellip the other

νἴθαδε home homeward to home home

Verbs

ἅδνκαη (ἁγ-) (defective) I reverence

δέρνκαη I accept I receive

δέμνκαη I will accept

ἐδεμάκελ (ἐδέγκελ) I accepted

δίδσκη (δσ- δν-) I give I grant

(δη)δώζσ I will give

ἔδσθα I gave

ἐθπέξζσ (πεξζ- πξαζ-) I sack (utterly) I plunder I pillage

ἐθπέξζσ I will sack

ἐμέπεξζα (ἐμέπξαζνλ) I sacked

ἱθλένκαη I arrive I reach (a destination)

ἵμνκαη I will arrive

ἱθόκελ (ῑ) I arrived

174 Translation

1 ζενὶ ἔρνπζηλ ιύκπηα δώκαηα ἔδσθαλ δrsquo Ἀηξεΐδεο θαὶ ἄιινηζηλ ἐπθλεκίδεζζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἐθπέξζαη

(infinitive) πόιηλ Πξηάκνπ ηόηε δrsquo ἵθνλην (ῑ) ἐὺ νἴθαδε νὕλεθα παῖδα θίιελ ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἔιῡζαλ 2 ἀπέιῡζαλ

ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνὶ ζύγαηξα θίιελ ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἐδέμαλην δrsquo ἀγιαὰ ἄπνηλα νὕλεθα ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλα Γηὸο πἱὸλ

ἅδνλην 3 ἅδεηαη ἑθεβόινλ 4 Ἀηξεΐδεο νὐθ ἐδέμαην ηὰ ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα 5 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἔδσθελ ἄπνηλα

πνιιὰ βαζηιῆη Ἀηξεΐδῃ 6 πάληεο ζενὶ θαὶ πᾶζαη ζεαὶ εἶρνλ ιύκπηα δώκαηα 7 Ἀραηνὶ ἐπθλήκῑδεο ἐθπέξζνπζη

Πξηάκνην πόιηλ ἵμνληαη δrsquo ἐπ νἴθαδε 8 παῖο θίιε ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἐιύζαην (ῡ) ἵθεην (ῑ) δrsquo ἐὺ νἴθαδε

KEY

1 The gods have Olympian homes but they gave the son of Atreus and the other well-greaved Achaeans to

utterly sack the city of Priam and then they returned safe at home because they released the dear child of the priest

2 The well-greaved Achaeans released the dear daughter of the priest and received glorious ransoms because they

reverenced the free-shooter Apollo son of Zeus 3 He reverences te free-shooter 4 The son of Atreus did not

receive the glorious ransoms 5 Chryses the priest gave many ransoms to king Atreides 6 All of the gods and all of

the goddesses had Olympian homes 7 The well-greved Achaeans will utterly sack Priamrsquos city and will return safe

to home 8 The dear child of the priest was released and arrived well to her home

175 Iliad 17-21

ltltἈηξεΐδαη ηε θαὶ ἄιινη ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνί

ὑκῖλ κὲλ ζενὶ δνῖελ ιύκπηα δώκαηrsquo ἔρνληεο

ἐθπέξζαη Πξηάκνην πόιηλ ἐὺ δrsquo νἴθαδrsquo ἱθέζζαη

παῖδα δrsquo ἐκνὶ ιῦζαί ηε θίιελ ηά ηrsquo ἄπνηλα δέρεζζαη

ἁδόκελνη Γηὸο πἱὸλ ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλαgtgt

Ἀηξεΐδαηhellip ἄιινη ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνί = vocative case

ὑκῖλ (ῡ) = dat plural of ζύ to you

ζενί = one syllable by synizesis

κέλ (v 18) = correlative of δέ (v 20)

δνῖελ = aor act optative 3rd

plural of δίδσκη may they grant

ἔρνληεο = pres act part nom masc plural of ἔρσ having possessing

ἐθπέξζαη = aor act inf of ἐθπέξζσ to sack utterly

ἱθέζζαη = aor act inf of ἱθένκαη to arrive (compare κάρεζζαη)

ιῦζαη δέρεζζαη = infinitives used as imperatives free and accept

ηά ηrsquo ἄπνηλα (ηά ηε ἄπνηλα) = thesehellip gifts

ἁδόκελνη = pres act part nom masc plural reverencing

KEY

ldquoSons of Atreus and you other well-greaved Achaeans

may the gods who have their homes on Olympus grant you

to utterly sack Priamrsquos city and return safe to home

but release my dear child to me and accept these gifts

reverencing Apollo who shoots at will the son of Zeusrdquo

176 Composition

1 The gods who have (ἔρνληεο) Olympian homes will grant to the sons of Atreus and to the other well-greaved

Achaeans to sack utterly (ἐθπέξζαη) the city of Priam 2 When they sacked the city of Priam they returned happily

home 3 They accepted the shining ransoms and freed the darling daughter of the priest Chryses 4 We reverenced

the free-shooter Apollo son of Leto and Zeus and escaped death 5 Will the son of Atreus accept the shining

ransoms 6 The child of the priest was freed when he gave many shining ransoms which the two sons of Atreus

accepted

KEY

1 ζενὶ ἔρνληεο ιύκπηα δώκαηα δώζνπζη Ἀηξεΐδῃζη θαὶ ἄιινηζηλ ἐπθλεκίδεζζηλ (ῑ) Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἐθπέξζαη πόιηλ

Πξηάκνπ 2 ηόηε ἐμέπεξζαλ πόιηλ Πξηάκνην ἵθνλην (ῑ) ἐὺ νἴθαδε 3 ἐδέμαλην ἀγιαrsquo ἄπνηλα θαὶ ἀπέιῡζαλ ζπγάηεξα

θίιε ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) Υξύζᾱν (ῡ) 4 ἡμάκεζα ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλα Λεηόνο θαὶ Γηὸο πἱόλ θαὶ ζάλαηνλ 5

Ἀηξεΐδεο δέμεηαη ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα 6 παῖο ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἀπειύζαην (ῡ) ηόηε ἔδσθελ ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀγιάα ηὰ

Ἀηξεΐδᾱ ἐδώθαζηλ

Lesson 18

(Perfect and Pluperfect Active of Verbs 904 922 Third Declension γέρων

αἴξ 693-695)

181 Formation of the Perfect and Pluperfect Active

The perfect and pluperfect in all modes experience reduplication of the initial syllable which denotes completed

action Verbs beginning with a single consonant (except ξ) prefix this consonant followed by -ε Thus ιύσ =

ιέιπθα The stem sometimes stands in ablaut relation to the stem of the present as in βαίλσ = βέβεθα A

reduplicated syllable beginning with an aspirated mute is changed to its corresponding voiceless mute in the

reduplicated syllable ie ζλήζθσ = ηέζλεθα In these cases the reduplicated pluperfect adds ἐ- to the reduplicated

syllable ie ιύσ = ιέιπθα = ἐιέιπθε

Vebs beginning with a double consonant two consonants (except a mute followed by a liquid or a nasal) ξ and

some beginning with κ simply augment the stem with the addition of ε-

Verbs beginning in a vowel typically take the temporal augment by lengthening the vowel ie νἴρνκαη =

ᾤρσθα However verbs beginning with a vowel in which an initial consonant has been lost may take the syllabic

augment

Compound verbs typically insert the reduplication and augment between the preposition and the verb ie

ἀπνιύσ = ἀπνιέιπθα = ἀπειειύθε

The first perfect active adds -θα- to the stem followed by the primary endings The first pluperfect active

similarly adds -θε- followed by the secondary endings In general a short final vowel is lengthened before the

addition of the -θα- or -θε- Second perfects and pluperfects active are the older form and are more common in

Homer These omit the θ and simply add -α- or -ε- respectively The second perfects are more common in stems

ending in a consonant

In general the singular perfect and pluperfect active stand in ablaut relation to the dual and plural forms

Perfects and pluperfects are rare in Homer and only occur in some twenty verbs

182 Paradigms λέλυκα and βέβηκα

ιέιπθα ἐιειύθε (ἐιειύθεα)

ιέιπθαο ἐιειύθο (ἐιειύθεαο)

ιέιπθε(λ) ἐιειύθεη (ἐιειύθεε)

ιειύθαηνλ ἐιειύθαηνλ

ιειύθαηνλ ἐιειπθάηελ

ιειύθακελ ἐιειύθεκελ

ιειύθαηε ἐιειύθεηε

ιειύθᾱζη ἐιειύθεζαλ

βέβεθα ἐβεβήθεα (ἐβεβήθε)

βέβεθαο ἐβεβήθεαο (ἐβεβήθεο)

βέβεθε(λ) ἐβεβήθεε (ἐβεβήθεη)

βέβαηνλ ἐβέβαηνλ

βέβαηνλ ἐβεβάηελ

βέβακελ ἐβέβακελ

βέβαηε ἐβέβαηε

βέβᾱζη ἐβέβαζαλ

183 Paradigms γέρων and αἴξ

γέξσλ αἴμ

γέξνληνο αἰγόο

γέξνληη αἰγί

γέξνληα αἶγα

γέξνλ αἴμ

γέξνληε αἶγε

γεξόληνηηλ αἴγνηηλ

γέξνληεο αἶγεο

γεξόλησλ αἰγῶλ

γεξόληεζ(ζ)η (γέξνπζη) αἴγεζ(ζ)η (αἰμί)

γέξνληαο αἶγαο

184 Vocabulary

ἀγνξή ῆο ἡ assembly meeting place gathering harrangue

αἴμ αἰγόο ὁ ἡ goat

Ἄξγνο ενο ηό Argos (both a country and a city in Greece)

γέξσλ νληνο ὁ old man

γῆξαο ανο ηό old age

ἱεξεύο ῆνο ὁ priest holy man

κεξίνλ νπ ηό thigh-bone thigh-piece

πνύο πνδόο ὁ foot

ηαῦξνο νπ ὁ bull

θξήλ θξελόο ἡ diaphragm mind heart soul spirit disposition

δέθαηνο ε νλ tenth

ἡκέηεξνο ε νλ our ours

θνῖινο ε νλ hollow

ὠθύο ὠθεῖα ὠθύ swift speedy

ζλήζθσ die perish

ζαλένκαη

ἔζαλνλ

ηέζλεθα

θεύγσ flee fly escape run (off away along)

θεύμνκαη

ἔθπγνλ

πέθεπγα

Vowel Declension Consonant Declension

Singular

First Decl Second Decl Third Decl

Masc Fem M and F Neut M and F Neut

Nom ο (none) none ο λ ο (none) none

Gen ν (ην) εο ν (ην) ν (ην) νο νο

Dat η η η η η η

Acc λ λ λ λ λ α none

Voc none none none λ ο (none) none

Dual

N V A none none none none ε ε

G D ηηλ ηηλ ηηλ ηηλ νηηλ νηηλ

Plural

NV η η η ᾰ εο ᾰ

Gen σλ σλ σλ σλ σλ σλ

Dat (η)ζη ηο (η)ζη ηο (η)ζη ηο (η)ζη ηο ζ(ζ)η ζ(ζ)η

εζ(ζ)η εζ(ζ)η

Acc λο λο λο ᾰ λο ᾰ

When these suffixes were combined with the stem of a word the following endings were produced (forms in

brackets are rare)

First Decl Second Decl

Singular

Masc Fem M and F Neut

N εο [α ᾱο] ε α ᾱ νο [(σο νπο)] νλ

G ᾱν [εσ σ] εο ᾱο νην νπ [νν σν (σ)] νην νπ [νν σν (σ)]

D ῃ [ᾳ] ῃ ᾳ ῳ ῳ

A ελ [ᾱλ] ελ αλ ᾱλ νλ [(σλ)] νλ

V ε α [ᾱ] ε α ᾱ ε [νο] νλ

Dual

N V A ᾱ ᾱ σ σ

G D [ῃηλ] [ῃηλ] νηηλ νηηλ

Plural

N V αη αη νη [(ῳ)] α

G ᾱσλ [εσλ (σλ)] ᾱσλ [εσλ (σλ)] σλ σλ

D ῃζη ῃο [αηο] ῃζη ῃο νηζη νηο νηζη νηο

A ᾱο ᾱο νπο [(σο)] α

Third Decl

Singular

Masc and Fem Neut

N ο (none)

G νο [(επο νπο σο)] νο

D η [(ῑ ῳ)] η [(ῑ)]

A α λ [(ε σ)]

V ο (none)

Dual

N V A ε ε

G D νηηλ νηηλ

Plural

N V εο [(εηο νπο)] α [(ε σ)]

G σλ σλ

D ζη εζζη [εζη] ζη εζζη [εζη]

A ο αο [(ῑο ῡο εηο)] α [(ε)]

Note that the dative singular of all declensions ends in η which becomes iota subecript after long vowels The

dative plural regularly becomes ζη to which may be added λ-moveable (explained later in this lesson) -ῃζη and -νηζη

are the two regular forms for the ending of the dative plural in the first two declension However the shorter forms -

ῃο and -νηο occasionally occur when the following word begins with a vowel and should possibly be categorized as

a case of elision

The genitive plural of all forms ends in -σλ

There are only two forms of the dual in each declension one for the nominative accusative and vocative and

one for the genitive and dative

As in Latin the vocative singular is frequently identical to the nominative and the vocative plural is always

identical to the nominative

The nominative vocative and accusative of all neuters is always alike and the plurals always end in -α

In an earlier unrecorded stage of the language there were three other cases the instrumental denoting means

the locative denoting place where and the ablative denoting separation or source The dative absorbed most of the

uses of the instrumental and locatives cases and the genitive absorbed most of the uses of the ablative case

In addition to the endings outlined in this lesson the suffixes -θη(λ) and -ζελ were also occasionally used and

will be discussed in a later lesson

33 Paradigms

First declension feminine nouns ending in -ε are declined like βνπιή ῆο ἡ (desire will plan counsel council

stem βνπιᾱ-) These stems end in -ᾱ which becomes -ε in the nominative singular

Sigular Dual Plural

N βνπιή βνπιά (ᾱ) βνπιαί

G βνπιῆο βνπιῇηλ βνπιάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ]

D βνπιῇ βνπιῇηλ βνπιῇζη ῇο

A βνπιήλ βνπιά (ᾱ) βνπιάο (ᾱ)

V βνπιή βνπιά (ᾱ) βνπιαί

Another example is the expression θᾱιὴ βνπιή (a good plan stems θᾱιᾱ- βνπιᾱ-)

Sigular Dual Plural

N θᾱιὴ βνπιή θᾱιὰ (ᾱ) βνπιά (ᾱ) θᾱιαὶ βνπιαί

G θᾱιῆο βνπιῆο θᾱιῇλ βνπιῇηλ θᾱιάσλ (ᾱ) βνπιάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ]

D θαιῇ βνπιῇ θᾱιῇλ βνπιῇηλ θᾱιῇζη βνπιῇζη ῇο

A θᾱιὴλ βνπιήλ θᾱιὰ (ᾱ) βνπιά (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) βνπιάο (ᾱ)

V θᾱιὴ βνπιή θᾱιὰ (ᾱ) βνπιά (ᾱ) θᾱιαὶ βνπιαί

34 Notes on Syntax

The subject of a finite verb is in the nominative case

The direct object of a transitive verb is in the accusative case

Adjectives agree with their nouns in gender number and case Adjectives however can belong to a different

declension than the nouns they modify so the forms are not always the same

Some words that end in a vowel add -λ to the end of the word when the following word begins with a vowel

The following list describes the words that are commonly spelled with a moveable -λ

1 All words that end in -ζη -μη or -ςη except ἐζζί

2 All verbs of the third person ending in -ε

3 The third person singular of the pluperfect ending in -εη (originally -εε)

4 The verb ἐζηί and the paticles θέ and λύ all of which are enclitics

5 The dative plural of the pronouns ἄκκη ὕκκη ζθί and ζθίζη

6 The adverbial endings θη and ζε

7 The pronoun ἐγώ (ldquoIrdquo)

35 Vocabulary

βνπιή ῆο ἡ - plan will wish purpose counsel council

δεηλή - fearful terrible awful dreadful dread

ἐλ ἐλί εἰλ - (adv or prep with dat) in among therein thereon on

ἔρεη - he she it has holds

ἔρνπζη(λ) - they have hold

ἦλ - he she it there was

ἦζαλ - they there were

θαί - and also even

θαθή - bad poor ugly mean coeardly wicked

θᾱιή - good goodly noble handsom fair brave

θιαγγή ῆο ἡ - uproar roar noise

ηίο - (masc or fem) who which what

ηί - (neut) which what why

Υξύζε (ῡ) εο ἡ - Chrysa a town in the Troad

θίιε εο ἡ - dear darling lovely beloved

36 Derivatives

δεηλή - dinosaur (ldquoterrible lizardrdquo) dinichthys (ldquoterrible fishrdquo)

θαθή - cacography (ldquobad writingrdquo) cacophony (ldquobad soundrdquo)

θᾱιή - calligraphy (ldquobeautiful writingrdquo) calliope

θιαγγή - clang

θίιε - Philadelphia (ldquobrotherly loverdquo) Philanthropy (ldquolove of mankindrdquo)

37 Translation

1 βνπιαὶ θᾱιαὶ θαὶ θαθαί 2 ηίο ἔρεη βνπιὴλ θᾱιήλ 3 ηί ἔρνπζηλ 4 θᾱιαὶ βνπιαὶ ἦζαλ θίιαη 5 ηίο ἦλ θᾱιή

6 δεηλὴ θιαγγὴ ἦλ ἐλ Υξύζῃ (ῡ) θᾱιῇ 7 ἔρνπζη βνπιὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θίιᾱο 8 ηί ἦλ θιαγγὴ δεηλὴ ἐλ Υξύζῃ

(ῡ) θᾱιῇ 9 θαθῆο βνπιῆο 10 θαθῇο βνπιῇο 11 θαθάσλ (ᾱ) βνπιάσλ (ᾱ) 12 θαθὴ βνπιή θαθῇ βνπιῇ θαθὴλ

βνπιήλ θαθὰο (ᾱ) βνπιάο (ᾱ)

(1) βνπιαὶhellip The acute changes to a grave when another word follows without intervening punctuation

But see the notes on 2

(2) The acute on the pronouns ηίο and ηί does not change to a grave ηίοηί is an interrogative pronoun and

indicates that the sentence is a question ηίο can be either masculine or feminine usually refers to a person

and is generally translated ldquowhordquo ηί is neuter usually refers to an object and is generally translated

ldquowhatrdquo

(4) Like Latin and unlike later dialects of Greek there is no definite article in Homeric The article must be

supplied in this sentence ldquoThe good planshelliprdquo

(6) ἦλ is frequenly translated ldquothere wasrdquo

(7) The phrasing here is common ldquohellipplans good and dearrdquo A pair of adjectives connected by θαί is often

placed after the noun they modify

(10) This sentence uses the less common -ῇο instead of -ῇζη(λ) The dative in this case is best represented

by the English preposition ldquoforrdquo The preposition ldquotordquo is usually used to render the the dative as indirect

object

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 Good and bad plans 2 Who has a good plan 3 What do they have 4 The good plans were dear 5 Who

was good 6 There was a terrible uproar in beautiful Chrysa 7 They have good and dear plans 8 What was the

terrible uproar in beautiful Chrysa 9 Of the bad plan 10 For the bad plans 11 Of the bad plans 12 The bad plan

for the bad plan the bad plan the bad plans

38 Composition

1 Of good and bad plans 2 For the noble plan 3 Who has the evil plan 4 There was a terrible uproar in

beautiful Chrysa 5 Was the plan good 6 The plans were cowardly

(1) Follow the standard construction ldquoOf plans good and badrdquo

(2) The preposition ldquoforrdquo is represented by the use of the dative

(3) This could be rendered either singular (ηίο ἔρεη) or plural (ηίο ἔρνπζη)

(4) Follow the same construction seen in exercise 6 of Translation ldquoA terrible uproar there was in Chrysa

beautifulrdquo While the word order is not fixed Phar usually places adjectives after the words they modify

When ἦλ is rendered ldquothere wasrdquo it is usually placed in the predicate position ie ldquoA terrible uproar there

washelliprdquo

(5) The construction should place the verb between the subject and the predicate nominative ie βνπιὴ ἦλ

θᾱιή or θᾱιὴ ἦλ βνπιή Otherwise the translation would be ldquoWas there a good planrdquo Note that the

predicate nominative is always placed in the nominative case

(6) As with (5) the verb should come between the subject and the predicate nominative to avoid

ambiguity ἦζαλ βνπιαὶ θαθαί or βνπιαὶ θαθαὶ ἦζαλ would be translated ldquoThere were cowardly plansrdquo

Again the Greek is ambiguous in this regard but we are following Pharrrsquos conventions in the exercises

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 βνπιαὶ θᾱιαὶ θαὶ θαθαί 2 βνπιῇ θᾱιῇ 3 ηίο ἔρεη βνπιὴλ θαθήλ 4 δεηλὴ θιαγγή ἦλ ἐλ Υξύζῃ (ῡ) θᾱιῇ 5

βνπιὴ ἦλ θᾱιή 6 βνπιαὶ ἦζαλ θαθαί

Lesson 4

(663)

41 Declension of ζεά (ᾱ)

The few feminine nouns that end in -ᾱ in the nominative are declined like ζεά (ᾱ) goddess In general the

original ᾱ stem becomes ε in the singular (as in the declension of ζάιαζζα below) It remains ᾱ in the word ζεά (ᾱ)

and a few proper names

Sigular Dual Plural

N ζεά (ᾱ) ζεά (ᾱ) ζεαί

G ζεᾶο ζεῇηλ ζεάσλ (ᾱ) [ῶλ]

D ζεᾷ ζεῇηλ ζεῇζη ῇο [αῖο]

A ζεάλ (ᾱ) ζεά (ᾱ) ζεάο (ᾱ)

V ζεά (ᾱ) ζεά (ᾱ) ζεαί

42 Declension of ζάιαζζα

Feminine nouns ending in -ᾰ are declines like ζάιαηηα sea Note that the acute is pulled from the antepenult to

the penult when the ultima is long

Sigular Dual Plural

N ζάιαζζα ζαιάζζᾱ ζάιαζζαη

G ζαιάζζεο ζαιάζζῃηλ ζαιαζζάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ]

D ζαιάζζῃ ζαιάζζῃηλ ζαιάζζῃζη ῃο

A ζάιαζζαλ ζαιάζζᾱ ζαιάζζᾱο

V ζάιαζζα ζαιάζζᾱ ζάιαζζαη

43 Vocabulary

γάξ -(postpositive conjunction) for in fact

δέ -(postpositive conjunction) but and so for

εἰζί(λ) -they there are

ἐζηί(λ) -he she it there is

ἐθ (ἐμ) -(adv and prep + gen) from out of

ἐπί -(adv) upon on thereon

ἐπί -(prep + gen) upon on over during

ἐπί -(prep + dat) upon on in for about against at beside by

ἐπί -(prep + acc) to up to over up upon

ζάιαζζα εο ἡ -sea

ζεά (ᾱ) ᾶο ἡ -goddess

Κίιια εο ἡ -Cilla a town in the Troad

νὐ (νὐθ νὐρ) -not no

πάηξε εο ἡ -fatherland native land

πνιιή -much many numerous

ππξή ῆο ἡ -funeral pyre pyre

ςῡρή ῆο ἡ -soul breath life spirit

44 Derivatives

ζάιαζζα (thalassa) = thalassocracy

παηξή (patre) = patriotic

ππξή (pyre) = pyre pyrolatry pyrotechnic pyrotechnical pyrography

ςῡρή (psyche) = psyche psychology psychotherapy psychic psychical

45 Translation

1 θᾱιὴ ζεὰ (ᾱ) ἔρεη βνπιὴλ θᾱιήλ 2 θᾱιαὶ ζεαί εἰζη θίιαη ςῡρῇ ζεᾶο ζαιάζζεο δεηλῆο 3 Κίιια θαὶ Υξύζε

(ῡ) εἰζὶ θᾱιαη θαὶ θίιαη ζεῇζη ζαιαζζάσλ (ᾱ) 4 θᾱιὴ ζεὰ (ᾱ) νὐθ ἔρεη ςῡρὴλ θαθήλ 5 θᾱιή ἐζηη ζεά (ᾱ) ἔρεη δὲ

ςῡρὴλ θαθήλ 6 δεηλὴ θιαγγή ἐζηηλ ἐθ ζαιάζζεο 7 Κίιια θαὶ Υξύζε (ῡ) ἦζαλ ἐπὶ ζαιάζζῃ 8 ζεαὶ ζαιάζζεο εἰζὶ

θίιαη ςῡρῇο πνιιῇο θίιαη γάξ εἰζηλ 9 πάηξε θᾱιή ἐζηη θίιε πνιιῇο ςῡρῇο θᾱιῇο 10 ἐθ πάηεο θαθῆο ἦλ 11

ἦζαλ ππξαὶ πνιιαὶ ἐλ θίιῃ πάηξῃ ἐπὶ δεηλῇ ζαιάζζῃ 12 ηίο νὐθ ἔρεη θᾱιὴλ ςῡρήλ

(2) εἰζη is an enclitic When the preceding word carries an acute on the ultima the enclitic looses its own

accent and the accent on the ultima does not change to a grave

(3) When an enclitic follows a word with the acute on the penult the enclitic retains its own accent

(4) νὐ is used before consonants νὐθ before vowels with the smooth breathing and νὐρ before vowels

with the rough breathing As an adverb it usually precedes the verb that it modifies

(6) ἐθ + gen The phrase is rendered ldquohellipfrom out of the seardquo

(7) ἐπί with the dative indicates location and frequently denotes close proximity This phrase is usually

translated with the English idiom ldquoupon the seardquo but it literally means ldquobeside the seardquo or ldquonear the seardquo

(8) postpositives like γάξ and δέ never occur first in a sentence they usually occur as the second or third

word of the sentence

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 Does the beautiful goddess have a good plan 2 Beautiful goddesses are dear to the soul of the goddess of

the terrible sea 3 Cilla and Chrysa are beautiful and dear to the goddesses of the seas 4 The beautiful goddess does

not have an ugly soul 5 The goddess is beautiful but she has an ugly soul 6 There is a terrible roar from out of the

sea 7 Cilla and Chrysa were upon the sea 8 The goddesses of the sea are dear to many souls for they are beloved

9 The beautiful fatherland is dear to many good souls 10 There was evil from out of the fatherland 11 There were

many funeral pyres in the beloeved fatherland upon the terrible sea

46 Composition

1 Are the good plans dear to the souls of the goddesses 2 They have many plans but (they are) cowardly

ones 3 The plans are dear to the soul of the beautiful goddess for they are noble 4 The lovely goddess of the sea

was not in Cilla 5 There are many funeral pyres by the sea in (our) beloved fatherland 6 Who was in Cilla by the

sea

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 θᾱιαὶ βνπιαί εἰζη θίιαη ςῡρῇζη ζεάσλ (ᾱ) 2 ἔρνπζη βνπιὰο (ᾱ) πνιιάο (ᾱ) θαθὰο (ᾱ) δέ 3 βνπιαὶ θίιαη

εἰζὶ ςῡρῇ θᾱιῆο ζεᾶο θίιαη γάξ εἰζηλ 4 θᾱιὴ ζεὰ (ᾱ) ζαιάζζεο νὐθ ἦλ ἐλ Κίιιῃ 5 ππξαὶ πνιιαί ἐζηηλ ἐπὶ

ζαιάζζῃ ἐλ πάηξῃ θίιῃ 6 ηίο ἦλ ἐλ Κίιιῃ ἐπὶ ζαιάζζῃ

Lesson 5

(789-806 904)

51 Introduction to Greek Verbs

The uses of the Greek verb will be covered in more detail later However Pharr employs several terms in this

lesson that may be perplexing without a brief introduction

Greek verbs employ prefixes suffixes and formative elements in order to conjugate verbs A similar function

exists in English although to a lesser extent precook (use of a prefix) walked (use of a suffix) ranrun (use of

ablaut as a formative element) etc

There are three voices in Greek The active and passive voice function as in English where the active indicates

action performed by the subject (ldquothe dog bit the mailmanrdquo) and the passive indicates action performed upon the

subject (ldquothe mailman was bitten by the dogrdquo) The Greek also employs a third voice called the middle which

indicates (among other things) that the subject acted on its own behalf (ldquothe dog himself bit the mailmanrdquo) or that

plural subjects acted upon each other (ldquothe dogs bit each otherrdquo) The endings for the passive and the middle are

sometimes identical and the meaning must be determined from the context

In Greek as in English verbs convey certain moods The indicative mood simply denotes an action that is

performed (ldquothe dog bites the mailmanrdquo) The subjunctive mood denotes (among other things) possibility and

wishes etc (ldquothe dog may bite the mailmanrdquo ldquoI wish that the dog would bite the mailmanrdquo) Like the subjunctive

the optative mood denotes (among other things) possibility wish conditions or indirect discourse (ldquothe dog would

bite the mailman ifhelliprdquo ldquowould that the dog had bitten the mailmanrdquo ldquomay the dog bite the mailmanrdquo) The

imperative mood expresses a command (ldquobite the mailman you dogrdquo) The infinitive mood expresses the verb as if it

were a noun (ldquoto bite the mailmanrdquo) The participle is a verbal noun or adjective similar to the infinitive ( ldquobiting the

mailman is badrdquo)

There are seven different tenses in Greek most of which have corresponding meanings in English present (ldquothe

dog bites the mailmanrdquo) future (ldquothe dog will bite the mailmanrdquo) imperfect (ldquothe dog was biting the mailmanrdquo)

aorist (ldquothe dog bit the mailmanrdquo) perfect (ldquothe dog has bitten the mailmanrdquo) pluperfect (ldquothe dog had bitten the

mailmanrdquo) and future perfect (ldquothe dog would have bitten the mailmanrdquo)

Grammarians divide the Greek tenses into two categories The primary (or principle) tenses consist of the

present future perfect and future perfect and denote action that occurs from a perspective in the present or future

The secondary (past or historic) consist of the imperfect aorist and pluperfect and denote action occurring from

the perspective of the past

Each tense can be expressed in multiple moods and voices The aorist active indicative for example is ldquothe dog

bit the mailmanrdquo The aorist middle indicative is ldquothe dog himself bit the mailmanrdquo The aorist passive indicative is

ldquothe mailman was bitten by the dogrdquo The present active subjunctive is ldquothe dog may bite the mailmanrdquo The present

passive subjunctive is ldquothe mailman may be bitten by the dogrdquo

There are three persons in the Greek and these correspond to the three persons used in the English verbs first

person (ldquoI bit the mailmanrdquo) second person (ldquoyou bit the mailmanrdquo) and third person (ldquohe bit the mailmanrdquo) Each

person can also take on the dual form (ldquothe pair of them bit the mailmanrdquo third person dual) and the plural form

(ldquowe bit the mailmanrdquo first person plural)

As you can see there are many possible combinations in Greek and the majority of those possible

combinations has accompanying endings that can be applied All in all there are hundreds of possible endings that

can be applied to various Greek verbs and the student must eventually learn them all

Grammarians use the word ldquoaugmentrdquo in reference to a prefix that is applied to a verb In general Greek

augments consist of either the letter ε- appended to the beginning of the word (ιπσ ldquoI looserdquo ειπνλ ldquoI was

loosingrdquo) or a lengthening of an initial vowel (ἄγσ ldquoI leadrdquo ἦγνλ ldquoI was leadingrdquo) Augments typically indicate an

event occurring in the past tense

Reduplication consists of doubling the initial syllable of a word and are used in the formation of some tenses

and stems (ιπσ ldquoI looserdquo ιειπθα ldquoI have loosedrdquo)

52 Inflection of Verbs

As with other inflected forms verbs consist of the stem and the ending (or suffix) Frequently more than one

ending is applied to a verb stem in order to indicate relationships such as mood tense voice person and number

Greek verb forms fall into two categories finite (indicative subjunctive optative imperative) and infinite

(infinitive participle) The finite forms of the verb include personal endings (1st person 2

nd person etc) augment

(prefixes used to indicate historic time) and reduplication (doubling of the first syllable of the word) as well as

endings representing tense mood voice etc Collectively these prefixes suffixes and modifications are called the

characteristics of the verb

The infinite forms of the verb are used as nouns or adjectives The participle is a verbal adjective and is used as

other adjectives It corresponds roughly to English verbs ending in -ing such as ldquothe running horserdquo or ldquowalking is

healthyrdquo The infinitive is a verbal noun and corresponds roughly to verbs preceded by the preposition ldquotordquo in

English ldquoit is good to runrdquo ldquohe wanted to walkrdquo

53 Thematic and Athematic Forms

Greek verbs fall into two primary conjugations -σ (or thematic) verbs which end in -σ in the first person

singular (present active indicative) and -κη (or athematic) verbs which end in -κη in the first person singular

(present active indicative)

In thematic verbs the stem ends in either -ν or -ε (which are called the theme) and the various suffixes are

applied to after the thematic vowel For example ιύεηε consists of ιῡ- the thematic vowel -ε- and the personal

ending -ηε Combined they form the word ιύ-ε-ηε ye loose The thematic vowel is -o- when it occurs before κ λ or

when used in the optative mood otherwise the thematic vowel is -ε- In the subjunctive mood the thematic vowel is

lengthened to -ε- (for -ε-) or -σ- (for -o-)

In athematic verbs the theme is omitted and the suffixes are applied directly to the stem of the verb Many

verbs which are regularly thematic also have corresponding athematic forms Strictly speaking no Greek verb is

entirely thematic or athematic each verb has both thematic and athematic forms

In general verb forms that are thematic include all futures all presents and imperfects of -σ verbs all second

aorists having the thematic vowel (ending in -νλ in the first person singular) and all subjunctives The verb forms

that are athematic include the presents and imperfects of -κη verbs all passive aorists (except in the subjunctive) all

middle and passive perfects and pluperfects all second aorists whose tense stem does not end in the thematic vowel

a few verbs in the second perfect and pluperfect active all first aorists active and middle and most perfects and

pluperfects active

In athematic inflections the singular is usually built on a long vowel and the duals and plurals are usually built

on the corresponding short vowel

54 Conjugation of the Present Active Indicative of -ω Verbs

The verb ιύσ (ldquoI looserdquo) is typically used as an example of the conjugation of -σ verbs The following

paradigm covers the present tense indicative mood and active voice of ιύσ (Note that there is no first person dual)

Singular 1st Person ιύσ I loose

2nd

Person ιύεηο you loose

3rd

Person ιύεη he she it looses

Dual 2nd

Person ιύεηνλ you two (or the pair of you) loose

3rd

Person ιύεηνλ they two (or the pair of them) loose

Plural 1st Person ιύνκελ we loose

2nd

Person ιύεηε you (or ye) loose

3rd

Person ιύνπζη(λ) they loose

55 Vocabulary

ἀείδσ sing sing of hymn chant

ἀλ- (prefix ἀ- before consonants) not un- dis- -less without

ἁλδάλσ (to) please (used with the dative)

ἀηῑκάδσ dishonor slight insult

βαίλσ come go walk

εἰο ἐο (adv and prep + acc) into until therein

ἔρσ have hold keep

θαίσ burn consume

ιύσ loose free break up destroy

ὀιέθσ kill destroy ruin

πέκπσ send escort conduct

ηειείσ accomplish fulfill complete

ηεύρσ make do fashion perform cause prepare

θέξσ bear carry bring

56 Derivatives

ἀείδσ (aed-) = ode odium melody palinode

ἀλ- (a- an-) = atheist anarchy

θαίσ (cae-) = caustic cauterize holocaust

ιύσ (ly-) = analysis

πέκπσ (pemp-) = pomp

ηειείσ (tele-) = teleology

θέξσ (pher-) = periphery phosphorus

57 Translation

1 ἀείδνκελ βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεάσλ (ᾱ) πνιιάσλ (ᾱ) 2 θιαγγὴ δεηλὴ θαθῆο ζαιάζζεο νὐρ ἁλδάλεη ςῡρῇ ζεᾶο 3 ηίο

ἀηῑκάδεη θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) ζεάο (ᾱ) 4 νὐρ ἀηῑκάδνκελ πάηξελ θίιε γάξ ἐζηηλ 5 βαίλνπζηλ ἐθ Κίιιεο εἰο Υξύζελ (ῡ) 6

θαίνπζη ππξὰο (ᾱ) πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἐλ Υξύζῃ (ῡ) ἐπὶ ζαιάζζῃ 7 ἔρνκελ πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) βνπιάο (ᾱ) 8 θαίεηε

ππξὰο (ᾱ) ἐλ πάηξῃ 9 ιύεηνλ ιύεηο ιύνκελ ιύνπζηλ ιύεηε 10 ὀιέθνκελ ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θαθὰο (ᾱ) ἐλ

πάηξῃ θίιῃ 11 ηίο πέκπεη ζεὰο (ᾱ) ἐο Υξύζελ (ῡ) 12 ηειείεηε βνπιὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) πάηξῃ θίιῃ 13 ηειείνκελ

βνπιὴλ θίιεο ζεᾶο 14 ηεύρνκελ ππξήλ 15 ηί θέξεηε ηί θέξνπζηλ

(2) ἁλδάλεη ςῡρῇhellip The object of the verb ἁλδάλσ takes the dative case In general the English can be

translated with the addition of the word ldquotordquo thus νὐθ ἁλδάλεη ςῡρῇ is ldquois not pleasing to the soulrdquo or ldquodoes

not please the soulrdquo

(5) The word εἰο can either be translated ldquotordquo or ldquointordquo

(6) ἐπὶ ζαιάζζῃ is a title for Chrysa thus Υξύζε (ῡ) ἐπὶ ζαιάζζῃ is ldquoChrysa upon the seardquo or ldquoChrysa by

the seardquo

(8) The word πάηξε refers to the person addressed and so is more appropriately translated ldquonative landrdquo

(the more familiar ldquofatherlandrdquo would typically apply only to the person speaking) Note that the possessive

is implied by using the 2nd

person of the verb thus ldquohellipin (your) native landrdquo

(9) ιύεηνλ can be either 2nd

or 3rd

person

(10) As with many Homeric words the best translation depends on the context Here the word ὀιέθσ

occurs in a military context (the Iliad) and so probably refers to killing enemies θαθή probably refers to

cowardice But the passage could be rendered in many ways such as ldquoWe ruin many wicked soulshelliprdquo or

ldquoWe kill many cowardly soulshelliprdquo etc

(11) Note the alternate form of εἰο As with many common prepositions Homer offers different forms to fit

the rhythmic structure of the poem εἰο is a single long syllable while ἐο can be either long or short

depending on the following word In like manner ἐλ is either long or short ἐλί is two short syllables and

εἰλ is a single long syllable

(12) The dative without a preposition is here translated with ldquoforhelliprdquo I also rendered βνπιαί θαιαί as

ldquonoble thingsrdquo in this context although it could also be translated ldquogood plansrdquo ldquobrave plansrdquo etc

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 We sing the plans of many goddesses 2 The terrible roar of the evil sea was not pleasing to the soul of the

goddess 3 Who dishonors the noble goddesses 4 We do not dishonor (our) fatherland for it is dear 5 They go

from Cilla to Chrysa 6 Do they burn many funeral pyres in Chrysa by the sea 7 We have many fair plans 8 Do

you burn pyres in (your) native land 9 You two loose you loose we loose they loose you loose 10 We destroy

many wicked souls in (our) dear fatherland 11 Who escorts the goddess into Chrysa 12 You accomplish noble

things for (our) dear fatherland 13 We fulfill the will of the beloved goddess

58 Composition Exercises

1 Who is singing the evil plans of the fair goddess 2 The roar of the sea is pleasing to the soul of the goddess

in Cilla 3 We do not dishonor the goddesses of (our) dear fatherland 4 Are you going from Chrysa to Cilla by the

sea 5 The two goddesses come from the sea into Cilla 6 They are burning two funeral pyres in (their) fatherland

7 They have many fair plans 8 We loose you loose they (two) loose he is loosing 9 The goddess destroys many

wicked souls 10 We escort the goddess into (our) dear fatherland 11 They accomplish the will of (their)

fatherland 12 He is making a funeral pyre 13 What does he bring

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 ηίο ἀείδεη θαθὰο (ᾱ) βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεᾶο θᾱιῆο 2 θιαγγὴ ζαιάζζεο ἁλδάλεη ςῡρῇ ζεᾶο ἐλ Κίιιῃ 3 νὐθ

ἀηῑκάδνκελ ζεὰλ (ᾱ) θίιεο πάηξεο 4 βαίλεηο ἐθ Υξύζεο (ῡ) εἰο Κίιιελ ἐπὶ ζαιάζζῃ 5 ζεὰ (ᾱ) βαίλνπζηλ ἐθ

ζαιάζζεο εἰο Κίιιελ 6 θαίνπζη πύξᾱ ἐλ πάηξῃ 7 ἔρνπζη πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) βνπιάο (ᾱ) 8 ιύνκελ ιύεηο

ιύεηνλ ιύεη 9 ζεὰ (ᾱ) ὀιέθεη πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θαθὰο (ᾱ) ςῡράο (ᾱ) 10 θέξνκελ ζεὰλ (ᾱ) εἰο θίιελ πάηξελ 11

ηειείνπζη βνπιὴλ πάηξεο 12 ηεύρεη πύξελ 13 ηί θέξεη

Lesson 6

(678-679 717-721 1025 cf 575 996 1009)

61 Second Declension Masculines

Second declension nouns have stems ending in -o Masculine nouns of the second declension are inflected like

ζῡκόο (spirit life soul) and πνιεκόο (war) Second declension adjectives are inflected like θαθόο (evil)

Sigular Dual Plural

N ζῡκόο ζῡκώ ζῡκνί

G ζῡκνῦ νῖν [όν] ζῡκνῖηλ ζῡκῶλ

D ζῡκῷ ζῡκνῖηλ ζῡκνῖζη νῖο

A ζῡκόλ ζῡκώ ζῡκνύο

V ζῡκέ ζῡκώ ζῡκνί

Sigular Dual Plural

N θαθὸο πόιεκνο θαθὼ πνιέκσ θαθνὶ πόιεκνη

G θαθνῦ νῖν [όν] πνιέκνπ νην [νν] θαθνῖηλ πνιέκνηηλ θαθῶλ πνιέκσλ

D θαθῷ πνιέκῳ θαθνῖλ πνιέκνηηλ θαθνῖο πνιέκνηο

A θαθὸλ πόιεκνλ θαθὼ πνιέκσ θαθνὺο πνιέκνπο

V θαθὲ πόιεκε θαθὼ πνιέκσ θαθνὶ πνιεκνί

62 Second Declension Neuters

Second declension neuters end in -νλ in the nominative vocative and accusative singlular and -ᾰ in the

nominative vocative and accusative plural They are identical to second declension masculines in the genitive and

dative as well as all cases of the dual Second declension neuters nouns are declined like ἔξγνλ (deed) and second

declension neuter adjectives are declined like θᾱιόλ (noble)

Sigular Dual Plural

N θᾱιὸλ ἔξγνλ θᾱιὼ ἔξγσ θᾱιὰ ἔξγα

G θᾱινῦ νῖν [όν] ἔξγνπ νην [νν] θᾱινῖηλ ἔξγνηηλ θᾱιῶλ ἔξγσλ

D θᾱιῷ ἔξγῳ θᾱινῖηλ ἔξγνηηλ θᾱινῖο ἔξγνηο

A θᾱιὸλ ἔξγνλ θᾱιὼ ἔξγσ θᾱινὺο ἔξγνπο

V θᾱιὸλ ἔξγνλ θᾱιὼ ἔξγσ θᾱιὰ ἔξγα

63 Second Declension Feminines

A few second declension nouns are feminine These are declined exactly the same as the masculine form the

only difference being that all adjectives and modifiers take their respective feminine forms Thus θαθὸο ζῡκόο = the

evil spirit and θαθὸλ ἔξγνλ = the evil deed but θαθὴ λνῦζνο = the evil plague

Sigular Dual Plural

N θαθὴ λνῦζνο θαθὰ (ᾱ) λνύζσ θαθαὶ λνῦζνη

G θαθῆο λνύζνπ νην [νν] θαθῇηλ λνύζνηηλ θαθάσλ [έσλ ῶλ] λνύζσλ

D θαθῇ λνύζῳ θαθῇηλ λνύζνηηλ θαθῇζη ῇο λνύζνηζη νηο

A θαθὴλ λνῦζνλ θαθὰ (ᾱ) λνύζσ θαθὰο (ᾱ) λνύζνπο

V θαθὴ λνῦζε θαθὰ (ᾱ) λνύζσ θαθαὶ λνῦζνη

64 Adjectives

Adjectives always agree in case number and gender with the nouns they modify

Adjectives fall into three declensions just like nouns However adjectives frequently have masculine feminine

and neuter forms whereas nouns typically fall into a single gender The adjective θαθόο for example has three

forms θαθόο (masculine) θαθή (femine) and θαθόλ (neuter) Adjectives are usually listed in dictionary entries in

the nominative masculine singular followed by the femine and neuter singular endings θαθόο ή όλ

Adjectives are usually grouped into one of four categories 1) First and Second Declension Adjectives whose

forms usually represent the first declension when feminine and the second declension when masculine or neuter 2)

Second Declension Adjectives which usually have a single second declension form that serves as both masculine

and feminine as well as a second declension neuter form 3) First and Third Declension Adjectives whose

masculine and neuter forms are of the third declension but whose feminine form falls under the first declension and

4) Third Declension Adjectives which have a single third declension form for both masculine and feminine and a

third declension neuter form

First and Second Declension Adjectives have the nominative singular endings -νο (masculine) -ε (feminine)

and -νλ (neuter) Of these θᾱιόο (beautiful noble) and θίινο (dear lovely beloved) are good examples

Singular

Masc Fem Neut

N θᾱιόο θᾱιή θᾱιόλ θᾱιή θᾱιόλ

G θᾱινῦ νῖν [όν] θᾱιῆο θᾱινῦ νῖν [όν]

D θᾱιῷ θᾱιῇ θᾱιῷ

A θᾱιόλ θᾱιήλ θᾱιόλ

V θᾱιέ θᾱιή θᾱιόλ

Dual

N A V θᾱιώ θᾱιά (ᾱ) θᾱιώ

G D θᾱινῖηλ θᾱιῇηλ θᾱινῖηλ

Plural

N θᾱινί θᾱιαί θᾱιά

G θᾱιῶλ θᾱιάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] θᾱιῶλ

D θᾱινῖζη νῖο θᾱιῇζη ῇο θᾱινῖζη νῖο

A θᾱινύο θᾱιάο (ᾱ) θᾱιά

Singular

Masc Fem Neut

N θίινο θίιε θίινλ

G θίινπ νην [νν] θίιεο θίινπ νην [νν]

D θίιῳ θίιῃ θίιῳ

A θίινλ θίιελ θίινλ

V

Dual

N A V θίισ θίιᾱ θίισ

G D θίινηηλ θίιῃηλ θίινηηλ

Plural

N θίινη θίιαη θίια

G θίισλ θηιάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] θίισλ

D θίινηζη νηο θίιῃζη ῃο θίινηζη νηο

A θίινπο θίιᾱο θίια

V θίινη θίιαη θίια

65 Vocabulary

ἀγιαόο ή όλ bright shining splendid glorious

ἀλά ἄλ (adv prep + gen dat acc) upon on thereon along up through

ἀπεξείζηνο ε νλ boundless countless immeasureable

ἄπνηλα σλ ηά ransom

Ἀραηόο νῦ ὁ Achaean

δεηλόο ή όλ terrible awful dreadful dread fearful

ἑιώξηνλ νπ ηό booty spoils prey

ζεόο νῦ ὁ god divinity

ζῡκόο νῦ ὁ heart soul spirit courage passion

θαθόο ή όλ bad poor ugly mean cowardly evil wicked

θᾱιόο ή όλ good goodly noble handsome brave fair beautiful

ιᾱόο νῦ ὁ people host soldiery

κῡξίνη αη α countless innumerable

λνῦζνο νπ ἡ plague disease pest pestilence

νἰσλόο νῦ ὁ bird (of prey) vulture omen

πνιιόο ή όλ much many numerous

ζηξαηόο νῦ ὁ army encampment host

θίινο ε νλ dear darling lovely beloved

66 Derivatives

ἀλά (ana-) = anatomy

ἄπνηλα (apen-) = pentalty

ζεόο (theo-) = theology theocracy atheism polytheism monotheism henotheism pantheism

ιᾱόο (lao-) = laity layman

ζηξαηόο (strato-) = strategy strategic strategical

67 Translation Exercises

1 ἀγιαὰ ἄπνηλα θέξνπζηλ Ἀραηνὶ εἰο ζηξαηόλ 2 θέξνκελ ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 3 ζεὸο ηεύρεη

πνιινὺο Ἀραηνὺο ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζηλ 4 ἦζαλ Ἀραηνὶ θαθνί 5 νὐθ ἦζαλ θαθνί θᾱινὶ δέ λνῦζνο θαθὴ ὀιέθεη ιᾱὸλ

θᾱιόλ 6 Ἀραηνὶ πέκπνπζηλ ἄπνηλα κῡξίrsquo εἰο πάηξελ 7 ζεὸο βαίλεη ἐο ζηξαηόλ ὀιέθεη δὲ ιᾱὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 8 ηίο

ἀηῑκάδεη ζενὺο θᾱινύο 9 θαθνὶ ιᾱνὶ ἀηῑκάδνπζη ζενὺο πάηξεο 10 ζεὸο πέκπεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ

Ἀραηῶλ νὐ γὰξ ηειείνπζη βνπιὴλ ζεῶλ πάηξεο 11 βαίλεη ἐπὶ ζάιαζζαλ δεηλὴλ θαὶ ηεύρεη ππξὰο (ᾱ) πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἀλὰ

ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 12 ἔρνπζηλ ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα Ἀραηῶλ ἐλὶ ζηξαηῷ 13 βνπιὴ ζηξαηνῦ νὐρ ἁλδάλεη ζῡκῷ ζενῦ 14

ιᾱὸο Κίιιεο θίινο ἦλ ςῡρῇ ζεᾶο ζαιάζζεο 15 νὐθ ἀείδνκελ θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεῶλ ζηξαηῷ νὐ γὰξ ἁλδάλεη

Ἀραηνῖζη ζῡκῷ

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 The Achaeans bring countless splendid ransmoms into the camp 2 We carry boundless ransoms up through

the camp of the Achaeans 3 The god makes many Achaens spoils for the birds 4 Were the Achaeans evil 5 They

were not evil but good An evil pestilence destroyed the good host 6 The Achaeans send countless ransoms into

(their) fatherland 7 The god walks into the camp and destroys the host of the Achaeans 8 Who dishonors the noble

gods 9 The evil host dishonors the gods of (our) fatherlans 10 The god sends an evil plague up through the camp

of the Achaeans for they do not fulfill the will of the gods of (their) native country 11 He walks along the sea and

builds many funeral pyres throughout the camp of the Achaeans 12 They have boundless ransoms of the Achaeans

in the camp 13 The armyrsquos plan is not pleasing to the heart of the god 14 The host of Cilla was dear to the soul of

the goddess of the sea 15 We do not sing the brave plan of the goods of the camp for (that) is not pleasing to the

heart of the Achaeans

68 Composition Exercises

1 The terrible roar of the sea is pleasing to the goddess in (her) soul 2 We bring many splendid ransoms to the

army of the Achaeans 3 The god does not destroy the host of the Achaeans for they do not dishonor the gods of

(their) fatherland 4 The evil plague makes countless Achaeans a booty (use plural) for many birds 5 The people of

the Achaeans send countless shining ransoms to the goddess of the sea in Cilla 6 The Achaeans go to the sea and

sing but the noise is not pleasing to the goddess in (her) soul 7 The plague destroys the people for they dishonor

the god of Chrysa

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 θιαγγὴ δεηλὴ ἁλδάλεη ζεᾷ ςῡρῇ 2 θέξνκελ ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀγιαὰ ἐο ζηξαηῷ Ἀραηῶλ 3 ζεὸο νὐθ ὀιέθεη

ιᾱὸλ Ἀραηῶλ νὐ γὰξ ἀηῑκάδνπζη ζενὺο πάηξεο 4 θαθὴ λνῦζνο ηεύρεη κῡξίνπο Ἀραηνὺο ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζη πνιινῖζηλ

5 ιᾱὸο Ἀραηῶλ πέκπνπζη κῡξίrsquo ἄπνηλα ἀγιαὰ ζεᾷ ζαιάζζεο ἐλὶ Κίιιᾳ 6 Ἀραηνὶ βαίλνπζηλ εἰο ζάιαζζαλ θαὶ

ἀείδνπζηλ θιαγγὴ δὲ νὐρ ἁλδάλεη ζεᾷ ςῡρῇ 7 λνῦζνο ὀιέθεη ιᾱόλ ἀηῑκάδνπζη γὰξ ζεὸλ Υξύζεο (ῡ)

Lesson 7

Review

71 Review Vocabulary

ἀγιαόο ή όλ splendid ζῡκόο νῦ ὁ heart

ἀείδσ sing θαί and

ἀλ- ἀ- un- θαίσ burn

ἁλδάλσ is pleasing to θαθόο ή όλ evil

ἀπεξείζηνο ε νλ immeasurable θᾱιόο ή όλ good

ἄπνηλα σλ ηά ransom Κίιια εο ἡ Cilla

ἀηῑκάδσ dishonor θιαγγή ῆο ἡ roar

Ἀραηόο νῦ ὁ Achaean ιᾱόο νῦ ὁ host

βαίλσ go walk ιύσ loose

βνπιή ῆο ἡ plan κῡξίνη αη α countless

γάξ for λνῦζνο νπ ἡ plague

δέ but νἰσλόο νῦ ὁ bird

δεηλόο ή όλ terrible ὀιέθσ kill

εἰο (ἐο) into νὐ (νὐρ) not

εἰζί they are πάηξε εο ἡ fatherland

ἐθ (ἐμ) out of πέκπσ send

ἑιώξηνλ νπ ηό spoil πνιιόο ή όλ many

ἐλ(ί) εἰλ in ππξή ῆο ἡ funeral pyre

ἐπί upon ζηξαηόο νῦ ὁ army

ἐζηί it is ηειείσ accomplish

ἔρσ have ηεύρσ make

ἦλ it was ηίο ηί who what

ἦζαλ they were θέξσ carry

ζάιαζζα εο ἡ sea θίινο ε νλ beloved

ζεά (ᾱ) ᾶο ἡ goddess Υξύζε (ῡ) εο ἡ Chrysa

ςῡρή ῆο ἡ soul

72 Translation Exercises

1 ἀδείδνκελ ζεὰλ (ᾱ) ζαιάζζεο δεηλῆο θιαγγῇ πνιιῇ 2 νὐθ ἀηῑκάδνπζη ζενὺο 3 βνπιαὶ Ἀραηῶλ νὐρ

ἁλδάλνπζη ζεᾳ θᾱιῇ ζῡκῷ 4 βαίλεη ἐθ ζηξαηνῦ Ἀραηῶλ εἰο Κίιιαλ θαὶ θέξεη ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα ζεῷ 5 λνῦζνο θαθὴ

βαίλεη ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ θαὶ ηεύρεη πνιινὺο Ἀραηνὺο ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζηλ 6 θαὶ ζενὶ θαὶ ζεαὶ ὀιέθνπζη ιᾱὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 7 ηίο

Ἀραηῶλ ἔρεη ζῡκὸλ θαθόλ 8 ἦζαλ πνιιαὶ ζεαὶ ἐλὶ ζαιάζζῃ 9 θαίεη ππξὰο (ᾱ) ἐπὶ ζαιάζζῃ 10 ιύεηε ζηξαηὸλ

Ἀραηῶλ 11 πάηξε ἐζηὶ θίιε ςῡρῇ κῡξίσλ Ἀραηῶλ 12 ηίο πέκπεη ζηξαηὸλ ἐθ Κίιιεο εἰο Υξύζελ (ῡ) 13 βνπιὴ

θαθὴ ἐζηηλ ἁλδάλεη δὲ ζεᾷ ζῡκῷ 14 ηί ἀείδεηε

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 With a great noise we hymn the goodess of the terrible sea 2 We do not dishonor the gods 3 The will of the

Achaeans does not please the heart of the beautiful goddess 4 He goes from the Achaean camp to Cilla and delivers

countless ransoms to the god 5 An evil plague goes up through the camp and makes many Achaeans spoils for the

vultures 6 Both gods and goddesses destroy the host of the Achaeans 7 Who of the Achaeans has an evil heart 8

Were there many goddesses in the sea 9 He burns funeral pyres by the sea 10 You destroy the camp of the

Achaeans 11 The fatherland is dear to the soul of countless Achaeans 12 Who dispatches the army from Cilla to

Chrysa 13 It is an evil plan but it pleases the heart of the goddess 14 What do you sing

73 Composition Exercises

1 The Achaeans sing the beautiful goddess of the terrible sea 2 We do not dishonor the gods for they are dear

to (our) souls 3 The plans of the army are pleasing to the goddess in (her) noble soul 4 Many Achaeans are going

from the encampment and are bringing countless glorious ransoms to the gods 5 The evil plague destroys the

people and makes the army a booty for countless birds 6 We do not sing for it is not pleasing to the soul of the

goddess

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 Ἀραηνὶ ἀείδνπζη ζεὰλ (ᾱ) θᾱιὴλ δεηλῆο ζαιάζζεο 2 νὐθ ἀηῑκάδνκελ ζενὺο θίινη δὲ ζῡκνῖζηλ 3 βνπιαὶ

ζηξαηῷ ἁλδάλνπζη ζεᾷ ζῡκῷ 4 Ἀραηνὶ πνιινὶ βαίλνπζηλ ἐθ ζηξαηνῦ θαὶ θέξνπζηλ ἄπνηλα ἀπεξείζηα θαὶ ἀγιαὰ

ζενῖζηλ 5 θαθὴ λνῦζνο ὀιέθεη ιᾱὸλ θαὶ ηεύρεη ζηξαηὸλ ἄπνηλα νἰσλνῖζηλ ἀπεξείζηνῐζηλ 6 νὐθ ἀείδνκελ νὐθ γὰξ

ἁλδάλεη ςῡρῇ ζεᾶο

Lesson 8

(765-766 773-774)

81 The Second Declension (Continued)

Several words are declined like θᾱιόο ή όλ except that the nominative vocative and accusative singular of

the neuter ends in -o instead of -νλ Some of these words include ὅο ἥ ὅ (which) ὁ ἡ ηό (that) (ἐ)θεῖλνο ε ν

(that) αὐηόο ή ό (he she it) and ἄιινο ε ν (another)

The words ὅδε and νὗηνο are not introduced in this lesson but they are dleclined similarly and so are included

in the paradigms as reference

ὁ ἡ ηό (that hesheit whowhichwhat)

Masc Fem Neut

N ὁ ἡ ηό

G ηνῦ ηνῖν ηῆο ηνῦ ηνῖν

D ηῷ ηῇ ηῷ

A ηόλ ηήλ ηό

N A ηώ (ηώ) ηώ

G D ηνῖηλ (ηνῖηλ) ηνῖηλ

N νἱ αἱ ηά

G ηῶλ ηάσλ (ᾱ) [ηῶλ] ηῶλ

D ηνῖζη ηνῖο ηῇζη ηῇο ηνῖζη ηνῖο

A ηνύο ηάο (ᾱ) ηά

αὐηόο ή ό (hesheit self same)

Masc Fem Neut

N αὐηόο αὐηή αὐηό

G αὐηνῦ νῖν αὐηῆο αὐηνῦ νῖν

D αὐηῷ αὐηῇ αὐηῷ

A αὐηόλ αὐηήλ αὐηό

N A αὐηώ (αὐηώ) αὐηώ

G D αὐηνῖηλ (αὐηνῖηλ) αὐηνῖηλ

N αὐηνί αὐηαί αὐηά

G αὐηῶλ αὐηάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] αὐηῶλ

D αὐηνῖζη νῖο αὐηῇζη ῇο αὐηνῖζη νῖο

A αὐηνύο αὐηάο (ᾱ) αὐηά

ὅο ἥ ὅ (whowhichwhat)

Masc Fem Neut

N ὅο ἥ ὅ

G νὖ [ὅνπ ὅν] ἥο νὗ [ὅνπ ὅν]

D ᾧ ᾗ ᾧ

A ὅλ ἥλ ὅ

N A ὥ (ὥ) ὥ

G D νἷηλ (νἷηλ) νἶηλ

N νἵ αἵ ἅ

G ὧλ ὧλ ὧλ

D νἷζη νἷο ᾗζη ᾗο νἷζη νἷο

A νὕο ἅο (ᾱ) ἅ

(ἐ)θεῖλνο ε ν (that)

Masc Fem Neut

N (ἐ)θεῖλνο (ἐ)θείλε (ἐ)θεῖλν

G (ἐ)θείλνπ νην (ἐ)θείλεο (ἐ)θείλνπ νην

D (ἐ)θείλῳ (ἐ)θείλῃ (ἐ)θείλῳ

A (ἐ)θεῖλνλ (ἐ)θείλελ (ἐ)θεῖλν

N A (ἐ)θείλσ ((ἐ)θείλσ) (ἐ)θείλσ

G D (ἐ)θείλνηηλ ((ἐ)θείλνηηλ) (ἐ)θείλνηηλ

N (ἐ)θεῖλνη (ἐ)θεῖλαη (ἐ)θεῖλα

G (ἐ)θείλσλ (ἐ)θεηλάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] (ἐ)θείλσλ

D (ἐ)θείλνηζη νηο (ἐ)θείλῃζη ῃο (ἐ)θείλνηζη νηο

A (ἐ)θείλνπο (ἐ)θείλᾱο (ἐ)θεῖλα

ὅδε ἥδε ηόδε (this)

Masc Fem Neut

N ὅδε ἥδε ηόδε

G ηνύδε ηνῖνδε ηῆζδε ηνύδε ηνῖνδε

D ηῷδε ηῇδε ηῷδε

A ηόλδε ηήλδε ηόδε

N A ηώδε (ηώδε) ηώδε

G D ηνῖηλδε (ηνῖηλδε) ηνῖηλδε

N νἵδε (ηνίδε) αἵδε (ηαίδε) ηάδε

G ηῶλδε ηάσλδε (ᾱ) [ηῶλδε] ηῶλδε

D ηνῖζηδε ηνῖζδε ηῇζηδε ηῇζδε ηνῖζηδε ηνῖζδε

ηνίζδεζη ηνίζδεζη

ηνίζδεζζη ηνίζδεζζη

A ηνύζδε ηάζδε (ᾱ) ηάδε

νὗηνο αὕηε ηνῦην (this)

Masc Fem Neut

N νὗηνο αὕηε ηνῦην

G ηνύηνπ νην ηαύηεο ηνύηνπ νην

D ηνύηῳ ηαύηῃ ηνύηῳ

A ηνῦηνλ ηαύηελ ηνῦην

N A ηνύησ (ηνύησ) ηνύησ

G D ηνύηνηηλ (ηνύηνηηλ) ηνύηνηηλ

N νὗηνη αὗηαη ηαῦηα

G ηνύησλ ηαῡηάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] ηνύησλ

D ηνύηνηζη νηο ηαύηῃζη ῃο ηνύηνηζη νηο

A ηνύηνπο ηαύηᾱο ηαῦηα

82 Vocabulary

ἀιιά but moreover

ἄιινο ε νλ other another

αὐηόο ή ό self him himself her herself it itself same

δῖνο α νλ (declined like ζάιαζζα) divine heavenly glorious

(ἐ)θεῖλνο ε ν that (one) he she it

ἑθεβόινο νπ ὁ free-shooter sharpshooter (originally shoots-at-will a title for Apollo)

θαθῶο evilly wickedly harshly with evil consequences

ὁ ἡ ηό this that he she it who which what

νὕλεθα (νὗ-ἔλεθα) because

ζθῆπηξνλ νπ ηό scepter staff

ηέ and also both

ρξύζενο (ῡ) ε νλ gold golden of gold

83 Derivatives

ἄιινο (allo-) = allopathy

αὐηόο (auto-) = automaton autocracy autograph autonomy

ρξύζενο (ῡ) (chryse-) = chrysanthemum chrysalis chrysolite

84 Translation Excersis

1 δῖνο ἑθεβόινο αὐηὸο ἀείδεη ἀιιrsquo νὐρ ἁλδάλεη ἄιινηζη ζενῖζη ζῡκῷ 2 θεῖλνη Ἀραηνὶ ἀηῑκάδνπζη ηνὺο ζενύο

3 ὁ ἑθεβόινο πέκπεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ θαθῶο ὀιέθεη θεῖλνλ ιᾱόλ νὕλεθα ηὸλ ἀηῑκάδνπζηλ 4

νὐθ ἀηῑκάδνκελ ηνὺο ζενύο νἳ ἔρνπζη ζθῆπηξα ρξύζεα (ῡ) 5 ὁ ἑθεβόινο ηε θαὶ νἱ ἄιινη ζενὶ θέξνπζη ρξύζεα (ῡ)

ζθῆπηξα θᾱιά 6 ηίο ηεύρεη ηὰ ζθῆπηξα ρξύζεα (ῡ) ηνῖζη ζενῖο ζαιάζζεο 7 ἀείδεη ἑθεβόινο αὐηὸο βνπιὰο (ᾱ)

ἄιισλ ζεῶλ ηνῖζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ 8 εἰζὶλ νἱ Ἀραηνὶ θᾱινί νἱ ὀιέθνπζη ηὸλ ζηξαηὸλ θαίνπζί ηε ηὰο (ᾱ) ππξάο (ᾱ) 9 ἡ

ζεὰ (ᾱ) ηῆο δεηλῆο ζαιάζζεο ἔρεη ηὸ ζθῆηξνλ ρξύζενλ (ῡ) 10 ἐλὶ ηῇ πάηξε εἰζὶλ αἱ ππξαί 11 ηίο ηεύρεη ηὸλ

ζηξαηὸλ ἑιώξηα ηνῖζηλ νἰσλνῖζηλ

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 The divine free-shooter himself sings but it does not please the hearts of the other gods 2 Those Achaeans

dishonor these gods 3 This free-shooter sends an evil plague up through the camp of the Achaeans and wickedly

destroys that host because they dishonor him 4 We do not dishonor these gods who hold the golden scepters 5

Both this free-shooter and these other gods carry beautiful golden scepters 6 Who fashions the golden scepters for

these gods of the sea 7 Does the free-shooter himself sing the plans of the other gods to these Achaeans 8 Are

these Achaeans noble who destroy (our) camp and burn funeral pyres 9 This goddess of the terrible sea holds a

golden scepter 10 The funeral pyrers are in (our) fatherland 11 Who makes (our) camp a spoil for these vultures

85 Composition Exercises

1 ἑθεβόινο αὐηὸο ἀείδεη ηὰο (ᾱ) βνπιὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) ζεῶλ 2 ηί νὐρ ἁλδάλεη ηνῖο ἄιινηζη ζενῖζηλ νἳ ἐλὶ

ζαιάζζῃ 3 ἐθεῖλνο Ἀραηὸο ἀηῑκάδεη ηνὺο ζενὺο πάηξεο νἱ ἔρνπζη ηὰ ζθῆπηξα ρξύζεα (ῡ) 4 ὁ ἑθεβόινο πέκπεη

λνύζνπο πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θαθὰο (ᾱ) ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ ὀιέθεη κῡξίνπο ιᾱνύο νὕλεθα ηὸλ ἀηῑκάδνπζηλ 5 ηίο

θαίεη ηὰο (ᾱ) ππξὰο (ᾱ) Ἀραηῶλ ἐπὶ δεηλῇ ζαιάζζῃ 6 ὁ ἑθεβόινο ηεύρεη κῡξίνπο Ἀραίνπο ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζηλ νὕλεθα

ηὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) ζεὰο (ᾱ) ζαιάζζεο ἀηῑκάδνπζηλ

Lesson 9

(830-840 904)

91 The Verbal Augment

Greek verbs frequently add a prefix to a verb (in the secondary tenses of the idicative) to indicate action

occurring in the past This prefix is called an augment Verbal augments take one of two forms the syllabic

augment which consists of adding an extra syllable to the beginning of a word and the temporal augment which

consists of lengthening the first syllable of a word While the augment is consistently applied in later dialects of

Greek it was still optional in Homeric and is often omitted (the tense being determined solely from the suffixes)

The syllabic augment is applied to verbs that begin with a consonant (or rare verbs that originally began with a

consonant) and consists of the prefix ε- Thus ιύνκελ = we loose (present tense) but ἐιύνκελ = we were loosing

(past tense) Some Greek words originally began with a ϝ or an ζ that later disappeared (usually replace with the

rough breathing) In those cases the augment is sometimes syllabic reflecting the earlier practice The word ἁλδάλσ

for example was originally ζϝαλδάλσ (swandano) The original augmented form of the imperfect was ἐζϝάλδαλνλ

(eswandano) When the ζϝ- was dropped the syllabic augment was retained ἑάλδαλνλ (heandano)

When a verb has lost an initial ζ the syllabic augment frequently contracts with the initial vowel For example

the word ἔρσ was originally ζέρσ The original augmented imperfect was ἔζερνλ When the initial ζ disappeared

the result was ἔερνλ which contracted to εἶρνλ (because εε usually contracts to εη) This pattern is also sometimes

present in verbs that originally began with ϝ such as ϝίδνλ =gt ἐϝηδνλ = ἔηδνλ = εἶδνλ

The temporal augment consists of lengthening an initial vowel and occurs in most Greek verbs that begin with

an initial vowel In general initial α or ε becomes ε initial η ν or π becomes ῑ initial αη and ᾳ become ῃ and initial

νη becomes ῳ Thus ἄγνκελ (we lead) becomes ἤγνκελ (we were leading) If the verb already begins with a long

vowel (ε ῃ ῑ ῡ σ ῳ) there is usually no change

Verbs that begin with ξ usually double the ξ when adding the syllabic augment This feature also sometimes

occurs in verbs beginning with ι κ λ or ζ

Compound verbs are usually formed from a combination of preposition + verb such as ἀπό (away from) + ιύσ

(loosen) = ἀπνιύσ (set free turn loose) In compound verbs a temporal augment is inserted between the preposition

and the verb If the preposition ends in a vowel the vowel is usually elided Thus ἀπνιύνκελ (we set free) becomes

ἀπειύνκελ (elided from ἀπνειύνκελ we were setting free)

92 The Imperfect Tense

The imperfect denotes continuous action in past time and typically corresponds to the past participle in English

Thus ἔιπνλ (imperfect) = I was loosing Occasionally the Greek imperfect is best translated by the simple past tense

in English The imperfect tense is formed by adding the secondary tense endings (which will be described in a later

lesson) to the augmented stem of the verb

In the paradigm below the unaugmented form is shown in brackets

Imperfect Tense

S 1st Pers ἔιπνλ [ιύνλ] I was loosing

2nd

Pers ἔιπεο [ιύεο] you were loosing

3rd

Pers ἔιπε(λ) [ιύε(λ)] he she it was loosing

D 2nd

Pers ἐιύεηνλ [ιύεηνλ] you (two) were loosing the pair of you were loosing

3rd

Pers ἐιπέηελ [ιπέηελ] they (two) were loosing the pair of them were loosing

P 1st Pers ἐιύνκελ [ιύνκελ] we were loosing

2nd

Pers ἐιύεηε [ιύεηε] you (ye) were loosing

3rd

Pers ἐιύνλ [ιύνλ] they were loosing

93 Vocabulary

ἄιιῃ elsewhere

Ἀξγεῖνο νπ ὁ Argive

-δε (suffix + acc) to

δηά (adv) between among (+gen) through (+acc) through by means

of on account of during

δηίθηινο (ῑ) ε νλ dear to Zeus

εἴξσ speak say tell

ἐκόο ή όλ my mine

ἔξγνλ νπ ηό (ϝέξγνλ) work deed accomplishment

-ζελ (suffix gen ending) from

Κιπηαηκήζηξε εο ἡ Clytaemnestra

(also Κιπηαηκλήζηξε)

καληνζύλε εο ἡ gift of prophesy

νἶθνο νπ ὁ house home

ιύκπηνο ε νλ Olympian

Ὄιπκπνο νπ ὁ Olympus

Πξίακνο νπ ὁ Priam

ζόο ζή ζόλ your yours

εἶρνλ (imperfect of ἔρσ) I was having I had

94 Derivatives

95 Translation Exercises

1 ὁ ἑθεβόινο δηὰ καληνζύλελ εἴξεη βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ηῶλ ζεῶλ Ἀξγείνηζηλ 2 νἱ ιύκπηνη ζενὶ εἶρνλ νἴθνπο ἐλ

ιύκπῳ 3 ὁ ἑθεβόινο δηίθηινο (ῑ) ἔηεπρε ηνὺο Ἀξγείνπο Ἀραηνύο ηε ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζηλ 4 Ἀραηνὶ Ἀξγεῖνί ηrsquo

ἔηεπρνλ ἔξγα θαθὰ δηὰ βνπιὴλ ζεᾶο 5 Κιπηαηκήζηξε δηὰ ηὸλ ζῡκὸλ ἔηεπρελ ηὰ ἔξγα δεηλά 6 Πξίακνο ιᾱόο ηε

Πξηάκνπ ὤιεθνλ πνιινὺο Ἀξγείνπο 7 ηίο εἴξεη ηὰ ζὰ ἔξγα θαθὰ Πξηάκῳ 8 ηὰ ἔξγα ἐκά ἐζηη θᾱιά νὕλεθα ἔηεπρνλ

βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεῶλ θαὶ ζεάσλ (ᾱ) δηὰ ηὴλ καληνζύλελ 9 ἐπέκπνκελ ηὰ ρξύζεα (ῡ) ζθῆπηξα εἰο νἶθνλ Πξηάκῳ 10

ἐθαίεηε ηὰο (ᾱ) ππξὰο (ᾱ) δεηλῇ θιαγγῇ 11 νὐρ ἥλδαλε ἡ βνπιὴ ζεᾷ ζαιάζζεο ζῡκῷ 12 αἱ ζεαὶ ἀείδνπζη ηὰ θᾱιὰ

ἔξγα ηῶλ ζεῶλ ἑθεβόινο δὲ βαίλεη ἄιιῃ 13 εἶρε Πξίακνο ἀγιαὸλ θαὶ θᾱιὸλ νἶθνλ

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 This free-shooter relates the plans of the gods to the Argives through prophesy 2 These Olympian gods had

homes on Olympus 3 This free-shooter beloved of Zeus made both the Argives and the Achaeans prey for the

vultures 4 Both the Achaeans and the Argives committed evil deeds through the will of the goddess 5 Because of

her heart Clytaemnestra wrought these terrible deeds 6 Both Priam and the host of Priam killed many Argives 7

Who relates these evil deeds of yours to Priam 8 These works of mine are noble because through prophesy I

accomplished the of the gods and goddess 9 We sent the golden scepters to the house of Priam 10 Were you

burning the funeral pyres with a terrible uproar 11 Does the plan not please the heart of the goddess of the sea 12

The goddesses sing the noble deeds of the gods but the free-shooter walks elsewhere 13 Priam had a splendid and

beautiful home

96 Composition Exercises

1 Who brought these countless shining ransoms to the beautiful home of Priam 2 The Achaeans and the

Argives burned many funeral pyres in your beloved fatherland 3 Clytaemnestra was wicked and performed many

dreadful deeds 4 Through the gift of prophesy we tell many glorious deeds of the gods and goddesses who have

Olympian homes 5 My deeds are noble but yours are cowardly 6 The gods sent an evil plague up through the

camp and destroyed many Achaeans because they dishonored the free-shooter 7 It was not pleasing to

Clytaemnestra in (her) wicked soul

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 ηίο ἔθεξε ηὰο ἄπνηλα ἀγιαὰ εἰο νἶθνλ θᾱιὸλ Πξηάκνπ 2 Ἀραηνὶ θαὶ Ἀξγεῖνη ἔθαηνλ ππξὰο (ᾱ) πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἐλ

ζῇ πάηξῃ θᾱιῇ 3 Κιπηαηκλήζηξε θαθὴ ἦλ θαὶ ἔηεπρελ ἄξγα πνιιὰ θαὶ δεηλά 4 δηὰ καληνζύλελ εἴξνκελ ἔξγα

πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀγιαὰ ζεῶλ θαὶ ζεάσλ (ᾱ) νἳ ἔρνπζηλ νἴθνπο ιπκπίνπο 5 ἔξγα ἐκὰ θᾱιή εἰζηλ ζὰ δὲ θαθά 6 ζενὶ

ἔπεκπνλ λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ θαὶ ὤιεθνλ Ἀραίνπο πνιινύο νὕλεθα ἠηίκαδνλ (ῑ) ἑθεβόινλ 7 νὐρ ἥλδαλε

Κιπηαηκλήζηξῃ ζῡκῷ θαθῷ

Lesson 10

(841-857 904)

101 Formation of the Aorist and Future Tenses

The first aorist is a secondary tense formed by adding -ζ(ζ)α to the augmented verb stem followed by the

personal endings of the secondary tense If the verb stem ends in a consonant or a long vowel only a single ζ is

added If the stem ends in a short vowel either one or two sigmas may be added A few aorists (called ldquomixed

aoristsrdquo) are formed by adding -ζ followed by the thematic vowel and the personal endings for the secondary tenses

to the augmented stem

The future is formed by adding -ζ followed by the thematic vowel and the personal endings for the primary

tenses

If the verb stem ends in a long vowel the stem is not affected by the addition of the suffixes for the future or

aorist tenses If the stem ends in a short vowel it is regularly lengthened in all tenses except the present and the

imperfect There are however a few exceptions to this pattern In most cases these verbs add ζ before the personal

endings of the perfect middle and aorist passive

102 Classification of Verbs

Verbs are classified into four groups according to the final letter of the stem vowel verbs liquid verbs nasal

verbs and mute verbs

When -ζ is added to the end of a mute verb a labial combines with ζ to form ς a palatal combines with ζ to

form μ and a lingual is dropped (leaving only ζ)

When -ζ is added to the end of a liquid or nasal verb it is usually preceded by -ε and the ζ is dropped in

contraction Thus βαιισ = βαιέζσ = βαιέσ In rare cases the ε is dropped and the ζ retained In some vowel-stem

verbs where the final vowel is preceded by a liquid or nasal the verb behaves as a liquidnasal and adds -εζ to the

stem θαιέσ (present) = θαιέζσ (future) = θαιέσ (future contracted) The formations in which the ζ is dropped

after α or ε are sometimes called ldquoAttic futuresrdquo

Verbs with liquid and nasal stems regularly form the aorist by dropping the ζ and lengthening the stem vowel

A few verbs have active forms in the present tense but middle forms in the future tense ἀθνύσ (I hear) but

ἀθνύζνκαη (I will hear)

103 Paradigms Future and First Aorist of ιύσ

Future

S 1st Pers ιύζσ (ῡ) I shall loose

2nd

Pers ιύζεηο (ῡ) you will loose

3rd

Pers ιύζεη (ῡ) he she it will loose

D 2nd

Pers ιύζεηνλ (ῡ) you (two) will loose

3rd

Pers ιύζεηνλ (ῡ) they (two) will loose

P 1st Pers ιύζνκελ (ῡ) we shall loose

2nd

Pers ιύζεηε (ῡ) you (ye) will loose

3rd

Pers ιύζνπζη(λ) (ῡ) they will loose

First Aorist

S 1st Pers ἔιῡζα I loosed

2nd

Pers ἔιῡζαο you loosed

3rd

Pers ἔιῡζε(λ) he she it loosed

D 2nd

Pers ἐιύζαηνλ (ῡ) you (two) loosed

3rd

Pers ἔιῡζάηελ they (two) loosed

P 1st Pers ἐιύζακελ (ῡ) we loosed

2nd

Pers ἐιύζαηε (ῡ) you (ye) loosed

3rd

Pers ἔιῡζαλ they loosed

104 Vocabulary

ἄγσ ἄμσ ἤγαγνλ lead drive conduct bring carry

ἀλάζζσ (ϝαλαθ-) ἀλάμσ ἠλαμα (+gen) rule (over) guard protect

ἄξηζηνο ε νλ best noblest bravest fairest

αὖηηο (back) again anew

Γαλαόο νῦ ὁ Danaan

ἑθαηόκβε εο ἡ hecatomb sacrifice

ζάλαηνο νπ ὁ death

Ἴιηνο νπ ἡ Ilium Troy the region around Troy

κεγάζῡκνο ε νλ great-souled brave

ὄρα far much considerably

πέζσ (πεηζ- πνηζ- πηζ-) πείζσ ἔπεηζα (πέπηζνλ) persuade win over mislead

θηιέσ θηιήζσ ἐθίιεζα love cherish entertain hospitably

εἶπνλ εἶπεο εἶπε(λ) θηι 2nd

aor speak say tell etc

ἔβεζα ἔβεζαο ἔβεζε(λ) θηι 1st aor come go walk etc

105 Derivatives

ἄγσ (ag-) = pedagogue demagogue synagogue

ἄξηζηνο (arist-) = aristocracy

ζάλαηνο (thanat-) = thanatopsis euthanasia

106 Translation Exercises

1 ηίο ἦλ ὄρrsquo ἄξηζηνο Γαλαῶλ 2 Πξίακνο κεγάζῡκνο ἤλαζζελ Ἰιίνπ 3 νὐθ αὖηηο ἄμνπζη Γαλανὶ κεγάζῡκνη

ἑθαηόκβᾱο πνιιὰο (ᾱ) εἰο Υξύζελ (ῡ) 4 νὐθ ἔπεηζαλ ἑθεβόινλ πνιιῇο ἑθαηόβῃζη θᾱιῇζηλ 5 νὐ θηιήζνκελ ζενύο

νὕλεθα θᾱινὶ εἰζηλ 6 Γαλανὶ ηεύμνπζη ζάλαηνλ Πξηάκῳ ἐλ Ἰιίῳ 7 ἐθίιεζα ζεὰλ (ᾱ) ζαιάζζεο ἀιιrsquo νὐρ ἥλδαλε

ἑθεβόιῳ ζῡκῷ 8 ἀείζνκελ θαὶ πείζνκελ ζενύο 9 ὄρrsquo ἄξηζνη ἐλ Ἰιίῳ ηὰ εἶπνλ Πξηάκῳ ἀιιὰ ηνὺο ἠηῑκάζελ 10

Πξίακνο ἔπεκςε ηὸλ ζηξαηὸλ ἄξηζηνλ ἐπrsquo Ἀξγείνηζηλ 11 ἔβεζαλ αὖηηο Γαλανὶ εἰο Ἴιηνλ ἀιιrsquo νὐθ ἔπεηζαλ

Πξίακνλ 12 ἀείζνκελ ἑθεβόινλ ὄρrsquo ἄξηζηνλ ζεῶλ νὕλεθrsquo ἤγαγε Γαλανὺο εἰο Ἴιηνλ

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 Who was by far the noblest of the Danaans 2 Great-souled Priam ruled Ilium 3 Not agan will the great-

souled Danaans lead many sacrifices into Chrysa 4 They did not persuade the free-shooter with many goodly

sacrifices 5 Do we not love the gods because they are good 6 The Danaans will prepare death for Priam in Ilium

7 I loved the goddess of the sea but it was not pleasing to the heart of the free-shooter 8 We will sing and

persuade the gods 9 By far the noblest in Ilium this they say of Priam but he (is the one) he dishonored () 10

Priam sent the best army against the Argives 11 The Danaans went back to Ilium but they did not persuade Priam

12 We hymn the free-shooter greatest of the gods because he led the Danaans into Ilium

107 Composition Exercises

1 The great-souled Achaeans will not persuade the free-shooter with goodly hecatombs but he will prepare evil

death for the people 2 The noblest of the Achaeans went to Ilium but they did not persuade the soul of Priam 3

We shall sing because the gods have led (aor) the people into Troy 4 We shall have many shining golden scepters

5 Did you not love the gods who have Olympian homes 6 Priam shall not rule Ilium again for the Achaeans will

prepare evil death for him 7 Does he speak to the beautiful goddess of the sea 8 They will persuade the souls of

the gods with many hecatombs

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 Ἀραηνὶ κεγάζῡκνη νὐ πείζνπζηλ ἑθεβόινλ πνιιῇο ἑθαηόκβῆζηλ ἀιιὰ ηεύμεη ζάλαηνλ θαθὸλ ιᾱνῖζηλ 2

ἄξηζηνη Ἀραηῶλ ἔβεζαλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ ἀιιrsquo νὐθ ἔπεηζαλ ζῡκὸλ Πξηάκῳ 3 ἀείζνκελ νὕλεθα ζενὺο ἤγαγνλ ιᾱὸλ εἰο

Ἴιηνλ 4 ἕζρνκελ πνιιὰ ρξύζεα (ῡ) ἀγιαὰ ζθῆπηξα 5 νὐθ ἐθηιήζαηε ζενὺο νἳ ἔρνπζηλ νἴθνπο ιπκπίνπο 6 νὐθ

αὖηηο ἀλάζζεη Πξίακνο Ἰιίνπ Ἀραηνὶ γὰξ ηεύμνπζη ζάλαηνλ θαθὸλ αὐηῷ 7 εἴξεη ζεᾷ θᾱιᾷ ζαιάζζεο 8 πείζνπζη

ζῡκνὺο ζεῶλ πνιιῇο ἑθαηόκβῃζηλ

Lesson 11

(664-675 838-839)

111 First Declension Masculine Nouns

First declension masculines typically end in -εο -ᾱο or -ᾰο in the nominative and are declined exactly the same

as their feminine counterparts (with the exception of the nominative singular which adds -ο the genitive singular

which regularly ends in -ᾱν and the vocative singular which ends in -ε -ᾱ or -ᾰ) Those ending in -εο retain -ε

throughout the singular those ending in -ᾱο retain the -ᾱ throughout the singular and those ending in -ᾰο take the -ε

ending in the dative

Masculines ending in -δεο take -ε in the vocative singular while those ending in -ηεο (as well as compound

nouns and the names of nationalities) regularly take -ᾰ Those ending in -ᾱο take the the nominative singular in -ᾱ

A very few first declension adjectives take a masculine ending in -ᾰ (without the final -ο) Many of these also

have an alternative form that ends in the more common -εο Those that do not have an alternative form in -εο usually

have the recessive accent (a feature inherited from the Aeolic influence in Homer) The only masculine noun ending

in -ᾰ in the nominative is the name Θύεζηα (Thyestes)

First declension masculine nouns typically follow the paradigms for Ἀηξεΐδεο (Atreides son of Atreus) Αἰλείᾱο

(Aeneas) and αἰρκεηήο (spearman warrior)

Ἀηξεΐδεο ᾱν ὁ Αἰλείᾱο ᾱν ὁ αἰρκεηήο ᾱν ὁ

(Αηξεϝηδᾱ-) (Αἰλεηᾱ-) (αἰρκεηᾱ-)

N Ἀηξεΐδεο Αἰλείᾱο αἰρκεηήο [ά]

G Ἀηξεΐδᾱν [εσ] Αἰλείᾱν [σ] αἰρκεηᾶν [έσ]

D Ἀηξεΐδῃ Αἰλείᾳ αἰρκεηῇ

A Ἀηξεΐδελ Αἰλείαλ αἰρκεηήλ

V Ἀηξεΐδε Αἰλείᾱ αἰρκεηά

N A V Ἀηξεΐδᾱ αἰρκεηά (ᾱ)

G D Ἀηξεΐδῃηλ αἰρκεηῇηλ

N V Ἀηξεΐδαη αἰρκεηαί

G Ἀηξετδάσλ (ᾱ) αἰρκεηάσλ (ᾱ)

[έσλ ῶλ] [έσλ ῶλ]

D Ἀηξεΐδῃζη ῃο αἰρκεηῇζη ῇο

A Ἀηξεΐδᾱο αἰρκεηάο (ᾱ)

112 Compound Verbs

Compound verbs are formed from a preposition or adverb coupled with a verb such as ἀλαβαίλσ (ascend)

formed from ἀλα (up) and βαίλσ (go) If the preposition ends in a vowel and the verb begins with a vowel the vowel

of the preposition is usually elided as in δηίζηεκη (δηὰ ἰζηεκη) ἁθαηξέσ (ἀπὸ αἱξέσ)

The augment occurs between the preposition and the verb When two vowels are thus brought together the first

vowel is usually elided leaving the augment Thus ἀπνιύσ (I release present) ἀπέιπνλ (I was releasing

imperfect) ἀπέιῡζα (I released aorist)

113 Vocabulary

ἀλαβαίλσ ἀλαβήζσ ἀλέβεζα go up ascend embark

ἀπνιύσ ἀπνιύζσ (ῡ) ἀπέιῡζα loose set free release

Ἀηξεΐδεο -ᾱν ὁ Atreides son of Atreus (usually refers to Agamemnon)

θαηαθεύσ θαηαθαύζσ θαηέθεα burn consume

θειεύσ - ἔθιπνλ (+gen) hear hearken to

κεηέεηπνλ κεηεῖπνλ (2nd

aor of εἴξσ) spoke among addressed spoke to

ὅηε when whenever

Πειεηάδεο ᾱν (εσ) ὁ Peleiades son of Peleus (used in reference to Achilles)

πξνζέεηπνλ πξνζεῖπνλ (2nd

aor of εἴξσ) addressed spoke to

ηόηε then at that time

ρνιόσ ρνιώζσ ἐρόισζα anger enrage vex

Υξύζεο (ῡ) ᾱν (εσ) ὁ Chryses

Verbs

ἀλαβαίλσ

stem ἀλα + βαλ- βα-

future ἀλαβήζσ (rarely ἀλαβήζνκαη)

1st aorist ἀλέβεζα (rarely 2

nd aor ἀλέβελ)

ἀπνιύσ

stem ἀπό + ιύσ

future ἀπνιύζσ (ῡ)

1st aorist ἀπέιῡζα

θαηαθαίσ

stem θαηά + θαπ- θαϝ- θαη-

future θαηαθαύζσ (assumed form)

1st aorist θαηέθεα

θειεύσ (Attic)

stem θιεπ- θιεϝ- θιπ-

future none

2nd

aorist ἐθιπνλ

ρνιόσ

stem ρνιν-

future ρνιώζσ

1st aorist ἐρόισζα

Notes

In Homeric Greek the stem vowel is usually lengthened before -ζ hence ἀλαβαίλσ =gt ἀλαβήζσ =gt

ἀλέβεζα ἀπνιύσ =gt ἀπνιύζσ (ῡ) =gt ἀπέιῡζα

ἀλαβαίλσ also has a 2nd

aorist ἀλέβελ

A few verbs have active forms in the present but middle forms in the future ἀλαβαίλσ has two future

forms one active (ἀλαβήζσ) and one middle (ἀλαβήζνκαη)

Verbs with stems ending in -αηλσ originally had a consonantal η following the λ (ie ἀλαβαηλησ)

114 Translation

1 θᾱινὶ ζενὶ ἔηεπμαλ ζάλαηνλ θαθὸλ δίῳ (ῑ) Πειεηάδῃ ὁ δrsquo ἀλέβελ ππξήλ 2 ἑθεβόινο ὤιεθε ιᾱὸλ Ἀραηῶλ

νὕλεθα δῖνο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) 3 θαηέθεα ἑθαηόκβᾱο πνιιάο (ᾱ) 4 ἑθεβόινο νὐθ ἔθιπελ Ἀηξεΐδᾱν

νὕλεθα ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) 5 Υξύζεο (ῡ) κεηέεηπελ Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἀιιrsquo νὐθ Ἀηξεΐδῃ ἥλδαλε ζῡκῷ 6 ὅηε θαθῶο

πξνζέεηπελ Ἀηξεΐδεο Υξύζελ (ῡ) ηόηε ἐρόισζελ ἑθεβόινλ 7 ἀπειύζακελ (ῡ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) νὕλεθα ηὸλ

ἐθηιήζακελ 8 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἤλεηθελ ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα Ἀηξεΐδῃ 9 νἴζνκελ ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀπνιύζνκελ (ῡ)

Υξύζελ (ῡ) νὕλεθα ηὸλ ἐθηιήζακελ θαὶ θίινο ἐζηὶλ ἑθεβόιῳ 10 ηίο θέξεη ἄπνηλα Υξύζᾱν (ῡ) Ἀηξεΐδῃ 11 δῖνο

Πειεηάδεο ἐρόισζελ Ἀηξεΐδελ 12 ὅηε θαηεθήακελ πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἑθαηόκβᾱο θᾱιάο (ᾱ) ηόηε ἐπείζακελ ζῡκνὺο ζεῶλ

13 δηὰ καληνζύλελ Υξύζεο (ῡ) εἶπε βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεῶλ Ἀηξεΐδῃ Πειεηάδῃ ηε

KEY

1 The noble gods prepared evil death for the divine Peleiades and he ascended the funeral pyre 2 The free-

shooter destroyed the host of the Achaeans because the divine Atreides dishonored Chryses 3 I burned many

funeral pyres 4 The free-shooter did not hear the son of Atreus because he dishonored Chryses 5 Chryses spoke

among the Achaeans but but it did not please the heart of Atreides 6 It angered the free-shooter when the son of

Atreus spoke wickedly to Chryses 7 We released Chryses because we loved him 8 Chryses brought countless

glorious ransoms to the son of Atreus 9 We will bring many ransoms and release Chryses because we loved him

and he is dear to the free-shooter 10 Who brought the ransoms of Chryses to the son of Atreus 11 The divine

Peleiades angered the son of Atreus 12 We persuaded the hearts of the gods when we burned many good

hecatombs 13 Through prophesy Chryses spoke the will of the gods to both Atreides and Peleiades

115 Composition

1 The Achaeans ascended into Troy and killed the noble Priam 2 We burned many goodly hecatombs to the

Olympian gods 3 Chryses spoke among the Achaeans but the son of Atreus did not hearken to him 4 The

Achaeans addressed the son of Atreus but he did not free Chryses 5 The son of Atreus will bring many ransoms

into the camp of the Achaeans 6 Who will persuade the gods with many goodly hecatombs

KEY

1 Ἀραηνὶ ἀλέβεζαλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ θαὶ ὤιεμαλ θᾱιὸλ Πξηάκνλ 2 θαηέθεκελ πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) ἑθαηόκβὰο (ᾱ)

ζενῖο ιπκπίνηο 3 Υξύζεο (ῡ) κεηέεηπελ Ἀραηνῖο ἀιιrsquo Ἀηξεΐδεο ηὸλ νὐθ ἔθιπελ 4 Ἀραηνὶ πξνζέεηπνλ Ἀηξεΐδῃ

ἀιιrsquo νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε Υξύζελ (ῡ) 5 Ἀηξεΐδεο νἴζεη ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ εἰο ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 6 ηίο πείζεη ζενὺο πνιιῇο

ἑθαηόκβῃζηλ

Lesson 12

Review

121 Review Vocabulary

Lesson 13

(680-692 701-709)

(cf 897 874 886 619 841-843 576 1178 830-831 837 580 837)

131 Nouns of the Third Declension

Third declension nouns can be either masculine feminine or neuter The nominative endings can take many

forms but there are some conventions Masculine and feminine stems except those ending in λ ξ or ζ simply add

ζ to the stem and make the necessary euphonic changes Stems ending in ξ λ and ζ typically make no changes

except to lengthen the last vowel if it is short Stems ending in -λ(η) either drop the η and lengthen a short vowel or

drop the -λ(η) lengthen the vowel and add ζ Examples δαηκνλ- = δαηκσλ ζῑλ- = ζίο (ῑ) κειαλ- = κέιᾱο γεξνλη- =

γέξσλ etc Neuters typically consist of just the stem in the nominative and accusative except to drop a final -η

where it occurs

In general the stem of a third declension noun is found by dropping the -νο ending from the genitive singular

The dative singular regularly ends in -ῐ but occasionally in -ῑ

The accusative ending was originally -λ and this ending is common on stems ending in a vowel On stems

ending in a consonant the -λ was a sonant consonant which eventually came be pronounced as -ᾰ The result is that

the accusative singular usually ends in -λ for stems ending in a vowel and -ᾰ for stems ending in a consonant

Dental mute stems ending in -ηο and -πο in the nominative singular rarely drop the mute and typically adopt the -λ

accusative ending as if they were vowel stems

The dative plural is formed by adding either -εζζη (rarely -εζη) or -ζη (rarely -ζζη) and making the usual

euphonic changes Most third declension nouns thus have alternate dative plural forms as πνύο = πνζζί = πνζί =

πόδεζζη etc

The accusative plural originally ended in -λο (sonant λ) which gives -αο for stems ending in a consonant and -ῑο

and -ῡο for stems ending in a vowel A few vowel stems borrowed an -αο ending from the first declension by

analogy

The vocative singular is usually either identical to the nominative or identical to the stem alone Stems ending

in λ ξ or ο typically drop this final consonant in the vocative singular

Compensatory lengthening usually occurs in the dative plural when -λη is dropped as in γέξνληζη = γέξνπζη

132 Paradigms

Stems ending in -επ (επ) -νπ and σϝ follow the paradigms of βαζηιεύο (king βαζηιεϝ-) βνῦο (ox βνϝ-) λεῦο

(ship λᾱϝ-) and ἥξσο (hero ἡξσϝ- () or ἡξσ-)

N βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

G βαζηιῆνο [-ένο] βνόο λεόο ἥξσνο

D βαζηιῆη [-έη] βνΐ λεί ἥξση

A βαζηιῆα [-έα] βνῦλ [βῶλ] λῆα [λέα] ἥξσα

V βαζηιεῦ βνῦ λεῦ ἥξσο

N A V βαζηιῆε βόε λῆε ἥξσε

G D βαζηιήνηηλ βόνηηλ λήνηηλ ἡξώνηηλ

N V βαζηιεῆεο βόεο λῆεο ἥξσεο

G βαζηιήσλ βνῶλ λεῶλ [λεῶλ] ἡξώσλ

D βαζηιήεζζη βόεζζη λήεζζη [λέεζζἰ ἡξώεζζη

βαζηιεῦζη βνπζί λεπζί ἥξσζη

A βαζηιῆαο βόαο (βνῦο) λῆζαο (λέαο) ἥξσαο

A long vowel is typically shortened when it occurs before another vowel thus βαζηιῆνο or βαζηιένο This

convention was almost certainly consistent in pronunciation but is only occasionally represented in written form

The π in the stem of these words frequently became ϝ and subsequently disappeared as in βαζηιεπ- βαζηιεϝ-

βαζηιε-

Stems ending in η (εη) and π (επ εϝ) follow the paradigms of πόιηο (city πνιη-) πῆρπο (forearm περεϝ-) ἄζηπ

(city ἀζηεϝ-) λέθπο (corpse λεθῡ-) and δάθξπ (tear δαθξπ-)

N πόιηο πῆρπο ἄζηπ λέθῡο δάθξπ

G πόιηνο -ενο πήρενο ἄζηενο λέθπνο δάθξπνο

D πόιηη -ῑ -εη -εη πήρετ ἄζηετ λέθπτ δάθξπτ

A πόιηλ πῆρσλ ἄζηπ λέθῡλ δαθξπ

V πόιη πῆρπ ἄζηπ λέθῡ δάθξπ

N V πόιηε πήρεε ἄζηεε λέθπε δάθξπε

G D πνιίνηηλ περένηηλ ἄζηνηηλ λεθύνηηλ δαθξύνηηλ

N V πόιηεο -εεο πήρεεο ἄζηεα λέθπεο δάθξπα

G πνιίσλ περέσλ ἀζηέσλ λεθύσλ δαθξύσλ

D πνιίεζζη περέεζζη ἀζηέεζη λεθύεζζη δαθξύεζζη

πόιεζη -ηζη πήρεζη ἄζηεζη λέθῡζ(ζ)η δάθξπζη

A πόιηαο -εαο -ῑο πήρεαο ἄζηεα λέθπαο [-ῡο] δάθξπα

Nouns with stems in -ο (-εο -αο -νο) and -η are declined like ἔπνο (ϝεπεζ-) γέξαο (γεξαζ-) ἠώο (ἀϝζνζ-) δῶκα

(δσκαη-) and ἦκαξ (ἠκαξ- ἠκαη-) Note that -ζ- usually disappears when it occurs between two vowels

N ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο δῶκα ἧκαξ

G ἔπενο γέξανο ἠόνο δώκαηνο ἥκαηνο

D ἔπετ γέξατ ἠόη δώκαηη ἥκαηη

A ἔπνο γέξαο ἠόα δῶκα ἧκαξ

V ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο δῶκα ἧκαξ

N V ἔπεε γέξαε δώκαηε ἥκαηε

G D επένηηλ γεξάνηηλ δσκάηνηηλ ἡκάηνηηλ

N V ἔπεο γέξα(α) δώκαηα ἥκαηα

G ἐπέσλ γεξάσλ δσκάησλ ἡκάησλ

D ἐπέεζζη γεξάεζζη δσκάηεζζη ἡκάηεζζη

ἔπε(ζ)ζη γέξα(ζ)ζη δώκαζη ἥκαζη

A ἔπεα γέξα(α) δώκαηα ἥκαηα

Note that all nouns ening in -νο in the second declension are either masculine or feminine but all nouns ending in -

νο in the third declension are neuter All nouns ending in -κα in the nominative singular and all nouns with genitives

in -αηνο are neuter

133 Further Notes on the Third Declension

Nouns of the third declension can be any gender and consist of stems ending in -η -π or a consonant In

general the following endings are applied to the stem with the usual euphonic changes

N -ο

G -νο

D -η

A -λ

V -

N A V -ε

G D -νηηλ

N V -εο

G -σλ

D -εζζη

A -λο

Standard Euphonic Changes

Later forms of Greek such as Attic and Koine frequently contracted the forms found in Homer

The -λ in the accusative singular and plural is sonant meaning that it is pronounced as λ when

following a vowel but it is pronounced as ᾰ when following a consonant Thus πνιη-λ = πνιηλ and

πνιη-λο = πνιηο but δαηκνλ-λ = δαηκνλα and δαηκνλ-λο = δαηκνλαο

o In most cases a stem originally ending in ϝ is treated as if it ends in a consonant Thus

βαζηιεϝα = βαζηιεα εξσϝα = εξσα

o The word βνϝ- is an exception where ϝ becomes π (probably because νπ is such a common

diphthong) βνϝλ = βνπλ

Dentals are dropped before ζ Thus παηδο = παηο

o In cases where the stem ends in -λη the dental and the ζ are typically dropped with the last

vowel lengthened by compensation Thus γεξνληο = γεξσλ

Palatals combine with ζ to form μ Thus αηγο = αημ θεξπθο = θεξπμ etc

o Stems ending in -θη apply both the dental and palatal changes first dropping the η and then

combining the θζ to form μ Thus λπθηο = λπθο = λπμ

Labials combine with ζ to form ς Thus Αηζηνπο = Αηζηνς

The ζ is dropped when it follows a nasal or ξ and the last vowel is lengthened to compensate (if it

isnrsquot long already) Thus δαηκνλο = δαηκσλ θξελο = θξελ ρεηξο = ρεηξ παηεξο = παηεξ κεηεξο =

κεηεξ etc

Stems that originally ended in ϝ usually retain a π in its place in the nominative Thus βαζηιεϝο =

βαζηιεπο (originally βαζηιεπο) λεϝο = λεπο βνϝο = βνπο etc

o The same phenomenon sometimes occurs in the accusative singular as well where ϝ becomes

π and the final λ is retained Thus περεϝλ = περευλ = περπλ

o The word εξσο is an apparent exception where εξσϝο = εξσο This may be from analogy

with the relatively common -σο ending in Greek or it could be that the stem was originally

εξσ- witout the ϝ

o When the stem ends in -εϝ the ε is usually dropped in the nominative thus περεϝο = περεπο =

περπο (but the genitive and dative are περενο περετ)

Some confusion can occur at the apparent irregularity of stems ending in -π αζηπ αζηενο αζηεη etc

but δαθξπ δαθξπνο δαθξπτ etc The difference is that stems like αζηπ originally ended in a vowel + ϝ

(αζηεϝ) while stems like δαθξπ originally ended in π

Some neuters originally ended in -εο These are usually declined as -νο in the nominative and

accusative In the other cases the endings are simply applied to -εζ- and the sigma is dropped when it

occurs between two vowels επνο (nom acc from επεζο) επενο (gen from επεζνο) επετ (dat from

επεζη) etc

o Stems ending in -αο simple drop the extra sigma in the nominative singular and append the

case endings to -αζ- (dropping ζ when it occurs between two vowels) Thus γεξαο γεξανο

γεξατ etc

o Stems ending in -νο follow the same pattern as those ending in -αο except that the ν is

lengthened to σ in the nominative Thus εσο εννο εντ etc

Neuter stems ending in -καη usually drop the η in the nominative and accusative singular but retain it

in the plural Thus δσκα (nom and acc sing) δσκαηνο (gen sing) δσκαηη (dat sing) δσκαηα (nom and

acc plur) δσκαησλ (gen plur) δσκαηεζζη (dat plur) etc Neuter stems ending in -καξ usually behave

as if they ended in -καη in all cases except the nominative and accusative singular Thus εκαξ εκαηνο

εκαηη etc

The dative plural ending is given as -εζζη This could be shortened to -ζζη (before vowels) -εζη or -ζη

The -ζη ending is the most common in later dialects Thus Homeric θεξπθεζζη is typically θεξπμη in

Attic and Koine

The vocative singular in neuters is always identical to the nominative and accusative singulars

o In masculine and feminine nouns the vocative singular is usually just the stem without any

endings applied as long as the stem is capable of standing alone Thus δαηκνλ ρεηξ παηεξ

κεηεξ ζπγαηεξ αλεξ βνπ λεπ πνιη λεθῡ δαθξπ etc

o In some cases where the nominative singular has slightly modified the stem before adding -ο

the vocative is formed by simply dropping the ο Thus παη βαζηιεπ περπ

o In cases where the ο of the nominative singular has combined with the stem the vocative is

usually indentical to the nominative singular Thus αλαμ λπμ αημ θεξπμ Αηζηνς etc

o In rare cases the vocative is identical to the nominative singular even when dropping the ο

would have been convenient as in εξσο εσο

Alternate Endings The following are some alternate endings that could be applied instead of the usual

case endings listed above

o -ζη can be used to denote place where

o -ζελ can be used to denote source or separation or as an alternative ending for the genitive

case

o -δε can be added to the accusative ending to denote place to which or limit of motion

o -η can be added to denote place where

o -θη(λ) can be added as a substitute for several uses of the genitive and the dative cases

particularly in the instrumental sense

134 References

This lesson references several points in the grammar Note the following

Deponent verbs take middle or passive forms but denote active meanings

Some verbs reduplicate the initial syllable in the present tense by repeating the initial consonant

followed by -η Thus ἴζηεκη (orig ζηζηεκη) ηίζεκη δίδσκη πίκπιεκη γίγλνκαη γηγλώζθσ κηκλήζθσ

etc When futures and second aorists are reduplicated they usually follow the pattern of reduplication

found in the perfect tense If the initial consonant is aspirated the reduplicated consonant is typically

smooth Thus ηίζεκη rather than ζίζεκη

Note that ἴκη δίδσκη and ηίζεκη take the aorist in -θα rather than -ζα

When a word ends in a vowel and the following word begins with a vowel the result is called hiatus

In general hiatus is avoided in poetry through the use of elision crasis synizesis moveable

consonants etc However hiatus is allowed in some circumstances such as when elision has already

occurred when the first of the two vowels is long and occurs on the beat (or ictus) of the verse or

when a long vowel or diphthong has been shortened or when the two vowels were originally separated

by ϝ

Recall that the verbal augment is frequently omitted

135 Vocabulary

Ἄηο Ἄηδνο ὁ (nom not used) Hades

ἄιγνο ενο ηό grief pain woe trouble

Ἀρηιιεύο ῆνο ὁ Achilles

δαίο δαηηόο ἡ feast banquet portion

Εεύο Γηόο ὁ Zeus

ἥξσο ἥξσνο ὁ hero mighty warrior protector savior

ἴθζῑκνο ε νλ mighty valiant stout-hearted brave

θύσλ θπλόο ὁ ἡ dog

κῆληο ηνο ἡ wrath fury madness rage

νὐιόκελνο ε νλ accursed destructive deadly

πξντάπησ πξντάςσ πξνΐαςα hurl forward send forth

ηίζεκη (ζε- ζε-) ζήζσ ἔζεθα put place cause

Ἀρηιιεπο (Ἀρηιιεϝ-) Ἀρηιιενο Ἀρηιιεη Ἀρηιιεα

δαηο (δαηη-) δαηηνο δαηηη δαηηα δαηηεο δαηησλ δαηηεζζη δαηηαο

Εεπο Γηνο Γηη Γηα

ἡξσο ἡξσνο ἡξστ ἡξσα ἡξσεο ἡξσσλ ἡξσεζζη ἡξσαο

θπσλ θπλνο θπλη θπλα θπλεο θπλσλ θπλεζζη θπλαο

κεληο (κελη-) κεληνο κεληη κεληλ κεληεο κελησλ κεληεζζη κεληαο

136 Translation

1 κῆληο Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο ἦλ νὐινκέλε ἔζεθε γὰξ κῡξηrsquo ἄιγεα ηνῖζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ πξνΐαςε δὲ πνιιὰο (ᾱ)

ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἰθζίκνπο (ῑ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη ἔηεπρε δrsquo αὐηνὺο ἑιώξηα θαὶ δαῖηα θύλεζζηλ νἰσλνῖζί ηε ἐηέιεζε δὲ βνπιὴλ

Γηόο 2 ζεὰ (ᾱ) ἀείδεη κῆληλ νὐινκέλελ Ἀρηιῆνο ἣ ἔζεθελ κῡξίrsquo ἄιγεrsquo Ἀραηνῖζηλ 3 ζενὶ ὀιέθνπζη ηὸλ ζηξαηόλ θαὶ

πξντάπηνπζη πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη 4ηεύμνκελ κῡξίνπο Ἀραηνὺο ἑιώξηα θύλεζζηλ θαὶ δαῖηα ηνῖζηλ

νἰσλνῖζηλ νὕλεθα ἠηίκαζαλ (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) 5 θᾱιὴ ἦλ ἡ βνπιὴ Γηόο

KEY

1 The wrath of Achilles son of Peleus was destructive for it caused countless woes to the Achaeans and sent

forth many valiant souls of heros to Hades making them spoils and a banquet for the dogs and the vultures 2 The

goddess sings the accursed wrath of Achilles which brought countless woes to the Achaeans 3 The gods are

destroying the camp and sending forth many souls of the heros to Hades 4 We will make countless Achaeans spoils

for the dogs and a feast for these vultures because they dishonored Chryses 5 The will of Zeus was good

137 Iliad 1-5

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κπξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςπρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιήλ

Μῆληλ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse

ἄεηδε - present active imperative 2nd

person singular of ἀείδσ

ζεά - vocative case

Πειεηάδεσ = Πειεηάδᾱν (the verse may have originally read Πειεηάδᾱrsquo)

νὐινκέλελ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse as well as out of

the natural order and is placed directly opposite the word κῆληλ

κῡξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο - the hiatus is permited because elision has already occurred in κῡξίνηο

Ἄηδη was originally Ἄϝηδη and is still accented as it began with α instead of αη

ἡξώσλ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse and its deviation from

the natural order

δὲ ἑιώξηα - the hiatus is permitted because the original was δὲ ϝειώξηα

ηεῦρε - the augment is dropped (usually ἔηεπρε)

ἐηειείεην - imperfect passive indicative 3rd

person singular of ηειείσ

KEY

Sing O goddess of the accursed wrath of Achilles Peleiades

which brought countless woes to the Achaeans

and cast forth the souls of many valiant warriors to Hades

making them the spoils and feast of both dogs

and vultures But the will of Zeus was accomplished

138 Composition

1 The valiant Achaeans are singing the accursed wrath of Achilles 2 The wrath of Achilles caused many woes

to the Achaeans and sent many valiant souls of heroes to the god Hades 3 We shall make the army of the Achaeans

a booty for the dogs and a banquet for the birds 4 We are accomplishing the will of the goddess

KEY

1 ἴθζῑκνη Ἀραηνὶ ἀείδνπζηλ νὐινκέλελ κῆληλ Ἀρηιῆνο 2 κῆληο Ἀρηιῆνο ἔζεθε κῡξίrsquo ἄιγεrsquo Ἀραηνῖζη θαὶ

πξνΐαςε πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἰθζίκνπο ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη 3 ηεύμνκελ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ ἑιώξηα θύλεζζηλ θαὶ δαῖηα

νἰσλνῖζηλ 4 ηεύρνκελ βνπιὴλ ζεᾶο

Lesson 14

(519-526 1159-1192)

(cf 586)

141 Syllable Quantity

A syllable is long (by nature) when it contains a long vowel or a diphthong or (by position) when it ends in two

consecutive consonants (or a double consonant) A short vowel followed by a mute and a liquid κ or λ is common

and can be either long or short depending on the requirements of the verse Occasionally the letters ι κ λ ξ or ζ

are doubled in pronunciation when they follow a short vowel making the syllable long by position but this

convention is not always represented in writing And occasionally a lost ϝ will combine with another consonant to

make the preceding syllable long by position

Observe the following rules when determing the length of a syllable

Any vowel with the circumflex accent is long

The vowel of any ultmia whose penult bears the circumflex is short

If the penult has an acute then the vowel of the ultima must also be long

If the vowel of the ultima is short and the penult has the acute then the vowel of the penult must

be short as well

If the antepenult is accented the vowel of the ultima must be short

Occasionally these rules do not apply to certain compounds where one of the two words are

accented as if they were separate

If a short syllable stands where a long syllable is expected it is usually because the pause of the caesura or

diaresis fills out the foot or because the following word has lost a consonant (usually ϝ or ζ) And occasionally a

short syllable ending in a consonant is lengthened when it occurs on the ictus (beat) of the verse Such lengthening is

called thesis

142 Metrical Quantity

With the exception of pauses at the end of the verse caesura and diaresis all feet must consist of two long

syllables or a long syllable followed by two shorts Thus if a long syllable is followed by a short syllable then the

next syllable must be short as well Likewise if a short syllable is followed by a long syllable then the preceding

syllable must be short as well

When a word ends in a short vowel (and sometimes -νη and -αη) and the following word begins with a vowel

the short vowel is usually elided unless the following word originally began with ϝ When a word ends in a long

vowel or a diphthong and the following word begins with a vowel the long vowel is usually shortened This

phenomenon can also occur within the same word and again it is less common when the following word originally

began with ϝ Vowel shortening is also rare when the long vowel occurs on the ictus

The meter of Homer is called dactylic or heroic hexameter and is the most common meter in Greek verse Each

verse has six feet The first five feet can be dactyls (one long syllable followed by two short syllables) or spondees

(two long syllables) The final foot of the verse is always a spndee but keep in mind that the pause at the end of the

verse often combines with a final short syllable to form one long syllable The fifth foot of each verse is usually a

dactyl with only one in twenty (or so) verses containing a spondee in the fifth foot The verses that have a spndee in

the fifth foot are called spondaic and usually take slightly longer to recite In dactylic hexameter the ictus (beat) of

the verse always occurs on the first syllable of each foot producing six distinct beats per verse

Caesura occurs when a word ends within a foot (ie at the end of the first syllable of a foot or between the two

short syllables of the foot) When a caesura occurs at a natural pause in the verse this is said to be the caesura of the

verse A pause after the first syllable of a foot is called a masculine caesura and a pause after the second syllable of

the foot is called a feminine caesura

Diaresis occurs when the end of a word coincides with the end of a foot When this falls at a natural pause in

the verse it is said to be the diaresis of the verse When the diaresis occurs at the end of the fourth foot is it called

the bucolic diaresis (due to its common use in pastoral poetry)

143 Marking the Rhythm of the Iliad 1-5

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κπξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςπρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιήλ

ΜΖ ληλ α | ΔΗ δε ζε | Α ΠΖ | ΛΖ η α | ΓΔΧ α ρη | ΛΖ Ο-

dact dact spon dact dact spon

The pauses at the end of κῆληλ and ἄεηδε are feminine caesuras

The pauses at the end of ζεά Πειεηάδεσ and Ἀρηιῆνο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of ζεά is the caesura of the verse

The dash at the end of the verse indicates a pause that combines with a short vowel to fill out the

last foot

ΟΤ ιν κε | ΝΖΝ Ζ | ΜΤ ξη α | ΥΑΗ ΟΗ | ΑΛ γε ε | ΘΖ ΚΔΝ-

dact spon dact spon dact spon

The pauses at the end of κῡξίrsquo and ἄιγε are feminine caesuras

The pauses at the end of νὐινκέλελ and ἔζεθελ are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of νὐινκέλελ is the caesura of the verse

The pauses at the end of ἥ and Ἀραηνῖο are diareses

The diaresis at Ἀραηνῖο is a bucolic diaresis

κῡξία Ἀραηνῖο and ἄιγεα ἔζεθελ are examples of hiatus

The first syllable of ἄιγεrsquo is long because it is followed by two consecutive consonants

ΠΟΛ ΛΑ | ΓrsquoΗΦ ΘΗ | ΜΟΤ ΦΤ | ΥΑ ΑΗ | ΓΗ πξν τ | Α ΦΔΝ-

spon spon spon spon dact spon

The pauses at the end of ἰθζίκνπο and ςπράο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of πνιιάο is a diaresis

δὲ ἰθζίκνπο is hiatus

The first syllable of πνιιάο is long by position as is the first syllable of ἰθζίκνπο the last syllable

of Ἄηδη and the second syllable of πξνΐαςελ

Ζ ΡΧ | ΧΝ ΑΤ | ΣΟΤ δε ε | ΛΧ ξη α | ΣΔΤ ρε θπ | ΝΔ ΗΝ-

spon spon dact dact dact spon

The pause at the end of ηεῦρε is a feminine caesura

The pauses at the end of ἡξώσλ and αὐηνύο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of ἡξώσλ is the caesura of the verse

The pause at the end of ἑιώξηα is a diaresis

ΟΗ Χ | ΝΟΗ ζη ηε | ΓΑΗ ηα δη | Ο δrsquoε ηε | ΛΔΗ ε ην | ΒΟΤ ΛΖΝ

The pauses at the end of νἰσλνῖζη and δαῖηα are feminine caesuras

The pause at the end of Γηόο is a masculine caesura

The pauses at the end of ηε ἐηειείεην and βνπιήλ are diareses

The pause at the end of δαῖηα is the diaresis of the verse

Lesson 15

(693-694 697-700)

(cf 781-782 837 580 1009 996 584-585)

151 Third Declension Paradigms (continued)

Third declension nouns ending in a dental mute stem are exemplified by ἄλαμ (king ϝαλαθη-) λύμ (night λπθη-

) παῖο (child παηδ-) and γέξσλ (old man γεξνλη-)

N ἄλαμ λύμ παῖο γέξσλ

G ἄλαθηνο λπθηόο παηδόο γέξνληνο

D ἄλαθηη λπθηί παηδί γέξνληη

A ἄλαθηα λύθηα παίδα γέξνληα

V ἄλαμ [ἄλα] λύμ παῖ γέξσλ

N V A ἄλαθηε λύθηε παίδε γέξνληε

G D ἀλάθηνηηλ λύθηνηηλ παίδνηηλ γεξόληνηηλ

N ἄλαθηεο λύθηεο παίδεο γέξνληεο

G ἀλάθησλ λπθηῶλ παηδῶλ γεξόλησλ

D ἀλάθηεζζη λύθηεζζη παίδεζζη γεξόληεζζη

ἄλαμη λπμί παηζί γέξνπζη

A ἄλαθηαο λύθηνο παῖδαο γέξνληαο

Third declension nouns ending in labial and palatal stems are exemplified by αἴμ (goat αἰγ-) θῆξπμ (herald

θεξῡθ-) and Αἰζίνς (Ethipoian Αἰζηνπ-)

N αἴμ θῆξπμ Αἰζίνς

G αἰγόο θήξῡθνο Αἰζίνπνο

D αἰγί θήξῡθη Αἰζίνπη

A αἶγα θήξῡθα Αἰζίνπα

V αἴμ θῆξπμ Αἰζίνς

N V A αἶγε θήξῡθε Αἰζίνπε

G D αἴγνηηλ θεξύθνηηλ (ῡ) Αἰζηόπνηηλ

N αἶγεο θήξῡθεο Αἰζίνπεο

G αἰγῶλ θεξύθσλ (ῡ) Αἰζηόπσλ

D αἴγεζζη θεξύθεζζη (ῡ) Αἰζηόπεζζη

αἰμί θήξῡμ Αἰζίνςη

A αἶγαο θήξῡθαο Αἰζίνπαο

Nouns with stems ending in -εξ express different grades of ablaut in the stem (-εξ -εξ -ξ) with a recessive

accent in the vocative singular These are exemplified by παηήξ (father παηεξ-) κήηεξ (mother κεηεξ-) ζπγάηεξ

(daughter ζπγαηεξ-) and ἀλήξ (man ἀλεξ-)

N παηήξ κήηεξ ζπγάηεξ ἀλήξ

G παηέξνο -ηξόο κεηέξνο -ηξόο ζπγαηέξνο -ηξόο ἀλέξνο ἀλδξόο

D παηέξη -ηξί κεηέξη -ηξί ζπγαηέξη -ηξί ἀλέξη ἀλδξί

A παηέξα κεηέξα ζπγαηέξα ἀλέξα ἄλδξα

V πάηεξ κῆηεξ ζύγαηεξ ἄλεξ

N V A παηέξε κεηέξε ζπγαηέξε ἀλέξε ἄλδξε

G D παηέξνηηλ κεηέξνηηλ ζπγαηέξνηηλ ἀλέξνηηλ ἄλδξνηηλ

N παηέξεο κεηέξεο ζπγαηέξεο ζύγαηξεο ἀλέξεο ἄλδξεο

G παηέξσλ -ηξῶλ κεηέξσλ -ηξῶλ ζπγαηέξσλ ζπγαηξῶλ ἀλέξσλ ἀλδξῶλ

D παηξάζη κεηξάζη ζπγαηξάζη ζπγαηέξεζζη ἀλδξάζη ἄλδξεζζη

A παηέξαο κεηέξαο ζπγαηέξαο ζύγαηξαο ἀλέξαο ἄλδξαο

Note that δ is inserted into ἀλήξ between λ and ξ where they occur together The accent of the shorter forms of

ἀλέξ follow the pattern seen in παηήξ The alpha after ξ in the dative plural was added euphonically to strengthen

what was originally a sonant ξ

152 Vocabulary

ἄλαμ ἄλαθηνο ὁ king lord protector

ἀλήξ ἀλέξνο (ἀλδξόο) ὁ (real) man warrior hero

ἄξ(α) (ῥά) naturally of course as you know as you might expect that is

in effect (not always translatable)

βαζηιεύο ῆνο ὁ king ruler

δή indeed truly forsooth now

δηίζηεκη (ζηε- ζηα-) δηαζηήζσ stand apart separate

δηέζηεζα (δηέζηελ)

ἐμ νὗ from the time when

ἐξίδσ (ἐξηδ-) - ἤξηζ(ζ)α quarrel strive

ἠξηζάηελ (they) strove

ἔξηο ηδνο ἡ strife quarrel

Λεηώ Λεηόνο ἡ Leto

κάρνκαη fight battle

κάρεζζαη to fight

μπλίκη μπλήζσ μπλῆθα (μπλέεθα) bring together throw together hearken heed

ὄξλῡκη ὄξζσ ὦξζα (ὤξνξνλ) stir up kindle incite excite arouse

πξῶηνο ε νλ first foremost chief

ηὸ πξῶηνλ ηὰ πξῶηα (adv) at first firstly first

πἱόο νῦ ὁ son

ζθσε these two

153 Translation

1 ζεὰ (ᾱ) ἀείζεη κῆληλ Ἀρηιῆνο ἐμ νὗ δὴ ηὰ πξῶηα δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο θαὶ Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἀλδξῶλ ἠξηζάηελ θαὶ

δηεζηήηελ 2 ηίο ζεῶλ μπλέεθε δῖνλ Ἀρηιῆά ηε θαὶ Ἀηξεΐδελ ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 3 πἱὸο Λεηόνο θαὶ Γηὸο ἑθεβόινο

μπλέεθέ ζθσε ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη ηὸλ γὰξ βαζηιεὺο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἐρόισζελ ὁ δrsquo ὦξζε θαθὴλ λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ

ὤιεθε δὲ ιᾱνύο

KEY

1 The goddess sings the wrath of Achilles from the time when first the divine Achilles and Atreides king of

men strove and separated 2 Which of the gods brought together the divine Achilles and the son of Atreus to fight

in strife 3 The son of Leto and Zeus the Free-shooter brought these two together to fight in strife for Atreides the

king enraged him so he stirred up an evil plague through the camp of the Achaeans and destroyed their host

154 Iliad 1-10

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κῡξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςῡρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιή

ἐμ νὗ δὴ ηὰ πξῶηα δηαζηήηελ ἐξίζαληε

Ἀηξεΐδεο ηε ἄλαμ ἀλδξῶλ θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεύο

ηίο ηrsquo ἄξ ζθσε ζεῶλ ἔξηδη μπλέεθε κάρεζζαη

Λεηνῦο θαὶ Γηὸο πἱόο ὁ γὰξ βαζηιῆη ρνισζεὶο

λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ ὦξζε θαθήλ ὀιέθνλην δὲ ιᾱνί

δηαζηήηελ = δηεζηήηελ

ἐξίζαληε = aor act part nom dual masc (they two) having quarreled

ηε ἄλαμ originally ηε ϝάλαμ thus allowing the hiatus

ζθσε [ἕσ] = 3rd

pers pron acc dual these two

ἔξηδη is dative of means in strife

κάρεζζαη = pres act infinitive deponent to fight

ρνισζείο = aor pass part nom sing masc having been enraged

Λεηνῦο = contracted form of Λεηόνο

βαζηιῆη = Agamemnon instrumental case by the king

ὀιέθνλην = ὠιέθνλην imperf pass ind 3rd

pers plural were being destroyed or kept

perishing

KEY

Sing O goddess of the accursed wrath of Achilles Peleiades

which brought countless woes to the Achaeans

and cast forth the souls of many valiant warriors to Hades

making them the spoils and feast of both dogs

and vultures But the will of Zeus was accomplished

indeed from the time when at first having quarreled both

Atreides king of men and the divine Achilles separated

Which of the gods of course brought these two together to fight in strife

The son of Leto and Zeus For enraged by the king he

kindled an evil plague up through the camp and the people were destroyed

155 Composition

1 ἠείδνκελ κῆληλ νὐινκέλελ Ἀρηιιῆνο ἐμ νὗ ηὰ πξῶηα Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἀλέξσλ (ἀλδξῶλ) θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο

ἠξηζάηελ θαὶ δηεζηεζάηελ (δηεζηήηελ) 2 ηίο ζεῶλ μπλῆθε (μπλέεθα) Ἀραηνὺο θαὶ ιᾱὸλ Πξηάκνπ ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 3

μπλῆθε (μπλέεθα) ζθσε (ἕν) πἱὸο Λεηόνο (Λεηνῦο) θαὶ Γηὸο ἑθεβόινο ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 4 Αηξεΐδεο βαζηιεὺο

Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο ἐρόισζαλ ἄλαθηα ἑθεβόινλ θαὶ ὁ ὦξζα (ὤξνξε) λνῦζνπο πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θαθὰο (ᾱ) ἀλὰ

ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ θαθῶο ὤιεθελ ἀγαζὸλ ιᾱόλ

Lesson 16

(887-897 910 1065-1068 697-703 707 710 732)

161 Formation of Middle Passive and Deponent Verbs

The endings of the middle voice are different from the active voice The passive voice applies the same endings

as the middle voice except in the aorist passive which applies active endings Because the middle and passive voice

are identical (other than the aorist) the context determines whether a verb is used with middle or the passive

meaning The aorist middle is often used with a passive meaning (especially in athematic forms) and the aorist

passive is often used with a middle meaning

The perfect and pluperfect of the middlepassive are athematic with the personal endings attached directly to

the reduplicated stem

The future perfect passive is formed by adding -ζνε to the perfect middle passive lengthening the vowel that

precedes this ending

The first aorist passive is formed by adding -(ζ)ζεε to the stem Before ζ π and β become θ θ and γ become ρ

and η δ ζ become ζ Many verbs have a second aorist passive that drops the ζ altogether

Deponent verbs have no active form but use the middlepassive forms in an active sense

162 Paradigms Present and Future Indicative MiddlePassive of ιύσ

Present

S 1 ιύνκαη

2 ιύεαη [(ιύῃ)]

3 ιύεηαη

D 2 ιύεζζνλ

3 ιύεζζνλ

P 1 ιπόκε(ζ)ζα

2 ιύεζζα

3 ιύνληαη

Future

S 1 ιύζνκαη (ῡ)

2 ιύζεαη (ῡ) [(ιύζῃ (ῡ))]

3 ιύζεηαη (ῡ)

D 2 ιύζεζζνλ (ῡ)

3 ιύζεζζνλ (ῡ)

P 1 ιῡζόκεζα

2 ιύζεζζε (ῡ)

3 ιύζνληαη (ῡ)

163 The Use of Voice in Greek

The active voice indicates that the subject is acting λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ ὦξζε = he kindled a plague up

through the camp

The passive voice indicates that the subject is acted upon Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιή = but the will of Zeus was

being accomplished

The Middle voice denotes one of three meanings

1 The subject acting upon itself πείζνκαη (I convince myself) θαίλνκαη (I show myself)

2 The subject acting for itself θαιένκαη (I call for myself)

3 The subject acting upon something belonging to itself ιύνκαη (I loose my own I ransom)

When determing the difference between the middle and passive keep in mind that the middle voice always

conveys a direct or indirect reference to the subject and that the subject is effect by or has an interest in the action

164 Third Declension Stems in -επ -επ -νπ and -σϝ

Stems in -επ usually became -εϝ and the third declension endings are applied after the ϝ Thus βαζηιεϝνο =

βαζηιῆνο βαηιεϝη = βαζηιῆη βαζηιεϝα = βαζηιῆα etc Note that the ϝ explains why εη (εϝη) does not form an

improper diphthong as well as why the accusative singular ends in -εα (as if the stem ended in a consonant) instead

of -ελ (as if the stem ended in a vowel) Note that when the ending consists of a consonant the -εϝ is contracted to

the diphthong -επ Thus βαζηιεϝο = βαζηιεύο βαζηιεϝ = βαζηιεῦ βαζηιεϝζη = βαζηιεῦζη In rare cases the other

endings also contract the -ε to -ε (ie βαζηιῆνο = βαζηιένο)

In stems ending originally in -ᾱϝ the ᾱ becomes ε in the Ionic dialect These are declined the same as -εϝ

except that -εῡ is formed before consonants instead of -επ Thus λᾱϝο = λεϝο = λεῦο λᾱϝ = λεϝ = λεῦ But note the

exception in the shorter form of the dative plural where λᾱϝζη = λεϝζη = λεπζί (rather than λεῡζη) In contracted

forms the ε usually becomes ε

In stems ending in -σϝ the third declension endings are applied directly to the stem Thus ἡξσϝο = ἥξσο

ἡξσϝνο = ἥξσνο ἡξσϝη = ἥξση ἡξσϝα = ἥξσα etc

In stems ending originally in -ν or -νϝ the third declension endings are applied as usual But keep in mind that -

νϝ is contracted to the diphthong -νπ before a consonant thus βνϝο = βνῦο and βνϝζη = βνπζί But note the

exception that occurs in the accusative singular where βνϝλ = βνῦλ rather than βνϝα

βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

(βαζηιεϝ-) (βνϝ-) (λᾱϝ-) (ἡξσϝ-)

N βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

G βαζηιῆνο [ένο] βνόο λεόο [εόο] ἥξσνο

D βαζηιῆη [έη] βνΐ λεί ἥξση

A βαζηιῆα [έα] βνῦλ [βῶλ] λῆα [έα] ἥξσα

V βαζηιεῦ βνῦ λεῦ ἥξσο

N V A βαζηιῆε βόε λῆε ἥξσε

G D βαζηιήνηηλ βόνηηλ λήνηηλ ἡξώνηηλ

N V βαζηιῆεο βόεο λῆεο ἥξσεο

G βαζηιήσλ βνῶλ λεῶλ [εῶλ] ἡξώσλ

D βαζηιήεζζη βόεζζη λήεζζη [έεζζη] ἡξώεζζη

βαζηιεῦζη βνπζί λεπζί ἥξσζη

A βαζηιῆαο βόαο (βνῦο) λῆαο [έαο] ἥξσαο

165 Third Declension Stems in -εζ -αζ and -νζ

When a stem ends in a vowel plus -ζ the initial ζ is dropped between two vowels Thus γεξαζνο = γέξανο

ἠνζνο = ἠόνο etc

All third declension nouns with stems ending in -εο are neuters and follow the pattern of ἔπνο The third

declension endings are applied as usual except that the nominative vocative and accusative singulars end in -νο

Nouns with stems ending in -νο take -σο in the nominative and vocative singular but otherwise apply the third

declension endings as usual (dropping ζ between two vowels)

ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

(ϝεπεζ-) (γεξαζ-) (ἀϝζνζ- (ᾱ))

N ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

G ἔπενο γέξανο ἠόνο

D ἔπετ γέξατ ἠόη

A ἔπνο γέξαο ἠόα

V ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

N V A ἔπεε γέξαε

G D ἐπένηηλ γεξάνηηλ

N V ἔπεα γέξα(α)

G ἐπέσλ γεξάσλ

D ἐπέεζζη γεξάεζζη

ἔπε(ζ)ζη γέξα(ζ)ζη

A ἔπεα γέξα(α)

166 Third Declension Stems in -καη and -καξ

Stems ending in -καη and -καξ are neuters

Stems in -καη drop the -ηο in the nominative vocative and accusative singular δσκαηο = δῶκα Otherwise the

third declension endings are applied as usual

Stems ending in -καξ are declined like those ending in -καη except in the nominative vocative and accusative

singular (which end in -καξ)

δῶκα ἦκαξ

(δσκαη-) (ἠκαξ- ἠκαη-)

N δῶκα ἦκαξ

G δώκαηνο ἤκαηνο

D δώκαηη ἤκαηη

A δῶκα ἦκαξ

V δῶκα ἦκαξ

N V A δώκαηε ἤκαηε

G D δσκάηνηηλ ἠκάηνηηλ

N V δώκαηα ἤκαηα

G δσκάησλ ἠκάησλ

D δσκάηεζζη ἠκάηεζζη

δώκαζη ἤκαζη

A δώκαηα ἤκαηα

167 Third Declension Stems in -λη and -λ

Stems ending in -λη drop the -λη before ζ and lengthen the preceding vowel thus παληο = πᾶο παληζη = πᾶζη

Otherwise the third declension endings are applied as usual In neuters the -η is dropped at the end of the word thus

παλη = πᾶλ Stems in -λ drop the -λ before ζ and lengthen the preceding vowel in the masculine (but not in the

neuter)

πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

(παλη- παληα- παλη-)

Masc Fem Neut

N πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

G παληόο πάζεο (ᾱ) παληόο

D παληί πάζῃ (ᾱ) παληί

A πάληα πᾶζαλ πᾶλ

V πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

N V πάληεο πᾶζαη πάληα

G πάλησλ πᾱζάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] πάλησλ

D πάληεζ(ζ)η πάζῃζη (ᾱ) πάληεζ(ζ)η

πᾶζη πάζῃο (ᾱ) πᾶζη

A πάληνο πάζᾱο (ᾱ) πάληα

κέιᾱο κέιαηλα κέιαλ

(κειαλ- κειαηλα- κειαλ-)

N κέιᾱο κέιαηλα κέιαλ

G κέιαλνο κειαίλεο κέιαλνο

D κέιαλη κειαίλῃ κέιαλη

A κέιαλα κέιαηλαλ κέιαλ

V κέιαλ κέιαηλα κέιαλ

N V A κέιαλε κειαίλᾱ κέιαλε

G D κειάλνηηλ κειαίλῃηλ κειάλνηηλ

N V κέιαλεο κέιαηλαη κέιαλα

G κειάλσλ κειαηλάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] κειάλσλ

D κειάλεζ(ζ)η κειαίλῃζη κειάλεζ(ζ)η

κέιαζη κειαίλῃο κέιαζη

A κέιαλεο κειαίλᾱο κέιαλα

168 Vocabulary

Nouns

Ἀπόιισλ (ᾰ or ᾰ) σλνο ὁ Apollo

ἀξεηήξ (ᾱ) ῆξνο ὁ priest prayer

ζπγάηεξ ηέξνο (ηξόο) ἡ daughter

θνζκήησξ νξνο ὁ commander marshaller

λεῦο λεόο (λεόο) ἡ ship

ζηέκκα καηνο ηό fillet (of white cotton) wreath

ρείξ ρεηξόο ἡ hand arm

Verbs

ἔξρνκαη (ἐξρ- ἐιε- ἐιεπζ- ἐιπζ-) come go

ἐιεύζνκαη I will come I will go

ἦιζνλ (ἤιπζνλ) I came I went

ιίζζνκαη (ιηη-) I beg I entreat

---

ἐιιηζάκελ (ἐιηηόκελ) I begged I entreated

Adjectives Prepositions

ζνόο ή όλ swift speedy

πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ all every (the) whole

Indeclinable

δύν (δύσ) two

κάιηζηα most especially by all means

169 Translation

1 Ἀπόιισλ ἑθεβόινο ρνινῦηαη βαζηιῆη Αηξεΐδῃ θαὶ πέκπεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ ὀιέθνληαη δὲ

ιᾱνί νὕλεθα δῖνο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) 2 Υξύζεο (ῡ) γὰξ ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἑθεβόινπ ἔξρεηαη

ἐπὶ ζνὰο (ᾱ) λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ θέξεη δrsquo ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα ζπγαηξόο ἣλ Ἀηξεΐδεο ἔρεη ἐλ ζηξαηῷ 3 ὁ δrsquo ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἔρεη

ζηέκκαηα ἑθεβόινπ Ἀπόιισλνο ἐλ ρεξζὶλ ἀλὰ ρξῡζέῳ ζθήπηξῳ θαὶ ιίζζεηαη πάληαο Ἀραηνύο κάιηζηα δrsquo Ἀηξεΐδᾱ

δύσ θνζκήηνξε ιᾱῶλ 4 Ἀπόιισλ ρνιώζεηαη βαζηιῆη θαὶ ὄξζεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηόλ 5 ἐιεύζνληαη ἐπὶ ζνὰο

(ᾱ) λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ νἴζνπζη ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα βαζηιῆη 6 ιίζζνληαη πάληαο Ἀραηνύο 7 Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζελ (ῑ)

ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) θαὶ νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε ζύγαηξα

KEY

1 Apollo the free-shooter enraged by king Atreides sent an evil plague through the camp of the Achaeans and

the people were destroyed because the divine Atreides dishonored Chryses the priest 2 For Chryses the priest of

the free-shooter went upon the swift ships of the Achaeans bearing countless ransoms for his daughter whom

Atreides was holding in the camp 3 But the priest had a wreath of Apollo the free-shooter upon a staff in his hand

and was entreating all of the Achaeans but especially the sons of Atreus (who were) the commanders of the host 4

Apollo will be enraged by the king and will kindle an evil plague up through the camp 5 They will go upon the

swift ships of the Achaeans and bring countless ransoms to the king 6 They are entreating all of the Achaeans 7

Atreides dishonored the priest and would not release his daughter

1610 Iliad 11-16

hellipὀιέθνλην δὲ ιᾱνί

νὕλεθα ηὸλ Υξύζελ ἠηίκαζελ ἀξεηῆξα

Αηξεΐδεο ὁ γὰξ ἦιζε ζνὰο ἐπὶ λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ

ιπζόκελνο ηε ζύγαηξα θέξσλ ηrsquo ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα

ζηέκκαηrsquo ἔρσλ ἐλ ρεξζὶλ ἑθεβόινπ Ἀπόιισλνο

ρξπζέῳ ἀλὰ ζθήπηξῳ θαὶ ἐιίζζεην πάληαο Ἀραηνύο

Ἀηξεΐδα δὲ κάιηζηα δύσ θνζκήηνξε ιαῶλ

ηόλ Υξύζελ = that (well-known) Chryses

The first verse ends in two spondees making it a spondaic verse and emphasizing the fact that

Chryses was a priest

ιῡζόκελνο = fut mid part nom masc sing being about to ransom

θέξσλ = pres act part nom sing masc bearing bringing

ἔρσλ = pres act part nom sing masc having holding

ρεξζὶλ ἑθεβόινπ = ρεξζὶ ϝεθεβόινπ

ρξῡζέῳ = synizesis where -έῳ is pronounced as a single syllable

ἐιίζζεην = imperf act ind 3rd

pers sing dep (kept) entreating was entreating

Ἀηξεΐδᾱ = dual of Ἀηξεΐδεο refers to both Agamemnon and Menelaus

KEY

hellipand the people were being destroyed

because Atreides dishonored Chryses the priest

For he had gone upon the swift ships of the Achaeans

intending to ransom his daughter bearing countless gifts

and holding in his hand fillets of Apollo the free-shooter

upon a golden staff and was entreating all of the Achaeans

but especially the two sons of Atreus the commanders of the host

1611 Composition

1 Chryses the priest of Apollo is dishonored by the son of Atreus 2 The Achaeans will go from their swift

ships to Troy and ransom the beloved daughter of the priest 3 We shall bring many ransoms and shall hold in our

hands the fillets of Apollo 4 We do not have a golden scepter but we entreat Priam and all the people of Troy 5

The two sons of Atreus marshallers of the people are entreating Priam but he will slight them 6 The son of

Atreus king of men slighted the priest and did not release his daughter

KEY

1 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) Ἀπόιινπ ἀηῑκάδεηαη Ἀηξεΐδῃ 2 Ἀραηνὶ ἐιεύζνληαη ἐθ ζνάσλ (ᾱ) λήσλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ (ῑ)

θαὶ ἀπειύζνληαη (ῡ) θίιε ζπγάηεξα ἀξεηῆξη (ᾱ) 3 νἴζνκελ πνιιrsquo ἄπνηλα θαὶ ἕζρνκελ ἐλ ρείξεζζη ζηέκκαηα

Ἀπόιινπ 4 νὐθ ἔρνκελ ζθῆπηξνλ ρξύζενλ ἀιιὰ ιηζζόκεζα Πξίακνλ θαὶ πᾶληα ιᾱνλ Ἰιίνπ (ῑ) 5 δύrsquo Ἀηξεΐδᾱ

θνζκήηεξᾱ ιᾱσλ ιίζζεζζνλ Πξίακνλ αὐηνὺο δrsquo ἀηῑκάζεη 6 Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἄλδξσλ ἠηίκαζελ (ῑ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) θαὶ

νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε ζπγάηεξα

1612 Meter

ΟΤ λε θα | ΣΟΝ ΥΡΤ | ΖΝ Ζ | ΣΗ κα ζελ | Α ΡΖ | ΣΖ ΡΑ~

Α ηξε η | ΓΖ ν γαξ | ΖΛ ζε ζν | Α ε πη | ΝΖ αο α | ΥΑΗ ΧΝ

ΛΤ ζν κε | ΝΟ ηε ζπ | ΓΑΣ ξα θε | ΡΧΝ ηα πε | ΡΔΗ ζη α | ΠΟΗ ΝΑ~

ΣΔΜ καη ε | ΥΧΝ ΔΝ | ΥΔΡ ζηλ ε | ΚΖ βν ινπ | Α ΠΟΛ | ΛΧ ΝΟ~

ΥΡΤζεσα | ΝΑ ΚΖΠ | ΣΡΧ θαη ε | ΛΗ ζε ην | ΠΑΝ ηαο α | ΥΑΗ ΟΤ

ΑΣ ξε η | ΓΑ δε κα | ΛΗ ηα δπ | Χ ΚΟ | ΜΖ ην ξε | ΛΑ ΧΝ

Lesson 17

(910 - imperfect middle and passive aorist middle of ιύσ 648-658 - the table

of endings in 32)

171 Paradigms Imperfect MiddlePassive of ιύσ

S 1 ἐιπόκελ

2 ἐιύεν [(ἐιύεπ)]

3 ἐιύεην

D 2 ἐιύεζζνλ

3 ἐιπέζζελ

P 1 ἐιπόκε(ζ)ζα

2 ἐιύεζζε

3 ἐιύνλην

172 Paradigms Aorist Middle of ιύσ

Thematic Athematic (2nd

Aorist)

S 1 ἐιῡζάκελ ἐιύκελ

2 ἐιύζαν (ῡ) [(ἐιύζσ (ῡ))] ἔιπ(ζ)ν

3 ἐιύζαην (ῡ) ἔιπην

D 2 ἐιύζαζζνλ (ῡ) ἔιπζζνλ

3 ἐιῡζάζζελ ἐιύζζελ

P 1 ἐιῡζάκε(ζ)ζα ἐιύκε(ζ)ζα

2 ἐιύζαζζε (ῡ) ἔιπζζε

3 ἐιύζαλην (ῡ) ἔιπλην

173 Vocabulary

δῶκα αηνο ηό house home

παῖο παηδόο ὁ ἡ child son daughter

π(η)όιηο ηνο (ενο) ἡ city state

ἐπθλήκῑο ῑδνο well-greaved

ἐγώ(λ) κέν (κεῦ) I

ζύ ζέν (ζεῦ) you

κέλhellip δέ on the one handhellip trulyhellip on the one handhellip on the other hand

partlyhellip partly the onehellip the other

νἴθαδε home homeward to home home

Verbs

ἅδνκαη (ἁγ-) (defective) I reverence

δέρνκαη I accept I receive

δέμνκαη I will accept

ἐδεμάκελ (ἐδέγκελ) I accepted

δίδσκη (δσ- δν-) I give I grant

(δη)δώζσ I will give

ἔδσθα I gave

ἐθπέξζσ (πεξζ- πξαζ-) I sack (utterly) I plunder I pillage

ἐθπέξζσ I will sack

ἐμέπεξζα (ἐμέπξαζνλ) I sacked

ἱθλένκαη I arrive I reach (a destination)

ἵμνκαη I will arrive

ἱθόκελ (ῑ) I arrived

174 Translation

1 ζενὶ ἔρνπζηλ ιύκπηα δώκαηα ἔδσθαλ δrsquo Ἀηξεΐδεο θαὶ ἄιινηζηλ ἐπθλεκίδεζζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἐθπέξζαη

(infinitive) πόιηλ Πξηάκνπ ηόηε δrsquo ἵθνλην (ῑ) ἐὺ νἴθαδε νὕλεθα παῖδα θίιελ ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἔιῡζαλ 2 ἀπέιῡζαλ

ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνὶ ζύγαηξα θίιελ ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἐδέμαλην δrsquo ἀγιαὰ ἄπνηλα νὕλεθα ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλα Γηὸο πἱὸλ

ἅδνλην 3 ἅδεηαη ἑθεβόινλ 4 Ἀηξεΐδεο νὐθ ἐδέμαην ηὰ ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα 5 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἔδσθελ ἄπνηλα

πνιιὰ βαζηιῆη Ἀηξεΐδῃ 6 πάληεο ζενὶ θαὶ πᾶζαη ζεαὶ εἶρνλ ιύκπηα δώκαηα 7 Ἀραηνὶ ἐπθλήκῑδεο ἐθπέξζνπζη

Πξηάκνην πόιηλ ἵμνληαη δrsquo ἐπ νἴθαδε 8 παῖο θίιε ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἐιύζαην (ῡ) ἵθεην (ῑ) δrsquo ἐὺ νἴθαδε

KEY

1 The gods have Olympian homes but they gave the son of Atreus and the other well-greaved Achaeans to

utterly sack the city of Priam and then they returned safe at home because they released the dear child of the priest

2 The well-greaved Achaeans released the dear daughter of the priest and received glorious ransoms because they

reverenced the free-shooter Apollo son of Zeus 3 He reverences te free-shooter 4 The son of Atreus did not

receive the glorious ransoms 5 Chryses the priest gave many ransoms to king Atreides 6 All of the gods and all of

the goddesses had Olympian homes 7 The well-greved Achaeans will utterly sack Priamrsquos city and will return safe

to home 8 The dear child of the priest was released and arrived well to her home

175 Iliad 17-21

ltltἈηξεΐδαη ηε θαὶ ἄιινη ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνί

ὑκῖλ κὲλ ζενὶ δνῖελ ιύκπηα δώκαηrsquo ἔρνληεο

ἐθπέξζαη Πξηάκνην πόιηλ ἐὺ δrsquo νἴθαδrsquo ἱθέζζαη

παῖδα δrsquo ἐκνὶ ιῦζαί ηε θίιελ ηά ηrsquo ἄπνηλα δέρεζζαη

ἁδόκελνη Γηὸο πἱὸλ ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλαgtgt

Ἀηξεΐδαηhellip ἄιινη ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνί = vocative case

ὑκῖλ (ῡ) = dat plural of ζύ to you

ζενί = one syllable by synizesis

κέλ (v 18) = correlative of δέ (v 20)

δνῖελ = aor act optative 3rd

plural of δίδσκη may they grant

ἔρνληεο = pres act part nom masc plural of ἔρσ having possessing

ἐθπέξζαη = aor act inf of ἐθπέξζσ to sack utterly

ἱθέζζαη = aor act inf of ἱθένκαη to arrive (compare κάρεζζαη)

ιῦζαη δέρεζζαη = infinitives used as imperatives free and accept

ηά ηrsquo ἄπνηλα (ηά ηε ἄπνηλα) = thesehellip gifts

ἁδόκελνη = pres act part nom masc plural reverencing

KEY

ldquoSons of Atreus and you other well-greaved Achaeans

may the gods who have their homes on Olympus grant you

to utterly sack Priamrsquos city and return safe to home

but release my dear child to me and accept these gifts

reverencing Apollo who shoots at will the son of Zeusrdquo

176 Composition

1 The gods who have (ἔρνληεο) Olympian homes will grant to the sons of Atreus and to the other well-greaved

Achaeans to sack utterly (ἐθπέξζαη) the city of Priam 2 When they sacked the city of Priam they returned happily

home 3 They accepted the shining ransoms and freed the darling daughter of the priest Chryses 4 We reverenced

the free-shooter Apollo son of Leto and Zeus and escaped death 5 Will the son of Atreus accept the shining

ransoms 6 The child of the priest was freed when he gave many shining ransoms which the two sons of Atreus

accepted

KEY

1 ζενὶ ἔρνληεο ιύκπηα δώκαηα δώζνπζη Ἀηξεΐδῃζη θαὶ ἄιινηζηλ ἐπθλεκίδεζζηλ (ῑ) Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἐθπέξζαη πόιηλ

Πξηάκνπ 2 ηόηε ἐμέπεξζαλ πόιηλ Πξηάκνην ἵθνλην (ῑ) ἐὺ νἴθαδε 3 ἐδέμαλην ἀγιαrsquo ἄπνηλα θαὶ ἀπέιῡζαλ ζπγάηεξα

θίιε ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) Υξύζᾱν (ῡ) 4 ἡμάκεζα ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλα Λεηόνο θαὶ Γηὸο πἱόλ θαὶ ζάλαηνλ 5

Ἀηξεΐδεο δέμεηαη ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα 6 παῖο ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἀπειύζαην (ῡ) ηόηε ἔδσθελ ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀγιάα ηὰ

Ἀηξεΐδᾱ ἐδώθαζηλ

Lesson 18

(Perfect and Pluperfect Active of Verbs 904 922 Third Declension γέρων

αἴξ 693-695)

181 Formation of the Perfect and Pluperfect Active

The perfect and pluperfect in all modes experience reduplication of the initial syllable which denotes completed

action Verbs beginning with a single consonant (except ξ) prefix this consonant followed by -ε Thus ιύσ =

ιέιπθα The stem sometimes stands in ablaut relation to the stem of the present as in βαίλσ = βέβεθα A

reduplicated syllable beginning with an aspirated mute is changed to its corresponding voiceless mute in the

reduplicated syllable ie ζλήζθσ = ηέζλεθα In these cases the reduplicated pluperfect adds ἐ- to the reduplicated

syllable ie ιύσ = ιέιπθα = ἐιέιπθε

Vebs beginning with a double consonant two consonants (except a mute followed by a liquid or a nasal) ξ and

some beginning with κ simply augment the stem with the addition of ε-

Verbs beginning in a vowel typically take the temporal augment by lengthening the vowel ie νἴρνκαη =

ᾤρσθα However verbs beginning with a vowel in which an initial consonant has been lost may take the syllabic

augment

Compound verbs typically insert the reduplication and augment between the preposition and the verb ie

ἀπνιύσ = ἀπνιέιπθα = ἀπειειύθε

The first perfect active adds -θα- to the stem followed by the primary endings The first pluperfect active

similarly adds -θε- followed by the secondary endings In general a short final vowel is lengthened before the

addition of the -θα- or -θε- Second perfects and pluperfects active are the older form and are more common in

Homer These omit the θ and simply add -α- or -ε- respectively The second perfects are more common in stems

ending in a consonant

In general the singular perfect and pluperfect active stand in ablaut relation to the dual and plural forms

Perfects and pluperfects are rare in Homer and only occur in some twenty verbs

182 Paradigms λέλυκα and βέβηκα

ιέιπθα ἐιειύθε (ἐιειύθεα)

ιέιπθαο ἐιειύθο (ἐιειύθεαο)

ιέιπθε(λ) ἐιειύθεη (ἐιειύθεε)

ιειύθαηνλ ἐιειύθαηνλ

ιειύθαηνλ ἐιειπθάηελ

ιειύθακελ ἐιειύθεκελ

ιειύθαηε ἐιειύθεηε

ιειύθᾱζη ἐιειύθεζαλ

βέβεθα ἐβεβήθεα (ἐβεβήθε)

βέβεθαο ἐβεβήθεαο (ἐβεβήθεο)

βέβεθε(λ) ἐβεβήθεε (ἐβεβήθεη)

βέβαηνλ ἐβέβαηνλ

βέβαηνλ ἐβεβάηελ

βέβακελ ἐβέβακελ

βέβαηε ἐβέβαηε

βέβᾱζη ἐβέβαζαλ

183 Paradigms γέρων and αἴξ

γέξσλ αἴμ

γέξνληνο αἰγόο

γέξνληη αἰγί

γέξνληα αἶγα

γέξνλ αἴμ

γέξνληε αἶγε

γεξόληνηηλ αἴγνηηλ

γέξνληεο αἶγεο

γεξόλησλ αἰγῶλ

γεξόληεζ(ζ)η (γέξνπζη) αἴγεζ(ζ)η (αἰμί)

γέξνληαο αἶγαο

184 Vocabulary

ἀγνξή ῆο ἡ assembly meeting place gathering harrangue

αἴμ αἰγόο ὁ ἡ goat

Ἄξγνο ενο ηό Argos (both a country and a city in Greece)

γέξσλ νληνο ὁ old man

γῆξαο ανο ηό old age

ἱεξεύο ῆνο ὁ priest holy man

κεξίνλ νπ ηό thigh-bone thigh-piece

πνύο πνδόο ὁ foot

ηαῦξνο νπ ὁ bull

θξήλ θξελόο ἡ diaphragm mind heart soul spirit disposition

δέθαηνο ε νλ tenth

ἡκέηεξνο ε νλ our ours

θνῖινο ε νλ hollow

ὠθύο ὠθεῖα ὠθύ swift speedy

ζλήζθσ die perish

ζαλένκαη

ἔζαλνλ

ηέζλεθα

θεύγσ flee fly escape run (off away along)

θεύμνκαη

ἔθπγνλ

πέθεπγα

Masc and Fem Neut

N ο (none)

G νο [(επο νπο σο)] νο

D η [(ῑ ῳ)] η [(ῑ)]

A α λ [(ε σ)]

V ο (none)

Dual

N V A ε ε

G D νηηλ νηηλ

Plural

N V εο [(εηο νπο)] α [(ε σ)]

G σλ σλ

D ζη εζζη [εζη] ζη εζζη [εζη]

A ο αο [(ῑο ῡο εηο)] α [(ε)]

Note that the dative singular of all declensions ends in η which becomes iota subecript after long vowels The

dative plural regularly becomes ζη to which may be added λ-moveable (explained later in this lesson) -ῃζη and -νηζη

are the two regular forms for the ending of the dative plural in the first two declension However the shorter forms -

ῃο and -νηο occasionally occur when the following word begins with a vowel and should possibly be categorized as

a case of elision

The genitive plural of all forms ends in -σλ

There are only two forms of the dual in each declension one for the nominative accusative and vocative and

one for the genitive and dative

As in Latin the vocative singular is frequently identical to the nominative and the vocative plural is always

identical to the nominative

The nominative vocative and accusative of all neuters is always alike and the plurals always end in -α

In an earlier unrecorded stage of the language there were three other cases the instrumental denoting means

the locative denoting place where and the ablative denoting separation or source The dative absorbed most of the

uses of the instrumental and locatives cases and the genitive absorbed most of the uses of the ablative case

In addition to the endings outlined in this lesson the suffixes -θη(λ) and -ζελ were also occasionally used and

will be discussed in a later lesson

33 Paradigms

First declension feminine nouns ending in -ε are declined like βνπιή ῆο ἡ (desire will plan counsel council

stem βνπιᾱ-) These stems end in -ᾱ which becomes -ε in the nominative singular

Sigular Dual Plural

N βνπιή βνπιά (ᾱ) βνπιαί

G βνπιῆο βνπιῇηλ βνπιάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ]

D βνπιῇ βνπιῇηλ βνπιῇζη ῇο

A βνπιήλ βνπιά (ᾱ) βνπιάο (ᾱ)

V βνπιή βνπιά (ᾱ) βνπιαί

Another example is the expression θᾱιὴ βνπιή (a good plan stems θᾱιᾱ- βνπιᾱ-)

Sigular Dual Plural

N θᾱιὴ βνπιή θᾱιὰ (ᾱ) βνπιά (ᾱ) θᾱιαὶ βνπιαί

G θᾱιῆο βνπιῆο θᾱιῇλ βνπιῇηλ θᾱιάσλ (ᾱ) βνπιάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ]

D θαιῇ βνπιῇ θᾱιῇλ βνπιῇηλ θᾱιῇζη βνπιῇζη ῇο

A θᾱιὴλ βνπιήλ θᾱιὰ (ᾱ) βνπιά (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) βνπιάο (ᾱ)

V θᾱιὴ βνπιή θᾱιὰ (ᾱ) βνπιά (ᾱ) θᾱιαὶ βνπιαί

34 Notes on Syntax

The subject of a finite verb is in the nominative case

The direct object of a transitive verb is in the accusative case

Adjectives agree with their nouns in gender number and case Adjectives however can belong to a different

declension than the nouns they modify so the forms are not always the same

Some words that end in a vowel add -λ to the end of the word when the following word begins with a vowel

The following list describes the words that are commonly spelled with a moveable -λ

1 All words that end in -ζη -μη or -ςη except ἐζζί

2 All verbs of the third person ending in -ε

3 The third person singular of the pluperfect ending in -εη (originally -εε)

4 The verb ἐζηί and the paticles θέ and λύ all of which are enclitics

5 The dative plural of the pronouns ἄκκη ὕκκη ζθί and ζθίζη

6 The adverbial endings θη and ζε

7 The pronoun ἐγώ (ldquoIrdquo)

35 Vocabulary

βνπιή ῆο ἡ - plan will wish purpose counsel council

δεηλή - fearful terrible awful dreadful dread

ἐλ ἐλί εἰλ - (adv or prep with dat) in among therein thereon on

ἔρεη - he she it has holds

ἔρνπζη(λ) - they have hold

ἦλ - he she it there was

ἦζαλ - they there were

θαί - and also even

θαθή - bad poor ugly mean coeardly wicked

θᾱιή - good goodly noble handsom fair brave

θιαγγή ῆο ἡ - uproar roar noise

ηίο - (masc or fem) who which what

ηί - (neut) which what why

Υξύζε (ῡ) εο ἡ - Chrysa a town in the Troad

θίιε εο ἡ - dear darling lovely beloved

36 Derivatives

δεηλή - dinosaur (ldquoterrible lizardrdquo) dinichthys (ldquoterrible fishrdquo)

θαθή - cacography (ldquobad writingrdquo) cacophony (ldquobad soundrdquo)

θᾱιή - calligraphy (ldquobeautiful writingrdquo) calliope

θιαγγή - clang

θίιε - Philadelphia (ldquobrotherly loverdquo) Philanthropy (ldquolove of mankindrdquo)

37 Translation

1 βνπιαὶ θᾱιαὶ θαὶ θαθαί 2 ηίο ἔρεη βνπιὴλ θᾱιήλ 3 ηί ἔρνπζηλ 4 θᾱιαὶ βνπιαὶ ἦζαλ θίιαη 5 ηίο ἦλ θᾱιή

6 δεηλὴ θιαγγὴ ἦλ ἐλ Υξύζῃ (ῡ) θᾱιῇ 7 ἔρνπζη βνπιὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θίιᾱο 8 ηί ἦλ θιαγγὴ δεηλὴ ἐλ Υξύζῃ

(ῡ) θᾱιῇ 9 θαθῆο βνπιῆο 10 θαθῇο βνπιῇο 11 θαθάσλ (ᾱ) βνπιάσλ (ᾱ) 12 θαθὴ βνπιή θαθῇ βνπιῇ θαθὴλ

βνπιήλ θαθὰο (ᾱ) βνπιάο (ᾱ)

(1) βνπιαὶhellip The acute changes to a grave when another word follows without intervening punctuation

But see the notes on 2

(2) The acute on the pronouns ηίο and ηί does not change to a grave ηίοηί is an interrogative pronoun and

indicates that the sentence is a question ηίο can be either masculine or feminine usually refers to a person

and is generally translated ldquowhordquo ηί is neuter usually refers to an object and is generally translated

ldquowhatrdquo

(4) Like Latin and unlike later dialects of Greek there is no definite article in Homeric The article must be

supplied in this sentence ldquoThe good planshelliprdquo

(6) ἦλ is frequenly translated ldquothere wasrdquo

(7) The phrasing here is common ldquohellipplans good and dearrdquo A pair of adjectives connected by θαί is often

placed after the noun they modify

(10) This sentence uses the less common -ῇο instead of -ῇζη(λ) The dative in this case is best represented

by the English preposition ldquoforrdquo The preposition ldquotordquo is usually used to render the the dative as indirect

object

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 Good and bad plans 2 Who has a good plan 3 What do they have 4 The good plans were dear 5 Who

was good 6 There was a terrible uproar in beautiful Chrysa 7 They have good and dear plans 8 What was the

terrible uproar in beautiful Chrysa 9 Of the bad plan 10 For the bad plans 11 Of the bad plans 12 The bad plan

for the bad plan the bad plan the bad plans

38 Composition

1 Of good and bad plans 2 For the noble plan 3 Who has the evil plan 4 There was a terrible uproar in

beautiful Chrysa 5 Was the plan good 6 The plans were cowardly

(1) Follow the standard construction ldquoOf plans good and badrdquo

(2) The preposition ldquoforrdquo is represented by the use of the dative

(3) This could be rendered either singular (ηίο ἔρεη) or plural (ηίο ἔρνπζη)

(4) Follow the same construction seen in exercise 6 of Translation ldquoA terrible uproar there was in Chrysa

beautifulrdquo While the word order is not fixed Phar usually places adjectives after the words they modify

When ἦλ is rendered ldquothere wasrdquo it is usually placed in the predicate position ie ldquoA terrible uproar there

washelliprdquo

(5) The construction should place the verb between the subject and the predicate nominative ie βνπιὴ ἦλ

θᾱιή or θᾱιὴ ἦλ βνπιή Otherwise the translation would be ldquoWas there a good planrdquo Note that the

predicate nominative is always placed in the nominative case

(6) As with (5) the verb should come between the subject and the predicate nominative to avoid

ambiguity ἦζαλ βνπιαὶ θαθαί or βνπιαὶ θαθαὶ ἦζαλ would be translated ldquoThere were cowardly plansrdquo

Again the Greek is ambiguous in this regard but we are following Pharrrsquos conventions in the exercises

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 βνπιαὶ θᾱιαὶ θαὶ θαθαί 2 βνπιῇ θᾱιῇ 3 ηίο ἔρεη βνπιὴλ θαθήλ 4 δεηλὴ θιαγγή ἦλ ἐλ Υξύζῃ (ῡ) θᾱιῇ 5

βνπιὴ ἦλ θᾱιή 6 βνπιαὶ ἦζαλ θαθαί

Lesson 4

(663)

41 Declension of ζεά (ᾱ)

The few feminine nouns that end in -ᾱ in the nominative are declined like ζεά (ᾱ) goddess In general the

original ᾱ stem becomes ε in the singular (as in the declension of ζάιαζζα below) It remains ᾱ in the word ζεά (ᾱ)

and a few proper names

Sigular Dual Plural

N ζεά (ᾱ) ζεά (ᾱ) ζεαί

G ζεᾶο ζεῇηλ ζεάσλ (ᾱ) [ῶλ]

D ζεᾷ ζεῇηλ ζεῇζη ῇο [αῖο]

A ζεάλ (ᾱ) ζεά (ᾱ) ζεάο (ᾱ)

V ζεά (ᾱ) ζεά (ᾱ) ζεαί

42 Declension of ζάιαζζα

Feminine nouns ending in -ᾰ are declines like ζάιαηηα sea Note that the acute is pulled from the antepenult to

the penult when the ultima is long

Sigular Dual Plural

N ζάιαζζα ζαιάζζᾱ ζάιαζζαη

G ζαιάζζεο ζαιάζζῃηλ ζαιαζζάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ]

D ζαιάζζῃ ζαιάζζῃηλ ζαιάζζῃζη ῃο

A ζάιαζζαλ ζαιάζζᾱ ζαιάζζᾱο

V ζάιαζζα ζαιάζζᾱ ζάιαζζαη

43 Vocabulary

γάξ -(postpositive conjunction) for in fact

δέ -(postpositive conjunction) but and so for

εἰζί(λ) -they there are

ἐζηί(λ) -he she it there is

ἐθ (ἐμ) -(adv and prep + gen) from out of

ἐπί -(adv) upon on thereon

ἐπί -(prep + gen) upon on over during

ἐπί -(prep + dat) upon on in for about against at beside by

ἐπί -(prep + acc) to up to over up upon

ζάιαζζα εο ἡ -sea

ζεά (ᾱ) ᾶο ἡ -goddess

Κίιια εο ἡ -Cilla a town in the Troad

νὐ (νὐθ νὐρ) -not no

πάηξε εο ἡ -fatherland native land

πνιιή -much many numerous

ππξή ῆο ἡ -funeral pyre pyre

ςῡρή ῆο ἡ -soul breath life spirit

44 Derivatives

ζάιαζζα (thalassa) = thalassocracy

παηξή (patre) = patriotic

ππξή (pyre) = pyre pyrolatry pyrotechnic pyrotechnical pyrography

ςῡρή (psyche) = psyche psychology psychotherapy psychic psychical

45 Translation

1 θᾱιὴ ζεὰ (ᾱ) ἔρεη βνπιὴλ θᾱιήλ 2 θᾱιαὶ ζεαί εἰζη θίιαη ςῡρῇ ζεᾶο ζαιάζζεο δεηλῆο 3 Κίιια θαὶ Υξύζε

(ῡ) εἰζὶ θᾱιαη θαὶ θίιαη ζεῇζη ζαιαζζάσλ (ᾱ) 4 θᾱιὴ ζεὰ (ᾱ) νὐθ ἔρεη ςῡρὴλ θαθήλ 5 θᾱιή ἐζηη ζεά (ᾱ) ἔρεη δὲ

ςῡρὴλ θαθήλ 6 δεηλὴ θιαγγή ἐζηηλ ἐθ ζαιάζζεο 7 Κίιια θαὶ Υξύζε (ῡ) ἦζαλ ἐπὶ ζαιάζζῃ 8 ζεαὶ ζαιάζζεο εἰζὶ

θίιαη ςῡρῇο πνιιῇο θίιαη γάξ εἰζηλ 9 πάηξε θᾱιή ἐζηη θίιε πνιιῇο ςῡρῇο θᾱιῇο 10 ἐθ πάηεο θαθῆο ἦλ 11

ἦζαλ ππξαὶ πνιιαὶ ἐλ θίιῃ πάηξῃ ἐπὶ δεηλῇ ζαιάζζῃ 12 ηίο νὐθ ἔρεη θᾱιὴλ ςῡρήλ

(2) εἰζη is an enclitic When the preceding word carries an acute on the ultima the enclitic looses its own

accent and the accent on the ultima does not change to a grave

(3) When an enclitic follows a word with the acute on the penult the enclitic retains its own accent

(4) νὐ is used before consonants νὐθ before vowels with the smooth breathing and νὐρ before vowels

with the rough breathing As an adverb it usually precedes the verb that it modifies

(6) ἐθ + gen The phrase is rendered ldquohellipfrom out of the seardquo

(7) ἐπί with the dative indicates location and frequently denotes close proximity This phrase is usually

translated with the English idiom ldquoupon the seardquo but it literally means ldquobeside the seardquo or ldquonear the seardquo

(8) postpositives like γάξ and δέ never occur first in a sentence they usually occur as the second or third

word of the sentence

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 Does the beautiful goddess have a good plan 2 Beautiful goddesses are dear to the soul of the goddess of

the terrible sea 3 Cilla and Chrysa are beautiful and dear to the goddesses of the seas 4 The beautiful goddess does

not have an ugly soul 5 The goddess is beautiful but she has an ugly soul 6 There is a terrible roar from out of the

sea 7 Cilla and Chrysa were upon the sea 8 The goddesses of the sea are dear to many souls for they are beloved

9 The beautiful fatherland is dear to many good souls 10 There was evil from out of the fatherland 11 There were

many funeral pyres in the beloeved fatherland upon the terrible sea

46 Composition

1 Are the good plans dear to the souls of the goddesses 2 They have many plans but (they are) cowardly

ones 3 The plans are dear to the soul of the beautiful goddess for they are noble 4 The lovely goddess of the sea

was not in Cilla 5 There are many funeral pyres by the sea in (our) beloved fatherland 6 Who was in Cilla by the

sea

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 θᾱιαὶ βνπιαί εἰζη θίιαη ςῡρῇζη ζεάσλ (ᾱ) 2 ἔρνπζη βνπιὰο (ᾱ) πνιιάο (ᾱ) θαθὰο (ᾱ) δέ 3 βνπιαὶ θίιαη

εἰζὶ ςῡρῇ θᾱιῆο ζεᾶο θίιαη γάξ εἰζηλ 4 θᾱιὴ ζεὰ (ᾱ) ζαιάζζεο νὐθ ἦλ ἐλ Κίιιῃ 5 ππξαὶ πνιιαί ἐζηηλ ἐπὶ

ζαιάζζῃ ἐλ πάηξῃ θίιῃ 6 ηίο ἦλ ἐλ Κίιιῃ ἐπὶ ζαιάζζῃ

Lesson 5

(789-806 904)

51 Introduction to Greek Verbs

The uses of the Greek verb will be covered in more detail later However Pharr employs several terms in this

lesson that may be perplexing without a brief introduction

Greek verbs employ prefixes suffixes and formative elements in order to conjugate verbs A similar function

exists in English although to a lesser extent precook (use of a prefix) walked (use of a suffix) ranrun (use of

ablaut as a formative element) etc

There are three voices in Greek The active and passive voice function as in English where the active indicates

action performed by the subject (ldquothe dog bit the mailmanrdquo) and the passive indicates action performed upon the

subject (ldquothe mailman was bitten by the dogrdquo) The Greek also employs a third voice called the middle which

indicates (among other things) that the subject acted on its own behalf (ldquothe dog himself bit the mailmanrdquo) or that

plural subjects acted upon each other (ldquothe dogs bit each otherrdquo) The endings for the passive and the middle are

sometimes identical and the meaning must be determined from the context

In Greek as in English verbs convey certain moods The indicative mood simply denotes an action that is

performed (ldquothe dog bites the mailmanrdquo) The subjunctive mood denotes (among other things) possibility and

wishes etc (ldquothe dog may bite the mailmanrdquo ldquoI wish that the dog would bite the mailmanrdquo) Like the subjunctive

the optative mood denotes (among other things) possibility wish conditions or indirect discourse (ldquothe dog would

bite the mailman ifhelliprdquo ldquowould that the dog had bitten the mailmanrdquo ldquomay the dog bite the mailmanrdquo) The

imperative mood expresses a command (ldquobite the mailman you dogrdquo) The infinitive mood expresses the verb as if it

were a noun (ldquoto bite the mailmanrdquo) The participle is a verbal noun or adjective similar to the infinitive ( ldquobiting the

mailman is badrdquo)

There are seven different tenses in Greek most of which have corresponding meanings in English present (ldquothe

dog bites the mailmanrdquo) future (ldquothe dog will bite the mailmanrdquo) imperfect (ldquothe dog was biting the mailmanrdquo)

aorist (ldquothe dog bit the mailmanrdquo) perfect (ldquothe dog has bitten the mailmanrdquo) pluperfect (ldquothe dog had bitten the

mailmanrdquo) and future perfect (ldquothe dog would have bitten the mailmanrdquo)

Grammarians divide the Greek tenses into two categories The primary (or principle) tenses consist of the

present future perfect and future perfect and denote action that occurs from a perspective in the present or future

The secondary (past or historic) consist of the imperfect aorist and pluperfect and denote action occurring from

the perspective of the past

Each tense can be expressed in multiple moods and voices The aorist active indicative for example is ldquothe dog

bit the mailmanrdquo The aorist middle indicative is ldquothe dog himself bit the mailmanrdquo The aorist passive indicative is

ldquothe mailman was bitten by the dogrdquo The present active subjunctive is ldquothe dog may bite the mailmanrdquo The present

passive subjunctive is ldquothe mailman may be bitten by the dogrdquo

There are three persons in the Greek and these correspond to the three persons used in the English verbs first

person (ldquoI bit the mailmanrdquo) second person (ldquoyou bit the mailmanrdquo) and third person (ldquohe bit the mailmanrdquo) Each

person can also take on the dual form (ldquothe pair of them bit the mailmanrdquo third person dual) and the plural form

(ldquowe bit the mailmanrdquo first person plural)

As you can see there are many possible combinations in Greek and the majority of those possible

combinations has accompanying endings that can be applied All in all there are hundreds of possible endings that

can be applied to various Greek verbs and the student must eventually learn them all

Grammarians use the word ldquoaugmentrdquo in reference to a prefix that is applied to a verb In general Greek

augments consist of either the letter ε- appended to the beginning of the word (ιπσ ldquoI looserdquo ειπνλ ldquoI was

loosingrdquo) or a lengthening of an initial vowel (ἄγσ ldquoI leadrdquo ἦγνλ ldquoI was leadingrdquo) Augments typically indicate an

event occurring in the past tense

Reduplication consists of doubling the initial syllable of a word and are used in the formation of some tenses

and stems (ιπσ ldquoI looserdquo ιειπθα ldquoI have loosedrdquo)

52 Inflection of Verbs

As with other inflected forms verbs consist of the stem and the ending (or suffix) Frequently more than one

ending is applied to a verb stem in order to indicate relationships such as mood tense voice person and number

Greek verb forms fall into two categories finite (indicative subjunctive optative imperative) and infinite

(infinitive participle) The finite forms of the verb include personal endings (1st person 2

nd person etc) augment

(prefixes used to indicate historic time) and reduplication (doubling of the first syllable of the word) as well as

endings representing tense mood voice etc Collectively these prefixes suffixes and modifications are called the

characteristics of the verb

The infinite forms of the verb are used as nouns or adjectives The participle is a verbal adjective and is used as

other adjectives It corresponds roughly to English verbs ending in -ing such as ldquothe running horserdquo or ldquowalking is

healthyrdquo The infinitive is a verbal noun and corresponds roughly to verbs preceded by the preposition ldquotordquo in

English ldquoit is good to runrdquo ldquohe wanted to walkrdquo

53 Thematic and Athematic Forms

Greek verbs fall into two primary conjugations -σ (or thematic) verbs which end in -σ in the first person

singular (present active indicative) and -κη (or athematic) verbs which end in -κη in the first person singular

(present active indicative)

In thematic verbs the stem ends in either -ν or -ε (which are called the theme) and the various suffixes are

applied to after the thematic vowel For example ιύεηε consists of ιῡ- the thematic vowel -ε- and the personal

ending -ηε Combined they form the word ιύ-ε-ηε ye loose The thematic vowel is -o- when it occurs before κ λ or

when used in the optative mood otherwise the thematic vowel is -ε- In the subjunctive mood the thematic vowel is

lengthened to -ε- (for -ε-) or -σ- (for -o-)

In athematic verbs the theme is omitted and the suffixes are applied directly to the stem of the verb Many

verbs which are regularly thematic also have corresponding athematic forms Strictly speaking no Greek verb is

entirely thematic or athematic each verb has both thematic and athematic forms

In general verb forms that are thematic include all futures all presents and imperfects of -σ verbs all second

aorists having the thematic vowel (ending in -νλ in the first person singular) and all subjunctives The verb forms

that are athematic include the presents and imperfects of -κη verbs all passive aorists (except in the subjunctive) all

middle and passive perfects and pluperfects all second aorists whose tense stem does not end in the thematic vowel

a few verbs in the second perfect and pluperfect active all first aorists active and middle and most perfects and

pluperfects active

In athematic inflections the singular is usually built on a long vowel and the duals and plurals are usually built

on the corresponding short vowel

54 Conjugation of the Present Active Indicative of -ω Verbs

The verb ιύσ (ldquoI looserdquo) is typically used as an example of the conjugation of -σ verbs The following

paradigm covers the present tense indicative mood and active voice of ιύσ (Note that there is no first person dual)

Singular 1st Person ιύσ I loose

2nd

Person ιύεηο you loose

3rd

Person ιύεη he she it looses

Dual 2nd

Person ιύεηνλ you two (or the pair of you) loose

3rd

Person ιύεηνλ they two (or the pair of them) loose

Plural 1st Person ιύνκελ we loose

2nd

Person ιύεηε you (or ye) loose

3rd

Person ιύνπζη(λ) they loose

55 Vocabulary

ἀείδσ sing sing of hymn chant

ἀλ- (prefix ἀ- before consonants) not un- dis- -less without

ἁλδάλσ (to) please (used with the dative)

ἀηῑκάδσ dishonor slight insult

βαίλσ come go walk

εἰο ἐο (adv and prep + acc) into until therein

ἔρσ have hold keep

θαίσ burn consume

ιύσ loose free break up destroy

ὀιέθσ kill destroy ruin

πέκπσ send escort conduct

ηειείσ accomplish fulfill complete

ηεύρσ make do fashion perform cause prepare

θέξσ bear carry bring

56 Derivatives

ἀείδσ (aed-) = ode odium melody palinode

ἀλ- (a- an-) = atheist anarchy

θαίσ (cae-) = caustic cauterize holocaust

ιύσ (ly-) = analysis

πέκπσ (pemp-) = pomp

ηειείσ (tele-) = teleology

θέξσ (pher-) = periphery phosphorus

57 Translation

1 ἀείδνκελ βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεάσλ (ᾱ) πνιιάσλ (ᾱ) 2 θιαγγὴ δεηλὴ θαθῆο ζαιάζζεο νὐρ ἁλδάλεη ςῡρῇ ζεᾶο 3 ηίο

ἀηῑκάδεη θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) ζεάο (ᾱ) 4 νὐρ ἀηῑκάδνκελ πάηξελ θίιε γάξ ἐζηηλ 5 βαίλνπζηλ ἐθ Κίιιεο εἰο Υξύζελ (ῡ) 6

θαίνπζη ππξὰο (ᾱ) πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἐλ Υξύζῃ (ῡ) ἐπὶ ζαιάζζῃ 7 ἔρνκελ πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) βνπιάο (ᾱ) 8 θαίεηε

ππξὰο (ᾱ) ἐλ πάηξῃ 9 ιύεηνλ ιύεηο ιύνκελ ιύνπζηλ ιύεηε 10 ὀιέθνκελ ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θαθὰο (ᾱ) ἐλ

πάηξῃ θίιῃ 11 ηίο πέκπεη ζεὰο (ᾱ) ἐο Υξύζελ (ῡ) 12 ηειείεηε βνπιὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) πάηξῃ θίιῃ 13 ηειείνκελ

βνπιὴλ θίιεο ζεᾶο 14 ηεύρνκελ ππξήλ 15 ηί θέξεηε ηί θέξνπζηλ

(2) ἁλδάλεη ςῡρῇhellip The object of the verb ἁλδάλσ takes the dative case In general the English can be

translated with the addition of the word ldquotordquo thus νὐθ ἁλδάλεη ςῡρῇ is ldquois not pleasing to the soulrdquo or ldquodoes

not please the soulrdquo

(5) The word εἰο can either be translated ldquotordquo or ldquointordquo

(6) ἐπὶ ζαιάζζῃ is a title for Chrysa thus Υξύζε (ῡ) ἐπὶ ζαιάζζῃ is ldquoChrysa upon the seardquo or ldquoChrysa by

the seardquo

(8) The word πάηξε refers to the person addressed and so is more appropriately translated ldquonative landrdquo

(the more familiar ldquofatherlandrdquo would typically apply only to the person speaking) Note that the possessive

is implied by using the 2nd

person of the verb thus ldquohellipin (your) native landrdquo

(9) ιύεηνλ can be either 2nd

or 3rd

person

(10) As with many Homeric words the best translation depends on the context Here the word ὀιέθσ

occurs in a military context (the Iliad) and so probably refers to killing enemies θαθή probably refers to

cowardice But the passage could be rendered in many ways such as ldquoWe ruin many wicked soulshelliprdquo or

ldquoWe kill many cowardly soulshelliprdquo etc

(11) Note the alternate form of εἰο As with many common prepositions Homer offers different forms to fit

the rhythmic structure of the poem εἰο is a single long syllable while ἐο can be either long or short

depending on the following word In like manner ἐλ is either long or short ἐλί is two short syllables and

εἰλ is a single long syllable

(12) The dative without a preposition is here translated with ldquoforhelliprdquo I also rendered βνπιαί θαιαί as

ldquonoble thingsrdquo in this context although it could also be translated ldquogood plansrdquo ldquobrave plansrdquo etc

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 We sing the plans of many goddesses 2 The terrible roar of the evil sea was not pleasing to the soul of the

goddess 3 Who dishonors the noble goddesses 4 We do not dishonor (our) fatherland for it is dear 5 They go

from Cilla to Chrysa 6 Do they burn many funeral pyres in Chrysa by the sea 7 We have many fair plans 8 Do

you burn pyres in (your) native land 9 You two loose you loose we loose they loose you loose 10 We destroy

many wicked souls in (our) dear fatherland 11 Who escorts the goddess into Chrysa 12 You accomplish noble

things for (our) dear fatherland 13 We fulfill the will of the beloved goddess

58 Composition Exercises

1 Who is singing the evil plans of the fair goddess 2 The roar of the sea is pleasing to the soul of the goddess

in Cilla 3 We do not dishonor the goddesses of (our) dear fatherland 4 Are you going from Chrysa to Cilla by the

sea 5 The two goddesses come from the sea into Cilla 6 They are burning two funeral pyres in (their) fatherland

7 They have many fair plans 8 We loose you loose they (two) loose he is loosing 9 The goddess destroys many

wicked souls 10 We escort the goddess into (our) dear fatherland 11 They accomplish the will of (their)

fatherland 12 He is making a funeral pyre 13 What does he bring

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 ηίο ἀείδεη θαθὰο (ᾱ) βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεᾶο θᾱιῆο 2 θιαγγὴ ζαιάζζεο ἁλδάλεη ςῡρῇ ζεᾶο ἐλ Κίιιῃ 3 νὐθ

ἀηῑκάδνκελ ζεὰλ (ᾱ) θίιεο πάηξεο 4 βαίλεηο ἐθ Υξύζεο (ῡ) εἰο Κίιιελ ἐπὶ ζαιάζζῃ 5 ζεὰ (ᾱ) βαίλνπζηλ ἐθ

ζαιάζζεο εἰο Κίιιελ 6 θαίνπζη πύξᾱ ἐλ πάηξῃ 7 ἔρνπζη πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) βνπιάο (ᾱ) 8 ιύνκελ ιύεηο

ιύεηνλ ιύεη 9 ζεὰ (ᾱ) ὀιέθεη πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θαθὰο (ᾱ) ςῡράο (ᾱ) 10 θέξνκελ ζεὰλ (ᾱ) εἰο θίιελ πάηξελ 11

ηειείνπζη βνπιὴλ πάηξεο 12 ηεύρεη πύξελ 13 ηί θέξεη

Lesson 6

(678-679 717-721 1025 cf 575 996 1009)

61 Second Declension Masculines

Second declension nouns have stems ending in -o Masculine nouns of the second declension are inflected like

ζῡκόο (spirit life soul) and πνιεκόο (war) Second declension adjectives are inflected like θαθόο (evil)

Sigular Dual Plural

N ζῡκόο ζῡκώ ζῡκνί

G ζῡκνῦ νῖν [όν] ζῡκνῖηλ ζῡκῶλ

D ζῡκῷ ζῡκνῖηλ ζῡκνῖζη νῖο

A ζῡκόλ ζῡκώ ζῡκνύο

V ζῡκέ ζῡκώ ζῡκνί

Sigular Dual Plural

N θαθὸο πόιεκνο θαθὼ πνιέκσ θαθνὶ πόιεκνη

G θαθνῦ νῖν [όν] πνιέκνπ νην [νν] θαθνῖηλ πνιέκνηηλ θαθῶλ πνιέκσλ

D θαθῷ πνιέκῳ θαθνῖλ πνιέκνηηλ θαθνῖο πνιέκνηο

A θαθὸλ πόιεκνλ θαθὼ πνιέκσ θαθνὺο πνιέκνπο

V θαθὲ πόιεκε θαθὼ πνιέκσ θαθνὶ πνιεκνί

62 Second Declension Neuters

Second declension neuters end in -νλ in the nominative vocative and accusative singlular and -ᾰ in the

nominative vocative and accusative plural They are identical to second declension masculines in the genitive and

dative as well as all cases of the dual Second declension neuters nouns are declined like ἔξγνλ (deed) and second

declension neuter adjectives are declined like θᾱιόλ (noble)

Sigular Dual Plural

N θᾱιὸλ ἔξγνλ θᾱιὼ ἔξγσ θᾱιὰ ἔξγα

G θᾱινῦ νῖν [όν] ἔξγνπ νην [νν] θᾱινῖηλ ἔξγνηηλ θᾱιῶλ ἔξγσλ

D θᾱιῷ ἔξγῳ θᾱινῖηλ ἔξγνηηλ θᾱινῖο ἔξγνηο

A θᾱιὸλ ἔξγνλ θᾱιὼ ἔξγσ θᾱινὺο ἔξγνπο

V θᾱιὸλ ἔξγνλ θᾱιὼ ἔξγσ θᾱιὰ ἔξγα

63 Second Declension Feminines

A few second declension nouns are feminine These are declined exactly the same as the masculine form the

only difference being that all adjectives and modifiers take their respective feminine forms Thus θαθὸο ζῡκόο = the

evil spirit and θαθὸλ ἔξγνλ = the evil deed but θαθὴ λνῦζνο = the evil plague

Sigular Dual Plural

N θαθὴ λνῦζνο θαθὰ (ᾱ) λνύζσ θαθαὶ λνῦζνη

G θαθῆο λνύζνπ νην [νν] θαθῇηλ λνύζνηηλ θαθάσλ [έσλ ῶλ] λνύζσλ

D θαθῇ λνύζῳ θαθῇηλ λνύζνηηλ θαθῇζη ῇο λνύζνηζη νηο

A θαθὴλ λνῦζνλ θαθὰ (ᾱ) λνύζσ θαθὰο (ᾱ) λνύζνπο

V θαθὴ λνῦζε θαθὰ (ᾱ) λνύζσ θαθαὶ λνῦζνη

64 Adjectives

Adjectives always agree in case number and gender with the nouns they modify

Adjectives fall into three declensions just like nouns However adjectives frequently have masculine feminine

and neuter forms whereas nouns typically fall into a single gender The adjective θαθόο for example has three

forms θαθόο (masculine) θαθή (femine) and θαθόλ (neuter) Adjectives are usually listed in dictionary entries in

the nominative masculine singular followed by the femine and neuter singular endings θαθόο ή όλ

Adjectives are usually grouped into one of four categories 1) First and Second Declension Adjectives whose

forms usually represent the first declension when feminine and the second declension when masculine or neuter 2)

Second Declension Adjectives which usually have a single second declension form that serves as both masculine

and feminine as well as a second declension neuter form 3) First and Third Declension Adjectives whose

masculine and neuter forms are of the third declension but whose feminine form falls under the first declension and

4) Third Declension Adjectives which have a single third declension form for both masculine and feminine and a

third declension neuter form

First and Second Declension Adjectives have the nominative singular endings -νο (masculine) -ε (feminine)

and -νλ (neuter) Of these θᾱιόο (beautiful noble) and θίινο (dear lovely beloved) are good examples

Singular

Masc Fem Neut

N θᾱιόο θᾱιή θᾱιόλ θᾱιή θᾱιόλ

G θᾱινῦ νῖν [όν] θᾱιῆο θᾱινῦ νῖν [όν]

D θᾱιῷ θᾱιῇ θᾱιῷ

A θᾱιόλ θᾱιήλ θᾱιόλ

V θᾱιέ θᾱιή θᾱιόλ

Dual

N A V θᾱιώ θᾱιά (ᾱ) θᾱιώ

G D θᾱινῖηλ θᾱιῇηλ θᾱινῖηλ

Plural

N θᾱινί θᾱιαί θᾱιά

G θᾱιῶλ θᾱιάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] θᾱιῶλ

D θᾱινῖζη νῖο θᾱιῇζη ῇο θᾱινῖζη νῖο

A θᾱινύο θᾱιάο (ᾱ) θᾱιά

Singular

Masc Fem Neut

N θίινο θίιε θίινλ

G θίινπ νην [νν] θίιεο θίινπ νην [νν]

D θίιῳ θίιῃ θίιῳ

A θίινλ θίιελ θίινλ

V

Dual

N A V θίισ θίιᾱ θίισ

G D θίινηηλ θίιῃηλ θίινηηλ

Plural

N θίινη θίιαη θίια

G θίισλ θηιάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] θίισλ

D θίινηζη νηο θίιῃζη ῃο θίινηζη νηο

A θίινπο θίιᾱο θίια

V θίινη θίιαη θίια

65 Vocabulary

ἀγιαόο ή όλ bright shining splendid glorious

ἀλά ἄλ (adv prep + gen dat acc) upon on thereon along up through

ἀπεξείζηνο ε νλ boundless countless immeasureable

ἄπνηλα σλ ηά ransom

Ἀραηόο νῦ ὁ Achaean

δεηλόο ή όλ terrible awful dreadful dread fearful

ἑιώξηνλ νπ ηό booty spoils prey

ζεόο νῦ ὁ god divinity

ζῡκόο νῦ ὁ heart soul spirit courage passion

θαθόο ή όλ bad poor ugly mean cowardly evil wicked

θᾱιόο ή όλ good goodly noble handsome brave fair beautiful

ιᾱόο νῦ ὁ people host soldiery

κῡξίνη αη α countless innumerable

λνῦζνο νπ ἡ plague disease pest pestilence

νἰσλόο νῦ ὁ bird (of prey) vulture omen

πνιιόο ή όλ much many numerous

ζηξαηόο νῦ ὁ army encampment host

θίινο ε νλ dear darling lovely beloved

66 Derivatives

ἀλά (ana-) = anatomy

ἄπνηλα (apen-) = pentalty

ζεόο (theo-) = theology theocracy atheism polytheism monotheism henotheism pantheism

ιᾱόο (lao-) = laity layman

ζηξαηόο (strato-) = strategy strategic strategical

67 Translation Exercises

1 ἀγιαὰ ἄπνηλα θέξνπζηλ Ἀραηνὶ εἰο ζηξαηόλ 2 θέξνκελ ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 3 ζεὸο ηεύρεη

πνιινὺο Ἀραηνὺο ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζηλ 4 ἦζαλ Ἀραηνὶ θαθνί 5 νὐθ ἦζαλ θαθνί θᾱινὶ δέ λνῦζνο θαθὴ ὀιέθεη ιᾱὸλ

θᾱιόλ 6 Ἀραηνὶ πέκπνπζηλ ἄπνηλα κῡξίrsquo εἰο πάηξελ 7 ζεὸο βαίλεη ἐο ζηξαηόλ ὀιέθεη δὲ ιᾱὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 8 ηίο

ἀηῑκάδεη ζενὺο θᾱινύο 9 θαθνὶ ιᾱνὶ ἀηῑκάδνπζη ζενὺο πάηξεο 10 ζεὸο πέκπεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ

Ἀραηῶλ νὐ γὰξ ηειείνπζη βνπιὴλ ζεῶλ πάηξεο 11 βαίλεη ἐπὶ ζάιαζζαλ δεηλὴλ θαὶ ηεύρεη ππξὰο (ᾱ) πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἀλὰ

ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 12 ἔρνπζηλ ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα Ἀραηῶλ ἐλὶ ζηξαηῷ 13 βνπιὴ ζηξαηνῦ νὐρ ἁλδάλεη ζῡκῷ ζενῦ 14

ιᾱὸο Κίιιεο θίινο ἦλ ςῡρῇ ζεᾶο ζαιάζζεο 15 νὐθ ἀείδνκελ θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεῶλ ζηξαηῷ νὐ γὰξ ἁλδάλεη

Ἀραηνῖζη ζῡκῷ

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 The Achaeans bring countless splendid ransmoms into the camp 2 We carry boundless ransoms up through

the camp of the Achaeans 3 The god makes many Achaens spoils for the birds 4 Were the Achaeans evil 5 They

were not evil but good An evil pestilence destroyed the good host 6 The Achaeans send countless ransoms into

(their) fatherland 7 The god walks into the camp and destroys the host of the Achaeans 8 Who dishonors the noble

gods 9 The evil host dishonors the gods of (our) fatherlans 10 The god sends an evil plague up through the camp

of the Achaeans for they do not fulfill the will of the gods of (their) native country 11 He walks along the sea and

builds many funeral pyres throughout the camp of the Achaeans 12 They have boundless ransoms of the Achaeans

in the camp 13 The armyrsquos plan is not pleasing to the heart of the god 14 The host of Cilla was dear to the soul of

the goddess of the sea 15 We do not sing the brave plan of the goods of the camp for (that) is not pleasing to the

heart of the Achaeans

68 Composition Exercises

1 The terrible roar of the sea is pleasing to the goddess in (her) soul 2 We bring many splendid ransoms to the

army of the Achaeans 3 The god does not destroy the host of the Achaeans for they do not dishonor the gods of

(their) fatherland 4 The evil plague makes countless Achaeans a booty (use plural) for many birds 5 The people of

the Achaeans send countless shining ransoms to the goddess of the sea in Cilla 6 The Achaeans go to the sea and

sing but the noise is not pleasing to the goddess in (her) soul 7 The plague destroys the people for they dishonor

the god of Chrysa

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 θιαγγὴ δεηλὴ ἁλδάλεη ζεᾷ ςῡρῇ 2 θέξνκελ ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀγιαὰ ἐο ζηξαηῷ Ἀραηῶλ 3 ζεὸο νὐθ ὀιέθεη

ιᾱὸλ Ἀραηῶλ νὐ γὰξ ἀηῑκάδνπζη ζενὺο πάηξεο 4 θαθὴ λνῦζνο ηεύρεη κῡξίνπο Ἀραηνὺο ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζη πνιινῖζηλ

5 ιᾱὸο Ἀραηῶλ πέκπνπζη κῡξίrsquo ἄπνηλα ἀγιαὰ ζεᾷ ζαιάζζεο ἐλὶ Κίιιᾳ 6 Ἀραηνὶ βαίλνπζηλ εἰο ζάιαζζαλ θαὶ

ἀείδνπζηλ θιαγγὴ δὲ νὐρ ἁλδάλεη ζεᾷ ςῡρῇ 7 λνῦζνο ὀιέθεη ιᾱόλ ἀηῑκάδνπζη γὰξ ζεὸλ Υξύζεο (ῡ)

Lesson 7

Review

71 Review Vocabulary

ἀγιαόο ή όλ splendid ζῡκόο νῦ ὁ heart

ἀείδσ sing θαί and

ἀλ- ἀ- un- θαίσ burn

ἁλδάλσ is pleasing to θαθόο ή όλ evil

ἀπεξείζηνο ε νλ immeasurable θᾱιόο ή όλ good

ἄπνηλα σλ ηά ransom Κίιια εο ἡ Cilla

ἀηῑκάδσ dishonor θιαγγή ῆο ἡ roar

Ἀραηόο νῦ ὁ Achaean ιᾱόο νῦ ὁ host

βαίλσ go walk ιύσ loose

βνπιή ῆο ἡ plan κῡξίνη αη α countless

γάξ for λνῦζνο νπ ἡ plague

δέ but νἰσλόο νῦ ὁ bird

δεηλόο ή όλ terrible ὀιέθσ kill

εἰο (ἐο) into νὐ (νὐρ) not

εἰζί they are πάηξε εο ἡ fatherland

ἐθ (ἐμ) out of πέκπσ send

ἑιώξηνλ νπ ηό spoil πνιιόο ή όλ many

ἐλ(ί) εἰλ in ππξή ῆο ἡ funeral pyre

ἐπί upon ζηξαηόο νῦ ὁ army

ἐζηί it is ηειείσ accomplish

ἔρσ have ηεύρσ make

ἦλ it was ηίο ηί who what

ἦζαλ they were θέξσ carry

ζάιαζζα εο ἡ sea θίινο ε νλ beloved

ζεά (ᾱ) ᾶο ἡ goddess Υξύζε (ῡ) εο ἡ Chrysa

ςῡρή ῆο ἡ soul

72 Translation Exercises

1 ἀδείδνκελ ζεὰλ (ᾱ) ζαιάζζεο δεηλῆο θιαγγῇ πνιιῇ 2 νὐθ ἀηῑκάδνπζη ζενὺο 3 βνπιαὶ Ἀραηῶλ νὐρ

ἁλδάλνπζη ζεᾳ θᾱιῇ ζῡκῷ 4 βαίλεη ἐθ ζηξαηνῦ Ἀραηῶλ εἰο Κίιιαλ θαὶ θέξεη ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα ζεῷ 5 λνῦζνο θαθὴ

βαίλεη ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ θαὶ ηεύρεη πνιινὺο Ἀραηνὺο ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζηλ 6 θαὶ ζενὶ θαὶ ζεαὶ ὀιέθνπζη ιᾱὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 7 ηίο

Ἀραηῶλ ἔρεη ζῡκὸλ θαθόλ 8 ἦζαλ πνιιαὶ ζεαὶ ἐλὶ ζαιάζζῃ 9 θαίεη ππξὰο (ᾱ) ἐπὶ ζαιάζζῃ 10 ιύεηε ζηξαηὸλ

Ἀραηῶλ 11 πάηξε ἐζηὶ θίιε ςῡρῇ κῡξίσλ Ἀραηῶλ 12 ηίο πέκπεη ζηξαηὸλ ἐθ Κίιιεο εἰο Υξύζελ (ῡ) 13 βνπιὴ

θαθὴ ἐζηηλ ἁλδάλεη δὲ ζεᾷ ζῡκῷ 14 ηί ἀείδεηε

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 With a great noise we hymn the goodess of the terrible sea 2 We do not dishonor the gods 3 The will of the

Achaeans does not please the heart of the beautiful goddess 4 He goes from the Achaean camp to Cilla and delivers

countless ransoms to the god 5 An evil plague goes up through the camp and makes many Achaeans spoils for the

vultures 6 Both gods and goddesses destroy the host of the Achaeans 7 Who of the Achaeans has an evil heart 8

Were there many goddesses in the sea 9 He burns funeral pyres by the sea 10 You destroy the camp of the

Achaeans 11 The fatherland is dear to the soul of countless Achaeans 12 Who dispatches the army from Cilla to

Chrysa 13 It is an evil plan but it pleases the heart of the goddess 14 What do you sing

73 Composition Exercises

1 The Achaeans sing the beautiful goddess of the terrible sea 2 We do not dishonor the gods for they are dear

to (our) souls 3 The plans of the army are pleasing to the goddess in (her) noble soul 4 Many Achaeans are going

from the encampment and are bringing countless glorious ransoms to the gods 5 The evil plague destroys the

people and makes the army a booty for countless birds 6 We do not sing for it is not pleasing to the soul of the

goddess

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 Ἀραηνὶ ἀείδνπζη ζεὰλ (ᾱ) θᾱιὴλ δεηλῆο ζαιάζζεο 2 νὐθ ἀηῑκάδνκελ ζενὺο θίινη δὲ ζῡκνῖζηλ 3 βνπιαὶ

ζηξαηῷ ἁλδάλνπζη ζεᾷ ζῡκῷ 4 Ἀραηνὶ πνιινὶ βαίλνπζηλ ἐθ ζηξαηνῦ θαὶ θέξνπζηλ ἄπνηλα ἀπεξείζηα θαὶ ἀγιαὰ

ζενῖζηλ 5 θαθὴ λνῦζνο ὀιέθεη ιᾱὸλ θαὶ ηεύρεη ζηξαηὸλ ἄπνηλα νἰσλνῖζηλ ἀπεξείζηνῐζηλ 6 νὐθ ἀείδνκελ νὐθ γὰξ

ἁλδάλεη ςῡρῇ ζεᾶο

Lesson 8

(765-766 773-774)

81 The Second Declension (Continued)

Several words are declined like θᾱιόο ή όλ except that the nominative vocative and accusative singular of

the neuter ends in -o instead of -νλ Some of these words include ὅο ἥ ὅ (which) ὁ ἡ ηό (that) (ἐ)θεῖλνο ε ν

(that) αὐηόο ή ό (he she it) and ἄιινο ε ν (another)

The words ὅδε and νὗηνο are not introduced in this lesson but they are dleclined similarly and so are included

in the paradigms as reference

ὁ ἡ ηό (that hesheit whowhichwhat)

Masc Fem Neut

N ὁ ἡ ηό

G ηνῦ ηνῖν ηῆο ηνῦ ηνῖν

D ηῷ ηῇ ηῷ

A ηόλ ηήλ ηό

N A ηώ (ηώ) ηώ

G D ηνῖηλ (ηνῖηλ) ηνῖηλ

N νἱ αἱ ηά

G ηῶλ ηάσλ (ᾱ) [ηῶλ] ηῶλ

D ηνῖζη ηνῖο ηῇζη ηῇο ηνῖζη ηνῖο

A ηνύο ηάο (ᾱ) ηά

αὐηόο ή ό (hesheit self same)

Masc Fem Neut

N αὐηόο αὐηή αὐηό

G αὐηνῦ νῖν αὐηῆο αὐηνῦ νῖν

D αὐηῷ αὐηῇ αὐηῷ

A αὐηόλ αὐηήλ αὐηό

N A αὐηώ (αὐηώ) αὐηώ

G D αὐηνῖηλ (αὐηνῖηλ) αὐηνῖηλ

N αὐηνί αὐηαί αὐηά

G αὐηῶλ αὐηάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] αὐηῶλ

D αὐηνῖζη νῖο αὐηῇζη ῇο αὐηνῖζη νῖο

A αὐηνύο αὐηάο (ᾱ) αὐηά

ὅο ἥ ὅ (whowhichwhat)

Masc Fem Neut

N ὅο ἥ ὅ

G νὖ [ὅνπ ὅν] ἥο νὗ [ὅνπ ὅν]

D ᾧ ᾗ ᾧ

A ὅλ ἥλ ὅ

N A ὥ (ὥ) ὥ

G D νἷηλ (νἷηλ) νἶηλ

N νἵ αἵ ἅ

G ὧλ ὧλ ὧλ

D νἷζη νἷο ᾗζη ᾗο νἷζη νἷο

A νὕο ἅο (ᾱ) ἅ

(ἐ)θεῖλνο ε ν (that)

Masc Fem Neut

N (ἐ)θεῖλνο (ἐ)θείλε (ἐ)θεῖλν

G (ἐ)θείλνπ νην (ἐ)θείλεο (ἐ)θείλνπ νην

D (ἐ)θείλῳ (ἐ)θείλῃ (ἐ)θείλῳ

A (ἐ)θεῖλνλ (ἐ)θείλελ (ἐ)θεῖλν

N A (ἐ)θείλσ ((ἐ)θείλσ) (ἐ)θείλσ

G D (ἐ)θείλνηηλ ((ἐ)θείλνηηλ) (ἐ)θείλνηηλ

N (ἐ)θεῖλνη (ἐ)θεῖλαη (ἐ)θεῖλα

G (ἐ)θείλσλ (ἐ)θεηλάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] (ἐ)θείλσλ

D (ἐ)θείλνηζη νηο (ἐ)θείλῃζη ῃο (ἐ)θείλνηζη νηο

A (ἐ)θείλνπο (ἐ)θείλᾱο (ἐ)θεῖλα

ὅδε ἥδε ηόδε (this)

Masc Fem Neut

N ὅδε ἥδε ηόδε

G ηνύδε ηνῖνδε ηῆζδε ηνύδε ηνῖνδε

D ηῷδε ηῇδε ηῷδε

A ηόλδε ηήλδε ηόδε

N A ηώδε (ηώδε) ηώδε

G D ηνῖηλδε (ηνῖηλδε) ηνῖηλδε

N νἵδε (ηνίδε) αἵδε (ηαίδε) ηάδε

G ηῶλδε ηάσλδε (ᾱ) [ηῶλδε] ηῶλδε

D ηνῖζηδε ηνῖζδε ηῇζηδε ηῇζδε ηνῖζηδε ηνῖζδε

ηνίζδεζη ηνίζδεζη

ηνίζδεζζη ηνίζδεζζη

A ηνύζδε ηάζδε (ᾱ) ηάδε

νὗηνο αὕηε ηνῦην (this)

Masc Fem Neut

N νὗηνο αὕηε ηνῦην

G ηνύηνπ νην ηαύηεο ηνύηνπ νην

D ηνύηῳ ηαύηῃ ηνύηῳ

A ηνῦηνλ ηαύηελ ηνῦην

N A ηνύησ (ηνύησ) ηνύησ

G D ηνύηνηηλ (ηνύηνηηλ) ηνύηνηηλ

N νὗηνη αὗηαη ηαῦηα

G ηνύησλ ηαῡηάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] ηνύησλ

D ηνύηνηζη νηο ηαύηῃζη ῃο ηνύηνηζη νηο

A ηνύηνπο ηαύηᾱο ηαῦηα

82 Vocabulary

ἀιιά but moreover

ἄιινο ε νλ other another

αὐηόο ή ό self him himself her herself it itself same

δῖνο α νλ (declined like ζάιαζζα) divine heavenly glorious

(ἐ)θεῖλνο ε ν that (one) he she it

ἑθεβόινο νπ ὁ free-shooter sharpshooter (originally shoots-at-will a title for Apollo)

θαθῶο evilly wickedly harshly with evil consequences

ὁ ἡ ηό this that he she it who which what

νὕλεθα (νὗ-ἔλεθα) because

ζθῆπηξνλ νπ ηό scepter staff

ηέ and also both

ρξύζενο (ῡ) ε νλ gold golden of gold

83 Derivatives

ἄιινο (allo-) = allopathy

αὐηόο (auto-) = automaton autocracy autograph autonomy

ρξύζενο (ῡ) (chryse-) = chrysanthemum chrysalis chrysolite

84 Translation Excersis

1 δῖνο ἑθεβόινο αὐηὸο ἀείδεη ἀιιrsquo νὐρ ἁλδάλεη ἄιινηζη ζενῖζη ζῡκῷ 2 θεῖλνη Ἀραηνὶ ἀηῑκάδνπζη ηνὺο ζενύο

3 ὁ ἑθεβόινο πέκπεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ θαθῶο ὀιέθεη θεῖλνλ ιᾱόλ νὕλεθα ηὸλ ἀηῑκάδνπζηλ 4

νὐθ ἀηῑκάδνκελ ηνὺο ζενύο νἳ ἔρνπζη ζθῆπηξα ρξύζεα (ῡ) 5 ὁ ἑθεβόινο ηε θαὶ νἱ ἄιινη ζενὶ θέξνπζη ρξύζεα (ῡ)

ζθῆπηξα θᾱιά 6 ηίο ηεύρεη ηὰ ζθῆπηξα ρξύζεα (ῡ) ηνῖζη ζενῖο ζαιάζζεο 7 ἀείδεη ἑθεβόινο αὐηὸο βνπιὰο (ᾱ)

ἄιισλ ζεῶλ ηνῖζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ 8 εἰζὶλ νἱ Ἀραηνὶ θᾱινί νἱ ὀιέθνπζη ηὸλ ζηξαηὸλ θαίνπζί ηε ηὰο (ᾱ) ππξάο (ᾱ) 9 ἡ

ζεὰ (ᾱ) ηῆο δεηλῆο ζαιάζζεο ἔρεη ηὸ ζθῆηξνλ ρξύζενλ (ῡ) 10 ἐλὶ ηῇ πάηξε εἰζὶλ αἱ ππξαί 11 ηίο ηεύρεη ηὸλ

ζηξαηὸλ ἑιώξηα ηνῖζηλ νἰσλνῖζηλ

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 The divine free-shooter himself sings but it does not please the hearts of the other gods 2 Those Achaeans

dishonor these gods 3 This free-shooter sends an evil plague up through the camp of the Achaeans and wickedly

destroys that host because they dishonor him 4 We do not dishonor these gods who hold the golden scepters 5

Both this free-shooter and these other gods carry beautiful golden scepters 6 Who fashions the golden scepters for

these gods of the sea 7 Does the free-shooter himself sing the plans of the other gods to these Achaeans 8 Are

these Achaeans noble who destroy (our) camp and burn funeral pyres 9 This goddess of the terrible sea holds a

golden scepter 10 The funeral pyrers are in (our) fatherland 11 Who makes (our) camp a spoil for these vultures

85 Composition Exercises

1 ἑθεβόινο αὐηὸο ἀείδεη ηὰο (ᾱ) βνπιὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) ζεῶλ 2 ηί νὐρ ἁλδάλεη ηνῖο ἄιινηζη ζενῖζηλ νἳ ἐλὶ

ζαιάζζῃ 3 ἐθεῖλνο Ἀραηὸο ἀηῑκάδεη ηνὺο ζενὺο πάηξεο νἱ ἔρνπζη ηὰ ζθῆπηξα ρξύζεα (ῡ) 4 ὁ ἑθεβόινο πέκπεη

λνύζνπο πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θαθὰο (ᾱ) ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ ὀιέθεη κῡξίνπο ιᾱνύο νὕλεθα ηὸλ ἀηῑκάδνπζηλ 5 ηίο

θαίεη ηὰο (ᾱ) ππξὰο (ᾱ) Ἀραηῶλ ἐπὶ δεηλῇ ζαιάζζῃ 6 ὁ ἑθεβόινο ηεύρεη κῡξίνπο Ἀραίνπο ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζηλ νὕλεθα

ηὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) ζεὰο (ᾱ) ζαιάζζεο ἀηῑκάδνπζηλ

Lesson 9

(830-840 904)

91 The Verbal Augment

Greek verbs frequently add a prefix to a verb (in the secondary tenses of the idicative) to indicate action

occurring in the past This prefix is called an augment Verbal augments take one of two forms the syllabic

augment which consists of adding an extra syllable to the beginning of a word and the temporal augment which

consists of lengthening the first syllable of a word While the augment is consistently applied in later dialects of

Greek it was still optional in Homeric and is often omitted (the tense being determined solely from the suffixes)

The syllabic augment is applied to verbs that begin with a consonant (or rare verbs that originally began with a

consonant) and consists of the prefix ε- Thus ιύνκελ = we loose (present tense) but ἐιύνκελ = we were loosing

(past tense) Some Greek words originally began with a ϝ or an ζ that later disappeared (usually replace with the

rough breathing) In those cases the augment is sometimes syllabic reflecting the earlier practice The word ἁλδάλσ

for example was originally ζϝαλδάλσ (swandano) The original augmented form of the imperfect was ἐζϝάλδαλνλ

(eswandano) When the ζϝ- was dropped the syllabic augment was retained ἑάλδαλνλ (heandano)

When a verb has lost an initial ζ the syllabic augment frequently contracts with the initial vowel For example

the word ἔρσ was originally ζέρσ The original augmented imperfect was ἔζερνλ When the initial ζ disappeared

the result was ἔερνλ which contracted to εἶρνλ (because εε usually contracts to εη) This pattern is also sometimes

present in verbs that originally began with ϝ such as ϝίδνλ =gt ἐϝηδνλ = ἔηδνλ = εἶδνλ

The temporal augment consists of lengthening an initial vowel and occurs in most Greek verbs that begin with

an initial vowel In general initial α or ε becomes ε initial η ν or π becomes ῑ initial αη and ᾳ become ῃ and initial

νη becomes ῳ Thus ἄγνκελ (we lead) becomes ἤγνκελ (we were leading) If the verb already begins with a long

vowel (ε ῃ ῑ ῡ σ ῳ) there is usually no change

Verbs that begin with ξ usually double the ξ when adding the syllabic augment This feature also sometimes

occurs in verbs beginning with ι κ λ or ζ

Compound verbs are usually formed from a combination of preposition + verb such as ἀπό (away from) + ιύσ

(loosen) = ἀπνιύσ (set free turn loose) In compound verbs a temporal augment is inserted between the preposition

and the verb If the preposition ends in a vowel the vowel is usually elided Thus ἀπνιύνκελ (we set free) becomes

ἀπειύνκελ (elided from ἀπνειύνκελ we were setting free)

92 The Imperfect Tense

The imperfect denotes continuous action in past time and typically corresponds to the past participle in English

Thus ἔιπνλ (imperfect) = I was loosing Occasionally the Greek imperfect is best translated by the simple past tense

in English The imperfect tense is formed by adding the secondary tense endings (which will be described in a later

lesson) to the augmented stem of the verb

In the paradigm below the unaugmented form is shown in brackets

Imperfect Tense

S 1st Pers ἔιπνλ [ιύνλ] I was loosing

2nd

Pers ἔιπεο [ιύεο] you were loosing

3rd

Pers ἔιπε(λ) [ιύε(λ)] he she it was loosing

D 2nd

Pers ἐιύεηνλ [ιύεηνλ] you (two) were loosing the pair of you were loosing

3rd

Pers ἐιπέηελ [ιπέηελ] they (two) were loosing the pair of them were loosing

P 1st Pers ἐιύνκελ [ιύνκελ] we were loosing

2nd

Pers ἐιύεηε [ιύεηε] you (ye) were loosing

3rd

Pers ἐιύνλ [ιύνλ] they were loosing

93 Vocabulary

ἄιιῃ elsewhere

Ἀξγεῖνο νπ ὁ Argive

-δε (suffix + acc) to

δηά (adv) between among (+gen) through (+acc) through by means

of on account of during

δηίθηινο (ῑ) ε νλ dear to Zeus

εἴξσ speak say tell

ἐκόο ή όλ my mine

ἔξγνλ νπ ηό (ϝέξγνλ) work deed accomplishment

-ζελ (suffix gen ending) from

Κιπηαηκήζηξε εο ἡ Clytaemnestra

(also Κιπηαηκλήζηξε)

καληνζύλε εο ἡ gift of prophesy

νἶθνο νπ ὁ house home

ιύκπηνο ε νλ Olympian

Ὄιπκπνο νπ ὁ Olympus

Πξίακνο νπ ὁ Priam

ζόο ζή ζόλ your yours

εἶρνλ (imperfect of ἔρσ) I was having I had

94 Derivatives

95 Translation Exercises

1 ὁ ἑθεβόινο δηὰ καληνζύλελ εἴξεη βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ηῶλ ζεῶλ Ἀξγείνηζηλ 2 νἱ ιύκπηνη ζενὶ εἶρνλ νἴθνπο ἐλ

ιύκπῳ 3 ὁ ἑθεβόινο δηίθηινο (ῑ) ἔηεπρε ηνὺο Ἀξγείνπο Ἀραηνύο ηε ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζηλ 4 Ἀραηνὶ Ἀξγεῖνί ηrsquo

ἔηεπρνλ ἔξγα θαθὰ δηὰ βνπιὴλ ζεᾶο 5 Κιπηαηκήζηξε δηὰ ηὸλ ζῡκὸλ ἔηεπρελ ηὰ ἔξγα δεηλά 6 Πξίακνο ιᾱόο ηε

Πξηάκνπ ὤιεθνλ πνιινὺο Ἀξγείνπο 7 ηίο εἴξεη ηὰ ζὰ ἔξγα θαθὰ Πξηάκῳ 8 ηὰ ἔξγα ἐκά ἐζηη θᾱιά νὕλεθα ἔηεπρνλ

βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεῶλ θαὶ ζεάσλ (ᾱ) δηὰ ηὴλ καληνζύλελ 9 ἐπέκπνκελ ηὰ ρξύζεα (ῡ) ζθῆπηξα εἰο νἶθνλ Πξηάκῳ 10

ἐθαίεηε ηὰο (ᾱ) ππξὰο (ᾱ) δεηλῇ θιαγγῇ 11 νὐρ ἥλδαλε ἡ βνπιὴ ζεᾷ ζαιάζζεο ζῡκῷ 12 αἱ ζεαὶ ἀείδνπζη ηὰ θᾱιὰ

ἔξγα ηῶλ ζεῶλ ἑθεβόινο δὲ βαίλεη ἄιιῃ 13 εἶρε Πξίακνο ἀγιαὸλ θαὶ θᾱιὸλ νἶθνλ

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 This free-shooter relates the plans of the gods to the Argives through prophesy 2 These Olympian gods had

homes on Olympus 3 This free-shooter beloved of Zeus made both the Argives and the Achaeans prey for the

vultures 4 Both the Achaeans and the Argives committed evil deeds through the will of the goddess 5 Because of

her heart Clytaemnestra wrought these terrible deeds 6 Both Priam and the host of Priam killed many Argives 7

Who relates these evil deeds of yours to Priam 8 These works of mine are noble because through prophesy I

accomplished the of the gods and goddess 9 We sent the golden scepters to the house of Priam 10 Were you

burning the funeral pyres with a terrible uproar 11 Does the plan not please the heart of the goddess of the sea 12

The goddesses sing the noble deeds of the gods but the free-shooter walks elsewhere 13 Priam had a splendid and

beautiful home

96 Composition Exercises

1 Who brought these countless shining ransoms to the beautiful home of Priam 2 The Achaeans and the

Argives burned many funeral pyres in your beloved fatherland 3 Clytaemnestra was wicked and performed many

dreadful deeds 4 Through the gift of prophesy we tell many glorious deeds of the gods and goddesses who have

Olympian homes 5 My deeds are noble but yours are cowardly 6 The gods sent an evil plague up through the

camp and destroyed many Achaeans because they dishonored the free-shooter 7 It was not pleasing to

Clytaemnestra in (her) wicked soul

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 ηίο ἔθεξε ηὰο ἄπνηλα ἀγιαὰ εἰο νἶθνλ θᾱιὸλ Πξηάκνπ 2 Ἀραηνὶ θαὶ Ἀξγεῖνη ἔθαηνλ ππξὰο (ᾱ) πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἐλ

ζῇ πάηξῃ θᾱιῇ 3 Κιπηαηκλήζηξε θαθὴ ἦλ θαὶ ἔηεπρελ ἄξγα πνιιὰ θαὶ δεηλά 4 δηὰ καληνζύλελ εἴξνκελ ἔξγα

πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀγιαὰ ζεῶλ θαὶ ζεάσλ (ᾱ) νἳ ἔρνπζηλ νἴθνπο ιπκπίνπο 5 ἔξγα ἐκὰ θᾱιή εἰζηλ ζὰ δὲ θαθά 6 ζενὶ

ἔπεκπνλ λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ θαὶ ὤιεθνλ Ἀραίνπο πνιινύο νὕλεθα ἠηίκαδνλ (ῑ) ἑθεβόινλ 7 νὐρ ἥλδαλε

Κιπηαηκλήζηξῃ ζῡκῷ θαθῷ

Lesson 10

(841-857 904)

101 Formation of the Aorist and Future Tenses

The first aorist is a secondary tense formed by adding -ζ(ζ)α to the augmented verb stem followed by the

personal endings of the secondary tense If the verb stem ends in a consonant or a long vowel only a single ζ is

added If the stem ends in a short vowel either one or two sigmas may be added A few aorists (called ldquomixed

aoristsrdquo) are formed by adding -ζ followed by the thematic vowel and the personal endings for the secondary tenses

to the augmented stem

The future is formed by adding -ζ followed by the thematic vowel and the personal endings for the primary

tenses

If the verb stem ends in a long vowel the stem is not affected by the addition of the suffixes for the future or

aorist tenses If the stem ends in a short vowel it is regularly lengthened in all tenses except the present and the

imperfect There are however a few exceptions to this pattern In most cases these verbs add ζ before the personal

endings of the perfect middle and aorist passive

102 Classification of Verbs

Verbs are classified into four groups according to the final letter of the stem vowel verbs liquid verbs nasal

verbs and mute verbs

When -ζ is added to the end of a mute verb a labial combines with ζ to form ς a palatal combines with ζ to

form μ and a lingual is dropped (leaving only ζ)

When -ζ is added to the end of a liquid or nasal verb it is usually preceded by -ε and the ζ is dropped in

contraction Thus βαιισ = βαιέζσ = βαιέσ In rare cases the ε is dropped and the ζ retained In some vowel-stem

verbs where the final vowel is preceded by a liquid or nasal the verb behaves as a liquidnasal and adds -εζ to the

stem θαιέσ (present) = θαιέζσ (future) = θαιέσ (future contracted) The formations in which the ζ is dropped

after α or ε are sometimes called ldquoAttic futuresrdquo

Verbs with liquid and nasal stems regularly form the aorist by dropping the ζ and lengthening the stem vowel

A few verbs have active forms in the present tense but middle forms in the future tense ἀθνύσ (I hear) but

ἀθνύζνκαη (I will hear)

103 Paradigms Future and First Aorist of ιύσ

Future

S 1st Pers ιύζσ (ῡ) I shall loose

2nd

Pers ιύζεηο (ῡ) you will loose

3rd

Pers ιύζεη (ῡ) he she it will loose

D 2nd

Pers ιύζεηνλ (ῡ) you (two) will loose

3rd

Pers ιύζεηνλ (ῡ) they (two) will loose

P 1st Pers ιύζνκελ (ῡ) we shall loose

2nd

Pers ιύζεηε (ῡ) you (ye) will loose

3rd

Pers ιύζνπζη(λ) (ῡ) they will loose

First Aorist

S 1st Pers ἔιῡζα I loosed

2nd

Pers ἔιῡζαο you loosed

3rd

Pers ἔιῡζε(λ) he she it loosed

D 2nd

Pers ἐιύζαηνλ (ῡ) you (two) loosed

3rd

Pers ἔιῡζάηελ they (two) loosed

P 1st Pers ἐιύζακελ (ῡ) we loosed

2nd

Pers ἐιύζαηε (ῡ) you (ye) loosed

3rd

Pers ἔιῡζαλ they loosed

104 Vocabulary

ἄγσ ἄμσ ἤγαγνλ lead drive conduct bring carry

ἀλάζζσ (ϝαλαθ-) ἀλάμσ ἠλαμα (+gen) rule (over) guard protect

ἄξηζηνο ε νλ best noblest bravest fairest

αὖηηο (back) again anew

Γαλαόο νῦ ὁ Danaan

ἑθαηόκβε εο ἡ hecatomb sacrifice

ζάλαηνο νπ ὁ death

Ἴιηνο νπ ἡ Ilium Troy the region around Troy

κεγάζῡκνο ε νλ great-souled brave

ὄρα far much considerably

πέζσ (πεηζ- πνηζ- πηζ-) πείζσ ἔπεηζα (πέπηζνλ) persuade win over mislead

θηιέσ θηιήζσ ἐθίιεζα love cherish entertain hospitably

εἶπνλ εἶπεο εἶπε(λ) θηι 2nd

aor speak say tell etc

ἔβεζα ἔβεζαο ἔβεζε(λ) θηι 1st aor come go walk etc

105 Derivatives

ἄγσ (ag-) = pedagogue demagogue synagogue

ἄξηζηνο (arist-) = aristocracy

ζάλαηνο (thanat-) = thanatopsis euthanasia

106 Translation Exercises

1 ηίο ἦλ ὄρrsquo ἄξηζηνο Γαλαῶλ 2 Πξίακνο κεγάζῡκνο ἤλαζζελ Ἰιίνπ 3 νὐθ αὖηηο ἄμνπζη Γαλανὶ κεγάζῡκνη

ἑθαηόκβᾱο πνιιὰο (ᾱ) εἰο Υξύζελ (ῡ) 4 νὐθ ἔπεηζαλ ἑθεβόινλ πνιιῇο ἑθαηόβῃζη θᾱιῇζηλ 5 νὐ θηιήζνκελ ζενύο

νὕλεθα θᾱινὶ εἰζηλ 6 Γαλανὶ ηεύμνπζη ζάλαηνλ Πξηάκῳ ἐλ Ἰιίῳ 7 ἐθίιεζα ζεὰλ (ᾱ) ζαιάζζεο ἀιιrsquo νὐρ ἥλδαλε

ἑθεβόιῳ ζῡκῷ 8 ἀείζνκελ θαὶ πείζνκελ ζενύο 9 ὄρrsquo ἄξηζνη ἐλ Ἰιίῳ ηὰ εἶπνλ Πξηάκῳ ἀιιὰ ηνὺο ἠηῑκάζελ 10

Πξίακνο ἔπεκςε ηὸλ ζηξαηὸλ ἄξηζηνλ ἐπrsquo Ἀξγείνηζηλ 11 ἔβεζαλ αὖηηο Γαλανὶ εἰο Ἴιηνλ ἀιιrsquo νὐθ ἔπεηζαλ

Πξίακνλ 12 ἀείζνκελ ἑθεβόινλ ὄρrsquo ἄξηζηνλ ζεῶλ νὕλεθrsquo ἤγαγε Γαλανὺο εἰο Ἴιηνλ

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 Who was by far the noblest of the Danaans 2 Great-souled Priam ruled Ilium 3 Not agan will the great-

souled Danaans lead many sacrifices into Chrysa 4 They did not persuade the free-shooter with many goodly

sacrifices 5 Do we not love the gods because they are good 6 The Danaans will prepare death for Priam in Ilium

7 I loved the goddess of the sea but it was not pleasing to the heart of the free-shooter 8 We will sing and

persuade the gods 9 By far the noblest in Ilium this they say of Priam but he (is the one) he dishonored () 10

Priam sent the best army against the Argives 11 The Danaans went back to Ilium but they did not persuade Priam

12 We hymn the free-shooter greatest of the gods because he led the Danaans into Ilium

107 Composition Exercises

1 The great-souled Achaeans will not persuade the free-shooter with goodly hecatombs but he will prepare evil

death for the people 2 The noblest of the Achaeans went to Ilium but they did not persuade the soul of Priam 3

We shall sing because the gods have led (aor) the people into Troy 4 We shall have many shining golden scepters

5 Did you not love the gods who have Olympian homes 6 Priam shall not rule Ilium again for the Achaeans will

prepare evil death for him 7 Does he speak to the beautiful goddess of the sea 8 They will persuade the souls of

the gods with many hecatombs

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 Ἀραηνὶ κεγάζῡκνη νὐ πείζνπζηλ ἑθεβόινλ πνιιῇο ἑθαηόκβῆζηλ ἀιιὰ ηεύμεη ζάλαηνλ θαθὸλ ιᾱνῖζηλ 2

ἄξηζηνη Ἀραηῶλ ἔβεζαλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ ἀιιrsquo νὐθ ἔπεηζαλ ζῡκὸλ Πξηάκῳ 3 ἀείζνκελ νὕλεθα ζενὺο ἤγαγνλ ιᾱὸλ εἰο

Ἴιηνλ 4 ἕζρνκελ πνιιὰ ρξύζεα (ῡ) ἀγιαὰ ζθῆπηξα 5 νὐθ ἐθηιήζαηε ζενὺο νἳ ἔρνπζηλ νἴθνπο ιπκπίνπο 6 νὐθ

αὖηηο ἀλάζζεη Πξίακνο Ἰιίνπ Ἀραηνὶ γὰξ ηεύμνπζη ζάλαηνλ θαθὸλ αὐηῷ 7 εἴξεη ζεᾷ θᾱιᾷ ζαιάζζεο 8 πείζνπζη

ζῡκνὺο ζεῶλ πνιιῇο ἑθαηόκβῃζηλ

Lesson 11

(664-675 838-839)

111 First Declension Masculine Nouns

First declension masculines typically end in -εο -ᾱο or -ᾰο in the nominative and are declined exactly the same

as their feminine counterparts (with the exception of the nominative singular which adds -ο the genitive singular

which regularly ends in -ᾱν and the vocative singular which ends in -ε -ᾱ or -ᾰ) Those ending in -εο retain -ε

throughout the singular those ending in -ᾱο retain the -ᾱ throughout the singular and those ending in -ᾰο take the -ε

ending in the dative

Masculines ending in -δεο take -ε in the vocative singular while those ending in -ηεο (as well as compound

nouns and the names of nationalities) regularly take -ᾰ Those ending in -ᾱο take the the nominative singular in -ᾱ

A very few first declension adjectives take a masculine ending in -ᾰ (without the final -ο) Many of these also

have an alternative form that ends in the more common -εο Those that do not have an alternative form in -εο usually

have the recessive accent (a feature inherited from the Aeolic influence in Homer) The only masculine noun ending

in -ᾰ in the nominative is the name Θύεζηα (Thyestes)

First declension masculine nouns typically follow the paradigms for Ἀηξεΐδεο (Atreides son of Atreus) Αἰλείᾱο

(Aeneas) and αἰρκεηήο (spearman warrior)

Ἀηξεΐδεο ᾱν ὁ Αἰλείᾱο ᾱν ὁ αἰρκεηήο ᾱν ὁ

(Αηξεϝηδᾱ-) (Αἰλεηᾱ-) (αἰρκεηᾱ-)

N Ἀηξεΐδεο Αἰλείᾱο αἰρκεηήο [ά]

G Ἀηξεΐδᾱν [εσ] Αἰλείᾱν [σ] αἰρκεηᾶν [έσ]

D Ἀηξεΐδῃ Αἰλείᾳ αἰρκεηῇ

A Ἀηξεΐδελ Αἰλείαλ αἰρκεηήλ

V Ἀηξεΐδε Αἰλείᾱ αἰρκεηά

N A V Ἀηξεΐδᾱ αἰρκεηά (ᾱ)

G D Ἀηξεΐδῃηλ αἰρκεηῇηλ

N V Ἀηξεΐδαη αἰρκεηαί

G Ἀηξετδάσλ (ᾱ) αἰρκεηάσλ (ᾱ)

[έσλ ῶλ] [έσλ ῶλ]

D Ἀηξεΐδῃζη ῃο αἰρκεηῇζη ῇο

A Ἀηξεΐδᾱο αἰρκεηάο (ᾱ)

112 Compound Verbs

Compound verbs are formed from a preposition or adverb coupled with a verb such as ἀλαβαίλσ (ascend)

formed from ἀλα (up) and βαίλσ (go) If the preposition ends in a vowel and the verb begins with a vowel the vowel

of the preposition is usually elided as in δηίζηεκη (δηὰ ἰζηεκη) ἁθαηξέσ (ἀπὸ αἱξέσ)

The augment occurs between the preposition and the verb When two vowels are thus brought together the first

vowel is usually elided leaving the augment Thus ἀπνιύσ (I release present) ἀπέιπνλ (I was releasing

imperfect) ἀπέιῡζα (I released aorist)

113 Vocabulary

ἀλαβαίλσ ἀλαβήζσ ἀλέβεζα go up ascend embark

ἀπνιύσ ἀπνιύζσ (ῡ) ἀπέιῡζα loose set free release

Ἀηξεΐδεο -ᾱν ὁ Atreides son of Atreus (usually refers to Agamemnon)

θαηαθεύσ θαηαθαύζσ θαηέθεα burn consume

θειεύσ - ἔθιπνλ (+gen) hear hearken to

κεηέεηπνλ κεηεῖπνλ (2nd

aor of εἴξσ) spoke among addressed spoke to

ὅηε when whenever

Πειεηάδεο ᾱν (εσ) ὁ Peleiades son of Peleus (used in reference to Achilles)

πξνζέεηπνλ πξνζεῖπνλ (2nd

aor of εἴξσ) addressed spoke to

ηόηε then at that time

ρνιόσ ρνιώζσ ἐρόισζα anger enrage vex

Υξύζεο (ῡ) ᾱν (εσ) ὁ Chryses

Verbs

ἀλαβαίλσ

stem ἀλα + βαλ- βα-

future ἀλαβήζσ (rarely ἀλαβήζνκαη)

1st aorist ἀλέβεζα (rarely 2

nd aor ἀλέβελ)

ἀπνιύσ

stem ἀπό + ιύσ

future ἀπνιύζσ (ῡ)

1st aorist ἀπέιῡζα

θαηαθαίσ

stem θαηά + θαπ- θαϝ- θαη-

future θαηαθαύζσ (assumed form)

1st aorist θαηέθεα

θειεύσ (Attic)

stem θιεπ- θιεϝ- θιπ-

future none

2nd

aorist ἐθιπνλ

ρνιόσ

stem ρνιν-

future ρνιώζσ

1st aorist ἐρόισζα

Notes

In Homeric Greek the stem vowel is usually lengthened before -ζ hence ἀλαβαίλσ =gt ἀλαβήζσ =gt

ἀλέβεζα ἀπνιύσ =gt ἀπνιύζσ (ῡ) =gt ἀπέιῡζα

ἀλαβαίλσ also has a 2nd

aorist ἀλέβελ

A few verbs have active forms in the present but middle forms in the future ἀλαβαίλσ has two future

forms one active (ἀλαβήζσ) and one middle (ἀλαβήζνκαη)

Verbs with stems ending in -αηλσ originally had a consonantal η following the λ (ie ἀλαβαηλησ)

114 Translation

1 θᾱινὶ ζενὶ ἔηεπμαλ ζάλαηνλ θαθὸλ δίῳ (ῑ) Πειεηάδῃ ὁ δrsquo ἀλέβελ ππξήλ 2 ἑθεβόινο ὤιεθε ιᾱὸλ Ἀραηῶλ

νὕλεθα δῖνο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) 3 θαηέθεα ἑθαηόκβᾱο πνιιάο (ᾱ) 4 ἑθεβόινο νὐθ ἔθιπελ Ἀηξεΐδᾱν

νὕλεθα ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) 5 Υξύζεο (ῡ) κεηέεηπελ Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἀιιrsquo νὐθ Ἀηξεΐδῃ ἥλδαλε ζῡκῷ 6 ὅηε θαθῶο

πξνζέεηπελ Ἀηξεΐδεο Υξύζελ (ῡ) ηόηε ἐρόισζελ ἑθεβόινλ 7 ἀπειύζακελ (ῡ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) νὕλεθα ηὸλ

ἐθηιήζακελ 8 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἤλεηθελ ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα Ἀηξεΐδῃ 9 νἴζνκελ ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀπνιύζνκελ (ῡ)

Υξύζελ (ῡ) νὕλεθα ηὸλ ἐθηιήζακελ θαὶ θίινο ἐζηὶλ ἑθεβόιῳ 10 ηίο θέξεη ἄπνηλα Υξύζᾱν (ῡ) Ἀηξεΐδῃ 11 δῖνο

Πειεηάδεο ἐρόισζελ Ἀηξεΐδελ 12 ὅηε θαηεθήακελ πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἑθαηόκβᾱο θᾱιάο (ᾱ) ηόηε ἐπείζακελ ζῡκνὺο ζεῶλ

13 δηὰ καληνζύλελ Υξύζεο (ῡ) εἶπε βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεῶλ Ἀηξεΐδῃ Πειεηάδῃ ηε

KEY

1 The noble gods prepared evil death for the divine Peleiades and he ascended the funeral pyre 2 The free-

shooter destroyed the host of the Achaeans because the divine Atreides dishonored Chryses 3 I burned many

funeral pyres 4 The free-shooter did not hear the son of Atreus because he dishonored Chryses 5 Chryses spoke

among the Achaeans but but it did not please the heart of Atreides 6 It angered the free-shooter when the son of

Atreus spoke wickedly to Chryses 7 We released Chryses because we loved him 8 Chryses brought countless

glorious ransoms to the son of Atreus 9 We will bring many ransoms and release Chryses because we loved him

and he is dear to the free-shooter 10 Who brought the ransoms of Chryses to the son of Atreus 11 The divine

Peleiades angered the son of Atreus 12 We persuaded the hearts of the gods when we burned many good

hecatombs 13 Through prophesy Chryses spoke the will of the gods to both Atreides and Peleiades

115 Composition

1 The Achaeans ascended into Troy and killed the noble Priam 2 We burned many goodly hecatombs to the

Olympian gods 3 Chryses spoke among the Achaeans but the son of Atreus did not hearken to him 4 The

Achaeans addressed the son of Atreus but he did not free Chryses 5 The son of Atreus will bring many ransoms

into the camp of the Achaeans 6 Who will persuade the gods with many goodly hecatombs

KEY

1 Ἀραηνὶ ἀλέβεζαλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ θαὶ ὤιεμαλ θᾱιὸλ Πξηάκνλ 2 θαηέθεκελ πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) ἑθαηόκβὰο (ᾱ)

ζενῖο ιπκπίνηο 3 Υξύζεο (ῡ) κεηέεηπελ Ἀραηνῖο ἀιιrsquo Ἀηξεΐδεο ηὸλ νὐθ ἔθιπελ 4 Ἀραηνὶ πξνζέεηπνλ Ἀηξεΐδῃ

ἀιιrsquo νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε Υξύζελ (ῡ) 5 Ἀηξεΐδεο νἴζεη ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ εἰο ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 6 ηίο πείζεη ζενὺο πνιιῇο

ἑθαηόκβῃζηλ

Lesson 12

Review

121 Review Vocabulary

Lesson 13

(680-692 701-709)

(cf 897 874 886 619 841-843 576 1178 830-831 837 580 837)

131 Nouns of the Third Declension

Third declension nouns can be either masculine feminine or neuter The nominative endings can take many

forms but there are some conventions Masculine and feminine stems except those ending in λ ξ or ζ simply add

ζ to the stem and make the necessary euphonic changes Stems ending in ξ λ and ζ typically make no changes

except to lengthen the last vowel if it is short Stems ending in -λ(η) either drop the η and lengthen a short vowel or

drop the -λ(η) lengthen the vowel and add ζ Examples δαηκνλ- = δαηκσλ ζῑλ- = ζίο (ῑ) κειαλ- = κέιᾱο γεξνλη- =

γέξσλ etc Neuters typically consist of just the stem in the nominative and accusative except to drop a final -η

where it occurs

In general the stem of a third declension noun is found by dropping the -νο ending from the genitive singular

The dative singular regularly ends in -ῐ but occasionally in -ῑ

The accusative ending was originally -λ and this ending is common on stems ending in a vowel On stems

ending in a consonant the -λ was a sonant consonant which eventually came be pronounced as -ᾰ The result is that

the accusative singular usually ends in -λ for stems ending in a vowel and -ᾰ for stems ending in a consonant

Dental mute stems ending in -ηο and -πο in the nominative singular rarely drop the mute and typically adopt the -λ

accusative ending as if they were vowel stems

The dative plural is formed by adding either -εζζη (rarely -εζη) or -ζη (rarely -ζζη) and making the usual

euphonic changes Most third declension nouns thus have alternate dative plural forms as πνύο = πνζζί = πνζί =

πόδεζζη etc

The accusative plural originally ended in -λο (sonant λ) which gives -αο for stems ending in a consonant and -ῑο

and -ῡο for stems ending in a vowel A few vowel stems borrowed an -αο ending from the first declension by

analogy

The vocative singular is usually either identical to the nominative or identical to the stem alone Stems ending

in λ ξ or ο typically drop this final consonant in the vocative singular

Compensatory lengthening usually occurs in the dative plural when -λη is dropped as in γέξνληζη = γέξνπζη

132 Paradigms

Stems ending in -επ (επ) -νπ and σϝ follow the paradigms of βαζηιεύο (king βαζηιεϝ-) βνῦο (ox βνϝ-) λεῦο

(ship λᾱϝ-) and ἥξσο (hero ἡξσϝ- () or ἡξσ-)

N βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

G βαζηιῆνο [-ένο] βνόο λεόο ἥξσνο

D βαζηιῆη [-έη] βνΐ λεί ἥξση

A βαζηιῆα [-έα] βνῦλ [βῶλ] λῆα [λέα] ἥξσα

V βαζηιεῦ βνῦ λεῦ ἥξσο

N A V βαζηιῆε βόε λῆε ἥξσε

G D βαζηιήνηηλ βόνηηλ λήνηηλ ἡξώνηηλ

N V βαζηιεῆεο βόεο λῆεο ἥξσεο

G βαζηιήσλ βνῶλ λεῶλ [λεῶλ] ἡξώσλ

D βαζηιήεζζη βόεζζη λήεζζη [λέεζζἰ ἡξώεζζη

βαζηιεῦζη βνπζί λεπζί ἥξσζη

A βαζηιῆαο βόαο (βνῦο) λῆζαο (λέαο) ἥξσαο

A long vowel is typically shortened when it occurs before another vowel thus βαζηιῆνο or βαζηιένο This

convention was almost certainly consistent in pronunciation but is only occasionally represented in written form

The π in the stem of these words frequently became ϝ and subsequently disappeared as in βαζηιεπ- βαζηιεϝ-

βαζηιε-

Stems ending in η (εη) and π (επ εϝ) follow the paradigms of πόιηο (city πνιη-) πῆρπο (forearm περεϝ-) ἄζηπ

(city ἀζηεϝ-) λέθπο (corpse λεθῡ-) and δάθξπ (tear δαθξπ-)

N πόιηο πῆρπο ἄζηπ λέθῡο δάθξπ

G πόιηνο -ενο πήρενο ἄζηενο λέθπνο δάθξπνο

D πόιηη -ῑ -εη -εη πήρετ ἄζηετ λέθπτ δάθξπτ

A πόιηλ πῆρσλ ἄζηπ λέθῡλ δαθξπ

V πόιη πῆρπ ἄζηπ λέθῡ δάθξπ

N V πόιηε πήρεε ἄζηεε λέθπε δάθξπε

G D πνιίνηηλ περένηηλ ἄζηνηηλ λεθύνηηλ δαθξύνηηλ

N V πόιηεο -εεο πήρεεο ἄζηεα λέθπεο δάθξπα

G πνιίσλ περέσλ ἀζηέσλ λεθύσλ δαθξύσλ

D πνιίεζζη περέεζζη ἀζηέεζη λεθύεζζη δαθξύεζζη

πόιεζη -ηζη πήρεζη ἄζηεζη λέθῡζ(ζ)η δάθξπζη

A πόιηαο -εαο -ῑο πήρεαο ἄζηεα λέθπαο [-ῡο] δάθξπα

Nouns with stems in -ο (-εο -αο -νο) and -η are declined like ἔπνο (ϝεπεζ-) γέξαο (γεξαζ-) ἠώο (ἀϝζνζ-) δῶκα

(δσκαη-) and ἦκαξ (ἠκαξ- ἠκαη-) Note that -ζ- usually disappears when it occurs between two vowels

N ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο δῶκα ἧκαξ

G ἔπενο γέξανο ἠόνο δώκαηνο ἥκαηνο

D ἔπετ γέξατ ἠόη δώκαηη ἥκαηη

A ἔπνο γέξαο ἠόα δῶκα ἧκαξ

V ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο δῶκα ἧκαξ

N V ἔπεε γέξαε δώκαηε ἥκαηε

G D επένηηλ γεξάνηηλ δσκάηνηηλ ἡκάηνηηλ

N V ἔπεο γέξα(α) δώκαηα ἥκαηα

G ἐπέσλ γεξάσλ δσκάησλ ἡκάησλ

D ἐπέεζζη γεξάεζζη δσκάηεζζη ἡκάηεζζη

ἔπε(ζ)ζη γέξα(ζ)ζη δώκαζη ἥκαζη

A ἔπεα γέξα(α) δώκαηα ἥκαηα

Note that all nouns ening in -νο in the second declension are either masculine or feminine but all nouns ending in -

νο in the third declension are neuter All nouns ending in -κα in the nominative singular and all nouns with genitives

in -αηνο are neuter

133 Further Notes on the Third Declension

Nouns of the third declension can be any gender and consist of stems ending in -η -π or a consonant In

general the following endings are applied to the stem with the usual euphonic changes

N -ο

G -νο

D -η

A -λ

V -

N A V -ε

G D -νηηλ

N V -εο

G -σλ

D -εζζη

A -λο

Standard Euphonic Changes

Later forms of Greek such as Attic and Koine frequently contracted the forms found in Homer

The -λ in the accusative singular and plural is sonant meaning that it is pronounced as λ when

following a vowel but it is pronounced as ᾰ when following a consonant Thus πνιη-λ = πνιηλ and

πνιη-λο = πνιηο but δαηκνλ-λ = δαηκνλα and δαηκνλ-λο = δαηκνλαο

o In most cases a stem originally ending in ϝ is treated as if it ends in a consonant Thus

βαζηιεϝα = βαζηιεα εξσϝα = εξσα

o The word βνϝ- is an exception where ϝ becomes π (probably because νπ is such a common

diphthong) βνϝλ = βνπλ

Dentals are dropped before ζ Thus παηδο = παηο

o In cases where the stem ends in -λη the dental and the ζ are typically dropped with the last

vowel lengthened by compensation Thus γεξνληο = γεξσλ

Palatals combine with ζ to form μ Thus αηγο = αημ θεξπθο = θεξπμ etc

o Stems ending in -θη apply both the dental and palatal changes first dropping the η and then

combining the θζ to form μ Thus λπθηο = λπθο = λπμ

Labials combine with ζ to form ς Thus Αηζηνπο = Αηζηνς

The ζ is dropped when it follows a nasal or ξ and the last vowel is lengthened to compensate (if it

isnrsquot long already) Thus δαηκνλο = δαηκσλ θξελο = θξελ ρεηξο = ρεηξ παηεξο = παηεξ κεηεξο =

κεηεξ etc

Stems that originally ended in ϝ usually retain a π in its place in the nominative Thus βαζηιεϝο =

βαζηιεπο (originally βαζηιεπο) λεϝο = λεπο βνϝο = βνπο etc

o The same phenomenon sometimes occurs in the accusative singular as well where ϝ becomes

π and the final λ is retained Thus περεϝλ = περευλ = περπλ

o The word εξσο is an apparent exception where εξσϝο = εξσο This may be from analogy

with the relatively common -σο ending in Greek or it could be that the stem was originally

εξσ- witout the ϝ

o When the stem ends in -εϝ the ε is usually dropped in the nominative thus περεϝο = περεπο =

περπο (but the genitive and dative are περενο περετ)

Some confusion can occur at the apparent irregularity of stems ending in -π αζηπ αζηενο αζηεη etc

but δαθξπ δαθξπνο δαθξπτ etc The difference is that stems like αζηπ originally ended in a vowel + ϝ

(αζηεϝ) while stems like δαθξπ originally ended in π

Some neuters originally ended in -εο These are usually declined as -νο in the nominative and

accusative In the other cases the endings are simply applied to -εζ- and the sigma is dropped when it

occurs between two vowels επνο (nom acc from επεζο) επενο (gen from επεζνο) επετ (dat from

επεζη) etc

o Stems ending in -αο simple drop the extra sigma in the nominative singular and append the

case endings to -αζ- (dropping ζ when it occurs between two vowels) Thus γεξαο γεξανο

γεξατ etc

o Stems ending in -νο follow the same pattern as those ending in -αο except that the ν is

lengthened to σ in the nominative Thus εσο εννο εντ etc

Neuter stems ending in -καη usually drop the η in the nominative and accusative singular but retain it

in the plural Thus δσκα (nom and acc sing) δσκαηνο (gen sing) δσκαηη (dat sing) δσκαηα (nom and

acc plur) δσκαησλ (gen plur) δσκαηεζζη (dat plur) etc Neuter stems ending in -καξ usually behave

as if they ended in -καη in all cases except the nominative and accusative singular Thus εκαξ εκαηνο

εκαηη etc

The dative plural ending is given as -εζζη This could be shortened to -ζζη (before vowels) -εζη or -ζη

The -ζη ending is the most common in later dialects Thus Homeric θεξπθεζζη is typically θεξπμη in

Attic and Koine

The vocative singular in neuters is always identical to the nominative and accusative singulars

o In masculine and feminine nouns the vocative singular is usually just the stem without any

endings applied as long as the stem is capable of standing alone Thus δαηκνλ ρεηξ παηεξ

κεηεξ ζπγαηεξ αλεξ βνπ λεπ πνιη λεθῡ δαθξπ etc

o In some cases where the nominative singular has slightly modified the stem before adding -ο

the vocative is formed by simply dropping the ο Thus παη βαζηιεπ περπ

o In cases where the ο of the nominative singular has combined with the stem the vocative is

usually indentical to the nominative singular Thus αλαμ λπμ αημ θεξπμ Αηζηνς etc

o In rare cases the vocative is identical to the nominative singular even when dropping the ο

would have been convenient as in εξσο εσο

Alternate Endings The following are some alternate endings that could be applied instead of the usual

case endings listed above

o -ζη can be used to denote place where

o -ζελ can be used to denote source or separation or as an alternative ending for the genitive

case

o -δε can be added to the accusative ending to denote place to which or limit of motion

o -η can be added to denote place where

o -θη(λ) can be added as a substitute for several uses of the genitive and the dative cases

particularly in the instrumental sense

134 References

This lesson references several points in the grammar Note the following

Deponent verbs take middle or passive forms but denote active meanings

Some verbs reduplicate the initial syllable in the present tense by repeating the initial consonant

followed by -η Thus ἴζηεκη (orig ζηζηεκη) ηίζεκη δίδσκη πίκπιεκη γίγλνκαη γηγλώζθσ κηκλήζθσ

etc When futures and second aorists are reduplicated they usually follow the pattern of reduplication

found in the perfect tense If the initial consonant is aspirated the reduplicated consonant is typically

smooth Thus ηίζεκη rather than ζίζεκη

Note that ἴκη δίδσκη and ηίζεκη take the aorist in -θα rather than -ζα

When a word ends in a vowel and the following word begins with a vowel the result is called hiatus

In general hiatus is avoided in poetry through the use of elision crasis synizesis moveable

consonants etc However hiatus is allowed in some circumstances such as when elision has already

occurred when the first of the two vowels is long and occurs on the beat (or ictus) of the verse or

when a long vowel or diphthong has been shortened or when the two vowels were originally separated

by ϝ

Recall that the verbal augment is frequently omitted

135 Vocabulary

Ἄηο Ἄηδνο ὁ (nom not used) Hades

ἄιγνο ενο ηό grief pain woe trouble

Ἀρηιιεύο ῆνο ὁ Achilles

δαίο δαηηόο ἡ feast banquet portion

Εεύο Γηόο ὁ Zeus

ἥξσο ἥξσνο ὁ hero mighty warrior protector savior

ἴθζῑκνο ε νλ mighty valiant stout-hearted brave

θύσλ θπλόο ὁ ἡ dog

κῆληο ηνο ἡ wrath fury madness rage

νὐιόκελνο ε νλ accursed destructive deadly

πξντάπησ πξντάςσ πξνΐαςα hurl forward send forth

ηίζεκη (ζε- ζε-) ζήζσ ἔζεθα put place cause

Ἀρηιιεπο (Ἀρηιιεϝ-) Ἀρηιιενο Ἀρηιιεη Ἀρηιιεα

δαηο (δαηη-) δαηηνο δαηηη δαηηα δαηηεο δαηησλ δαηηεζζη δαηηαο

Εεπο Γηνο Γηη Γηα

ἡξσο ἡξσνο ἡξστ ἡξσα ἡξσεο ἡξσσλ ἡξσεζζη ἡξσαο

θπσλ θπλνο θπλη θπλα θπλεο θπλσλ θπλεζζη θπλαο

κεληο (κελη-) κεληνο κεληη κεληλ κεληεο κελησλ κεληεζζη κεληαο

136 Translation

1 κῆληο Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο ἦλ νὐινκέλε ἔζεθε γὰξ κῡξηrsquo ἄιγεα ηνῖζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ πξνΐαςε δὲ πνιιὰο (ᾱ)

ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἰθζίκνπο (ῑ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη ἔηεπρε δrsquo αὐηνὺο ἑιώξηα θαὶ δαῖηα θύλεζζηλ νἰσλνῖζί ηε ἐηέιεζε δὲ βνπιὴλ

Γηόο 2 ζεὰ (ᾱ) ἀείδεη κῆληλ νὐινκέλελ Ἀρηιῆνο ἣ ἔζεθελ κῡξίrsquo ἄιγεrsquo Ἀραηνῖζηλ 3 ζενὶ ὀιέθνπζη ηὸλ ζηξαηόλ θαὶ

πξντάπηνπζη πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη 4ηεύμνκελ κῡξίνπο Ἀραηνὺο ἑιώξηα θύλεζζηλ θαὶ δαῖηα ηνῖζηλ

νἰσλνῖζηλ νὕλεθα ἠηίκαζαλ (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) 5 θᾱιὴ ἦλ ἡ βνπιὴ Γηόο

KEY

1 The wrath of Achilles son of Peleus was destructive for it caused countless woes to the Achaeans and sent

forth many valiant souls of heros to Hades making them spoils and a banquet for the dogs and the vultures 2 The

goddess sings the accursed wrath of Achilles which brought countless woes to the Achaeans 3 The gods are

destroying the camp and sending forth many souls of the heros to Hades 4 We will make countless Achaeans spoils

for the dogs and a feast for these vultures because they dishonored Chryses 5 The will of Zeus was good

137 Iliad 1-5

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κπξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςπρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιήλ

Μῆληλ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse

ἄεηδε - present active imperative 2nd

person singular of ἀείδσ

ζεά - vocative case

Πειεηάδεσ = Πειεηάδᾱν (the verse may have originally read Πειεηάδᾱrsquo)

νὐινκέλελ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse as well as out of

the natural order and is placed directly opposite the word κῆληλ

κῡξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο - the hiatus is permited because elision has already occurred in κῡξίνηο

Ἄηδη was originally Ἄϝηδη and is still accented as it began with α instead of αη

ἡξώσλ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse and its deviation from

the natural order

δὲ ἑιώξηα - the hiatus is permitted because the original was δὲ ϝειώξηα

ηεῦρε - the augment is dropped (usually ἔηεπρε)

ἐηειείεην - imperfect passive indicative 3rd

person singular of ηειείσ

KEY

Sing O goddess of the accursed wrath of Achilles Peleiades

which brought countless woes to the Achaeans

and cast forth the souls of many valiant warriors to Hades

making them the spoils and feast of both dogs

and vultures But the will of Zeus was accomplished

138 Composition

1 The valiant Achaeans are singing the accursed wrath of Achilles 2 The wrath of Achilles caused many woes

to the Achaeans and sent many valiant souls of heroes to the god Hades 3 We shall make the army of the Achaeans

a booty for the dogs and a banquet for the birds 4 We are accomplishing the will of the goddess

KEY

1 ἴθζῑκνη Ἀραηνὶ ἀείδνπζηλ νὐινκέλελ κῆληλ Ἀρηιῆνο 2 κῆληο Ἀρηιῆνο ἔζεθε κῡξίrsquo ἄιγεrsquo Ἀραηνῖζη θαὶ

πξνΐαςε πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἰθζίκνπο ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη 3 ηεύμνκελ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ ἑιώξηα θύλεζζηλ θαὶ δαῖηα

νἰσλνῖζηλ 4 ηεύρνκελ βνπιὴλ ζεᾶο

Lesson 14

(519-526 1159-1192)

(cf 586)

141 Syllable Quantity

A syllable is long (by nature) when it contains a long vowel or a diphthong or (by position) when it ends in two

consecutive consonants (or a double consonant) A short vowel followed by a mute and a liquid κ or λ is common

and can be either long or short depending on the requirements of the verse Occasionally the letters ι κ λ ξ or ζ

are doubled in pronunciation when they follow a short vowel making the syllable long by position but this

convention is not always represented in writing And occasionally a lost ϝ will combine with another consonant to

make the preceding syllable long by position

Observe the following rules when determing the length of a syllable

Any vowel with the circumflex accent is long

The vowel of any ultmia whose penult bears the circumflex is short

If the penult has an acute then the vowel of the ultima must also be long

If the vowel of the ultima is short and the penult has the acute then the vowel of the penult must

be short as well

If the antepenult is accented the vowel of the ultima must be short

Occasionally these rules do not apply to certain compounds where one of the two words are

accented as if they were separate

If a short syllable stands where a long syllable is expected it is usually because the pause of the caesura or

diaresis fills out the foot or because the following word has lost a consonant (usually ϝ or ζ) And occasionally a

short syllable ending in a consonant is lengthened when it occurs on the ictus (beat) of the verse Such lengthening is

called thesis

142 Metrical Quantity

With the exception of pauses at the end of the verse caesura and diaresis all feet must consist of two long

syllables or a long syllable followed by two shorts Thus if a long syllable is followed by a short syllable then the

next syllable must be short as well Likewise if a short syllable is followed by a long syllable then the preceding

syllable must be short as well

When a word ends in a short vowel (and sometimes -νη and -αη) and the following word begins with a vowel

the short vowel is usually elided unless the following word originally began with ϝ When a word ends in a long

vowel or a diphthong and the following word begins with a vowel the long vowel is usually shortened This

phenomenon can also occur within the same word and again it is less common when the following word originally

began with ϝ Vowel shortening is also rare when the long vowel occurs on the ictus

The meter of Homer is called dactylic or heroic hexameter and is the most common meter in Greek verse Each

verse has six feet The first five feet can be dactyls (one long syllable followed by two short syllables) or spondees

(two long syllables) The final foot of the verse is always a spndee but keep in mind that the pause at the end of the

verse often combines with a final short syllable to form one long syllable The fifth foot of each verse is usually a

dactyl with only one in twenty (or so) verses containing a spondee in the fifth foot The verses that have a spndee in

the fifth foot are called spondaic and usually take slightly longer to recite In dactylic hexameter the ictus (beat) of

the verse always occurs on the first syllable of each foot producing six distinct beats per verse

Caesura occurs when a word ends within a foot (ie at the end of the first syllable of a foot or between the two

short syllables of the foot) When a caesura occurs at a natural pause in the verse this is said to be the caesura of the

verse A pause after the first syllable of a foot is called a masculine caesura and a pause after the second syllable of

the foot is called a feminine caesura

Diaresis occurs when the end of a word coincides with the end of a foot When this falls at a natural pause in

the verse it is said to be the diaresis of the verse When the diaresis occurs at the end of the fourth foot is it called

the bucolic diaresis (due to its common use in pastoral poetry)

143 Marking the Rhythm of the Iliad 1-5

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κπξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςπρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιήλ

ΜΖ ληλ α | ΔΗ δε ζε | Α ΠΖ | ΛΖ η α | ΓΔΧ α ρη | ΛΖ Ο-

dact dact spon dact dact spon

The pauses at the end of κῆληλ and ἄεηδε are feminine caesuras

The pauses at the end of ζεά Πειεηάδεσ and Ἀρηιῆνο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of ζεά is the caesura of the verse

The dash at the end of the verse indicates a pause that combines with a short vowel to fill out the

last foot

ΟΤ ιν κε | ΝΖΝ Ζ | ΜΤ ξη α | ΥΑΗ ΟΗ | ΑΛ γε ε | ΘΖ ΚΔΝ-

dact spon dact spon dact spon

The pauses at the end of κῡξίrsquo and ἄιγε are feminine caesuras

The pauses at the end of νὐινκέλελ and ἔζεθελ are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of νὐινκέλελ is the caesura of the verse

The pauses at the end of ἥ and Ἀραηνῖο are diareses

The diaresis at Ἀραηνῖο is a bucolic diaresis

κῡξία Ἀραηνῖο and ἄιγεα ἔζεθελ are examples of hiatus

The first syllable of ἄιγεrsquo is long because it is followed by two consecutive consonants

ΠΟΛ ΛΑ | ΓrsquoΗΦ ΘΗ | ΜΟΤ ΦΤ | ΥΑ ΑΗ | ΓΗ πξν τ | Α ΦΔΝ-

spon spon spon spon dact spon

The pauses at the end of ἰθζίκνπο and ςπράο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of πνιιάο is a diaresis

δὲ ἰθζίκνπο is hiatus

The first syllable of πνιιάο is long by position as is the first syllable of ἰθζίκνπο the last syllable

of Ἄηδη and the second syllable of πξνΐαςελ

Ζ ΡΧ | ΧΝ ΑΤ | ΣΟΤ δε ε | ΛΧ ξη α | ΣΔΤ ρε θπ | ΝΔ ΗΝ-

spon spon dact dact dact spon

The pause at the end of ηεῦρε is a feminine caesura

The pauses at the end of ἡξώσλ and αὐηνύο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of ἡξώσλ is the caesura of the verse

The pause at the end of ἑιώξηα is a diaresis

ΟΗ Χ | ΝΟΗ ζη ηε | ΓΑΗ ηα δη | Ο δrsquoε ηε | ΛΔΗ ε ην | ΒΟΤ ΛΖΝ

The pauses at the end of νἰσλνῖζη and δαῖηα are feminine caesuras

The pause at the end of Γηόο is a masculine caesura

The pauses at the end of ηε ἐηειείεην and βνπιήλ are diareses

The pause at the end of δαῖηα is the diaresis of the verse

Lesson 15

(693-694 697-700)

(cf 781-782 837 580 1009 996 584-585)

151 Third Declension Paradigms (continued)

Third declension nouns ending in a dental mute stem are exemplified by ἄλαμ (king ϝαλαθη-) λύμ (night λπθη-

) παῖο (child παηδ-) and γέξσλ (old man γεξνλη-)

N ἄλαμ λύμ παῖο γέξσλ

G ἄλαθηνο λπθηόο παηδόο γέξνληνο

D ἄλαθηη λπθηί παηδί γέξνληη

A ἄλαθηα λύθηα παίδα γέξνληα

V ἄλαμ [ἄλα] λύμ παῖ γέξσλ

N V A ἄλαθηε λύθηε παίδε γέξνληε

G D ἀλάθηνηηλ λύθηνηηλ παίδνηηλ γεξόληνηηλ

N ἄλαθηεο λύθηεο παίδεο γέξνληεο

G ἀλάθησλ λπθηῶλ παηδῶλ γεξόλησλ

D ἀλάθηεζζη λύθηεζζη παίδεζζη γεξόληεζζη

ἄλαμη λπμί παηζί γέξνπζη

A ἄλαθηαο λύθηνο παῖδαο γέξνληαο

Third declension nouns ending in labial and palatal stems are exemplified by αἴμ (goat αἰγ-) θῆξπμ (herald

θεξῡθ-) and Αἰζίνς (Ethipoian Αἰζηνπ-)

N αἴμ θῆξπμ Αἰζίνς

G αἰγόο θήξῡθνο Αἰζίνπνο

D αἰγί θήξῡθη Αἰζίνπη

A αἶγα θήξῡθα Αἰζίνπα

V αἴμ θῆξπμ Αἰζίνς

N V A αἶγε θήξῡθε Αἰζίνπε

G D αἴγνηηλ θεξύθνηηλ (ῡ) Αἰζηόπνηηλ

N αἶγεο θήξῡθεο Αἰζίνπεο

G αἰγῶλ θεξύθσλ (ῡ) Αἰζηόπσλ

D αἴγεζζη θεξύθεζζη (ῡ) Αἰζηόπεζζη

αἰμί θήξῡμ Αἰζίνςη

A αἶγαο θήξῡθαο Αἰζίνπαο

Nouns with stems ending in -εξ express different grades of ablaut in the stem (-εξ -εξ -ξ) with a recessive

accent in the vocative singular These are exemplified by παηήξ (father παηεξ-) κήηεξ (mother κεηεξ-) ζπγάηεξ

(daughter ζπγαηεξ-) and ἀλήξ (man ἀλεξ-)

N παηήξ κήηεξ ζπγάηεξ ἀλήξ

G παηέξνο -ηξόο κεηέξνο -ηξόο ζπγαηέξνο -ηξόο ἀλέξνο ἀλδξόο

D παηέξη -ηξί κεηέξη -ηξί ζπγαηέξη -ηξί ἀλέξη ἀλδξί

A παηέξα κεηέξα ζπγαηέξα ἀλέξα ἄλδξα

V πάηεξ κῆηεξ ζύγαηεξ ἄλεξ

N V A παηέξε κεηέξε ζπγαηέξε ἀλέξε ἄλδξε

G D παηέξνηηλ κεηέξνηηλ ζπγαηέξνηηλ ἀλέξνηηλ ἄλδξνηηλ

N παηέξεο κεηέξεο ζπγαηέξεο ζύγαηξεο ἀλέξεο ἄλδξεο

G παηέξσλ -ηξῶλ κεηέξσλ -ηξῶλ ζπγαηέξσλ ζπγαηξῶλ ἀλέξσλ ἀλδξῶλ

D παηξάζη κεηξάζη ζπγαηξάζη ζπγαηέξεζζη ἀλδξάζη ἄλδξεζζη

A παηέξαο κεηέξαο ζπγαηέξαο ζύγαηξαο ἀλέξαο ἄλδξαο

Note that δ is inserted into ἀλήξ between λ and ξ where they occur together The accent of the shorter forms of

ἀλέξ follow the pattern seen in παηήξ The alpha after ξ in the dative plural was added euphonically to strengthen

what was originally a sonant ξ

152 Vocabulary

ἄλαμ ἄλαθηνο ὁ king lord protector

ἀλήξ ἀλέξνο (ἀλδξόο) ὁ (real) man warrior hero

ἄξ(α) (ῥά) naturally of course as you know as you might expect that is

in effect (not always translatable)

βαζηιεύο ῆνο ὁ king ruler

δή indeed truly forsooth now

δηίζηεκη (ζηε- ζηα-) δηαζηήζσ stand apart separate

δηέζηεζα (δηέζηελ)

ἐμ νὗ from the time when

ἐξίδσ (ἐξηδ-) - ἤξηζ(ζ)α quarrel strive

ἠξηζάηελ (they) strove

ἔξηο ηδνο ἡ strife quarrel

Λεηώ Λεηόνο ἡ Leto

κάρνκαη fight battle

κάρεζζαη to fight

μπλίκη μπλήζσ μπλῆθα (μπλέεθα) bring together throw together hearken heed

ὄξλῡκη ὄξζσ ὦξζα (ὤξνξνλ) stir up kindle incite excite arouse

πξῶηνο ε νλ first foremost chief

ηὸ πξῶηνλ ηὰ πξῶηα (adv) at first firstly first

πἱόο νῦ ὁ son

ζθσε these two

153 Translation

1 ζεὰ (ᾱ) ἀείζεη κῆληλ Ἀρηιῆνο ἐμ νὗ δὴ ηὰ πξῶηα δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο θαὶ Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἀλδξῶλ ἠξηζάηελ θαὶ

δηεζηήηελ 2 ηίο ζεῶλ μπλέεθε δῖνλ Ἀρηιῆά ηε θαὶ Ἀηξεΐδελ ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 3 πἱὸο Λεηόνο θαὶ Γηὸο ἑθεβόινο

μπλέεθέ ζθσε ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη ηὸλ γὰξ βαζηιεὺο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἐρόισζελ ὁ δrsquo ὦξζε θαθὴλ λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ

ὤιεθε δὲ ιᾱνύο

KEY

1 The goddess sings the wrath of Achilles from the time when first the divine Achilles and Atreides king of

men strove and separated 2 Which of the gods brought together the divine Achilles and the son of Atreus to fight

in strife 3 The son of Leto and Zeus the Free-shooter brought these two together to fight in strife for Atreides the

king enraged him so he stirred up an evil plague through the camp of the Achaeans and destroyed their host

154 Iliad 1-10

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κῡξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςῡρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιή

ἐμ νὗ δὴ ηὰ πξῶηα δηαζηήηελ ἐξίζαληε

Ἀηξεΐδεο ηε ἄλαμ ἀλδξῶλ θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεύο

ηίο ηrsquo ἄξ ζθσε ζεῶλ ἔξηδη μπλέεθε κάρεζζαη

Λεηνῦο θαὶ Γηὸο πἱόο ὁ γὰξ βαζηιῆη ρνισζεὶο

λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ ὦξζε θαθήλ ὀιέθνλην δὲ ιᾱνί

δηαζηήηελ = δηεζηήηελ

ἐξίζαληε = aor act part nom dual masc (they two) having quarreled

ηε ἄλαμ originally ηε ϝάλαμ thus allowing the hiatus

ζθσε [ἕσ] = 3rd

pers pron acc dual these two

ἔξηδη is dative of means in strife

κάρεζζαη = pres act infinitive deponent to fight

ρνισζείο = aor pass part nom sing masc having been enraged

Λεηνῦο = contracted form of Λεηόνο

βαζηιῆη = Agamemnon instrumental case by the king

ὀιέθνλην = ὠιέθνλην imperf pass ind 3rd

pers plural were being destroyed or kept

perishing

KEY

Sing O goddess of the accursed wrath of Achilles Peleiades

which brought countless woes to the Achaeans

and cast forth the souls of many valiant warriors to Hades

making them the spoils and feast of both dogs

and vultures But the will of Zeus was accomplished

indeed from the time when at first having quarreled both

Atreides king of men and the divine Achilles separated

Which of the gods of course brought these two together to fight in strife

The son of Leto and Zeus For enraged by the king he

kindled an evil plague up through the camp and the people were destroyed

155 Composition

1 ἠείδνκελ κῆληλ νὐινκέλελ Ἀρηιιῆνο ἐμ νὗ ηὰ πξῶηα Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἀλέξσλ (ἀλδξῶλ) θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο

ἠξηζάηελ θαὶ δηεζηεζάηελ (δηεζηήηελ) 2 ηίο ζεῶλ μπλῆθε (μπλέεθα) Ἀραηνὺο θαὶ ιᾱὸλ Πξηάκνπ ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 3

μπλῆθε (μπλέεθα) ζθσε (ἕν) πἱὸο Λεηόνο (Λεηνῦο) θαὶ Γηὸο ἑθεβόινο ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 4 Αηξεΐδεο βαζηιεὺο

Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο ἐρόισζαλ ἄλαθηα ἑθεβόινλ θαὶ ὁ ὦξζα (ὤξνξε) λνῦζνπο πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θαθὰο (ᾱ) ἀλὰ

ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ θαθῶο ὤιεθελ ἀγαζὸλ ιᾱόλ

Lesson 16

(887-897 910 1065-1068 697-703 707 710 732)

161 Formation of Middle Passive and Deponent Verbs

The endings of the middle voice are different from the active voice The passive voice applies the same endings

as the middle voice except in the aorist passive which applies active endings Because the middle and passive voice

are identical (other than the aorist) the context determines whether a verb is used with middle or the passive

meaning The aorist middle is often used with a passive meaning (especially in athematic forms) and the aorist

passive is often used with a middle meaning

The perfect and pluperfect of the middlepassive are athematic with the personal endings attached directly to

the reduplicated stem

The future perfect passive is formed by adding -ζνε to the perfect middle passive lengthening the vowel that

precedes this ending

The first aorist passive is formed by adding -(ζ)ζεε to the stem Before ζ π and β become θ θ and γ become ρ

and η δ ζ become ζ Many verbs have a second aorist passive that drops the ζ altogether

Deponent verbs have no active form but use the middlepassive forms in an active sense

162 Paradigms Present and Future Indicative MiddlePassive of ιύσ

Present

S 1 ιύνκαη

2 ιύεαη [(ιύῃ)]

3 ιύεηαη

D 2 ιύεζζνλ

3 ιύεζζνλ

P 1 ιπόκε(ζ)ζα

2 ιύεζζα

3 ιύνληαη

Future

S 1 ιύζνκαη (ῡ)

2 ιύζεαη (ῡ) [(ιύζῃ (ῡ))]

3 ιύζεηαη (ῡ)

D 2 ιύζεζζνλ (ῡ)

3 ιύζεζζνλ (ῡ)

P 1 ιῡζόκεζα

2 ιύζεζζε (ῡ)

3 ιύζνληαη (ῡ)

163 The Use of Voice in Greek

The active voice indicates that the subject is acting λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ ὦξζε = he kindled a plague up

through the camp

The passive voice indicates that the subject is acted upon Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιή = but the will of Zeus was

being accomplished

The Middle voice denotes one of three meanings

1 The subject acting upon itself πείζνκαη (I convince myself) θαίλνκαη (I show myself)

2 The subject acting for itself θαιένκαη (I call for myself)

3 The subject acting upon something belonging to itself ιύνκαη (I loose my own I ransom)

When determing the difference between the middle and passive keep in mind that the middle voice always

conveys a direct or indirect reference to the subject and that the subject is effect by or has an interest in the action

164 Third Declension Stems in -επ -επ -νπ and -σϝ

Stems in -επ usually became -εϝ and the third declension endings are applied after the ϝ Thus βαζηιεϝνο =

βαζηιῆνο βαηιεϝη = βαζηιῆη βαζηιεϝα = βαζηιῆα etc Note that the ϝ explains why εη (εϝη) does not form an

improper diphthong as well as why the accusative singular ends in -εα (as if the stem ended in a consonant) instead

of -ελ (as if the stem ended in a vowel) Note that when the ending consists of a consonant the -εϝ is contracted to

the diphthong -επ Thus βαζηιεϝο = βαζηιεύο βαζηιεϝ = βαζηιεῦ βαζηιεϝζη = βαζηιεῦζη In rare cases the other

endings also contract the -ε to -ε (ie βαζηιῆνο = βαζηιένο)

In stems ending originally in -ᾱϝ the ᾱ becomes ε in the Ionic dialect These are declined the same as -εϝ

except that -εῡ is formed before consonants instead of -επ Thus λᾱϝο = λεϝο = λεῦο λᾱϝ = λεϝ = λεῦ But note the

exception in the shorter form of the dative plural where λᾱϝζη = λεϝζη = λεπζί (rather than λεῡζη) In contracted

forms the ε usually becomes ε

In stems ending in -σϝ the third declension endings are applied directly to the stem Thus ἡξσϝο = ἥξσο

ἡξσϝνο = ἥξσνο ἡξσϝη = ἥξση ἡξσϝα = ἥξσα etc

In stems ending originally in -ν or -νϝ the third declension endings are applied as usual But keep in mind that -

νϝ is contracted to the diphthong -νπ before a consonant thus βνϝο = βνῦο and βνϝζη = βνπζί But note the

exception that occurs in the accusative singular where βνϝλ = βνῦλ rather than βνϝα

βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

(βαζηιεϝ-) (βνϝ-) (λᾱϝ-) (ἡξσϝ-)

N βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

G βαζηιῆνο [ένο] βνόο λεόο [εόο] ἥξσνο

D βαζηιῆη [έη] βνΐ λεί ἥξση

A βαζηιῆα [έα] βνῦλ [βῶλ] λῆα [έα] ἥξσα

V βαζηιεῦ βνῦ λεῦ ἥξσο

N V A βαζηιῆε βόε λῆε ἥξσε

G D βαζηιήνηηλ βόνηηλ λήνηηλ ἡξώνηηλ

N V βαζηιῆεο βόεο λῆεο ἥξσεο

G βαζηιήσλ βνῶλ λεῶλ [εῶλ] ἡξώσλ

D βαζηιήεζζη βόεζζη λήεζζη [έεζζη] ἡξώεζζη

βαζηιεῦζη βνπζί λεπζί ἥξσζη

A βαζηιῆαο βόαο (βνῦο) λῆαο [έαο] ἥξσαο

165 Third Declension Stems in -εζ -αζ and -νζ

When a stem ends in a vowel plus -ζ the initial ζ is dropped between two vowels Thus γεξαζνο = γέξανο

ἠνζνο = ἠόνο etc

All third declension nouns with stems ending in -εο are neuters and follow the pattern of ἔπνο The third

declension endings are applied as usual except that the nominative vocative and accusative singulars end in -νο

Nouns with stems ending in -νο take -σο in the nominative and vocative singular but otherwise apply the third

declension endings as usual (dropping ζ between two vowels)

ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

(ϝεπεζ-) (γεξαζ-) (ἀϝζνζ- (ᾱ))

N ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

G ἔπενο γέξανο ἠόνο

D ἔπετ γέξατ ἠόη

A ἔπνο γέξαο ἠόα

V ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

N V A ἔπεε γέξαε

G D ἐπένηηλ γεξάνηηλ

N V ἔπεα γέξα(α)

G ἐπέσλ γεξάσλ

D ἐπέεζζη γεξάεζζη

ἔπε(ζ)ζη γέξα(ζ)ζη

A ἔπεα γέξα(α)

166 Third Declension Stems in -καη and -καξ

Stems ending in -καη and -καξ are neuters

Stems in -καη drop the -ηο in the nominative vocative and accusative singular δσκαηο = δῶκα Otherwise the

third declension endings are applied as usual

Stems ending in -καξ are declined like those ending in -καη except in the nominative vocative and accusative

singular (which end in -καξ)

δῶκα ἦκαξ

(δσκαη-) (ἠκαξ- ἠκαη-)

N δῶκα ἦκαξ

G δώκαηνο ἤκαηνο

D δώκαηη ἤκαηη

A δῶκα ἦκαξ

V δῶκα ἦκαξ

N V A δώκαηε ἤκαηε

G D δσκάηνηηλ ἠκάηνηηλ

N V δώκαηα ἤκαηα

G δσκάησλ ἠκάησλ

D δσκάηεζζη ἠκάηεζζη

δώκαζη ἤκαζη

A δώκαηα ἤκαηα

167 Third Declension Stems in -λη and -λ

Stems ending in -λη drop the -λη before ζ and lengthen the preceding vowel thus παληο = πᾶο παληζη = πᾶζη

Otherwise the third declension endings are applied as usual In neuters the -η is dropped at the end of the word thus

παλη = πᾶλ Stems in -λ drop the -λ before ζ and lengthen the preceding vowel in the masculine (but not in the

neuter)

πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

(παλη- παληα- παλη-)

Masc Fem Neut

N πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

G παληόο πάζεο (ᾱ) παληόο

D παληί πάζῃ (ᾱ) παληί

A πάληα πᾶζαλ πᾶλ

V πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

N V πάληεο πᾶζαη πάληα

G πάλησλ πᾱζάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] πάλησλ

D πάληεζ(ζ)η πάζῃζη (ᾱ) πάληεζ(ζ)η

πᾶζη πάζῃο (ᾱ) πᾶζη

A πάληνο πάζᾱο (ᾱ) πάληα

κέιᾱο κέιαηλα κέιαλ

(κειαλ- κειαηλα- κειαλ-)

N κέιᾱο κέιαηλα κέιαλ

G κέιαλνο κειαίλεο κέιαλνο

D κέιαλη κειαίλῃ κέιαλη

A κέιαλα κέιαηλαλ κέιαλ

V κέιαλ κέιαηλα κέιαλ

N V A κέιαλε κειαίλᾱ κέιαλε

G D κειάλνηηλ κειαίλῃηλ κειάλνηηλ

N V κέιαλεο κέιαηλαη κέιαλα

G κειάλσλ κειαηλάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] κειάλσλ

D κειάλεζ(ζ)η κειαίλῃζη κειάλεζ(ζ)η

κέιαζη κειαίλῃο κέιαζη

A κέιαλεο κειαίλᾱο κέιαλα

168 Vocabulary

Nouns

Ἀπόιισλ (ᾰ or ᾰ) σλνο ὁ Apollo

ἀξεηήξ (ᾱ) ῆξνο ὁ priest prayer

ζπγάηεξ ηέξνο (ηξόο) ἡ daughter

θνζκήησξ νξνο ὁ commander marshaller

λεῦο λεόο (λεόο) ἡ ship

ζηέκκα καηνο ηό fillet (of white cotton) wreath

ρείξ ρεηξόο ἡ hand arm

Verbs

ἔξρνκαη (ἐξρ- ἐιε- ἐιεπζ- ἐιπζ-) come go

ἐιεύζνκαη I will come I will go

ἦιζνλ (ἤιπζνλ) I came I went

ιίζζνκαη (ιηη-) I beg I entreat

---

ἐιιηζάκελ (ἐιηηόκελ) I begged I entreated

Adjectives Prepositions

ζνόο ή όλ swift speedy

πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ all every (the) whole

Indeclinable

δύν (δύσ) two

κάιηζηα most especially by all means

169 Translation

1 Ἀπόιισλ ἑθεβόινο ρνινῦηαη βαζηιῆη Αηξεΐδῃ θαὶ πέκπεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ ὀιέθνληαη δὲ

ιᾱνί νὕλεθα δῖνο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) 2 Υξύζεο (ῡ) γὰξ ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἑθεβόινπ ἔξρεηαη

ἐπὶ ζνὰο (ᾱ) λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ θέξεη δrsquo ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα ζπγαηξόο ἣλ Ἀηξεΐδεο ἔρεη ἐλ ζηξαηῷ 3 ὁ δrsquo ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἔρεη

ζηέκκαηα ἑθεβόινπ Ἀπόιισλνο ἐλ ρεξζὶλ ἀλὰ ρξῡζέῳ ζθήπηξῳ θαὶ ιίζζεηαη πάληαο Ἀραηνύο κάιηζηα δrsquo Ἀηξεΐδᾱ

δύσ θνζκήηνξε ιᾱῶλ 4 Ἀπόιισλ ρνιώζεηαη βαζηιῆη θαὶ ὄξζεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηόλ 5 ἐιεύζνληαη ἐπὶ ζνὰο

(ᾱ) λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ νἴζνπζη ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα βαζηιῆη 6 ιίζζνληαη πάληαο Ἀραηνύο 7 Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζελ (ῑ)

ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) θαὶ νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε ζύγαηξα

KEY

1 Apollo the free-shooter enraged by king Atreides sent an evil plague through the camp of the Achaeans and

the people were destroyed because the divine Atreides dishonored Chryses the priest 2 For Chryses the priest of

the free-shooter went upon the swift ships of the Achaeans bearing countless ransoms for his daughter whom

Atreides was holding in the camp 3 But the priest had a wreath of Apollo the free-shooter upon a staff in his hand

and was entreating all of the Achaeans but especially the sons of Atreus (who were) the commanders of the host 4

Apollo will be enraged by the king and will kindle an evil plague up through the camp 5 They will go upon the

swift ships of the Achaeans and bring countless ransoms to the king 6 They are entreating all of the Achaeans 7

Atreides dishonored the priest and would not release his daughter

1610 Iliad 11-16

hellipὀιέθνλην δὲ ιᾱνί

νὕλεθα ηὸλ Υξύζελ ἠηίκαζελ ἀξεηῆξα

Αηξεΐδεο ὁ γὰξ ἦιζε ζνὰο ἐπὶ λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ

ιπζόκελνο ηε ζύγαηξα θέξσλ ηrsquo ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα

ζηέκκαηrsquo ἔρσλ ἐλ ρεξζὶλ ἑθεβόινπ Ἀπόιισλνο

ρξπζέῳ ἀλὰ ζθήπηξῳ θαὶ ἐιίζζεην πάληαο Ἀραηνύο

Ἀηξεΐδα δὲ κάιηζηα δύσ θνζκήηνξε ιαῶλ

ηόλ Υξύζελ = that (well-known) Chryses

The first verse ends in two spondees making it a spondaic verse and emphasizing the fact that

Chryses was a priest

ιῡζόκελνο = fut mid part nom masc sing being about to ransom

θέξσλ = pres act part nom sing masc bearing bringing

ἔρσλ = pres act part nom sing masc having holding

ρεξζὶλ ἑθεβόινπ = ρεξζὶ ϝεθεβόινπ

ρξῡζέῳ = synizesis where -έῳ is pronounced as a single syllable

ἐιίζζεην = imperf act ind 3rd

pers sing dep (kept) entreating was entreating

Ἀηξεΐδᾱ = dual of Ἀηξεΐδεο refers to both Agamemnon and Menelaus

KEY

hellipand the people were being destroyed

because Atreides dishonored Chryses the priest

For he had gone upon the swift ships of the Achaeans

intending to ransom his daughter bearing countless gifts

and holding in his hand fillets of Apollo the free-shooter

upon a golden staff and was entreating all of the Achaeans

but especially the two sons of Atreus the commanders of the host

1611 Composition

1 Chryses the priest of Apollo is dishonored by the son of Atreus 2 The Achaeans will go from their swift

ships to Troy and ransom the beloved daughter of the priest 3 We shall bring many ransoms and shall hold in our

hands the fillets of Apollo 4 We do not have a golden scepter but we entreat Priam and all the people of Troy 5

The two sons of Atreus marshallers of the people are entreating Priam but he will slight them 6 The son of

Atreus king of men slighted the priest and did not release his daughter

KEY

1 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) Ἀπόιινπ ἀηῑκάδεηαη Ἀηξεΐδῃ 2 Ἀραηνὶ ἐιεύζνληαη ἐθ ζνάσλ (ᾱ) λήσλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ (ῑ)

θαὶ ἀπειύζνληαη (ῡ) θίιε ζπγάηεξα ἀξεηῆξη (ᾱ) 3 νἴζνκελ πνιιrsquo ἄπνηλα θαὶ ἕζρνκελ ἐλ ρείξεζζη ζηέκκαηα

Ἀπόιινπ 4 νὐθ ἔρνκελ ζθῆπηξνλ ρξύζενλ ἀιιὰ ιηζζόκεζα Πξίακνλ θαὶ πᾶληα ιᾱνλ Ἰιίνπ (ῑ) 5 δύrsquo Ἀηξεΐδᾱ

θνζκήηεξᾱ ιᾱσλ ιίζζεζζνλ Πξίακνλ αὐηνὺο δrsquo ἀηῑκάζεη 6 Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἄλδξσλ ἠηίκαζελ (ῑ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) θαὶ

νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε ζπγάηεξα

1612 Meter

ΟΤ λε θα | ΣΟΝ ΥΡΤ | ΖΝ Ζ | ΣΗ κα ζελ | Α ΡΖ | ΣΖ ΡΑ~

Α ηξε η | ΓΖ ν γαξ | ΖΛ ζε ζν | Α ε πη | ΝΖ αο α | ΥΑΗ ΧΝ

ΛΤ ζν κε | ΝΟ ηε ζπ | ΓΑΣ ξα θε | ΡΧΝ ηα πε | ΡΔΗ ζη α | ΠΟΗ ΝΑ~

ΣΔΜ καη ε | ΥΧΝ ΔΝ | ΥΔΡ ζηλ ε | ΚΖ βν ινπ | Α ΠΟΛ | ΛΧ ΝΟ~

ΥΡΤζεσα | ΝΑ ΚΖΠ | ΣΡΧ θαη ε | ΛΗ ζε ην | ΠΑΝ ηαο α | ΥΑΗ ΟΤ

ΑΣ ξε η | ΓΑ δε κα | ΛΗ ηα δπ | Χ ΚΟ | ΜΖ ην ξε | ΛΑ ΧΝ

Lesson 17

(910 - imperfect middle and passive aorist middle of ιύσ 648-658 - the table

of endings in 32)

171 Paradigms Imperfect MiddlePassive of ιύσ

S 1 ἐιπόκελ

2 ἐιύεν [(ἐιύεπ)]

3 ἐιύεην

D 2 ἐιύεζζνλ

3 ἐιπέζζελ

P 1 ἐιπόκε(ζ)ζα

2 ἐιύεζζε

3 ἐιύνλην

172 Paradigms Aorist Middle of ιύσ

Thematic Athematic (2nd

Aorist)

S 1 ἐιῡζάκελ ἐιύκελ

2 ἐιύζαν (ῡ) [(ἐιύζσ (ῡ))] ἔιπ(ζ)ν

3 ἐιύζαην (ῡ) ἔιπην

D 2 ἐιύζαζζνλ (ῡ) ἔιπζζνλ

3 ἐιῡζάζζελ ἐιύζζελ

P 1 ἐιῡζάκε(ζ)ζα ἐιύκε(ζ)ζα

2 ἐιύζαζζε (ῡ) ἔιπζζε

3 ἐιύζαλην (ῡ) ἔιπλην

173 Vocabulary

δῶκα αηνο ηό house home

παῖο παηδόο ὁ ἡ child son daughter

π(η)όιηο ηνο (ενο) ἡ city state

ἐπθλήκῑο ῑδνο well-greaved

ἐγώ(λ) κέν (κεῦ) I

ζύ ζέν (ζεῦ) you

κέλhellip δέ on the one handhellip trulyhellip on the one handhellip on the other hand

partlyhellip partly the onehellip the other

νἴθαδε home homeward to home home

Verbs

ἅδνκαη (ἁγ-) (defective) I reverence

δέρνκαη I accept I receive

δέμνκαη I will accept

ἐδεμάκελ (ἐδέγκελ) I accepted

δίδσκη (δσ- δν-) I give I grant

(δη)δώζσ I will give

ἔδσθα I gave

ἐθπέξζσ (πεξζ- πξαζ-) I sack (utterly) I plunder I pillage

ἐθπέξζσ I will sack

ἐμέπεξζα (ἐμέπξαζνλ) I sacked

ἱθλένκαη I arrive I reach (a destination)

ἵμνκαη I will arrive

ἱθόκελ (ῑ) I arrived

174 Translation

1 ζενὶ ἔρνπζηλ ιύκπηα δώκαηα ἔδσθαλ δrsquo Ἀηξεΐδεο θαὶ ἄιινηζηλ ἐπθλεκίδεζζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἐθπέξζαη

(infinitive) πόιηλ Πξηάκνπ ηόηε δrsquo ἵθνλην (ῑ) ἐὺ νἴθαδε νὕλεθα παῖδα θίιελ ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἔιῡζαλ 2 ἀπέιῡζαλ

ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνὶ ζύγαηξα θίιελ ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἐδέμαλην δrsquo ἀγιαὰ ἄπνηλα νὕλεθα ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλα Γηὸο πἱὸλ

ἅδνλην 3 ἅδεηαη ἑθεβόινλ 4 Ἀηξεΐδεο νὐθ ἐδέμαην ηὰ ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα 5 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἔδσθελ ἄπνηλα

πνιιὰ βαζηιῆη Ἀηξεΐδῃ 6 πάληεο ζενὶ θαὶ πᾶζαη ζεαὶ εἶρνλ ιύκπηα δώκαηα 7 Ἀραηνὶ ἐπθλήκῑδεο ἐθπέξζνπζη

Πξηάκνην πόιηλ ἵμνληαη δrsquo ἐπ νἴθαδε 8 παῖο θίιε ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἐιύζαην (ῡ) ἵθεην (ῑ) δrsquo ἐὺ νἴθαδε

KEY

1 The gods have Olympian homes but they gave the son of Atreus and the other well-greaved Achaeans to

utterly sack the city of Priam and then they returned safe at home because they released the dear child of the priest

2 The well-greaved Achaeans released the dear daughter of the priest and received glorious ransoms because they

reverenced the free-shooter Apollo son of Zeus 3 He reverences te free-shooter 4 The son of Atreus did not

receive the glorious ransoms 5 Chryses the priest gave many ransoms to king Atreides 6 All of the gods and all of

the goddesses had Olympian homes 7 The well-greved Achaeans will utterly sack Priamrsquos city and will return safe

to home 8 The dear child of the priest was released and arrived well to her home

175 Iliad 17-21

ltltἈηξεΐδαη ηε θαὶ ἄιινη ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνί

ὑκῖλ κὲλ ζενὶ δνῖελ ιύκπηα δώκαηrsquo ἔρνληεο

ἐθπέξζαη Πξηάκνην πόιηλ ἐὺ δrsquo νἴθαδrsquo ἱθέζζαη

παῖδα δrsquo ἐκνὶ ιῦζαί ηε θίιελ ηά ηrsquo ἄπνηλα δέρεζζαη

ἁδόκελνη Γηὸο πἱὸλ ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλαgtgt

Ἀηξεΐδαηhellip ἄιινη ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνί = vocative case

ὑκῖλ (ῡ) = dat plural of ζύ to you

ζενί = one syllable by synizesis

κέλ (v 18) = correlative of δέ (v 20)

δνῖελ = aor act optative 3rd

plural of δίδσκη may they grant

ἔρνληεο = pres act part nom masc plural of ἔρσ having possessing

ἐθπέξζαη = aor act inf of ἐθπέξζσ to sack utterly

ἱθέζζαη = aor act inf of ἱθένκαη to arrive (compare κάρεζζαη)

ιῦζαη δέρεζζαη = infinitives used as imperatives free and accept

ηά ηrsquo ἄπνηλα (ηά ηε ἄπνηλα) = thesehellip gifts

ἁδόκελνη = pres act part nom masc plural reverencing

KEY

ldquoSons of Atreus and you other well-greaved Achaeans

may the gods who have their homes on Olympus grant you

to utterly sack Priamrsquos city and return safe to home

but release my dear child to me and accept these gifts

reverencing Apollo who shoots at will the son of Zeusrdquo

176 Composition

1 The gods who have (ἔρνληεο) Olympian homes will grant to the sons of Atreus and to the other well-greaved

Achaeans to sack utterly (ἐθπέξζαη) the city of Priam 2 When they sacked the city of Priam they returned happily

home 3 They accepted the shining ransoms and freed the darling daughter of the priest Chryses 4 We reverenced

the free-shooter Apollo son of Leto and Zeus and escaped death 5 Will the son of Atreus accept the shining

ransoms 6 The child of the priest was freed when he gave many shining ransoms which the two sons of Atreus

accepted

KEY

1 ζενὶ ἔρνληεο ιύκπηα δώκαηα δώζνπζη Ἀηξεΐδῃζη θαὶ ἄιινηζηλ ἐπθλεκίδεζζηλ (ῑ) Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἐθπέξζαη πόιηλ

Πξηάκνπ 2 ηόηε ἐμέπεξζαλ πόιηλ Πξηάκνην ἵθνλην (ῑ) ἐὺ νἴθαδε 3 ἐδέμαλην ἀγιαrsquo ἄπνηλα θαὶ ἀπέιῡζαλ ζπγάηεξα

θίιε ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) Υξύζᾱν (ῡ) 4 ἡμάκεζα ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλα Λεηόνο θαὶ Γηὸο πἱόλ θαὶ ζάλαηνλ 5

Ἀηξεΐδεο δέμεηαη ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα 6 παῖο ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἀπειύζαην (ῡ) ηόηε ἔδσθελ ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀγιάα ηὰ

Ἀηξεΐδᾱ ἐδώθαζηλ

Lesson 18

(Perfect and Pluperfect Active of Verbs 904 922 Third Declension γέρων

αἴξ 693-695)

181 Formation of the Perfect and Pluperfect Active

The perfect and pluperfect in all modes experience reduplication of the initial syllable which denotes completed

action Verbs beginning with a single consonant (except ξ) prefix this consonant followed by -ε Thus ιύσ =

ιέιπθα The stem sometimes stands in ablaut relation to the stem of the present as in βαίλσ = βέβεθα A

reduplicated syllable beginning with an aspirated mute is changed to its corresponding voiceless mute in the

reduplicated syllable ie ζλήζθσ = ηέζλεθα In these cases the reduplicated pluperfect adds ἐ- to the reduplicated

syllable ie ιύσ = ιέιπθα = ἐιέιπθε

Vebs beginning with a double consonant two consonants (except a mute followed by a liquid or a nasal) ξ and

some beginning with κ simply augment the stem with the addition of ε-

Verbs beginning in a vowel typically take the temporal augment by lengthening the vowel ie νἴρνκαη =

ᾤρσθα However verbs beginning with a vowel in which an initial consonant has been lost may take the syllabic

augment

Compound verbs typically insert the reduplication and augment between the preposition and the verb ie

ἀπνιύσ = ἀπνιέιπθα = ἀπειειύθε

The first perfect active adds -θα- to the stem followed by the primary endings The first pluperfect active

similarly adds -θε- followed by the secondary endings In general a short final vowel is lengthened before the

addition of the -θα- or -θε- Second perfects and pluperfects active are the older form and are more common in

Homer These omit the θ and simply add -α- or -ε- respectively The second perfects are more common in stems

ending in a consonant

In general the singular perfect and pluperfect active stand in ablaut relation to the dual and plural forms

Perfects and pluperfects are rare in Homer and only occur in some twenty verbs

182 Paradigms λέλυκα and βέβηκα

ιέιπθα ἐιειύθε (ἐιειύθεα)

ιέιπθαο ἐιειύθο (ἐιειύθεαο)

ιέιπθε(λ) ἐιειύθεη (ἐιειύθεε)

ιειύθαηνλ ἐιειύθαηνλ

ιειύθαηνλ ἐιειπθάηελ

ιειύθακελ ἐιειύθεκελ

ιειύθαηε ἐιειύθεηε

ιειύθᾱζη ἐιειύθεζαλ

βέβεθα ἐβεβήθεα (ἐβεβήθε)

βέβεθαο ἐβεβήθεαο (ἐβεβήθεο)

βέβεθε(λ) ἐβεβήθεε (ἐβεβήθεη)

βέβαηνλ ἐβέβαηνλ

βέβαηνλ ἐβεβάηελ

βέβακελ ἐβέβακελ

βέβαηε ἐβέβαηε

βέβᾱζη ἐβέβαζαλ

183 Paradigms γέρων and αἴξ

γέξσλ αἴμ

γέξνληνο αἰγόο

γέξνληη αἰγί

γέξνληα αἶγα

γέξνλ αἴμ

γέξνληε αἶγε

γεξόληνηηλ αἴγνηηλ

γέξνληεο αἶγεο

γεξόλησλ αἰγῶλ

γεξόληεζ(ζ)η (γέξνπζη) αἴγεζ(ζ)η (αἰμί)

γέξνληαο αἶγαο

184 Vocabulary

ἀγνξή ῆο ἡ assembly meeting place gathering harrangue

αἴμ αἰγόο ὁ ἡ goat

Ἄξγνο ενο ηό Argos (both a country and a city in Greece)

γέξσλ νληνο ὁ old man

γῆξαο ανο ηό old age

ἱεξεύο ῆνο ὁ priest holy man

κεξίνλ νπ ηό thigh-bone thigh-piece

πνύο πνδόο ὁ foot

ηαῦξνο νπ ὁ bull

θξήλ θξελόο ἡ diaphragm mind heart soul spirit disposition

δέθαηνο ε νλ tenth

ἡκέηεξνο ε νλ our ours

θνῖινο ε νλ hollow

ὠθύο ὠθεῖα ὠθύ swift speedy

ζλήζθσ die perish

ζαλένκαη

ἔζαλνλ

ηέζλεθα

θεύγσ flee fly escape run (off away along)

θεύμνκαη

ἔθπγνλ

πέθεπγα

Another example is the expression θᾱιὴ βνπιή (a good plan stems θᾱιᾱ- βνπιᾱ-)

Sigular Dual Plural

N θᾱιὴ βνπιή θᾱιὰ (ᾱ) βνπιά (ᾱ) θᾱιαὶ βνπιαί

G θᾱιῆο βνπιῆο θᾱιῇλ βνπιῇηλ θᾱιάσλ (ᾱ) βνπιάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ]

D θαιῇ βνπιῇ θᾱιῇλ βνπιῇηλ θᾱιῇζη βνπιῇζη ῇο

A θᾱιὴλ βνπιήλ θᾱιὰ (ᾱ) βνπιά (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) βνπιάο (ᾱ)

V θᾱιὴ βνπιή θᾱιὰ (ᾱ) βνπιά (ᾱ) θᾱιαὶ βνπιαί

34 Notes on Syntax

The subject of a finite verb is in the nominative case

The direct object of a transitive verb is in the accusative case

Adjectives agree with their nouns in gender number and case Adjectives however can belong to a different

declension than the nouns they modify so the forms are not always the same

Some words that end in a vowel add -λ to the end of the word when the following word begins with a vowel

The following list describes the words that are commonly spelled with a moveable -λ

1 All words that end in -ζη -μη or -ςη except ἐζζί

2 All verbs of the third person ending in -ε

3 The third person singular of the pluperfect ending in -εη (originally -εε)

4 The verb ἐζηί and the paticles θέ and λύ all of which are enclitics

5 The dative plural of the pronouns ἄκκη ὕκκη ζθί and ζθίζη

6 The adverbial endings θη and ζε

7 The pronoun ἐγώ (ldquoIrdquo)

35 Vocabulary

βνπιή ῆο ἡ - plan will wish purpose counsel council

δεηλή - fearful terrible awful dreadful dread

ἐλ ἐλί εἰλ - (adv or prep with dat) in among therein thereon on

ἔρεη - he she it has holds

ἔρνπζη(λ) - they have hold

ἦλ - he she it there was

ἦζαλ - they there were

θαί - and also even

θαθή - bad poor ugly mean coeardly wicked

θᾱιή - good goodly noble handsom fair brave

θιαγγή ῆο ἡ - uproar roar noise

ηίο - (masc or fem) who which what

ηί - (neut) which what why

Υξύζε (ῡ) εο ἡ - Chrysa a town in the Troad

θίιε εο ἡ - dear darling lovely beloved

36 Derivatives

δεηλή - dinosaur (ldquoterrible lizardrdquo) dinichthys (ldquoterrible fishrdquo)

θαθή - cacography (ldquobad writingrdquo) cacophony (ldquobad soundrdquo)

θᾱιή - calligraphy (ldquobeautiful writingrdquo) calliope

θιαγγή - clang

θίιε - Philadelphia (ldquobrotherly loverdquo) Philanthropy (ldquolove of mankindrdquo)

37 Translation

1 βνπιαὶ θᾱιαὶ θαὶ θαθαί 2 ηίο ἔρεη βνπιὴλ θᾱιήλ 3 ηί ἔρνπζηλ 4 θᾱιαὶ βνπιαὶ ἦζαλ θίιαη 5 ηίο ἦλ θᾱιή

6 δεηλὴ θιαγγὴ ἦλ ἐλ Υξύζῃ (ῡ) θᾱιῇ 7 ἔρνπζη βνπιὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θίιᾱο 8 ηί ἦλ θιαγγὴ δεηλὴ ἐλ Υξύζῃ

(ῡ) θᾱιῇ 9 θαθῆο βνπιῆο 10 θαθῇο βνπιῇο 11 θαθάσλ (ᾱ) βνπιάσλ (ᾱ) 12 θαθὴ βνπιή θαθῇ βνπιῇ θαθὴλ

βνπιήλ θαθὰο (ᾱ) βνπιάο (ᾱ)

(1) βνπιαὶhellip The acute changes to a grave when another word follows without intervening punctuation

But see the notes on 2

(2) The acute on the pronouns ηίο and ηί does not change to a grave ηίοηί is an interrogative pronoun and

indicates that the sentence is a question ηίο can be either masculine or feminine usually refers to a person

and is generally translated ldquowhordquo ηί is neuter usually refers to an object and is generally translated

ldquowhatrdquo

(4) Like Latin and unlike later dialects of Greek there is no definite article in Homeric The article must be

supplied in this sentence ldquoThe good planshelliprdquo

(6) ἦλ is frequenly translated ldquothere wasrdquo

(7) The phrasing here is common ldquohellipplans good and dearrdquo A pair of adjectives connected by θαί is often

placed after the noun they modify

(10) This sentence uses the less common -ῇο instead of -ῇζη(λ) The dative in this case is best represented

by the English preposition ldquoforrdquo The preposition ldquotordquo is usually used to render the the dative as indirect

object

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 Good and bad plans 2 Who has a good plan 3 What do they have 4 The good plans were dear 5 Who

was good 6 There was a terrible uproar in beautiful Chrysa 7 They have good and dear plans 8 What was the

terrible uproar in beautiful Chrysa 9 Of the bad plan 10 For the bad plans 11 Of the bad plans 12 The bad plan

for the bad plan the bad plan the bad plans

38 Composition

1 Of good and bad plans 2 For the noble plan 3 Who has the evil plan 4 There was a terrible uproar in

beautiful Chrysa 5 Was the plan good 6 The plans were cowardly

(1) Follow the standard construction ldquoOf plans good and badrdquo

(2) The preposition ldquoforrdquo is represented by the use of the dative

(3) This could be rendered either singular (ηίο ἔρεη) or plural (ηίο ἔρνπζη)

(4) Follow the same construction seen in exercise 6 of Translation ldquoA terrible uproar there was in Chrysa

beautifulrdquo While the word order is not fixed Phar usually places adjectives after the words they modify

When ἦλ is rendered ldquothere wasrdquo it is usually placed in the predicate position ie ldquoA terrible uproar there

washelliprdquo

(5) The construction should place the verb between the subject and the predicate nominative ie βνπιὴ ἦλ

θᾱιή or θᾱιὴ ἦλ βνπιή Otherwise the translation would be ldquoWas there a good planrdquo Note that the

predicate nominative is always placed in the nominative case

(6) As with (5) the verb should come between the subject and the predicate nominative to avoid

ambiguity ἦζαλ βνπιαὶ θαθαί or βνπιαὶ θαθαὶ ἦζαλ would be translated ldquoThere were cowardly plansrdquo

Again the Greek is ambiguous in this regard but we are following Pharrrsquos conventions in the exercises

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 βνπιαὶ θᾱιαὶ θαὶ θαθαί 2 βνπιῇ θᾱιῇ 3 ηίο ἔρεη βνπιὴλ θαθήλ 4 δεηλὴ θιαγγή ἦλ ἐλ Υξύζῃ (ῡ) θᾱιῇ 5

βνπιὴ ἦλ θᾱιή 6 βνπιαὶ ἦζαλ θαθαί

Lesson 4

(663)

41 Declension of ζεά (ᾱ)

The few feminine nouns that end in -ᾱ in the nominative are declined like ζεά (ᾱ) goddess In general the

original ᾱ stem becomes ε in the singular (as in the declension of ζάιαζζα below) It remains ᾱ in the word ζεά (ᾱ)

and a few proper names

Sigular Dual Plural

N ζεά (ᾱ) ζεά (ᾱ) ζεαί

G ζεᾶο ζεῇηλ ζεάσλ (ᾱ) [ῶλ]

D ζεᾷ ζεῇηλ ζεῇζη ῇο [αῖο]

A ζεάλ (ᾱ) ζεά (ᾱ) ζεάο (ᾱ)

V ζεά (ᾱ) ζεά (ᾱ) ζεαί

42 Declension of ζάιαζζα

Feminine nouns ending in -ᾰ are declines like ζάιαηηα sea Note that the acute is pulled from the antepenult to

the penult when the ultima is long

Sigular Dual Plural

N ζάιαζζα ζαιάζζᾱ ζάιαζζαη

G ζαιάζζεο ζαιάζζῃηλ ζαιαζζάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ]

D ζαιάζζῃ ζαιάζζῃηλ ζαιάζζῃζη ῃο

A ζάιαζζαλ ζαιάζζᾱ ζαιάζζᾱο

V ζάιαζζα ζαιάζζᾱ ζάιαζζαη

43 Vocabulary

γάξ -(postpositive conjunction) for in fact

δέ -(postpositive conjunction) but and so for

εἰζί(λ) -they there are

ἐζηί(λ) -he she it there is

ἐθ (ἐμ) -(adv and prep + gen) from out of

ἐπί -(adv) upon on thereon

ἐπί -(prep + gen) upon on over during

ἐπί -(prep + dat) upon on in for about against at beside by

ἐπί -(prep + acc) to up to over up upon

ζάιαζζα εο ἡ -sea

ζεά (ᾱ) ᾶο ἡ -goddess

Κίιια εο ἡ -Cilla a town in the Troad

νὐ (νὐθ νὐρ) -not no

πάηξε εο ἡ -fatherland native land

πνιιή -much many numerous

ππξή ῆο ἡ -funeral pyre pyre

ςῡρή ῆο ἡ -soul breath life spirit

44 Derivatives

ζάιαζζα (thalassa) = thalassocracy

παηξή (patre) = patriotic

ππξή (pyre) = pyre pyrolatry pyrotechnic pyrotechnical pyrography

ςῡρή (psyche) = psyche psychology psychotherapy psychic psychical

45 Translation

1 θᾱιὴ ζεὰ (ᾱ) ἔρεη βνπιὴλ θᾱιήλ 2 θᾱιαὶ ζεαί εἰζη θίιαη ςῡρῇ ζεᾶο ζαιάζζεο δεηλῆο 3 Κίιια θαὶ Υξύζε

(ῡ) εἰζὶ θᾱιαη θαὶ θίιαη ζεῇζη ζαιαζζάσλ (ᾱ) 4 θᾱιὴ ζεὰ (ᾱ) νὐθ ἔρεη ςῡρὴλ θαθήλ 5 θᾱιή ἐζηη ζεά (ᾱ) ἔρεη δὲ

ςῡρὴλ θαθήλ 6 δεηλὴ θιαγγή ἐζηηλ ἐθ ζαιάζζεο 7 Κίιια θαὶ Υξύζε (ῡ) ἦζαλ ἐπὶ ζαιάζζῃ 8 ζεαὶ ζαιάζζεο εἰζὶ

θίιαη ςῡρῇο πνιιῇο θίιαη γάξ εἰζηλ 9 πάηξε θᾱιή ἐζηη θίιε πνιιῇο ςῡρῇο θᾱιῇο 10 ἐθ πάηεο θαθῆο ἦλ 11

ἦζαλ ππξαὶ πνιιαὶ ἐλ θίιῃ πάηξῃ ἐπὶ δεηλῇ ζαιάζζῃ 12 ηίο νὐθ ἔρεη θᾱιὴλ ςῡρήλ

(2) εἰζη is an enclitic When the preceding word carries an acute on the ultima the enclitic looses its own

accent and the accent on the ultima does not change to a grave

(3) When an enclitic follows a word with the acute on the penult the enclitic retains its own accent

(4) νὐ is used before consonants νὐθ before vowels with the smooth breathing and νὐρ before vowels

with the rough breathing As an adverb it usually precedes the verb that it modifies

(6) ἐθ + gen The phrase is rendered ldquohellipfrom out of the seardquo

(7) ἐπί with the dative indicates location and frequently denotes close proximity This phrase is usually

translated with the English idiom ldquoupon the seardquo but it literally means ldquobeside the seardquo or ldquonear the seardquo

(8) postpositives like γάξ and δέ never occur first in a sentence they usually occur as the second or third

word of the sentence

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 Does the beautiful goddess have a good plan 2 Beautiful goddesses are dear to the soul of the goddess of

the terrible sea 3 Cilla and Chrysa are beautiful and dear to the goddesses of the seas 4 The beautiful goddess does

not have an ugly soul 5 The goddess is beautiful but she has an ugly soul 6 There is a terrible roar from out of the

sea 7 Cilla and Chrysa were upon the sea 8 The goddesses of the sea are dear to many souls for they are beloved

9 The beautiful fatherland is dear to many good souls 10 There was evil from out of the fatherland 11 There were

many funeral pyres in the beloeved fatherland upon the terrible sea

46 Composition

1 Are the good plans dear to the souls of the goddesses 2 They have many plans but (they are) cowardly

ones 3 The plans are dear to the soul of the beautiful goddess for they are noble 4 The lovely goddess of the sea

was not in Cilla 5 There are many funeral pyres by the sea in (our) beloved fatherland 6 Who was in Cilla by the

sea

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 θᾱιαὶ βνπιαί εἰζη θίιαη ςῡρῇζη ζεάσλ (ᾱ) 2 ἔρνπζη βνπιὰο (ᾱ) πνιιάο (ᾱ) θαθὰο (ᾱ) δέ 3 βνπιαὶ θίιαη

εἰζὶ ςῡρῇ θᾱιῆο ζεᾶο θίιαη γάξ εἰζηλ 4 θᾱιὴ ζεὰ (ᾱ) ζαιάζζεο νὐθ ἦλ ἐλ Κίιιῃ 5 ππξαὶ πνιιαί ἐζηηλ ἐπὶ

ζαιάζζῃ ἐλ πάηξῃ θίιῃ 6 ηίο ἦλ ἐλ Κίιιῃ ἐπὶ ζαιάζζῃ

Lesson 5

(789-806 904)

51 Introduction to Greek Verbs

The uses of the Greek verb will be covered in more detail later However Pharr employs several terms in this

lesson that may be perplexing without a brief introduction

Greek verbs employ prefixes suffixes and formative elements in order to conjugate verbs A similar function

exists in English although to a lesser extent precook (use of a prefix) walked (use of a suffix) ranrun (use of

ablaut as a formative element) etc

There are three voices in Greek The active and passive voice function as in English where the active indicates

action performed by the subject (ldquothe dog bit the mailmanrdquo) and the passive indicates action performed upon the

subject (ldquothe mailman was bitten by the dogrdquo) The Greek also employs a third voice called the middle which

indicates (among other things) that the subject acted on its own behalf (ldquothe dog himself bit the mailmanrdquo) or that

plural subjects acted upon each other (ldquothe dogs bit each otherrdquo) The endings for the passive and the middle are

sometimes identical and the meaning must be determined from the context

In Greek as in English verbs convey certain moods The indicative mood simply denotes an action that is

performed (ldquothe dog bites the mailmanrdquo) The subjunctive mood denotes (among other things) possibility and

wishes etc (ldquothe dog may bite the mailmanrdquo ldquoI wish that the dog would bite the mailmanrdquo) Like the subjunctive

the optative mood denotes (among other things) possibility wish conditions or indirect discourse (ldquothe dog would

bite the mailman ifhelliprdquo ldquowould that the dog had bitten the mailmanrdquo ldquomay the dog bite the mailmanrdquo) The

imperative mood expresses a command (ldquobite the mailman you dogrdquo) The infinitive mood expresses the verb as if it

were a noun (ldquoto bite the mailmanrdquo) The participle is a verbal noun or adjective similar to the infinitive ( ldquobiting the

mailman is badrdquo)

There are seven different tenses in Greek most of which have corresponding meanings in English present (ldquothe

dog bites the mailmanrdquo) future (ldquothe dog will bite the mailmanrdquo) imperfect (ldquothe dog was biting the mailmanrdquo)

aorist (ldquothe dog bit the mailmanrdquo) perfect (ldquothe dog has bitten the mailmanrdquo) pluperfect (ldquothe dog had bitten the

mailmanrdquo) and future perfect (ldquothe dog would have bitten the mailmanrdquo)

Grammarians divide the Greek tenses into two categories The primary (or principle) tenses consist of the

present future perfect and future perfect and denote action that occurs from a perspective in the present or future

The secondary (past or historic) consist of the imperfect aorist and pluperfect and denote action occurring from

the perspective of the past

Each tense can be expressed in multiple moods and voices The aorist active indicative for example is ldquothe dog

bit the mailmanrdquo The aorist middle indicative is ldquothe dog himself bit the mailmanrdquo The aorist passive indicative is

ldquothe mailman was bitten by the dogrdquo The present active subjunctive is ldquothe dog may bite the mailmanrdquo The present

passive subjunctive is ldquothe mailman may be bitten by the dogrdquo

There are three persons in the Greek and these correspond to the three persons used in the English verbs first

person (ldquoI bit the mailmanrdquo) second person (ldquoyou bit the mailmanrdquo) and third person (ldquohe bit the mailmanrdquo) Each

person can also take on the dual form (ldquothe pair of them bit the mailmanrdquo third person dual) and the plural form

(ldquowe bit the mailmanrdquo first person plural)

As you can see there are many possible combinations in Greek and the majority of those possible

combinations has accompanying endings that can be applied All in all there are hundreds of possible endings that

can be applied to various Greek verbs and the student must eventually learn them all

Grammarians use the word ldquoaugmentrdquo in reference to a prefix that is applied to a verb In general Greek

augments consist of either the letter ε- appended to the beginning of the word (ιπσ ldquoI looserdquo ειπνλ ldquoI was

loosingrdquo) or a lengthening of an initial vowel (ἄγσ ldquoI leadrdquo ἦγνλ ldquoI was leadingrdquo) Augments typically indicate an

event occurring in the past tense

Reduplication consists of doubling the initial syllable of a word and are used in the formation of some tenses

and stems (ιπσ ldquoI looserdquo ιειπθα ldquoI have loosedrdquo)

52 Inflection of Verbs

As with other inflected forms verbs consist of the stem and the ending (or suffix) Frequently more than one

ending is applied to a verb stem in order to indicate relationships such as mood tense voice person and number

Greek verb forms fall into two categories finite (indicative subjunctive optative imperative) and infinite

(infinitive participle) The finite forms of the verb include personal endings (1st person 2

nd person etc) augment

(prefixes used to indicate historic time) and reduplication (doubling of the first syllable of the word) as well as

endings representing tense mood voice etc Collectively these prefixes suffixes and modifications are called the

characteristics of the verb

The infinite forms of the verb are used as nouns or adjectives The participle is a verbal adjective and is used as

other adjectives It corresponds roughly to English verbs ending in -ing such as ldquothe running horserdquo or ldquowalking is

healthyrdquo The infinitive is a verbal noun and corresponds roughly to verbs preceded by the preposition ldquotordquo in

English ldquoit is good to runrdquo ldquohe wanted to walkrdquo

53 Thematic and Athematic Forms

Greek verbs fall into two primary conjugations -σ (or thematic) verbs which end in -σ in the first person

singular (present active indicative) and -κη (or athematic) verbs which end in -κη in the first person singular

(present active indicative)

In thematic verbs the stem ends in either -ν or -ε (which are called the theme) and the various suffixes are

applied to after the thematic vowel For example ιύεηε consists of ιῡ- the thematic vowel -ε- and the personal

ending -ηε Combined they form the word ιύ-ε-ηε ye loose The thematic vowel is -o- when it occurs before κ λ or

when used in the optative mood otherwise the thematic vowel is -ε- In the subjunctive mood the thematic vowel is

lengthened to -ε- (for -ε-) or -σ- (for -o-)

In athematic verbs the theme is omitted and the suffixes are applied directly to the stem of the verb Many

verbs which are regularly thematic also have corresponding athematic forms Strictly speaking no Greek verb is

entirely thematic or athematic each verb has both thematic and athematic forms

In general verb forms that are thematic include all futures all presents and imperfects of -σ verbs all second

aorists having the thematic vowel (ending in -νλ in the first person singular) and all subjunctives The verb forms

that are athematic include the presents and imperfects of -κη verbs all passive aorists (except in the subjunctive) all

middle and passive perfects and pluperfects all second aorists whose tense stem does not end in the thematic vowel

a few verbs in the second perfect and pluperfect active all first aorists active and middle and most perfects and

pluperfects active

In athematic inflections the singular is usually built on a long vowel and the duals and plurals are usually built

on the corresponding short vowel

54 Conjugation of the Present Active Indicative of -ω Verbs

The verb ιύσ (ldquoI looserdquo) is typically used as an example of the conjugation of -σ verbs The following

paradigm covers the present tense indicative mood and active voice of ιύσ (Note that there is no first person dual)

Singular 1st Person ιύσ I loose

2nd

Person ιύεηο you loose

3rd

Person ιύεη he she it looses

Dual 2nd

Person ιύεηνλ you two (or the pair of you) loose

3rd

Person ιύεηνλ they two (or the pair of them) loose

Plural 1st Person ιύνκελ we loose

2nd

Person ιύεηε you (or ye) loose

3rd

Person ιύνπζη(λ) they loose

55 Vocabulary

ἀείδσ sing sing of hymn chant

ἀλ- (prefix ἀ- before consonants) not un- dis- -less without

ἁλδάλσ (to) please (used with the dative)

ἀηῑκάδσ dishonor slight insult

βαίλσ come go walk

εἰο ἐο (adv and prep + acc) into until therein

ἔρσ have hold keep

θαίσ burn consume

ιύσ loose free break up destroy

ὀιέθσ kill destroy ruin

πέκπσ send escort conduct

ηειείσ accomplish fulfill complete

ηεύρσ make do fashion perform cause prepare

θέξσ bear carry bring

56 Derivatives

ἀείδσ (aed-) = ode odium melody palinode

ἀλ- (a- an-) = atheist anarchy

θαίσ (cae-) = caustic cauterize holocaust

ιύσ (ly-) = analysis

πέκπσ (pemp-) = pomp

ηειείσ (tele-) = teleology

θέξσ (pher-) = periphery phosphorus

57 Translation

1 ἀείδνκελ βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεάσλ (ᾱ) πνιιάσλ (ᾱ) 2 θιαγγὴ δεηλὴ θαθῆο ζαιάζζεο νὐρ ἁλδάλεη ςῡρῇ ζεᾶο 3 ηίο

ἀηῑκάδεη θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) ζεάο (ᾱ) 4 νὐρ ἀηῑκάδνκελ πάηξελ θίιε γάξ ἐζηηλ 5 βαίλνπζηλ ἐθ Κίιιεο εἰο Υξύζελ (ῡ) 6

θαίνπζη ππξὰο (ᾱ) πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἐλ Υξύζῃ (ῡ) ἐπὶ ζαιάζζῃ 7 ἔρνκελ πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) βνπιάο (ᾱ) 8 θαίεηε

ππξὰο (ᾱ) ἐλ πάηξῃ 9 ιύεηνλ ιύεηο ιύνκελ ιύνπζηλ ιύεηε 10 ὀιέθνκελ ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θαθὰο (ᾱ) ἐλ

πάηξῃ θίιῃ 11 ηίο πέκπεη ζεὰο (ᾱ) ἐο Υξύζελ (ῡ) 12 ηειείεηε βνπιὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) πάηξῃ θίιῃ 13 ηειείνκελ

βνπιὴλ θίιεο ζεᾶο 14 ηεύρνκελ ππξήλ 15 ηί θέξεηε ηί θέξνπζηλ

(2) ἁλδάλεη ςῡρῇhellip The object of the verb ἁλδάλσ takes the dative case In general the English can be

translated with the addition of the word ldquotordquo thus νὐθ ἁλδάλεη ςῡρῇ is ldquois not pleasing to the soulrdquo or ldquodoes

not please the soulrdquo

(5) The word εἰο can either be translated ldquotordquo or ldquointordquo

(6) ἐπὶ ζαιάζζῃ is a title for Chrysa thus Υξύζε (ῡ) ἐπὶ ζαιάζζῃ is ldquoChrysa upon the seardquo or ldquoChrysa by

the seardquo

(8) The word πάηξε refers to the person addressed and so is more appropriately translated ldquonative landrdquo

(the more familiar ldquofatherlandrdquo would typically apply only to the person speaking) Note that the possessive

is implied by using the 2nd

person of the verb thus ldquohellipin (your) native landrdquo

(9) ιύεηνλ can be either 2nd

or 3rd

person

(10) As with many Homeric words the best translation depends on the context Here the word ὀιέθσ

occurs in a military context (the Iliad) and so probably refers to killing enemies θαθή probably refers to

cowardice But the passage could be rendered in many ways such as ldquoWe ruin many wicked soulshelliprdquo or

ldquoWe kill many cowardly soulshelliprdquo etc

(11) Note the alternate form of εἰο As with many common prepositions Homer offers different forms to fit

the rhythmic structure of the poem εἰο is a single long syllable while ἐο can be either long or short

depending on the following word In like manner ἐλ is either long or short ἐλί is two short syllables and

εἰλ is a single long syllable

(12) The dative without a preposition is here translated with ldquoforhelliprdquo I also rendered βνπιαί θαιαί as

ldquonoble thingsrdquo in this context although it could also be translated ldquogood plansrdquo ldquobrave plansrdquo etc

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 We sing the plans of many goddesses 2 The terrible roar of the evil sea was not pleasing to the soul of the

goddess 3 Who dishonors the noble goddesses 4 We do not dishonor (our) fatherland for it is dear 5 They go

from Cilla to Chrysa 6 Do they burn many funeral pyres in Chrysa by the sea 7 We have many fair plans 8 Do

you burn pyres in (your) native land 9 You two loose you loose we loose they loose you loose 10 We destroy

many wicked souls in (our) dear fatherland 11 Who escorts the goddess into Chrysa 12 You accomplish noble

things for (our) dear fatherland 13 We fulfill the will of the beloved goddess

58 Composition Exercises

1 Who is singing the evil plans of the fair goddess 2 The roar of the sea is pleasing to the soul of the goddess

in Cilla 3 We do not dishonor the goddesses of (our) dear fatherland 4 Are you going from Chrysa to Cilla by the

sea 5 The two goddesses come from the sea into Cilla 6 They are burning two funeral pyres in (their) fatherland

7 They have many fair plans 8 We loose you loose they (two) loose he is loosing 9 The goddess destroys many

wicked souls 10 We escort the goddess into (our) dear fatherland 11 They accomplish the will of (their)

fatherland 12 He is making a funeral pyre 13 What does he bring

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 ηίο ἀείδεη θαθὰο (ᾱ) βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεᾶο θᾱιῆο 2 θιαγγὴ ζαιάζζεο ἁλδάλεη ςῡρῇ ζεᾶο ἐλ Κίιιῃ 3 νὐθ

ἀηῑκάδνκελ ζεὰλ (ᾱ) θίιεο πάηξεο 4 βαίλεηο ἐθ Υξύζεο (ῡ) εἰο Κίιιελ ἐπὶ ζαιάζζῃ 5 ζεὰ (ᾱ) βαίλνπζηλ ἐθ

ζαιάζζεο εἰο Κίιιελ 6 θαίνπζη πύξᾱ ἐλ πάηξῃ 7 ἔρνπζη πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) βνπιάο (ᾱ) 8 ιύνκελ ιύεηο

ιύεηνλ ιύεη 9 ζεὰ (ᾱ) ὀιέθεη πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θαθὰο (ᾱ) ςῡράο (ᾱ) 10 θέξνκελ ζεὰλ (ᾱ) εἰο θίιελ πάηξελ 11

ηειείνπζη βνπιὴλ πάηξεο 12 ηεύρεη πύξελ 13 ηί θέξεη

Lesson 6

(678-679 717-721 1025 cf 575 996 1009)

61 Second Declension Masculines

Second declension nouns have stems ending in -o Masculine nouns of the second declension are inflected like

ζῡκόο (spirit life soul) and πνιεκόο (war) Second declension adjectives are inflected like θαθόο (evil)

Sigular Dual Plural

N ζῡκόο ζῡκώ ζῡκνί

G ζῡκνῦ νῖν [όν] ζῡκνῖηλ ζῡκῶλ

D ζῡκῷ ζῡκνῖηλ ζῡκνῖζη νῖο

A ζῡκόλ ζῡκώ ζῡκνύο

V ζῡκέ ζῡκώ ζῡκνί

Sigular Dual Plural

N θαθὸο πόιεκνο θαθὼ πνιέκσ θαθνὶ πόιεκνη

G θαθνῦ νῖν [όν] πνιέκνπ νην [νν] θαθνῖηλ πνιέκνηηλ θαθῶλ πνιέκσλ

D θαθῷ πνιέκῳ θαθνῖλ πνιέκνηηλ θαθνῖο πνιέκνηο

A θαθὸλ πόιεκνλ θαθὼ πνιέκσ θαθνὺο πνιέκνπο

V θαθὲ πόιεκε θαθὼ πνιέκσ θαθνὶ πνιεκνί

62 Second Declension Neuters

Second declension neuters end in -νλ in the nominative vocative and accusative singlular and -ᾰ in the

nominative vocative and accusative plural They are identical to second declension masculines in the genitive and

dative as well as all cases of the dual Second declension neuters nouns are declined like ἔξγνλ (deed) and second

declension neuter adjectives are declined like θᾱιόλ (noble)

Sigular Dual Plural

N θᾱιὸλ ἔξγνλ θᾱιὼ ἔξγσ θᾱιὰ ἔξγα

G θᾱινῦ νῖν [όν] ἔξγνπ νην [νν] θᾱινῖηλ ἔξγνηηλ θᾱιῶλ ἔξγσλ

D θᾱιῷ ἔξγῳ θᾱινῖηλ ἔξγνηηλ θᾱινῖο ἔξγνηο

A θᾱιὸλ ἔξγνλ θᾱιὼ ἔξγσ θᾱινὺο ἔξγνπο

V θᾱιὸλ ἔξγνλ θᾱιὼ ἔξγσ θᾱιὰ ἔξγα

63 Second Declension Feminines

A few second declension nouns are feminine These are declined exactly the same as the masculine form the

only difference being that all adjectives and modifiers take their respective feminine forms Thus θαθὸο ζῡκόο = the

evil spirit and θαθὸλ ἔξγνλ = the evil deed but θαθὴ λνῦζνο = the evil plague

Sigular Dual Plural

N θαθὴ λνῦζνο θαθὰ (ᾱ) λνύζσ θαθαὶ λνῦζνη

G θαθῆο λνύζνπ νην [νν] θαθῇηλ λνύζνηηλ θαθάσλ [έσλ ῶλ] λνύζσλ

D θαθῇ λνύζῳ θαθῇηλ λνύζνηηλ θαθῇζη ῇο λνύζνηζη νηο

A θαθὴλ λνῦζνλ θαθὰ (ᾱ) λνύζσ θαθὰο (ᾱ) λνύζνπο

V θαθὴ λνῦζε θαθὰ (ᾱ) λνύζσ θαθαὶ λνῦζνη

64 Adjectives

Adjectives always agree in case number and gender with the nouns they modify

Adjectives fall into three declensions just like nouns However adjectives frequently have masculine feminine

and neuter forms whereas nouns typically fall into a single gender The adjective θαθόο for example has three

forms θαθόο (masculine) θαθή (femine) and θαθόλ (neuter) Adjectives are usually listed in dictionary entries in

the nominative masculine singular followed by the femine and neuter singular endings θαθόο ή όλ

Adjectives are usually grouped into one of four categories 1) First and Second Declension Adjectives whose

forms usually represent the first declension when feminine and the second declension when masculine or neuter 2)

Second Declension Adjectives which usually have a single second declension form that serves as both masculine

and feminine as well as a second declension neuter form 3) First and Third Declension Adjectives whose

masculine and neuter forms are of the third declension but whose feminine form falls under the first declension and

4) Third Declension Adjectives which have a single third declension form for both masculine and feminine and a

third declension neuter form

First and Second Declension Adjectives have the nominative singular endings -νο (masculine) -ε (feminine)

and -νλ (neuter) Of these θᾱιόο (beautiful noble) and θίινο (dear lovely beloved) are good examples

Singular

Masc Fem Neut

N θᾱιόο θᾱιή θᾱιόλ θᾱιή θᾱιόλ

G θᾱινῦ νῖν [όν] θᾱιῆο θᾱινῦ νῖν [όν]

D θᾱιῷ θᾱιῇ θᾱιῷ

A θᾱιόλ θᾱιήλ θᾱιόλ

V θᾱιέ θᾱιή θᾱιόλ

Dual

N A V θᾱιώ θᾱιά (ᾱ) θᾱιώ

G D θᾱινῖηλ θᾱιῇηλ θᾱινῖηλ

Plural

N θᾱινί θᾱιαί θᾱιά

G θᾱιῶλ θᾱιάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] θᾱιῶλ

D θᾱινῖζη νῖο θᾱιῇζη ῇο θᾱινῖζη νῖο

A θᾱινύο θᾱιάο (ᾱ) θᾱιά

Singular

Masc Fem Neut

N θίινο θίιε θίινλ

G θίινπ νην [νν] θίιεο θίινπ νην [νν]

D θίιῳ θίιῃ θίιῳ

A θίινλ θίιελ θίινλ

V

Dual

N A V θίισ θίιᾱ θίισ

G D θίινηηλ θίιῃηλ θίινηηλ

Plural

N θίινη θίιαη θίια

G θίισλ θηιάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] θίισλ

D θίινηζη νηο θίιῃζη ῃο θίινηζη νηο

A θίινπο θίιᾱο θίια

V θίινη θίιαη θίια

65 Vocabulary

ἀγιαόο ή όλ bright shining splendid glorious

ἀλά ἄλ (adv prep + gen dat acc) upon on thereon along up through

ἀπεξείζηνο ε νλ boundless countless immeasureable

ἄπνηλα σλ ηά ransom

Ἀραηόο νῦ ὁ Achaean

δεηλόο ή όλ terrible awful dreadful dread fearful

ἑιώξηνλ νπ ηό booty spoils prey

ζεόο νῦ ὁ god divinity

ζῡκόο νῦ ὁ heart soul spirit courage passion

θαθόο ή όλ bad poor ugly mean cowardly evil wicked

θᾱιόο ή όλ good goodly noble handsome brave fair beautiful

ιᾱόο νῦ ὁ people host soldiery

κῡξίνη αη α countless innumerable

λνῦζνο νπ ἡ plague disease pest pestilence

νἰσλόο νῦ ὁ bird (of prey) vulture omen

πνιιόο ή όλ much many numerous

ζηξαηόο νῦ ὁ army encampment host

θίινο ε νλ dear darling lovely beloved

66 Derivatives

ἀλά (ana-) = anatomy

ἄπνηλα (apen-) = pentalty

ζεόο (theo-) = theology theocracy atheism polytheism monotheism henotheism pantheism

ιᾱόο (lao-) = laity layman

ζηξαηόο (strato-) = strategy strategic strategical

67 Translation Exercises

1 ἀγιαὰ ἄπνηλα θέξνπζηλ Ἀραηνὶ εἰο ζηξαηόλ 2 θέξνκελ ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 3 ζεὸο ηεύρεη

πνιινὺο Ἀραηνὺο ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζηλ 4 ἦζαλ Ἀραηνὶ θαθνί 5 νὐθ ἦζαλ θαθνί θᾱινὶ δέ λνῦζνο θαθὴ ὀιέθεη ιᾱὸλ

θᾱιόλ 6 Ἀραηνὶ πέκπνπζηλ ἄπνηλα κῡξίrsquo εἰο πάηξελ 7 ζεὸο βαίλεη ἐο ζηξαηόλ ὀιέθεη δὲ ιᾱὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 8 ηίο

ἀηῑκάδεη ζενὺο θᾱινύο 9 θαθνὶ ιᾱνὶ ἀηῑκάδνπζη ζενὺο πάηξεο 10 ζεὸο πέκπεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ

Ἀραηῶλ νὐ γὰξ ηειείνπζη βνπιὴλ ζεῶλ πάηξεο 11 βαίλεη ἐπὶ ζάιαζζαλ δεηλὴλ θαὶ ηεύρεη ππξὰο (ᾱ) πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἀλὰ

ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 12 ἔρνπζηλ ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα Ἀραηῶλ ἐλὶ ζηξαηῷ 13 βνπιὴ ζηξαηνῦ νὐρ ἁλδάλεη ζῡκῷ ζενῦ 14

ιᾱὸο Κίιιεο θίινο ἦλ ςῡρῇ ζεᾶο ζαιάζζεο 15 νὐθ ἀείδνκελ θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεῶλ ζηξαηῷ νὐ γὰξ ἁλδάλεη

Ἀραηνῖζη ζῡκῷ

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 The Achaeans bring countless splendid ransmoms into the camp 2 We carry boundless ransoms up through

the camp of the Achaeans 3 The god makes many Achaens spoils for the birds 4 Were the Achaeans evil 5 They

were not evil but good An evil pestilence destroyed the good host 6 The Achaeans send countless ransoms into

(their) fatherland 7 The god walks into the camp and destroys the host of the Achaeans 8 Who dishonors the noble

gods 9 The evil host dishonors the gods of (our) fatherlans 10 The god sends an evil plague up through the camp

of the Achaeans for they do not fulfill the will of the gods of (their) native country 11 He walks along the sea and

builds many funeral pyres throughout the camp of the Achaeans 12 They have boundless ransoms of the Achaeans

in the camp 13 The armyrsquos plan is not pleasing to the heart of the god 14 The host of Cilla was dear to the soul of

the goddess of the sea 15 We do not sing the brave plan of the goods of the camp for (that) is not pleasing to the

heart of the Achaeans

68 Composition Exercises

1 The terrible roar of the sea is pleasing to the goddess in (her) soul 2 We bring many splendid ransoms to the

army of the Achaeans 3 The god does not destroy the host of the Achaeans for they do not dishonor the gods of

(their) fatherland 4 The evil plague makes countless Achaeans a booty (use plural) for many birds 5 The people of

the Achaeans send countless shining ransoms to the goddess of the sea in Cilla 6 The Achaeans go to the sea and

sing but the noise is not pleasing to the goddess in (her) soul 7 The plague destroys the people for they dishonor

the god of Chrysa

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 θιαγγὴ δεηλὴ ἁλδάλεη ζεᾷ ςῡρῇ 2 θέξνκελ ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀγιαὰ ἐο ζηξαηῷ Ἀραηῶλ 3 ζεὸο νὐθ ὀιέθεη

ιᾱὸλ Ἀραηῶλ νὐ γὰξ ἀηῑκάδνπζη ζενὺο πάηξεο 4 θαθὴ λνῦζνο ηεύρεη κῡξίνπο Ἀραηνὺο ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζη πνιινῖζηλ

5 ιᾱὸο Ἀραηῶλ πέκπνπζη κῡξίrsquo ἄπνηλα ἀγιαὰ ζεᾷ ζαιάζζεο ἐλὶ Κίιιᾳ 6 Ἀραηνὶ βαίλνπζηλ εἰο ζάιαζζαλ θαὶ

ἀείδνπζηλ θιαγγὴ δὲ νὐρ ἁλδάλεη ζεᾷ ςῡρῇ 7 λνῦζνο ὀιέθεη ιᾱόλ ἀηῑκάδνπζη γὰξ ζεὸλ Υξύζεο (ῡ)

Lesson 7

Review

71 Review Vocabulary

ἀγιαόο ή όλ splendid ζῡκόο νῦ ὁ heart

ἀείδσ sing θαί and

ἀλ- ἀ- un- θαίσ burn

ἁλδάλσ is pleasing to θαθόο ή όλ evil

ἀπεξείζηνο ε νλ immeasurable θᾱιόο ή όλ good

ἄπνηλα σλ ηά ransom Κίιια εο ἡ Cilla

ἀηῑκάδσ dishonor θιαγγή ῆο ἡ roar

Ἀραηόο νῦ ὁ Achaean ιᾱόο νῦ ὁ host

βαίλσ go walk ιύσ loose

βνπιή ῆο ἡ plan κῡξίνη αη α countless

γάξ for λνῦζνο νπ ἡ plague

δέ but νἰσλόο νῦ ὁ bird

δεηλόο ή όλ terrible ὀιέθσ kill

εἰο (ἐο) into νὐ (νὐρ) not

εἰζί they are πάηξε εο ἡ fatherland

ἐθ (ἐμ) out of πέκπσ send

ἑιώξηνλ νπ ηό spoil πνιιόο ή όλ many

ἐλ(ί) εἰλ in ππξή ῆο ἡ funeral pyre

ἐπί upon ζηξαηόο νῦ ὁ army

ἐζηί it is ηειείσ accomplish

ἔρσ have ηεύρσ make

ἦλ it was ηίο ηί who what

ἦζαλ they were θέξσ carry

ζάιαζζα εο ἡ sea θίινο ε νλ beloved

ζεά (ᾱ) ᾶο ἡ goddess Υξύζε (ῡ) εο ἡ Chrysa

ςῡρή ῆο ἡ soul

72 Translation Exercises

1 ἀδείδνκελ ζεὰλ (ᾱ) ζαιάζζεο δεηλῆο θιαγγῇ πνιιῇ 2 νὐθ ἀηῑκάδνπζη ζενὺο 3 βνπιαὶ Ἀραηῶλ νὐρ

ἁλδάλνπζη ζεᾳ θᾱιῇ ζῡκῷ 4 βαίλεη ἐθ ζηξαηνῦ Ἀραηῶλ εἰο Κίιιαλ θαὶ θέξεη ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα ζεῷ 5 λνῦζνο θαθὴ

βαίλεη ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ θαὶ ηεύρεη πνιινὺο Ἀραηνὺο ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζηλ 6 θαὶ ζενὶ θαὶ ζεαὶ ὀιέθνπζη ιᾱὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 7 ηίο

Ἀραηῶλ ἔρεη ζῡκὸλ θαθόλ 8 ἦζαλ πνιιαὶ ζεαὶ ἐλὶ ζαιάζζῃ 9 θαίεη ππξὰο (ᾱ) ἐπὶ ζαιάζζῃ 10 ιύεηε ζηξαηὸλ

Ἀραηῶλ 11 πάηξε ἐζηὶ θίιε ςῡρῇ κῡξίσλ Ἀραηῶλ 12 ηίο πέκπεη ζηξαηὸλ ἐθ Κίιιεο εἰο Υξύζελ (ῡ) 13 βνπιὴ

θαθὴ ἐζηηλ ἁλδάλεη δὲ ζεᾷ ζῡκῷ 14 ηί ἀείδεηε

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 With a great noise we hymn the goodess of the terrible sea 2 We do not dishonor the gods 3 The will of the

Achaeans does not please the heart of the beautiful goddess 4 He goes from the Achaean camp to Cilla and delivers

countless ransoms to the god 5 An evil plague goes up through the camp and makes many Achaeans spoils for the

vultures 6 Both gods and goddesses destroy the host of the Achaeans 7 Who of the Achaeans has an evil heart 8

Were there many goddesses in the sea 9 He burns funeral pyres by the sea 10 You destroy the camp of the

Achaeans 11 The fatherland is dear to the soul of countless Achaeans 12 Who dispatches the army from Cilla to

Chrysa 13 It is an evil plan but it pleases the heart of the goddess 14 What do you sing

73 Composition Exercises

1 The Achaeans sing the beautiful goddess of the terrible sea 2 We do not dishonor the gods for they are dear

to (our) souls 3 The plans of the army are pleasing to the goddess in (her) noble soul 4 Many Achaeans are going

from the encampment and are bringing countless glorious ransoms to the gods 5 The evil plague destroys the

people and makes the army a booty for countless birds 6 We do not sing for it is not pleasing to the soul of the

goddess

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 Ἀραηνὶ ἀείδνπζη ζεὰλ (ᾱ) θᾱιὴλ δεηλῆο ζαιάζζεο 2 νὐθ ἀηῑκάδνκελ ζενὺο θίινη δὲ ζῡκνῖζηλ 3 βνπιαὶ

ζηξαηῷ ἁλδάλνπζη ζεᾷ ζῡκῷ 4 Ἀραηνὶ πνιινὶ βαίλνπζηλ ἐθ ζηξαηνῦ θαὶ θέξνπζηλ ἄπνηλα ἀπεξείζηα θαὶ ἀγιαὰ

ζενῖζηλ 5 θαθὴ λνῦζνο ὀιέθεη ιᾱὸλ θαὶ ηεύρεη ζηξαηὸλ ἄπνηλα νἰσλνῖζηλ ἀπεξείζηνῐζηλ 6 νὐθ ἀείδνκελ νὐθ γὰξ

ἁλδάλεη ςῡρῇ ζεᾶο

Lesson 8

(765-766 773-774)

81 The Second Declension (Continued)

Several words are declined like θᾱιόο ή όλ except that the nominative vocative and accusative singular of

the neuter ends in -o instead of -νλ Some of these words include ὅο ἥ ὅ (which) ὁ ἡ ηό (that) (ἐ)θεῖλνο ε ν

(that) αὐηόο ή ό (he she it) and ἄιινο ε ν (another)

The words ὅδε and νὗηνο are not introduced in this lesson but they are dleclined similarly and so are included

in the paradigms as reference

ὁ ἡ ηό (that hesheit whowhichwhat)

Masc Fem Neut

N ὁ ἡ ηό

G ηνῦ ηνῖν ηῆο ηνῦ ηνῖν

D ηῷ ηῇ ηῷ

A ηόλ ηήλ ηό

N A ηώ (ηώ) ηώ

G D ηνῖηλ (ηνῖηλ) ηνῖηλ

N νἱ αἱ ηά

G ηῶλ ηάσλ (ᾱ) [ηῶλ] ηῶλ

D ηνῖζη ηνῖο ηῇζη ηῇο ηνῖζη ηνῖο

A ηνύο ηάο (ᾱ) ηά

αὐηόο ή ό (hesheit self same)

Masc Fem Neut

N αὐηόο αὐηή αὐηό

G αὐηνῦ νῖν αὐηῆο αὐηνῦ νῖν

D αὐηῷ αὐηῇ αὐηῷ

A αὐηόλ αὐηήλ αὐηό

N A αὐηώ (αὐηώ) αὐηώ

G D αὐηνῖηλ (αὐηνῖηλ) αὐηνῖηλ

N αὐηνί αὐηαί αὐηά

G αὐηῶλ αὐηάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] αὐηῶλ

D αὐηνῖζη νῖο αὐηῇζη ῇο αὐηνῖζη νῖο

A αὐηνύο αὐηάο (ᾱ) αὐηά

ὅο ἥ ὅ (whowhichwhat)

Masc Fem Neut

N ὅο ἥ ὅ

G νὖ [ὅνπ ὅν] ἥο νὗ [ὅνπ ὅν]

D ᾧ ᾗ ᾧ

A ὅλ ἥλ ὅ

N A ὥ (ὥ) ὥ

G D νἷηλ (νἷηλ) νἶηλ

N νἵ αἵ ἅ

G ὧλ ὧλ ὧλ

D νἷζη νἷο ᾗζη ᾗο νἷζη νἷο

A νὕο ἅο (ᾱ) ἅ

(ἐ)θεῖλνο ε ν (that)

Masc Fem Neut

N (ἐ)θεῖλνο (ἐ)θείλε (ἐ)θεῖλν

G (ἐ)θείλνπ νην (ἐ)θείλεο (ἐ)θείλνπ νην

D (ἐ)θείλῳ (ἐ)θείλῃ (ἐ)θείλῳ

A (ἐ)θεῖλνλ (ἐ)θείλελ (ἐ)θεῖλν

N A (ἐ)θείλσ ((ἐ)θείλσ) (ἐ)θείλσ

G D (ἐ)θείλνηηλ ((ἐ)θείλνηηλ) (ἐ)θείλνηηλ

N (ἐ)θεῖλνη (ἐ)θεῖλαη (ἐ)θεῖλα

G (ἐ)θείλσλ (ἐ)θεηλάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] (ἐ)θείλσλ

D (ἐ)θείλνηζη νηο (ἐ)θείλῃζη ῃο (ἐ)θείλνηζη νηο

A (ἐ)θείλνπο (ἐ)θείλᾱο (ἐ)θεῖλα

ὅδε ἥδε ηόδε (this)

Masc Fem Neut

N ὅδε ἥδε ηόδε

G ηνύδε ηνῖνδε ηῆζδε ηνύδε ηνῖνδε

D ηῷδε ηῇδε ηῷδε

A ηόλδε ηήλδε ηόδε

N A ηώδε (ηώδε) ηώδε

G D ηνῖηλδε (ηνῖηλδε) ηνῖηλδε

N νἵδε (ηνίδε) αἵδε (ηαίδε) ηάδε

G ηῶλδε ηάσλδε (ᾱ) [ηῶλδε] ηῶλδε

D ηνῖζηδε ηνῖζδε ηῇζηδε ηῇζδε ηνῖζηδε ηνῖζδε

ηνίζδεζη ηνίζδεζη

ηνίζδεζζη ηνίζδεζζη

A ηνύζδε ηάζδε (ᾱ) ηάδε

νὗηνο αὕηε ηνῦην (this)

Masc Fem Neut

N νὗηνο αὕηε ηνῦην

G ηνύηνπ νην ηαύηεο ηνύηνπ νην

D ηνύηῳ ηαύηῃ ηνύηῳ

A ηνῦηνλ ηαύηελ ηνῦην

N A ηνύησ (ηνύησ) ηνύησ

G D ηνύηνηηλ (ηνύηνηηλ) ηνύηνηηλ

N νὗηνη αὗηαη ηαῦηα

G ηνύησλ ηαῡηάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] ηνύησλ

D ηνύηνηζη νηο ηαύηῃζη ῃο ηνύηνηζη νηο

A ηνύηνπο ηαύηᾱο ηαῦηα

82 Vocabulary

ἀιιά but moreover

ἄιινο ε νλ other another

αὐηόο ή ό self him himself her herself it itself same

δῖνο α νλ (declined like ζάιαζζα) divine heavenly glorious

(ἐ)θεῖλνο ε ν that (one) he she it

ἑθεβόινο νπ ὁ free-shooter sharpshooter (originally shoots-at-will a title for Apollo)

θαθῶο evilly wickedly harshly with evil consequences

ὁ ἡ ηό this that he she it who which what

νὕλεθα (νὗ-ἔλεθα) because

ζθῆπηξνλ νπ ηό scepter staff

ηέ and also both

ρξύζενο (ῡ) ε νλ gold golden of gold

83 Derivatives

ἄιινο (allo-) = allopathy

αὐηόο (auto-) = automaton autocracy autograph autonomy

ρξύζενο (ῡ) (chryse-) = chrysanthemum chrysalis chrysolite

84 Translation Excersis

1 δῖνο ἑθεβόινο αὐηὸο ἀείδεη ἀιιrsquo νὐρ ἁλδάλεη ἄιινηζη ζενῖζη ζῡκῷ 2 θεῖλνη Ἀραηνὶ ἀηῑκάδνπζη ηνὺο ζενύο

3 ὁ ἑθεβόινο πέκπεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ θαθῶο ὀιέθεη θεῖλνλ ιᾱόλ νὕλεθα ηὸλ ἀηῑκάδνπζηλ 4

νὐθ ἀηῑκάδνκελ ηνὺο ζενύο νἳ ἔρνπζη ζθῆπηξα ρξύζεα (ῡ) 5 ὁ ἑθεβόινο ηε θαὶ νἱ ἄιινη ζενὶ θέξνπζη ρξύζεα (ῡ)

ζθῆπηξα θᾱιά 6 ηίο ηεύρεη ηὰ ζθῆπηξα ρξύζεα (ῡ) ηνῖζη ζενῖο ζαιάζζεο 7 ἀείδεη ἑθεβόινο αὐηὸο βνπιὰο (ᾱ)

ἄιισλ ζεῶλ ηνῖζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ 8 εἰζὶλ νἱ Ἀραηνὶ θᾱινί νἱ ὀιέθνπζη ηὸλ ζηξαηὸλ θαίνπζί ηε ηὰο (ᾱ) ππξάο (ᾱ) 9 ἡ

ζεὰ (ᾱ) ηῆο δεηλῆο ζαιάζζεο ἔρεη ηὸ ζθῆηξνλ ρξύζενλ (ῡ) 10 ἐλὶ ηῇ πάηξε εἰζὶλ αἱ ππξαί 11 ηίο ηεύρεη ηὸλ

ζηξαηὸλ ἑιώξηα ηνῖζηλ νἰσλνῖζηλ

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 The divine free-shooter himself sings but it does not please the hearts of the other gods 2 Those Achaeans

dishonor these gods 3 This free-shooter sends an evil plague up through the camp of the Achaeans and wickedly

destroys that host because they dishonor him 4 We do not dishonor these gods who hold the golden scepters 5

Both this free-shooter and these other gods carry beautiful golden scepters 6 Who fashions the golden scepters for

these gods of the sea 7 Does the free-shooter himself sing the plans of the other gods to these Achaeans 8 Are

these Achaeans noble who destroy (our) camp and burn funeral pyres 9 This goddess of the terrible sea holds a

golden scepter 10 The funeral pyrers are in (our) fatherland 11 Who makes (our) camp a spoil for these vultures

85 Composition Exercises

1 ἑθεβόινο αὐηὸο ἀείδεη ηὰο (ᾱ) βνπιὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) ζεῶλ 2 ηί νὐρ ἁλδάλεη ηνῖο ἄιινηζη ζενῖζηλ νἳ ἐλὶ

ζαιάζζῃ 3 ἐθεῖλνο Ἀραηὸο ἀηῑκάδεη ηνὺο ζενὺο πάηξεο νἱ ἔρνπζη ηὰ ζθῆπηξα ρξύζεα (ῡ) 4 ὁ ἑθεβόινο πέκπεη

λνύζνπο πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θαθὰο (ᾱ) ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ ὀιέθεη κῡξίνπο ιᾱνύο νὕλεθα ηὸλ ἀηῑκάδνπζηλ 5 ηίο

θαίεη ηὰο (ᾱ) ππξὰο (ᾱ) Ἀραηῶλ ἐπὶ δεηλῇ ζαιάζζῃ 6 ὁ ἑθεβόινο ηεύρεη κῡξίνπο Ἀραίνπο ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζηλ νὕλεθα

ηὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) ζεὰο (ᾱ) ζαιάζζεο ἀηῑκάδνπζηλ

Lesson 9

(830-840 904)

91 The Verbal Augment

Greek verbs frequently add a prefix to a verb (in the secondary tenses of the idicative) to indicate action

occurring in the past This prefix is called an augment Verbal augments take one of two forms the syllabic

augment which consists of adding an extra syllable to the beginning of a word and the temporal augment which

consists of lengthening the first syllable of a word While the augment is consistently applied in later dialects of

Greek it was still optional in Homeric and is often omitted (the tense being determined solely from the suffixes)

The syllabic augment is applied to verbs that begin with a consonant (or rare verbs that originally began with a

consonant) and consists of the prefix ε- Thus ιύνκελ = we loose (present tense) but ἐιύνκελ = we were loosing

(past tense) Some Greek words originally began with a ϝ or an ζ that later disappeared (usually replace with the

rough breathing) In those cases the augment is sometimes syllabic reflecting the earlier practice The word ἁλδάλσ

for example was originally ζϝαλδάλσ (swandano) The original augmented form of the imperfect was ἐζϝάλδαλνλ

(eswandano) When the ζϝ- was dropped the syllabic augment was retained ἑάλδαλνλ (heandano)

When a verb has lost an initial ζ the syllabic augment frequently contracts with the initial vowel For example

the word ἔρσ was originally ζέρσ The original augmented imperfect was ἔζερνλ When the initial ζ disappeared

the result was ἔερνλ which contracted to εἶρνλ (because εε usually contracts to εη) This pattern is also sometimes

present in verbs that originally began with ϝ such as ϝίδνλ =gt ἐϝηδνλ = ἔηδνλ = εἶδνλ

The temporal augment consists of lengthening an initial vowel and occurs in most Greek verbs that begin with

an initial vowel In general initial α or ε becomes ε initial η ν or π becomes ῑ initial αη and ᾳ become ῃ and initial

νη becomes ῳ Thus ἄγνκελ (we lead) becomes ἤγνκελ (we were leading) If the verb already begins with a long

vowel (ε ῃ ῑ ῡ σ ῳ) there is usually no change

Verbs that begin with ξ usually double the ξ when adding the syllabic augment This feature also sometimes

occurs in verbs beginning with ι κ λ or ζ

Compound verbs are usually formed from a combination of preposition + verb such as ἀπό (away from) + ιύσ

(loosen) = ἀπνιύσ (set free turn loose) In compound verbs a temporal augment is inserted between the preposition

and the verb If the preposition ends in a vowel the vowel is usually elided Thus ἀπνιύνκελ (we set free) becomes

ἀπειύνκελ (elided from ἀπνειύνκελ we were setting free)

92 The Imperfect Tense

The imperfect denotes continuous action in past time and typically corresponds to the past participle in English

Thus ἔιπνλ (imperfect) = I was loosing Occasionally the Greek imperfect is best translated by the simple past tense

in English The imperfect tense is formed by adding the secondary tense endings (which will be described in a later

lesson) to the augmented stem of the verb

In the paradigm below the unaugmented form is shown in brackets

Imperfect Tense

S 1st Pers ἔιπνλ [ιύνλ] I was loosing

2nd

Pers ἔιπεο [ιύεο] you were loosing

3rd

Pers ἔιπε(λ) [ιύε(λ)] he she it was loosing

D 2nd

Pers ἐιύεηνλ [ιύεηνλ] you (two) were loosing the pair of you were loosing

3rd

Pers ἐιπέηελ [ιπέηελ] they (two) were loosing the pair of them were loosing

P 1st Pers ἐιύνκελ [ιύνκελ] we were loosing

2nd

Pers ἐιύεηε [ιύεηε] you (ye) were loosing

3rd

Pers ἐιύνλ [ιύνλ] they were loosing

93 Vocabulary

ἄιιῃ elsewhere

Ἀξγεῖνο νπ ὁ Argive

-δε (suffix + acc) to

δηά (adv) between among (+gen) through (+acc) through by means

of on account of during

δηίθηινο (ῑ) ε νλ dear to Zeus

εἴξσ speak say tell

ἐκόο ή όλ my mine

ἔξγνλ νπ ηό (ϝέξγνλ) work deed accomplishment

-ζελ (suffix gen ending) from

Κιπηαηκήζηξε εο ἡ Clytaemnestra

(also Κιπηαηκλήζηξε)

καληνζύλε εο ἡ gift of prophesy

νἶθνο νπ ὁ house home

ιύκπηνο ε νλ Olympian

Ὄιπκπνο νπ ὁ Olympus

Πξίακνο νπ ὁ Priam

ζόο ζή ζόλ your yours

εἶρνλ (imperfect of ἔρσ) I was having I had

94 Derivatives

95 Translation Exercises

1 ὁ ἑθεβόινο δηὰ καληνζύλελ εἴξεη βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ηῶλ ζεῶλ Ἀξγείνηζηλ 2 νἱ ιύκπηνη ζενὶ εἶρνλ νἴθνπο ἐλ

ιύκπῳ 3 ὁ ἑθεβόινο δηίθηινο (ῑ) ἔηεπρε ηνὺο Ἀξγείνπο Ἀραηνύο ηε ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζηλ 4 Ἀραηνὶ Ἀξγεῖνί ηrsquo

ἔηεπρνλ ἔξγα θαθὰ δηὰ βνπιὴλ ζεᾶο 5 Κιπηαηκήζηξε δηὰ ηὸλ ζῡκὸλ ἔηεπρελ ηὰ ἔξγα δεηλά 6 Πξίακνο ιᾱόο ηε

Πξηάκνπ ὤιεθνλ πνιινὺο Ἀξγείνπο 7 ηίο εἴξεη ηὰ ζὰ ἔξγα θαθὰ Πξηάκῳ 8 ηὰ ἔξγα ἐκά ἐζηη θᾱιά νὕλεθα ἔηεπρνλ

βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεῶλ θαὶ ζεάσλ (ᾱ) δηὰ ηὴλ καληνζύλελ 9 ἐπέκπνκελ ηὰ ρξύζεα (ῡ) ζθῆπηξα εἰο νἶθνλ Πξηάκῳ 10

ἐθαίεηε ηὰο (ᾱ) ππξὰο (ᾱ) δεηλῇ θιαγγῇ 11 νὐρ ἥλδαλε ἡ βνπιὴ ζεᾷ ζαιάζζεο ζῡκῷ 12 αἱ ζεαὶ ἀείδνπζη ηὰ θᾱιὰ

ἔξγα ηῶλ ζεῶλ ἑθεβόινο δὲ βαίλεη ἄιιῃ 13 εἶρε Πξίακνο ἀγιαὸλ θαὶ θᾱιὸλ νἶθνλ

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 This free-shooter relates the plans of the gods to the Argives through prophesy 2 These Olympian gods had

homes on Olympus 3 This free-shooter beloved of Zeus made both the Argives and the Achaeans prey for the

vultures 4 Both the Achaeans and the Argives committed evil deeds through the will of the goddess 5 Because of

her heart Clytaemnestra wrought these terrible deeds 6 Both Priam and the host of Priam killed many Argives 7

Who relates these evil deeds of yours to Priam 8 These works of mine are noble because through prophesy I

accomplished the of the gods and goddess 9 We sent the golden scepters to the house of Priam 10 Were you

burning the funeral pyres with a terrible uproar 11 Does the plan not please the heart of the goddess of the sea 12

The goddesses sing the noble deeds of the gods but the free-shooter walks elsewhere 13 Priam had a splendid and

beautiful home

96 Composition Exercises

1 Who brought these countless shining ransoms to the beautiful home of Priam 2 The Achaeans and the

Argives burned many funeral pyres in your beloved fatherland 3 Clytaemnestra was wicked and performed many

dreadful deeds 4 Through the gift of prophesy we tell many glorious deeds of the gods and goddesses who have

Olympian homes 5 My deeds are noble but yours are cowardly 6 The gods sent an evil plague up through the

camp and destroyed many Achaeans because they dishonored the free-shooter 7 It was not pleasing to

Clytaemnestra in (her) wicked soul

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 ηίο ἔθεξε ηὰο ἄπνηλα ἀγιαὰ εἰο νἶθνλ θᾱιὸλ Πξηάκνπ 2 Ἀραηνὶ θαὶ Ἀξγεῖνη ἔθαηνλ ππξὰο (ᾱ) πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἐλ

ζῇ πάηξῃ θᾱιῇ 3 Κιπηαηκλήζηξε θαθὴ ἦλ θαὶ ἔηεπρελ ἄξγα πνιιὰ θαὶ δεηλά 4 δηὰ καληνζύλελ εἴξνκελ ἔξγα

πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀγιαὰ ζεῶλ θαὶ ζεάσλ (ᾱ) νἳ ἔρνπζηλ νἴθνπο ιπκπίνπο 5 ἔξγα ἐκὰ θᾱιή εἰζηλ ζὰ δὲ θαθά 6 ζενὶ

ἔπεκπνλ λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ θαὶ ὤιεθνλ Ἀραίνπο πνιινύο νὕλεθα ἠηίκαδνλ (ῑ) ἑθεβόινλ 7 νὐρ ἥλδαλε

Κιπηαηκλήζηξῃ ζῡκῷ θαθῷ

Lesson 10

(841-857 904)

101 Formation of the Aorist and Future Tenses

The first aorist is a secondary tense formed by adding -ζ(ζ)α to the augmented verb stem followed by the

personal endings of the secondary tense If the verb stem ends in a consonant or a long vowel only a single ζ is

added If the stem ends in a short vowel either one or two sigmas may be added A few aorists (called ldquomixed

aoristsrdquo) are formed by adding -ζ followed by the thematic vowel and the personal endings for the secondary tenses

to the augmented stem

The future is formed by adding -ζ followed by the thematic vowel and the personal endings for the primary

tenses

If the verb stem ends in a long vowel the stem is not affected by the addition of the suffixes for the future or

aorist tenses If the stem ends in a short vowel it is regularly lengthened in all tenses except the present and the

imperfect There are however a few exceptions to this pattern In most cases these verbs add ζ before the personal

endings of the perfect middle and aorist passive

102 Classification of Verbs

Verbs are classified into four groups according to the final letter of the stem vowel verbs liquid verbs nasal

verbs and mute verbs

When -ζ is added to the end of a mute verb a labial combines with ζ to form ς a palatal combines with ζ to

form μ and a lingual is dropped (leaving only ζ)

When -ζ is added to the end of a liquid or nasal verb it is usually preceded by -ε and the ζ is dropped in

contraction Thus βαιισ = βαιέζσ = βαιέσ In rare cases the ε is dropped and the ζ retained In some vowel-stem

verbs where the final vowel is preceded by a liquid or nasal the verb behaves as a liquidnasal and adds -εζ to the

stem θαιέσ (present) = θαιέζσ (future) = θαιέσ (future contracted) The formations in which the ζ is dropped

after α or ε are sometimes called ldquoAttic futuresrdquo

Verbs with liquid and nasal stems regularly form the aorist by dropping the ζ and lengthening the stem vowel

A few verbs have active forms in the present tense but middle forms in the future tense ἀθνύσ (I hear) but

ἀθνύζνκαη (I will hear)

103 Paradigms Future and First Aorist of ιύσ

Future

S 1st Pers ιύζσ (ῡ) I shall loose

2nd

Pers ιύζεηο (ῡ) you will loose

3rd

Pers ιύζεη (ῡ) he she it will loose

D 2nd

Pers ιύζεηνλ (ῡ) you (two) will loose

3rd

Pers ιύζεηνλ (ῡ) they (two) will loose

P 1st Pers ιύζνκελ (ῡ) we shall loose

2nd

Pers ιύζεηε (ῡ) you (ye) will loose

3rd

Pers ιύζνπζη(λ) (ῡ) they will loose

First Aorist

S 1st Pers ἔιῡζα I loosed

2nd

Pers ἔιῡζαο you loosed

3rd

Pers ἔιῡζε(λ) he she it loosed

D 2nd

Pers ἐιύζαηνλ (ῡ) you (two) loosed

3rd

Pers ἔιῡζάηελ they (two) loosed

P 1st Pers ἐιύζακελ (ῡ) we loosed

2nd

Pers ἐιύζαηε (ῡ) you (ye) loosed

3rd

Pers ἔιῡζαλ they loosed

104 Vocabulary

ἄγσ ἄμσ ἤγαγνλ lead drive conduct bring carry

ἀλάζζσ (ϝαλαθ-) ἀλάμσ ἠλαμα (+gen) rule (over) guard protect

ἄξηζηνο ε νλ best noblest bravest fairest

αὖηηο (back) again anew

Γαλαόο νῦ ὁ Danaan

ἑθαηόκβε εο ἡ hecatomb sacrifice

ζάλαηνο νπ ὁ death

Ἴιηνο νπ ἡ Ilium Troy the region around Troy

κεγάζῡκνο ε νλ great-souled brave

ὄρα far much considerably

πέζσ (πεηζ- πνηζ- πηζ-) πείζσ ἔπεηζα (πέπηζνλ) persuade win over mislead

θηιέσ θηιήζσ ἐθίιεζα love cherish entertain hospitably

εἶπνλ εἶπεο εἶπε(λ) θηι 2nd

aor speak say tell etc

ἔβεζα ἔβεζαο ἔβεζε(λ) θηι 1st aor come go walk etc

105 Derivatives

ἄγσ (ag-) = pedagogue demagogue synagogue

ἄξηζηνο (arist-) = aristocracy

ζάλαηνο (thanat-) = thanatopsis euthanasia

106 Translation Exercises

1 ηίο ἦλ ὄρrsquo ἄξηζηνο Γαλαῶλ 2 Πξίακνο κεγάζῡκνο ἤλαζζελ Ἰιίνπ 3 νὐθ αὖηηο ἄμνπζη Γαλανὶ κεγάζῡκνη

ἑθαηόκβᾱο πνιιὰο (ᾱ) εἰο Υξύζελ (ῡ) 4 νὐθ ἔπεηζαλ ἑθεβόινλ πνιιῇο ἑθαηόβῃζη θᾱιῇζηλ 5 νὐ θηιήζνκελ ζενύο

νὕλεθα θᾱινὶ εἰζηλ 6 Γαλανὶ ηεύμνπζη ζάλαηνλ Πξηάκῳ ἐλ Ἰιίῳ 7 ἐθίιεζα ζεὰλ (ᾱ) ζαιάζζεο ἀιιrsquo νὐρ ἥλδαλε

ἑθεβόιῳ ζῡκῷ 8 ἀείζνκελ θαὶ πείζνκελ ζενύο 9 ὄρrsquo ἄξηζνη ἐλ Ἰιίῳ ηὰ εἶπνλ Πξηάκῳ ἀιιὰ ηνὺο ἠηῑκάζελ 10

Πξίακνο ἔπεκςε ηὸλ ζηξαηὸλ ἄξηζηνλ ἐπrsquo Ἀξγείνηζηλ 11 ἔβεζαλ αὖηηο Γαλανὶ εἰο Ἴιηνλ ἀιιrsquo νὐθ ἔπεηζαλ

Πξίακνλ 12 ἀείζνκελ ἑθεβόινλ ὄρrsquo ἄξηζηνλ ζεῶλ νὕλεθrsquo ἤγαγε Γαλανὺο εἰο Ἴιηνλ

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 Who was by far the noblest of the Danaans 2 Great-souled Priam ruled Ilium 3 Not agan will the great-

souled Danaans lead many sacrifices into Chrysa 4 They did not persuade the free-shooter with many goodly

sacrifices 5 Do we not love the gods because they are good 6 The Danaans will prepare death for Priam in Ilium

7 I loved the goddess of the sea but it was not pleasing to the heart of the free-shooter 8 We will sing and

persuade the gods 9 By far the noblest in Ilium this they say of Priam but he (is the one) he dishonored () 10

Priam sent the best army against the Argives 11 The Danaans went back to Ilium but they did not persuade Priam

12 We hymn the free-shooter greatest of the gods because he led the Danaans into Ilium

107 Composition Exercises

1 The great-souled Achaeans will not persuade the free-shooter with goodly hecatombs but he will prepare evil

death for the people 2 The noblest of the Achaeans went to Ilium but they did not persuade the soul of Priam 3

We shall sing because the gods have led (aor) the people into Troy 4 We shall have many shining golden scepters

5 Did you not love the gods who have Olympian homes 6 Priam shall not rule Ilium again for the Achaeans will

prepare evil death for him 7 Does he speak to the beautiful goddess of the sea 8 They will persuade the souls of

the gods with many hecatombs

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 Ἀραηνὶ κεγάζῡκνη νὐ πείζνπζηλ ἑθεβόινλ πνιιῇο ἑθαηόκβῆζηλ ἀιιὰ ηεύμεη ζάλαηνλ θαθὸλ ιᾱνῖζηλ 2

ἄξηζηνη Ἀραηῶλ ἔβεζαλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ ἀιιrsquo νὐθ ἔπεηζαλ ζῡκὸλ Πξηάκῳ 3 ἀείζνκελ νὕλεθα ζενὺο ἤγαγνλ ιᾱὸλ εἰο

Ἴιηνλ 4 ἕζρνκελ πνιιὰ ρξύζεα (ῡ) ἀγιαὰ ζθῆπηξα 5 νὐθ ἐθηιήζαηε ζενὺο νἳ ἔρνπζηλ νἴθνπο ιπκπίνπο 6 νὐθ

αὖηηο ἀλάζζεη Πξίακνο Ἰιίνπ Ἀραηνὶ γὰξ ηεύμνπζη ζάλαηνλ θαθὸλ αὐηῷ 7 εἴξεη ζεᾷ θᾱιᾷ ζαιάζζεο 8 πείζνπζη

ζῡκνὺο ζεῶλ πνιιῇο ἑθαηόκβῃζηλ

Lesson 11

(664-675 838-839)

111 First Declension Masculine Nouns

First declension masculines typically end in -εο -ᾱο or -ᾰο in the nominative and are declined exactly the same

as their feminine counterparts (with the exception of the nominative singular which adds -ο the genitive singular

which regularly ends in -ᾱν and the vocative singular which ends in -ε -ᾱ or -ᾰ) Those ending in -εο retain -ε

throughout the singular those ending in -ᾱο retain the -ᾱ throughout the singular and those ending in -ᾰο take the -ε

ending in the dative

Masculines ending in -δεο take -ε in the vocative singular while those ending in -ηεο (as well as compound

nouns and the names of nationalities) regularly take -ᾰ Those ending in -ᾱο take the the nominative singular in -ᾱ

A very few first declension adjectives take a masculine ending in -ᾰ (without the final -ο) Many of these also

have an alternative form that ends in the more common -εο Those that do not have an alternative form in -εο usually

have the recessive accent (a feature inherited from the Aeolic influence in Homer) The only masculine noun ending

in -ᾰ in the nominative is the name Θύεζηα (Thyestes)

First declension masculine nouns typically follow the paradigms for Ἀηξεΐδεο (Atreides son of Atreus) Αἰλείᾱο

(Aeneas) and αἰρκεηήο (spearman warrior)

Ἀηξεΐδεο ᾱν ὁ Αἰλείᾱο ᾱν ὁ αἰρκεηήο ᾱν ὁ

(Αηξεϝηδᾱ-) (Αἰλεηᾱ-) (αἰρκεηᾱ-)

N Ἀηξεΐδεο Αἰλείᾱο αἰρκεηήο [ά]

G Ἀηξεΐδᾱν [εσ] Αἰλείᾱν [σ] αἰρκεηᾶν [έσ]

D Ἀηξεΐδῃ Αἰλείᾳ αἰρκεηῇ

A Ἀηξεΐδελ Αἰλείαλ αἰρκεηήλ

V Ἀηξεΐδε Αἰλείᾱ αἰρκεηά

N A V Ἀηξεΐδᾱ αἰρκεηά (ᾱ)

G D Ἀηξεΐδῃηλ αἰρκεηῇηλ

N V Ἀηξεΐδαη αἰρκεηαί

G Ἀηξετδάσλ (ᾱ) αἰρκεηάσλ (ᾱ)

[έσλ ῶλ] [έσλ ῶλ]

D Ἀηξεΐδῃζη ῃο αἰρκεηῇζη ῇο

A Ἀηξεΐδᾱο αἰρκεηάο (ᾱ)

112 Compound Verbs

Compound verbs are formed from a preposition or adverb coupled with a verb such as ἀλαβαίλσ (ascend)

formed from ἀλα (up) and βαίλσ (go) If the preposition ends in a vowel and the verb begins with a vowel the vowel

of the preposition is usually elided as in δηίζηεκη (δηὰ ἰζηεκη) ἁθαηξέσ (ἀπὸ αἱξέσ)

The augment occurs between the preposition and the verb When two vowels are thus brought together the first

vowel is usually elided leaving the augment Thus ἀπνιύσ (I release present) ἀπέιπνλ (I was releasing

imperfect) ἀπέιῡζα (I released aorist)

113 Vocabulary

ἀλαβαίλσ ἀλαβήζσ ἀλέβεζα go up ascend embark

ἀπνιύσ ἀπνιύζσ (ῡ) ἀπέιῡζα loose set free release

Ἀηξεΐδεο -ᾱν ὁ Atreides son of Atreus (usually refers to Agamemnon)

θαηαθεύσ θαηαθαύζσ θαηέθεα burn consume

θειεύσ - ἔθιπνλ (+gen) hear hearken to

κεηέεηπνλ κεηεῖπνλ (2nd

aor of εἴξσ) spoke among addressed spoke to

ὅηε when whenever

Πειεηάδεο ᾱν (εσ) ὁ Peleiades son of Peleus (used in reference to Achilles)

πξνζέεηπνλ πξνζεῖπνλ (2nd

aor of εἴξσ) addressed spoke to

ηόηε then at that time

ρνιόσ ρνιώζσ ἐρόισζα anger enrage vex

Υξύζεο (ῡ) ᾱν (εσ) ὁ Chryses

Verbs

ἀλαβαίλσ

stem ἀλα + βαλ- βα-

future ἀλαβήζσ (rarely ἀλαβήζνκαη)

1st aorist ἀλέβεζα (rarely 2

nd aor ἀλέβελ)

ἀπνιύσ

stem ἀπό + ιύσ

future ἀπνιύζσ (ῡ)

1st aorist ἀπέιῡζα

θαηαθαίσ

stem θαηά + θαπ- θαϝ- θαη-

future θαηαθαύζσ (assumed form)

1st aorist θαηέθεα

θειεύσ (Attic)

stem θιεπ- θιεϝ- θιπ-

future none

2nd

aorist ἐθιπνλ

ρνιόσ

stem ρνιν-

future ρνιώζσ

1st aorist ἐρόισζα

Notes

In Homeric Greek the stem vowel is usually lengthened before -ζ hence ἀλαβαίλσ =gt ἀλαβήζσ =gt

ἀλέβεζα ἀπνιύσ =gt ἀπνιύζσ (ῡ) =gt ἀπέιῡζα

ἀλαβαίλσ also has a 2nd

aorist ἀλέβελ

A few verbs have active forms in the present but middle forms in the future ἀλαβαίλσ has two future

forms one active (ἀλαβήζσ) and one middle (ἀλαβήζνκαη)

Verbs with stems ending in -αηλσ originally had a consonantal η following the λ (ie ἀλαβαηλησ)

114 Translation

1 θᾱινὶ ζενὶ ἔηεπμαλ ζάλαηνλ θαθὸλ δίῳ (ῑ) Πειεηάδῃ ὁ δrsquo ἀλέβελ ππξήλ 2 ἑθεβόινο ὤιεθε ιᾱὸλ Ἀραηῶλ

νὕλεθα δῖνο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) 3 θαηέθεα ἑθαηόκβᾱο πνιιάο (ᾱ) 4 ἑθεβόινο νὐθ ἔθιπελ Ἀηξεΐδᾱν

νὕλεθα ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) 5 Υξύζεο (ῡ) κεηέεηπελ Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἀιιrsquo νὐθ Ἀηξεΐδῃ ἥλδαλε ζῡκῷ 6 ὅηε θαθῶο

πξνζέεηπελ Ἀηξεΐδεο Υξύζελ (ῡ) ηόηε ἐρόισζελ ἑθεβόινλ 7 ἀπειύζακελ (ῡ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) νὕλεθα ηὸλ

ἐθηιήζακελ 8 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἤλεηθελ ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα Ἀηξεΐδῃ 9 νἴζνκελ ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀπνιύζνκελ (ῡ)

Υξύζελ (ῡ) νὕλεθα ηὸλ ἐθηιήζακελ θαὶ θίινο ἐζηὶλ ἑθεβόιῳ 10 ηίο θέξεη ἄπνηλα Υξύζᾱν (ῡ) Ἀηξεΐδῃ 11 δῖνο

Πειεηάδεο ἐρόισζελ Ἀηξεΐδελ 12 ὅηε θαηεθήακελ πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἑθαηόκβᾱο θᾱιάο (ᾱ) ηόηε ἐπείζακελ ζῡκνὺο ζεῶλ

13 δηὰ καληνζύλελ Υξύζεο (ῡ) εἶπε βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεῶλ Ἀηξεΐδῃ Πειεηάδῃ ηε

KEY

1 The noble gods prepared evil death for the divine Peleiades and he ascended the funeral pyre 2 The free-

shooter destroyed the host of the Achaeans because the divine Atreides dishonored Chryses 3 I burned many

funeral pyres 4 The free-shooter did not hear the son of Atreus because he dishonored Chryses 5 Chryses spoke

among the Achaeans but but it did not please the heart of Atreides 6 It angered the free-shooter when the son of

Atreus spoke wickedly to Chryses 7 We released Chryses because we loved him 8 Chryses brought countless

glorious ransoms to the son of Atreus 9 We will bring many ransoms and release Chryses because we loved him

and he is dear to the free-shooter 10 Who brought the ransoms of Chryses to the son of Atreus 11 The divine

Peleiades angered the son of Atreus 12 We persuaded the hearts of the gods when we burned many good

hecatombs 13 Through prophesy Chryses spoke the will of the gods to both Atreides and Peleiades

115 Composition

1 The Achaeans ascended into Troy and killed the noble Priam 2 We burned many goodly hecatombs to the

Olympian gods 3 Chryses spoke among the Achaeans but the son of Atreus did not hearken to him 4 The

Achaeans addressed the son of Atreus but he did not free Chryses 5 The son of Atreus will bring many ransoms

into the camp of the Achaeans 6 Who will persuade the gods with many goodly hecatombs

KEY

1 Ἀραηνὶ ἀλέβεζαλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ θαὶ ὤιεμαλ θᾱιὸλ Πξηάκνλ 2 θαηέθεκελ πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) ἑθαηόκβὰο (ᾱ)

ζενῖο ιπκπίνηο 3 Υξύζεο (ῡ) κεηέεηπελ Ἀραηνῖο ἀιιrsquo Ἀηξεΐδεο ηὸλ νὐθ ἔθιπελ 4 Ἀραηνὶ πξνζέεηπνλ Ἀηξεΐδῃ

ἀιιrsquo νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε Υξύζελ (ῡ) 5 Ἀηξεΐδεο νἴζεη ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ εἰο ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 6 ηίο πείζεη ζενὺο πνιιῇο

ἑθαηόκβῃζηλ

Lesson 12

Review

121 Review Vocabulary

Lesson 13

(680-692 701-709)

(cf 897 874 886 619 841-843 576 1178 830-831 837 580 837)

131 Nouns of the Third Declension

Third declension nouns can be either masculine feminine or neuter The nominative endings can take many

forms but there are some conventions Masculine and feminine stems except those ending in λ ξ or ζ simply add

ζ to the stem and make the necessary euphonic changes Stems ending in ξ λ and ζ typically make no changes

except to lengthen the last vowel if it is short Stems ending in -λ(η) either drop the η and lengthen a short vowel or

drop the -λ(η) lengthen the vowel and add ζ Examples δαηκνλ- = δαηκσλ ζῑλ- = ζίο (ῑ) κειαλ- = κέιᾱο γεξνλη- =

γέξσλ etc Neuters typically consist of just the stem in the nominative and accusative except to drop a final -η

where it occurs

In general the stem of a third declension noun is found by dropping the -νο ending from the genitive singular

The dative singular regularly ends in -ῐ but occasionally in -ῑ

The accusative ending was originally -λ and this ending is common on stems ending in a vowel On stems

ending in a consonant the -λ was a sonant consonant which eventually came be pronounced as -ᾰ The result is that

the accusative singular usually ends in -λ for stems ending in a vowel and -ᾰ for stems ending in a consonant

Dental mute stems ending in -ηο and -πο in the nominative singular rarely drop the mute and typically adopt the -λ

accusative ending as if they were vowel stems

The dative plural is formed by adding either -εζζη (rarely -εζη) or -ζη (rarely -ζζη) and making the usual

euphonic changes Most third declension nouns thus have alternate dative plural forms as πνύο = πνζζί = πνζί =

πόδεζζη etc

The accusative plural originally ended in -λο (sonant λ) which gives -αο for stems ending in a consonant and -ῑο

and -ῡο for stems ending in a vowel A few vowel stems borrowed an -αο ending from the first declension by

analogy

The vocative singular is usually either identical to the nominative or identical to the stem alone Stems ending

in λ ξ or ο typically drop this final consonant in the vocative singular

Compensatory lengthening usually occurs in the dative plural when -λη is dropped as in γέξνληζη = γέξνπζη

132 Paradigms

Stems ending in -επ (επ) -νπ and σϝ follow the paradigms of βαζηιεύο (king βαζηιεϝ-) βνῦο (ox βνϝ-) λεῦο

(ship λᾱϝ-) and ἥξσο (hero ἡξσϝ- () or ἡξσ-)

N βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

G βαζηιῆνο [-ένο] βνόο λεόο ἥξσνο

D βαζηιῆη [-έη] βνΐ λεί ἥξση

A βαζηιῆα [-έα] βνῦλ [βῶλ] λῆα [λέα] ἥξσα

V βαζηιεῦ βνῦ λεῦ ἥξσο

N A V βαζηιῆε βόε λῆε ἥξσε

G D βαζηιήνηηλ βόνηηλ λήνηηλ ἡξώνηηλ

N V βαζηιεῆεο βόεο λῆεο ἥξσεο

G βαζηιήσλ βνῶλ λεῶλ [λεῶλ] ἡξώσλ

D βαζηιήεζζη βόεζζη λήεζζη [λέεζζἰ ἡξώεζζη

βαζηιεῦζη βνπζί λεπζί ἥξσζη

A βαζηιῆαο βόαο (βνῦο) λῆζαο (λέαο) ἥξσαο

A long vowel is typically shortened when it occurs before another vowel thus βαζηιῆνο or βαζηιένο This

convention was almost certainly consistent in pronunciation but is only occasionally represented in written form

The π in the stem of these words frequently became ϝ and subsequently disappeared as in βαζηιεπ- βαζηιεϝ-

βαζηιε-

Stems ending in η (εη) and π (επ εϝ) follow the paradigms of πόιηο (city πνιη-) πῆρπο (forearm περεϝ-) ἄζηπ

(city ἀζηεϝ-) λέθπο (corpse λεθῡ-) and δάθξπ (tear δαθξπ-)

N πόιηο πῆρπο ἄζηπ λέθῡο δάθξπ

G πόιηνο -ενο πήρενο ἄζηενο λέθπνο δάθξπνο

D πόιηη -ῑ -εη -εη πήρετ ἄζηετ λέθπτ δάθξπτ

A πόιηλ πῆρσλ ἄζηπ λέθῡλ δαθξπ

V πόιη πῆρπ ἄζηπ λέθῡ δάθξπ

N V πόιηε πήρεε ἄζηεε λέθπε δάθξπε

G D πνιίνηηλ περένηηλ ἄζηνηηλ λεθύνηηλ δαθξύνηηλ

N V πόιηεο -εεο πήρεεο ἄζηεα λέθπεο δάθξπα

G πνιίσλ περέσλ ἀζηέσλ λεθύσλ δαθξύσλ

D πνιίεζζη περέεζζη ἀζηέεζη λεθύεζζη δαθξύεζζη

πόιεζη -ηζη πήρεζη ἄζηεζη λέθῡζ(ζ)η δάθξπζη

A πόιηαο -εαο -ῑο πήρεαο ἄζηεα λέθπαο [-ῡο] δάθξπα

Nouns with stems in -ο (-εο -αο -νο) and -η are declined like ἔπνο (ϝεπεζ-) γέξαο (γεξαζ-) ἠώο (ἀϝζνζ-) δῶκα

(δσκαη-) and ἦκαξ (ἠκαξ- ἠκαη-) Note that -ζ- usually disappears when it occurs between two vowels

N ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο δῶκα ἧκαξ

G ἔπενο γέξανο ἠόνο δώκαηνο ἥκαηνο

D ἔπετ γέξατ ἠόη δώκαηη ἥκαηη

A ἔπνο γέξαο ἠόα δῶκα ἧκαξ

V ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο δῶκα ἧκαξ

N V ἔπεε γέξαε δώκαηε ἥκαηε

G D επένηηλ γεξάνηηλ δσκάηνηηλ ἡκάηνηηλ

N V ἔπεο γέξα(α) δώκαηα ἥκαηα

G ἐπέσλ γεξάσλ δσκάησλ ἡκάησλ

D ἐπέεζζη γεξάεζζη δσκάηεζζη ἡκάηεζζη

ἔπε(ζ)ζη γέξα(ζ)ζη δώκαζη ἥκαζη

A ἔπεα γέξα(α) δώκαηα ἥκαηα

Note that all nouns ening in -νο in the second declension are either masculine or feminine but all nouns ending in -

νο in the third declension are neuter All nouns ending in -κα in the nominative singular and all nouns with genitives

in -αηνο are neuter

133 Further Notes on the Third Declension

Nouns of the third declension can be any gender and consist of stems ending in -η -π or a consonant In

general the following endings are applied to the stem with the usual euphonic changes

N -ο

G -νο

D -η

A -λ

V -

N A V -ε

G D -νηηλ

N V -εο

G -σλ

D -εζζη

A -λο

Standard Euphonic Changes

Later forms of Greek such as Attic and Koine frequently contracted the forms found in Homer

The -λ in the accusative singular and plural is sonant meaning that it is pronounced as λ when

following a vowel but it is pronounced as ᾰ when following a consonant Thus πνιη-λ = πνιηλ and

πνιη-λο = πνιηο but δαηκνλ-λ = δαηκνλα and δαηκνλ-λο = δαηκνλαο

o In most cases a stem originally ending in ϝ is treated as if it ends in a consonant Thus

βαζηιεϝα = βαζηιεα εξσϝα = εξσα

o The word βνϝ- is an exception where ϝ becomes π (probably because νπ is such a common

diphthong) βνϝλ = βνπλ

Dentals are dropped before ζ Thus παηδο = παηο

o In cases where the stem ends in -λη the dental and the ζ are typically dropped with the last

vowel lengthened by compensation Thus γεξνληο = γεξσλ

Palatals combine with ζ to form μ Thus αηγο = αημ θεξπθο = θεξπμ etc

o Stems ending in -θη apply both the dental and palatal changes first dropping the η and then

combining the θζ to form μ Thus λπθηο = λπθο = λπμ

Labials combine with ζ to form ς Thus Αηζηνπο = Αηζηνς

The ζ is dropped when it follows a nasal or ξ and the last vowel is lengthened to compensate (if it

isnrsquot long already) Thus δαηκνλο = δαηκσλ θξελο = θξελ ρεηξο = ρεηξ παηεξο = παηεξ κεηεξο =

κεηεξ etc

Stems that originally ended in ϝ usually retain a π in its place in the nominative Thus βαζηιεϝο =

βαζηιεπο (originally βαζηιεπο) λεϝο = λεπο βνϝο = βνπο etc

o The same phenomenon sometimes occurs in the accusative singular as well where ϝ becomes

π and the final λ is retained Thus περεϝλ = περευλ = περπλ

o The word εξσο is an apparent exception where εξσϝο = εξσο This may be from analogy

with the relatively common -σο ending in Greek or it could be that the stem was originally

εξσ- witout the ϝ

o When the stem ends in -εϝ the ε is usually dropped in the nominative thus περεϝο = περεπο =

περπο (but the genitive and dative are περενο περετ)

Some confusion can occur at the apparent irregularity of stems ending in -π αζηπ αζηενο αζηεη etc

but δαθξπ δαθξπνο δαθξπτ etc The difference is that stems like αζηπ originally ended in a vowel + ϝ

(αζηεϝ) while stems like δαθξπ originally ended in π

Some neuters originally ended in -εο These are usually declined as -νο in the nominative and

accusative In the other cases the endings are simply applied to -εζ- and the sigma is dropped when it

occurs between two vowels επνο (nom acc from επεζο) επενο (gen from επεζνο) επετ (dat from

επεζη) etc

o Stems ending in -αο simple drop the extra sigma in the nominative singular and append the

case endings to -αζ- (dropping ζ when it occurs between two vowels) Thus γεξαο γεξανο

γεξατ etc

o Stems ending in -νο follow the same pattern as those ending in -αο except that the ν is

lengthened to σ in the nominative Thus εσο εννο εντ etc

Neuter stems ending in -καη usually drop the η in the nominative and accusative singular but retain it

in the plural Thus δσκα (nom and acc sing) δσκαηνο (gen sing) δσκαηη (dat sing) δσκαηα (nom and

acc plur) δσκαησλ (gen plur) δσκαηεζζη (dat plur) etc Neuter stems ending in -καξ usually behave

as if they ended in -καη in all cases except the nominative and accusative singular Thus εκαξ εκαηνο

εκαηη etc

The dative plural ending is given as -εζζη This could be shortened to -ζζη (before vowels) -εζη or -ζη

The -ζη ending is the most common in later dialects Thus Homeric θεξπθεζζη is typically θεξπμη in

Attic and Koine

The vocative singular in neuters is always identical to the nominative and accusative singulars

o In masculine and feminine nouns the vocative singular is usually just the stem without any

endings applied as long as the stem is capable of standing alone Thus δαηκνλ ρεηξ παηεξ

κεηεξ ζπγαηεξ αλεξ βνπ λεπ πνιη λεθῡ δαθξπ etc

o In some cases where the nominative singular has slightly modified the stem before adding -ο

the vocative is formed by simply dropping the ο Thus παη βαζηιεπ περπ

o In cases where the ο of the nominative singular has combined with the stem the vocative is

usually indentical to the nominative singular Thus αλαμ λπμ αημ θεξπμ Αηζηνς etc

o In rare cases the vocative is identical to the nominative singular even when dropping the ο

would have been convenient as in εξσο εσο

Alternate Endings The following are some alternate endings that could be applied instead of the usual

case endings listed above

o -ζη can be used to denote place where

o -ζελ can be used to denote source or separation or as an alternative ending for the genitive

case

o -δε can be added to the accusative ending to denote place to which or limit of motion

o -η can be added to denote place where

o -θη(λ) can be added as a substitute for several uses of the genitive and the dative cases

particularly in the instrumental sense

134 References

This lesson references several points in the grammar Note the following

Deponent verbs take middle or passive forms but denote active meanings

Some verbs reduplicate the initial syllable in the present tense by repeating the initial consonant

followed by -η Thus ἴζηεκη (orig ζηζηεκη) ηίζεκη δίδσκη πίκπιεκη γίγλνκαη γηγλώζθσ κηκλήζθσ

etc When futures and second aorists are reduplicated they usually follow the pattern of reduplication

found in the perfect tense If the initial consonant is aspirated the reduplicated consonant is typically

smooth Thus ηίζεκη rather than ζίζεκη

Note that ἴκη δίδσκη and ηίζεκη take the aorist in -θα rather than -ζα

When a word ends in a vowel and the following word begins with a vowel the result is called hiatus

In general hiatus is avoided in poetry through the use of elision crasis synizesis moveable

consonants etc However hiatus is allowed in some circumstances such as when elision has already

occurred when the first of the two vowels is long and occurs on the beat (or ictus) of the verse or

when a long vowel or diphthong has been shortened or when the two vowels were originally separated

by ϝ

Recall that the verbal augment is frequently omitted

135 Vocabulary

Ἄηο Ἄηδνο ὁ (nom not used) Hades

ἄιγνο ενο ηό grief pain woe trouble

Ἀρηιιεύο ῆνο ὁ Achilles

δαίο δαηηόο ἡ feast banquet portion

Εεύο Γηόο ὁ Zeus

ἥξσο ἥξσνο ὁ hero mighty warrior protector savior

ἴθζῑκνο ε νλ mighty valiant stout-hearted brave

θύσλ θπλόο ὁ ἡ dog

κῆληο ηνο ἡ wrath fury madness rage

νὐιόκελνο ε νλ accursed destructive deadly

πξντάπησ πξντάςσ πξνΐαςα hurl forward send forth

ηίζεκη (ζε- ζε-) ζήζσ ἔζεθα put place cause

Ἀρηιιεπο (Ἀρηιιεϝ-) Ἀρηιιενο Ἀρηιιεη Ἀρηιιεα

δαηο (δαηη-) δαηηνο δαηηη δαηηα δαηηεο δαηησλ δαηηεζζη δαηηαο

Εεπο Γηνο Γηη Γηα

ἡξσο ἡξσνο ἡξστ ἡξσα ἡξσεο ἡξσσλ ἡξσεζζη ἡξσαο

θπσλ θπλνο θπλη θπλα θπλεο θπλσλ θπλεζζη θπλαο

κεληο (κελη-) κεληνο κεληη κεληλ κεληεο κελησλ κεληεζζη κεληαο

136 Translation

1 κῆληο Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο ἦλ νὐινκέλε ἔζεθε γὰξ κῡξηrsquo ἄιγεα ηνῖζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ πξνΐαςε δὲ πνιιὰο (ᾱ)

ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἰθζίκνπο (ῑ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη ἔηεπρε δrsquo αὐηνὺο ἑιώξηα θαὶ δαῖηα θύλεζζηλ νἰσλνῖζί ηε ἐηέιεζε δὲ βνπιὴλ

Γηόο 2 ζεὰ (ᾱ) ἀείδεη κῆληλ νὐινκέλελ Ἀρηιῆνο ἣ ἔζεθελ κῡξίrsquo ἄιγεrsquo Ἀραηνῖζηλ 3 ζενὶ ὀιέθνπζη ηὸλ ζηξαηόλ θαὶ

πξντάπηνπζη πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη 4ηεύμνκελ κῡξίνπο Ἀραηνὺο ἑιώξηα θύλεζζηλ θαὶ δαῖηα ηνῖζηλ

νἰσλνῖζηλ νὕλεθα ἠηίκαζαλ (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) 5 θᾱιὴ ἦλ ἡ βνπιὴ Γηόο

KEY

1 The wrath of Achilles son of Peleus was destructive for it caused countless woes to the Achaeans and sent

forth many valiant souls of heros to Hades making them spoils and a banquet for the dogs and the vultures 2 The

goddess sings the accursed wrath of Achilles which brought countless woes to the Achaeans 3 The gods are

destroying the camp and sending forth many souls of the heros to Hades 4 We will make countless Achaeans spoils

for the dogs and a feast for these vultures because they dishonored Chryses 5 The will of Zeus was good

137 Iliad 1-5

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κπξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςπρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιήλ

Μῆληλ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse

ἄεηδε - present active imperative 2nd

person singular of ἀείδσ

ζεά - vocative case

Πειεηάδεσ = Πειεηάδᾱν (the verse may have originally read Πειεηάδᾱrsquo)

νὐινκέλελ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse as well as out of

the natural order and is placed directly opposite the word κῆληλ

κῡξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο - the hiatus is permited because elision has already occurred in κῡξίνηο

Ἄηδη was originally Ἄϝηδη and is still accented as it began with α instead of αη

ἡξώσλ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse and its deviation from

the natural order

δὲ ἑιώξηα - the hiatus is permitted because the original was δὲ ϝειώξηα

ηεῦρε - the augment is dropped (usually ἔηεπρε)

ἐηειείεην - imperfect passive indicative 3rd

person singular of ηειείσ

KEY

Sing O goddess of the accursed wrath of Achilles Peleiades

which brought countless woes to the Achaeans

and cast forth the souls of many valiant warriors to Hades

making them the spoils and feast of both dogs

and vultures But the will of Zeus was accomplished

138 Composition

1 The valiant Achaeans are singing the accursed wrath of Achilles 2 The wrath of Achilles caused many woes

to the Achaeans and sent many valiant souls of heroes to the god Hades 3 We shall make the army of the Achaeans

a booty for the dogs and a banquet for the birds 4 We are accomplishing the will of the goddess

KEY

1 ἴθζῑκνη Ἀραηνὶ ἀείδνπζηλ νὐινκέλελ κῆληλ Ἀρηιῆνο 2 κῆληο Ἀρηιῆνο ἔζεθε κῡξίrsquo ἄιγεrsquo Ἀραηνῖζη θαὶ

πξνΐαςε πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἰθζίκνπο ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη 3 ηεύμνκελ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ ἑιώξηα θύλεζζηλ θαὶ δαῖηα

νἰσλνῖζηλ 4 ηεύρνκελ βνπιὴλ ζεᾶο

Lesson 14

(519-526 1159-1192)

(cf 586)

141 Syllable Quantity

A syllable is long (by nature) when it contains a long vowel or a diphthong or (by position) when it ends in two

consecutive consonants (or a double consonant) A short vowel followed by a mute and a liquid κ or λ is common

and can be either long or short depending on the requirements of the verse Occasionally the letters ι κ λ ξ or ζ

are doubled in pronunciation when they follow a short vowel making the syllable long by position but this

convention is not always represented in writing And occasionally a lost ϝ will combine with another consonant to

make the preceding syllable long by position

Observe the following rules when determing the length of a syllable

Any vowel with the circumflex accent is long

The vowel of any ultmia whose penult bears the circumflex is short

If the penult has an acute then the vowel of the ultima must also be long

If the vowel of the ultima is short and the penult has the acute then the vowel of the penult must

be short as well

If the antepenult is accented the vowel of the ultima must be short

Occasionally these rules do not apply to certain compounds where one of the two words are

accented as if they were separate

If a short syllable stands where a long syllable is expected it is usually because the pause of the caesura or

diaresis fills out the foot or because the following word has lost a consonant (usually ϝ or ζ) And occasionally a

short syllable ending in a consonant is lengthened when it occurs on the ictus (beat) of the verse Such lengthening is

called thesis

142 Metrical Quantity

With the exception of pauses at the end of the verse caesura and diaresis all feet must consist of two long

syllables or a long syllable followed by two shorts Thus if a long syllable is followed by a short syllable then the

next syllable must be short as well Likewise if a short syllable is followed by a long syllable then the preceding

syllable must be short as well

When a word ends in a short vowel (and sometimes -νη and -αη) and the following word begins with a vowel

the short vowel is usually elided unless the following word originally began with ϝ When a word ends in a long

vowel or a diphthong and the following word begins with a vowel the long vowel is usually shortened This

phenomenon can also occur within the same word and again it is less common when the following word originally

began with ϝ Vowel shortening is also rare when the long vowel occurs on the ictus

The meter of Homer is called dactylic or heroic hexameter and is the most common meter in Greek verse Each

verse has six feet The first five feet can be dactyls (one long syllable followed by two short syllables) or spondees

(two long syllables) The final foot of the verse is always a spndee but keep in mind that the pause at the end of the

verse often combines with a final short syllable to form one long syllable The fifth foot of each verse is usually a

dactyl with only one in twenty (or so) verses containing a spondee in the fifth foot The verses that have a spndee in

the fifth foot are called spondaic and usually take slightly longer to recite In dactylic hexameter the ictus (beat) of

the verse always occurs on the first syllable of each foot producing six distinct beats per verse

Caesura occurs when a word ends within a foot (ie at the end of the first syllable of a foot or between the two

short syllables of the foot) When a caesura occurs at a natural pause in the verse this is said to be the caesura of the

verse A pause after the first syllable of a foot is called a masculine caesura and a pause after the second syllable of

the foot is called a feminine caesura

Diaresis occurs when the end of a word coincides with the end of a foot When this falls at a natural pause in

the verse it is said to be the diaresis of the verse When the diaresis occurs at the end of the fourth foot is it called

the bucolic diaresis (due to its common use in pastoral poetry)

143 Marking the Rhythm of the Iliad 1-5

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κπξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςπρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιήλ

ΜΖ ληλ α | ΔΗ δε ζε | Α ΠΖ | ΛΖ η α | ΓΔΧ α ρη | ΛΖ Ο-

dact dact spon dact dact spon

The pauses at the end of κῆληλ and ἄεηδε are feminine caesuras

The pauses at the end of ζεά Πειεηάδεσ and Ἀρηιῆνο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of ζεά is the caesura of the verse

The dash at the end of the verse indicates a pause that combines with a short vowel to fill out the

last foot

ΟΤ ιν κε | ΝΖΝ Ζ | ΜΤ ξη α | ΥΑΗ ΟΗ | ΑΛ γε ε | ΘΖ ΚΔΝ-

dact spon dact spon dact spon

The pauses at the end of κῡξίrsquo and ἄιγε are feminine caesuras

The pauses at the end of νὐινκέλελ and ἔζεθελ are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of νὐινκέλελ is the caesura of the verse

The pauses at the end of ἥ and Ἀραηνῖο are diareses

The diaresis at Ἀραηνῖο is a bucolic diaresis

κῡξία Ἀραηνῖο and ἄιγεα ἔζεθελ are examples of hiatus

The first syllable of ἄιγεrsquo is long because it is followed by two consecutive consonants

ΠΟΛ ΛΑ | ΓrsquoΗΦ ΘΗ | ΜΟΤ ΦΤ | ΥΑ ΑΗ | ΓΗ πξν τ | Α ΦΔΝ-

spon spon spon spon dact spon

The pauses at the end of ἰθζίκνπο and ςπράο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of πνιιάο is a diaresis

δὲ ἰθζίκνπο is hiatus

The first syllable of πνιιάο is long by position as is the first syllable of ἰθζίκνπο the last syllable

of Ἄηδη and the second syllable of πξνΐαςελ

Ζ ΡΧ | ΧΝ ΑΤ | ΣΟΤ δε ε | ΛΧ ξη α | ΣΔΤ ρε θπ | ΝΔ ΗΝ-

spon spon dact dact dact spon

The pause at the end of ηεῦρε is a feminine caesura

The pauses at the end of ἡξώσλ and αὐηνύο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of ἡξώσλ is the caesura of the verse

The pause at the end of ἑιώξηα is a diaresis

ΟΗ Χ | ΝΟΗ ζη ηε | ΓΑΗ ηα δη | Ο δrsquoε ηε | ΛΔΗ ε ην | ΒΟΤ ΛΖΝ

The pauses at the end of νἰσλνῖζη and δαῖηα are feminine caesuras

The pause at the end of Γηόο is a masculine caesura

The pauses at the end of ηε ἐηειείεην and βνπιήλ are diareses

The pause at the end of δαῖηα is the diaresis of the verse

Lesson 15

(693-694 697-700)

(cf 781-782 837 580 1009 996 584-585)

151 Third Declension Paradigms (continued)

Third declension nouns ending in a dental mute stem are exemplified by ἄλαμ (king ϝαλαθη-) λύμ (night λπθη-

) παῖο (child παηδ-) and γέξσλ (old man γεξνλη-)

N ἄλαμ λύμ παῖο γέξσλ

G ἄλαθηνο λπθηόο παηδόο γέξνληνο

D ἄλαθηη λπθηί παηδί γέξνληη

A ἄλαθηα λύθηα παίδα γέξνληα

V ἄλαμ [ἄλα] λύμ παῖ γέξσλ

N V A ἄλαθηε λύθηε παίδε γέξνληε

G D ἀλάθηνηηλ λύθηνηηλ παίδνηηλ γεξόληνηηλ

N ἄλαθηεο λύθηεο παίδεο γέξνληεο

G ἀλάθησλ λπθηῶλ παηδῶλ γεξόλησλ

D ἀλάθηεζζη λύθηεζζη παίδεζζη γεξόληεζζη

ἄλαμη λπμί παηζί γέξνπζη

A ἄλαθηαο λύθηνο παῖδαο γέξνληαο

Third declension nouns ending in labial and palatal stems are exemplified by αἴμ (goat αἰγ-) θῆξπμ (herald

θεξῡθ-) and Αἰζίνς (Ethipoian Αἰζηνπ-)

N αἴμ θῆξπμ Αἰζίνς

G αἰγόο θήξῡθνο Αἰζίνπνο

D αἰγί θήξῡθη Αἰζίνπη

A αἶγα θήξῡθα Αἰζίνπα

V αἴμ θῆξπμ Αἰζίνς

N V A αἶγε θήξῡθε Αἰζίνπε

G D αἴγνηηλ θεξύθνηηλ (ῡ) Αἰζηόπνηηλ

N αἶγεο θήξῡθεο Αἰζίνπεο

G αἰγῶλ θεξύθσλ (ῡ) Αἰζηόπσλ

D αἴγεζζη θεξύθεζζη (ῡ) Αἰζηόπεζζη

αἰμί θήξῡμ Αἰζίνςη

A αἶγαο θήξῡθαο Αἰζίνπαο

Nouns with stems ending in -εξ express different grades of ablaut in the stem (-εξ -εξ -ξ) with a recessive

accent in the vocative singular These are exemplified by παηήξ (father παηεξ-) κήηεξ (mother κεηεξ-) ζπγάηεξ

(daughter ζπγαηεξ-) and ἀλήξ (man ἀλεξ-)

N παηήξ κήηεξ ζπγάηεξ ἀλήξ

G παηέξνο -ηξόο κεηέξνο -ηξόο ζπγαηέξνο -ηξόο ἀλέξνο ἀλδξόο

D παηέξη -ηξί κεηέξη -ηξί ζπγαηέξη -ηξί ἀλέξη ἀλδξί

A παηέξα κεηέξα ζπγαηέξα ἀλέξα ἄλδξα

V πάηεξ κῆηεξ ζύγαηεξ ἄλεξ

N V A παηέξε κεηέξε ζπγαηέξε ἀλέξε ἄλδξε

G D παηέξνηηλ κεηέξνηηλ ζπγαηέξνηηλ ἀλέξνηηλ ἄλδξνηηλ

N παηέξεο κεηέξεο ζπγαηέξεο ζύγαηξεο ἀλέξεο ἄλδξεο

G παηέξσλ -ηξῶλ κεηέξσλ -ηξῶλ ζπγαηέξσλ ζπγαηξῶλ ἀλέξσλ ἀλδξῶλ

D παηξάζη κεηξάζη ζπγαηξάζη ζπγαηέξεζζη ἀλδξάζη ἄλδξεζζη

A παηέξαο κεηέξαο ζπγαηέξαο ζύγαηξαο ἀλέξαο ἄλδξαο

Note that δ is inserted into ἀλήξ between λ and ξ where they occur together The accent of the shorter forms of

ἀλέξ follow the pattern seen in παηήξ The alpha after ξ in the dative plural was added euphonically to strengthen

what was originally a sonant ξ

152 Vocabulary

ἄλαμ ἄλαθηνο ὁ king lord protector

ἀλήξ ἀλέξνο (ἀλδξόο) ὁ (real) man warrior hero

ἄξ(α) (ῥά) naturally of course as you know as you might expect that is

in effect (not always translatable)

βαζηιεύο ῆνο ὁ king ruler

δή indeed truly forsooth now

δηίζηεκη (ζηε- ζηα-) δηαζηήζσ stand apart separate

δηέζηεζα (δηέζηελ)

ἐμ νὗ from the time when

ἐξίδσ (ἐξηδ-) - ἤξηζ(ζ)α quarrel strive

ἠξηζάηελ (they) strove

ἔξηο ηδνο ἡ strife quarrel

Λεηώ Λεηόνο ἡ Leto

κάρνκαη fight battle

κάρεζζαη to fight

μπλίκη μπλήζσ μπλῆθα (μπλέεθα) bring together throw together hearken heed

ὄξλῡκη ὄξζσ ὦξζα (ὤξνξνλ) stir up kindle incite excite arouse

πξῶηνο ε νλ first foremost chief

ηὸ πξῶηνλ ηὰ πξῶηα (adv) at first firstly first

πἱόο νῦ ὁ son

ζθσε these two

153 Translation

1 ζεὰ (ᾱ) ἀείζεη κῆληλ Ἀρηιῆνο ἐμ νὗ δὴ ηὰ πξῶηα δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο θαὶ Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἀλδξῶλ ἠξηζάηελ θαὶ

δηεζηήηελ 2 ηίο ζεῶλ μπλέεθε δῖνλ Ἀρηιῆά ηε θαὶ Ἀηξεΐδελ ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 3 πἱὸο Λεηόνο θαὶ Γηὸο ἑθεβόινο

μπλέεθέ ζθσε ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη ηὸλ γὰξ βαζηιεὺο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἐρόισζελ ὁ δrsquo ὦξζε θαθὴλ λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ

ὤιεθε δὲ ιᾱνύο

KEY

1 The goddess sings the wrath of Achilles from the time when first the divine Achilles and Atreides king of

men strove and separated 2 Which of the gods brought together the divine Achilles and the son of Atreus to fight

in strife 3 The son of Leto and Zeus the Free-shooter brought these two together to fight in strife for Atreides the

king enraged him so he stirred up an evil plague through the camp of the Achaeans and destroyed their host

154 Iliad 1-10

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κῡξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςῡρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιή

ἐμ νὗ δὴ ηὰ πξῶηα δηαζηήηελ ἐξίζαληε

Ἀηξεΐδεο ηε ἄλαμ ἀλδξῶλ θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεύο

ηίο ηrsquo ἄξ ζθσε ζεῶλ ἔξηδη μπλέεθε κάρεζζαη

Λεηνῦο θαὶ Γηὸο πἱόο ὁ γὰξ βαζηιῆη ρνισζεὶο

λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ ὦξζε θαθήλ ὀιέθνλην δὲ ιᾱνί

δηαζηήηελ = δηεζηήηελ

ἐξίζαληε = aor act part nom dual masc (they two) having quarreled

ηε ἄλαμ originally ηε ϝάλαμ thus allowing the hiatus

ζθσε [ἕσ] = 3rd

pers pron acc dual these two

ἔξηδη is dative of means in strife

κάρεζζαη = pres act infinitive deponent to fight

ρνισζείο = aor pass part nom sing masc having been enraged

Λεηνῦο = contracted form of Λεηόνο

βαζηιῆη = Agamemnon instrumental case by the king

ὀιέθνλην = ὠιέθνλην imperf pass ind 3rd

pers plural were being destroyed or kept

perishing

KEY

Sing O goddess of the accursed wrath of Achilles Peleiades

which brought countless woes to the Achaeans

and cast forth the souls of many valiant warriors to Hades

making them the spoils and feast of both dogs

and vultures But the will of Zeus was accomplished

indeed from the time when at first having quarreled both

Atreides king of men and the divine Achilles separated

Which of the gods of course brought these two together to fight in strife

The son of Leto and Zeus For enraged by the king he

kindled an evil plague up through the camp and the people were destroyed

155 Composition

1 ἠείδνκελ κῆληλ νὐινκέλελ Ἀρηιιῆνο ἐμ νὗ ηὰ πξῶηα Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἀλέξσλ (ἀλδξῶλ) θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο

ἠξηζάηελ θαὶ δηεζηεζάηελ (δηεζηήηελ) 2 ηίο ζεῶλ μπλῆθε (μπλέεθα) Ἀραηνὺο θαὶ ιᾱὸλ Πξηάκνπ ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 3

μπλῆθε (μπλέεθα) ζθσε (ἕν) πἱὸο Λεηόνο (Λεηνῦο) θαὶ Γηὸο ἑθεβόινο ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 4 Αηξεΐδεο βαζηιεὺο

Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο ἐρόισζαλ ἄλαθηα ἑθεβόινλ θαὶ ὁ ὦξζα (ὤξνξε) λνῦζνπο πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θαθὰο (ᾱ) ἀλὰ

ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ θαθῶο ὤιεθελ ἀγαζὸλ ιᾱόλ

Lesson 16

(887-897 910 1065-1068 697-703 707 710 732)

161 Formation of Middle Passive and Deponent Verbs

The endings of the middle voice are different from the active voice The passive voice applies the same endings

as the middle voice except in the aorist passive which applies active endings Because the middle and passive voice

are identical (other than the aorist) the context determines whether a verb is used with middle or the passive

meaning The aorist middle is often used with a passive meaning (especially in athematic forms) and the aorist

passive is often used with a middle meaning

The perfect and pluperfect of the middlepassive are athematic with the personal endings attached directly to

the reduplicated stem

The future perfect passive is formed by adding -ζνε to the perfect middle passive lengthening the vowel that

precedes this ending

The first aorist passive is formed by adding -(ζ)ζεε to the stem Before ζ π and β become θ θ and γ become ρ

and η δ ζ become ζ Many verbs have a second aorist passive that drops the ζ altogether

Deponent verbs have no active form but use the middlepassive forms in an active sense

162 Paradigms Present and Future Indicative MiddlePassive of ιύσ

Present

S 1 ιύνκαη

2 ιύεαη [(ιύῃ)]

3 ιύεηαη

D 2 ιύεζζνλ

3 ιύεζζνλ

P 1 ιπόκε(ζ)ζα

2 ιύεζζα

3 ιύνληαη

Future

S 1 ιύζνκαη (ῡ)

2 ιύζεαη (ῡ) [(ιύζῃ (ῡ))]

3 ιύζεηαη (ῡ)

D 2 ιύζεζζνλ (ῡ)

3 ιύζεζζνλ (ῡ)

P 1 ιῡζόκεζα

2 ιύζεζζε (ῡ)

3 ιύζνληαη (ῡ)

163 The Use of Voice in Greek

The active voice indicates that the subject is acting λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ ὦξζε = he kindled a plague up

through the camp

The passive voice indicates that the subject is acted upon Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιή = but the will of Zeus was

being accomplished

The Middle voice denotes one of three meanings

1 The subject acting upon itself πείζνκαη (I convince myself) θαίλνκαη (I show myself)

2 The subject acting for itself θαιένκαη (I call for myself)

3 The subject acting upon something belonging to itself ιύνκαη (I loose my own I ransom)

When determing the difference between the middle and passive keep in mind that the middle voice always

conveys a direct or indirect reference to the subject and that the subject is effect by or has an interest in the action

164 Third Declension Stems in -επ -επ -νπ and -σϝ

Stems in -επ usually became -εϝ and the third declension endings are applied after the ϝ Thus βαζηιεϝνο =

βαζηιῆνο βαηιεϝη = βαζηιῆη βαζηιεϝα = βαζηιῆα etc Note that the ϝ explains why εη (εϝη) does not form an

improper diphthong as well as why the accusative singular ends in -εα (as if the stem ended in a consonant) instead

of -ελ (as if the stem ended in a vowel) Note that when the ending consists of a consonant the -εϝ is contracted to

the diphthong -επ Thus βαζηιεϝο = βαζηιεύο βαζηιεϝ = βαζηιεῦ βαζηιεϝζη = βαζηιεῦζη In rare cases the other

endings also contract the -ε to -ε (ie βαζηιῆνο = βαζηιένο)

In stems ending originally in -ᾱϝ the ᾱ becomes ε in the Ionic dialect These are declined the same as -εϝ

except that -εῡ is formed before consonants instead of -επ Thus λᾱϝο = λεϝο = λεῦο λᾱϝ = λεϝ = λεῦ But note the

exception in the shorter form of the dative plural where λᾱϝζη = λεϝζη = λεπζί (rather than λεῡζη) In contracted

forms the ε usually becomes ε

In stems ending in -σϝ the third declension endings are applied directly to the stem Thus ἡξσϝο = ἥξσο

ἡξσϝνο = ἥξσνο ἡξσϝη = ἥξση ἡξσϝα = ἥξσα etc

In stems ending originally in -ν or -νϝ the third declension endings are applied as usual But keep in mind that -

νϝ is contracted to the diphthong -νπ before a consonant thus βνϝο = βνῦο and βνϝζη = βνπζί But note the

exception that occurs in the accusative singular where βνϝλ = βνῦλ rather than βνϝα

βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

(βαζηιεϝ-) (βνϝ-) (λᾱϝ-) (ἡξσϝ-)

N βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

G βαζηιῆνο [ένο] βνόο λεόο [εόο] ἥξσνο

D βαζηιῆη [έη] βνΐ λεί ἥξση

A βαζηιῆα [έα] βνῦλ [βῶλ] λῆα [έα] ἥξσα

V βαζηιεῦ βνῦ λεῦ ἥξσο

N V A βαζηιῆε βόε λῆε ἥξσε

G D βαζηιήνηηλ βόνηηλ λήνηηλ ἡξώνηηλ

N V βαζηιῆεο βόεο λῆεο ἥξσεο

G βαζηιήσλ βνῶλ λεῶλ [εῶλ] ἡξώσλ

D βαζηιήεζζη βόεζζη λήεζζη [έεζζη] ἡξώεζζη

βαζηιεῦζη βνπζί λεπζί ἥξσζη

A βαζηιῆαο βόαο (βνῦο) λῆαο [έαο] ἥξσαο

165 Third Declension Stems in -εζ -αζ and -νζ

When a stem ends in a vowel plus -ζ the initial ζ is dropped between two vowels Thus γεξαζνο = γέξανο

ἠνζνο = ἠόνο etc

All third declension nouns with stems ending in -εο are neuters and follow the pattern of ἔπνο The third

declension endings are applied as usual except that the nominative vocative and accusative singulars end in -νο

Nouns with stems ending in -νο take -σο in the nominative and vocative singular but otherwise apply the third

declension endings as usual (dropping ζ between two vowels)

ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

(ϝεπεζ-) (γεξαζ-) (ἀϝζνζ- (ᾱ))

N ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

G ἔπενο γέξανο ἠόνο

D ἔπετ γέξατ ἠόη

A ἔπνο γέξαο ἠόα

V ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

N V A ἔπεε γέξαε

G D ἐπένηηλ γεξάνηηλ

N V ἔπεα γέξα(α)

G ἐπέσλ γεξάσλ

D ἐπέεζζη γεξάεζζη

ἔπε(ζ)ζη γέξα(ζ)ζη

A ἔπεα γέξα(α)

166 Third Declension Stems in -καη and -καξ

Stems ending in -καη and -καξ are neuters

Stems in -καη drop the -ηο in the nominative vocative and accusative singular δσκαηο = δῶκα Otherwise the

third declension endings are applied as usual

Stems ending in -καξ are declined like those ending in -καη except in the nominative vocative and accusative

singular (which end in -καξ)

δῶκα ἦκαξ

(δσκαη-) (ἠκαξ- ἠκαη-)

N δῶκα ἦκαξ

G δώκαηνο ἤκαηνο

D δώκαηη ἤκαηη

A δῶκα ἦκαξ

V δῶκα ἦκαξ

N V A δώκαηε ἤκαηε

G D δσκάηνηηλ ἠκάηνηηλ

N V δώκαηα ἤκαηα

G δσκάησλ ἠκάησλ

D δσκάηεζζη ἠκάηεζζη

δώκαζη ἤκαζη

A δώκαηα ἤκαηα

167 Third Declension Stems in -λη and -λ

Stems ending in -λη drop the -λη before ζ and lengthen the preceding vowel thus παληο = πᾶο παληζη = πᾶζη

Otherwise the third declension endings are applied as usual In neuters the -η is dropped at the end of the word thus

παλη = πᾶλ Stems in -λ drop the -λ before ζ and lengthen the preceding vowel in the masculine (but not in the

neuter)

πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

(παλη- παληα- παλη-)

Masc Fem Neut

N πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

G παληόο πάζεο (ᾱ) παληόο

D παληί πάζῃ (ᾱ) παληί

A πάληα πᾶζαλ πᾶλ

V πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

N V πάληεο πᾶζαη πάληα

G πάλησλ πᾱζάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] πάλησλ

D πάληεζ(ζ)η πάζῃζη (ᾱ) πάληεζ(ζ)η

πᾶζη πάζῃο (ᾱ) πᾶζη

A πάληνο πάζᾱο (ᾱ) πάληα

κέιᾱο κέιαηλα κέιαλ

(κειαλ- κειαηλα- κειαλ-)

N κέιᾱο κέιαηλα κέιαλ

G κέιαλνο κειαίλεο κέιαλνο

D κέιαλη κειαίλῃ κέιαλη

A κέιαλα κέιαηλαλ κέιαλ

V κέιαλ κέιαηλα κέιαλ

N V A κέιαλε κειαίλᾱ κέιαλε

G D κειάλνηηλ κειαίλῃηλ κειάλνηηλ

N V κέιαλεο κέιαηλαη κέιαλα

G κειάλσλ κειαηλάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] κειάλσλ

D κειάλεζ(ζ)η κειαίλῃζη κειάλεζ(ζ)η

κέιαζη κειαίλῃο κέιαζη

A κέιαλεο κειαίλᾱο κέιαλα

168 Vocabulary

Nouns

Ἀπόιισλ (ᾰ or ᾰ) σλνο ὁ Apollo

ἀξεηήξ (ᾱ) ῆξνο ὁ priest prayer

ζπγάηεξ ηέξνο (ηξόο) ἡ daughter

θνζκήησξ νξνο ὁ commander marshaller

λεῦο λεόο (λεόο) ἡ ship

ζηέκκα καηνο ηό fillet (of white cotton) wreath

ρείξ ρεηξόο ἡ hand arm

Verbs

ἔξρνκαη (ἐξρ- ἐιε- ἐιεπζ- ἐιπζ-) come go

ἐιεύζνκαη I will come I will go

ἦιζνλ (ἤιπζνλ) I came I went

ιίζζνκαη (ιηη-) I beg I entreat

---

ἐιιηζάκελ (ἐιηηόκελ) I begged I entreated

Adjectives Prepositions

ζνόο ή όλ swift speedy

πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ all every (the) whole

Indeclinable

δύν (δύσ) two

κάιηζηα most especially by all means

169 Translation

1 Ἀπόιισλ ἑθεβόινο ρνινῦηαη βαζηιῆη Αηξεΐδῃ θαὶ πέκπεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ ὀιέθνληαη δὲ

ιᾱνί νὕλεθα δῖνο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) 2 Υξύζεο (ῡ) γὰξ ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἑθεβόινπ ἔξρεηαη

ἐπὶ ζνὰο (ᾱ) λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ θέξεη δrsquo ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα ζπγαηξόο ἣλ Ἀηξεΐδεο ἔρεη ἐλ ζηξαηῷ 3 ὁ δrsquo ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἔρεη

ζηέκκαηα ἑθεβόινπ Ἀπόιισλνο ἐλ ρεξζὶλ ἀλὰ ρξῡζέῳ ζθήπηξῳ θαὶ ιίζζεηαη πάληαο Ἀραηνύο κάιηζηα δrsquo Ἀηξεΐδᾱ

δύσ θνζκήηνξε ιᾱῶλ 4 Ἀπόιισλ ρνιώζεηαη βαζηιῆη θαὶ ὄξζεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηόλ 5 ἐιεύζνληαη ἐπὶ ζνὰο

(ᾱ) λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ νἴζνπζη ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα βαζηιῆη 6 ιίζζνληαη πάληαο Ἀραηνύο 7 Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζελ (ῑ)

ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) θαὶ νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε ζύγαηξα

KEY

1 Apollo the free-shooter enraged by king Atreides sent an evil plague through the camp of the Achaeans and

the people were destroyed because the divine Atreides dishonored Chryses the priest 2 For Chryses the priest of

the free-shooter went upon the swift ships of the Achaeans bearing countless ransoms for his daughter whom

Atreides was holding in the camp 3 But the priest had a wreath of Apollo the free-shooter upon a staff in his hand

and was entreating all of the Achaeans but especially the sons of Atreus (who were) the commanders of the host 4

Apollo will be enraged by the king and will kindle an evil plague up through the camp 5 They will go upon the

swift ships of the Achaeans and bring countless ransoms to the king 6 They are entreating all of the Achaeans 7

Atreides dishonored the priest and would not release his daughter

1610 Iliad 11-16

hellipὀιέθνλην δὲ ιᾱνί

νὕλεθα ηὸλ Υξύζελ ἠηίκαζελ ἀξεηῆξα

Αηξεΐδεο ὁ γὰξ ἦιζε ζνὰο ἐπὶ λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ

ιπζόκελνο ηε ζύγαηξα θέξσλ ηrsquo ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα

ζηέκκαηrsquo ἔρσλ ἐλ ρεξζὶλ ἑθεβόινπ Ἀπόιισλνο

ρξπζέῳ ἀλὰ ζθήπηξῳ θαὶ ἐιίζζεην πάληαο Ἀραηνύο

Ἀηξεΐδα δὲ κάιηζηα δύσ θνζκήηνξε ιαῶλ

ηόλ Υξύζελ = that (well-known) Chryses

The first verse ends in two spondees making it a spondaic verse and emphasizing the fact that

Chryses was a priest

ιῡζόκελνο = fut mid part nom masc sing being about to ransom

θέξσλ = pres act part nom sing masc bearing bringing

ἔρσλ = pres act part nom sing masc having holding

ρεξζὶλ ἑθεβόινπ = ρεξζὶ ϝεθεβόινπ

ρξῡζέῳ = synizesis where -έῳ is pronounced as a single syllable

ἐιίζζεην = imperf act ind 3rd

pers sing dep (kept) entreating was entreating

Ἀηξεΐδᾱ = dual of Ἀηξεΐδεο refers to both Agamemnon and Menelaus

KEY

hellipand the people were being destroyed

because Atreides dishonored Chryses the priest

For he had gone upon the swift ships of the Achaeans

intending to ransom his daughter bearing countless gifts

and holding in his hand fillets of Apollo the free-shooter

upon a golden staff and was entreating all of the Achaeans

but especially the two sons of Atreus the commanders of the host

1611 Composition

1 Chryses the priest of Apollo is dishonored by the son of Atreus 2 The Achaeans will go from their swift

ships to Troy and ransom the beloved daughter of the priest 3 We shall bring many ransoms and shall hold in our

hands the fillets of Apollo 4 We do not have a golden scepter but we entreat Priam and all the people of Troy 5

The two sons of Atreus marshallers of the people are entreating Priam but he will slight them 6 The son of

Atreus king of men slighted the priest and did not release his daughter

KEY

1 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) Ἀπόιινπ ἀηῑκάδεηαη Ἀηξεΐδῃ 2 Ἀραηνὶ ἐιεύζνληαη ἐθ ζνάσλ (ᾱ) λήσλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ (ῑ)

θαὶ ἀπειύζνληαη (ῡ) θίιε ζπγάηεξα ἀξεηῆξη (ᾱ) 3 νἴζνκελ πνιιrsquo ἄπνηλα θαὶ ἕζρνκελ ἐλ ρείξεζζη ζηέκκαηα

Ἀπόιινπ 4 νὐθ ἔρνκελ ζθῆπηξνλ ρξύζενλ ἀιιὰ ιηζζόκεζα Πξίακνλ θαὶ πᾶληα ιᾱνλ Ἰιίνπ (ῑ) 5 δύrsquo Ἀηξεΐδᾱ

θνζκήηεξᾱ ιᾱσλ ιίζζεζζνλ Πξίακνλ αὐηνὺο δrsquo ἀηῑκάζεη 6 Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἄλδξσλ ἠηίκαζελ (ῑ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) θαὶ

νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε ζπγάηεξα

1612 Meter

ΟΤ λε θα | ΣΟΝ ΥΡΤ | ΖΝ Ζ | ΣΗ κα ζελ | Α ΡΖ | ΣΖ ΡΑ~

Α ηξε η | ΓΖ ν γαξ | ΖΛ ζε ζν | Α ε πη | ΝΖ αο α | ΥΑΗ ΧΝ

ΛΤ ζν κε | ΝΟ ηε ζπ | ΓΑΣ ξα θε | ΡΧΝ ηα πε | ΡΔΗ ζη α | ΠΟΗ ΝΑ~

ΣΔΜ καη ε | ΥΧΝ ΔΝ | ΥΔΡ ζηλ ε | ΚΖ βν ινπ | Α ΠΟΛ | ΛΧ ΝΟ~

ΥΡΤζεσα | ΝΑ ΚΖΠ | ΣΡΧ θαη ε | ΛΗ ζε ην | ΠΑΝ ηαο α | ΥΑΗ ΟΤ

ΑΣ ξε η | ΓΑ δε κα | ΛΗ ηα δπ | Χ ΚΟ | ΜΖ ην ξε | ΛΑ ΧΝ

Lesson 17

(910 - imperfect middle and passive aorist middle of ιύσ 648-658 - the table

of endings in 32)

171 Paradigms Imperfect MiddlePassive of ιύσ

S 1 ἐιπόκελ

2 ἐιύεν [(ἐιύεπ)]

3 ἐιύεην

D 2 ἐιύεζζνλ

3 ἐιπέζζελ

P 1 ἐιπόκε(ζ)ζα

2 ἐιύεζζε

3 ἐιύνλην

172 Paradigms Aorist Middle of ιύσ

Thematic Athematic (2nd

Aorist)

S 1 ἐιῡζάκελ ἐιύκελ

2 ἐιύζαν (ῡ) [(ἐιύζσ (ῡ))] ἔιπ(ζ)ν

3 ἐιύζαην (ῡ) ἔιπην

D 2 ἐιύζαζζνλ (ῡ) ἔιπζζνλ

3 ἐιῡζάζζελ ἐιύζζελ

P 1 ἐιῡζάκε(ζ)ζα ἐιύκε(ζ)ζα

2 ἐιύζαζζε (ῡ) ἔιπζζε

3 ἐιύζαλην (ῡ) ἔιπλην

173 Vocabulary

δῶκα αηνο ηό house home

παῖο παηδόο ὁ ἡ child son daughter

π(η)όιηο ηνο (ενο) ἡ city state

ἐπθλήκῑο ῑδνο well-greaved

ἐγώ(λ) κέν (κεῦ) I

ζύ ζέν (ζεῦ) you

κέλhellip δέ on the one handhellip trulyhellip on the one handhellip on the other hand

partlyhellip partly the onehellip the other

νἴθαδε home homeward to home home

Verbs

ἅδνκαη (ἁγ-) (defective) I reverence

δέρνκαη I accept I receive

δέμνκαη I will accept

ἐδεμάκελ (ἐδέγκελ) I accepted

δίδσκη (δσ- δν-) I give I grant

(δη)δώζσ I will give

ἔδσθα I gave

ἐθπέξζσ (πεξζ- πξαζ-) I sack (utterly) I plunder I pillage

ἐθπέξζσ I will sack

ἐμέπεξζα (ἐμέπξαζνλ) I sacked

ἱθλένκαη I arrive I reach (a destination)

ἵμνκαη I will arrive

ἱθόκελ (ῑ) I arrived

174 Translation

1 ζενὶ ἔρνπζηλ ιύκπηα δώκαηα ἔδσθαλ δrsquo Ἀηξεΐδεο θαὶ ἄιινηζηλ ἐπθλεκίδεζζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἐθπέξζαη

(infinitive) πόιηλ Πξηάκνπ ηόηε δrsquo ἵθνλην (ῑ) ἐὺ νἴθαδε νὕλεθα παῖδα θίιελ ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἔιῡζαλ 2 ἀπέιῡζαλ

ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνὶ ζύγαηξα θίιελ ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἐδέμαλην δrsquo ἀγιαὰ ἄπνηλα νὕλεθα ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλα Γηὸο πἱὸλ

ἅδνλην 3 ἅδεηαη ἑθεβόινλ 4 Ἀηξεΐδεο νὐθ ἐδέμαην ηὰ ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα 5 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἔδσθελ ἄπνηλα

πνιιὰ βαζηιῆη Ἀηξεΐδῃ 6 πάληεο ζενὶ θαὶ πᾶζαη ζεαὶ εἶρνλ ιύκπηα δώκαηα 7 Ἀραηνὶ ἐπθλήκῑδεο ἐθπέξζνπζη

Πξηάκνην πόιηλ ἵμνληαη δrsquo ἐπ νἴθαδε 8 παῖο θίιε ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἐιύζαην (ῡ) ἵθεην (ῑ) δrsquo ἐὺ νἴθαδε

KEY

1 The gods have Olympian homes but they gave the son of Atreus and the other well-greaved Achaeans to

utterly sack the city of Priam and then they returned safe at home because they released the dear child of the priest

2 The well-greaved Achaeans released the dear daughter of the priest and received glorious ransoms because they

reverenced the free-shooter Apollo son of Zeus 3 He reverences te free-shooter 4 The son of Atreus did not

receive the glorious ransoms 5 Chryses the priest gave many ransoms to king Atreides 6 All of the gods and all of

the goddesses had Olympian homes 7 The well-greved Achaeans will utterly sack Priamrsquos city and will return safe

to home 8 The dear child of the priest was released and arrived well to her home

175 Iliad 17-21

ltltἈηξεΐδαη ηε θαὶ ἄιινη ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνί

ὑκῖλ κὲλ ζενὶ δνῖελ ιύκπηα δώκαηrsquo ἔρνληεο

ἐθπέξζαη Πξηάκνην πόιηλ ἐὺ δrsquo νἴθαδrsquo ἱθέζζαη

παῖδα δrsquo ἐκνὶ ιῦζαί ηε θίιελ ηά ηrsquo ἄπνηλα δέρεζζαη

ἁδόκελνη Γηὸο πἱὸλ ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλαgtgt

Ἀηξεΐδαηhellip ἄιινη ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνί = vocative case

ὑκῖλ (ῡ) = dat plural of ζύ to you

ζενί = one syllable by synizesis

κέλ (v 18) = correlative of δέ (v 20)

δνῖελ = aor act optative 3rd

plural of δίδσκη may they grant

ἔρνληεο = pres act part nom masc plural of ἔρσ having possessing

ἐθπέξζαη = aor act inf of ἐθπέξζσ to sack utterly

ἱθέζζαη = aor act inf of ἱθένκαη to arrive (compare κάρεζζαη)

ιῦζαη δέρεζζαη = infinitives used as imperatives free and accept

ηά ηrsquo ἄπνηλα (ηά ηε ἄπνηλα) = thesehellip gifts

ἁδόκελνη = pres act part nom masc plural reverencing

KEY

ldquoSons of Atreus and you other well-greaved Achaeans

may the gods who have their homes on Olympus grant you

to utterly sack Priamrsquos city and return safe to home

but release my dear child to me and accept these gifts

reverencing Apollo who shoots at will the son of Zeusrdquo

176 Composition

1 The gods who have (ἔρνληεο) Olympian homes will grant to the sons of Atreus and to the other well-greaved

Achaeans to sack utterly (ἐθπέξζαη) the city of Priam 2 When they sacked the city of Priam they returned happily

home 3 They accepted the shining ransoms and freed the darling daughter of the priest Chryses 4 We reverenced

the free-shooter Apollo son of Leto and Zeus and escaped death 5 Will the son of Atreus accept the shining

ransoms 6 The child of the priest was freed when he gave many shining ransoms which the two sons of Atreus

accepted

KEY

1 ζενὶ ἔρνληεο ιύκπηα δώκαηα δώζνπζη Ἀηξεΐδῃζη θαὶ ἄιινηζηλ ἐπθλεκίδεζζηλ (ῑ) Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἐθπέξζαη πόιηλ

Πξηάκνπ 2 ηόηε ἐμέπεξζαλ πόιηλ Πξηάκνην ἵθνλην (ῑ) ἐὺ νἴθαδε 3 ἐδέμαλην ἀγιαrsquo ἄπνηλα θαὶ ἀπέιῡζαλ ζπγάηεξα

θίιε ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) Υξύζᾱν (ῡ) 4 ἡμάκεζα ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλα Λεηόνο θαὶ Γηὸο πἱόλ θαὶ ζάλαηνλ 5

Ἀηξεΐδεο δέμεηαη ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα 6 παῖο ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἀπειύζαην (ῡ) ηόηε ἔδσθελ ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀγιάα ηὰ

Ἀηξεΐδᾱ ἐδώθαζηλ

Lesson 18

(Perfect and Pluperfect Active of Verbs 904 922 Third Declension γέρων

αἴξ 693-695)

181 Formation of the Perfect and Pluperfect Active

The perfect and pluperfect in all modes experience reduplication of the initial syllable which denotes completed

action Verbs beginning with a single consonant (except ξ) prefix this consonant followed by -ε Thus ιύσ =

ιέιπθα The stem sometimes stands in ablaut relation to the stem of the present as in βαίλσ = βέβεθα A

reduplicated syllable beginning with an aspirated mute is changed to its corresponding voiceless mute in the

reduplicated syllable ie ζλήζθσ = ηέζλεθα In these cases the reduplicated pluperfect adds ἐ- to the reduplicated

syllable ie ιύσ = ιέιπθα = ἐιέιπθε

Vebs beginning with a double consonant two consonants (except a mute followed by a liquid or a nasal) ξ and

some beginning with κ simply augment the stem with the addition of ε-

Verbs beginning in a vowel typically take the temporal augment by lengthening the vowel ie νἴρνκαη =

ᾤρσθα However verbs beginning with a vowel in which an initial consonant has been lost may take the syllabic

augment

Compound verbs typically insert the reduplication and augment between the preposition and the verb ie

ἀπνιύσ = ἀπνιέιπθα = ἀπειειύθε

The first perfect active adds -θα- to the stem followed by the primary endings The first pluperfect active

similarly adds -θε- followed by the secondary endings In general a short final vowel is lengthened before the

addition of the -θα- or -θε- Second perfects and pluperfects active are the older form and are more common in

Homer These omit the θ and simply add -α- or -ε- respectively The second perfects are more common in stems

ending in a consonant

In general the singular perfect and pluperfect active stand in ablaut relation to the dual and plural forms

Perfects and pluperfects are rare in Homer and only occur in some twenty verbs

182 Paradigms λέλυκα and βέβηκα

ιέιπθα ἐιειύθε (ἐιειύθεα)

ιέιπθαο ἐιειύθο (ἐιειύθεαο)

ιέιπθε(λ) ἐιειύθεη (ἐιειύθεε)

ιειύθαηνλ ἐιειύθαηνλ

ιειύθαηνλ ἐιειπθάηελ

ιειύθακελ ἐιειύθεκελ

ιειύθαηε ἐιειύθεηε

ιειύθᾱζη ἐιειύθεζαλ

βέβεθα ἐβεβήθεα (ἐβεβήθε)

βέβεθαο ἐβεβήθεαο (ἐβεβήθεο)

βέβεθε(λ) ἐβεβήθεε (ἐβεβήθεη)

βέβαηνλ ἐβέβαηνλ

βέβαηνλ ἐβεβάηελ

βέβακελ ἐβέβακελ

βέβαηε ἐβέβαηε

βέβᾱζη ἐβέβαζαλ

183 Paradigms γέρων and αἴξ

γέξσλ αἴμ

γέξνληνο αἰγόο

γέξνληη αἰγί

γέξνληα αἶγα

γέξνλ αἴμ

γέξνληε αἶγε

γεξόληνηηλ αἴγνηηλ

γέξνληεο αἶγεο

γεξόλησλ αἰγῶλ

γεξόληεζ(ζ)η (γέξνπζη) αἴγεζ(ζ)η (αἰμί)

γέξνληαο αἶγαο

184 Vocabulary

ἀγνξή ῆο ἡ assembly meeting place gathering harrangue

αἴμ αἰγόο ὁ ἡ goat

Ἄξγνο ενο ηό Argos (both a country and a city in Greece)

γέξσλ νληνο ὁ old man

γῆξαο ανο ηό old age

ἱεξεύο ῆνο ὁ priest holy man

κεξίνλ νπ ηό thigh-bone thigh-piece

πνύο πνδόο ὁ foot

ηαῦξνο νπ ὁ bull

θξήλ θξελόο ἡ diaphragm mind heart soul spirit disposition

δέθαηνο ε νλ tenth

ἡκέηεξνο ε νλ our ours

θνῖινο ε νλ hollow

ὠθύο ὠθεῖα ὠθύ swift speedy

ζλήζθσ die perish

ζαλένκαη

ἔζαλνλ

ηέζλεθα

θεύγσ flee fly escape run (off away along)

θεύμνκαη

ἔθπγνλ

πέθεπγα

37 Translation

1 βνπιαὶ θᾱιαὶ θαὶ θαθαί 2 ηίο ἔρεη βνπιὴλ θᾱιήλ 3 ηί ἔρνπζηλ 4 θᾱιαὶ βνπιαὶ ἦζαλ θίιαη 5 ηίο ἦλ θᾱιή

6 δεηλὴ θιαγγὴ ἦλ ἐλ Υξύζῃ (ῡ) θᾱιῇ 7 ἔρνπζη βνπιὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θίιᾱο 8 ηί ἦλ θιαγγὴ δεηλὴ ἐλ Υξύζῃ

(ῡ) θᾱιῇ 9 θαθῆο βνπιῆο 10 θαθῇο βνπιῇο 11 θαθάσλ (ᾱ) βνπιάσλ (ᾱ) 12 θαθὴ βνπιή θαθῇ βνπιῇ θαθὴλ

βνπιήλ θαθὰο (ᾱ) βνπιάο (ᾱ)

(1) βνπιαὶhellip The acute changes to a grave when another word follows without intervening punctuation

But see the notes on 2

(2) The acute on the pronouns ηίο and ηί does not change to a grave ηίοηί is an interrogative pronoun and

indicates that the sentence is a question ηίο can be either masculine or feminine usually refers to a person

and is generally translated ldquowhordquo ηί is neuter usually refers to an object and is generally translated

ldquowhatrdquo

(4) Like Latin and unlike later dialects of Greek there is no definite article in Homeric The article must be

supplied in this sentence ldquoThe good planshelliprdquo

(6) ἦλ is frequenly translated ldquothere wasrdquo

(7) The phrasing here is common ldquohellipplans good and dearrdquo A pair of adjectives connected by θαί is often

placed after the noun they modify

(10) This sentence uses the less common -ῇο instead of -ῇζη(λ) The dative in this case is best represented

by the English preposition ldquoforrdquo The preposition ldquotordquo is usually used to render the the dative as indirect

object

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 Good and bad plans 2 Who has a good plan 3 What do they have 4 The good plans were dear 5 Who

was good 6 There was a terrible uproar in beautiful Chrysa 7 They have good and dear plans 8 What was the

terrible uproar in beautiful Chrysa 9 Of the bad plan 10 For the bad plans 11 Of the bad plans 12 The bad plan

for the bad plan the bad plan the bad plans

38 Composition

1 Of good and bad plans 2 For the noble plan 3 Who has the evil plan 4 There was a terrible uproar in

beautiful Chrysa 5 Was the plan good 6 The plans were cowardly

(1) Follow the standard construction ldquoOf plans good and badrdquo

(2) The preposition ldquoforrdquo is represented by the use of the dative

(3) This could be rendered either singular (ηίο ἔρεη) or plural (ηίο ἔρνπζη)

(4) Follow the same construction seen in exercise 6 of Translation ldquoA terrible uproar there was in Chrysa

beautifulrdquo While the word order is not fixed Phar usually places adjectives after the words they modify

When ἦλ is rendered ldquothere wasrdquo it is usually placed in the predicate position ie ldquoA terrible uproar there

washelliprdquo

(5) The construction should place the verb between the subject and the predicate nominative ie βνπιὴ ἦλ

θᾱιή or θᾱιὴ ἦλ βνπιή Otherwise the translation would be ldquoWas there a good planrdquo Note that the

predicate nominative is always placed in the nominative case

(6) As with (5) the verb should come between the subject and the predicate nominative to avoid

ambiguity ἦζαλ βνπιαὶ θαθαί or βνπιαὶ θαθαὶ ἦζαλ would be translated ldquoThere were cowardly plansrdquo

Again the Greek is ambiguous in this regard but we are following Pharrrsquos conventions in the exercises

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 βνπιαὶ θᾱιαὶ θαὶ θαθαί 2 βνπιῇ θᾱιῇ 3 ηίο ἔρεη βνπιὴλ θαθήλ 4 δεηλὴ θιαγγή ἦλ ἐλ Υξύζῃ (ῡ) θᾱιῇ 5

βνπιὴ ἦλ θᾱιή 6 βνπιαὶ ἦζαλ θαθαί

Lesson 4

(663)

41 Declension of ζεά (ᾱ)

The few feminine nouns that end in -ᾱ in the nominative are declined like ζεά (ᾱ) goddess In general the

original ᾱ stem becomes ε in the singular (as in the declension of ζάιαζζα below) It remains ᾱ in the word ζεά (ᾱ)

and a few proper names

Sigular Dual Plural

N ζεά (ᾱ) ζεά (ᾱ) ζεαί

G ζεᾶο ζεῇηλ ζεάσλ (ᾱ) [ῶλ]

D ζεᾷ ζεῇηλ ζεῇζη ῇο [αῖο]

A ζεάλ (ᾱ) ζεά (ᾱ) ζεάο (ᾱ)

V ζεά (ᾱ) ζεά (ᾱ) ζεαί

42 Declension of ζάιαζζα

Feminine nouns ending in -ᾰ are declines like ζάιαηηα sea Note that the acute is pulled from the antepenult to

the penult when the ultima is long

Sigular Dual Plural

N ζάιαζζα ζαιάζζᾱ ζάιαζζαη

G ζαιάζζεο ζαιάζζῃηλ ζαιαζζάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ]

D ζαιάζζῃ ζαιάζζῃηλ ζαιάζζῃζη ῃο

A ζάιαζζαλ ζαιάζζᾱ ζαιάζζᾱο

V ζάιαζζα ζαιάζζᾱ ζάιαζζαη

43 Vocabulary

γάξ -(postpositive conjunction) for in fact

δέ -(postpositive conjunction) but and so for

εἰζί(λ) -they there are

ἐζηί(λ) -he she it there is

ἐθ (ἐμ) -(adv and prep + gen) from out of

ἐπί -(adv) upon on thereon

ἐπί -(prep + gen) upon on over during

ἐπί -(prep + dat) upon on in for about against at beside by

ἐπί -(prep + acc) to up to over up upon

ζάιαζζα εο ἡ -sea

ζεά (ᾱ) ᾶο ἡ -goddess

Κίιια εο ἡ -Cilla a town in the Troad

νὐ (νὐθ νὐρ) -not no

πάηξε εο ἡ -fatherland native land

πνιιή -much many numerous

ππξή ῆο ἡ -funeral pyre pyre

ςῡρή ῆο ἡ -soul breath life spirit

44 Derivatives

ζάιαζζα (thalassa) = thalassocracy

παηξή (patre) = patriotic

ππξή (pyre) = pyre pyrolatry pyrotechnic pyrotechnical pyrography

ςῡρή (psyche) = psyche psychology psychotherapy psychic psychical

45 Translation

1 θᾱιὴ ζεὰ (ᾱ) ἔρεη βνπιὴλ θᾱιήλ 2 θᾱιαὶ ζεαί εἰζη θίιαη ςῡρῇ ζεᾶο ζαιάζζεο δεηλῆο 3 Κίιια θαὶ Υξύζε

(ῡ) εἰζὶ θᾱιαη θαὶ θίιαη ζεῇζη ζαιαζζάσλ (ᾱ) 4 θᾱιὴ ζεὰ (ᾱ) νὐθ ἔρεη ςῡρὴλ θαθήλ 5 θᾱιή ἐζηη ζεά (ᾱ) ἔρεη δὲ

ςῡρὴλ θαθήλ 6 δεηλὴ θιαγγή ἐζηηλ ἐθ ζαιάζζεο 7 Κίιια θαὶ Υξύζε (ῡ) ἦζαλ ἐπὶ ζαιάζζῃ 8 ζεαὶ ζαιάζζεο εἰζὶ

θίιαη ςῡρῇο πνιιῇο θίιαη γάξ εἰζηλ 9 πάηξε θᾱιή ἐζηη θίιε πνιιῇο ςῡρῇο θᾱιῇο 10 ἐθ πάηεο θαθῆο ἦλ 11

ἦζαλ ππξαὶ πνιιαὶ ἐλ θίιῃ πάηξῃ ἐπὶ δεηλῇ ζαιάζζῃ 12 ηίο νὐθ ἔρεη θᾱιὴλ ςῡρήλ

(2) εἰζη is an enclitic When the preceding word carries an acute on the ultima the enclitic looses its own

accent and the accent on the ultima does not change to a grave

(3) When an enclitic follows a word with the acute on the penult the enclitic retains its own accent

(4) νὐ is used before consonants νὐθ before vowels with the smooth breathing and νὐρ before vowels

with the rough breathing As an adverb it usually precedes the verb that it modifies

(6) ἐθ + gen The phrase is rendered ldquohellipfrom out of the seardquo

(7) ἐπί with the dative indicates location and frequently denotes close proximity This phrase is usually

translated with the English idiom ldquoupon the seardquo but it literally means ldquobeside the seardquo or ldquonear the seardquo

(8) postpositives like γάξ and δέ never occur first in a sentence they usually occur as the second or third

word of the sentence

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 Does the beautiful goddess have a good plan 2 Beautiful goddesses are dear to the soul of the goddess of

the terrible sea 3 Cilla and Chrysa are beautiful and dear to the goddesses of the seas 4 The beautiful goddess does

not have an ugly soul 5 The goddess is beautiful but she has an ugly soul 6 There is a terrible roar from out of the

sea 7 Cilla and Chrysa were upon the sea 8 The goddesses of the sea are dear to many souls for they are beloved

9 The beautiful fatherland is dear to many good souls 10 There was evil from out of the fatherland 11 There were

many funeral pyres in the beloeved fatherland upon the terrible sea

46 Composition

1 Are the good plans dear to the souls of the goddesses 2 They have many plans but (they are) cowardly

ones 3 The plans are dear to the soul of the beautiful goddess for they are noble 4 The lovely goddess of the sea

was not in Cilla 5 There are many funeral pyres by the sea in (our) beloved fatherland 6 Who was in Cilla by the

sea

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 θᾱιαὶ βνπιαί εἰζη θίιαη ςῡρῇζη ζεάσλ (ᾱ) 2 ἔρνπζη βνπιὰο (ᾱ) πνιιάο (ᾱ) θαθὰο (ᾱ) δέ 3 βνπιαὶ θίιαη

εἰζὶ ςῡρῇ θᾱιῆο ζεᾶο θίιαη γάξ εἰζηλ 4 θᾱιὴ ζεὰ (ᾱ) ζαιάζζεο νὐθ ἦλ ἐλ Κίιιῃ 5 ππξαὶ πνιιαί ἐζηηλ ἐπὶ

ζαιάζζῃ ἐλ πάηξῃ θίιῃ 6 ηίο ἦλ ἐλ Κίιιῃ ἐπὶ ζαιάζζῃ

Lesson 5

(789-806 904)

51 Introduction to Greek Verbs

The uses of the Greek verb will be covered in more detail later However Pharr employs several terms in this

lesson that may be perplexing without a brief introduction

Greek verbs employ prefixes suffixes and formative elements in order to conjugate verbs A similar function

exists in English although to a lesser extent precook (use of a prefix) walked (use of a suffix) ranrun (use of

ablaut as a formative element) etc

There are three voices in Greek The active and passive voice function as in English where the active indicates

action performed by the subject (ldquothe dog bit the mailmanrdquo) and the passive indicates action performed upon the

subject (ldquothe mailman was bitten by the dogrdquo) The Greek also employs a third voice called the middle which

indicates (among other things) that the subject acted on its own behalf (ldquothe dog himself bit the mailmanrdquo) or that

plural subjects acted upon each other (ldquothe dogs bit each otherrdquo) The endings for the passive and the middle are

sometimes identical and the meaning must be determined from the context

In Greek as in English verbs convey certain moods The indicative mood simply denotes an action that is

performed (ldquothe dog bites the mailmanrdquo) The subjunctive mood denotes (among other things) possibility and

wishes etc (ldquothe dog may bite the mailmanrdquo ldquoI wish that the dog would bite the mailmanrdquo) Like the subjunctive

the optative mood denotes (among other things) possibility wish conditions or indirect discourse (ldquothe dog would

bite the mailman ifhelliprdquo ldquowould that the dog had bitten the mailmanrdquo ldquomay the dog bite the mailmanrdquo) The

imperative mood expresses a command (ldquobite the mailman you dogrdquo) The infinitive mood expresses the verb as if it

were a noun (ldquoto bite the mailmanrdquo) The participle is a verbal noun or adjective similar to the infinitive ( ldquobiting the

mailman is badrdquo)

There are seven different tenses in Greek most of which have corresponding meanings in English present (ldquothe

dog bites the mailmanrdquo) future (ldquothe dog will bite the mailmanrdquo) imperfect (ldquothe dog was biting the mailmanrdquo)

aorist (ldquothe dog bit the mailmanrdquo) perfect (ldquothe dog has bitten the mailmanrdquo) pluperfect (ldquothe dog had bitten the

mailmanrdquo) and future perfect (ldquothe dog would have bitten the mailmanrdquo)

Grammarians divide the Greek tenses into two categories The primary (or principle) tenses consist of the

present future perfect and future perfect and denote action that occurs from a perspective in the present or future

The secondary (past or historic) consist of the imperfect aorist and pluperfect and denote action occurring from

the perspective of the past

Each tense can be expressed in multiple moods and voices The aorist active indicative for example is ldquothe dog

bit the mailmanrdquo The aorist middle indicative is ldquothe dog himself bit the mailmanrdquo The aorist passive indicative is

ldquothe mailman was bitten by the dogrdquo The present active subjunctive is ldquothe dog may bite the mailmanrdquo The present

passive subjunctive is ldquothe mailman may be bitten by the dogrdquo

There are three persons in the Greek and these correspond to the three persons used in the English verbs first

person (ldquoI bit the mailmanrdquo) second person (ldquoyou bit the mailmanrdquo) and third person (ldquohe bit the mailmanrdquo) Each

person can also take on the dual form (ldquothe pair of them bit the mailmanrdquo third person dual) and the plural form

(ldquowe bit the mailmanrdquo first person plural)

As you can see there are many possible combinations in Greek and the majority of those possible

combinations has accompanying endings that can be applied All in all there are hundreds of possible endings that

can be applied to various Greek verbs and the student must eventually learn them all

Grammarians use the word ldquoaugmentrdquo in reference to a prefix that is applied to a verb In general Greek

augments consist of either the letter ε- appended to the beginning of the word (ιπσ ldquoI looserdquo ειπνλ ldquoI was

loosingrdquo) or a lengthening of an initial vowel (ἄγσ ldquoI leadrdquo ἦγνλ ldquoI was leadingrdquo) Augments typically indicate an

event occurring in the past tense

Reduplication consists of doubling the initial syllable of a word and are used in the formation of some tenses

and stems (ιπσ ldquoI looserdquo ιειπθα ldquoI have loosedrdquo)

52 Inflection of Verbs

As with other inflected forms verbs consist of the stem and the ending (or suffix) Frequently more than one

ending is applied to a verb stem in order to indicate relationships such as mood tense voice person and number

Greek verb forms fall into two categories finite (indicative subjunctive optative imperative) and infinite

(infinitive participle) The finite forms of the verb include personal endings (1st person 2

nd person etc) augment

(prefixes used to indicate historic time) and reduplication (doubling of the first syllable of the word) as well as

endings representing tense mood voice etc Collectively these prefixes suffixes and modifications are called the

characteristics of the verb

The infinite forms of the verb are used as nouns or adjectives The participle is a verbal adjective and is used as

other adjectives It corresponds roughly to English verbs ending in -ing such as ldquothe running horserdquo or ldquowalking is

healthyrdquo The infinitive is a verbal noun and corresponds roughly to verbs preceded by the preposition ldquotordquo in

English ldquoit is good to runrdquo ldquohe wanted to walkrdquo

53 Thematic and Athematic Forms

Greek verbs fall into two primary conjugations -σ (or thematic) verbs which end in -σ in the first person

singular (present active indicative) and -κη (or athematic) verbs which end in -κη in the first person singular

(present active indicative)

In thematic verbs the stem ends in either -ν or -ε (which are called the theme) and the various suffixes are

applied to after the thematic vowel For example ιύεηε consists of ιῡ- the thematic vowel -ε- and the personal

ending -ηε Combined they form the word ιύ-ε-ηε ye loose The thematic vowel is -o- when it occurs before κ λ or

when used in the optative mood otherwise the thematic vowel is -ε- In the subjunctive mood the thematic vowel is

lengthened to -ε- (for -ε-) or -σ- (for -o-)

In athematic verbs the theme is omitted and the suffixes are applied directly to the stem of the verb Many

verbs which are regularly thematic also have corresponding athematic forms Strictly speaking no Greek verb is

entirely thematic or athematic each verb has both thematic and athematic forms

In general verb forms that are thematic include all futures all presents and imperfects of -σ verbs all second

aorists having the thematic vowel (ending in -νλ in the first person singular) and all subjunctives The verb forms

that are athematic include the presents and imperfects of -κη verbs all passive aorists (except in the subjunctive) all

middle and passive perfects and pluperfects all second aorists whose tense stem does not end in the thematic vowel

a few verbs in the second perfect and pluperfect active all first aorists active and middle and most perfects and

pluperfects active

In athematic inflections the singular is usually built on a long vowel and the duals and plurals are usually built

on the corresponding short vowel

54 Conjugation of the Present Active Indicative of -ω Verbs

The verb ιύσ (ldquoI looserdquo) is typically used as an example of the conjugation of -σ verbs The following

paradigm covers the present tense indicative mood and active voice of ιύσ (Note that there is no first person dual)

Singular 1st Person ιύσ I loose

2nd

Person ιύεηο you loose

3rd

Person ιύεη he she it looses

Dual 2nd

Person ιύεηνλ you two (or the pair of you) loose

3rd

Person ιύεηνλ they two (or the pair of them) loose

Plural 1st Person ιύνκελ we loose

2nd

Person ιύεηε you (or ye) loose

3rd

Person ιύνπζη(λ) they loose

55 Vocabulary

ἀείδσ sing sing of hymn chant

ἀλ- (prefix ἀ- before consonants) not un- dis- -less without

ἁλδάλσ (to) please (used with the dative)

ἀηῑκάδσ dishonor slight insult

βαίλσ come go walk

εἰο ἐο (adv and prep + acc) into until therein

ἔρσ have hold keep

θαίσ burn consume

ιύσ loose free break up destroy

ὀιέθσ kill destroy ruin

πέκπσ send escort conduct

ηειείσ accomplish fulfill complete

ηεύρσ make do fashion perform cause prepare

θέξσ bear carry bring

56 Derivatives

ἀείδσ (aed-) = ode odium melody palinode

ἀλ- (a- an-) = atheist anarchy

θαίσ (cae-) = caustic cauterize holocaust

ιύσ (ly-) = analysis

πέκπσ (pemp-) = pomp

ηειείσ (tele-) = teleology

θέξσ (pher-) = periphery phosphorus

57 Translation

1 ἀείδνκελ βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεάσλ (ᾱ) πνιιάσλ (ᾱ) 2 θιαγγὴ δεηλὴ θαθῆο ζαιάζζεο νὐρ ἁλδάλεη ςῡρῇ ζεᾶο 3 ηίο

ἀηῑκάδεη θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) ζεάο (ᾱ) 4 νὐρ ἀηῑκάδνκελ πάηξελ θίιε γάξ ἐζηηλ 5 βαίλνπζηλ ἐθ Κίιιεο εἰο Υξύζελ (ῡ) 6

θαίνπζη ππξὰο (ᾱ) πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἐλ Υξύζῃ (ῡ) ἐπὶ ζαιάζζῃ 7 ἔρνκελ πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) βνπιάο (ᾱ) 8 θαίεηε

ππξὰο (ᾱ) ἐλ πάηξῃ 9 ιύεηνλ ιύεηο ιύνκελ ιύνπζηλ ιύεηε 10 ὀιέθνκελ ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θαθὰο (ᾱ) ἐλ

πάηξῃ θίιῃ 11 ηίο πέκπεη ζεὰο (ᾱ) ἐο Υξύζελ (ῡ) 12 ηειείεηε βνπιὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) πάηξῃ θίιῃ 13 ηειείνκελ

βνπιὴλ θίιεο ζεᾶο 14 ηεύρνκελ ππξήλ 15 ηί θέξεηε ηί θέξνπζηλ

(2) ἁλδάλεη ςῡρῇhellip The object of the verb ἁλδάλσ takes the dative case In general the English can be

translated with the addition of the word ldquotordquo thus νὐθ ἁλδάλεη ςῡρῇ is ldquois not pleasing to the soulrdquo or ldquodoes

not please the soulrdquo

(5) The word εἰο can either be translated ldquotordquo or ldquointordquo

(6) ἐπὶ ζαιάζζῃ is a title for Chrysa thus Υξύζε (ῡ) ἐπὶ ζαιάζζῃ is ldquoChrysa upon the seardquo or ldquoChrysa by

the seardquo

(8) The word πάηξε refers to the person addressed and so is more appropriately translated ldquonative landrdquo

(the more familiar ldquofatherlandrdquo would typically apply only to the person speaking) Note that the possessive

is implied by using the 2nd

person of the verb thus ldquohellipin (your) native landrdquo

(9) ιύεηνλ can be either 2nd

or 3rd

person

(10) As with many Homeric words the best translation depends on the context Here the word ὀιέθσ

occurs in a military context (the Iliad) and so probably refers to killing enemies θαθή probably refers to

cowardice But the passage could be rendered in many ways such as ldquoWe ruin many wicked soulshelliprdquo or

ldquoWe kill many cowardly soulshelliprdquo etc

(11) Note the alternate form of εἰο As with many common prepositions Homer offers different forms to fit

the rhythmic structure of the poem εἰο is a single long syllable while ἐο can be either long or short

depending on the following word In like manner ἐλ is either long or short ἐλί is two short syllables and

εἰλ is a single long syllable

(12) The dative without a preposition is here translated with ldquoforhelliprdquo I also rendered βνπιαί θαιαί as

ldquonoble thingsrdquo in this context although it could also be translated ldquogood plansrdquo ldquobrave plansrdquo etc

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 We sing the plans of many goddesses 2 The terrible roar of the evil sea was not pleasing to the soul of the

goddess 3 Who dishonors the noble goddesses 4 We do not dishonor (our) fatherland for it is dear 5 They go

from Cilla to Chrysa 6 Do they burn many funeral pyres in Chrysa by the sea 7 We have many fair plans 8 Do

you burn pyres in (your) native land 9 You two loose you loose we loose they loose you loose 10 We destroy

many wicked souls in (our) dear fatherland 11 Who escorts the goddess into Chrysa 12 You accomplish noble

things for (our) dear fatherland 13 We fulfill the will of the beloved goddess

58 Composition Exercises

1 Who is singing the evil plans of the fair goddess 2 The roar of the sea is pleasing to the soul of the goddess

in Cilla 3 We do not dishonor the goddesses of (our) dear fatherland 4 Are you going from Chrysa to Cilla by the

sea 5 The two goddesses come from the sea into Cilla 6 They are burning two funeral pyres in (their) fatherland

7 They have many fair plans 8 We loose you loose they (two) loose he is loosing 9 The goddess destroys many

wicked souls 10 We escort the goddess into (our) dear fatherland 11 They accomplish the will of (their)

fatherland 12 He is making a funeral pyre 13 What does he bring

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 ηίο ἀείδεη θαθὰο (ᾱ) βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεᾶο θᾱιῆο 2 θιαγγὴ ζαιάζζεο ἁλδάλεη ςῡρῇ ζεᾶο ἐλ Κίιιῃ 3 νὐθ

ἀηῑκάδνκελ ζεὰλ (ᾱ) θίιεο πάηξεο 4 βαίλεηο ἐθ Υξύζεο (ῡ) εἰο Κίιιελ ἐπὶ ζαιάζζῃ 5 ζεὰ (ᾱ) βαίλνπζηλ ἐθ

ζαιάζζεο εἰο Κίιιελ 6 θαίνπζη πύξᾱ ἐλ πάηξῃ 7 ἔρνπζη πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) βνπιάο (ᾱ) 8 ιύνκελ ιύεηο

ιύεηνλ ιύεη 9 ζεὰ (ᾱ) ὀιέθεη πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θαθὰο (ᾱ) ςῡράο (ᾱ) 10 θέξνκελ ζεὰλ (ᾱ) εἰο θίιελ πάηξελ 11

ηειείνπζη βνπιὴλ πάηξεο 12 ηεύρεη πύξελ 13 ηί θέξεη

Lesson 6

(678-679 717-721 1025 cf 575 996 1009)

61 Second Declension Masculines

Second declension nouns have stems ending in -o Masculine nouns of the second declension are inflected like

ζῡκόο (spirit life soul) and πνιεκόο (war) Second declension adjectives are inflected like θαθόο (evil)

Sigular Dual Plural

N ζῡκόο ζῡκώ ζῡκνί

G ζῡκνῦ νῖν [όν] ζῡκνῖηλ ζῡκῶλ

D ζῡκῷ ζῡκνῖηλ ζῡκνῖζη νῖο

A ζῡκόλ ζῡκώ ζῡκνύο

V ζῡκέ ζῡκώ ζῡκνί

Sigular Dual Plural

N θαθὸο πόιεκνο θαθὼ πνιέκσ θαθνὶ πόιεκνη

G θαθνῦ νῖν [όν] πνιέκνπ νην [νν] θαθνῖηλ πνιέκνηηλ θαθῶλ πνιέκσλ

D θαθῷ πνιέκῳ θαθνῖλ πνιέκνηηλ θαθνῖο πνιέκνηο

A θαθὸλ πόιεκνλ θαθὼ πνιέκσ θαθνὺο πνιέκνπο

V θαθὲ πόιεκε θαθὼ πνιέκσ θαθνὶ πνιεκνί

62 Second Declension Neuters

Second declension neuters end in -νλ in the nominative vocative and accusative singlular and -ᾰ in the

nominative vocative and accusative plural They are identical to second declension masculines in the genitive and

dative as well as all cases of the dual Second declension neuters nouns are declined like ἔξγνλ (deed) and second

declension neuter adjectives are declined like θᾱιόλ (noble)

Sigular Dual Plural

N θᾱιὸλ ἔξγνλ θᾱιὼ ἔξγσ θᾱιὰ ἔξγα

G θᾱινῦ νῖν [όν] ἔξγνπ νην [νν] θᾱινῖηλ ἔξγνηηλ θᾱιῶλ ἔξγσλ

D θᾱιῷ ἔξγῳ θᾱινῖηλ ἔξγνηηλ θᾱινῖο ἔξγνηο

A θᾱιὸλ ἔξγνλ θᾱιὼ ἔξγσ θᾱινὺο ἔξγνπο

V θᾱιὸλ ἔξγνλ θᾱιὼ ἔξγσ θᾱιὰ ἔξγα

63 Second Declension Feminines

A few second declension nouns are feminine These are declined exactly the same as the masculine form the

only difference being that all adjectives and modifiers take their respective feminine forms Thus θαθὸο ζῡκόο = the

evil spirit and θαθὸλ ἔξγνλ = the evil deed but θαθὴ λνῦζνο = the evil plague

Sigular Dual Plural

N θαθὴ λνῦζνο θαθὰ (ᾱ) λνύζσ θαθαὶ λνῦζνη

G θαθῆο λνύζνπ νην [νν] θαθῇηλ λνύζνηηλ θαθάσλ [έσλ ῶλ] λνύζσλ

D θαθῇ λνύζῳ θαθῇηλ λνύζνηηλ θαθῇζη ῇο λνύζνηζη νηο

A θαθὴλ λνῦζνλ θαθὰ (ᾱ) λνύζσ θαθὰο (ᾱ) λνύζνπο

V θαθὴ λνῦζε θαθὰ (ᾱ) λνύζσ θαθαὶ λνῦζνη

64 Adjectives

Adjectives always agree in case number and gender with the nouns they modify

Adjectives fall into three declensions just like nouns However adjectives frequently have masculine feminine

and neuter forms whereas nouns typically fall into a single gender The adjective θαθόο for example has three

forms θαθόο (masculine) θαθή (femine) and θαθόλ (neuter) Adjectives are usually listed in dictionary entries in

the nominative masculine singular followed by the femine and neuter singular endings θαθόο ή όλ

Adjectives are usually grouped into one of four categories 1) First and Second Declension Adjectives whose

forms usually represent the first declension when feminine and the second declension when masculine or neuter 2)

Second Declension Adjectives which usually have a single second declension form that serves as both masculine

and feminine as well as a second declension neuter form 3) First and Third Declension Adjectives whose

masculine and neuter forms are of the third declension but whose feminine form falls under the first declension and

4) Third Declension Adjectives which have a single third declension form for both masculine and feminine and a

third declension neuter form

First and Second Declension Adjectives have the nominative singular endings -νο (masculine) -ε (feminine)

and -νλ (neuter) Of these θᾱιόο (beautiful noble) and θίινο (dear lovely beloved) are good examples

Singular

Masc Fem Neut

N θᾱιόο θᾱιή θᾱιόλ θᾱιή θᾱιόλ

G θᾱινῦ νῖν [όν] θᾱιῆο θᾱινῦ νῖν [όν]

D θᾱιῷ θᾱιῇ θᾱιῷ

A θᾱιόλ θᾱιήλ θᾱιόλ

V θᾱιέ θᾱιή θᾱιόλ

Dual

N A V θᾱιώ θᾱιά (ᾱ) θᾱιώ

G D θᾱινῖηλ θᾱιῇηλ θᾱινῖηλ

Plural

N θᾱινί θᾱιαί θᾱιά

G θᾱιῶλ θᾱιάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] θᾱιῶλ

D θᾱινῖζη νῖο θᾱιῇζη ῇο θᾱινῖζη νῖο

A θᾱινύο θᾱιάο (ᾱ) θᾱιά

Singular

Masc Fem Neut

N θίινο θίιε θίινλ

G θίινπ νην [νν] θίιεο θίινπ νην [νν]

D θίιῳ θίιῃ θίιῳ

A θίινλ θίιελ θίινλ

V

Dual

N A V θίισ θίιᾱ θίισ

G D θίινηηλ θίιῃηλ θίινηηλ

Plural

N θίινη θίιαη θίια

G θίισλ θηιάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] θίισλ

D θίινηζη νηο θίιῃζη ῃο θίινηζη νηο

A θίινπο θίιᾱο θίια

V θίινη θίιαη θίια

65 Vocabulary

ἀγιαόο ή όλ bright shining splendid glorious

ἀλά ἄλ (adv prep + gen dat acc) upon on thereon along up through

ἀπεξείζηνο ε νλ boundless countless immeasureable

ἄπνηλα σλ ηά ransom

Ἀραηόο νῦ ὁ Achaean

δεηλόο ή όλ terrible awful dreadful dread fearful

ἑιώξηνλ νπ ηό booty spoils prey

ζεόο νῦ ὁ god divinity

ζῡκόο νῦ ὁ heart soul spirit courage passion

θαθόο ή όλ bad poor ugly mean cowardly evil wicked

θᾱιόο ή όλ good goodly noble handsome brave fair beautiful

ιᾱόο νῦ ὁ people host soldiery

κῡξίνη αη α countless innumerable

λνῦζνο νπ ἡ plague disease pest pestilence

νἰσλόο νῦ ὁ bird (of prey) vulture omen

πνιιόο ή όλ much many numerous

ζηξαηόο νῦ ὁ army encampment host

θίινο ε νλ dear darling lovely beloved

66 Derivatives

ἀλά (ana-) = anatomy

ἄπνηλα (apen-) = pentalty

ζεόο (theo-) = theology theocracy atheism polytheism monotheism henotheism pantheism

ιᾱόο (lao-) = laity layman

ζηξαηόο (strato-) = strategy strategic strategical

67 Translation Exercises

1 ἀγιαὰ ἄπνηλα θέξνπζηλ Ἀραηνὶ εἰο ζηξαηόλ 2 θέξνκελ ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 3 ζεὸο ηεύρεη

πνιινὺο Ἀραηνὺο ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζηλ 4 ἦζαλ Ἀραηνὶ θαθνί 5 νὐθ ἦζαλ θαθνί θᾱινὶ δέ λνῦζνο θαθὴ ὀιέθεη ιᾱὸλ

θᾱιόλ 6 Ἀραηνὶ πέκπνπζηλ ἄπνηλα κῡξίrsquo εἰο πάηξελ 7 ζεὸο βαίλεη ἐο ζηξαηόλ ὀιέθεη δὲ ιᾱὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 8 ηίο

ἀηῑκάδεη ζενὺο θᾱινύο 9 θαθνὶ ιᾱνὶ ἀηῑκάδνπζη ζενὺο πάηξεο 10 ζεὸο πέκπεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ

Ἀραηῶλ νὐ γὰξ ηειείνπζη βνπιὴλ ζεῶλ πάηξεο 11 βαίλεη ἐπὶ ζάιαζζαλ δεηλὴλ θαὶ ηεύρεη ππξὰο (ᾱ) πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἀλὰ

ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 12 ἔρνπζηλ ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα Ἀραηῶλ ἐλὶ ζηξαηῷ 13 βνπιὴ ζηξαηνῦ νὐρ ἁλδάλεη ζῡκῷ ζενῦ 14

ιᾱὸο Κίιιεο θίινο ἦλ ςῡρῇ ζεᾶο ζαιάζζεο 15 νὐθ ἀείδνκελ θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεῶλ ζηξαηῷ νὐ γὰξ ἁλδάλεη

Ἀραηνῖζη ζῡκῷ

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 The Achaeans bring countless splendid ransmoms into the camp 2 We carry boundless ransoms up through

the camp of the Achaeans 3 The god makes many Achaens spoils for the birds 4 Were the Achaeans evil 5 They

were not evil but good An evil pestilence destroyed the good host 6 The Achaeans send countless ransoms into

(their) fatherland 7 The god walks into the camp and destroys the host of the Achaeans 8 Who dishonors the noble

gods 9 The evil host dishonors the gods of (our) fatherlans 10 The god sends an evil plague up through the camp

of the Achaeans for they do not fulfill the will of the gods of (their) native country 11 He walks along the sea and

builds many funeral pyres throughout the camp of the Achaeans 12 They have boundless ransoms of the Achaeans

in the camp 13 The armyrsquos plan is not pleasing to the heart of the god 14 The host of Cilla was dear to the soul of

the goddess of the sea 15 We do not sing the brave plan of the goods of the camp for (that) is not pleasing to the

heart of the Achaeans

68 Composition Exercises

1 The terrible roar of the sea is pleasing to the goddess in (her) soul 2 We bring many splendid ransoms to the

army of the Achaeans 3 The god does not destroy the host of the Achaeans for they do not dishonor the gods of

(their) fatherland 4 The evil plague makes countless Achaeans a booty (use plural) for many birds 5 The people of

the Achaeans send countless shining ransoms to the goddess of the sea in Cilla 6 The Achaeans go to the sea and

sing but the noise is not pleasing to the goddess in (her) soul 7 The plague destroys the people for they dishonor

the god of Chrysa

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 θιαγγὴ δεηλὴ ἁλδάλεη ζεᾷ ςῡρῇ 2 θέξνκελ ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀγιαὰ ἐο ζηξαηῷ Ἀραηῶλ 3 ζεὸο νὐθ ὀιέθεη

ιᾱὸλ Ἀραηῶλ νὐ γὰξ ἀηῑκάδνπζη ζενὺο πάηξεο 4 θαθὴ λνῦζνο ηεύρεη κῡξίνπο Ἀραηνὺο ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζη πνιινῖζηλ

5 ιᾱὸο Ἀραηῶλ πέκπνπζη κῡξίrsquo ἄπνηλα ἀγιαὰ ζεᾷ ζαιάζζεο ἐλὶ Κίιιᾳ 6 Ἀραηνὶ βαίλνπζηλ εἰο ζάιαζζαλ θαὶ

ἀείδνπζηλ θιαγγὴ δὲ νὐρ ἁλδάλεη ζεᾷ ςῡρῇ 7 λνῦζνο ὀιέθεη ιᾱόλ ἀηῑκάδνπζη γὰξ ζεὸλ Υξύζεο (ῡ)

Lesson 7

Review

71 Review Vocabulary

ἀγιαόο ή όλ splendid ζῡκόο νῦ ὁ heart

ἀείδσ sing θαί and

ἀλ- ἀ- un- θαίσ burn

ἁλδάλσ is pleasing to θαθόο ή όλ evil

ἀπεξείζηνο ε νλ immeasurable θᾱιόο ή όλ good

ἄπνηλα σλ ηά ransom Κίιια εο ἡ Cilla

ἀηῑκάδσ dishonor θιαγγή ῆο ἡ roar

Ἀραηόο νῦ ὁ Achaean ιᾱόο νῦ ὁ host

βαίλσ go walk ιύσ loose

βνπιή ῆο ἡ plan κῡξίνη αη α countless

γάξ for λνῦζνο νπ ἡ plague

δέ but νἰσλόο νῦ ὁ bird

δεηλόο ή όλ terrible ὀιέθσ kill

εἰο (ἐο) into νὐ (νὐρ) not

εἰζί they are πάηξε εο ἡ fatherland

ἐθ (ἐμ) out of πέκπσ send

ἑιώξηνλ νπ ηό spoil πνιιόο ή όλ many

ἐλ(ί) εἰλ in ππξή ῆο ἡ funeral pyre

ἐπί upon ζηξαηόο νῦ ὁ army

ἐζηί it is ηειείσ accomplish

ἔρσ have ηεύρσ make

ἦλ it was ηίο ηί who what

ἦζαλ they were θέξσ carry

ζάιαζζα εο ἡ sea θίινο ε νλ beloved

ζεά (ᾱ) ᾶο ἡ goddess Υξύζε (ῡ) εο ἡ Chrysa

ςῡρή ῆο ἡ soul

72 Translation Exercises

1 ἀδείδνκελ ζεὰλ (ᾱ) ζαιάζζεο δεηλῆο θιαγγῇ πνιιῇ 2 νὐθ ἀηῑκάδνπζη ζενὺο 3 βνπιαὶ Ἀραηῶλ νὐρ

ἁλδάλνπζη ζεᾳ θᾱιῇ ζῡκῷ 4 βαίλεη ἐθ ζηξαηνῦ Ἀραηῶλ εἰο Κίιιαλ θαὶ θέξεη ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα ζεῷ 5 λνῦζνο θαθὴ

βαίλεη ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ θαὶ ηεύρεη πνιινὺο Ἀραηνὺο ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζηλ 6 θαὶ ζενὶ θαὶ ζεαὶ ὀιέθνπζη ιᾱὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 7 ηίο

Ἀραηῶλ ἔρεη ζῡκὸλ θαθόλ 8 ἦζαλ πνιιαὶ ζεαὶ ἐλὶ ζαιάζζῃ 9 θαίεη ππξὰο (ᾱ) ἐπὶ ζαιάζζῃ 10 ιύεηε ζηξαηὸλ

Ἀραηῶλ 11 πάηξε ἐζηὶ θίιε ςῡρῇ κῡξίσλ Ἀραηῶλ 12 ηίο πέκπεη ζηξαηὸλ ἐθ Κίιιεο εἰο Υξύζελ (ῡ) 13 βνπιὴ

θαθὴ ἐζηηλ ἁλδάλεη δὲ ζεᾷ ζῡκῷ 14 ηί ἀείδεηε

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 With a great noise we hymn the goodess of the terrible sea 2 We do not dishonor the gods 3 The will of the

Achaeans does not please the heart of the beautiful goddess 4 He goes from the Achaean camp to Cilla and delivers

countless ransoms to the god 5 An evil plague goes up through the camp and makes many Achaeans spoils for the

vultures 6 Both gods and goddesses destroy the host of the Achaeans 7 Who of the Achaeans has an evil heart 8

Were there many goddesses in the sea 9 He burns funeral pyres by the sea 10 You destroy the camp of the

Achaeans 11 The fatherland is dear to the soul of countless Achaeans 12 Who dispatches the army from Cilla to

Chrysa 13 It is an evil plan but it pleases the heart of the goddess 14 What do you sing

73 Composition Exercises

1 The Achaeans sing the beautiful goddess of the terrible sea 2 We do not dishonor the gods for they are dear

to (our) souls 3 The plans of the army are pleasing to the goddess in (her) noble soul 4 Many Achaeans are going

from the encampment and are bringing countless glorious ransoms to the gods 5 The evil plague destroys the

people and makes the army a booty for countless birds 6 We do not sing for it is not pleasing to the soul of the

goddess

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 Ἀραηνὶ ἀείδνπζη ζεὰλ (ᾱ) θᾱιὴλ δεηλῆο ζαιάζζεο 2 νὐθ ἀηῑκάδνκελ ζενὺο θίινη δὲ ζῡκνῖζηλ 3 βνπιαὶ

ζηξαηῷ ἁλδάλνπζη ζεᾷ ζῡκῷ 4 Ἀραηνὶ πνιινὶ βαίλνπζηλ ἐθ ζηξαηνῦ θαὶ θέξνπζηλ ἄπνηλα ἀπεξείζηα θαὶ ἀγιαὰ

ζενῖζηλ 5 θαθὴ λνῦζνο ὀιέθεη ιᾱὸλ θαὶ ηεύρεη ζηξαηὸλ ἄπνηλα νἰσλνῖζηλ ἀπεξείζηνῐζηλ 6 νὐθ ἀείδνκελ νὐθ γὰξ

ἁλδάλεη ςῡρῇ ζεᾶο

Lesson 8

(765-766 773-774)

81 The Second Declension (Continued)

Several words are declined like θᾱιόο ή όλ except that the nominative vocative and accusative singular of

the neuter ends in -o instead of -νλ Some of these words include ὅο ἥ ὅ (which) ὁ ἡ ηό (that) (ἐ)θεῖλνο ε ν

(that) αὐηόο ή ό (he she it) and ἄιινο ε ν (another)

The words ὅδε and νὗηνο are not introduced in this lesson but they are dleclined similarly and so are included

in the paradigms as reference

ὁ ἡ ηό (that hesheit whowhichwhat)

Masc Fem Neut

N ὁ ἡ ηό

G ηνῦ ηνῖν ηῆο ηνῦ ηνῖν

D ηῷ ηῇ ηῷ

A ηόλ ηήλ ηό

N A ηώ (ηώ) ηώ

G D ηνῖηλ (ηνῖηλ) ηνῖηλ

N νἱ αἱ ηά

G ηῶλ ηάσλ (ᾱ) [ηῶλ] ηῶλ

D ηνῖζη ηνῖο ηῇζη ηῇο ηνῖζη ηνῖο

A ηνύο ηάο (ᾱ) ηά

αὐηόο ή ό (hesheit self same)

Masc Fem Neut

N αὐηόο αὐηή αὐηό

G αὐηνῦ νῖν αὐηῆο αὐηνῦ νῖν

D αὐηῷ αὐηῇ αὐηῷ

A αὐηόλ αὐηήλ αὐηό

N A αὐηώ (αὐηώ) αὐηώ

G D αὐηνῖηλ (αὐηνῖηλ) αὐηνῖηλ

N αὐηνί αὐηαί αὐηά

G αὐηῶλ αὐηάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] αὐηῶλ

D αὐηνῖζη νῖο αὐηῇζη ῇο αὐηνῖζη νῖο

A αὐηνύο αὐηάο (ᾱ) αὐηά

ὅο ἥ ὅ (whowhichwhat)

Masc Fem Neut

N ὅο ἥ ὅ

G νὖ [ὅνπ ὅν] ἥο νὗ [ὅνπ ὅν]

D ᾧ ᾗ ᾧ

A ὅλ ἥλ ὅ

N A ὥ (ὥ) ὥ

G D νἷηλ (νἷηλ) νἶηλ

N νἵ αἵ ἅ

G ὧλ ὧλ ὧλ

D νἷζη νἷο ᾗζη ᾗο νἷζη νἷο

A νὕο ἅο (ᾱ) ἅ

(ἐ)θεῖλνο ε ν (that)

Masc Fem Neut

N (ἐ)θεῖλνο (ἐ)θείλε (ἐ)θεῖλν

G (ἐ)θείλνπ νην (ἐ)θείλεο (ἐ)θείλνπ νην

D (ἐ)θείλῳ (ἐ)θείλῃ (ἐ)θείλῳ

A (ἐ)θεῖλνλ (ἐ)θείλελ (ἐ)θεῖλν

N A (ἐ)θείλσ ((ἐ)θείλσ) (ἐ)θείλσ

G D (ἐ)θείλνηηλ ((ἐ)θείλνηηλ) (ἐ)θείλνηηλ

N (ἐ)θεῖλνη (ἐ)θεῖλαη (ἐ)θεῖλα

G (ἐ)θείλσλ (ἐ)θεηλάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] (ἐ)θείλσλ

D (ἐ)θείλνηζη νηο (ἐ)θείλῃζη ῃο (ἐ)θείλνηζη νηο

A (ἐ)θείλνπο (ἐ)θείλᾱο (ἐ)θεῖλα

ὅδε ἥδε ηόδε (this)

Masc Fem Neut

N ὅδε ἥδε ηόδε

G ηνύδε ηνῖνδε ηῆζδε ηνύδε ηνῖνδε

D ηῷδε ηῇδε ηῷδε

A ηόλδε ηήλδε ηόδε

N A ηώδε (ηώδε) ηώδε

G D ηνῖηλδε (ηνῖηλδε) ηνῖηλδε

N νἵδε (ηνίδε) αἵδε (ηαίδε) ηάδε

G ηῶλδε ηάσλδε (ᾱ) [ηῶλδε] ηῶλδε

D ηνῖζηδε ηνῖζδε ηῇζηδε ηῇζδε ηνῖζηδε ηνῖζδε

ηνίζδεζη ηνίζδεζη

ηνίζδεζζη ηνίζδεζζη

A ηνύζδε ηάζδε (ᾱ) ηάδε

νὗηνο αὕηε ηνῦην (this)

Masc Fem Neut

N νὗηνο αὕηε ηνῦην

G ηνύηνπ νην ηαύηεο ηνύηνπ νην

D ηνύηῳ ηαύηῃ ηνύηῳ

A ηνῦηνλ ηαύηελ ηνῦην

N A ηνύησ (ηνύησ) ηνύησ

G D ηνύηνηηλ (ηνύηνηηλ) ηνύηνηηλ

N νὗηνη αὗηαη ηαῦηα

G ηνύησλ ηαῡηάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] ηνύησλ

D ηνύηνηζη νηο ηαύηῃζη ῃο ηνύηνηζη νηο

A ηνύηνπο ηαύηᾱο ηαῦηα

82 Vocabulary

ἀιιά but moreover

ἄιινο ε νλ other another

αὐηόο ή ό self him himself her herself it itself same

δῖνο α νλ (declined like ζάιαζζα) divine heavenly glorious

(ἐ)θεῖλνο ε ν that (one) he she it

ἑθεβόινο νπ ὁ free-shooter sharpshooter (originally shoots-at-will a title for Apollo)

θαθῶο evilly wickedly harshly with evil consequences

ὁ ἡ ηό this that he she it who which what

νὕλεθα (νὗ-ἔλεθα) because

ζθῆπηξνλ νπ ηό scepter staff

ηέ and also both

ρξύζενο (ῡ) ε νλ gold golden of gold

83 Derivatives

ἄιινο (allo-) = allopathy

αὐηόο (auto-) = automaton autocracy autograph autonomy

ρξύζενο (ῡ) (chryse-) = chrysanthemum chrysalis chrysolite

84 Translation Excersis

1 δῖνο ἑθεβόινο αὐηὸο ἀείδεη ἀιιrsquo νὐρ ἁλδάλεη ἄιινηζη ζενῖζη ζῡκῷ 2 θεῖλνη Ἀραηνὶ ἀηῑκάδνπζη ηνὺο ζενύο

3 ὁ ἑθεβόινο πέκπεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ θαθῶο ὀιέθεη θεῖλνλ ιᾱόλ νὕλεθα ηὸλ ἀηῑκάδνπζηλ 4

νὐθ ἀηῑκάδνκελ ηνὺο ζενύο νἳ ἔρνπζη ζθῆπηξα ρξύζεα (ῡ) 5 ὁ ἑθεβόινο ηε θαὶ νἱ ἄιινη ζενὶ θέξνπζη ρξύζεα (ῡ)

ζθῆπηξα θᾱιά 6 ηίο ηεύρεη ηὰ ζθῆπηξα ρξύζεα (ῡ) ηνῖζη ζενῖο ζαιάζζεο 7 ἀείδεη ἑθεβόινο αὐηὸο βνπιὰο (ᾱ)

ἄιισλ ζεῶλ ηνῖζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ 8 εἰζὶλ νἱ Ἀραηνὶ θᾱινί νἱ ὀιέθνπζη ηὸλ ζηξαηὸλ θαίνπζί ηε ηὰο (ᾱ) ππξάο (ᾱ) 9 ἡ

ζεὰ (ᾱ) ηῆο δεηλῆο ζαιάζζεο ἔρεη ηὸ ζθῆηξνλ ρξύζενλ (ῡ) 10 ἐλὶ ηῇ πάηξε εἰζὶλ αἱ ππξαί 11 ηίο ηεύρεη ηὸλ

ζηξαηὸλ ἑιώξηα ηνῖζηλ νἰσλνῖζηλ

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 The divine free-shooter himself sings but it does not please the hearts of the other gods 2 Those Achaeans

dishonor these gods 3 This free-shooter sends an evil plague up through the camp of the Achaeans and wickedly

destroys that host because they dishonor him 4 We do not dishonor these gods who hold the golden scepters 5

Both this free-shooter and these other gods carry beautiful golden scepters 6 Who fashions the golden scepters for

these gods of the sea 7 Does the free-shooter himself sing the plans of the other gods to these Achaeans 8 Are

these Achaeans noble who destroy (our) camp and burn funeral pyres 9 This goddess of the terrible sea holds a

golden scepter 10 The funeral pyrers are in (our) fatherland 11 Who makes (our) camp a spoil for these vultures

85 Composition Exercises

1 ἑθεβόινο αὐηὸο ἀείδεη ηὰο (ᾱ) βνπιὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) ζεῶλ 2 ηί νὐρ ἁλδάλεη ηνῖο ἄιινηζη ζενῖζηλ νἳ ἐλὶ

ζαιάζζῃ 3 ἐθεῖλνο Ἀραηὸο ἀηῑκάδεη ηνὺο ζενὺο πάηξεο νἱ ἔρνπζη ηὰ ζθῆπηξα ρξύζεα (ῡ) 4 ὁ ἑθεβόινο πέκπεη

λνύζνπο πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θαθὰο (ᾱ) ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ ὀιέθεη κῡξίνπο ιᾱνύο νὕλεθα ηὸλ ἀηῑκάδνπζηλ 5 ηίο

θαίεη ηὰο (ᾱ) ππξὰο (ᾱ) Ἀραηῶλ ἐπὶ δεηλῇ ζαιάζζῃ 6 ὁ ἑθεβόινο ηεύρεη κῡξίνπο Ἀραίνπο ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζηλ νὕλεθα

ηὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) ζεὰο (ᾱ) ζαιάζζεο ἀηῑκάδνπζηλ

Lesson 9

(830-840 904)

91 The Verbal Augment

Greek verbs frequently add a prefix to a verb (in the secondary tenses of the idicative) to indicate action

occurring in the past This prefix is called an augment Verbal augments take one of two forms the syllabic

augment which consists of adding an extra syllable to the beginning of a word and the temporal augment which

consists of lengthening the first syllable of a word While the augment is consistently applied in later dialects of

Greek it was still optional in Homeric and is often omitted (the tense being determined solely from the suffixes)

The syllabic augment is applied to verbs that begin with a consonant (or rare verbs that originally began with a

consonant) and consists of the prefix ε- Thus ιύνκελ = we loose (present tense) but ἐιύνκελ = we were loosing

(past tense) Some Greek words originally began with a ϝ or an ζ that later disappeared (usually replace with the

rough breathing) In those cases the augment is sometimes syllabic reflecting the earlier practice The word ἁλδάλσ

for example was originally ζϝαλδάλσ (swandano) The original augmented form of the imperfect was ἐζϝάλδαλνλ

(eswandano) When the ζϝ- was dropped the syllabic augment was retained ἑάλδαλνλ (heandano)

When a verb has lost an initial ζ the syllabic augment frequently contracts with the initial vowel For example

the word ἔρσ was originally ζέρσ The original augmented imperfect was ἔζερνλ When the initial ζ disappeared

the result was ἔερνλ which contracted to εἶρνλ (because εε usually contracts to εη) This pattern is also sometimes

present in verbs that originally began with ϝ such as ϝίδνλ =gt ἐϝηδνλ = ἔηδνλ = εἶδνλ

The temporal augment consists of lengthening an initial vowel and occurs in most Greek verbs that begin with

an initial vowel In general initial α or ε becomes ε initial η ν or π becomes ῑ initial αη and ᾳ become ῃ and initial

νη becomes ῳ Thus ἄγνκελ (we lead) becomes ἤγνκελ (we were leading) If the verb already begins with a long

vowel (ε ῃ ῑ ῡ σ ῳ) there is usually no change

Verbs that begin with ξ usually double the ξ when adding the syllabic augment This feature also sometimes

occurs in verbs beginning with ι κ λ or ζ

Compound verbs are usually formed from a combination of preposition + verb such as ἀπό (away from) + ιύσ

(loosen) = ἀπνιύσ (set free turn loose) In compound verbs a temporal augment is inserted between the preposition

and the verb If the preposition ends in a vowel the vowel is usually elided Thus ἀπνιύνκελ (we set free) becomes

ἀπειύνκελ (elided from ἀπνειύνκελ we were setting free)

92 The Imperfect Tense

The imperfect denotes continuous action in past time and typically corresponds to the past participle in English

Thus ἔιπνλ (imperfect) = I was loosing Occasionally the Greek imperfect is best translated by the simple past tense

in English The imperfect tense is formed by adding the secondary tense endings (which will be described in a later

lesson) to the augmented stem of the verb

In the paradigm below the unaugmented form is shown in brackets

Imperfect Tense

S 1st Pers ἔιπνλ [ιύνλ] I was loosing

2nd

Pers ἔιπεο [ιύεο] you were loosing

3rd

Pers ἔιπε(λ) [ιύε(λ)] he she it was loosing

D 2nd

Pers ἐιύεηνλ [ιύεηνλ] you (two) were loosing the pair of you were loosing

3rd

Pers ἐιπέηελ [ιπέηελ] they (two) were loosing the pair of them were loosing

P 1st Pers ἐιύνκελ [ιύνκελ] we were loosing

2nd

Pers ἐιύεηε [ιύεηε] you (ye) were loosing

3rd

Pers ἐιύνλ [ιύνλ] they were loosing

93 Vocabulary

ἄιιῃ elsewhere

Ἀξγεῖνο νπ ὁ Argive

-δε (suffix + acc) to

δηά (adv) between among (+gen) through (+acc) through by means

of on account of during

δηίθηινο (ῑ) ε νλ dear to Zeus

εἴξσ speak say tell

ἐκόο ή όλ my mine

ἔξγνλ νπ ηό (ϝέξγνλ) work deed accomplishment

-ζελ (suffix gen ending) from

Κιπηαηκήζηξε εο ἡ Clytaemnestra

(also Κιπηαηκλήζηξε)

καληνζύλε εο ἡ gift of prophesy

νἶθνο νπ ὁ house home

ιύκπηνο ε νλ Olympian

Ὄιπκπνο νπ ὁ Olympus

Πξίακνο νπ ὁ Priam

ζόο ζή ζόλ your yours

εἶρνλ (imperfect of ἔρσ) I was having I had

94 Derivatives

95 Translation Exercises

1 ὁ ἑθεβόινο δηὰ καληνζύλελ εἴξεη βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ηῶλ ζεῶλ Ἀξγείνηζηλ 2 νἱ ιύκπηνη ζενὶ εἶρνλ νἴθνπο ἐλ

ιύκπῳ 3 ὁ ἑθεβόινο δηίθηινο (ῑ) ἔηεπρε ηνὺο Ἀξγείνπο Ἀραηνύο ηε ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζηλ 4 Ἀραηνὶ Ἀξγεῖνί ηrsquo

ἔηεπρνλ ἔξγα θαθὰ δηὰ βνπιὴλ ζεᾶο 5 Κιπηαηκήζηξε δηὰ ηὸλ ζῡκὸλ ἔηεπρελ ηὰ ἔξγα δεηλά 6 Πξίακνο ιᾱόο ηε

Πξηάκνπ ὤιεθνλ πνιινὺο Ἀξγείνπο 7 ηίο εἴξεη ηὰ ζὰ ἔξγα θαθὰ Πξηάκῳ 8 ηὰ ἔξγα ἐκά ἐζηη θᾱιά νὕλεθα ἔηεπρνλ

βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεῶλ θαὶ ζεάσλ (ᾱ) δηὰ ηὴλ καληνζύλελ 9 ἐπέκπνκελ ηὰ ρξύζεα (ῡ) ζθῆπηξα εἰο νἶθνλ Πξηάκῳ 10

ἐθαίεηε ηὰο (ᾱ) ππξὰο (ᾱ) δεηλῇ θιαγγῇ 11 νὐρ ἥλδαλε ἡ βνπιὴ ζεᾷ ζαιάζζεο ζῡκῷ 12 αἱ ζεαὶ ἀείδνπζη ηὰ θᾱιὰ

ἔξγα ηῶλ ζεῶλ ἑθεβόινο δὲ βαίλεη ἄιιῃ 13 εἶρε Πξίακνο ἀγιαὸλ θαὶ θᾱιὸλ νἶθνλ

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 This free-shooter relates the plans of the gods to the Argives through prophesy 2 These Olympian gods had

homes on Olympus 3 This free-shooter beloved of Zeus made both the Argives and the Achaeans prey for the

vultures 4 Both the Achaeans and the Argives committed evil deeds through the will of the goddess 5 Because of

her heart Clytaemnestra wrought these terrible deeds 6 Both Priam and the host of Priam killed many Argives 7

Who relates these evil deeds of yours to Priam 8 These works of mine are noble because through prophesy I

accomplished the of the gods and goddess 9 We sent the golden scepters to the house of Priam 10 Were you

burning the funeral pyres with a terrible uproar 11 Does the plan not please the heart of the goddess of the sea 12

The goddesses sing the noble deeds of the gods but the free-shooter walks elsewhere 13 Priam had a splendid and

beautiful home

96 Composition Exercises

1 Who brought these countless shining ransoms to the beautiful home of Priam 2 The Achaeans and the

Argives burned many funeral pyres in your beloved fatherland 3 Clytaemnestra was wicked and performed many

dreadful deeds 4 Through the gift of prophesy we tell many glorious deeds of the gods and goddesses who have

Olympian homes 5 My deeds are noble but yours are cowardly 6 The gods sent an evil plague up through the

camp and destroyed many Achaeans because they dishonored the free-shooter 7 It was not pleasing to

Clytaemnestra in (her) wicked soul

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 ηίο ἔθεξε ηὰο ἄπνηλα ἀγιαὰ εἰο νἶθνλ θᾱιὸλ Πξηάκνπ 2 Ἀραηνὶ θαὶ Ἀξγεῖνη ἔθαηνλ ππξὰο (ᾱ) πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἐλ

ζῇ πάηξῃ θᾱιῇ 3 Κιπηαηκλήζηξε θαθὴ ἦλ θαὶ ἔηεπρελ ἄξγα πνιιὰ θαὶ δεηλά 4 δηὰ καληνζύλελ εἴξνκελ ἔξγα

πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀγιαὰ ζεῶλ θαὶ ζεάσλ (ᾱ) νἳ ἔρνπζηλ νἴθνπο ιπκπίνπο 5 ἔξγα ἐκὰ θᾱιή εἰζηλ ζὰ δὲ θαθά 6 ζενὶ

ἔπεκπνλ λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ θαὶ ὤιεθνλ Ἀραίνπο πνιινύο νὕλεθα ἠηίκαδνλ (ῑ) ἑθεβόινλ 7 νὐρ ἥλδαλε

Κιπηαηκλήζηξῃ ζῡκῷ θαθῷ

Lesson 10

(841-857 904)

101 Formation of the Aorist and Future Tenses

The first aorist is a secondary tense formed by adding -ζ(ζ)α to the augmented verb stem followed by the

personal endings of the secondary tense If the verb stem ends in a consonant or a long vowel only a single ζ is

added If the stem ends in a short vowel either one or two sigmas may be added A few aorists (called ldquomixed

aoristsrdquo) are formed by adding -ζ followed by the thematic vowel and the personal endings for the secondary tenses

to the augmented stem

The future is formed by adding -ζ followed by the thematic vowel and the personal endings for the primary

tenses

If the verb stem ends in a long vowel the stem is not affected by the addition of the suffixes for the future or

aorist tenses If the stem ends in a short vowel it is regularly lengthened in all tenses except the present and the

imperfect There are however a few exceptions to this pattern In most cases these verbs add ζ before the personal

endings of the perfect middle and aorist passive

102 Classification of Verbs

Verbs are classified into four groups according to the final letter of the stem vowel verbs liquid verbs nasal

verbs and mute verbs

When -ζ is added to the end of a mute verb a labial combines with ζ to form ς a palatal combines with ζ to

form μ and a lingual is dropped (leaving only ζ)

When -ζ is added to the end of a liquid or nasal verb it is usually preceded by -ε and the ζ is dropped in

contraction Thus βαιισ = βαιέζσ = βαιέσ In rare cases the ε is dropped and the ζ retained In some vowel-stem

verbs where the final vowel is preceded by a liquid or nasal the verb behaves as a liquidnasal and adds -εζ to the

stem θαιέσ (present) = θαιέζσ (future) = θαιέσ (future contracted) The formations in which the ζ is dropped

after α or ε are sometimes called ldquoAttic futuresrdquo

Verbs with liquid and nasal stems regularly form the aorist by dropping the ζ and lengthening the stem vowel

A few verbs have active forms in the present tense but middle forms in the future tense ἀθνύσ (I hear) but

ἀθνύζνκαη (I will hear)

103 Paradigms Future and First Aorist of ιύσ

Future

S 1st Pers ιύζσ (ῡ) I shall loose

2nd

Pers ιύζεηο (ῡ) you will loose

3rd

Pers ιύζεη (ῡ) he she it will loose

D 2nd

Pers ιύζεηνλ (ῡ) you (two) will loose

3rd

Pers ιύζεηνλ (ῡ) they (two) will loose

P 1st Pers ιύζνκελ (ῡ) we shall loose

2nd

Pers ιύζεηε (ῡ) you (ye) will loose

3rd

Pers ιύζνπζη(λ) (ῡ) they will loose

First Aorist

S 1st Pers ἔιῡζα I loosed

2nd

Pers ἔιῡζαο you loosed

3rd

Pers ἔιῡζε(λ) he she it loosed

D 2nd

Pers ἐιύζαηνλ (ῡ) you (two) loosed

3rd

Pers ἔιῡζάηελ they (two) loosed

P 1st Pers ἐιύζακελ (ῡ) we loosed

2nd

Pers ἐιύζαηε (ῡ) you (ye) loosed

3rd

Pers ἔιῡζαλ they loosed

104 Vocabulary

ἄγσ ἄμσ ἤγαγνλ lead drive conduct bring carry

ἀλάζζσ (ϝαλαθ-) ἀλάμσ ἠλαμα (+gen) rule (over) guard protect

ἄξηζηνο ε νλ best noblest bravest fairest

αὖηηο (back) again anew

Γαλαόο νῦ ὁ Danaan

ἑθαηόκβε εο ἡ hecatomb sacrifice

ζάλαηνο νπ ὁ death

Ἴιηνο νπ ἡ Ilium Troy the region around Troy

κεγάζῡκνο ε νλ great-souled brave

ὄρα far much considerably

πέζσ (πεηζ- πνηζ- πηζ-) πείζσ ἔπεηζα (πέπηζνλ) persuade win over mislead

θηιέσ θηιήζσ ἐθίιεζα love cherish entertain hospitably

εἶπνλ εἶπεο εἶπε(λ) θηι 2nd

aor speak say tell etc

ἔβεζα ἔβεζαο ἔβεζε(λ) θηι 1st aor come go walk etc

105 Derivatives

ἄγσ (ag-) = pedagogue demagogue synagogue

ἄξηζηνο (arist-) = aristocracy

ζάλαηνο (thanat-) = thanatopsis euthanasia

106 Translation Exercises

1 ηίο ἦλ ὄρrsquo ἄξηζηνο Γαλαῶλ 2 Πξίακνο κεγάζῡκνο ἤλαζζελ Ἰιίνπ 3 νὐθ αὖηηο ἄμνπζη Γαλανὶ κεγάζῡκνη

ἑθαηόκβᾱο πνιιὰο (ᾱ) εἰο Υξύζελ (ῡ) 4 νὐθ ἔπεηζαλ ἑθεβόινλ πνιιῇο ἑθαηόβῃζη θᾱιῇζηλ 5 νὐ θηιήζνκελ ζενύο

νὕλεθα θᾱινὶ εἰζηλ 6 Γαλανὶ ηεύμνπζη ζάλαηνλ Πξηάκῳ ἐλ Ἰιίῳ 7 ἐθίιεζα ζεὰλ (ᾱ) ζαιάζζεο ἀιιrsquo νὐρ ἥλδαλε

ἑθεβόιῳ ζῡκῷ 8 ἀείζνκελ θαὶ πείζνκελ ζενύο 9 ὄρrsquo ἄξηζνη ἐλ Ἰιίῳ ηὰ εἶπνλ Πξηάκῳ ἀιιὰ ηνὺο ἠηῑκάζελ 10

Πξίακνο ἔπεκςε ηὸλ ζηξαηὸλ ἄξηζηνλ ἐπrsquo Ἀξγείνηζηλ 11 ἔβεζαλ αὖηηο Γαλανὶ εἰο Ἴιηνλ ἀιιrsquo νὐθ ἔπεηζαλ

Πξίακνλ 12 ἀείζνκελ ἑθεβόινλ ὄρrsquo ἄξηζηνλ ζεῶλ νὕλεθrsquo ἤγαγε Γαλανὺο εἰο Ἴιηνλ

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 Who was by far the noblest of the Danaans 2 Great-souled Priam ruled Ilium 3 Not agan will the great-

souled Danaans lead many sacrifices into Chrysa 4 They did not persuade the free-shooter with many goodly

sacrifices 5 Do we not love the gods because they are good 6 The Danaans will prepare death for Priam in Ilium

7 I loved the goddess of the sea but it was not pleasing to the heart of the free-shooter 8 We will sing and

persuade the gods 9 By far the noblest in Ilium this they say of Priam but he (is the one) he dishonored () 10

Priam sent the best army against the Argives 11 The Danaans went back to Ilium but they did not persuade Priam

12 We hymn the free-shooter greatest of the gods because he led the Danaans into Ilium

107 Composition Exercises

1 The great-souled Achaeans will not persuade the free-shooter with goodly hecatombs but he will prepare evil

death for the people 2 The noblest of the Achaeans went to Ilium but they did not persuade the soul of Priam 3

We shall sing because the gods have led (aor) the people into Troy 4 We shall have many shining golden scepters

5 Did you not love the gods who have Olympian homes 6 Priam shall not rule Ilium again for the Achaeans will

prepare evil death for him 7 Does he speak to the beautiful goddess of the sea 8 They will persuade the souls of

the gods with many hecatombs

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 Ἀραηνὶ κεγάζῡκνη νὐ πείζνπζηλ ἑθεβόινλ πνιιῇο ἑθαηόκβῆζηλ ἀιιὰ ηεύμεη ζάλαηνλ θαθὸλ ιᾱνῖζηλ 2

ἄξηζηνη Ἀραηῶλ ἔβεζαλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ ἀιιrsquo νὐθ ἔπεηζαλ ζῡκὸλ Πξηάκῳ 3 ἀείζνκελ νὕλεθα ζενὺο ἤγαγνλ ιᾱὸλ εἰο

Ἴιηνλ 4 ἕζρνκελ πνιιὰ ρξύζεα (ῡ) ἀγιαὰ ζθῆπηξα 5 νὐθ ἐθηιήζαηε ζενὺο νἳ ἔρνπζηλ νἴθνπο ιπκπίνπο 6 νὐθ

αὖηηο ἀλάζζεη Πξίακνο Ἰιίνπ Ἀραηνὶ γὰξ ηεύμνπζη ζάλαηνλ θαθὸλ αὐηῷ 7 εἴξεη ζεᾷ θᾱιᾷ ζαιάζζεο 8 πείζνπζη

ζῡκνὺο ζεῶλ πνιιῇο ἑθαηόκβῃζηλ

Lesson 11

(664-675 838-839)

111 First Declension Masculine Nouns

First declension masculines typically end in -εο -ᾱο or -ᾰο in the nominative and are declined exactly the same

as their feminine counterparts (with the exception of the nominative singular which adds -ο the genitive singular

which regularly ends in -ᾱν and the vocative singular which ends in -ε -ᾱ or -ᾰ) Those ending in -εο retain -ε

throughout the singular those ending in -ᾱο retain the -ᾱ throughout the singular and those ending in -ᾰο take the -ε

ending in the dative

Masculines ending in -δεο take -ε in the vocative singular while those ending in -ηεο (as well as compound

nouns and the names of nationalities) regularly take -ᾰ Those ending in -ᾱο take the the nominative singular in -ᾱ

A very few first declension adjectives take a masculine ending in -ᾰ (without the final -ο) Many of these also

have an alternative form that ends in the more common -εο Those that do not have an alternative form in -εο usually

have the recessive accent (a feature inherited from the Aeolic influence in Homer) The only masculine noun ending

in -ᾰ in the nominative is the name Θύεζηα (Thyestes)

First declension masculine nouns typically follow the paradigms for Ἀηξεΐδεο (Atreides son of Atreus) Αἰλείᾱο

(Aeneas) and αἰρκεηήο (spearman warrior)

Ἀηξεΐδεο ᾱν ὁ Αἰλείᾱο ᾱν ὁ αἰρκεηήο ᾱν ὁ

(Αηξεϝηδᾱ-) (Αἰλεηᾱ-) (αἰρκεηᾱ-)

N Ἀηξεΐδεο Αἰλείᾱο αἰρκεηήο [ά]

G Ἀηξεΐδᾱν [εσ] Αἰλείᾱν [σ] αἰρκεηᾶν [έσ]

D Ἀηξεΐδῃ Αἰλείᾳ αἰρκεηῇ

A Ἀηξεΐδελ Αἰλείαλ αἰρκεηήλ

V Ἀηξεΐδε Αἰλείᾱ αἰρκεηά

N A V Ἀηξεΐδᾱ αἰρκεηά (ᾱ)

G D Ἀηξεΐδῃηλ αἰρκεηῇηλ

N V Ἀηξεΐδαη αἰρκεηαί

G Ἀηξετδάσλ (ᾱ) αἰρκεηάσλ (ᾱ)

[έσλ ῶλ] [έσλ ῶλ]

D Ἀηξεΐδῃζη ῃο αἰρκεηῇζη ῇο

A Ἀηξεΐδᾱο αἰρκεηάο (ᾱ)

112 Compound Verbs

Compound verbs are formed from a preposition or adverb coupled with a verb such as ἀλαβαίλσ (ascend)

formed from ἀλα (up) and βαίλσ (go) If the preposition ends in a vowel and the verb begins with a vowel the vowel

of the preposition is usually elided as in δηίζηεκη (δηὰ ἰζηεκη) ἁθαηξέσ (ἀπὸ αἱξέσ)

The augment occurs between the preposition and the verb When two vowels are thus brought together the first

vowel is usually elided leaving the augment Thus ἀπνιύσ (I release present) ἀπέιπνλ (I was releasing

imperfect) ἀπέιῡζα (I released aorist)

113 Vocabulary

ἀλαβαίλσ ἀλαβήζσ ἀλέβεζα go up ascend embark

ἀπνιύσ ἀπνιύζσ (ῡ) ἀπέιῡζα loose set free release

Ἀηξεΐδεο -ᾱν ὁ Atreides son of Atreus (usually refers to Agamemnon)

θαηαθεύσ θαηαθαύζσ θαηέθεα burn consume

θειεύσ - ἔθιπνλ (+gen) hear hearken to

κεηέεηπνλ κεηεῖπνλ (2nd

aor of εἴξσ) spoke among addressed spoke to

ὅηε when whenever

Πειεηάδεο ᾱν (εσ) ὁ Peleiades son of Peleus (used in reference to Achilles)

πξνζέεηπνλ πξνζεῖπνλ (2nd

aor of εἴξσ) addressed spoke to

ηόηε then at that time

ρνιόσ ρνιώζσ ἐρόισζα anger enrage vex

Υξύζεο (ῡ) ᾱν (εσ) ὁ Chryses

Verbs

ἀλαβαίλσ

stem ἀλα + βαλ- βα-

future ἀλαβήζσ (rarely ἀλαβήζνκαη)

1st aorist ἀλέβεζα (rarely 2

nd aor ἀλέβελ)

ἀπνιύσ

stem ἀπό + ιύσ

future ἀπνιύζσ (ῡ)

1st aorist ἀπέιῡζα

θαηαθαίσ

stem θαηά + θαπ- θαϝ- θαη-

future θαηαθαύζσ (assumed form)

1st aorist θαηέθεα

θειεύσ (Attic)

stem θιεπ- θιεϝ- θιπ-

future none

2nd

aorist ἐθιπνλ

ρνιόσ

stem ρνιν-

future ρνιώζσ

1st aorist ἐρόισζα

Notes

In Homeric Greek the stem vowel is usually lengthened before -ζ hence ἀλαβαίλσ =gt ἀλαβήζσ =gt

ἀλέβεζα ἀπνιύσ =gt ἀπνιύζσ (ῡ) =gt ἀπέιῡζα

ἀλαβαίλσ also has a 2nd

aorist ἀλέβελ

A few verbs have active forms in the present but middle forms in the future ἀλαβαίλσ has two future

forms one active (ἀλαβήζσ) and one middle (ἀλαβήζνκαη)

Verbs with stems ending in -αηλσ originally had a consonantal η following the λ (ie ἀλαβαηλησ)

114 Translation

1 θᾱινὶ ζενὶ ἔηεπμαλ ζάλαηνλ θαθὸλ δίῳ (ῑ) Πειεηάδῃ ὁ δrsquo ἀλέβελ ππξήλ 2 ἑθεβόινο ὤιεθε ιᾱὸλ Ἀραηῶλ

νὕλεθα δῖνο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) 3 θαηέθεα ἑθαηόκβᾱο πνιιάο (ᾱ) 4 ἑθεβόινο νὐθ ἔθιπελ Ἀηξεΐδᾱν

νὕλεθα ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) 5 Υξύζεο (ῡ) κεηέεηπελ Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἀιιrsquo νὐθ Ἀηξεΐδῃ ἥλδαλε ζῡκῷ 6 ὅηε θαθῶο

πξνζέεηπελ Ἀηξεΐδεο Υξύζελ (ῡ) ηόηε ἐρόισζελ ἑθεβόινλ 7 ἀπειύζακελ (ῡ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) νὕλεθα ηὸλ

ἐθηιήζακελ 8 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἤλεηθελ ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα Ἀηξεΐδῃ 9 νἴζνκελ ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀπνιύζνκελ (ῡ)

Υξύζελ (ῡ) νὕλεθα ηὸλ ἐθηιήζακελ θαὶ θίινο ἐζηὶλ ἑθεβόιῳ 10 ηίο θέξεη ἄπνηλα Υξύζᾱν (ῡ) Ἀηξεΐδῃ 11 δῖνο

Πειεηάδεο ἐρόισζελ Ἀηξεΐδελ 12 ὅηε θαηεθήακελ πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἑθαηόκβᾱο θᾱιάο (ᾱ) ηόηε ἐπείζακελ ζῡκνὺο ζεῶλ

13 δηὰ καληνζύλελ Υξύζεο (ῡ) εἶπε βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεῶλ Ἀηξεΐδῃ Πειεηάδῃ ηε

KEY

1 The noble gods prepared evil death for the divine Peleiades and he ascended the funeral pyre 2 The free-

shooter destroyed the host of the Achaeans because the divine Atreides dishonored Chryses 3 I burned many

funeral pyres 4 The free-shooter did not hear the son of Atreus because he dishonored Chryses 5 Chryses spoke

among the Achaeans but but it did not please the heart of Atreides 6 It angered the free-shooter when the son of

Atreus spoke wickedly to Chryses 7 We released Chryses because we loved him 8 Chryses brought countless

glorious ransoms to the son of Atreus 9 We will bring many ransoms and release Chryses because we loved him

and he is dear to the free-shooter 10 Who brought the ransoms of Chryses to the son of Atreus 11 The divine

Peleiades angered the son of Atreus 12 We persuaded the hearts of the gods when we burned many good

hecatombs 13 Through prophesy Chryses spoke the will of the gods to both Atreides and Peleiades

115 Composition

1 The Achaeans ascended into Troy and killed the noble Priam 2 We burned many goodly hecatombs to the

Olympian gods 3 Chryses spoke among the Achaeans but the son of Atreus did not hearken to him 4 The

Achaeans addressed the son of Atreus but he did not free Chryses 5 The son of Atreus will bring many ransoms

into the camp of the Achaeans 6 Who will persuade the gods with many goodly hecatombs

KEY

1 Ἀραηνὶ ἀλέβεζαλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ θαὶ ὤιεμαλ θᾱιὸλ Πξηάκνλ 2 θαηέθεκελ πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) ἑθαηόκβὰο (ᾱ)

ζενῖο ιπκπίνηο 3 Υξύζεο (ῡ) κεηέεηπελ Ἀραηνῖο ἀιιrsquo Ἀηξεΐδεο ηὸλ νὐθ ἔθιπελ 4 Ἀραηνὶ πξνζέεηπνλ Ἀηξεΐδῃ

ἀιιrsquo νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε Υξύζελ (ῡ) 5 Ἀηξεΐδεο νἴζεη ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ εἰο ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 6 ηίο πείζεη ζενὺο πνιιῇο

ἑθαηόκβῃζηλ

Lesson 12

Review

121 Review Vocabulary

Lesson 13

(680-692 701-709)

(cf 897 874 886 619 841-843 576 1178 830-831 837 580 837)

131 Nouns of the Third Declension

Third declension nouns can be either masculine feminine or neuter The nominative endings can take many

forms but there are some conventions Masculine and feminine stems except those ending in λ ξ or ζ simply add

ζ to the stem and make the necessary euphonic changes Stems ending in ξ λ and ζ typically make no changes

except to lengthen the last vowel if it is short Stems ending in -λ(η) either drop the η and lengthen a short vowel or

drop the -λ(η) lengthen the vowel and add ζ Examples δαηκνλ- = δαηκσλ ζῑλ- = ζίο (ῑ) κειαλ- = κέιᾱο γεξνλη- =

γέξσλ etc Neuters typically consist of just the stem in the nominative and accusative except to drop a final -η

where it occurs

In general the stem of a third declension noun is found by dropping the -νο ending from the genitive singular

The dative singular regularly ends in -ῐ but occasionally in -ῑ

The accusative ending was originally -λ and this ending is common on stems ending in a vowel On stems

ending in a consonant the -λ was a sonant consonant which eventually came be pronounced as -ᾰ The result is that

the accusative singular usually ends in -λ for stems ending in a vowel and -ᾰ for stems ending in a consonant

Dental mute stems ending in -ηο and -πο in the nominative singular rarely drop the mute and typically adopt the -λ

accusative ending as if they were vowel stems

The dative plural is formed by adding either -εζζη (rarely -εζη) or -ζη (rarely -ζζη) and making the usual

euphonic changes Most third declension nouns thus have alternate dative plural forms as πνύο = πνζζί = πνζί =

πόδεζζη etc

The accusative plural originally ended in -λο (sonant λ) which gives -αο for stems ending in a consonant and -ῑο

and -ῡο for stems ending in a vowel A few vowel stems borrowed an -αο ending from the first declension by

analogy

The vocative singular is usually either identical to the nominative or identical to the stem alone Stems ending

in λ ξ or ο typically drop this final consonant in the vocative singular

Compensatory lengthening usually occurs in the dative plural when -λη is dropped as in γέξνληζη = γέξνπζη

132 Paradigms

Stems ending in -επ (επ) -νπ and σϝ follow the paradigms of βαζηιεύο (king βαζηιεϝ-) βνῦο (ox βνϝ-) λεῦο

(ship λᾱϝ-) and ἥξσο (hero ἡξσϝ- () or ἡξσ-)

N βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

G βαζηιῆνο [-ένο] βνόο λεόο ἥξσνο

D βαζηιῆη [-έη] βνΐ λεί ἥξση

A βαζηιῆα [-έα] βνῦλ [βῶλ] λῆα [λέα] ἥξσα

V βαζηιεῦ βνῦ λεῦ ἥξσο

N A V βαζηιῆε βόε λῆε ἥξσε

G D βαζηιήνηηλ βόνηηλ λήνηηλ ἡξώνηηλ

N V βαζηιεῆεο βόεο λῆεο ἥξσεο

G βαζηιήσλ βνῶλ λεῶλ [λεῶλ] ἡξώσλ

D βαζηιήεζζη βόεζζη λήεζζη [λέεζζἰ ἡξώεζζη

βαζηιεῦζη βνπζί λεπζί ἥξσζη

A βαζηιῆαο βόαο (βνῦο) λῆζαο (λέαο) ἥξσαο

A long vowel is typically shortened when it occurs before another vowel thus βαζηιῆνο or βαζηιένο This

convention was almost certainly consistent in pronunciation but is only occasionally represented in written form

The π in the stem of these words frequently became ϝ and subsequently disappeared as in βαζηιεπ- βαζηιεϝ-

βαζηιε-

Stems ending in η (εη) and π (επ εϝ) follow the paradigms of πόιηο (city πνιη-) πῆρπο (forearm περεϝ-) ἄζηπ

(city ἀζηεϝ-) λέθπο (corpse λεθῡ-) and δάθξπ (tear δαθξπ-)

N πόιηο πῆρπο ἄζηπ λέθῡο δάθξπ

G πόιηνο -ενο πήρενο ἄζηενο λέθπνο δάθξπνο

D πόιηη -ῑ -εη -εη πήρετ ἄζηετ λέθπτ δάθξπτ

A πόιηλ πῆρσλ ἄζηπ λέθῡλ δαθξπ

V πόιη πῆρπ ἄζηπ λέθῡ δάθξπ

N V πόιηε πήρεε ἄζηεε λέθπε δάθξπε

G D πνιίνηηλ περένηηλ ἄζηνηηλ λεθύνηηλ δαθξύνηηλ

N V πόιηεο -εεο πήρεεο ἄζηεα λέθπεο δάθξπα

G πνιίσλ περέσλ ἀζηέσλ λεθύσλ δαθξύσλ

D πνιίεζζη περέεζζη ἀζηέεζη λεθύεζζη δαθξύεζζη

πόιεζη -ηζη πήρεζη ἄζηεζη λέθῡζ(ζ)η δάθξπζη

A πόιηαο -εαο -ῑο πήρεαο ἄζηεα λέθπαο [-ῡο] δάθξπα

Nouns with stems in -ο (-εο -αο -νο) and -η are declined like ἔπνο (ϝεπεζ-) γέξαο (γεξαζ-) ἠώο (ἀϝζνζ-) δῶκα

(δσκαη-) and ἦκαξ (ἠκαξ- ἠκαη-) Note that -ζ- usually disappears when it occurs between two vowels

N ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο δῶκα ἧκαξ

G ἔπενο γέξανο ἠόνο δώκαηνο ἥκαηνο

D ἔπετ γέξατ ἠόη δώκαηη ἥκαηη

A ἔπνο γέξαο ἠόα δῶκα ἧκαξ

V ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο δῶκα ἧκαξ

N V ἔπεε γέξαε δώκαηε ἥκαηε

G D επένηηλ γεξάνηηλ δσκάηνηηλ ἡκάηνηηλ

N V ἔπεο γέξα(α) δώκαηα ἥκαηα

G ἐπέσλ γεξάσλ δσκάησλ ἡκάησλ

D ἐπέεζζη γεξάεζζη δσκάηεζζη ἡκάηεζζη

ἔπε(ζ)ζη γέξα(ζ)ζη δώκαζη ἥκαζη

A ἔπεα γέξα(α) δώκαηα ἥκαηα

Note that all nouns ening in -νο in the second declension are either masculine or feminine but all nouns ending in -

νο in the third declension are neuter All nouns ending in -κα in the nominative singular and all nouns with genitives

in -αηνο are neuter

133 Further Notes on the Third Declension

Nouns of the third declension can be any gender and consist of stems ending in -η -π or a consonant In

general the following endings are applied to the stem with the usual euphonic changes

N -ο

G -νο

D -η

A -λ

V -

N A V -ε

G D -νηηλ

N V -εο

G -σλ

D -εζζη

A -λο

Standard Euphonic Changes

Later forms of Greek such as Attic and Koine frequently contracted the forms found in Homer

The -λ in the accusative singular and plural is sonant meaning that it is pronounced as λ when

following a vowel but it is pronounced as ᾰ when following a consonant Thus πνιη-λ = πνιηλ and

πνιη-λο = πνιηο but δαηκνλ-λ = δαηκνλα and δαηκνλ-λο = δαηκνλαο

o In most cases a stem originally ending in ϝ is treated as if it ends in a consonant Thus

βαζηιεϝα = βαζηιεα εξσϝα = εξσα

o The word βνϝ- is an exception where ϝ becomes π (probably because νπ is such a common

diphthong) βνϝλ = βνπλ

Dentals are dropped before ζ Thus παηδο = παηο

o In cases where the stem ends in -λη the dental and the ζ are typically dropped with the last

vowel lengthened by compensation Thus γεξνληο = γεξσλ

Palatals combine with ζ to form μ Thus αηγο = αημ θεξπθο = θεξπμ etc

o Stems ending in -θη apply both the dental and palatal changes first dropping the η and then

combining the θζ to form μ Thus λπθηο = λπθο = λπμ

Labials combine with ζ to form ς Thus Αηζηνπο = Αηζηνς

The ζ is dropped when it follows a nasal or ξ and the last vowel is lengthened to compensate (if it

isnrsquot long already) Thus δαηκνλο = δαηκσλ θξελο = θξελ ρεηξο = ρεηξ παηεξο = παηεξ κεηεξο =

κεηεξ etc

Stems that originally ended in ϝ usually retain a π in its place in the nominative Thus βαζηιεϝο =

βαζηιεπο (originally βαζηιεπο) λεϝο = λεπο βνϝο = βνπο etc

o The same phenomenon sometimes occurs in the accusative singular as well where ϝ becomes

π and the final λ is retained Thus περεϝλ = περευλ = περπλ

o The word εξσο is an apparent exception where εξσϝο = εξσο This may be from analogy

with the relatively common -σο ending in Greek or it could be that the stem was originally

εξσ- witout the ϝ

o When the stem ends in -εϝ the ε is usually dropped in the nominative thus περεϝο = περεπο =

περπο (but the genitive and dative are περενο περετ)

Some confusion can occur at the apparent irregularity of stems ending in -π αζηπ αζηενο αζηεη etc

but δαθξπ δαθξπνο δαθξπτ etc The difference is that stems like αζηπ originally ended in a vowel + ϝ

(αζηεϝ) while stems like δαθξπ originally ended in π

Some neuters originally ended in -εο These are usually declined as -νο in the nominative and

accusative In the other cases the endings are simply applied to -εζ- and the sigma is dropped when it

occurs between two vowels επνο (nom acc from επεζο) επενο (gen from επεζνο) επετ (dat from

επεζη) etc

o Stems ending in -αο simple drop the extra sigma in the nominative singular and append the

case endings to -αζ- (dropping ζ when it occurs between two vowels) Thus γεξαο γεξανο

γεξατ etc

o Stems ending in -νο follow the same pattern as those ending in -αο except that the ν is

lengthened to σ in the nominative Thus εσο εννο εντ etc

Neuter stems ending in -καη usually drop the η in the nominative and accusative singular but retain it

in the plural Thus δσκα (nom and acc sing) δσκαηνο (gen sing) δσκαηη (dat sing) δσκαηα (nom and

acc plur) δσκαησλ (gen plur) δσκαηεζζη (dat plur) etc Neuter stems ending in -καξ usually behave

as if they ended in -καη in all cases except the nominative and accusative singular Thus εκαξ εκαηνο

εκαηη etc

The dative plural ending is given as -εζζη This could be shortened to -ζζη (before vowels) -εζη or -ζη

The -ζη ending is the most common in later dialects Thus Homeric θεξπθεζζη is typically θεξπμη in

Attic and Koine

The vocative singular in neuters is always identical to the nominative and accusative singulars

o In masculine and feminine nouns the vocative singular is usually just the stem without any

endings applied as long as the stem is capable of standing alone Thus δαηκνλ ρεηξ παηεξ

κεηεξ ζπγαηεξ αλεξ βνπ λεπ πνιη λεθῡ δαθξπ etc

o In some cases where the nominative singular has slightly modified the stem before adding -ο

the vocative is formed by simply dropping the ο Thus παη βαζηιεπ περπ

o In cases where the ο of the nominative singular has combined with the stem the vocative is

usually indentical to the nominative singular Thus αλαμ λπμ αημ θεξπμ Αηζηνς etc

o In rare cases the vocative is identical to the nominative singular even when dropping the ο

would have been convenient as in εξσο εσο

Alternate Endings The following are some alternate endings that could be applied instead of the usual

case endings listed above

o -ζη can be used to denote place where

o -ζελ can be used to denote source or separation or as an alternative ending for the genitive

case

o -δε can be added to the accusative ending to denote place to which or limit of motion

o -η can be added to denote place where

o -θη(λ) can be added as a substitute for several uses of the genitive and the dative cases

particularly in the instrumental sense

134 References

This lesson references several points in the grammar Note the following

Deponent verbs take middle or passive forms but denote active meanings

Some verbs reduplicate the initial syllable in the present tense by repeating the initial consonant

followed by -η Thus ἴζηεκη (orig ζηζηεκη) ηίζεκη δίδσκη πίκπιεκη γίγλνκαη γηγλώζθσ κηκλήζθσ

etc When futures and second aorists are reduplicated they usually follow the pattern of reduplication

found in the perfect tense If the initial consonant is aspirated the reduplicated consonant is typically

smooth Thus ηίζεκη rather than ζίζεκη

Note that ἴκη δίδσκη and ηίζεκη take the aorist in -θα rather than -ζα

When a word ends in a vowel and the following word begins with a vowel the result is called hiatus

In general hiatus is avoided in poetry through the use of elision crasis synizesis moveable

consonants etc However hiatus is allowed in some circumstances such as when elision has already

occurred when the first of the two vowels is long and occurs on the beat (or ictus) of the verse or

when a long vowel or diphthong has been shortened or when the two vowels were originally separated

by ϝ

Recall that the verbal augment is frequently omitted

135 Vocabulary

Ἄηο Ἄηδνο ὁ (nom not used) Hades

ἄιγνο ενο ηό grief pain woe trouble

Ἀρηιιεύο ῆνο ὁ Achilles

δαίο δαηηόο ἡ feast banquet portion

Εεύο Γηόο ὁ Zeus

ἥξσο ἥξσνο ὁ hero mighty warrior protector savior

ἴθζῑκνο ε νλ mighty valiant stout-hearted brave

θύσλ θπλόο ὁ ἡ dog

κῆληο ηνο ἡ wrath fury madness rage

νὐιόκελνο ε νλ accursed destructive deadly

πξντάπησ πξντάςσ πξνΐαςα hurl forward send forth

ηίζεκη (ζε- ζε-) ζήζσ ἔζεθα put place cause

Ἀρηιιεπο (Ἀρηιιεϝ-) Ἀρηιιενο Ἀρηιιεη Ἀρηιιεα

δαηο (δαηη-) δαηηνο δαηηη δαηηα δαηηεο δαηησλ δαηηεζζη δαηηαο

Εεπο Γηνο Γηη Γηα

ἡξσο ἡξσνο ἡξστ ἡξσα ἡξσεο ἡξσσλ ἡξσεζζη ἡξσαο

θπσλ θπλνο θπλη θπλα θπλεο θπλσλ θπλεζζη θπλαο

κεληο (κελη-) κεληνο κεληη κεληλ κεληεο κελησλ κεληεζζη κεληαο

136 Translation

1 κῆληο Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο ἦλ νὐινκέλε ἔζεθε γὰξ κῡξηrsquo ἄιγεα ηνῖζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ πξνΐαςε δὲ πνιιὰο (ᾱ)

ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἰθζίκνπο (ῑ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη ἔηεπρε δrsquo αὐηνὺο ἑιώξηα θαὶ δαῖηα θύλεζζηλ νἰσλνῖζί ηε ἐηέιεζε δὲ βνπιὴλ

Γηόο 2 ζεὰ (ᾱ) ἀείδεη κῆληλ νὐινκέλελ Ἀρηιῆνο ἣ ἔζεθελ κῡξίrsquo ἄιγεrsquo Ἀραηνῖζηλ 3 ζενὶ ὀιέθνπζη ηὸλ ζηξαηόλ θαὶ

πξντάπηνπζη πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη 4ηεύμνκελ κῡξίνπο Ἀραηνὺο ἑιώξηα θύλεζζηλ θαὶ δαῖηα ηνῖζηλ

νἰσλνῖζηλ νὕλεθα ἠηίκαζαλ (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) 5 θᾱιὴ ἦλ ἡ βνπιὴ Γηόο

KEY

1 The wrath of Achilles son of Peleus was destructive for it caused countless woes to the Achaeans and sent

forth many valiant souls of heros to Hades making them spoils and a banquet for the dogs and the vultures 2 The

goddess sings the accursed wrath of Achilles which brought countless woes to the Achaeans 3 The gods are

destroying the camp and sending forth many souls of the heros to Hades 4 We will make countless Achaeans spoils

for the dogs and a feast for these vultures because they dishonored Chryses 5 The will of Zeus was good

137 Iliad 1-5

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κπξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςπρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιήλ

Μῆληλ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse

ἄεηδε - present active imperative 2nd

person singular of ἀείδσ

ζεά - vocative case

Πειεηάδεσ = Πειεηάδᾱν (the verse may have originally read Πειεηάδᾱrsquo)

νὐινκέλελ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse as well as out of

the natural order and is placed directly opposite the word κῆληλ

κῡξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο - the hiatus is permited because elision has already occurred in κῡξίνηο

Ἄηδη was originally Ἄϝηδη and is still accented as it began with α instead of αη

ἡξώσλ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse and its deviation from

the natural order

δὲ ἑιώξηα - the hiatus is permitted because the original was δὲ ϝειώξηα

ηεῦρε - the augment is dropped (usually ἔηεπρε)

ἐηειείεην - imperfect passive indicative 3rd

person singular of ηειείσ

KEY

Sing O goddess of the accursed wrath of Achilles Peleiades

which brought countless woes to the Achaeans

and cast forth the souls of many valiant warriors to Hades

making them the spoils and feast of both dogs

and vultures But the will of Zeus was accomplished

138 Composition

1 The valiant Achaeans are singing the accursed wrath of Achilles 2 The wrath of Achilles caused many woes

to the Achaeans and sent many valiant souls of heroes to the god Hades 3 We shall make the army of the Achaeans

a booty for the dogs and a banquet for the birds 4 We are accomplishing the will of the goddess

KEY

1 ἴθζῑκνη Ἀραηνὶ ἀείδνπζηλ νὐινκέλελ κῆληλ Ἀρηιῆνο 2 κῆληο Ἀρηιῆνο ἔζεθε κῡξίrsquo ἄιγεrsquo Ἀραηνῖζη θαὶ

πξνΐαςε πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἰθζίκνπο ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη 3 ηεύμνκελ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ ἑιώξηα θύλεζζηλ θαὶ δαῖηα

νἰσλνῖζηλ 4 ηεύρνκελ βνπιὴλ ζεᾶο

Lesson 14

(519-526 1159-1192)

(cf 586)

141 Syllable Quantity

A syllable is long (by nature) when it contains a long vowel or a diphthong or (by position) when it ends in two

consecutive consonants (or a double consonant) A short vowel followed by a mute and a liquid κ or λ is common

and can be either long or short depending on the requirements of the verse Occasionally the letters ι κ λ ξ or ζ

are doubled in pronunciation when they follow a short vowel making the syllable long by position but this

convention is not always represented in writing And occasionally a lost ϝ will combine with another consonant to

make the preceding syllable long by position

Observe the following rules when determing the length of a syllable

Any vowel with the circumflex accent is long

The vowel of any ultmia whose penult bears the circumflex is short

If the penult has an acute then the vowel of the ultima must also be long

If the vowel of the ultima is short and the penult has the acute then the vowel of the penult must

be short as well

If the antepenult is accented the vowel of the ultima must be short

Occasionally these rules do not apply to certain compounds where one of the two words are

accented as if they were separate

If a short syllable stands where a long syllable is expected it is usually because the pause of the caesura or

diaresis fills out the foot or because the following word has lost a consonant (usually ϝ or ζ) And occasionally a

short syllable ending in a consonant is lengthened when it occurs on the ictus (beat) of the verse Such lengthening is

called thesis

142 Metrical Quantity

With the exception of pauses at the end of the verse caesura and diaresis all feet must consist of two long

syllables or a long syllable followed by two shorts Thus if a long syllable is followed by a short syllable then the

next syllable must be short as well Likewise if a short syllable is followed by a long syllable then the preceding

syllable must be short as well

When a word ends in a short vowel (and sometimes -νη and -αη) and the following word begins with a vowel

the short vowel is usually elided unless the following word originally began with ϝ When a word ends in a long

vowel or a diphthong and the following word begins with a vowel the long vowel is usually shortened This

phenomenon can also occur within the same word and again it is less common when the following word originally

began with ϝ Vowel shortening is also rare when the long vowel occurs on the ictus

The meter of Homer is called dactylic or heroic hexameter and is the most common meter in Greek verse Each

verse has six feet The first five feet can be dactyls (one long syllable followed by two short syllables) or spondees

(two long syllables) The final foot of the verse is always a spndee but keep in mind that the pause at the end of the

verse often combines with a final short syllable to form one long syllable The fifth foot of each verse is usually a

dactyl with only one in twenty (or so) verses containing a spondee in the fifth foot The verses that have a spndee in

the fifth foot are called spondaic and usually take slightly longer to recite In dactylic hexameter the ictus (beat) of

the verse always occurs on the first syllable of each foot producing six distinct beats per verse

Caesura occurs when a word ends within a foot (ie at the end of the first syllable of a foot or between the two

short syllables of the foot) When a caesura occurs at a natural pause in the verse this is said to be the caesura of the

verse A pause after the first syllable of a foot is called a masculine caesura and a pause after the second syllable of

the foot is called a feminine caesura

Diaresis occurs when the end of a word coincides with the end of a foot When this falls at a natural pause in

the verse it is said to be the diaresis of the verse When the diaresis occurs at the end of the fourth foot is it called

the bucolic diaresis (due to its common use in pastoral poetry)

143 Marking the Rhythm of the Iliad 1-5

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κπξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςπρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιήλ

ΜΖ ληλ α | ΔΗ δε ζε | Α ΠΖ | ΛΖ η α | ΓΔΧ α ρη | ΛΖ Ο-

dact dact spon dact dact spon

The pauses at the end of κῆληλ and ἄεηδε are feminine caesuras

The pauses at the end of ζεά Πειεηάδεσ and Ἀρηιῆνο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of ζεά is the caesura of the verse

The dash at the end of the verse indicates a pause that combines with a short vowel to fill out the

last foot

ΟΤ ιν κε | ΝΖΝ Ζ | ΜΤ ξη α | ΥΑΗ ΟΗ | ΑΛ γε ε | ΘΖ ΚΔΝ-

dact spon dact spon dact spon

The pauses at the end of κῡξίrsquo and ἄιγε are feminine caesuras

The pauses at the end of νὐινκέλελ and ἔζεθελ are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of νὐινκέλελ is the caesura of the verse

The pauses at the end of ἥ and Ἀραηνῖο are diareses

The diaresis at Ἀραηνῖο is a bucolic diaresis

κῡξία Ἀραηνῖο and ἄιγεα ἔζεθελ are examples of hiatus

The first syllable of ἄιγεrsquo is long because it is followed by two consecutive consonants

ΠΟΛ ΛΑ | ΓrsquoΗΦ ΘΗ | ΜΟΤ ΦΤ | ΥΑ ΑΗ | ΓΗ πξν τ | Α ΦΔΝ-

spon spon spon spon dact spon

The pauses at the end of ἰθζίκνπο and ςπράο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of πνιιάο is a diaresis

δὲ ἰθζίκνπο is hiatus

The first syllable of πνιιάο is long by position as is the first syllable of ἰθζίκνπο the last syllable

of Ἄηδη and the second syllable of πξνΐαςελ

Ζ ΡΧ | ΧΝ ΑΤ | ΣΟΤ δε ε | ΛΧ ξη α | ΣΔΤ ρε θπ | ΝΔ ΗΝ-

spon spon dact dact dact spon

The pause at the end of ηεῦρε is a feminine caesura

The pauses at the end of ἡξώσλ and αὐηνύο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of ἡξώσλ is the caesura of the verse

The pause at the end of ἑιώξηα is a diaresis

ΟΗ Χ | ΝΟΗ ζη ηε | ΓΑΗ ηα δη | Ο δrsquoε ηε | ΛΔΗ ε ην | ΒΟΤ ΛΖΝ

The pauses at the end of νἰσλνῖζη and δαῖηα are feminine caesuras

The pause at the end of Γηόο is a masculine caesura

The pauses at the end of ηε ἐηειείεην and βνπιήλ are diareses

The pause at the end of δαῖηα is the diaresis of the verse

Lesson 15

(693-694 697-700)

(cf 781-782 837 580 1009 996 584-585)

151 Third Declension Paradigms (continued)

Third declension nouns ending in a dental mute stem are exemplified by ἄλαμ (king ϝαλαθη-) λύμ (night λπθη-

) παῖο (child παηδ-) and γέξσλ (old man γεξνλη-)

N ἄλαμ λύμ παῖο γέξσλ

G ἄλαθηνο λπθηόο παηδόο γέξνληνο

D ἄλαθηη λπθηί παηδί γέξνληη

A ἄλαθηα λύθηα παίδα γέξνληα

V ἄλαμ [ἄλα] λύμ παῖ γέξσλ

N V A ἄλαθηε λύθηε παίδε γέξνληε

G D ἀλάθηνηηλ λύθηνηηλ παίδνηηλ γεξόληνηηλ

N ἄλαθηεο λύθηεο παίδεο γέξνληεο

G ἀλάθησλ λπθηῶλ παηδῶλ γεξόλησλ

D ἀλάθηεζζη λύθηεζζη παίδεζζη γεξόληεζζη

ἄλαμη λπμί παηζί γέξνπζη

A ἄλαθηαο λύθηνο παῖδαο γέξνληαο

Third declension nouns ending in labial and palatal stems are exemplified by αἴμ (goat αἰγ-) θῆξπμ (herald

θεξῡθ-) and Αἰζίνς (Ethipoian Αἰζηνπ-)

N αἴμ θῆξπμ Αἰζίνς

G αἰγόο θήξῡθνο Αἰζίνπνο

D αἰγί θήξῡθη Αἰζίνπη

A αἶγα θήξῡθα Αἰζίνπα

V αἴμ θῆξπμ Αἰζίνς

N V A αἶγε θήξῡθε Αἰζίνπε

G D αἴγνηηλ θεξύθνηηλ (ῡ) Αἰζηόπνηηλ

N αἶγεο θήξῡθεο Αἰζίνπεο

G αἰγῶλ θεξύθσλ (ῡ) Αἰζηόπσλ

D αἴγεζζη θεξύθεζζη (ῡ) Αἰζηόπεζζη

αἰμί θήξῡμ Αἰζίνςη

A αἶγαο θήξῡθαο Αἰζίνπαο

Nouns with stems ending in -εξ express different grades of ablaut in the stem (-εξ -εξ -ξ) with a recessive

accent in the vocative singular These are exemplified by παηήξ (father παηεξ-) κήηεξ (mother κεηεξ-) ζπγάηεξ

(daughter ζπγαηεξ-) and ἀλήξ (man ἀλεξ-)

N παηήξ κήηεξ ζπγάηεξ ἀλήξ

G παηέξνο -ηξόο κεηέξνο -ηξόο ζπγαηέξνο -ηξόο ἀλέξνο ἀλδξόο

D παηέξη -ηξί κεηέξη -ηξί ζπγαηέξη -ηξί ἀλέξη ἀλδξί

A παηέξα κεηέξα ζπγαηέξα ἀλέξα ἄλδξα

V πάηεξ κῆηεξ ζύγαηεξ ἄλεξ

N V A παηέξε κεηέξε ζπγαηέξε ἀλέξε ἄλδξε

G D παηέξνηηλ κεηέξνηηλ ζπγαηέξνηηλ ἀλέξνηηλ ἄλδξνηηλ

N παηέξεο κεηέξεο ζπγαηέξεο ζύγαηξεο ἀλέξεο ἄλδξεο

G παηέξσλ -ηξῶλ κεηέξσλ -ηξῶλ ζπγαηέξσλ ζπγαηξῶλ ἀλέξσλ ἀλδξῶλ

D παηξάζη κεηξάζη ζπγαηξάζη ζπγαηέξεζζη ἀλδξάζη ἄλδξεζζη

A παηέξαο κεηέξαο ζπγαηέξαο ζύγαηξαο ἀλέξαο ἄλδξαο

Note that δ is inserted into ἀλήξ between λ and ξ where they occur together The accent of the shorter forms of

ἀλέξ follow the pattern seen in παηήξ The alpha after ξ in the dative plural was added euphonically to strengthen

what was originally a sonant ξ

152 Vocabulary

ἄλαμ ἄλαθηνο ὁ king lord protector

ἀλήξ ἀλέξνο (ἀλδξόο) ὁ (real) man warrior hero

ἄξ(α) (ῥά) naturally of course as you know as you might expect that is

in effect (not always translatable)

βαζηιεύο ῆνο ὁ king ruler

δή indeed truly forsooth now

δηίζηεκη (ζηε- ζηα-) δηαζηήζσ stand apart separate

δηέζηεζα (δηέζηελ)

ἐμ νὗ from the time when

ἐξίδσ (ἐξηδ-) - ἤξηζ(ζ)α quarrel strive

ἠξηζάηελ (they) strove

ἔξηο ηδνο ἡ strife quarrel

Λεηώ Λεηόνο ἡ Leto

κάρνκαη fight battle

κάρεζζαη to fight

μπλίκη μπλήζσ μπλῆθα (μπλέεθα) bring together throw together hearken heed

ὄξλῡκη ὄξζσ ὦξζα (ὤξνξνλ) stir up kindle incite excite arouse

πξῶηνο ε νλ first foremost chief

ηὸ πξῶηνλ ηὰ πξῶηα (adv) at first firstly first

πἱόο νῦ ὁ son

ζθσε these two

153 Translation

1 ζεὰ (ᾱ) ἀείζεη κῆληλ Ἀρηιῆνο ἐμ νὗ δὴ ηὰ πξῶηα δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο θαὶ Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἀλδξῶλ ἠξηζάηελ θαὶ

δηεζηήηελ 2 ηίο ζεῶλ μπλέεθε δῖνλ Ἀρηιῆά ηε θαὶ Ἀηξεΐδελ ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 3 πἱὸο Λεηόνο θαὶ Γηὸο ἑθεβόινο

μπλέεθέ ζθσε ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη ηὸλ γὰξ βαζηιεὺο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἐρόισζελ ὁ δrsquo ὦξζε θαθὴλ λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ

ὤιεθε δὲ ιᾱνύο

KEY

1 The goddess sings the wrath of Achilles from the time when first the divine Achilles and Atreides king of

men strove and separated 2 Which of the gods brought together the divine Achilles and the son of Atreus to fight

in strife 3 The son of Leto and Zeus the Free-shooter brought these two together to fight in strife for Atreides the

king enraged him so he stirred up an evil plague through the camp of the Achaeans and destroyed their host

154 Iliad 1-10

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κῡξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςῡρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιή

ἐμ νὗ δὴ ηὰ πξῶηα δηαζηήηελ ἐξίζαληε

Ἀηξεΐδεο ηε ἄλαμ ἀλδξῶλ θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεύο

ηίο ηrsquo ἄξ ζθσε ζεῶλ ἔξηδη μπλέεθε κάρεζζαη

Λεηνῦο θαὶ Γηὸο πἱόο ὁ γὰξ βαζηιῆη ρνισζεὶο

λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ ὦξζε θαθήλ ὀιέθνλην δὲ ιᾱνί

δηαζηήηελ = δηεζηήηελ

ἐξίζαληε = aor act part nom dual masc (they two) having quarreled

ηε ἄλαμ originally ηε ϝάλαμ thus allowing the hiatus

ζθσε [ἕσ] = 3rd

pers pron acc dual these two

ἔξηδη is dative of means in strife

κάρεζζαη = pres act infinitive deponent to fight

ρνισζείο = aor pass part nom sing masc having been enraged

Λεηνῦο = contracted form of Λεηόνο

βαζηιῆη = Agamemnon instrumental case by the king

ὀιέθνλην = ὠιέθνλην imperf pass ind 3rd

pers plural were being destroyed or kept

perishing

KEY

Sing O goddess of the accursed wrath of Achilles Peleiades

which brought countless woes to the Achaeans

and cast forth the souls of many valiant warriors to Hades

making them the spoils and feast of both dogs

and vultures But the will of Zeus was accomplished

indeed from the time when at first having quarreled both

Atreides king of men and the divine Achilles separated

Which of the gods of course brought these two together to fight in strife

The son of Leto and Zeus For enraged by the king he

kindled an evil plague up through the camp and the people were destroyed

155 Composition

1 ἠείδνκελ κῆληλ νὐινκέλελ Ἀρηιιῆνο ἐμ νὗ ηὰ πξῶηα Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἀλέξσλ (ἀλδξῶλ) θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο

ἠξηζάηελ θαὶ δηεζηεζάηελ (δηεζηήηελ) 2 ηίο ζεῶλ μπλῆθε (μπλέεθα) Ἀραηνὺο θαὶ ιᾱὸλ Πξηάκνπ ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 3

μπλῆθε (μπλέεθα) ζθσε (ἕν) πἱὸο Λεηόνο (Λεηνῦο) θαὶ Γηὸο ἑθεβόινο ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 4 Αηξεΐδεο βαζηιεὺο

Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο ἐρόισζαλ ἄλαθηα ἑθεβόινλ θαὶ ὁ ὦξζα (ὤξνξε) λνῦζνπο πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θαθὰο (ᾱ) ἀλὰ

ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ θαθῶο ὤιεθελ ἀγαζὸλ ιᾱόλ

Lesson 16

(887-897 910 1065-1068 697-703 707 710 732)

161 Formation of Middle Passive and Deponent Verbs

The endings of the middle voice are different from the active voice The passive voice applies the same endings

as the middle voice except in the aorist passive which applies active endings Because the middle and passive voice

are identical (other than the aorist) the context determines whether a verb is used with middle or the passive

meaning The aorist middle is often used with a passive meaning (especially in athematic forms) and the aorist

passive is often used with a middle meaning

The perfect and pluperfect of the middlepassive are athematic with the personal endings attached directly to

the reduplicated stem

The future perfect passive is formed by adding -ζνε to the perfect middle passive lengthening the vowel that

precedes this ending

The first aorist passive is formed by adding -(ζ)ζεε to the stem Before ζ π and β become θ θ and γ become ρ

and η δ ζ become ζ Many verbs have a second aorist passive that drops the ζ altogether

Deponent verbs have no active form but use the middlepassive forms in an active sense

162 Paradigms Present and Future Indicative MiddlePassive of ιύσ

Present

S 1 ιύνκαη

2 ιύεαη [(ιύῃ)]

3 ιύεηαη

D 2 ιύεζζνλ

3 ιύεζζνλ

P 1 ιπόκε(ζ)ζα

2 ιύεζζα

3 ιύνληαη

Future

S 1 ιύζνκαη (ῡ)

2 ιύζεαη (ῡ) [(ιύζῃ (ῡ))]

3 ιύζεηαη (ῡ)

D 2 ιύζεζζνλ (ῡ)

3 ιύζεζζνλ (ῡ)

P 1 ιῡζόκεζα

2 ιύζεζζε (ῡ)

3 ιύζνληαη (ῡ)

163 The Use of Voice in Greek

The active voice indicates that the subject is acting λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ ὦξζε = he kindled a plague up

through the camp

The passive voice indicates that the subject is acted upon Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιή = but the will of Zeus was

being accomplished

The Middle voice denotes one of three meanings

1 The subject acting upon itself πείζνκαη (I convince myself) θαίλνκαη (I show myself)

2 The subject acting for itself θαιένκαη (I call for myself)

3 The subject acting upon something belonging to itself ιύνκαη (I loose my own I ransom)

When determing the difference between the middle and passive keep in mind that the middle voice always

conveys a direct or indirect reference to the subject and that the subject is effect by or has an interest in the action

164 Third Declension Stems in -επ -επ -νπ and -σϝ

Stems in -επ usually became -εϝ and the third declension endings are applied after the ϝ Thus βαζηιεϝνο =

βαζηιῆνο βαηιεϝη = βαζηιῆη βαζηιεϝα = βαζηιῆα etc Note that the ϝ explains why εη (εϝη) does not form an

improper diphthong as well as why the accusative singular ends in -εα (as if the stem ended in a consonant) instead

of -ελ (as if the stem ended in a vowel) Note that when the ending consists of a consonant the -εϝ is contracted to

the diphthong -επ Thus βαζηιεϝο = βαζηιεύο βαζηιεϝ = βαζηιεῦ βαζηιεϝζη = βαζηιεῦζη In rare cases the other

endings also contract the -ε to -ε (ie βαζηιῆνο = βαζηιένο)

In stems ending originally in -ᾱϝ the ᾱ becomes ε in the Ionic dialect These are declined the same as -εϝ

except that -εῡ is formed before consonants instead of -επ Thus λᾱϝο = λεϝο = λεῦο λᾱϝ = λεϝ = λεῦ But note the

exception in the shorter form of the dative plural where λᾱϝζη = λεϝζη = λεπζί (rather than λεῡζη) In contracted

forms the ε usually becomes ε

In stems ending in -σϝ the third declension endings are applied directly to the stem Thus ἡξσϝο = ἥξσο

ἡξσϝνο = ἥξσνο ἡξσϝη = ἥξση ἡξσϝα = ἥξσα etc

In stems ending originally in -ν or -νϝ the third declension endings are applied as usual But keep in mind that -

νϝ is contracted to the diphthong -νπ before a consonant thus βνϝο = βνῦο and βνϝζη = βνπζί But note the

exception that occurs in the accusative singular where βνϝλ = βνῦλ rather than βνϝα

βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

(βαζηιεϝ-) (βνϝ-) (λᾱϝ-) (ἡξσϝ-)

N βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

G βαζηιῆνο [ένο] βνόο λεόο [εόο] ἥξσνο

D βαζηιῆη [έη] βνΐ λεί ἥξση

A βαζηιῆα [έα] βνῦλ [βῶλ] λῆα [έα] ἥξσα

V βαζηιεῦ βνῦ λεῦ ἥξσο

N V A βαζηιῆε βόε λῆε ἥξσε

G D βαζηιήνηηλ βόνηηλ λήνηηλ ἡξώνηηλ

N V βαζηιῆεο βόεο λῆεο ἥξσεο

G βαζηιήσλ βνῶλ λεῶλ [εῶλ] ἡξώσλ

D βαζηιήεζζη βόεζζη λήεζζη [έεζζη] ἡξώεζζη

βαζηιεῦζη βνπζί λεπζί ἥξσζη

A βαζηιῆαο βόαο (βνῦο) λῆαο [έαο] ἥξσαο

165 Third Declension Stems in -εζ -αζ and -νζ

When a stem ends in a vowel plus -ζ the initial ζ is dropped between two vowels Thus γεξαζνο = γέξανο

ἠνζνο = ἠόνο etc

All third declension nouns with stems ending in -εο are neuters and follow the pattern of ἔπνο The third

declension endings are applied as usual except that the nominative vocative and accusative singulars end in -νο

Nouns with stems ending in -νο take -σο in the nominative and vocative singular but otherwise apply the third

declension endings as usual (dropping ζ between two vowels)

ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

(ϝεπεζ-) (γεξαζ-) (ἀϝζνζ- (ᾱ))

N ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

G ἔπενο γέξανο ἠόνο

D ἔπετ γέξατ ἠόη

A ἔπνο γέξαο ἠόα

V ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

N V A ἔπεε γέξαε

G D ἐπένηηλ γεξάνηηλ

N V ἔπεα γέξα(α)

G ἐπέσλ γεξάσλ

D ἐπέεζζη γεξάεζζη

ἔπε(ζ)ζη γέξα(ζ)ζη

A ἔπεα γέξα(α)

166 Third Declension Stems in -καη and -καξ

Stems ending in -καη and -καξ are neuters

Stems in -καη drop the -ηο in the nominative vocative and accusative singular δσκαηο = δῶκα Otherwise the

third declension endings are applied as usual

Stems ending in -καξ are declined like those ending in -καη except in the nominative vocative and accusative

singular (which end in -καξ)

δῶκα ἦκαξ

(δσκαη-) (ἠκαξ- ἠκαη-)

N δῶκα ἦκαξ

G δώκαηνο ἤκαηνο

D δώκαηη ἤκαηη

A δῶκα ἦκαξ

V δῶκα ἦκαξ

N V A δώκαηε ἤκαηε

G D δσκάηνηηλ ἠκάηνηηλ

N V δώκαηα ἤκαηα

G δσκάησλ ἠκάησλ

D δσκάηεζζη ἠκάηεζζη

δώκαζη ἤκαζη

A δώκαηα ἤκαηα

167 Third Declension Stems in -λη and -λ

Stems ending in -λη drop the -λη before ζ and lengthen the preceding vowel thus παληο = πᾶο παληζη = πᾶζη

Otherwise the third declension endings are applied as usual In neuters the -η is dropped at the end of the word thus

παλη = πᾶλ Stems in -λ drop the -λ before ζ and lengthen the preceding vowel in the masculine (but not in the

neuter)

πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

(παλη- παληα- παλη-)

Masc Fem Neut

N πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

G παληόο πάζεο (ᾱ) παληόο

D παληί πάζῃ (ᾱ) παληί

A πάληα πᾶζαλ πᾶλ

V πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

N V πάληεο πᾶζαη πάληα

G πάλησλ πᾱζάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] πάλησλ

D πάληεζ(ζ)η πάζῃζη (ᾱ) πάληεζ(ζ)η

πᾶζη πάζῃο (ᾱ) πᾶζη

A πάληνο πάζᾱο (ᾱ) πάληα

κέιᾱο κέιαηλα κέιαλ

(κειαλ- κειαηλα- κειαλ-)

N κέιᾱο κέιαηλα κέιαλ

G κέιαλνο κειαίλεο κέιαλνο

D κέιαλη κειαίλῃ κέιαλη

A κέιαλα κέιαηλαλ κέιαλ

V κέιαλ κέιαηλα κέιαλ

N V A κέιαλε κειαίλᾱ κέιαλε

G D κειάλνηηλ κειαίλῃηλ κειάλνηηλ

N V κέιαλεο κέιαηλαη κέιαλα

G κειάλσλ κειαηλάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] κειάλσλ

D κειάλεζ(ζ)η κειαίλῃζη κειάλεζ(ζ)η

κέιαζη κειαίλῃο κέιαζη

A κέιαλεο κειαίλᾱο κέιαλα

168 Vocabulary

Nouns

Ἀπόιισλ (ᾰ or ᾰ) σλνο ὁ Apollo

ἀξεηήξ (ᾱ) ῆξνο ὁ priest prayer

ζπγάηεξ ηέξνο (ηξόο) ἡ daughter

θνζκήησξ νξνο ὁ commander marshaller

λεῦο λεόο (λεόο) ἡ ship

ζηέκκα καηνο ηό fillet (of white cotton) wreath

ρείξ ρεηξόο ἡ hand arm

Verbs

ἔξρνκαη (ἐξρ- ἐιε- ἐιεπζ- ἐιπζ-) come go

ἐιεύζνκαη I will come I will go

ἦιζνλ (ἤιπζνλ) I came I went

ιίζζνκαη (ιηη-) I beg I entreat

---

ἐιιηζάκελ (ἐιηηόκελ) I begged I entreated

Adjectives Prepositions

ζνόο ή όλ swift speedy

πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ all every (the) whole

Indeclinable

δύν (δύσ) two

κάιηζηα most especially by all means

169 Translation

1 Ἀπόιισλ ἑθεβόινο ρνινῦηαη βαζηιῆη Αηξεΐδῃ θαὶ πέκπεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ ὀιέθνληαη δὲ

ιᾱνί νὕλεθα δῖνο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) 2 Υξύζεο (ῡ) γὰξ ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἑθεβόινπ ἔξρεηαη

ἐπὶ ζνὰο (ᾱ) λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ θέξεη δrsquo ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα ζπγαηξόο ἣλ Ἀηξεΐδεο ἔρεη ἐλ ζηξαηῷ 3 ὁ δrsquo ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἔρεη

ζηέκκαηα ἑθεβόινπ Ἀπόιισλνο ἐλ ρεξζὶλ ἀλὰ ρξῡζέῳ ζθήπηξῳ θαὶ ιίζζεηαη πάληαο Ἀραηνύο κάιηζηα δrsquo Ἀηξεΐδᾱ

δύσ θνζκήηνξε ιᾱῶλ 4 Ἀπόιισλ ρνιώζεηαη βαζηιῆη θαὶ ὄξζεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηόλ 5 ἐιεύζνληαη ἐπὶ ζνὰο

(ᾱ) λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ νἴζνπζη ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα βαζηιῆη 6 ιίζζνληαη πάληαο Ἀραηνύο 7 Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζελ (ῑ)

ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) θαὶ νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε ζύγαηξα

KEY

1 Apollo the free-shooter enraged by king Atreides sent an evil plague through the camp of the Achaeans and

the people were destroyed because the divine Atreides dishonored Chryses the priest 2 For Chryses the priest of

the free-shooter went upon the swift ships of the Achaeans bearing countless ransoms for his daughter whom

Atreides was holding in the camp 3 But the priest had a wreath of Apollo the free-shooter upon a staff in his hand

and was entreating all of the Achaeans but especially the sons of Atreus (who were) the commanders of the host 4

Apollo will be enraged by the king and will kindle an evil plague up through the camp 5 They will go upon the

swift ships of the Achaeans and bring countless ransoms to the king 6 They are entreating all of the Achaeans 7

Atreides dishonored the priest and would not release his daughter

1610 Iliad 11-16

hellipὀιέθνλην δὲ ιᾱνί

νὕλεθα ηὸλ Υξύζελ ἠηίκαζελ ἀξεηῆξα

Αηξεΐδεο ὁ γὰξ ἦιζε ζνὰο ἐπὶ λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ

ιπζόκελνο ηε ζύγαηξα θέξσλ ηrsquo ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα

ζηέκκαηrsquo ἔρσλ ἐλ ρεξζὶλ ἑθεβόινπ Ἀπόιισλνο

ρξπζέῳ ἀλὰ ζθήπηξῳ θαὶ ἐιίζζεην πάληαο Ἀραηνύο

Ἀηξεΐδα δὲ κάιηζηα δύσ θνζκήηνξε ιαῶλ

ηόλ Υξύζελ = that (well-known) Chryses

The first verse ends in two spondees making it a spondaic verse and emphasizing the fact that

Chryses was a priest

ιῡζόκελνο = fut mid part nom masc sing being about to ransom

θέξσλ = pres act part nom sing masc bearing bringing

ἔρσλ = pres act part nom sing masc having holding

ρεξζὶλ ἑθεβόινπ = ρεξζὶ ϝεθεβόινπ

ρξῡζέῳ = synizesis where -έῳ is pronounced as a single syllable

ἐιίζζεην = imperf act ind 3rd

pers sing dep (kept) entreating was entreating

Ἀηξεΐδᾱ = dual of Ἀηξεΐδεο refers to both Agamemnon and Menelaus

KEY

hellipand the people were being destroyed

because Atreides dishonored Chryses the priest

For he had gone upon the swift ships of the Achaeans

intending to ransom his daughter bearing countless gifts

and holding in his hand fillets of Apollo the free-shooter

upon a golden staff and was entreating all of the Achaeans

but especially the two sons of Atreus the commanders of the host

1611 Composition

1 Chryses the priest of Apollo is dishonored by the son of Atreus 2 The Achaeans will go from their swift

ships to Troy and ransom the beloved daughter of the priest 3 We shall bring many ransoms and shall hold in our

hands the fillets of Apollo 4 We do not have a golden scepter but we entreat Priam and all the people of Troy 5

The two sons of Atreus marshallers of the people are entreating Priam but he will slight them 6 The son of

Atreus king of men slighted the priest and did not release his daughter

KEY

1 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) Ἀπόιινπ ἀηῑκάδεηαη Ἀηξεΐδῃ 2 Ἀραηνὶ ἐιεύζνληαη ἐθ ζνάσλ (ᾱ) λήσλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ (ῑ)

θαὶ ἀπειύζνληαη (ῡ) θίιε ζπγάηεξα ἀξεηῆξη (ᾱ) 3 νἴζνκελ πνιιrsquo ἄπνηλα θαὶ ἕζρνκελ ἐλ ρείξεζζη ζηέκκαηα

Ἀπόιινπ 4 νὐθ ἔρνκελ ζθῆπηξνλ ρξύζενλ ἀιιὰ ιηζζόκεζα Πξίακνλ θαὶ πᾶληα ιᾱνλ Ἰιίνπ (ῑ) 5 δύrsquo Ἀηξεΐδᾱ

θνζκήηεξᾱ ιᾱσλ ιίζζεζζνλ Πξίακνλ αὐηνὺο δrsquo ἀηῑκάζεη 6 Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἄλδξσλ ἠηίκαζελ (ῑ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) θαὶ

νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε ζπγάηεξα

1612 Meter

ΟΤ λε θα | ΣΟΝ ΥΡΤ | ΖΝ Ζ | ΣΗ κα ζελ | Α ΡΖ | ΣΖ ΡΑ~

Α ηξε η | ΓΖ ν γαξ | ΖΛ ζε ζν | Α ε πη | ΝΖ αο α | ΥΑΗ ΧΝ

ΛΤ ζν κε | ΝΟ ηε ζπ | ΓΑΣ ξα θε | ΡΧΝ ηα πε | ΡΔΗ ζη α | ΠΟΗ ΝΑ~

ΣΔΜ καη ε | ΥΧΝ ΔΝ | ΥΔΡ ζηλ ε | ΚΖ βν ινπ | Α ΠΟΛ | ΛΧ ΝΟ~

ΥΡΤζεσα | ΝΑ ΚΖΠ | ΣΡΧ θαη ε | ΛΗ ζε ην | ΠΑΝ ηαο α | ΥΑΗ ΟΤ

ΑΣ ξε η | ΓΑ δε κα | ΛΗ ηα δπ | Χ ΚΟ | ΜΖ ην ξε | ΛΑ ΧΝ

Lesson 17

(910 - imperfect middle and passive aorist middle of ιύσ 648-658 - the table

of endings in 32)

171 Paradigms Imperfect MiddlePassive of ιύσ

S 1 ἐιπόκελ

2 ἐιύεν [(ἐιύεπ)]

3 ἐιύεην

D 2 ἐιύεζζνλ

3 ἐιπέζζελ

P 1 ἐιπόκε(ζ)ζα

2 ἐιύεζζε

3 ἐιύνλην

172 Paradigms Aorist Middle of ιύσ

Thematic Athematic (2nd

Aorist)

S 1 ἐιῡζάκελ ἐιύκελ

2 ἐιύζαν (ῡ) [(ἐιύζσ (ῡ))] ἔιπ(ζ)ν

3 ἐιύζαην (ῡ) ἔιπην

D 2 ἐιύζαζζνλ (ῡ) ἔιπζζνλ

3 ἐιῡζάζζελ ἐιύζζελ

P 1 ἐιῡζάκε(ζ)ζα ἐιύκε(ζ)ζα

2 ἐιύζαζζε (ῡ) ἔιπζζε

3 ἐιύζαλην (ῡ) ἔιπλην

173 Vocabulary

δῶκα αηνο ηό house home

παῖο παηδόο ὁ ἡ child son daughter

π(η)όιηο ηνο (ενο) ἡ city state

ἐπθλήκῑο ῑδνο well-greaved

ἐγώ(λ) κέν (κεῦ) I

ζύ ζέν (ζεῦ) you

κέλhellip δέ on the one handhellip trulyhellip on the one handhellip on the other hand

partlyhellip partly the onehellip the other

νἴθαδε home homeward to home home

Verbs

ἅδνκαη (ἁγ-) (defective) I reverence

δέρνκαη I accept I receive

δέμνκαη I will accept

ἐδεμάκελ (ἐδέγκελ) I accepted

δίδσκη (δσ- δν-) I give I grant

(δη)δώζσ I will give

ἔδσθα I gave

ἐθπέξζσ (πεξζ- πξαζ-) I sack (utterly) I plunder I pillage

ἐθπέξζσ I will sack

ἐμέπεξζα (ἐμέπξαζνλ) I sacked

ἱθλένκαη I arrive I reach (a destination)

ἵμνκαη I will arrive

ἱθόκελ (ῑ) I arrived

174 Translation

1 ζενὶ ἔρνπζηλ ιύκπηα δώκαηα ἔδσθαλ δrsquo Ἀηξεΐδεο θαὶ ἄιινηζηλ ἐπθλεκίδεζζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἐθπέξζαη

(infinitive) πόιηλ Πξηάκνπ ηόηε δrsquo ἵθνλην (ῑ) ἐὺ νἴθαδε νὕλεθα παῖδα θίιελ ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἔιῡζαλ 2 ἀπέιῡζαλ

ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνὶ ζύγαηξα θίιελ ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἐδέμαλην δrsquo ἀγιαὰ ἄπνηλα νὕλεθα ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλα Γηὸο πἱὸλ

ἅδνλην 3 ἅδεηαη ἑθεβόινλ 4 Ἀηξεΐδεο νὐθ ἐδέμαην ηὰ ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα 5 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἔδσθελ ἄπνηλα

πνιιὰ βαζηιῆη Ἀηξεΐδῃ 6 πάληεο ζενὶ θαὶ πᾶζαη ζεαὶ εἶρνλ ιύκπηα δώκαηα 7 Ἀραηνὶ ἐπθλήκῑδεο ἐθπέξζνπζη

Πξηάκνην πόιηλ ἵμνληαη δrsquo ἐπ νἴθαδε 8 παῖο θίιε ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἐιύζαην (ῡ) ἵθεην (ῑ) δrsquo ἐὺ νἴθαδε

KEY

1 The gods have Olympian homes but they gave the son of Atreus and the other well-greaved Achaeans to

utterly sack the city of Priam and then they returned safe at home because they released the dear child of the priest

2 The well-greaved Achaeans released the dear daughter of the priest and received glorious ransoms because they

reverenced the free-shooter Apollo son of Zeus 3 He reverences te free-shooter 4 The son of Atreus did not

receive the glorious ransoms 5 Chryses the priest gave many ransoms to king Atreides 6 All of the gods and all of

the goddesses had Olympian homes 7 The well-greved Achaeans will utterly sack Priamrsquos city and will return safe

to home 8 The dear child of the priest was released and arrived well to her home

175 Iliad 17-21

ltltἈηξεΐδαη ηε θαὶ ἄιινη ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνί

ὑκῖλ κὲλ ζενὶ δνῖελ ιύκπηα δώκαηrsquo ἔρνληεο

ἐθπέξζαη Πξηάκνην πόιηλ ἐὺ δrsquo νἴθαδrsquo ἱθέζζαη

παῖδα δrsquo ἐκνὶ ιῦζαί ηε θίιελ ηά ηrsquo ἄπνηλα δέρεζζαη

ἁδόκελνη Γηὸο πἱὸλ ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλαgtgt

Ἀηξεΐδαηhellip ἄιινη ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνί = vocative case

ὑκῖλ (ῡ) = dat plural of ζύ to you

ζενί = one syllable by synizesis

κέλ (v 18) = correlative of δέ (v 20)

δνῖελ = aor act optative 3rd

plural of δίδσκη may they grant

ἔρνληεο = pres act part nom masc plural of ἔρσ having possessing

ἐθπέξζαη = aor act inf of ἐθπέξζσ to sack utterly

ἱθέζζαη = aor act inf of ἱθένκαη to arrive (compare κάρεζζαη)

ιῦζαη δέρεζζαη = infinitives used as imperatives free and accept

ηά ηrsquo ἄπνηλα (ηά ηε ἄπνηλα) = thesehellip gifts

ἁδόκελνη = pres act part nom masc plural reverencing

KEY

ldquoSons of Atreus and you other well-greaved Achaeans

may the gods who have their homes on Olympus grant you

to utterly sack Priamrsquos city and return safe to home

but release my dear child to me and accept these gifts

reverencing Apollo who shoots at will the son of Zeusrdquo

176 Composition

1 The gods who have (ἔρνληεο) Olympian homes will grant to the sons of Atreus and to the other well-greaved

Achaeans to sack utterly (ἐθπέξζαη) the city of Priam 2 When they sacked the city of Priam they returned happily

home 3 They accepted the shining ransoms and freed the darling daughter of the priest Chryses 4 We reverenced

the free-shooter Apollo son of Leto and Zeus and escaped death 5 Will the son of Atreus accept the shining

ransoms 6 The child of the priest was freed when he gave many shining ransoms which the two sons of Atreus

accepted

KEY

1 ζενὶ ἔρνληεο ιύκπηα δώκαηα δώζνπζη Ἀηξεΐδῃζη θαὶ ἄιινηζηλ ἐπθλεκίδεζζηλ (ῑ) Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἐθπέξζαη πόιηλ

Πξηάκνπ 2 ηόηε ἐμέπεξζαλ πόιηλ Πξηάκνην ἵθνλην (ῑ) ἐὺ νἴθαδε 3 ἐδέμαλην ἀγιαrsquo ἄπνηλα θαὶ ἀπέιῡζαλ ζπγάηεξα

θίιε ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) Υξύζᾱν (ῡ) 4 ἡμάκεζα ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλα Λεηόνο θαὶ Γηὸο πἱόλ θαὶ ζάλαηνλ 5

Ἀηξεΐδεο δέμεηαη ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα 6 παῖο ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἀπειύζαην (ῡ) ηόηε ἔδσθελ ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀγιάα ηὰ

Ἀηξεΐδᾱ ἐδώθαζηλ

Lesson 18

(Perfect and Pluperfect Active of Verbs 904 922 Third Declension γέρων

αἴξ 693-695)

181 Formation of the Perfect and Pluperfect Active

The perfect and pluperfect in all modes experience reduplication of the initial syllable which denotes completed

action Verbs beginning with a single consonant (except ξ) prefix this consonant followed by -ε Thus ιύσ =

ιέιπθα The stem sometimes stands in ablaut relation to the stem of the present as in βαίλσ = βέβεθα A

reduplicated syllable beginning with an aspirated mute is changed to its corresponding voiceless mute in the

reduplicated syllable ie ζλήζθσ = ηέζλεθα In these cases the reduplicated pluperfect adds ἐ- to the reduplicated

syllable ie ιύσ = ιέιπθα = ἐιέιπθε

Vebs beginning with a double consonant two consonants (except a mute followed by a liquid or a nasal) ξ and

some beginning with κ simply augment the stem with the addition of ε-

Verbs beginning in a vowel typically take the temporal augment by lengthening the vowel ie νἴρνκαη =

ᾤρσθα However verbs beginning with a vowel in which an initial consonant has been lost may take the syllabic

augment

Compound verbs typically insert the reduplication and augment between the preposition and the verb ie

ἀπνιύσ = ἀπνιέιπθα = ἀπειειύθε

The first perfect active adds -θα- to the stem followed by the primary endings The first pluperfect active

similarly adds -θε- followed by the secondary endings In general a short final vowel is lengthened before the

addition of the -θα- or -θε- Second perfects and pluperfects active are the older form and are more common in

Homer These omit the θ and simply add -α- or -ε- respectively The second perfects are more common in stems

ending in a consonant

In general the singular perfect and pluperfect active stand in ablaut relation to the dual and plural forms

Perfects and pluperfects are rare in Homer and only occur in some twenty verbs

182 Paradigms λέλυκα and βέβηκα

ιέιπθα ἐιειύθε (ἐιειύθεα)

ιέιπθαο ἐιειύθο (ἐιειύθεαο)

ιέιπθε(λ) ἐιειύθεη (ἐιειύθεε)

ιειύθαηνλ ἐιειύθαηνλ

ιειύθαηνλ ἐιειπθάηελ

ιειύθακελ ἐιειύθεκελ

ιειύθαηε ἐιειύθεηε

ιειύθᾱζη ἐιειύθεζαλ

βέβεθα ἐβεβήθεα (ἐβεβήθε)

βέβεθαο ἐβεβήθεαο (ἐβεβήθεο)

βέβεθε(λ) ἐβεβήθεε (ἐβεβήθεη)

βέβαηνλ ἐβέβαηνλ

βέβαηνλ ἐβεβάηελ

βέβακελ ἐβέβακελ

βέβαηε ἐβέβαηε

βέβᾱζη ἐβέβαζαλ

183 Paradigms γέρων and αἴξ

γέξσλ αἴμ

γέξνληνο αἰγόο

γέξνληη αἰγί

γέξνληα αἶγα

γέξνλ αἴμ

γέξνληε αἶγε

γεξόληνηηλ αἴγνηηλ

γέξνληεο αἶγεο

γεξόλησλ αἰγῶλ

γεξόληεζ(ζ)η (γέξνπζη) αἴγεζ(ζ)η (αἰμί)

γέξνληαο αἶγαο

184 Vocabulary

ἀγνξή ῆο ἡ assembly meeting place gathering harrangue

αἴμ αἰγόο ὁ ἡ goat

Ἄξγνο ενο ηό Argos (both a country and a city in Greece)

γέξσλ νληνο ὁ old man

γῆξαο ανο ηό old age

ἱεξεύο ῆνο ὁ priest holy man

κεξίνλ νπ ηό thigh-bone thigh-piece

πνύο πνδόο ὁ foot

ηαῦξνο νπ ὁ bull

θξήλ θξελόο ἡ diaphragm mind heart soul spirit disposition

δέθαηνο ε νλ tenth

ἡκέηεξνο ε νλ our ours

θνῖινο ε νλ hollow

ὠθύο ὠθεῖα ὠθύ swift speedy

ζλήζθσ die perish

ζαλένκαη

ἔζαλνλ

ηέζλεθα

θεύγσ flee fly escape run (off away along)

θεύμνκαη

ἔθπγνλ

πέθεπγα

Lesson 4

(663)

41 Declension of ζεά (ᾱ)

The few feminine nouns that end in -ᾱ in the nominative are declined like ζεά (ᾱ) goddess In general the

original ᾱ stem becomes ε in the singular (as in the declension of ζάιαζζα below) It remains ᾱ in the word ζεά (ᾱ)

and a few proper names

Sigular Dual Plural

N ζεά (ᾱ) ζεά (ᾱ) ζεαί

G ζεᾶο ζεῇηλ ζεάσλ (ᾱ) [ῶλ]

D ζεᾷ ζεῇηλ ζεῇζη ῇο [αῖο]

A ζεάλ (ᾱ) ζεά (ᾱ) ζεάο (ᾱ)

V ζεά (ᾱ) ζεά (ᾱ) ζεαί

42 Declension of ζάιαζζα

Feminine nouns ending in -ᾰ are declines like ζάιαηηα sea Note that the acute is pulled from the antepenult to

the penult when the ultima is long

Sigular Dual Plural

N ζάιαζζα ζαιάζζᾱ ζάιαζζαη

G ζαιάζζεο ζαιάζζῃηλ ζαιαζζάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ]

D ζαιάζζῃ ζαιάζζῃηλ ζαιάζζῃζη ῃο

A ζάιαζζαλ ζαιάζζᾱ ζαιάζζᾱο

V ζάιαζζα ζαιάζζᾱ ζάιαζζαη

43 Vocabulary

γάξ -(postpositive conjunction) for in fact

δέ -(postpositive conjunction) but and so for

εἰζί(λ) -they there are

ἐζηί(λ) -he she it there is

ἐθ (ἐμ) -(adv and prep + gen) from out of

ἐπί -(adv) upon on thereon

ἐπί -(prep + gen) upon on over during

ἐπί -(prep + dat) upon on in for about against at beside by

ἐπί -(prep + acc) to up to over up upon

ζάιαζζα εο ἡ -sea

ζεά (ᾱ) ᾶο ἡ -goddess

Κίιια εο ἡ -Cilla a town in the Troad

νὐ (νὐθ νὐρ) -not no

πάηξε εο ἡ -fatherland native land

πνιιή -much many numerous

ππξή ῆο ἡ -funeral pyre pyre

ςῡρή ῆο ἡ -soul breath life spirit

44 Derivatives

ζάιαζζα (thalassa) = thalassocracy

παηξή (patre) = patriotic

ππξή (pyre) = pyre pyrolatry pyrotechnic pyrotechnical pyrography

ςῡρή (psyche) = psyche psychology psychotherapy psychic psychical

45 Translation

1 θᾱιὴ ζεὰ (ᾱ) ἔρεη βνπιὴλ θᾱιήλ 2 θᾱιαὶ ζεαί εἰζη θίιαη ςῡρῇ ζεᾶο ζαιάζζεο δεηλῆο 3 Κίιια θαὶ Υξύζε

(ῡ) εἰζὶ θᾱιαη θαὶ θίιαη ζεῇζη ζαιαζζάσλ (ᾱ) 4 θᾱιὴ ζεὰ (ᾱ) νὐθ ἔρεη ςῡρὴλ θαθήλ 5 θᾱιή ἐζηη ζεά (ᾱ) ἔρεη δὲ

ςῡρὴλ θαθήλ 6 δεηλὴ θιαγγή ἐζηηλ ἐθ ζαιάζζεο 7 Κίιια θαὶ Υξύζε (ῡ) ἦζαλ ἐπὶ ζαιάζζῃ 8 ζεαὶ ζαιάζζεο εἰζὶ

θίιαη ςῡρῇο πνιιῇο θίιαη γάξ εἰζηλ 9 πάηξε θᾱιή ἐζηη θίιε πνιιῇο ςῡρῇο θᾱιῇο 10 ἐθ πάηεο θαθῆο ἦλ 11

ἦζαλ ππξαὶ πνιιαὶ ἐλ θίιῃ πάηξῃ ἐπὶ δεηλῇ ζαιάζζῃ 12 ηίο νὐθ ἔρεη θᾱιὴλ ςῡρήλ

(2) εἰζη is an enclitic When the preceding word carries an acute on the ultima the enclitic looses its own

accent and the accent on the ultima does not change to a grave

(3) When an enclitic follows a word with the acute on the penult the enclitic retains its own accent

(4) νὐ is used before consonants νὐθ before vowels with the smooth breathing and νὐρ before vowels

with the rough breathing As an adverb it usually precedes the verb that it modifies

(6) ἐθ + gen The phrase is rendered ldquohellipfrom out of the seardquo

(7) ἐπί with the dative indicates location and frequently denotes close proximity This phrase is usually

translated with the English idiom ldquoupon the seardquo but it literally means ldquobeside the seardquo or ldquonear the seardquo

(8) postpositives like γάξ and δέ never occur first in a sentence they usually occur as the second or third

word of the sentence

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 Does the beautiful goddess have a good plan 2 Beautiful goddesses are dear to the soul of the goddess of

the terrible sea 3 Cilla and Chrysa are beautiful and dear to the goddesses of the seas 4 The beautiful goddess does

not have an ugly soul 5 The goddess is beautiful but she has an ugly soul 6 There is a terrible roar from out of the

sea 7 Cilla and Chrysa were upon the sea 8 The goddesses of the sea are dear to many souls for they are beloved

9 The beautiful fatherland is dear to many good souls 10 There was evil from out of the fatherland 11 There were

many funeral pyres in the beloeved fatherland upon the terrible sea

46 Composition

1 Are the good plans dear to the souls of the goddesses 2 They have many plans but (they are) cowardly

ones 3 The plans are dear to the soul of the beautiful goddess for they are noble 4 The lovely goddess of the sea

was not in Cilla 5 There are many funeral pyres by the sea in (our) beloved fatherland 6 Who was in Cilla by the

sea

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 θᾱιαὶ βνπιαί εἰζη θίιαη ςῡρῇζη ζεάσλ (ᾱ) 2 ἔρνπζη βνπιὰο (ᾱ) πνιιάο (ᾱ) θαθὰο (ᾱ) δέ 3 βνπιαὶ θίιαη

εἰζὶ ςῡρῇ θᾱιῆο ζεᾶο θίιαη γάξ εἰζηλ 4 θᾱιὴ ζεὰ (ᾱ) ζαιάζζεο νὐθ ἦλ ἐλ Κίιιῃ 5 ππξαὶ πνιιαί ἐζηηλ ἐπὶ

ζαιάζζῃ ἐλ πάηξῃ θίιῃ 6 ηίο ἦλ ἐλ Κίιιῃ ἐπὶ ζαιάζζῃ

Lesson 5

(789-806 904)

51 Introduction to Greek Verbs

The uses of the Greek verb will be covered in more detail later However Pharr employs several terms in this

lesson that may be perplexing without a brief introduction

Greek verbs employ prefixes suffixes and formative elements in order to conjugate verbs A similar function

exists in English although to a lesser extent precook (use of a prefix) walked (use of a suffix) ranrun (use of

ablaut as a formative element) etc

There are three voices in Greek The active and passive voice function as in English where the active indicates

action performed by the subject (ldquothe dog bit the mailmanrdquo) and the passive indicates action performed upon the

subject (ldquothe mailman was bitten by the dogrdquo) The Greek also employs a third voice called the middle which

indicates (among other things) that the subject acted on its own behalf (ldquothe dog himself bit the mailmanrdquo) or that

plural subjects acted upon each other (ldquothe dogs bit each otherrdquo) The endings for the passive and the middle are

sometimes identical and the meaning must be determined from the context

In Greek as in English verbs convey certain moods The indicative mood simply denotes an action that is

performed (ldquothe dog bites the mailmanrdquo) The subjunctive mood denotes (among other things) possibility and

wishes etc (ldquothe dog may bite the mailmanrdquo ldquoI wish that the dog would bite the mailmanrdquo) Like the subjunctive

the optative mood denotes (among other things) possibility wish conditions or indirect discourse (ldquothe dog would

bite the mailman ifhelliprdquo ldquowould that the dog had bitten the mailmanrdquo ldquomay the dog bite the mailmanrdquo) The

imperative mood expresses a command (ldquobite the mailman you dogrdquo) The infinitive mood expresses the verb as if it

were a noun (ldquoto bite the mailmanrdquo) The participle is a verbal noun or adjective similar to the infinitive ( ldquobiting the

mailman is badrdquo)

There are seven different tenses in Greek most of which have corresponding meanings in English present (ldquothe

dog bites the mailmanrdquo) future (ldquothe dog will bite the mailmanrdquo) imperfect (ldquothe dog was biting the mailmanrdquo)

aorist (ldquothe dog bit the mailmanrdquo) perfect (ldquothe dog has bitten the mailmanrdquo) pluperfect (ldquothe dog had bitten the

mailmanrdquo) and future perfect (ldquothe dog would have bitten the mailmanrdquo)

Grammarians divide the Greek tenses into two categories The primary (or principle) tenses consist of the

present future perfect and future perfect and denote action that occurs from a perspective in the present or future

The secondary (past or historic) consist of the imperfect aorist and pluperfect and denote action occurring from

the perspective of the past

Each tense can be expressed in multiple moods and voices The aorist active indicative for example is ldquothe dog

bit the mailmanrdquo The aorist middle indicative is ldquothe dog himself bit the mailmanrdquo The aorist passive indicative is

ldquothe mailman was bitten by the dogrdquo The present active subjunctive is ldquothe dog may bite the mailmanrdquo The present

passive subjunctive is ldquothe mailman may be bitten by the dogrdquo

There are three persons in the Greek and these correspond to the three persons used in the English verbs first

person (ldquoI bit the mailmanrdquo) second person (ldquoyou bit the mailmanrdquo) and third person (ldquohe bit the mailmanrdquo) Each

person can also take on the dual form (ldquothe pair of them bit the mailmanrdquo third person dual) and the plural form

(ldquowe bit the mailmanrdquo first person plural)

As you can see there are many possible combinations in Greek and the majority of those possible

combinations has accompanying endings that can be applied All in all there are hundreds of possible endings that

can be applied to various Greek verbs and the student must eventually learn them all

Grammarians use the word ldquoaugmentrdquo in reference to a prefix that is applied to a verb In general Greek

augments consist of either the letter ε- appended to the beginning of the word (ιπσ ldquoI looserdquo ειπνλ ldquoI was

loosingrdquo) or a lengthening of an initial vowel (ἄγσ ldquoI leadrdquo ἦγνλ ldquoI was leadingrdquo) Augments typically indicate an

event occurring in the past tense

Reduplication consists of doubling the initial syllable of a word and are used in the formation of some tenses

and stems (ιπσ ldquoI looserdquo ιειπθα ldquoI have loosedrdquo)

52 Inflection of Verbs

As with other inflected forms verbs consist of the stem and the ending (or suffix) Frequently more than one

ending is applied to a verb stem in order to indicate relationships such as mood tense voice person and number

Greek verb forms fall into two categories finite (indicative subjunctive optative imperative) and infinite

(infinitive participle) The finite forms of the verb include personal endings (1st person 2

nd person etc) augment

(prefixes used to indicate historic time) and reduplication (doubling of the first syllable of the word) as well as

endings representing tense mood voice etc Collectively these prefixes suffixes and modifications are called the

characteristics of the verb

The infinite forms of the verb are used as nouns or adjectives The participle is a verbal adjective and is used as

other adjectives It corresponds roughly to English verbs ending in -ing such as ldquothe running horserdquo or ldquowalking is

healthyrdquo The infinitive is a verbal noun and corresponds roughly to verbs preceded by the preposition ldquotordquo in

English ldquoit is good to runrdquo ldquohe wanted to walkrdquo

53 Thematic and Athematic Forms

Greek verbs fall into two primary conjugations -σ (or thematic) verbs which end in -σ in the first person

singular (present active indicative) and -κη (or athematic) verbs which end in -κη in the first person singular

(present active indicative)

In thematic verbs the stem ends in either -ν or -ε (which are called the theme) and the various suffixes are

applied to after the thematic vowel For example ιύεηε consists of ιῡ- the thematic vowel -ε- and the personal

ending -ηε Combined they form the word ιύ-ε-ηε ye loose The thematic vowel is -o- when it occurs before κ λ or

when used in the optative mood otherwise the thematic vowel is -ε- In the subjunctive mood the thematic vowel is

lengthened to -ε- (for -ε-) or -σ- (for -o-)

In athematic verbs the theme is omitted and the suffixes are applied directly to the stem of the verb Many

verbs which are regularly thematic also have corresponding athematic forms Strictly speaking no Greek verb is

entirely thematic or athematic each verb has both thematic and athematic forms

In general verb forms that are thematic include all futures all presents and imperfects of -σ verbs all second

aorists having the thematic vowel (ending in -νλ in the first person singular) and all subjunctives The verb forms

that are athematic include the presents and imperfects of -κη verbs all passive aorists (except in the subjunctive) all

middle and passive perfects and pluperfects all second aorists whose tense stem does not end in the thematic vowel

a few verbs in the second perfect and pluperfect active all first aorists active and middle and most perfects and

pluperfects active

In athematic inflections the singular is usually built on a long vowel and the duals and plurals are usually built

on the corresponding short vowel

54 Conjugation of the Present Active Indicative of -ω Verbs

The verb ιύσ (ldquoI looserdquo) is typically used as an example of the conjugation of -σ verbs The following

paradigm covers the present tense indicative mood and active voice of ιύσ (Note that there is no first person dual)

Singular 1st Person ιύσ I loose

2nd

Person ιύεηο you loose

3rd

Person ιύεη he she it looses

Dual 2nd

Person ιύεηνλ you two (or the pair of you) loose

3rd

Person ιύεηνλ they two (or the pair of them) loose

Plural 1st Person ιύνκελ we loose

2nd

Person ιύεηε you (or ye) loose

3rd

Person ιύνπζη(λ) they loose

55 Vocabulary

ἀείδσ sing sing of hymn chant

ἀλ- (prefix ἀ- before consonants) not un- dis- -less without

ἁλδάλσ (to) please (used with the dative)

ἀηῑκάδσ dishonor slight insult

βαίλσ come go walk

εἰο ἐο (adv and prep + acc) into until therein

ἔρσ have hold keep

θαίσ burn consume

ιύσ loose free break up destroy

ὀιέθσ kill destroy ruin

πέκπσ send escort conduct

ηειείσ accomplish fulfill complete

ηεύρσ make do fashion perform cause prepare

θέξσ bear carry bring

56 Derivatives

ἀείδσ (aed-) = ode odium melody palinode

ἀλ- (a- an-) = atheist anarchy

θαίσ (cae-) = caustic cauterize holocaust

ιύσ (ly-) = analysis

πέκπσ (pemp-) = pomp

ηειείσ (tele-) = teleology

θέξσ (pher-) = periphery phosphorus

57 Translation

1 ἀείδνκελ βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεάσλ (ᾱ) πνιιάσλ (ᾱ) 2 θιαγγὴ δεηλὴ θαθῆο ζαιάζζεο νὐρ ἁλδάλεη ςῡρῇ ζεᾶο 3 ηίο

ἀηῑκάδεη θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) ζεάο (ᾱ) 4 νὐρ ἀηῑκάδνκελ πάηξελ θίιε γάξ ἐζηηλ 5 βαίλνπζηλ ἐθ Κίιιεο εἰο Υξύζελ (ῡ) 6

θαίνπζη ππξὰο (ᾱ) πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἐλ Υξύζῃ (ῡ) ἐπὶ ζαιάζζῃ 7 ἔρνκελ πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) βνπιάο (ᾱ) 8 θαίεηε

ππξὰο (ᾱ) ἐλ πάηξῃ 9 ιύεηνλ ιύεηο ιύνκελ ιύνπζηλ ιύεηε 10 ὀιέθνκελ ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θαθὰο (ᾱ) ἐλ

πάηξῃ θίιῃ 11 ηίο πέκπεη ζεὰο (ᾱ) ἐο Υξύζελ (ῡ) 12 ηειείεηε βνπιὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) πάηξῃ θίιῃ 13 ηειείνκελ

βνπιὴλ θίιεο ζεᾶο 14 ηεύρνκελ ππξήλ 15 ηί θέξεηε ηί θέξνπζηλ

(2) ἁλδάλεη ςῡρῇhellip The object of the verb ἁλδάλσ takes the dative case In general the English can be

translated with the addition of the word ldquotordquo thus νὐθ ἁλδάλεη ςῡρῇ is ldquois not pleasing to the soulrdquo or ldquodoes

not please the soulrdquo

(5) The word εἰο can either be translated ldquotordquo or ldquointordquo

(6) ἐπὶ ζαιάζζῃ is a title for Chrysa thus Υξύζε (ῡ) ἐπὶ ζαιάζζῃ is ldquoChrysa upon the seardquo or ldquoChrysa by

the seardquo

(8) The word πάηξε refers to the person addressed and so is more appropriately translated ldquonative landrdquo

(the more familiar ldquofatherlandrdquo would typically apply only to the person speaking) Note that the possessive

is implied by using the 2nd

person of the verb thus ldquohellipin (your) native landrdquo

(9) ιύεηνλ can be either 2nd

or 3rd

person

(10) As with many Homeric words the best translation depends on the context Here the word ὀιέθσ

occurs in a military context (the Iliad) and so probably refers to killing enemies θαθή probably refers to

cowardice But the passage could be rendered in many ways such as ldquoWe ruin many wicked soulshelliprdquo or

ldquoWe kill many cowardly soulshelliprdquo etc

(11) Note the alternate form of εἰο As with many common prepositions Homer offers different forms to fit

the rhythmic structure of the poem εἰο is a single long syllable while ἐο can be either long or short

depending on the following word In like manner ἐλ is either long or short ἐλί is two short syllables and

εἰλ is a single long syllable

(12) The dative without a preposition is here translated with ldquoforhelliprdquo I also rendered βνπιαί θαιαί as

ldquonoble thingsrdquo in this context although it could also be translated ldquogood plansrdquo ldquobrave plansrdquo etc

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 We sing the plans of many goddesses 2 The terrible roar of the evil sea was not pleasing to the soul of the

goddess 3 Who dishonors the noble goddesses 4 We do not dishonor (our) fatherland for it is dear 5 They go

from Cilla to Chrysa 6 Do they burn many funeral pyres in Chrysa by the sea 7 We have many fair plans 8 Do

you burn pyres in (your) native land 9 You two loose you loose we loose they loose you loose 10 We destroy

many wicked souls in (our) dear fatherland 11 Who escorts the goddess into Chrysa 12 You accomplish noble

things for (our) dear fatherland 13 We fulfill the will of the beloved goddess

58 Composition Exercises

1 Who is singing the evil plans of the fair goddess 2 The roar of the sea is pleasing to the soul of the goddess

in Cilla 3 We do not dishonor the goddesses of (our) dear fatherland 4 Are you going from Chrysa to Cilla by the

sea 5 The two goddesses come from the sea into Cilla 6 They are burning two funeral pyres in (their) fatherland

7 They have many fair plans 8 We loose you loose they (two) loose he is loosing 9 The goddess destroys many

wicked souls 10 We escort the goddess into (our) dear fatherland 11 They accomplish the will of (their)

fatherland 12 He is making a funeral pyre 13 What does he bring

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 ηίο ἀείδεη θαθὰο (ᾱ) βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεᾶο θᾱιῆο 2 θιαγγὴ ζαιάζζεο ἁλδάλεη ςῡρῇ ζεᾶο ἐλ Κίιιῃ 3 νὐθ

ἀηῑκάδνκελ ζεὰλ (ᾱ) θίιεο πάηξεο 4 βαίλεηο ἐθ Υξύζεο (ῡ) εἰο Κίιιελ ἐπὶ ζαιάζζῃ 5 ζεὰ (ᾱ) βαίλνπζηλ ἐθ

ζαιάζζεο εἰο Κίιιελ 6 θαίνπζη πύξᾱ ἐλ πάηξῃ 7 ἔρνπζη πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) βνπιάο (ᾱ) 8 ιύνκελ ιύεηο

ιύεηνλ ιύεη 9 ζεὰ (ᾱ) ὀιέθεη πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θαθὰο (ᾱ) ςῡράο (ᾱ) 10 θέξνκελ ζεὰλ (ᾱ) εἰο θίιελ πάηξελ 11

ηειείνπζη βνπιὴλ πάηξεο 12 ηεύρεη πύξελ 13 ηί θέξεη

Lesson 6

(678-679 717-721 1025 cf 575 996 1009)

61 Second Declension Masculines

Second declension nouns have stems ending in -o Masculine nouns of the second declension are inflected like

ζῡκόο (spirit life soul) and πνιεκόο (war) Second declension adjectives are inflected like θαθόο (evil)

Sigular Dual Plural

N ζῡκόο ζῡκώ ζῡκνί

G ζῡκνῦ νῖν [όν] ζῡκνῖηλ ζῡκῶλ

D ζῡκῷ ζῡκνῖηλ ζῡκνῖζη νῖο

A ζῡκόλ ζῡκώ ζῡκνύο

V ζῡκέ ζῡκώ ζῡκνί

Sigular Dual Plural

N θαθὸο πόιεκνο θαθὼ πνιέκσ θαθνὶ πόιεκνη

G θαθνῦ νῖν [όν] πνιέκνπ νην [νν] θαθνῖηλ πνιέκνηηλ θαθῶλ πνιέκσλ

D θαθῷ πνιέκῳ θαθνῖλ πνιέκνηηλ θαθνῖο πνιέκνηο

A θαθὸλ πόιεκνλ θαθὼ πνιέκσ θαθνὺο πνιέκνπο

V θαθὲ πόιεκε θαθὼ πνιέκσ θαθνὶ πνιεκνί

62 Second Declension Neuters

Second declension neuters end in -νλ in the nominative vocative and accusative singlular and -ᾰ in the

nominative vocative and accusative plural They are identical to second declension masculines in the genitive and

dative as well as all cases of the dual Second declension neuters nouns are declined like ἔξγνλ (deed) and second

declension neuter adjectives are declined like θᾱιόλ (noble)

Sigular Dual Plural

N θᾱιὸλ ἔξγνλ θᾱιὼ ἔξγσ θᾱιὰ ἔξγα

G θᾱινῦ νῖν [όν] ἔξγνπ νην [νν] θᾱινῖηλ ἔξγνηηλ θᾱιῶλ ἔξγσλ

D θᾱιῷ ἔξγῳ θᾱινῖηλ ἔξγνηηλ θᾱινῖο ἔξγνηο

A θᾱιὸλ ἔξγνλ θᾱιὼ ἔξγσ θᾱινὺο ἔξγνπο

V θᾱιὸλ ἔξγνλ θᾱιὼ ἔξγσ θᾱιὰ ἔξγα

63 Second Declension Feminines

A few second declension nouns are feminine These are declined exactly the same as the masculine form the

only difference being that all adjectives and modifiers take their respective feminine forms Thus θαθὸο ζῡκόο = the

evil spirit and θαθὸλ ἔξγνλ = the evil deed but θαθὴ λνῦζνο = the evil plague

Sigular Dual Plural

N θαθὴ λνῦζνο θαθὰ (ᾱ) λνύζσ θαθαὶ λνῦζνη

G θαθῆο λνύζνπ νην [νν] θαθῇηλ λνύζνηηλ θαθάσλ [έσλ ῶλ] λνύζσλ

D θαθῇ λνύζῳ θαθῇηλ λνύζνηηλ θαθῇζη ῇο λνύζνηζη νηο

A θαθὴλ λνῦζνλ θαθὰ (ᾱ) λνύζσ θαθὰο (ᾱ) λνύζνπο

V θαθὴ λνῦζε θαθὰ (ᾱ) λνύζσ θαθαὶ λνῦζνη

64 Adjectives

Adjectives always agree in case number and gender with the nouns they modify

Adjectives fall into three declensions just like nouns However adjectives frequently have masculine feminine

and neuter forms whereas nouns typically fall into a single gender The adjective θαθόο for example has three

forms θαθόο (masculine) θαθή (femine) and θαθόλ (neuter) Adjectives are usually listed in dictionary entries in

the nominative masculine singular followed by the femine and neuter singular endings θαθόο ή όλ

Adjectives are usually grouped into one of four categories 1) First and Second Declension Adjectives whose

forms usually represent the first declension when feminine and the second declension when masculine or neuter 2)

Second Declension Adjectives which usually have a single second declension form that serves as both masculine

and feminine as well as a second declension neuter form 3) First and Third Declension Adjectives whose

masculine and neuter forms are of the third declension but whose feminine form falls under the first declension and

4) Third Declension Adjectives which have a single third declension form for both masculine and feminine and a

third declension neuter form

First and Second Declension Adjectives have the nominative singular endings -νο (masculine) -ε (feminine)

and -νλ (neuter) Of these θᾱιόο (beautiful noble) and θίινο (dear lovely beloved) are good examples

Singular

Masc Fem Neut

N θᾱιόο θᾱιή θᾱιόλ θᾱιή θᾱιόλ

G θᾱινῦ νῖν [όν] θᾱιῆο θᾱινῦ νῖν [όν]

D θᾱιῷ θᾱιῇ θᾱιῷ

A θᾱιόλ θᾱιήλ θᾱιόλ

V θᾱιέ θᾱιή θᾱιόλ

Dual

N A V θᾱιώ θᾱιά (ᾱ) θᾱιώ

G D θᾱινῖηλ θᾱιῇηλ θᾱινῖηλ

Plural

N θᾱινί θᾱιαί θᾱιά

G θᾱιῶλ θᾱιάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] θᾱιῶλ

D θᾱινῖζη νῖο θᾱιῇζη ῇο θᾱινῖζη νῖο

A θᾱινύο θᾱιάο (ᾱ) θᾱιά

Singular

Masc Fem Neut

N θίινο θίιε θίινλ

G θίινπ νην [νν] θίιεο θίινπ νην [νν]

D θίιῳ θίιῃ θίιῳ

A θίινλ θίιελ θίινλ

V

Dual

N A V θίισ θίιᾱ θίισ

G D θίινηηλ θίιῃηλ θίινηηλ

Plural

N θίινη θίιαη θίια

G θίισλ θηιάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] θίισλ

D θίινηζη νηο θίιῃζη ῃο θίινηζη νηο

A θίινπο θίιᾱο θίια

V θίινη θίιαη θίια

65 Vocabulary

ἀγιαόο ή όλ bright shining splendid glorious

ἀλά ἄλ (adv prep + gen dat acc) upon on thereon along up through

ἀπεξείζηνο ε νλ boundless countless immeasureable

ἄπνηλα σλ ηά ransom

Ἀραηόο νῦ ὁ Achaean

δεηλόο ή όλ terrible awful dreadful dread fearful

ἑιώξηνλ νπ ηό booty spoils prey

ζεόο νῦ ὁ god divinity

ζῡκόο νῦ ὁ heart soul spirit courage passion

θαθόο ή όλ bad poor ugly mean cowardly evil wicked

θᾱιόο ή όλ good goodly noble handsome brave fair beautiful

ιᾱόο νῦ ὁ people host soldiery

κῡξίνη αη α countless innumerable

λνῦζνο νπ ἡ plague disease pest pestilence

νἰσλόο νῦ ὁ bird (of prey) vulture omen

πνιιόο ή όλ much many numerous

ζηξαηόο νῦ ὁ army encampment host

θίινο ε νλ dear darling lovely beloved

66 Derivatives

ἀλά (ana-) = anatomy

ἄπνηλα (apen-) = pentalty

ζεόο (theo-) = theology theocracy atheism polytheism monotheism henotheism pantheism

ιᾱόο (lao-) = laity layman

ζηξαηόο (strato-) = strategy strategic strategical

67 Translation Exercises

1 ἀγιαὰ ἄπνηλα θέξνπζηλ Ἀραηνὶ εἰο ζηξαηόλ 2 θέξνκελ ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 3 ζεὸο ηεύρεη

πνιινὺο Ἀραηνὺο ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζηλ 4 ἦζαλ Ἀραηνὶ θαθνί 5 νὐθ ἦζαλ θαθνί θᾱινὶ δέ λνῦζνο θαθὴ ὀιέθεη ιᾱὸλ

θᾱιόλ 6 Ἀραηνὶ πέκπνπζηλ ἄπνηλα κῡξίrsquo εἰο πάηξελ 7 ζεὸο βαίλεη ἐο ζηξαηόλ ὀιέθεη δὲ ιᾱὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 8 ηίο

ἀηῑκάδεη ζενὺο θᾱινύο 9 θαθνὶ ιᾱνὶ ἀηῑκάδνπζη ζενὺο πάηξεο 10 ζεὸο πέκπεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ

Ἀραηῶλ νὐ γὰξ ηειείνπζη βνπιὴλ ζεῶλ πάηξεο 11 βαίλεη ἐπὶ ζάιαζζαλ δεηλὴλ θαὶ ηεύρεη ππξὰο (ᾱ) πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἀλὰ

ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 12 ἔρνπζηλ ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα Ἀραηῶλ ἐλὶ ζηξαηῷ 13 βνπιὴ ζηξαηνῦ νὐρ ἁλδάλεη ζῡκῷ ζενῦ 14

ιᾱὸο Κίιιεο θίινο ἦλ ςῡρῇ ζεᾶο ζαιάζζεο 15 νὐθ ἀείδνκελ θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεῶλ ζηξαηῷ νὐ γὰξ ἁλδάλεη

Ἀραηνῖζη ζῡκῷ

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 The Achaeans bring countless splendid ransmoms into the camp 2 We carry boundless ransoms up through

the camp of the Achaeans 3 The god makes many Achaens spoils for the birds 4 Were the Achaeans evil 5 They

were not evil but good An evil pestilence destroyed the good host 6 The Achaeans send countless ransoms into

(their) fatherland 7 The god walks into the camp and destroys the host of the Achaeans 8 Who dishonors the noble

gods 9 The evil host dishonors the gods of (our) fatherlans 10 The god sends an evil plague up through the camp

of the Achaeans for they do not fulfill the will of the gods of (their) native country 11 He walks along the sea and

builds many funeral pyres throughout the camp of the Achaeans 12 They have boundless ransoms of the Achaeans

in the camp 13 The armyrsquos plan is not pleasing to the heart of the god 14 The host of Cilla was dear to the soul of

the goddess of the sea 15 We do not sing the brave plan of the goods of the camp for (that) is not pleasing to the

heart of the Achaeans

68 Composition Exercises

1 The terrible roar of the sea is pleasing to the goddess in (her) soul 2 We bring many splendid ransoms to the

army of the Achaeans 3 The god does not destroy the host of the Achaeans for they do not dishonor the gods of

(their) fatherland 4 The evil plague makes countless Achaeans a booty (use plural) for many birds 5 The people of

the Achaeans send countless shining ransoms to the goddess of the sea in Cilla 6 The Achaeans go to the sea and

sing but the noise is not pleasing to the goddess in (her) soul 7 The plague destroys the people for they dishonor

the god of Chrysa

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 θιαγγὴ δεηλὴ ἁλδάλεη ζεᾷ ςῡρῇ 2 θέξνκελ ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀγιαὰ ἐο ζηξαηῷ Ἀραηῶλ 3 ζεὸο νὐθ ὀιέθεη

ιᾱὸλ Ἀραηῶλ νὐ γὰξ ἀηῑκάδνπζη ζενὺο πάηξεο 4 θαθὴ λνῦζνο ηεύρεη κῡξίνπο Ἀραηνὺο ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζη πνιινῖζηλ

5 ιᾱὸο Ἀραηῶλ πέκπνπζη κῡξίrsquo ἄπνηλα ἀγιαὰ ζεᾷ ζαιάζζεο ἐλὶ Κίιιᾳ 6 Ἀραηνὶ βαίλνπζηλ εἰο ζάιαζζαλ θαὶ

ἀείδνπζηλ θιαγγὴ δὲ νὐρ ἁλδάλεη ζεᾷ ςῡρῇ 7 λνῦζνο ὀιέθεη ιᾱόλ ἀηῑκάδνπζη γὰξ ζεὸλ Υξύζεο (ῡ)

Lesson 7

Review

71 Review Vocabulary

ἀγιαόο ή όλ splendid ζῡκόο νῦ ὁ heart

ἀείδσ sing θαί and

ἀλ- ἀ- un- θαίσ burn

ἁλδάλσ is pleasing to θαθόο ή όλ evil

ἀπεξείζηνο ε νλ immeasurable θᾱιόο ή όλ good

ἄπνηλα σλ ηά ransom Κίιια εο ἡ Cilla

ἀηῑκάδσ dishonor θιαγγή ῆο ἡ roar

Ἀραηόο νῦ ὁ Achaean ιᾱόο νῦ ὁ host

βαίλσ go walk ιύσ loose

βνπιή ῆο ἡ plan κῡξίνη αη α countless

γάξ for λνῦζνο νπ ἡ plague

δέ but νἰσλόο νῦ ὁ bird

δεηλόο ή όλ terrible ὀιέθσ kill

εἰο (ἐο) into νὐ (νὐρ) not

εἰζί they are πάηξε εο ἡ fatherland

ἐθ (ἐμ) out of πέκπσ send

ἑιώξηνλ νπ ηό spoil πνιιόο ή όλ many

ἐλ(ί) εἰλ in ππξή ῆο ἡ funeral pyre

ἐπί upon ζηξαηόο νῦ ὁ army

ἐζηί it is ηειείσ accomplish

ἔρσ have ηεύρσ make

ἦλ it was ηίο ηί who what

ἦζαλ they were θέξσ carry

ζάιαζζα εο ἡ sea θίινο ε νλ beloved

ζεά (ᾱ) ᾶο ἡ goddess Υξύζε (ῡ) εο ἡ Chrysa

ςῡρή ῆο ἡ soul

72 Translation Exercises

1 ἀδείδνκελ ζεὰλ (ᾱ) ζαιάζζεο δεηλῆο θιαγγῇ πνιιῇ 2 νὐθ ἀηῑκάδνπζη ζενὺο 3 βνπιαὶ Ἀραηῶλ νὐρ

ἁλδάλνπζη ζεᾳ θᾱιῇ ζῡκῷ 4 βαίλεη ἐθ ζηξαηνῦ Ἀραηῶλ εἰο Κίιιαλ θαὶ θέξεη ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα ζεῷ 5 λνῦζνο θαθὴ

βαίλεη ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ θαὶ ηεύρεη πνιινὺο Ἀραηνὺο ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζηλ 6 θαὶ ζενὶ θαὶ ζεαὶ ὀιέθνπζη ιᾱὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 7 ηίο

Ἀραηῶλ ἔρεη ζῡκὸλ θαθόλ 8 ἦζαλ πνιιαὶ ζεαὶ ἐλὶ ζαιάζζῃ 9 θαίεη ππξὰο (ᾱ) ἐπὶ ζαιάζζῃ 10 ιύεηε ζηξαηὸλ

Ἀραηῶλ 11 πάηξε ἐζηὶ θίιε ςῡρῇ κῡξίσλ Ἀραηῶλ 12 ηίο πέκπεη ζηξαηὸλ ἐθ Κίιιεο εἰο Υξύζελ (ῡ) 13 βνπιὴ

θαθὴ ἐζηηλ ἁλδάλεη δὲ ζεᾷ ζῡκῷ 14 ηί ἀείδεηε

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 With a great noise we hymn the goodess of the terrible sea 2 We do not dishonor the gods 3 The will of the

Achaeans does not please the heart of the beautiful goddess 4 He goes from the Achaean camp to Cilla and delivers

countless ransoms to the god 5 An evil plague goes up through the camp and makes many Achaeans spoils for the

vultures 6 Both gods and goddesses destroy the host of the Achaeans 7 Who of the Achaeans has an evil heart 8

Were there many goddesses in the sea 9 He burns funeral pyres by the sea 10 You destroy the camp of the

Achaeans 11 The fatherland is dear to the soul of countless Achaeans 12 Who dispatches the army from Cilla to

Chrysa 13 It is an evil plan but it pleases the heart of the goddess 14 What do you sing

73 Composition Exercises

1 The Achaeans sing the beautiful goddess of the terrible sea 2 We do not dishonor the gods for they are dear

to (our) souls 3 The plans of the army are pleasing to the goddess in (her) noble soul 4 Many Achaeans are going

from the encampment and are bringing countless glorious ransoms to the gods 5 The evil plague destroys the

people and makes the army a booty for countless birds 6 We do not sing for it is not pleasing to the soul of the

goddess

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 Ἀραηνὶ ἀείδνπζη ζεὰλ (ᾱ) θᾱιὴλ δεηλῆο ζαιάζζεο 2 νὐθ ἀηῑκάδνκελ ζενὺο θίινη δὲ ζῡκνῖζηλ 3 βνπιαὶ

ζηξαηῷ ἁλδάλνπζη ζεᾷ ζῡκῷ 4 Ἀραηνὶ πνιινὶ βαίλνπζηλ ἐθ ζηξαηνῦ θαὶ θέξνπζηλ ἄπνηλα ἀπεξείζηα θαὶ ἀγιαὰ

ζενῖζηλ 5 θαθὴ λνῦζνο ὀιέθεη ιᾱὸλ θαὶ ηεύρεη ζηξαηὸλ ἄπνηλα νἰσλνῖζηλ ἀπεξείζηνῐζηλ 6 νὐθ ἀείδνκελ νὐθ γὰξ

ἁλδάλεη ςῡρῇ ζεᾶο

Lesson 8

(765-766 773-774)

81 The Second Declension (Continued)

Several words are declined like θᾱιόο ή όλ except that the nominative vocative and accusative singular of

the neuter ends in -o instead of -νλ Some of these words include ὅο ἥ ὅ (which) ὁ ἡ ηό (that) (ἐ)θεῖλνο ε ν

(that) αὐηόο ή ό (he she it) and ἄιινο ε ν (another)

The words ὅδε and νὗηνο are not introduced in this lesson but they are dleclined similarly and so are included

in the paradigms as reference

ὁ ἡ ηό (that hesheit whowhichwhat)

Masc Fem Neut

N ὁ ἡ ηό

G ηνῦ ηνῖν ηῆο ηνῦ ηνῖν

D ηῷ ηῇ ηῷ

A ηόλ ηήλ ηό

N A ηώ (ηώ) ηώ

G D ηνῖηλ (ηνῖηλ) ηνῖηλ

N νἱ αἱ ηά

G ηῶλ ηάσλ (ᾱ) [ηῶλ] ηῶλ

D ηνῖζη ηνῖο ηῇζη ηῇο ηνῖζη ηνῖο

A ηνύο ηάο (ᾱ) ηά

αὐηόο ή ό (hesheit self same)

Masc Fem Neut

N αὐηόο αὐηή αὐηό

G αὐηνῦ νῖν αὐηῆο αὐηνῦ νῖν

D αὐηῷ αὐηῇ αὐηῷ

A αὐηόλ αὐηήλ αὐηό

N A αὐηώ (αὐηώ) αὐηώ

G D αὐηνῖηλ (αὐηνῖηλ) αὐηνῖηλ

N αὐηνί αὐηαί αὐηά

G αὐηῶλ αὐηάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] αὐηῶλ

D αὐηνῖζη νῖο αὐηῇζη ῇο αὐηνῖζη νῖο

A αὐηνύο αὐηάο (ᾱ) αὐηά

ὅο ἥ ὅ (whowhichwhat)

Masc Fem Neut

N ὅο ἥ ὅ

G νὖ [ὅνπ ὅν] ἥο νὗ [ὅνπ ὅν]

D ᾧ ᾗ ᾧ

A ὅλ ἥλ ὅ

N A ὥ (ὥ) ὥ

G D νἷηλ (νἷηλ) νἶηλ

N νἵ αἵ ἅ

G ὧλ ὧλ ὧλ

D νἷζη νἷο ᾗζη ᾗο νἷζη νἷο

A νὕο ἅο (ᾱ) ἅ

(ἐ)θεῖλνο ε ν (that)

Masc Fem Neut

N (ἐ)θεῖλνο (ἐ)θείλε (ἐ)θεῖλν

G (ἐ)θείλνπ νην (ἐ)θείλεο (ἐ)θείλνπ νην

D (ἐ)θείλῳ (ἐ)θείλῃ (ἐ)θείλῳ

A (ἐ)θεῖλνλ (ἐ)θείλελ (ἐ)θεῖλν

N A (ἐ)θείλσ ((ἐ)θείλσ) (ἐ)θείλσ

G D (ἐ)θείλνηηλ ((ἐ)θείλνηηλ) (ἐ)θείλνηηλ

N (ἐ)θεῖλνη (ἐ)θεῖλαη (ἐ)θεῖλα

G (ἐ)θείλσλ (ἐ)θεηλάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] (ἐ)θείλσλ

D (ἐ)θείλνηζη νηο (ἐ)θείλῃζη ῃο (ἐ)θείλνηζη νηο

A (ἐ)θείλνπο (ἐ)θείλᾱο (ἐ)θεῖλα

ὅδε ἥδε ηόδε (this)

Masc Fem Neut

N ὅδε ἥδε ηόδε

G ηνύδε ηνῖνδε ηῆζδε ηνύδε ηνῖνδε

D ηῷδε ηῇδε ηῷδε

A ηόλδε ηήλδε ηόδε

N A ηώδε (ηώδε) ηώδε

G D ηνῖηλδε (ηνῖηλδε) ηνῖηλδε

N νἵδε (ηνίδε) αἵδε (ηαίδε) ηάδε

G ηῶλδε ηάσλδε (ᾱ) [ηῶλδε] ηῶλδε

D ηνῖζηδε ηνῖζδε ηῇζηδε ηῇζδε ηνῖζηδε ηνῖζδε

ηνίζδεζη ηνίζδεζη

ηνίζδεζζη ηνίζδεζζη

A ηνύζδε ηάζδε (ᾱ) ηάδε

νὗηνο αὕηε ηνῦην (this)

Masc Fem Neut

N νὗηνο αὕηε ηνῦην

G ηνύηνπ νην ηαύηεο ηνύηνπ νην

D ηνύηῳ ηαύηῃ ηνύηῳ

A ηνῦηνλ ηαύηελ ηνῦην

N A ηνύησ (ηνύησ) ηνύησ

G D ηνύηνηηλ (ηνύηνηηλ) ηνύηνηηλ

N νὗηνη αὗηαη ηαῦηα

G ηνύησλ ηαῡηάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] ηνύησλ

D ηνύηνηζη νηο ηαύηῃζη ῃο ηνύηνηζη νηο

A ηνύηνπο ηαύηᾱο ηαῦηα

82 Vocabulary

ἀιιά but moreover

ἄιινο ε νλ other another

αὐηόο ή ό self him himself her herself it itself same

δῖνο α νλ (declined like ζάιαζζα) divine heavenly glorious

(ἐ)θεῖλνο ε ν that (one) he she it

ἑθεβόινο νπ ὁ free-shooter sharpshooter (originally shoots-at-will a title for Apollo)

θαθῶο evilly wickedly harshly with evil consequences

ὁ ἡ ηό this that he she it who which what

νὕλεθα (νὗ-ἔλεθα) because

ζθῆπηξνλ νπ ηό scepter staff

ηέ and also both

ρξύζενο (ῡ) ε νλ gold golden of gold

83 Derivatives

ἄιινο (allo-) = allopathy

αὐηόο (auto-) = automaton autocracy autograph autonomy

ρξύζενο (ῡ) (chryse-) = chrysanthemum chrysalis chrysolite

84 Translation Excersis

1 δῖνο ἑθεβόινο αὐηὸο ἀείδεη ἀιιrsquo νὐρ ἁλδάλεη ἄιινηζη ζενῖζη ζῡκῷ 2 θεῖλνη Ἀραηνὶ ἀηῑκάδνπζη ηνὺο ζενύο

3 ὁ ἑθεβόινο πέκπεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ θαθῶο ὀιέθεη θεῖλνλ ιᾱόλ νὕλεθα ηὸλ ἀηῑκάδνπζηλ 4

νὐθ ἀηῑκάδνκελ ηνὺο ζενύο νἳ ἔρνπζη ζθῆπηξα ρξύζεα (ῡ) 5 ὁ ἑθεβόινο ηε θαὶ νἱ ἄιινη ζενὶ θέξνπζη ρξύζεα (ῡ)

ζθῆπηξα θᾱιά 6 ηίο ηεύρεη ηὰ ζθῆπηξα ρξύζεα (ῡ) ηνῖζη ζενῖο ζαιάζζεο 7 ἀείδεη ἑθεβόινο αὐηὸο βνπιὰο (ᾱ)

ἄιισλ ζεῶλ ηνῖζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ 8 εἰζὶλ νἱ Ἀραηνὶ θᾱινί νἱ ὀιέθνπζη ηὸλ ζηξαηὸλ θαίνπζί ηε ηὰο (ᾱ) ππξάο (ᾱ) 9 ἡ

ζεὰ (ᾱ) ηῆο δεηλῆο ζαιάζζεο ἔρεη ηὸ ζθῆηξνλ ρξύζενλ (ῡ) 10 ἐλὶ ηῇ πάηξε εἰζὶλ αἱ ππξαί 11 ηίο ηεύρεη ηὸλ

ζηξαηὸλ ἑιώξηα ηνῖζηλ νἰσλνῖζηλ

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 The divine free-shooter himself sings but it does not please the hearts of the other gods 2 Those Achaeans

dishonor these gods 3 This free-shooter sends an evil plague up through the camp of the Achaeans and wickedly

destroys that host because they dishonor him 4 We do not dishonor these gods who hold the golden scepters 5

Both this free-shooter and these other gods carry beautiful golden scepters 6 Who fashions the golden scepters for

these gods of the sea 7 Does the free-shooter himself sing the plans of the other gods to these Achaeans 8 Are

these Achaeans noble who destroy (our) camp and burn funeral pyres 9 This goddess of the terrible sea holds a

golden scepter 10 The funeral pyrers are in (our) fatherland 11 Who makes (our) camp a spoil for these vultures

85 Composition Exercises

1 ἑθεβόινο αὐηὸο ἀείδεη ηὰο (ᾱ) βνπιὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) ζεῶλ 2 ηί νὐρ ἁλδάλεη ηνῖο ἄιινηζη ζενῖζηλ νἳ ἐλὶ

ζαιάζζῃ 3 ἐθεῖλνο Ἀραηὸο ἀηῑκάδεη ηνὺο ζενὺο πάηξεο νἱ ἔρνπζη ηὰ ζθῆπηξα ρξύζεα (ῡ) 4 ὁ ἑθεβόινο πέκπεη

λνύζνπο πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θαθὰο (ᾱ) ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ ὀιέθεη κῡξίνπο ιᾱνύο νὕλεθα ηὸλ ἀηῑκάδνπζηλ 5 ηίο

θαίεη ηὰο (ᾱ) ππξὰο (ᾱ) Ἀραηῶλ ἐπὶ δεηλῇ ζαιάζζῃ 6 ὁ ἑθεβόινο ηεύρεη κῡξίνπο Ἀραίνπο ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζηλ νὕλεθα

ηὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) ζεὰο (ᾱ) ζαιάζζεο ἀηῑκάδνπζηλ

Lesson 9

(830-840 904)

91 The Verbal Augment

Greek verbs frequently add a prefix to a verb (in the secondary tenses of the idicative) to indicate action

occurring in the past This prefix is called an augment Verbal augments take one of two forms the syllabic

augment which consists of adding an extra syllable to the beginning of a word and the temporal augment which

consists of lengthening the first syllable of a word While the augment is consistently applied in later dialects of

Greek it was still optional in Homeric and is often omitted (the tense being determined solely from the suffixes)

The syllabic augment is applied to verbs that begin with a consonant (or rare verbs that originally began with a

consonant) and consists of the prefix ε- Thus ιύνκελ = we loose (present tense) but ἐιύνκελ = we were loosing

(past tense) Some Greek words originally began with a ϝ or an ζ that later disappeared (usually replace with the

rough breathing) In those cases the augment is sometimes syllabic reflecting the earlier practice The word ἁλδάλσ

for example was originally ζϝαλδάλσ (swandano) The original augmented form of the imperfect was ἐζϝάλδαλνλ

(eswandano) When the ζϝ- was dropped the syllabic augment was retained ἑάλδαλνλ (heandano)

When a verb has lost an initial ζ the syllabic augment frequently contracts with the initial vowel For example

the word ἔρσ was originally ζέρσ The original augmented imperfect was ἔζερνλ When the initial ζ disappeared

the result was ἔερνλ which contracted to εἶρνλ (because εε usually contracts to εη) This pattern is also sometimes

present in verbs that originally began with ϝ such as ϝίδνλ =gt ἐϝηδνλ = ἔηδνλ = εἶδνλ

The temporal augment consists of lengthening an initial vowel and occurs in most Greek verbs that begin with

an initial vowel In general initial α or ε becomes ε initial η ν or π becomes ῑ initial αη and ᾳ become ῃ and initial

νη becomes ῳ Thus ἄγνκελ (we lead) becomes ἤγνκελ (we were leading) If the verb already begins with a long

vowel (ε ῃ ῑ ῡ σ ῳ) there is usually no change

Verbs that begin with ξ usually double the ξ when adding the syllabic augment This feature also sometimes

occurs in verbs beginning with ι κ λ or ζ

Compound verbs are usually formed from a combination of preposition + verb such as ἀπό (away from) + ιύσ

(loosen) = ἀπνιύσ (set free turn loose) In compound verbs a temporal augment is inserted between the preposition

and the verb If the preposition ends in a vowel the vowel is usually elided Thus ἀπνιύνκελ (we set free) becomes

ἀπειύνκελ (elided from ἀπνειύνκελ we were setting free)

92 The Imperfect Tense

The imperfect denotes continuous action in past time and typically corresponds to the past participle in English

Thus ἔιπνλ (imperfect) = I was loosing Occasionally the Greek imperfect is best translated by the simple past tense

in English The imperfect tense is formed by adding the secondary tense endings (which will be described in a later

lesson) to the augmented stem of the verb

In the paradigm below the unaugmented form is shown in brackets

Imperfect Tense

S 1st Pers ἔιπνλ [ιύνλ] I was loosing

2nd

Pers ἔιπεο [ιύεο] you were loosing

3rd

Pers ἔιπε(λ) [ιύε(λ)] he she it was loosing

D 2nd

Pers ἐιύεηνλ [ιύεηνλ] you (two) were loosing the pair of you were loosing

3rd

Pers ἐιπέηελ [ιπέηελ] they (two) were loosing the pair of them were loosing

P 1st Pers ἐιύνκελ [ιύνκελ] we were loosing

2nd

Pers ἐιύεηε [ιύεηε] you (ye) were loosing

3rd

Pers ἐιύνλ [ιύνλ] they were loosing

93 Vocabulary

ἄιιῃ elsewhere

Ἀξγεῖνο νπ ὁ Argive

-δε (suffix + acc) to

δηά (adv) between among (+gen) through (+acc) through by means

of on account of during

δηίθηινο (ῑ) ε νλ dear to Zeus

εἴξσ speak say tell

ἐκόο ή όλ my mine

ἔξγνλ νπ ηό (ϝέξγνλ) work deed accomplishment

-ζελ (suffix gen ending) from

Κιπηαηκήζηξε εο ἡ Clytaemnestra

(also Κιπηαηκλήζηξε)

καληνζύλε εο ἡ gift of prophesy

νἶθνο νπ ὁ house home

ιύκπηνο ε νλ Olympian

Ὄιπκπνο νπ ὁ Olympus

Πξίακνο νπ ὁ Priam

ζόο ζή ζόλ your yours

εἶρνλ (imperfect of ἔρσ) I was having I had

94 Derivatives

95 Translation Exercises

1 ὁ ἑθεβόινο δηὰ καληνζύλελ εἴξεη βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ηῶλ ζεῶλ Ἀξγείνηζηλ 2 νἱ ιύκπηνη ζενὶ εἶρνλ νἴθνπο ἐλ

ιύκπῳ 3 ὁ ἑθεβόινο δηίθηινο (ῑ) ἔηεπρε ηνὺο Ἀξγείνπο Ἀραηνύο ηε ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζηλ 4 Ἀραηνὶ Ἀξγεῖνί ηrsquo

ἔηεπρνλ ἔξγα θαθὰ δηὰ βνπιὴλ ζεᾶο 5 Κιπηαηκήζηξε δηὰ ηὸλ ζῡκὸλ ἔηεπρελ ηὰ ἔξγα δεηλά 6 Πξίακνο ιᾱόο ηε

Πξηάκνπ ὤιεθνλ πνιινὺο Ἀξγείνπο 7 ηίο εἴξεη ηὰ ζὰ ἔξγα θαθὰ Πξηάκῳ 8 ηὰ ἔξγα ἐκά ἐζηη θᾱιά νὕλεθα ἔηεπρνλ

βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεῶλ θαὶ ζεάσλ (ᾱ) δηὰ ηὴλ καληνζύλελ 9 ἐπέκπνκελ ηὰ ρξύζεα (ῡ) ζθῆπηξα εἰο νἶθνλ Πξηάκῳ 10

ἐθαίεηε ηὰο (ᾱ) ππξὰο (ᾱ) δεηλῇ θιαγγῇ 11 νὐρ ἥλδαλε ἡ βνπιὴ ζεᾷ ζαιάζζεο ζῡκῷ 12 αἱ ζεαὶ ἀείδνπζη ηὰ θᾱιὰ

ἔξγα ηῶλ ζεῶλ ἑθεβόινο δὲ βαίλεη ἄιιῃ 13 εἶρε Πξίακνο ἀγιαὸλ θαὶ θᾱιὸλ νἶθνλ

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 This free-shooter relates the plans of the gods to the Argives through prophesy 2 These Olympian gods had

homes on Olympus 3 This free-shooter beloved of Zeus made both the Argives and the Achaeans prey for the

vultures 4 Both the Achaeans and the Argives committed evil deeds through the will of the goddess 5 Because of

her heart Clytaemnestra wrought these terrible deeds 6 Both Priam and the host of Priam killed many Argives 7

Who relates these evil deeds of yours to Priam 8 These works of mine are noble because through prophesy I

accomplished the of the gods and goddess 9 We sent the golden scepters to the house of Priam 10 Were you

burning the funeral pyres with a terrible uproar 11 Does the plan not please the heart of the goddess of the sea 12

The goddesses sing the noble deeds of the gods but the free-shooter walks elsewhere 13 Priam had a splendid and

beautiful home

96 Composition Exercises

1 Who brought these countless shining ransoms to the beautiful home of Priam 2 The Achaeans and the

Argives burned many funeral pyres in your beloved fatherland 3 Clytaemnestra was wicked and performed many

dreadful deeds 4 Through the gift of prophesy we tell many glorious deeds of the gods and goddesses who have

Olympian homes 5 My deeds are noble but yours are cowardly 6 The gods sent an evil plague up through the

camp and destroyed many Achaeans because they dishonored the free-shooter 7 It was not pleasing to

Clytaemnestra in (her) wicked soul

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 ηίο ἔθεξε ηὰο ἄπνηλα ἀγιαὰ εἰο νἶθνλ θᾱιὸλ Πξηάκνπ 2 Ἀραηνὶ θαὶ Ἀξγεῖνη ἔθαηνλ ππξὰο (ᾱ) πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἐλ

ζῇ πάηξῃ θᾱιῇ 3 Κιπηαηκλήζηξε θαθὴ ἦλ θαὶ ἔηεπρελ ἄξγα πνιιὰ θαὶ δεηλά 4 δηὰ καληνζύλελ εἴξνκελ ἔξγα

πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀγιαὰ ζεῶλ θαὶ ζεάσλ (ᾱ) νἳ ἔρνπζηλ νἴθνπο ιπκπίνπο 5 ἔξγα ἐκὰ θᾱιή εἰζηλ ζὰ δὲ θαθά 6 ζενὶ

ἔπεκπνλ λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ θαὶ ὤιεθνλ Ἀραίνπο πνιινύο νὕλεθα ἠηίκαδνλ (ῑ) ἑθεβόινλ 7 νὐρ ἥλδαλε

Κιπηαηκλήζηξῃ ζῡκῷ θαθῷ

Lesson 10

(841-857 904)

101 Formation of the Aorist and Future Tenses

The first aorist is a secondary tense formed by adding -ζ(ζ)α to the augmented verb stem followed by the

personal endings of the secondary tense If the verb stem ends in a consonant or a long vowel only a single ζ is

added If the stem ends in a short vowel either one or two sigmas may be added A few aorists (called ldquomixed

aoristsrdquo) are formed by adding -ζ followed by the thematic vowel and the personal endings for the secondary tenses

to the augmented stem

The future is formed by adding -ζ followed by the thematic vowel and the personal endings for the primary

tenses

If the verb stem ends in a long vowel the stem is not affected by the addition of the suffixes for the future or

aorist tenses If the stem ends in a short vowel it is regularly lengthened in all tenses except the present and the

imperfect There are however a few exceptions to this pattern In most cases these verbs add ζ before the personal

endings of the perfect middle and aorist passive

102 Classification of Verbs

Verbs are classified into four groups according to the final letter of the stem vowel verbs liquid verbs nasal

verbs and mute verbs

When -ζ is added to the end of a mute verb a labial combines with ζ to form ς a palatal combines with ζ to

form μ and a lingual is dropped (leaving only ζ)

When -ζ is added to the end of a liquid or nasal verb it is usually preceded by -ε and the ζ is dropped in

contraction Thus βαιισ = βαιέζσ = βαιέσ In rare cases the ε is dropped and the ζ retained In some vowel-stem

verbs where the final vowel is preceded by a liquid or nasal the verb behaves as a liquidnasal and adds -εζ to the

stem θαιέσ (present) = θαιέζσ (future) = θαιέσ (future contracted) The formations in which the ζ is dropped

after α or ε are sometimes called ldquoAttic futuresrdquo

Verbs with liquid and nasal stems regularly form the aorist by dropping the ζ and lengthening the stem vowel

A few verbs have active forms in the present tense but middle forms in the future tense ἀθνύσ (I hear) but

ἀθνύζνκαη (I will hear)

103 Paradigms Future and First Aorist of ιύσ

Future

S 1st Pers ιύζσ (ῡ) I shall loose

2nd

Pers ιύζεηο (ῡ) you will loose

3rd

Pers ιύζεη (ῡ) he she it will loose

D 2nd

Pers ιύζεηνλ (ῡ) you (two) will loose

3rd

Pers ιύζεηνλ (ῡ) they (two) will loose

P 1st Pers ιύζνκελ (ῡ) we shall loose

2nd

Pers ιύζεηε (ῡ) you (ye) will loose

3rd

Pers ιύζνπζη(λ) (ῡ) they will loose

First Aorist

S 1st Pers ἔιῡζα I loosed

2nd

Pers ἔιῡζαο you loosed

3rd

Pers ἔιῡζε(λ) he she it loosed

D 2nd

Pers ἐιύζαηνλ (ῡ) you (two) loosed

3rd

Pers ἔιῡζάηελ they (two) loosed

P 1st Pers ἐιύζακελ (ῡ) we loosed

2nd

Pers ἐιύζαηε (ῡ) you (ye) loosed

3rd

Pers ἔιῡζαλ they loosed

104 Vocabulary

ἄγσ ἄμσ ἤγαγνλ lead drive conduct bring carry

ἀλάζζσ (ϝαλαθ-) ἀλάμσ ἠλαμα (+gen) rule (over) guard protect

ἄξηζηνο ε νλ best noblest bravest fairest

αὖηηο (back) again anew

Γαλαόο νῦ ὁ Danaan

ἑθαηόκβε εο ἡ hecatomb sacrifice

ζάλαηνο νπ ὁ death

Ἴιηνο νπ ἡ Ilium Troy the region around Troy

κεγάζῡκνο ε νλ great-souled brave

ὄρα far much considerably

πέζσ (πεηζ- πνηζ- πηζ-) πείζσ ἔπεηζα (πέπηζνλ) persuade win over mislead

θηιέσ θηιήζσ ἐθίιεζα love cherish entertain hospitably

εἶπνλ εἶπεο εἶπε(λ) θηι 2nd

aor speak say tell etc

ἔβεζα ἔβεζαο ἔβεζε(λ) θηι 1st aor come go walk etc

105 Derivatives

ἄγσ (ag-) = pedagogue demagogue synagogue

ἄξηζηνο (arist-) = aristocracy

ζάλαηνο (thanat-) = thanatopsis euthanasia

106 Translation Exercises

1 ηίο ἦλ ὄρrsquo ἄξηζηνο Γαλαῶλ 2 Πξίακνο κεγάζῡκνο ἤλαζζελ Ἰιίνπ 3 νὐθ αὖηηο ἄμνπζη Γαλανὶ κεγάζῡκνη

ἑθαηόκβᾱο πνιιὰο (ᾱ) εἰο Υξύζελ (ῡ) 4 νὐθ ἔπεηζαλ ἑθεβόινλ πνιιῇο ἑθαηόβῃζη θᾱιῇζηλ 5 νὐ θηιήζνκελ ζενύο

νὕλεθα θᾱινὶ εἰζηλ 6 Γαλανὶ ηεύμνπζη ζάλαηνλ Πξηάκῳ ἐλ Ἰιίῳ 7 ἐθίιεζα ζεὰλ (ᾱ) ζαιάζζεο ἀιιrsquo νὐρ ἥλδαλε

ἑθεβόιῳ ζῡκῷ 8 ἀείζνκελ θαὶ πείζνκελ ζενύο 9 ὄρrsquo ἄξηζνη ἐλ Ἰιίῳ ηὰ εἶπνλ Πξηάκῳ ἀιιὰ ηνὺο ἠηῑκάζελ 10

Πξίακνο ἔπεκςε ηὸλ ζηξαηὸλ ἄξηζηνλ ἐπrsquo Ἀξγείνηζηλ 11 ἔβεζαλ αὖηηο Γαλανὶ εἰο Ἴιηνλ ἀιιrsquo νὐθ ἔπεηζαλ

Πξίακνλ 12 ἀείζνκελ ἑθεβόινλ ὄρrsquo ἄξηζηνλ ζεῶλ νὕλεθrsquo ἤγαγε Γαλανὺο εἰο Ἴιηνλ

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 Who was by far the noblest of the Danaans 2 Great-souled Priam ruled Ilium 3 Not agan will the great-

souled Danaans lead many sacrifices into Chrysa 4 They did not persuade the free-shooter with many goodly

sacrifices 5 Do we not love the gods because they are good 6 The Danaans will prepare death for Priam in Ilium

7 I loved the goddess of the sea but it was not pleasing to the heart of the free-shooter 8 We will sing and

persuade the gods 9 By far the noblest in Ilium this they say of Priam but he (is the one) he dishonored () 10

Priam sent the best army against the Argives 11 The Danaans went back to Ilium but they did not persuade Priam

12 We hymn the free-shooter greatest of the gods because he led the Danaans into Ilium

107 Composition Exercises

1 The great-souled Achaeans will not persuade the free-shooter with goodly hecatombs but he will prepare evil

death for the people 2 The noblest of the Achaeans went to Ilium but they did not persuade the soul of Priam 3

We shall sing because the gods have led (aor) the people into Troy 4 We shall have many shining golden scepters

5 Did you not love the gods who have Olympian homes 6 Priam shall not rule Ilium again for the Achaeans will

prepare evil death for him 7 Does he speak to the beautiful goddess of the sea 8 They will persuade the souls of

the gods with many hecatombs

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 Ἀραηνὶ κεγάζῡκνη νὐ πείζνπζηλ ἑθεβόινλ πνιιῇο ἑθαηόκβῆζηλ ἀιιὰ ηεύμεη ζάλαηνλ θαθὸλ ιᾱνῖζηλ 2

ἄξηζηνη Ἀραηῶλ ἔβεζαλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ ἀιιrsquo νὐθ ἔπεηζαλ ζῡκὸλ Πξηάκῳ 3 ἀείζνκελ νὕλεθα ζενὺο ἤγαγνλ ιᾱὸλ εἰο

Ἴιηνλ 4 ἕζρνκελ πνιιὰ ρξύζεα (ῡ) ἀγιαὰ ζθῆπηξα 5 νὐθ ἐθηιήζαηε ζενὺο νἳ ἔρνπζηλ νἴθνπο ιπκπίνπο 6 νὐθ

αὖηηο ἀλάζζεη Πξίακνο Ἰιίνπ Ἀραηνὶ γὰξ ηεύμνπζη ζάλαηνλ θαθὸλ αὐηῷ 7 εἴξεη ζεᾷ θᾱιᾷ ζαιάζζεο 8 πείζνπζη

ζῡκνὺο ζεῶλ πνιιῇο ἑθαηόκβῃζηλ

Lesson 11

(664-675 838-839)

111 First Declension Masculine Nouns

First declension masculines typically end in -εο -ᾱο or -ᾰο in the nominative and are declined exactly the same

as their feminine counterparts (with the exception of the nominative singular which adds -ο the genitive singular

which regularly ends in -ᾱν and the vocative singular which ends in -ε -ᾱ or -ᾰ) Those ending in -εο retain -ε

throughout the singular those ending in -ᾱο retain the -ᾱ throughout the singular and those ending in -ᾰο take the -ε

ending in the dative

Masculines ending in -δεο take -ε in the vocative singular while those ending in -ηεο (as well as compound

nouns and the names of nationalities) regularly take -ᾰ Those ending in -ᾱο take the the nominative singular in -ᾱ

A very few first declension adjectives take a masculine ending in -ᾰ (without the final -ο) Many of these also

have an alternative form that ends in the more common -εο Those that do not have an alternative form in -εο usually

have the recessive accent (a feature inherited from the Aeolic influence in Homer) The only masculine noun ending

in -ᾰ in the nominative is the name Θύεζηα (Thyestes)

First declension masculine nouns typically follow the paradigms for Ἀηξεΐδεο (Atreides son of Atreus) Αἰλείᾱο

(Aeneas) and αἰρκεηήο (spearman warrior)

Ἀηξεΐδεο ᾱν ὁ Αἰλείᾱο ᾱν ὁ αἰρκεηήο ᾱν ὁ

(Αηξεϝηδᾱ-) (Αἰλεηᾱ-) (αἰρκεηᾱ-)

N Ἀηξεΐδεο Αἰλείᾱο αἰρκεηήο [ά]

G Ἀηξεΐδᾱν [εσ] Αἰλείᾱν [σ] αἰρκεηᾶν [έσ]

D Ἀηξεΐδῃ Αἰλείᾳ αἰρκεηῇ

A Ἀηξεΐδελ Αἰλείαλ αἰρκεηήλ

V Ἀηξεΐδε Αἰλείᾱ αἰρκεηά

N A V Ἀηξεΐδᾱ αἰρκεηά (ᾱ)

G D Ἀηξεΐδῃηλ αἰρκεηῇηλ

N V Ἀηξεΐδαη αἰρκεηαί

G Ἀηξετδάσλ (ᾱ) αἰρκεηάσλ (ᾱ)

[έσλ ῶλ] [έσλ ῶλ]

D Ἀηξεΐδῃζη ῃο αἰρκεηῇζη ῇο

A Ἀηξεΐδᾱο αἰρκεηάο (ᾱ)

112 Compound Verbs

Compound verbs are formed from a preposition or adverb coupled with a verb such as ἀλαβαίλσ (ascend)

formed from ἀλα (up) and βαίλσ (go) If the preposition ends in a vowel and the verb begins with a vowel the vowel

of the preposition is usually elided as in δηίζηεκη (δηὰ ἰζηεκη) ἁθαηξέσ (ἀπὸ αἱξέσ)

The augment occurs between the preposition and the verb When two vowels are thus brought together the first

vowel is usually elided leaving the augment Thus ἀπνιύσ (I release present) ἀπέιπνλ (I was releasing

imperfect) ἀπέιῡζα (I released aorist)

113 Vocabulary

ἀλαβαίλσ ἀλαβήζσ ἀλέβεζα go up ascend embark

ἀπνιύσ ἀπνιύζσ (ῡ) ἀπέιῡζα loose set free release

Ἀηξεΐδεο -ᾱν ὁ Atreides son of Atreus (usually refers to Agamemnon)

θαηαθεύσ θαηαθαύζσ θαηέθεα burn consume

θειεύσ - ἔθιπνλ (+gen) hear hearken to

κεηέεηπνλ κεηεῖπνλ (2nd

aor of εἴξσ) spoke among addressed spoke to

ὅηε when whenever

Πειεηάδεο ᾱν (εσ) ὁ Peleiades son of Peleus (used in reference to Achilles)

πξνζέεηπνλ πξνζεῖπνλ (2nd

aor of εἴξσ) addressed spoke to

ηόηε then at that time

ρνιόσ ρνιώζσ ἐρόισζα anger enrage vex

Υξύζεο (ῡ) ᾱν (εσ) ὁ Chryses

Verbs

ἀλαβαίλσ

stem ἀλα + βαλ- βα-

future ἀλαβήζσ (rarely ἀλαβήζνκαη)

1st aorist ἀλέβεζα (rarely 2

nd aor ἀλέβελ)

ἀπνιύσ

stem ἀπό + ιύσ

future ἀπνιύζσ (ῡ)

1st aorist ἀπέιῡζα

θαηαθαίσ

stem θαηά + θαπ- θαϝ- θαη-

future θαηαθαύζσ (assumed form)

1st aorist θαηέθεα

θειεύσ (Attic)

stem θιεπ- θιεϝ- θιπ-

future none

2nd

aorist ἐθιπνλ

ρνιόσ

stem ρνιν-

future ρνιώζσ

1st aorist ἐρόισζα

Notes

In Homeric Greek the stem vowel is usually lengthened before -ζ hence ἀλαβαίλσ =gt ἀλαβήζσ =gt

ἀλέβεζα ἀπνιύσ =gt ἀπνιύζσ (ῡ) =gt ἀπέιῡζα

ἀλαβαίλσ also has a 2nd

aorist ἀλέβελ

A few verbs have active forms in the present but middle forms in the future ἀλαβαίλσ has two future

forms one active (ἀλαβήζσ) and one middle (ἀλαβήζνκαη)

Verbs with stems ending in -αηλσ originally had a consonantal η following the λ (ie ἀλαβαηλησ)

114 Translation

1 θᾱινὶ ζενὶ ἔηεπμαλ ζάλαηνλ θαθὸλ δίῳ (ῑ) Πειεηάδῃ ὁ δrsquo ἀλέβελ ππξήλ 2 ἑθεβόινο ὤιεθε ιᾱὸλ Ἀραηῶλ

νὕλεθα δῖνο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) 3 θαηέθεα ἑθαηόκβᾱο πνιιάο (ᾱ) 4 ἑθεβόινο νὐθ ἔθιπελ Ἀηξεΐδᾱν

νὕλεθα ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) 5 Υξύζεο (ῡ) κεηέεηπελ Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἀιιrsquo νὐθ Ἀηξεΐδῃ ἥλδαλε ζῡκῷ 6 ὅηε θαθῶο

πξνζέεηπελ Ἀηξεΐδεο Υξύζελ (ῡ) ηόηε ἐρόισζελ ἑθεβόινλ 7 ἀπειύζακελ (ῡ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) νὕλεθα ηὸλ

ἐθηιήζακελ 8 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἤλεηθελ ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα Ἀηξεΐδῃ 9 νἴζνκελ ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀπνιύζνκελ (ῡ)

Υξύζελ (ῡ) νὕλεθα ηὸλ ἐθηιήζακελ θαὶ θίινο ἐζηὶλ ἑθεβόιῳ 10 ηίο θέξεη ἄπνηλα Υξύζᾱν (ῡ) Ἀηξεΐδῃ 11 δῖνο

Πειεηάδεο ἐρόισζελ Ἀηξεΐδελ 12 ὅηε θαηεθήακελ πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἑθαηόκβᾱο θᾱιάο (ᾱ) ηόηε ἐπείζακελ ζῡκνὺο ζεῶλ

13 δηὰ καληνζύλελ Υξύζεο (ῡ) εἶπε βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεῶλ Ἀηξεΐδῃ Πειεηάδῃ ηε

KEY

1 The noble gods prepared evil death for the divine Peleiades and he ascended the funeral pyre 2 The free-

shooter destroyed the host of the Achaeans because the divine Atreides dishonored Chryses 3 I burned many

funeral pyres 4 The free-shooter did not hear the son of Atreus because he dishonored Chryses 5 Chryses spoke

among the Achaeans but but it did not please the heart of Atreides 6 It angered the free-shooter when the son of

Atreus spoke wickedly to Chryses 7 We released Chryses because we loved him 8 Chryses brought countless

glorious ransoms to the son of Atreus 9 We will bring many ransoms and release Chryses because we loved him

and he is dear to the free-shooter 10 Who brought the ransoms of Chryses to the son of Atreus 11 The divine

Peleiades angered the son of Atreus 12 We persuaded the hearts of the gods when we burned many good

hecatombs 13 Through prophesy Chryses spoke the will of the gods to both Atreides and Peleiades

115 Composition

1 The Achaeans ascended into Troy and killed the noble Priam 2 We burned many goodly hecatombs to the

Olympian gods 3 Chryses spoke among the Achaeans but the son of Atreus did not hearken to him 4 The

Achaeans addressed the son of Atreus but he did not free Chryses 5 The son of Atreus will bring many ransoms

into the camp of the Achaeans 6 Who will persuade the gods with many goodly hecatombs

KEY

1 Ἀραηνὶ ἀλέβεζαλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ θαὶ ὤιεμαλ θᾱιὸλ Πξηάκνλ 2 θαηέθεκελ πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) ἑθαηόκβὰο (ᾱ)

ζενῖο ιπκπίνηο 3 Υξύζεο (ῡ) κεηέεηπελ Ἀραηνῖο ἀιιrsquo Ἀηξεΐδεο ηὸλ νὐθ ἔθιπελ 4 Ἀραηνὶ πξνζέεηπνλ Ἀηξεΐδῃ

ἀιιrsquo νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε Υξύζελ (ῡ) 5 Ἀηξεΐδεο νἴζεη ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ εἰο ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 6 ηίο πείζεη ζενὺο πνιιῇο

ἑθαηόκβῃζηλ

Lesson 12

Review

121 Review Vocabulary

Lesson 13

(680-692 701-709)

(cf 897 874 886 619 841-843 576 1178 830-831 837 580 837)

131 Nouns of the Third Declension

Third declension nouns can be either masculine feminine or neuter The nominative endings can take many

forms but there are some conventions Masculine and feminine stems except those ending in λ ξ or ζ simply add

ζ to the stem and make the necessary euphonic changes Stems ending in ξ λ and ζ typically make no changes

except to lengthen the last vowel if it is short Stems ending in -λ(η) either drop the η and lengthen a short vowel or

drop the -λ(η) lengthen the vowel and add ζ Examples δαηκνλ- = δαηκσλ ζῑλ- = ζίο (ῑ) κειαλ- = κέιᾱο γεξνλη- =

γέξσλ etc Neuters typically consist of just the stem in the nominative and accusative except to drop a final -η

where it occurs

In general the stem of a third declension noun is found by dropping the -νο ending from the genitive singular

The dative singular regularly ends in -ῐ but occasionally in -ῑ

The accusative ending was originally -λ and this ending is common on stems ending in a vowel On stems

ending in a consonant the -λ was a sonant consonant which eventually came be pronounced as -ᾰ The result is that

the accusative singular usually ends in -λ for stems ending in a vowel and -ᾰ for stems ending in a consonant

Dental mute stems ending in -ηο and -πο in the nominative singular rarely drop the mute and typically adopt the -λ

accusative ending as if they were vowel stems

The dative plural is formed by adding either -εζζη (rarely -εζη) or -ζη (rarely -ζζη) and making the usual

euphonic changes Most third declension nouns thus have alternate dative plural forms as πνύο = πνζζί = πνζί =

πόδεζζη etc

The accusative plural originally ended in -λο (sonant λ) which gives -αο for stems ending in a consonant and -ῑο

and -ῡο for stems ending in a vowel A few vowel stems borrowed an -αο ending from the first declension by

analogy

The vocative singular is usually either identical to the nominative or identical to the stem alone Stems ending

in λ ξ or ο typically drop this final consonant in the vocative singular

Compensatory lengthening usually occurs in the dative plural when -λη is dropped as in γέξνληζη = γέξνπζη

132 Paradigms

Stems ending in -επ (επ) -νπ and σϝ follow the paradigms of βαζηιεύο (king βαζηιεϝ-) βνῦο (ox βνϝ-) λεῦο

(ship λᾱϝ-) and ἥξσο (hero ἡξσϝ- () or ἡξσ-)

N βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

G βαζηιῆνο [-ένο] βνόο λεόο ἥξσνο

D βαζηιῆη [-έη] βνΐ λεί ἥξση

A βαζηιῆα [-έα] βνῦλ [βῶλ] λῆα [λέα] ἥξσα

V βαζηιεῦ βνῦ λεῦ ἥξσο

N A V βαζηιῆε βόε λῆε ἥξσε

G D βαζηιήνηηλ βόνηηλ λήνηηλ ἡξώνηηλ

N V βαζηιεῆεο βόεο λῆεο ἥξσεο

G βαζηιήσλ βνῶλ λεῶλ [λεῶλ] ἡξώσλ

D βαζηιήεζζη βόεζζη λήεζζη [λέεζζἰ ἡξώεζζη

βαζηιεῦζη βνπζί λεπζί ἥξσζη

A βαζηιῆαο βόαο (βνῦο) λῆζαο (λέαο) ἥξσαο

A long vowel is typically shortened when it occurs before another vowel thus βαζηιῆνο or βαζηιένο This

convention was almost certainly consistent in pronunciation but is only occasionally represented in written form

The π in the stem of these words frequently became ϝ and subsequently disappeared as in βαζηιεπ- βαζηιεϝ-

βαζηιε-

Stems ending in η (εη) and π (επ εϝ) follow the paradigms of πόιηο (city πνιη-) πῆρπο (forearm περεϝ-) ἄζηπ

(city ἀζηεϝ-) λέθπο (corpse λεθῡ-) and δάθξπ (tear δαθξπ-)

N πόιηο πῆρπο ἄζηπ λέθῡο δάθξπ

G πόιηνο -ενο πήρενο ἄζηενο λέθπνο δάθξπνο

D πόιηη -ῑ -εη -εη πήρετ ἄζηετ λέθπτ δάθξπτ

A πόιηλ πῆρσλ ἄζηπ λέθῡλ δαθξπ

V πόιη πῆρπ ἄζηπ λέθῡ δάθξπ

N V πόιηε πήρεε ἄζηεε λέθπε δάθξπε

G D πνιίνηηλ περένηηλ ἄζηνηηλ λεθύνηηλ δαθξύνηηλ

N V πόιηεο -εεο πήρεεο ἄζηεα λέθπεο δάθξπα

G πνιίσλ περέσλ ἀζηέσλ λεθύσλ δαθξύσλ

D πνιίεζζη περέεζζη ἀζηέεζη λεθύεζζη δαθξύεζζη

πόιεζη -ηζη πήρεζη ἄζηεζη λέθῡζ(ζ)η δάθξπζη

A πόιηαο -εαο -ῑο πήρεαο ἄζηεα λέθπαο [-ῡο] δάθξπα

Nouns with stems in -ο (-εο -αο -νο) and -η are declined like ἔπνο (ϝεπεζ-) γέξαο (γεξαζ-) ἠώο (ἀϝζνζ-) δῶκα

(δσκαη-) and ἦκαξ (ἠκαξ- ἠκαη-) Note that -ζ- usually disappears when it occurs between two vowels

N ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο δῶκα ἧκαξ

G ἔπενο γέξανο ἠόνο δώκαηνο ἥκαηνο

D ἔπετ γέξατ ἠόη δώκαηη ἥκαηη

A ἔπνο γέξαο ἠόα δῶκα ἧκαξ

V ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο δῶκα ἧκαξ

N V ἔπεε γέξαε δώκαηε ἥκαηε

G D επένηηλ γεξάνηηλ δσκάηνηηλ ἡκάηνηηλ

N V ἔπεο γέξα(α) δώκαηα ἥκαηα

G ἐπέσλ γεξάσλ δσκάησλ ἡκάησλ

D ἐπέεζζη γεξάεζζη δσκάηεζζη ἡκάηεζζη

ἔπε(ζ)ζη γέξα(ζ)ζη δώκαζη ἥκαζη

A ἔπεα γέξα(α) δώκαηα ἥκαηα

Note that all nouns ening in -νο in the second declension are either masculine or feminine but all nouns ending in -

νο in the third declension are neuter All nouns ending in -κα in the nominative singular and all nouns with genitives

in -αηνο are neuter

133 Further Notes on the Third Declension

Nouns of the third declension can be any gender and consist of stems ending in -η -π or a consonant In

general the following endings are applied to the stem with the usual euphonic changes

N -ο

G -νο

D -η

A -λ

V -

N A V -ε

G D -νηηλ

N V -εο

G -σλ

D -εζζη

A -λο

Standard Euphonic Changes

Later forms of Greek such as Attic and Koine frequently contracted the forms found in Homer

The -λ in the accusative singular and plural is sonant meaning that it is pronounced as λ when

following a vowel but it is pronounced as ᾰ when following a consonant Thus πνιη-λ = πνιηλ and

πνιη-λο = πνιηο but δαηκνλ-λ = δαηκνλα and δαηκνλ-λο = δαηκνλαο

o In most cases a stem originally ending in ϝ is treated as if it ends in a consonant Thus

βαζηιεϝα = βαζηιεα εξσϝα = εξσα

o The word βνϝ- is an exception where ϝ becomes π (probably because νπ is such a common

diphthong) βνϝλ = βνπλ

Dentals are dropped before ζ Thus παηδο = παηο

o In cases where the stem ends in -λη the dental and the ζ are typically dropped with the last

vowel lengthened by compensation Thus γεξνληο = γεξσλ

Palatals combine with ζ to form μ Thus αηγο = αημ θεξπθο = θεξπμ etc

o Stems ending in -θη apply both the dental and palatal changes first dropping the η and then

combining the θζ to form μ Thus λπθηο = λπθο = λπμ

Labials combine with ζ to form ς Thus Αηζηνπο = Αηζηνς

The ζ is dropped when it follows a nasal or ξ and the last vowel is lengthened to compensate (if it

isnrsquot long already) Thus δαηκνλο = δαηκσλ θξελο = θξελ ρεηξο = ρεηξ παηεξο = παηεξ κεηεξο =

κεηεξ etc

Stems that originally ended in ϝ usually retain a π in its place in the nominative Thus βαζηιεϝο =

βαζηιεπο (originally βαζηιεπο) λεϝο = λεπο βνϝο = βνπο etc

o The same phenomenon sometimes occurs in the accusative singular as well where ϝ becomes

π and the final λ is retained Thus περεϝλ = περευλ = περπλ

o The word εξσο is an apparent exception where εξσϝο = εξσο This may be from analogy

with the relatively common -σο ending in Greek or it could be that the stem was originally

εξσ- witout the ϝ

o When the stem ends in -εϝ the ε is usually dropped in the nominative thus περεϝο = περεπο =

περπο (but the genitive and dative are περενο περετ)

Some confusion can occur at the apparent irregularity of stems ending in -π αζηπ αζηενο αζηεη etc

but δαθξπ δαθξπνο δαθξπτ etc The difference is that stems like αζηπ originally ended in a vowel + ϝ

(αζηεϝ) while stems like δαθξπ originally ended in π

Some neuters originally ended in -εο These are usually declined as -νο in the nominative and

accusative In the other cases the endings are simply applied to -εζ- and the sigma is dropped when it

occurs between two vowels επνο (nom acc from επεζο) επενο (gen from επεζνο) επετ (dat from

επεζη) etc

o Stems ending in -αο simple drop the extra sigma in the nominative singular and append the

case endings to -αζ- (dropping ζ when it occurs between two vowels) Thus γεξαο γεξανο

γεξατ etc

o Stems ending in -νο follow the same pattern as those ending in -αο except that the ν is

lengthened to σ in the nominative Thus εσο εννο εντ etc

Neuter stems ending in -καη usually drop the η in the nominative and accusative singular but retain it

in the plural Thus δσκα (nom and acc sing) δσκαηνο (gen sing) δσκαηη (dat sing) δσκαηα (nom and

acc plur) δσκαησλ (gen plur) δσκαηεζζη (dat plur) etc Neuter stems ending in -καξ usually behave

as if they ended in -καη in all cases except the nominative and accusative singular Thus εκαξ εκαηνο

εκαηη etc

The dative plural ending is given as -εζζη This could be shortened to -ζζη (before vowels) -εζη or -ζη

The -ζη ending is the most common in later dialects Thus Homeric θεξπθεζζη is typically θεξπμη in

Attic and Koine

The vocative singular in neuters is always identical to the nominative and accusative singulars

o In masculine and feminine nouns the vocative singular is usually just the stem without any

endings applied as long as the stem is capable of standing alone Thus δαηκνλ ρεηξ παηεξ

κεηεξ ζπγαηεξ αλεξ βνπ λεπ πνιη λεθῡ δαθξπ etc

o In some cases where the nominative singular has slightly modified the stem before adding -ο

the vocative is formed by simply dropping the ο Thus παη βαζηιεπ περπ

o In cases where the ο of the nominative singular has combined with the stem the vocative is

usually indentical to the nominative singular Thus αλαμ λπμ αημ θεξπμ Αηζηνς etc

o In rare cases the vocative is identical to the nominative singular even when dropping the ο

would have been convenient as in εξσο εσο

Alternate Endings The following are some alternate endings that could be applied instead of the usual

case endings listed above

o -ζη can be used to denote place where

o -ζελ can be used to denote source or separation or as an alternative ending for the genitive

case

o -δε can be added to the accusative ending to denote place to which or limit of motion

o -η can be added to denote place where

o -θη(λ) can be added as a substitute for several uses of the genitive and the dative cases

particularly in the instrumental sense

134 References

This lesson references several points in the grammar Note the following

Deponent verbs take middle or passive forms but denote active meanings

Some verbs reduplicate the initial syllable in the present tense by repeating the initial consonant

followed by -η Thus ἴζηεκη (orig ζηζηεκη) ηίζεκη δίδσκη πίκπιεκη γίγλνκαη γηγλώζθσ κηκλήζθσ

etc When futures and second aorists are reduplicated they usually follow the pattern of reduplication

found in the perfect tense If the initial consonant is aspirated the reduplicated consonant is typically

smooth Thus ηίζεκη rather than ζίζεκη

Note that ἴκη δίδσκη and ηίζεκη take the aorist in -θα rather than -ζα

When a word ends in a vowel and the following word begins with a vowel the result is called hiatus

In general hiatus is avoided in poetry through the use of elision crasis synizesis moveable

consonants etc However hiatus is allowed in some circumstances such as when elision has already

occurred when the first of the two vowels is long and occurs on the beat (or ictus) of the verse or

when a long vowel or diphthong has been shortened or when the two vowels were originally separated

by ϝ

Recall that the verbal augment is frequently omitted

135 Vocabulary

Ἄηο Ἄηδνο ὁ (nom not used) Hades

ἄιγνο ενο ηό grief pain woe trouble

Ἀρηιιεύο ῆνο ὁ Achilles

δαίο δαηηόο ἡ feast banquet portion

Εεύο Γηόο ὁ Zeus

ἥξσο ἥξσνο ὁ hero mighty warrior protector savior

ἴθζῑκνο ε νλ mighty valiant stout-hearted brave

θύσλ θπλόο ὁ ἡ dog

κῆληο ηνο ἡ wrath fury madness rage

νὐιόκελνο ε νλ accursed destructive deadly

πξντάπησ πξντάςσ πξνΐαςα hurl forward send forth

ηίζεκη (ζε- ζε-) ζήζσ ἔζεθα put place cause

Ἀρηιιεπο (Ἀρηιιεϝ-) Ἀρηιιενο Ἀρηιιεη Ἀρηιιεα

δαηο (δαηη-) δαηηνο δαηηη δαηηα δαηηεο δαηησλ δαηηεζζη δαηηαο

Εεπο Γηνο Γηη Γηα

ἡξσο ἡξσνο ἡξστ ἡξσα ἡξσεο ἡξσσλ ἡξσεζζη ἡξσαο

θπσλ θπλνο θπλη θπλα θπλεο θπλσλ θπλεζζη θπλαο

κεληο (κελη-) κεληνο κεληη κεληλ κεληεο κελησλ κεληεζζη κεληαο

136 Translation

1 κῆληο Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο ἦλ νὐινκέλε ἔζεθε γὰξ κῡξηrsquo ἄιγεα ηνῖζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ πξνΐαςε δὲ πνιιὰο (ᾱ)

ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἰθζίκνπο (ῑ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη ἔηεπρε δrsquo αὐηνὺο ἑιώξηα θαὶ δαῖηα θύλεζζηλ νἰσλνῖζί ηε ἐηέιεζε δὲ βνπιὴλ

Γηόο 2 ζεὰ (ᾱ) ἀείδεη κῆληλ νὐινκέλελ Ἀρηιῆνο ἣ ἔζεθελ κῡξίrsquo ἄιγεrsquo Ἀραηνῖζηλ 3 ζενὶ ὀιέθνπζη ηὸλ ζηξαηόλ θαὶ

πξντάπηνπζη πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη 4ηεύμνκελ κῡξίνπο Ἀραηνὺο ἑιώξηα θύλεζζηλ θαὶ δαῖηα ηνῖζηλ

νἰσλνῖζηλ νὕλεθα ἠηίκαζαλ (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) 5 θᾱιὴ ἦλ ἡ βνπιὴ Γηόο

KEY

1 The wrath of Achilles son of Peleus was destructive for it caused countless woes to the Achaeans and sent

forth many valiant souls of heros to Hades making them spoils and a banquet for the dogs and the vultures 2 The

goddess sings the accursed wrath of Achilles which brought countless woes to the Achaeans 3 The gods are

destroying the camp and sending forth many souls of the heros to Hades 4 We will make countless Achaeans spoils

for the dogs and a feast for these vultures because they dishonored Chryses 5 The will of Zeus was good

137 Iliad 1-5

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κπξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςπρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιήλ

Μῆληλ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse

ἄεηδε - present active imperative 2nd

person singular of ἀείδσ

ζεά - vocative case

Πειεηάδεσ = Πειεηάδᾱν (the verse may have originally read Πειεηάδᾱrsquo)

νὐινκέλελ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse as well as out of

the natural order and is placed directly opposite the word κῆληλ

κῡξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο - the hiatus is permited because elision has already occurred in κῡξίνηο

Ἄηδη was originally Ἄϝηδη and is still accented as it began with α instead of αη

ἡξώσλ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse and its deviation from

the natural order

δὲ ἑιώξηα - the hiatus is permitted because the original was δὲ ϝειώξηα

ηεῦρε - the augment is dropped (usually ἔηεπρε)

ἐηειείεην - imperfect passive indicative 3rd

person singular of ηειείσ

KEY

Sing O goddess of the accursed wrath of Achilles Peleiades

which brought countless woes to the Achaeans

and cast forth the souls of many valiant warriors to Hades

making them the spoils and feast of both dogs

and vultures But the will of Zeus was accomplished

138 Composition

1 The valiant Achaeans are singing the accursed wrath of Achilles 2 The wrath of Achilles caused many woes

to the Achaeans and sent many valiant souls of heroes to the god Hades 3 We shall make the army of the Achaeans

a booty for the dogs and a banquet for the birds 4 We are accomplishing the will of the goddess

KEY

1 ἴθζῑκνη Ἀραηνὶ ἀείδνπζηλ νὐινκέλελ κῆληλ Ἀρηιῆνο 2 κῆληο Ἀρηιῆνο ἔζεθε κῡξίrsquo ἄιγεrsquo Ἀραηνῖζη θαὶ

πξνΐαςε πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἰθζίκνπο ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη 3 ηεύμνκελ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ ἑιώξηα θύλεζζηλ θαὶ δαῖηα

νἰσλνῖζηλ 4 ηεύρνκελ βνπιὴλ ζεᾶο

Lesson 14

(519-526 1159-1192)

(cf 586)

141 Syllable Quantity

A syllable is long (by nature) when it contains a long vowel or a diphthong or (by position) when it ends in two

consecutive consonants (or a double consonant) A short vowel followed by a mute and a liquid κ or λ is common

and can be either long or short depending on the requirements of the verse Occasionally the letters ι κ λ ξ or ζ

are doubled in pronunciation when they follow a short vowel making the syllable long by position but this

convention is not always represented in writing And occasionally a lost ϝ will combine with another consonant to

make the preceding syllable long by position

Observe the following rules when determing the length of a syllable

Any vowel with the circumflex accent is long

The vowel of any ultmia whose penult bears the circumflex is short

If the penult has an acute then the vowel of the ultima must also be long

If the vowel of the ultima is short and the penult has the acute then the vowel of the penult must

be short as well

If the antepenult is accented the vowel of the ultima must be short

Occasionally these rules do not apply to certain compounds where one of the two words are

accented as if they were separate

If a short syllable stands where a long syllable is expected it is usually because the pause of the caesura or

diaresis fills out the foot or because the following word has lost a consonant (usually ϝ or ζ) And occasionally a

short syllable ending in a consonant is lengthened when it occurs on the ictus (beat) of the verse Such lengthening is

called thesis

142 Metrical Quantity

With the exception of pauses at the end of the verse caesura and diaresis all feet must consist of two long

syllables or a long syllable followed by two shorts Thus if a long syllable is followed by a short syllable then the

next syllable must be short as well Likewise if a short syllable is followed by a long syllable then the preceding

syllable must be short as well

When a word ends in a short vowel (and sometimes -νη and -αη) and the following word begins with a vowel

the short vowel is usually elided unless the following word originally began with ϝ When a word ends in a long

vowel or a diphthong and the following word begins with a vowel the long vowel is usually shortened This

phenomenon can also occur within the same word and again it is less common when the following word originally

began with ϝ Vowel shortening is also rare when the long vowel occurs on the ictus

The meter of Homer is called dactylic or heroic hexameter and is the most common meter in Greek verse Each

verse has six feet The first five feet can be dactyls (one long syllable followed by two short syllables) or spondees

(two long syllables) The final foot of the verse is always a spndee but keep in mind that the pause at the end of the

verse often combines with a final short syllable to form one long syllable The fifth foot of each verse is usually a

dactyl with only one in twenty (or so) verses containing a spondee in the fifth foot The verses that have a spndee in

the fifth foot are called spondaic and usually take slightly longer to recite In dactylic hexameter the ictus (beat) of

the verse always occurs on the first syllable of each foot producing six distinct beats per verse

Caesura occurs when a word ends within a foot (ie at the end of the first syllable of a foot or between the two

short syllables of the foot) When a caesura occurs at a natural pause in the verse this is said to be the caesura of the

verse A pause after the first syllable of a foot is called a masculine caesura and a pause after the second syllable of

the foot is called a feminine caesura

Diaresis occurs when the end of a word coincides with the end of a foot When this falls at a natural pause in

the verse it is said to be the diaresis of the verse When the diaresis occurs at the end of the fourth foot is it called

the bucolic diaresis (due to its common use in pastoral poetry)

143 Marking the Rhythm of the Iliad 1-5

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κπξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςπρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιήλ

ΜΖ ληλ α | ΔΗ δε ζε | Α ΠΖ | ΛΖ η α | ΓΔΧ α ρη | ΛΖ Ο-

dact dact spon dact dact spon

The pauses at the end of κῆληλ and ἄεηδε are feminine caesuras

The pauses at the end of ζεά Πειεηάδεσ and Ἀρηιῆνο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of ζεά is the caesura of the verse

The dash at the end of the verse indicates a pause that combines with a short vowel to fill out the

last foot

ΟΤ ιν κε | ΝΖΝ Ζ | ΜΤ ξη α | ΥΑΗ ΟΗ | ΑΛ γε ε | ΘΖ ΚΔΝ-

dact spon dact spon dact spon

The pauses at the end of κῡξίrsquo and ἄιγε are feminine caesuras

The pauses at the end of νὐινκέλελ and ἔζεθελ are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of νὐινκέλελ is the caesura of the verse

The pauses at the end of ἥ and Ἀραηνῖο are diareses

The diaresis at Ἀραηνῖο is a bucolic diaresis

κῡξία Ἀραηνῖο and ἄιγεα ἔζεθελ are examples of hiatus

The first syllable of ἄιγεrsquo is long because it is followed by two consecutive consonants

ΠΟΛ ΛΑ | ΓrsquoΗΦ ΘΗ | ΜΟΤ ΦΤ | ΥΑ ΑΗ | ΓΗ πξν τ | Α ΦΔΝ-

spon spon spon spon dact spon

The pauses at the end of ἰθζίκνπο and ςπράο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of πνιιάο is a diaresis

δὲ ἰθζίκνπο is hiatus

The first syllable of πνιιάο is long by position as is the first syllable of ἰθζίκνπο the last syllable

of Ἄηδη and the second syllable of πξνΐαςελ

Ζ ΡΧ | ΧΝ ΑΤ | ΣΟΤ δε ε | ΛΧ ξη α | ΣΔΤ ρε θπ | ΝΔ ΗΝ-

spon spon dact dact dact spon

The pause at the end of ηεῦρε is a feminine caesura

The pauses at the end of ἡξώσλ and αὐηνύο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of ἡξώσλ is the caesura of the verse

The pause at the end of ἑιώξηα is a diaresis

ΟΗ Χ | ΝΟΗ ζη ηε | ΓΑΗ ηα δη | Ο δrsquoε ηε | ΛΔΗ ε ην | ΒΟΤ ΛΖΝ

The pauses at the end of νἰσλνῖζη and δαῖηα are feminine caesuras

The pause at the end of Γηόο is a masculine caesura

The pauses at the end of ηε ἐηειείεην and βνπιήλ are diareses

The pause at the end of δαῖηα is the diaresis of the verse

Lesson 15

(693-694 697-700)

(cf 781-782 837 580 1009 996 584-585)

151 Third Declension Paradigms (continued)

Third declension nouns ending in a dental mute stem are exemplified by ἄλαμ (king ϝαλαθη-) λύμ (night λπθη-

) παῖο (child παηδ-) and γέξσλ (old man γεξνλη-)

N ἄλαμ λύμ παῖο γέξσλ

G ἄλαθηνο λπθηόο παηδόο γέξνληνο

D ἄλαθηη λπθηί παηδί γέξνληη

A ἄλαθηα λύθηα παίδα γέξνληα

V ἄλαμ [ἄλα] λύμ παῖ γέξσλ

N V A ἄλαθηε λύθηε παίδε γέξνληε

G D ἀλάθηνηηλ λύθηνηηλ παίδνηηλ γεξόληνηηλ

N ἄλαθηεο λύθηεο παίδεο γέξνληεο

G ἀλάθησλ λπθηῶλ παηδῶλ γεξόλησλ

D ἀλάθηεζζη λύθηεζζη παίδεζζη γεξόληεζζη

ἄλαμη λπμί παηζί γέξνπζη

A ἄλαθηαο λύθηνο παῖδαο γέξνληαο

Third declension nouns ending in labial and palatal stems are exemplified by αἴμ (goat αἰγ-) θῆξπμ (herald

θεξῡθ-) and Αἰζίνς (Ethipoian Αἰζηνπ-)

N αἴμ θῆξπμ Αἰζίνς

G αἰγόο θήξῡθνο Αἰζίνπνο

D αἰγί θήξῡθη Αἰζίνπη

A αἶγα θήξῡθα Αἰζίνπα

V αἴμ θῆξπμ Αἰζίνς

N V A αἶγε θήξῡθε Αἰζίνπε

G D αἴγνηηλ θεξύθνηηλ (ῡ) Αἰζηόπνηηλ

N αἶγεο θήξῡθεο Αἰζίνπεο

G αἰγῶλ θεξύθσλ (ῡ) Αἰζηόπσλ

D αἴγεζζη θεξύθεζζη (ῡ) Αἰζηόπεζζη

αἰμί θήξῡμ Αἰζίνςη

A αἶγαο θήξῡθαο Αἰζίνπαο

Nouns with stems ending in -εξ express different grades of ablaut in the stem (-εξ -εξ -ξ) with a recessive

accent in the vocative singular These are exemplified by παηήξ (father παηεξ-) κήηεξ (mother κεηεξ-) ζπγάηεξ

(daughter ζπγαηεξ-) and ἀλήξ (man ἀλεξ-)

N παηήξ κήηεξ ζπγάηεξ ἀλήξ

G παηέξνο -ηξόο κεηέξνο -ηξόο ζπγαηέξνο -ηξόο ἀλέξνο ἀλδξόο

D παηέξη -ηξί κεηέξη -ηξί ζπγαηέξη -ηξί ἀλέξη ἀλδξί

A παηέξα κεηέξα ζπγαηέξα ἀλέξα ἄλδξα

V πάηεξ κῆηεξ ζύγαηεξ ἄλεξ

N V A παηέξε κεηέξε ζπγαηέξε ἀλέξε ἄλδξε

G D παηέξνηηλ κεηέξνηηλ ζπγαηέξνηηλ ἀλέξνηηλ ἄλδξνηηλ

N παηέξεο κεηέξεο ζπγαηέξεο ζύγαηξεο ἀλέξεο ἄλδξεο

G παηέξσλ -ηξῶλ κεηέξσλ -ηξῶλ ζπγαηέξσλ ζπγαηξῶλ ἀλέξσλ ἀλδξῶλ

D παηξάζη κεηξάζη ζπγαηξάζη ζπγαηέξεζζη ἀλδξάζη ἄλδξεζζη

A παηέξαο κεηέξαο ζπγαηέξαο ζύγαηξαο ἀλέξαο ἄλδξαο

Note that δ is inserted into ἀλήξ between λ and ξ where they occur together The accent of the shorter forms of

ἀλέξ follow the pattern seen in παηήξ The alpha after ξ in the dative plural was added euphonically to strengthen

what was originally a sonant ξ

152 Vocabulary

ἄλαμ ἄλαθηνο ὁ king lord protector

ἀλήξ ἀλέξνο (ἀλδξόο) ὁ (real) man warrior hero

ἄξ(α) (ῥά) naturally of course as you know as you might expect that is

in effect (not always translatable)

βαζηιεύο ῆνο ὁ king ruler

δή indeed truly forsooth now

δηίζηεκη (ζηε- ζηα-) δηαζηήζσ stand apart separate

δηέζηεζα (δηέζηελ)

ἐμ νὗ from the time when

ἐξίδσ (ἐξηδ-) - ἤξηζ(ζ)α quarrel strive

ἠξηζάηελ (they) strove

ἔξηο ηδνο ἡ strife quarrel

Λεηώ Λεηόνο ἡ Leto

κάρνκαη fight battle

κάρεζζαη to fight

μπλίκη μπλήζσ μπλῆθα (μπλέεθα) bring together throw together hearken heed

ὄξλῡκη ὄξζσ ὦξζα (ὤξνξνλ) stir up kindle incite excite arouse

πξῶηνο ε νλ first foremost chief

ηὸ πξῶηνλ ηὰ πξῶηα (adv) at first firstly first

πἱόο νῦ ὁ son

ζθσε these two

153 Translation

1 ζεὰ (ᾱ) ἀείζεη κῆληλ Ἀρηιῆνο ἐμ νὗ δὴ ηὰ πξῶηα δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο θαὶ Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἀλδξῶλ ἠξηζάηελ θαὶ

δηεζηήηελ 2 ηίο ζεῶλ μπλέεθε δῖνλ Ἀρηιῆά ηε θαὶ Ἀηξεΐδελ ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 3 πἱὸο Λεηόνο θαὶ Γηὸο ἑθεβόινο

μπλέεθέ ζθσε ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη ηὸλ γὰξ βαζηιεὺο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἐρόισζελ ὁ δrsquo ὦξζε θαθὴλ λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ

ὤιεθε δὲ ιᾱνύο

KEY

1 The goddess sings the wrath of Achilles from the time when first the divine Achilles and Atreides king of

men strove and separated 2 Which of the gods brought together the divine Achilles and the son of Atreus to fight

in strife 3 The son of Leto and Zeus the Free-shooter brought these two together to fight in strife for Atreides the

king enraged him so he stirred up an evil plague through the camp of the Achaeans and destroyed their host

154 Iliad 1-10

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κῡξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςῡρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιή

ἐμ νὗ δὴ ηὰ πξῶηα δηαζηήηελ ἐξίζαληε

Ἀηξεΐδεο ηε ἄλαμ ἀλδξῶλ θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεύο

ηίο ηrsquo ἄξ ζθσε ζεῶλ ἔξηδη μπλέεθε κάρεζζαη

Λεηνῦο θαὶ Γηὸο πἱόο ὁ γὰξ βαζηιῆη ρνισζεὶο

λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ ὦξζε θαθήλ ὀιέθνλην δὲ ιᾱνί

δηαζηήηελ = δηεζηήηελ

ἐξίζαληε = aor act part nom dual masc (they two) having quarreled

ηε ἄλαμ originally ηε ϝάλαμ thus allowing the hiatus

ζθσε [ἕσ] = 3rd

pers pron acc dual these two

ἔξηδη is dative of means in strife

κάρεζζαη = pres act infinitive deponent to fight

ρνισζείο = aor pass part nom sing masc having been enraged

Λεηνῦο = contracted form of Λεηόνο

βαζηιῆη = Agamemnon instrumental case by the king

ὀιέθνλην = ὠιέθνλην imperf pass ind 3rd

pers plural were being destroyed or kept

perishing

KEY

Sing O goddess of the accursed wrath of Achilles Peleiades

which brought countless woes to the Achaeans

and cast forth the souls of many valiant warriors to Hades

making them the spoils and feast of both dogs

and vultures But the will of Zeus was accomplished

indeed from the time when at first having quarreled both

Atreides king of men and the divine Achilles separated

Which of the gods of course brought these two together to fight in strife

The son of Leto and Zeus For enraged by the king he

kindled an evil plague up through the camp and the people were destroyed

155 Composition

1 ἠείδνκελ κῆληλ νὐινκέλελ Ἀρηιιῆνο ἐμ νὗ ηὰ πξῶηα Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἀλέξσλ (ἀλδξῶλ) θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο

ἠξηζάηελ θαὶ δηεζηεζάηελ (δηεζηήηελ) 2 ηίο ζεῶλ μπλῆθε (μπλέεθα) Ἀραηνὺο θαὶ ιᾱὸλ Πξηάκνπ ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 3

μπλῆθε (μπλέεθα) ζθσε (ἕν) πἱὸο Λεηόνο (Λεηνῦο) θαὶ Γηὸο ἑθεβόινο ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 4 Αηξεΐδεο βαζηιεὺο

Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο ἐρόισζαλ ἄλαθηα ἑθεβόινλ θαὶ ὁ ὦξζα (ὤξνξε) λνῦζνπο πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θαθὰο (ᾱ) ἀλὰ

ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ θαθῶο ὤιεθελ ἀγαζὸλ ιᾱόλ

Lesson 16

(887-897 910 1065-1068 697-703 707 710 732)

161 Formation of Middle Passive and Deponent Verbs

The endings of the middle voice are different from the active voice The passive voice applies the same endings

as the middle voice except in the aorist passive which applies active endings Because the middle and passive voice

are identical (other than the aorist) the context determines whether a verb is used with middle or the passive

meaning The aorist middle is often used with a passive meaning (especially in athematic forms) and the aorist

passive is often used with a middle meaning

The perfect and pluperfect of the middlepassive are athematic with the personal endings attached directly to

the reduplicated stem

The future perfect passive is formed by adding -ζνε to the perfect middle passive lengthening the vowel that

precedes this ending

The first aorist passive is formed by adding -(ζ)ζεε to the stem Before ζ π and β become θ θ and γ become ρ

and η δ ζ become ζ Many verbs have a second aorist passive that drops the ζ altogether

Deponent verbs have no active form but use the middlepassive forms in an active sense

162 Paradigms Present and Future Indicative MiddlePassive of ιύσ

Present

S 1 ιύνκαη

2 ιύεαη [(ιύῃ)]

3 ιύεηαη

D 2 ιύεζζνλ

3 ιύεζζνλ

P 1 ιπόκε(ζ)ζα

2 ιύεζζα

3 ιύνληαη

Future

S 1 ιύζνκαη (ῡ)

2 ιύζεαη (ῡ) [(ιύζῃ (ῡ))]

3 ιύζεηαη (ῡ)

D 2 ιύζεζζνλ (ῡ)

3 ιύζεζζνλ (ῡ)

P 1 ιῡζόκεζα

2 ιύζεζζε (ῡ)

3 ιύζνληαη (ῡ)

163 The Use of Voice in Greek

The active voice indicates that the subject is acting λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ ὦξζε = he kindled a plague up

through the camp

The passive voice indicates that the subject is acted upon Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιή = but the will of Zeus was

being accomplished

The Middle voice denotes one of three meanings

1 The subject acting upon itself πείζνκαη (I convince myself) θαίλνκαη (I show myself)

2 The subject acting for itself θαιένκαη (I call for myself)

3 The subject acting upon something belonging to itself ιύνκαη (I loose my own I ransom)

When determing the difference between the middle and passive keep in mind that the middle voice always

conveys a direct or indirect reference to the subject and that the subject is effect by or has an interest in the action

164 Third Declension Stems in -επ -επ -νπ and -σϝ

Stems in -επ usually became -εϝ and the third declension endings are applied after the ϝ Thus βαζηιεϝνο =

βαζηιῆνο βαηιεϝη = βαζηιῆη βαζηιεϝα = βαζηιῆα etc Note that the ϝ explains why εη (εϝη) does not form an

improper diphthong as well as why the accusative singular ends in -εα (as if the stem ended in a consonant) instead

of -ελ (as if the stem ended in a vowel) Note that when the ending consists of a consonant the -εϝ is contracted to

the diphthong -επ Thus βαζηιεϝο = βαζηιεύο βαζηιεϝ = βαζηιεῦ βαζηιεϝζη = βαζηιεῦζη In rare cases the other

endings also contract the -ε to -ε (ie βαζηιῆνο = βαζηιένο)

In stems ending originally in -ᾱϝ the ᾱ becomes ε in the Ionic dialect These are declined the same as -εϝ

except that -εῡ is formed before consonants instead of -επ Thus λᾱϝο = λεϝο = λεῦο λᾱϝ = λεϝ = λεῦ But note the

exception in the shorter form of the dative plural where λᾱϝζη = λεϝζη = λεπζί (rather than λεῡζη) In contracted

forms the ε usually becomes ε

In stems ending in -σϝ the third declension endings are applied directly to the stem Thus ἡξσϝο = ἥξσο

ἡξσϝνο = ἥξσνο ἡξσϝη = ἥξση ἡξσϝα = ἥξσα etc

In stems ending originally in -ν or -νϝ the third declension endings are applied as usual But keep in mind that -

νϝ is contracted to the diphthong -νπ before a consonant thus βνϝο = βνῦο and βνϝζη = βνπζί But note the

exception that occurs in the accusative singular where βνϝλ = βνῦλ rather than βνϝα

βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

(βαζηιεϝ-) (βνϝ-) (λᾱϝ-) (ἡξσϝ-)

N βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

G βαζηιῆνο [ένο] βνόο λεόο [εόο] ἥξσνο

D βαζηιῆη [έη] βνΐ λεί ἥξση

A βαζηιῆα [έα] βνῦλ [βῶλ] λῆα [έα] ἥξσα

V βαζηιεῦ βνῦ λεῦ ἥξσο

N V A βαζηιῆε βόε λῆε ἥξσε

G D βαζηιήνηηλ βόνηηλ λήνηηλ ἡξώνηηλ

N V βαζηιῆεο βόεο λῆεο ἥξσεο

G βαζηιήσλ βνῶλ λεῶλ [εῶλ] ἡξώσλ

D βαζηιήεζζη βόεζζη λήεζζη [έεζζη] ἡξώεζζη

βαζηιεῦζη βνπζί λεπζί ἥξσζη

A βαζηιῆαο βόαο (βνῦο) λῆαο [έαο] ἥξσαο

165 Third Declension Stems in -εζ -αζ and -νζ

When a stem ends in a vowel plus -ζ the initial ζ is dropped between two vowels Thus γεξαζνο = γέξανο

ἠνζνο = ἠόνο etc

All third declension nouns with stems ending in -εο are neuters and follow the pattern of ἔπνο The third

declension endings are applied as usual except that the nominative vocative and accusative singulars end in -νο

Nouns with stems ending in -νο take -σο in the nominative and vocative singular but otherwise apply the third

declension endings as usual (dropping ζ between two vowels)

ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

(ϝεπεζ-) (γεξαζ-) (ἀϝζνζ- (ᾱ))

N ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

G ἔπενο γέξανο ἠόνο

D ἔπετ γέξατ ἠόη

A ἔπνο γέξαο ἠόα

V ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

N V A ἔπεε γέξαε

G D ἐπένηηλ γεξάνηηλ

N V ἔπεα γέξα(α)

G ἐπέσλ γεξάσλ

D ἐπέεζζη γεξάεζζη

ἔπε(ζ)ζη γέξα(ζ)ζη

A ἔπεα γέξα(α)

166 Third Declension Stems in -καη and -καξ

Stems ending in -καη and -καξ are neuters

Stems in -καη drop the -ηο in the nominative vocative and accusative singular δσκαηο = δῶκα Otherwise the

third declension endings are applied as usual

Stems ending in -καξ are declined like those ending in -καη except in the nominative vocative and accusative

singular (which end in -καξ)

δῶκα ἦκαξ

(δσκαη-) (ἠκαξ- ἠκαη-)

N δῶκα ἦκαξ

G δώκαηνο ἤκαηνο

D δώκαηη ἤκαηη

A δῶκα ἦκαξ

V δῶκα ἦκαξ

N V A δώκαηε ἤκαηε

G D δσκάηνηηλ ἠκάηνηηλ

N V δώκαηα ἤκαηα

G δσκάησλ ἠκάησλ

D δσκάηεζζη ἠκάηεζζη

δώκαζη ἤκαζη

A δώκαηα ἤκαηα

167 Third Declension Stems in -λη and -λ

Stems ending in -λη drop the -λη before ζ and lengthen the preceding vowel thus παληο = πᾶο παληζη = πᾶζη

Otherwise the third declension endings are applied as usual In neuters the -η is dropped at the end of the word thus

παλη = πᾶλ Stems in -λ drop the -λ before ζ and lengthen the preceding vowel in the masculine (but not in the

neuter)

πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

(παλη- παληα- παλη-)

Masc Fem Neut

N πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

G παληόο πάζεο (ᾱ) παληόο

D παληί πάζῃ (ᾱ) παληί

A πάληα πᾶζαλ πᾶλ

V πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

N V πάληεο πᾶζαη πάληα

G πάλησλ πᾱζάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] πάλησλ

D πάληεζ(ζ)η πάζῃζη (ᾱ) πάληεζ(ζ)η

πᾶζη πάζῃο (ᾱ) πᾶζη

A πάληνο πάζᾱο (ᾱ) πάληα

κέιᾱο κέιαηλα κέιαλ

(κειαλ- κειαηλα- κειαλ-)

N κέιᾱο κέιαηλα κέιαλ

G κέιαλνο κειαίλεο κέιαλνο

D κέιαλη κειαίλῃ κέιαλη

A κέιαλα κέιαηλαλ κέιαλ

V κέιαλ κέιαηλα κέιαλ

N V A κέιαλε κειαίλᾱ κέιαλε

G D κειάλνηηλ κειαίλῃηλ κειάλνηηλ

N V κέιαλεο κέιαηλαη κέιαλα

G κειάλσλ κειαηλάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] κειάλσλ

D κειάλεζ(ζ)η κειαίλῃζη κειάλεζ(ζ)η

κέιαζη κειαίλῃο κέιαζη

A κέιαλεο κειαίλᾱο κέιαλα

168 Vocabulary

Nouns

Ἀπόιισλ (ᾰ or ᾰ) σλνο ὁ Apollo

ἀξεηήξ (ᾱ) ῆξνο ὁ priest prayer

ζπγάηεξ ηέξνο (ηξόο) ἡ daughter

θνζκήησξ νξνο ὁ commander marshaller

λεῦο λεόο (λεόο) ἡ ship

ζηέκκα καηνο ηό fillet (of white cotton) wreath

ρείξ ρεηξόο ἡ hand arm

Verbs

ἔξρνκαη (ἐξρ- ἐιε- ἐιεπζ- ἐιπζ-) come go

ἐιεύζνκαη I will come I will go

ἦιζνλ (ἤιπζνλ) I came I went

ιίζζνκαη (ιηη-) I beg I entreat

---

ἐιιηζάκελ (ἐιηηόκελ) I begged I entreated

Adjectives Prepositions

ζνόο ή όλ swift speedy

πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ all every (the) whole

Indeclinable

δύν (δύσ) two

κάιηζηα most especially by all means

169 Translation

1 Ἀπόιισλ ἑθεβόινο ρνινῦηαη βαζηιῆη Αηξεΐδῃ θαὶ πέκπεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ ὀιέθνληαη δὲ

ιᾱνί νὕλεθα δῖνο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) 2 Υξύζεο (ῡ) γὰξ ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἑθεβόινπ ἔξρεηαη

ἐπὶ ζνὰο (ᾱ) λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ θέξεη δrsquo ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα ζπγαηξόο ἣλ Ἀηξεΐδεο ἔρεη ἐλ ζηξαηῷ 3 ὁ δrsquo ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἔρεη

ζηέκκαηα ἑθεβόινπ Ἀπόιισλνο ἐλ ρεξζὶλ ἀλὰ ρξῡζέῳ ζθήπηξῳ θαὶ ιίζζεηαη πάληαο Ἀραηνύο κάιηζηα δrsquo Ἀηξεΐδᾱ

δύσ θνζκήηνξε ιᾱῶλ 4 Ἀπόιισλ ρνιώζεηαη βαζηιῆη θαὶ ὄξζεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηόλ 5 ἐιεύζνληαη ἐπὶ ζνὰο

(ᾱ) λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ νἴζνπζη ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα βαζηιῆη 6 ιίζζνληαη πάληαο Ἀραηνύο 7 Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζελ (ῑ)

ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) θαὶ νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε ζύγαηξα

KEY

1 Apollo the free-shooter enraged by king Atreides sent an evil plague through the camp of the Achaeans and

the people were destroyed because the divine Atreides dishonored Chryses the priest 2 For Chryses the priest of

the free-shooter went upon the swift ships of the Achaeans bearing countless ransoms for his daughter whom

Atreides was holding in the camp 3 But the priest had a wreath of Apollo the free-shooter upon a staff in his hand

and was entreating all of the Achaeans but especially the sons of Atreus (who were) the commanders of the host 4

Apollo will be enraged by the king and will kindle an evil plague up through the camp 5 They will go upon the

swift ships of the Achaeans and bring countless ransoms to the king 6 They are entreating all of the Achaeans 7

Atreides dishonored the priest and would not release his daughter

1610 Iliad 11-16

hellipὀιέθνλην δὲ ιᾱνί

νὕλεθα ηὸλ Υξύζελ ἠηίκαζελ ἀξεηῆξα

Αηξεΐδεο ὁ γὰξ ἦιζε ζνὰο ἐπὶ λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ

ιπζόκελνο ηε ζύγαηξα θέξσλ ηrsquo ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα

ζηέκκαηrsquo ἔρσλ ἐλ ρεξζὶλ ἑθεβόινπ Ἀπόιισλνο

ρξπζέῳ ἀλὰ ζθήπηξῳ θαὶ ἐιίζζεην πάληαο Ἀραηνύο

Ἀηξεΐδα δὲ κάιηζηα δύσ θνζκήηνξε ιαῶλ

ηόλ Υξύζελ = that (well-known) Chryses

The first verse ends in two spondees making it a spondaic verse and emphasizing the fact that

Chryses was a priest

ιῡζόκελνο = fut mid part nom masc sing being about to ransom

θέξσλ = pres act part nom sing masc bearing bringing

ἔρσλ = pres act part nom sing masc having holding

ρεξζὶλ ἑθεβόινπ = ρεξζὶ ϝεθεβόινπ

ρξῡζέῳ = synizesis where -έῳ is pronounced as a single syllable

ἐιίζζεην = imperf act ind 3rd

pers sing dep (kept) entreating was entreating

Ἀηξεΐδᾱ = dual of Ἀηξεΐδεο refers to both Agamemnon and Menelaus

KEY

hellipand the people were being destroyed

because Atreides dishonored Chryses the priest

For he had gone upon the swift ships of the Achaeans

intending to ransom his daughter bearing countless gifts

and holding in his hand fillets of Apollo the free-shooter

upon a golden staff and was entreating all of the Achaeans

but especially the two sons of Atreus the commanders of the host

1611 Composition

1 Chryses the priest of Apollo is dishonored by the son of Atreus 2 The Achaeans will go from their swift

ships to Troy and ransom the beloved daughter of the priest 3 We shall bring many ransoms and shall hold in our

hands the fillets of Apollo 4 We do not have a golden scepter but we entreat Priam and all the people of Troy 5

The two sons of Atreus marshallers of the people are entreating Priam but he will slight them 6 The son of

Atreus king of men slighted the priest and did not release his daughter

KEY

1 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) Ἀπόιινπ ἀηῑκάδεηαη Ἀηξεΐδῃ 2 Ἀραηνὶ ἐιεύζνληαη ἐθ ζνάσλ (ᾱ) λήσλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ (ῑ)

θαὶ ἀπειύζνληαη (ῡ) θίιε ζπγάηεξα ἀξεηῆξη (ᾱ) 3 νἴζνκελ πνιιrsquo ἄπνηλα θαὶ ἕζρνκελ ἐλ ρείξεζζη ζηέκκαηα

Ἀπόιινπ 4 νὐθ ἔρνκελ ζθῆπηξνλ ρξύζενλ ἀιιὰ ιηζζόκεζα Πξίακνλ θαὶ πᾶληα ιᾱνλ Ἰιίνπ (ῑ) 5 δύrsquo Ἀηξεΐδᾱ

θνζκήηεξᾱ ιᾱσλ ιίζζεζζνλ Πξίακνλ αὐηνὺο δrsquo ἀηῑκάζεη 6 Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἄλδξσλ ἠηίκαζελ (ῑ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) θαὶ

νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε ζπγάηεξα

1612 Meter

ΟΤ λε θα | ΣΟΝ ΥΡΤ | ΖΝ Ζ | ΣΗ κα ζελ | Α ΡΖ | ΣΖ ΡΑ~

Α ηξε η | ΓΖ ν γαξ | ΖΛ ζε ζν | Α ε πη | ΝΖ αο α | ΥΑΗ ΧΝ

ΛΤ ζν κε | ΝΟ ηε ζπ | ΓΑΣ ξα θε | ΡΧΝ ηα πε | ΡΔΗ ζη α | ΠΟΗ ΝΑ~

ΣΔΜ καη ε | ΥΧΝ ΔΝ | ΥΔΡ ζηλ ε | ΚΖ βν ινπ | Α ΠΟΛ | ΛΧ ΝΟ~

ΥΡΤζεσα | ΝΑ ΚΖΠ | ΣΡΧ θαη ε | ΛΗ ζε ην | ΠΑΝ ηαο α | ΥΑΗ ΟΤ

ΑΣ ξε η | ΓΑ δε κα | ΛΗ ηα δπ | Χ ΚΟ | ΜΖ ην ξε | ΛΑ ΧΝ

Lesson 17

(910 - imperfect middle and passive aorist middle of ιύσ 648-658 - the table

of endings in 32)

171 Paradigms Imperfect MiddlePassive of ιύσ

S 1 ἐιπόκελ

2 ἐιύεν [(ἐιύεπ)]

3 ἐιύεην

D 2 ἐιύεζζνλ

3 ἐιπέζζελ

P 1 ἐιπόκε(ζ)ζα

2 ἐιύεζζε

3 ἐιύνλην

172 Paradigms Aorist Middle of ιύσ

Thematic Athematic (2nd

Aorist)

S 1 ἐιῡζάκελ ἐιύκελ

2 ἐιύζαν (ῡ) [(ἐιύζσ (ῡ))] ἔιπ(ζ)ν

3 ἐιύζαην (ῡ) ἔιπην

D 2 ἐιύζαζζνλ (ῡ) ἔιπζζνλ

3 ἐιῡζάζζελ ἐιύζζελ

P 1 ἐιῡζάκε(ζ)ζα ἐιύκε(ζ)ζα

2 ἐιύζαζζε (ῡ) ἔιπζζε

3 ἐιύζαλην (ῡ) ἔιπλην

173 Vocabulary

δῶκα αηνο ηό house home

παῖο παηδόο ὁ ἡ child son daughter

π(η)όιηο ηνο (ενο) ἡ city state

ἐπθλήκῑο ῑδνο well-greaved

ἐγώ(λ) κέν (κεῦ) I

ζύ ζέν (ζεῦ) you

κέλhellip δέ on the one handhellip trulyhellip on the one handhellip on the other hand

partlyhellip partly the onehellip the other

νἴθαδε home homeward to home home

Verbs

ἅδνκαη (ἁγ-) (defective) I reverence

δέρνκαη I accept I receive

δέμνκαη I will accept

ἐδεμάκελ (ἐδέγκελ) I accepted

δίδσκη (δσ- δν-) I give I grant

(δη)δώζσ I will give

ἔδσθα I gave

ἐθπέξζσ (πεξζ- πξαζ-) I sack (utterly) I plunder I pillage

ἐθπέξζσ I will sack

ἐμέπεξζα (ἐμέπξαζνλ) I sacked

ἱθλένκαη I arrive I reach (a destination)

ἵμνκαη I will arrive

ἱθόκελ (ῑ) I arrived

174 Translation

1 ζενὶ ἔρνπζηλ ιύκπηα δώκαηα ἔδσθαλ δrsquo Ἀηξεΐδεο θαὶ ἄιινηζηλ ἐπθλεκίδεζζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἐθπέξζαη

(infinitive) πόιηλ Πξηάκνπ ηόηε δrsquo ἵθνλην (ῑ) ἐὺ νἴθαδε νὕλεθα παῖδα θίιελ ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἔιῡζαλ 2 ἀπέιῡζαλ

ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνὶ ζύγαηξα θίιελ ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἐδέμαλην δrsquo ἀγιαὰ ἄπνηλα νὕλεθα ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλα Γηὸο πἱὸλ

ἅδνλην 3 ἅδεηαη ἑθεβόινλ 4 Ἀηξεΐδεο νὐθ ἐδέμαην ηὰ ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα 5 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἔδσθελ ἄπνηλα

πνιιὰ βαζηιῆη Ἀηξεΐδῃ 6 πάληεο ζενὶ θαὶ πᾶζαη ζεαὶ εἶρνλ ιύκπηα δώκαηα 7 Ἀραηνὶ ἐπθλήκῑδεο ἐθπέξζνπζη

Πξηάκνην πόιηλ ἵμνληαη δrsquo ἐπ νἴθαδε 8 παῖο θίιε ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἐιύζαην (ῡ) ἵθεην (ῑ) δrsquo ἐὺ νἴθαδε

KEY

1 The gods have Olympian homes but they gave the son of Atreus and the other well-greaved Achaeans to

utterly sack the city of Priam and then they returned safe at home because they released the dear child of the priest

2 The well-greaved Achaeans released the dear daughter of the priest and received glorious ransoms because they

reverenced the free-shooter Apollo son of Zeus 3 He reverences te free-shooter 4 The son of Atreus did not

receive the glorious ransoms 5 Chryses the priest gave many ransoms to king Atreides 6 All of the gods and all of

the goddesses had Olympian homes 7 The well-greved Achaeans will utterly sack Priamrsquos city and will return safe

to home 8 The dear child of the priest was released and arrived well to her home

175 Iliad 17-21

ltltἈηξεΐδαη ηε θαὶ ἄιινη ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνί

ὑκῖλ κὲλ ζενὶ δνῖελ ιύκπηα δώκαηrsquo ἔρνληεο

ἐθπέξζαη Πξηάκνην πόιηλ ἐὺ δrsquo νἴθαδrsquo ἱθέζζαη

παῖδα δrsquo ἐκνὶ ιῦζαί ηε θίιελ ηά ηrsquo ἄπνηλα δέρεζζαη

ἁδόκελνη Γηὸο πἱὸλ ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλαgtgt

Ἀηξεΐδαηhellip ἄιινη ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνί = vocative case

ὑκῖλ (ῡ) = dat plural of ζύ to you

ζενί = one syllable by synizesis

κέλ (v 18) = correlative of δέ (v 20)

δνῖελ = aor act optative 3rd

plural of δίδσκη may they grant

ἔρνληεο = pres act part nom masc plural of ἔρσ having possessing

ἐθπέξζαη = aor act inf of ἐθπέξζσ to sack utterly

ἱθέζζαη = aor act inf of ἱθένκαη to arrive (compare κάρεζζαη)

ιῦζαη δέρεζζαη = infinitives used as imperatives free and accept

ηά ηrsquo ἄπνηλα (ηά ηε ἄπνηλα) = thesehellip gifts

ἁδόκελνη = pres act part nom masc plural reverencing

KEY

ldquoSons of Atreus and you other well-greaved Achaeans

may the gods who have their homes on Olympus grant you

to utterly sack Priamrsquos city and return safe to home

but release my dear child to me and accept these gifts

reverencing Apollo who shoots at will the son of Zeusrdquo

176 Composition

1 The gods who have (ἔρνληεο) Olympian homes will grant to the sons of Atreus and to the other well-greaved

Achaeans to sack utterly (ἐθπέξζαη) the city of Priam 2 When they sacked the city of Priam they returned happily

home 3 They accepted the shining ransoms and freed the darling daughter of the priest Chryses 4 We reverenced

the free-shooter Apollo son of Leto and Zeus and escaped death 5 Will the son of Atreus accept the shining

ransoms 6 The child of the priest was freed when he gave many shining ransoms which the two sons of Atreus

accepted

KEY

1 ζενὶ ἔρνληεο ιύκπηα δώκαηα δώζνπζη Ἀηξεΐδῃζη θαὶ ἄιινηζηλ ἐπθλεκίδεζζηλ (ῑ) Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἐθπέξζαη πόιηλ

Πξηάκνπ 2 ηόηε ἐμέπεξζαλ πόιηλ Πξηάκνην ἵθνλην (ῑ) ἐὺ νἴθαδε 3 ἐδέμαλην ἀγιαrsquo ἄπνηλα θαὶ ἀπέιῡζαλ ζπγάηεξα

θίιε ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) Υξύζᾱν (ῡ) 4 ἡμάκεζα ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλα Λεηόνο θαὶ Γηὸο πἱόλ θαὶ ζάλαηνλ 5

Ἀηξεΐδεο δέμεηαη ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα 6 παῖο ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἀπειύζαην (ῡ) ηόηε ἔδσθελ ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀγιάα ηὰ

Ἀηξεΐδᾱ ἐδώθαζηλ

Lesson 18

(Perfect and Pluperfect Active of Verbs 904 922 Third Declension γέρων

αἴξ 693-695)

181 Formation of the Perfect and Pluperfect Active

The perfect and pluperfect in all modes experience reduplication of the initial syllable which denotes completed

action Verbs beginning with a single consonant (except ξ) prefix this consonant followed by -ε Thus ιύσ =

ιέιπθα The stem sometimes stands in ablaut relation to the stem of the present as in βαίλσ = βέβεθα A

reduplicated syllable beginning with an aspirated mute is changed to its corresponding voiceless mute in the

reduplicated syllable ie ζλήζθσ = ηέζλεθα In these cases the reduplicated pluperfect adds ἐ- to the reduplicated

syllable ie ιύσ = ιέιπθα = ἐιέιπθε

Vebs beginning with a double consonant two consonants (except a mute followed by a liquid or a nasal) ξ and

some beginning with κ simply augment the stem with the addition of ε-

Verbs beginning in a vowel typically take the temporal augment by lengthening the vowel ie νἴρνκαη =

ᾤρσθα However verbs beginning with a vowel in which an initial consonant has been lost may take the syllabic

augment

Compound verbs typically insert the reduplication and augment between the preposition and the verb ie

ἀπνιύσ = ἀπνιέιπθα = ἀπειειύθε

The first perfect active adds -θα- to the stem followed by the primary endings The first pluperfect active

similarly adds -θε- followed by the secondary endings In general a short final vowel is lengthened before the

addition of the -θα- or -θε- Second perfects and pluperfects active are the older form and are more common in

Homer These omit the θ and simply add -α- or -ε- respectively The second perfects are more common in stems

ending in a consonant

In general the singular perfect and pluperfect active stand in ablaut relation to the dual and plural forms

Perfects and pluperfects are rare in Homer and only occur in some twenty verbs

182 Paradigms λέλυκα and βέβηκα

ιέιπθα ἐιειύθε (ἐιειύθεα)

ιέιπθαο ἐιειύθο (ἐιειύθεαο)

ιέιπθε(λ) ἐιειύθεη (ἐιειύθεε)

ιειύθαηνλ ἐιειύθαηνλ

ιειύθαηνλ ἐιειπθάηελ

ιειύθακελ ἐιειύθεκελ

ιειύθαηε ἐιειύθεηε

ιειύθᾱζη ἐιειύθεζαλ

βέβεθα ἐβεβήθεα (ἐβεβήθε)

βέβεθαο ἐβεβήθεαο (ἐβεβήθεο)

βέβεθε(λ) ἐβεβήθεε (ἐβεβήθεη)

βέβαηνλ ἐβέβαηνλ

βέβαηνλ ἐβεβάηελ

βέβακελ ἐβέβακελ

βέβαηε ἐβέβαηε

βέβᾱζη ἐβέβαζαλ

183 Paradigms γέρων and αἴξ

γέξσλ αἴμ

γέξνληνο αἰγόο

γέξνληη αἰγί

γέξνληα αἶγα

γέξνλ αἴμ

γέξνληε αἶγε

γεξόληνηηλ αἴγνηηλ

γέξνληεο αἶγεο

γεξόλησλ αἰγῶλ

γεξόληεζ(ζ)η (γέξνπζη) αἴγεζ(ζ)η (αἰμί)

γέξνληαο αἶγαο

184 Vocabulary

ἀγνξή ῆο ἡ assembly meeting place gathering harrangue

αἴμ αἰγόο ὁ ἡ goat

Ἄξγνο ενο ηό Argos (both a country and a city in Greece)

γέξσλ νληνο ὁ old man

γῆξαο ανο ηό old age

ἱεξεύο ῆνο ὁ priest holy man

κεξίνλ νπ ηό thigh-bone thigh-piece

πνύο πνδόο ὁ foot

ηαῦξνο νπ ὁ bull

θξήλ θξελόο ἡ diaphragm mind heart soul spirit disposition

δέθαηνο ε νλ tenth

ἡκέηεξνο ε νλ our ours

θνῖινο ε νλ hollow

ὠθύο ὠθεῖα ὠθύ swift speedy

ζλήζθσ die perish

ζαλένκαη

ἔζαλνλ

ηέζλεθα

θεύγσ flee fly escape run (off away along)

θεύμνκαη

ἔθπγνλ

πέθεπγα

44 Derivatives

ζάιαζζα (thalassa) = thalassocracy

παηξή (patre) = patriotic

ππξή (pyre) = pyre pyrolatry pyrotechnic pyrotechnical pyrography

ςῡρή (psyche) = psyche psychology psychotherapy psychic psychical

45 Translation

1 θᾱιὴ ζεὰ (ᾱ) ἔρεη βνπιὴλ θᾱιήλ 2 θᾱιαὶ ζεαί εἰζη θίιαη ςῡρῇ ζεᾶο ζαιάζζεο δεηλῆο 3 Κίιια θαὶ Υξύζε

(ῡ) εἰζὶ θᾱιαη θαὶ θίιαη ζεῇζη ζαιαζζάσλ (ᾱ) 4 θᾱιὴ ζεὰ (ᾱ) νὐθ ἔρεη ςῡρὴλ θαθήλ 5 θᾱιή ἐζηη ζεά (ᾱ) ἔρεη δὲ

ςῡρὴλ θαθήλ 6 δεηλὴ θιαγγή ἐζηηλ ἐθ ζαιάζζεο 7 Κίιια θαὶ Υξύζε (ῡ) ἦζαλ ἐπὶ ζαιάζζῃ 8 ζεαὶ ζαιάζζεο εἰζὶ

θίιαη ςῡρῇο πνιιῇο θίιαη γάξ εἰζηλ 9 πάηξε θᾱιή ἐζηη θίιε πνιιῇο ςῡρῇο θᾱιῇο 10 ἐθ πάηεο θαθῆο ἦλ 11

ἦζαλ ππξαὶ πνιιαὶ ἐλ θίιῃ πάηξῃ ἐπὶ δεηλῇ ζαιάζζῃ 12 ηίο νὐθ ἔρεη θᾱιὴλ ςῡρήλ

(2) εἰζη is an enclitic When the preceding word carries an acute on the ultima the enclitic looses its own

accent and the accent on the ultima does not change to a grave

(3) When an enclitic follows a word with the acute on the penult the enclitic retains its own accent

(4) νὐ is used before consonants νὐθ before vowels with the smooth breathing and νὐρ before vowels

with the rough breathing As an adverb it usually precedes the verb that it modifies

(6) ἐθ + gen The phrase is rendered ldquohellipfrom out of the seardquo

(7) ἐπί with the dative indicates location and frequently denotes close proximity This phrase is usually

translated with the English idiom ldquoupon the seardquo but it literally means ldquobeside the seardquo or ldquonear the seardquo

(8) postpositives like γάξ and δέ never occur first in a sentence they usually occur as the second or third

word of the sentence

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 Does the beautiful goddess have a good plan 2 Beautiful goddesses are dear to the soul of the goddess of

the terrible sea 3 Cilla and Chrysa are beautiful and dear to the goddesses of the seas 4 The beautiful goddess does

not have an ugly soul 5 The goddess is beautiful but she has an ugly soul 6 There is a terrible roar from out of the

sea 7 Cilla and Chrysa were upon the sea 8 The goddesses of the sea are dear to many souls for they are beloved

9 The beautiful fatherland is dear to many good souls 10 There was evil from out of the fatherland 11 There were

many funeral pyres in the beloeved fatherland upon the terrible sea

46 Composition

1 Are the good plans dear to the souls of the goddesses 2 They have many plans but (they are) cowardly

ones 3 The plans are dear to the soul of the beautiful goddess for they are noble 4 The lovely goddess of the sea

was not in Cilla 5 There are many funeral pyres by the sea in (our) beloved fatherland 6 Who was in Cilla by the

sea

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 θᾱιαὶ βνπιαί εἰζη θίιαη ςῡρῇζη ζεάσλ (ᾱ) 2 ἔρνπζη βνπιὰο (ᾱ) πνιιάο (ᾱ) θαθὰο (ᾱ) δέ 3 βνπιαὶ θίιαη

εἰζὶ ςῡρῇ θᾱιῆο ζεᾶο θίιαη γάξ εἰζηλ 4 θᾱιὴ ζεὰ (ᾱ) ζαιάζζεο νὐθ ἦλ ἐλ Κίιιῃ 5 ππξαὶ πνιιαί ἐζηηλ ἐπὶ

ζαιάζζῃ ἐλ πάηξῃ θίιῃ 6 ηίο ἦλ ἐλ Κίιιῃ ἐπὶ ζαιάζζῃ

Lesson 5

(789-806 904)

51 Introduction to Greek Verbs

The uses of the Greek verb will be covered in more detail later However Pharr employs several terms in this

lesson that may be perplexing without a brief introduction

Greek verbs employ prefixes suffixes and formative elements in order to conjugate verbs A similar function

exists in English although to a lesser extent precook (use of a prefix) walked (use of a suffix) ranrun (use of

ablaut as a formative element) etc

There are three voices in Greek The active and passive voice function as in English where the active indicates

action performed by the subject (ldquothe dog bit the mailmanrdquo) and the passive indicates action performed upon the

subject (ldquothe mailman was bitten by the dogrdquo) The Greek also employs a third voice called the middle which

indicates (among other things) that the subject acted on its own behalf (ldquothe dog himself bit the mailmanrdquo) or that

plural subjects acted upon each other (ldquothe dogs bit each otherrdquo) The endings for the passive and the middle are

sometimes identical and the meaning must be determined from the context

In Greek as in English verbs convey certain moods The indicative mood simply denotes an action that is

performed (ldquothe dog bites the mailmanrdquo) The subjunctive mood denotes (among other things) possibility and

wishes etc (ldquothe dog may bite the mailmanrdquo ldquoI wish that the dog would bite the mailmanrdquo) Like the subjunctive

the optative mood denotes (among other things) possibility wish conditions or indirect discourse (ldquothe dog would

bite the mailman ifhelliprdquo ldquowould that the dog had bitten the mailmanrdquo ldquomay the dog bite the mailmanrdquo) The

imperative mood expresses a command (ldquobite the mailman you dogrdquo) The infinitive mood expresses the verb as if it

were a noun (ldquoto bite the mailmanrdquo) The participle is a verbal noun or adjective similar to the infinitive ( ldquobiting the

mailman is badrdquo)

There are seven different tenses in Greek most of which have corresponding meanings in English present (ldquothe

dog bites the mailmanrdquo) future (ldquothe dog will bite the mailmanrdquo) imperfect (ldquothe dog was biting the mailmanrdquo)

aorist (ldquothe dog bit the mailmanrdquo) perfect (ldquothe dog has bitten the mailmanrdquo) pluperfect (ldquothe dog had bitten the

mailmanrdquo) and future perfect (ldquothe dog would have bitten the mailmanrdquo)

Grammarians divide the Greek tenses into two categories The primary (or principle) tenses consist of the

present future perfect and future perfect and denote action that occurs from a perspective in the present or future

The secondary (past or historic) consist of the imperfect aorist and pluperfect and denote action occurring from

the perspective of the past

Each tense can be expressed in multiple moods and voices The aorist active indicative for example is ldquothe dog

bit the mailmanrdquo The aorist middle indicative is ldquothe dog himself bit the mailmanrdquo The aorist passive indicative is

ldquothe mailman was bitten by the dogrdquo The present active subjunctive is ldquothe dog may bite the mailmanrdquo The present

passive subjunctive is ldquothe mailman may be bitten by the dogrdquo

There are three persons in the Greek and these correspond to the three persons used in the English verbs first

person (ldquoI bit the mailmanrdquo) second person (ldquoyou bit the mailmanrdquo) and third person (ldquohe bit the mailmanrdquo) Each

person can also take on the dual form (ldquothe pair of them bit the mailmanrdquo third person dual) and the plural form

(ldquowe bit the mailmanrdquo first person plural)

As you can see there are many possible combinations in Greek and the majority of those possible

combinations has accompanying endings that can be applied All in all there are hundreds of possible endings that

can be applied to various Greek verbs and the student must eventually learn them all

Grammarians use the word ldquoaugmentrdquo in reference to a prefix that is applied to a verb In general Greek

augments consist of either the letter ε- appended to the beginning of the word (ιπσ ldquoI looserdquo ειπνλ ldquoI was

loosingrdquo) or a lengthening of an initial vowel (ἄγσ ldquoI leadrdquo ἦγνλ ldquoI was leadingrdquo) Augments typically indicate an

event occurring in the past tense

Reduplication consists of doubling the initial syllable of a word and are used in the formation of some tenses

and stems (ιπσ ldquoI looserdquo ιειπθα ldquoI have loosedrdquo)

52 Inflection of Verbs

As with other inflected forms verbs consist of the stem and the ending (or suffix) Frequently more than one

ending is applied to a verb stem in order to indicate relationships such as mood tense voice person and number

Greek verb forms fall into two categories finite (indicative subjunctive optative imperative) and infinite

(infinitive participle) The finite forms of the verb include personal endings (1st person 2

nd person etc) augment

(prefixes used to indicate historic time) and reduplication (doubling of the first syllable of the word) as well as

endings representing tense mood voice etc Collectively these prefixes suffixes and modifications are called the

characteristics of the verb

The infinite forms of the verb are used as nouns or adjectives The participle is a verbal adjective and is used as

other adjectives It corresponds roughly to English verbs ending in -ing such as ldquothe running horserdquo or ldquowalking is

healthyrdquo The infinitive is a verbal noun and corresponds roughly to verbs preceded by the preposition ldquotordquo in

English ldquoit is good to runrdquo ldquohe wanted to walkrdquo

53 Thematic and Athematic Forms

Greek verbs fall into two primary conjugations -σ (or thematic) verbs which end in -σ in the first person

singular (present active indicative) and -κη (or athematic) verbs which end in -κη in the first person singular

(present active indicative)

In thematic verbs the stem ends in either -ν or -ε (which are called the theme) and the various suffixes are

applied to after the thematic vowel For example ιύεηε consists of ιῡ- the thematic vowel -ε- and the personal

ending -ηε Combined they form the word ιύ-ε-ηε ye loose The thematic vowel is -o- when it occurs before κ λ or

when used in the optative mood otherwise the thematic vowel is -ε- In the subjunctive mood the thematic vowel is

lengthened to -ε- (for -ε-) or -σ- (for -o-)

In athematic verbs the theme is omitted and the suffixes are applied directly to the stem of the verb Many

verbs which are regularly thematic also have corresponding athematic forms Strictly speaking no Greek verb is

entirely thematic or athematic each verb has both thematic and athematic forms

In general verb forms that are thematic include all futures all presents and imperfects of -σ verbs all second

aorists having the thematic vowel (ending in -νλ in the first person singular) and all subjunctives The verb forms

that are athematic include the presents and imperfects of -κη verbs all passive aorists (except in the subjunctive) all

middle and passive perfects and pluperfects all second aorists whose tense stem does not end in the thematic vowel

a few verbs in the second perfect and pluperfect active all first aorists active and middle and most perfects and

pluperfects active

In athematic inflections the singular is usually built on a long vowel and the duals and plurals are usually built

on the corresponding short vowel

54 Conjugation of the Present Active Indicative of -ω Verbs

The verb ιύσ (ldquoI looserdquo) is typically used as an example of the conjugation of -σ verbs The following

paradigm covers the present tense indicative mood and active voice of ιύσ (Note that there is no first person dual)

Singular 1st Person ιύσ I loose

2nd

Person ιύεηο you loose

3rd

Person ιύεη he she it looses

Dual 2nd

Person ιύεηνλ you two (or the pair of you) loose

3rd

Person ιύεηνλ they two (or the pair of them) loose

Plural 1st Person ιύνκελ we loose

2nd

Person ιύεηε you (or ye) loose

3rd

Person ιύνπζη(λ) they loose

55 Vocabulary

ἀείδσ sing sing of hymn chant

ἀλ- (prefix ἀ- before consonants) not un- dis- -less without

ἁλδάλσ (to) please (used with the dative)

ἀηῑκάδσ dishonor slight insult

βαίλσ come go walk

εἰο ἐο (adv and prep + acc) into until therein

ἔρσ have hold keep

θαίσ burn consume

ιύσ loose free break up destroy

ὀιέθσ kill destroy ruin

πέκπσ send escort conduct

ηειείσ accomplish fulfill complete

ηεύρσ make do fashion perform cause prepare

θέξσ bear carry bring

56 Derivatives

ἀείδσ (aed-) = ode odium melody palinode

ἀλ- (a- an-) = atheist anarchy

θαίσ (cae-) = caustic cauterize holocaust

ιύσ (ly-) = analysis

πέκπσ (pemp-) = pomp

ηειείσ (tele-) = teleology

θέξσ (pher-) = periphery phosphorus

57 Translation

1 ἀείδνκελ βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεάσλ (ᾱ) πνιιάσλ (ᾱ) 2 θιαγγὴ δεηλὴ θαθῆο ζαιάζζεο νὐρ ἁλδάλεη ςῡρῇ ζεᾶο 3 ηίο

ἀηῑκάδεη θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) ζεάο (ᾱ) 4 νὐρ ἀηῑκάδνκελ πάηξελ θίιε γάξ ἐζηηλ 5 βαίλνπζηλ ἐθ Κίιιεο εἰο Υξύζελ (ῡ) 6

θαίνπζη ππξὰο (ᾱ) πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἐλ Υξύζῃ (ῡ) ἐπὶ ζαιάζζῃ 7 ἔρνκελ πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) βνπιάο (ᾱ) 8 θαίεηε

ππξὰο (ᾱ) ἐλ πάηξῃ 9 ιύεηνλ ιύεηο ιύνκελ ιύνπζηλ ιύεηε 10 ὀιέθνκελ ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θαθὰο (ᾱ) ἐλ

πάηξῃ θίιῃ 11 ηίο πέκπεη ζεὰο (ᾱ) ἐο Υξύζελ (ῡ) 12 ηειείεηε βνπιὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) πάηξῃ θίιῃ 13 ηειείνκελ

βνπιὴλ θίιεο ζεᾶο 14 ηεύρνκελ ππξήλ 15 ηί θέξεηε ηί θέξνπζηλ

(2) ἁλδάλεη ςῡρῇhellip The object of the verb ἁλδάλσ takes the dative case In general the English can be

translated with the addition of the word ldquotordquo thus νὐθ ἁλδάλεη ςῡρῇ is ldquois not pleasing to the soulrdquo or ldquodoes

not please the soulrdquo

(5) The word εἰο can either be translated ldquotordquo or ldquointordquo

(6) ἐπὶ ζαιάζζῃ is a title for Chrysa thus Υξύζε (ῡ) ἐπὶ ζαιάζζῃ is ldquoChrysa upon the seardquo or ldquoChrysa by

the seardquo

(8) The word πάηξε refers to the person addressed and so is more appropriately translated ldquonative landrdquo

(the more familiar ldquofatherlandrdquo would typically apply only to the person speaking) Note that the possessive

is implied by using the 2nd

person of the verb thus ldquohellipin (your) native landrdquo

(9) ιύεηνλ can be either 2nd

or 3rd

person

(10) As with many Homeric words the best translation depends on the context Here the word ὀιέθσ

occurs in a military context (the Iliad) and so probably refers to killing enemies θαθή probably refers to

cowardice But the passage could be rendered in many ways such as ldquoWe ruin many wicked soulshelliprdquo or

ldquoWe kill many cowardly soulshelliprdquo etc

(11) Note the alternate form of εἰο As with many common prepositions Homer offers different forms to fit

the rhythmic structure of the poem εἰο is a single long syllable while ἐο can be either long or short

depending on the following word In like manner ἐλ is either long or short ἐλί is two short syllables and

εἰλ is a single long syllable

(12) The dative without a preposition is here translated with ldquoforhelliprdquo I also rendered βνπιαί θαιαί as

ldquonoble thingsrdquo in this context although it could also be translated ldquogood plansrdquo ldquobrave plansrdquo etc

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 We sing the plans of many goddesses 2 The terrible roar of the evil sea was not pleasing to the soul of the

goddess 3 Who dishonors the noble goddesses 4 We do not dishonor (our) fatherland for it is dear 5 They go

from Cilla to Chrysa 6 Do they burn many funeral pyres in Chrysa by the sea 7 We have many fair plans 8 Do

you burn pyres in (your) native land 9 You two loose you loose we loose they loose you loose 10 We destroy

many wicked souls in (our) dear fatherland 11 Who escorts the goddess into Chrysa 12 You accomplish noble

things for (our) dear fatherland 13 We fulfill the will of the beloved goddess

58 Composition Exercises

1 Who is singing the evil plans of the fair goddess 2 The roar of the sea is pleasing to the soul of the goddess

in Cilla 3 We do not dishonor the goddesses of (our) dear fatherland 4 Are you going from Chrysa to Cilla by the

sea 5 The two goddesses come from the sea into Cilla 6 They are burning two funeral pyres in (their) fatherland

7 They have many fair plans 8 We loose you loose they (two) loose he is loosing 9 The goddess destroys many

wicked souls 10 We escort the goddess into (our) dear fatherland 11 They accomplish the will of (their)

fatherland 12 He is making a funeral pyre 13 What does he bring

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 ηίο ἀείδεη θαθὰο (ᾱ) βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεᾶο θᾱιῆο 2 θιαγγὴ ζαιάζζεο ἁλδάλεη ςῡρῇ ζεᾶο ἐλ Κίιιῃ 3 νὐθ

ἀηῑκάδνκελ ζεὰλ (ᾱ) θίιεο πάηξεο 4 βαίλεηο ἐθ Υξύζεο (ῡ) εἰο Κίιιελ ἐπὶ ζαιάζζῃ 5 ζεὰ (ᾱ) βαίλνπζηλ ἐθ

ζαιάζζεο εἰο Κίιιελ 6 θαίνπζη πύξᾱ ἐλ πάηξῃ 7 ἔρνπζη πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) βνπιάο (ᾱ) 8 ιύνκελ ιύεηο

ιύεηνλ ιύεη 9 ζεὰ (ᾱ) ὀιέθεη πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θαθὰο (ᾱ) ςῡράο (ᾱ) 10 θέξνκελ ζεὰλ (ᾱ) εἰο θίιελ πάηξελ 11

ηειείνπζη βνπιὴλ πάηξεο 12 ηεύρεη πύξελ 13 ηί θέξεη

Lesson 6

(678-679 717-721 1025 cf 575 996 1009)

61 Second Declension Masculines

Second declension nouns have stems ending in -o Masculine nouns of the second declension are inflected like

ζῡκόο (spirit life soul) and πνιεκόο (war) Second declension adjectives are inflected like θαθόο (evil)

Sigular Dual Plural

N ζῡκόο ζῡκώ ζῡκνί

G ζῡκνῦ νῖν [όν] ζῡκνῖηλ ζῡκῶλ

D ζῡκῷ ζῡκνῖηλ ζῡκνῖζη νῖο

A ζῡκόλ ζῡκώ ζῡκνύο

V ζῡκέ ζῡκώ ζῡκνί

Sigular Dual Plural

N θαθὸο πόιεκνο θαθὼ πνιέκσ θαθνὶ πόιεκνη

G θαθνῦ νῖν [όν] πνιέκνπ νην [νν] θαθνῖηλ πνιέκνηηλ θαθῶλ πνιέκσλ

D θαθῷ πνιέκῳ θαθνῖλ πνιέκνηηλ θαθνῖο πνιέκνηο

A θαθὸλ πόιεκνλ θαθὼ πνιέκσ θαθνὺο πνιέκνπο

V θαθὲ πόιεκε θαθὼ πνιέκσ θαθνὶ πνιεκνί

62 Second Declension Neuters

Second declension neuters end in -νλ in the nominative vocative and accusative singlular and -ᾰ in the

nominative vocative and accusative plural They are identical to second declension masculines in the genitive and

dative as well as all cases of the dual Second declension neuters nouns are declined like ἔξγνλ (deed) and second

declension neuter adjectives are declined like θᾱιόλ (noble)

Sigular Dual Plural

N θᾱιὸλ ἔξγνλ θᾱιὼ ἔξγσ θᾱιὰ ἔξγα

G θᾱινῦ νῖν [όν] ἔξγνπ νην [νν] θᾱινῖηλ ἔξγνηηλ θᾱιῶλ ἔξγσλ

D θᾱιῷ ἔξγῳ θᾱινῖηλ ἔξγνηηλ θᾱινῖο ἔξγνηο

A θᾱιὸλ ἔξγνλ θᾱιὼ ἔξγσ θᾱινὺο ἔξγνπο

V θᾱιὸλ ἔξγνλ θᾱιὼ ἔξγσ θᾱιὰ ἔξγα

63 Second Declension Feminines

A few second declension nouns are feminine These are declined exactly the same as the masculine form the

only difference being that all adjectives and modifiers take their respective feminine forms Thus θαθὸο ζῡκόο = the

evil spirit and θαθὸλ ἔξγνλ = the evil deed but θαθὴ λνῦζνο = the evil plague

Sigular Dual Plural

N θαθὴ λνῦζνο θαθὰ (ᾱ) λνύζσ θαθαὶ λνῦζνη

G θαθῆο λνύζνπ νην [νν] θαθῇηλ λνύζνηηλ θαθάσλ [έσλ ῶλ] λνύζσλ

D θαθῇ λνύζῳ θαθῇηλ λνύζνηηλ θαθῇζη ῇο λνύζνηζη νηο

A θαθὴλ λνῦζνλ θαθὰ (ᾱ) λνύζσ θαθὰο (ᾱ) λνύζνπο

V θαθὴ λνῦζε θαθὰ (ᾱ) λνύζσ θαθαὶ λνῦζνη

64 Adjectives

Adjectives always agree in case number and gender with the nouns they modify

Adjectives fall into three declensions just like nouns However adjectives frequently have masculine feminine

and neuter forms whereas nouns typically fall into a single gender The adjective θαθόο for example has three

forms θαθόο (masculine) θαθή (femine) and θαθόλ (neuter) Adjectives are usually listed in dictionary entries in

the nominative masculine singular followed by the femine and neuter singular endings θαθόο ή όλ

Adjectives are usually grouped into one of four categories 1) First and Second Declension Adjectives whose

forms usually represent the first declension when feminine and the second declension when masculine or neuter 2)

Second Declension Adjectives which usually have a single second declension form that serves as both masculine

and feminine as well as a second declension neuter form 3) First and Third Declension Adjectives whose

masculine and neuter forms are of the third declension but whose feminine form falls under the first declension and

4) Third Declension Adjectives which have a single third declension form for both masculine and feminine and a

third declension neuter form

First and Second Declension Adjectives have the nominative singular endings -νο (masculine) -ε (feminine)

and -νλ (neuter) Of these θᾱιόο (beautiful noble) and θίινο (dear lovely beloved) are good examples

Singular

Masc Fem Neut

N θᾱιόο θᾱιή θᾱιόλ θᾱιή θᾱιόλ

G θᾱινῦ νῖν [όν] θᾱιῆο θᾱινῦ νῖν [όν]

D θᾱιῷ θᾱιῇ θᾱιῷ

A θᾱιόλ θᾱιήλ θᾱιόλ

V θᾱιέ θᾱιή θᾱιόλ

Dual

N A V θᾱιώ θᾱιά (ᾱ) θᾱιώ

G D θᾱινῖηλ θᾱιῇηλ θᾱινῖηλ

Plural

N θᾱινί θᾱιαί θᾱιά

G θᾱιῶλ θᾱιάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] θᾱιῶλ

D θᾱινῖζη νῖο θᾱιῇζη ῇο θᾱινῖζη νῖο

A θᾱινύο θᾱιάο (ᾱ) θᾱιά

Singular

Masc Fem Neut

N θίινο θίιε θίινλ

G θίινπ νην [νν] θίιεο θίινπ νην [νν]

D θίιῳ θίιῃ θίιῳ

A θίινλ θίιελ θίινλ

V

Dual

N A V θίισ θίιᾱ θίισ

G D θίινηηλ θίιῃηλ θίινηηλ

Plural

N θίινη θίιαη θίια

G θίισλ θηιάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] θίισλ

D θίινηζη νηο θίιῃζη ῃο θίινηζη νηο

A θίινπο θίιᾱο θίια

V θίινη θίιαη θίια

65 Vocabulary

ἀγιαόο ή όλ bright shining splendid glorious

ἀλά ἄλ (adv prep + gen dat acc) upon on thereon along up through

ἀπεξείζηνο ε νλ boundless countless immeasureable

ἄπνηλα σλ ηά ransom

Ἀραηόο νῦ ὁ Achaean

δεηλόο ή όλ terrible awful dreadful dread fearful

ἑιώξηνλ νπ ηό booty spoils prey

ζεόο νῦ ὁ god divinity

ζῡκόο νῦ ὁ heart soul spirit courage passion

θαθόο ή όλ bad poor ugly mean cowardly evil wicked

θᾱιόο ή όλ good goodly noble handsome brave fair beautiful

ιᾱόο νῦ ὁ people host soldiery

κῡξίνη αη α countless innumerable

λνῦζνο νπ ἡ plague disease pest pestilence

νἰσλόο νῦ ὁ bird (of prey) vulture omen

πνιιόο ή όλ much many numerous

ζηξαηόο νῦ ὁ army encampment host

θίινο ε νλ dear darling lovely beloved

66 Derivatives

ἀλά (ana-) = anatomy

ἄπνηλα (apen-) = pentalty

ζεόο (theo-) = theology theocracy atheism polytheism monotheism henotheism pantheism

ιᾱόο (lao-) = laity layman

ζηξαηόο (strato-) = strategy strategic strategical

67 Translation Exercises

1 ἀγιαὰ ἄπνηλα θέξνπζηλ Ἀραηνὶ εἰο ζηξαηόλ 2 θέξνκελ ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 3 ζεὸο ηεύρεη

πνιινὺο Ἀραηνὺο ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζηλ 4 ἦζαλ Ἀραηνὶ θαθνί 5 νὐθ ἦζαλ θαθνί θᾱινὶ δέ λνῦζνο θαθὴ ὀιέθεη ιᾱὸλ

θᾱιόλ 6 Ἀραηνὶ πέκπνπζηλ ἄπνηλα κῡξίrsquo εἰο πάηξελ 7 ζεὸο βαίλεη ἐο ζηξαηόλ ὀιέθεη δὲ ιᾱὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 8 ηίο

ἀηῑκάδεη ζενὺο θᾱινύο 9 θαθνὶ ιᾱνὶ ἀηῑκάδνπζη ζενὺο πάηξεο 10 ζεὸο πέκπεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ

Ἀραηῶλ νὐ γὰξ ηειείνπζη βνπιὴλ ζεῶλ πάηξεο 11 βαίλεη ἐπὶ ζάιαζζαλ δεηλὴλ θαὶ ηεύρεη ππξὰο (ᾱ) πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἀλὰ

ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 12 ἔρνπζηλ ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα Ἀραηῶλ ἐλὶ ζηξαηῷ 13 βνπιὴ ζηξαηνῦ νὐρ ἁλδάλεη ζῡκῷ ζενῦ 14

ιᾱὸο Κίιιεο θίινο ἦλ ςῡρῇ ζεᾶο ζαιάζζεο 15 νὐθ ἀείδνκελ θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεῶλ ζηξαηῷ νὐ γὰξ ἁλδάλεη

Ἀραηνῖζη ζῡκῷ

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 The Achaeans bring countless splendid ransmoms into the camp 2 We carry boundless ransoms up through

the camp of the Achaeans 3 The god makes many Achaens spoils for the birds 4 Were the Achaeans evil 5 They

were not evil but good An evil pestilence destroyed the good host 6 The Achaeans send countless ransoms into

(their) fatherland 7 The god walks into the camp and destroys the host of the Achaeans 8 Who dishonors the noble

gods 9 The evil host dishonors the gods of (our) fatherlans 10 The god sends an evil plague up through the camp

of the Achaeans for they do not fulfill the will of the gods of (their) native country 11 He walks along the sea and

builds many funeral pyres throughout the camp of the Achaeans 12 They have boundless ransoms of the Achaeans

in the camp 13 The armyrsquos plan is not pleasing to the heart of the god 14 The host of Cilla was dear to the soul of

the goddess of the sea 15 We do not sing the brave plan of the goods of the camp for (that) is not pleasing to the

heart of the Achaeans

68 Composition Exercises

1 The terrible roar of the sea is pleasing to the goddess in (her) soul 2 We bring many splendid ransoms to the

army of the Achaeans 3 The god does not destroy the host of the Achaeans for they do not dishonor the gods of

(their) fatherland 4 The evil plague makes countless Achaeans a booty (use plural) for many birds 5 The people of

the Achaeans send countless shining ransoms to the goddess of the sea in Cilla 6 The Achaeans go to the sea and

sing but the noise is not pleasing to the goddess in (her) soul 7 The plague destroys the people for they dishonor

the god of Chrysa

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 θιαγγὴ δεηλὴ ἁλδάλεη ζεᾷ ςῡρῇ 2 θέξνκελ ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀγιαὰ ἐο ζηξαηῷ Ἀραηῶλ 3 ζεὸο νὐθ ὀιέθεη

ιᾱὸλ Ἀραηῶλ νὐ γὰξ ἀηῑκάδνπζη ζενὺο πάηξεο 4 θαθὴ λνῦζνο ηεύρεη κῡξίνπο Ἀραηνὺο ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζη πνιινῖζηλ

5 ιᾱὸο Ἀραηῶλ πέκπνπζη κῡξίrsquo ἄπνηλα ἀγιαὰ ζεᾷ ζαιάζζεο ἐλὶ Κίιιᾳ 6 Ἀραηνὶ βαίλνπζηλ εἰο ζάιαζζαλ θαὶ

ἀείδνπζηλ θιαγγὴ δὲ νὐρ ἁλδάλεη ζεᾷ ςῡρῇ 7 λνῦζνο ὀιέθεη ιᾱόλ ἀηῑκάδνπζη γὰξ ζεὸλ Υξύζεο (ῡ)

Lesson 7

Review

71 Review Vocabulary

ἀγιαόο ή όλ splendid ζῡκόο νῦ ὁ heart

ἀείδσ sing θαί and

ἀλ- ἀ- un- θαίσ burn

ἁλδάλσ is pleasing to θαθόο ή όλ evil

ἀπεξείζηνο ε νλ immeasurable θᾱιόο ή όλ good

ἄπνηλα σλ ηά ransom Κίιια εο ἡ Cilla

ἀηῑκάδσ dishonor θιαγγή ῆο ἡ roar

Ἀραηόο νῦ ὁ Achaean ιᾱόο νῦ ὁ host

βαίλσ go walk ιύσ loose

βνπιή ῆο ἡ plan κῡξίνη αη α countless

γάξ for λνῦζνο νπ ἡ plague

δέ but νἰσλόο νῦ ὁ bird

δεηλόο ή όλ terrible ὀιέθσ kill

εἰο (ἐο) into νὐ (νὐρ) not

εἰζί they are πάηξε εο ἡ fatherland

ἐθ (ἐμ) out of πέκπσ send

ἑιώξηνλ νπ ηό spoil πνιιόο ή όλ many

ἐλ(ί) εἰλ in ππξή ῆο ἡ funeral pyre

ἐπί upon ζηξαηόο νῦ ὁ army

ἐζηί it is ηειείσ accomplish

ἔρσ have ηεύρσ make

ἦλ it was ηίο ηί who what

ἦζαλ they were θέξσ carry

ζάιαζζα εο ἡ sea θίινο ε νλ beloved

ζεά (ᾱ) ᾶο ἡ goddess Υξύζε (ῡ) εο ἡ Chrysa

ςῡρή ῆο ἡ soul

72 Translation Exercises

1 ἀδείδνκελ ζεὰλ (ᾱ) ζαιάζζεο δεηλῆο θιαγγῇ πνιιῇ 2 νὐθ ἀηῑκάδνπζη ζενὺο 3 βνπιαὶ Ἀραηῶλ νὐρ

ἁλδάλνπζη ζεᾳ θᾱιῇ ζῡκῷ 4 βαίλεη ἐθ ζηξαηνῦ Ἀραηῶλ εἰο Κίιιαλ θαὶ θέξεη ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα ζεῷ 5 λνῦζνο θαθὴ

βαίλεη ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ θαὶ ηεύρεη πνιινὺο Ἀραηνὺο ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζηλ 6 θαὶ ζενὶ θαὶ ζεαὶ ὀιέθνπζη ιᾱὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 7 ηίο

Ἀραηῶλ ἔρεη ζῡκὸλ θαθόλ 8 ἦζαλ πνιιαὶ ζεαὶ ἐλὶ ζαιάζζῃ 9 θαίεη ππξὰο (ᾱ) ἐπὶ ζαιάζζῃ 10 ιύεηε ζηξαηὸλ

Ἀραηῶλ 11 πάηξε ἐζηὶ θίιε ςῡρῇ κῡξίσλ Ἀραηῶλ 12 ηίο πέκπεη ζηξαηὸλ ἐθ Κίιιεο εἰο Υξύζελ (ῡ) 13 βνπιὴ

θαθὴ ἐζηηλ ἁλδάλεη δὲ ζεᾷ ζῡκῷ 14 ηί ἀείδεηε

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 With a great noise we hymn the goodess of the terrible sea 2 We do not dishonor the gods 3 The will of the

Achaeans does not please the heart of the beautiful goddess 4 He goes from the Achaean camp to Cilla and delivers

countless ransoms to the god 5 An evil plague goes up through the camp and makes many Achaeans spoils for the

vultures 6 Both gods and goddesses destroy the host of the Achaeans 7 Who of the Achaeans has an evil heart 8

Were there many goddesses in the sea 9 He burns funeral pyres by the sea 10 You destroy the camp of the

Achaeans 11 The fatherland is dear to the soul of countless Achaeans 12 Who dispatches the army from Cilla to

Chrysa 13 It is an evil plan but it pleases the heart of the goddess 14 What do you sing

73 Composition Exercises

1 The Achaeans sing the beautiful goddess of the terrible sea 2 We do not dishonor the gods for they are dear

to (our) souls 3 The plans of the army are pleasing to the goddess in (her) noble soul 4 Many Achaeans are going

from the encampment and are bringing countless glorious ransoms to the gods 5 The evil plague destroys the

people and makes the army a booty for countless birds 6 We do not sing for it is not pleasing to the soul of the

goddess

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 Ἀραηνὶ ἀείδνπζη ζεὰλ (ᾱ) θᾱιὴλ δεηλῆο ζαιάζζεο 2 νὐθ ἀηῑκάδνκελ ζενὺο θίινη δὲ ζῡκνῖζηλ 3 βνπιαὶ

ζηξαηῷ ἁλδάλνπζη ζεᾷ ζῡκῷ 4 Ἀραηνὶ πνιινὶ βαίλνπζηλ ἐθ ζηξαηνῦ θαὶ θέξνπζηλ ἄπνηλα ἀπεξείζηα θαὶ ἀγιαὰ

ζενῖζηλ 5 θαθὴ λνῦζνο ὀιέθεη ιᾱὸλ θαὶ ηεύρεη ζηξαηὸλ ἄπνηλα νἰσλνῖζηλ ἀπεξείζηνῐζηλ 6 νὐθ ἀείδνκελ νὐθ γὰξ

ἁλδάλεη ςῡρῇ ζεᾶο

Lesson 8

(765-766 773-774)

81 The Second Declension (Continued)

Several words are declined like θᾱιόο ή όλ except that the nominative vocative and accusative singular of

the neuter ends in -o instead of -νλ Some of these words include ὅο ἥ ὅ (which) ὁ ἡ ηό (that) (ἐ)θεῖλνο ε ν

(that) αὐηόο ή ό (he she it) and ἄιινο ε ν (another)

The words ὅδε and νὗηνο are not introduced in this lesson but they are dleclined similarly and so are included

in the paradigms as reference

ὁ ἡ ηό (that hesheit whowhichwhat)

Masc Fem Neut

N ὁ ἡ ηό

G ηνῦ ηνῖν ηῆο ηνῦ ηνῖν

D ηῷ ηῇ ηῷ

A ηόλ ηήλ ηό

N A ηώ (ηώ) ηώ

G D ηνῖηλ (ηνῖηλ) ηνῖηλ

N νἱ αἱ ηά

G ηῶλ ηάσλ (ᾱ) [ηῶλ] ηῶλ

D ηνῖζη ηνῖο ηῇζη ηῇο ηνῖζη ηνῖο

A ηνύο ηάο (ᾱ) ηά

αὐηόο ή ό (hesheit self same)

Masc Fem Neut

N αὐηόο αὐηή αὐηό

G αὐηνῦ νῖν αὐηῆο αὐηνῦ νῖν

D αὐηῷ αὐηῇ αὐηῷ

A αὐηόλ αὐηήλ αὐηό

N A αὐηώ (αὐηώ) αὐηώ

G D αὐηνῖηλ (αὐηνῖηλ) αὐηνῖηλ

N αὐηνί αὐηαί αὐηά

G αὐηῶλ αὐηάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] αὐηῶλ

D αὐηνῖζη νῖο αὐηῇζη ῇο αὐηνῖζη νῖο

A αὐηνύο αὐηάο (ᾱ) αὐηά

ὅο ἥ ὅ (whowhichwhat)

Masc Fem Neut

N ὅο ἥ ὅ

G νὖ [ὅνπ ὅν] ἥο νὗ [ὅνπ ὅν]

D ᾧ ᾗ ᾧ

A ὅλ ἥλ ὅ

N A ὥ (ὥ) ὥ

G D νἷηλ (νἷηλ) νἶηλ

N νἵ αἵ ἅ

G ὧλ ὧλ ὧλ

D νἷζη νἷο ᾗζη ᾗο νἷζη νἷο

A νὕο ἅο (ᾱ) ἅ

(ἐ)θεῖλνο ε ν (that)

Masc Fem Neut

N (ἐ)θεῖλνο (ἐ)θείλε (ἐ)θεῖλν

G (ἐ)θείλνπ νην (ἐ)θείλεο (ἐ)θείλνπ νην

D (ἐ)θείλῳ (ἐ)θείλῃ (ἐ)θείλῳ

A (ἐ)θεῖλνλ (ἐ)θείλελ (ἐ)θεῖλν

N A (ἐ)θείλσ ((ἐ)θείλσ) (ἐ)θείλσ

G D (ἐ)θείλνηηλ ((ἐ)θείλνηηλ) (ἐ)θείλνηηλ

N (ἐ)θεῖλνη (ἐ)θεῖλαη (ἐ)θεῖλα

G (ἐ)θείλσλ (ἐ)θεηλάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] (ἐ)θείλσλ

D (ἐ)θείλνηζη νηο (ἐ)θείλῃζη ῃο (ἐ)θείλνηζη νηο

A (ἐ)θείλνπο (ἐ)θείλᾱο (ἐ)θεῖλα

ὅδε ἥδε ηόδε (this)

Masc Fem Neut

N ὅδε ἥδε ηόδε

G ηνύδε ηνῖνδε ηῆζδε ηνύδε ηνῖνδε

D ηῷδε ηῇδε ηῷδε

A ηόλδε ηήλδε ηόδε

N A ηώδε (ηώδε) ηώδε

G D ηνῖηλδε (ηνῖηλδε) ηνῖηλδε

N νἵδε (ηνίδε) αἵδε (ηαίδε) ηάδε

G ηῶλδε ηάσλδε (ᾱ) [ηῶλδε] ηῶλδε

D ηνῖζηδε ηνῖζδε ηῇζηδε ηῇζδε ηνῖζηδε ηνῖζδε

ηνίζδεζη ηνίζδεζη

ηνίζδεζζη ηνίζδεζζη

A ηνύζδε ηάζδε (ᾱ) ηάδε

νὗηνο αὕηε ηνῦην (this)

Masc Fem Neut

N νὗηνο αὕηε ηνῦην

G ηνύηνπ νην ηαύηεο ηνύηνπ νην

D ηνύηῳ ηαύηῃ ηνύηῳ

A ηνῦηνλ ηαύηελ ηνῦην

N A ηνύησ (ηνύησ) ηνύησ

G D ηνύηνηηλ (ηνύηνηηλ) ηνύηνηηλ

N νὗηνη αὗηαη ηαῦηα

G ηνύησλ ηαῡηάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] ηνύησλ

D ηνύηνηζη νηο ηαύηῃζη ῃο ηνύηνηζη νηο

A ηνύηνπο ηαύηᾱο ηαῦηα

82 Vocabulary

ἀιιά but moreover

ἄιινο ε νλ other another

αὐηόο ή ό self him himself her herself it itself same

δῖνο α νλ (declined like ζάιαζζα) divine heavenly glorious

(ἐ)θεῖλνο ε ν that (one) he she it

ἑθεβόινο νπ ὁ free-shooter sharpshooter (originally shoots-at-will a title for Apollo)

θαθῶο evilly wickedly harshly with evil consequences

ὁ ἡ ηό this that he she it who which what

νὕλεθα (νὗ-ἔλεθα) because

ζθῆπηξνλ νπ ηό scepter staff

ηέ and also both

ρξύζενο (ῡ) ε νλ gold golden of gold

83 Derivatives

ἄιινο (allo-) = allopathy

αὐηόο (auto-) = automaton autocracy autograph autonomy

ρξύζενο (ῡ) (chryse-) = chrysanthemum chrysalis chrysolite

84 Translation Excersis

1 δῖνο ἑθεβόινο αὐηὸο ἀείδεη ἀιιrsquo νὐρ ἁλδάλεη ἄιινηζη ζενῖζη ζῡκῷ 2 θεῖλνη Ἀραηνὶ ἀηῑκάδνπζη ηνὺο ζενύο

3 ὁ ἑθεβόινο πέκπεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ θαθῶο ὀιέθεη θεῖλνλ ιᾱόλ νὕλεθα ηὸλ ἀηῑκάδνπζηλ 4

νὐθ ἀηῑκάδνκελ ηνὺο ζενύο νἳ ἔρνπζη ζθῆπηξα ρξύζεα (ῡ) 5 ὁ ἑθεβόινο ηε θαὶ νἱ ἄιινη ζενὶ θέξνπζη ρξύζεα (ῡ)

ζθῆπηξα θᾱιά 6 ηίο ηεύρεη ηὰ ζθῆπηξα ρξύζεα (ῡ) ηνῖζη ζενῖο ζαιάζζεο 7 ἀείδεη ἑθεβόινο αὐηὸο βνπιὰο (ᾱ)

ἄιισλ ζεῶλ ηνῖζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ 8 εἰζὶλ νἱ Ἀραηνὶ θᾱινί νἱ ὀιέθνπζη ηὸλ ζηξαηὸλ θαίνπζί ηε ηὰο (ᾱ) ππξάο (ᾱ) 9 ἡ

ζεὰ (ᾱ) ηῆο δεηλῆο ζαιάζζεο ἔρεη ηὸ ζθῆηξνλ ρξύζενλ (ῡ) 10 ἐλὶ ηῇ πάηξε εἰζὶλ αἱ ππξαί 11 ηίο ηεύρεη ηὸλ

ζηξαηὸλ ἑιώξηα ηνῖζηλ νἰσλνῖζηλ

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 The divine free-shooter himself sings but it does not please the hearts of the other gods 2 Those Achaeans

dishonor these gods 3 This free-shooter sends an evil plague up through the camp of the Achaeans and wickedly

destroys that host because they dishonor him 4 We do not dishonor these gods who hold the golden scepters 5

Both this free-shooter and these other gods carry beautiful golden scepters 6 Who fashions the golden scepters for

these gods of the sea 7 Does the free-shooter himself sing the plans of the other gods to these Achaeans 8 Are

these Achaeans noble who destroy (our) camp and burn funeral pyres 9 This goddess of the terrible sea holds a

golden scepter 10 The funeral pyrers are in (our) fatherland 11 Who makes (our) camp a spoil for these vultures

85 Composition Exercises

1 ἑθεβόινο αὐηὸο ἀείδεη ηὰο (ᾱ) βνπιὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) ζεῶλ 2 ηί νὐρ ἁλδάλεη ηνῖο ἄιινηζη ζενῖζηλ νἳ ἐλὶ

ζαιάζζῃ 3 ἐθεῖλνο Ἀραηὸο ἀηῑκάδεη ηνὺο ζενὺο πάηξεο νἱ ἔρνπζη ηὰ ζθῆπηξα ρξύζεα (ῡ) 4 ὁ ἑθεβόινο πέκπεη

λνύζνπο πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θαθὰο (ᾱ) ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ ὀιέθεη κῡξίνπο ιᾱνύο νὕλεθα ηὸλ ἀηῑκάδνπζηλ 5 ηίο

θαίεη ηὰο (ᾱ) ππξὰο (ᾱ) Ἀραηῶλ ἐπὶ δεηλῇ ζαιάζζῃ 6 ὁ ἑθεβόινο ηεύρεη κῡξίνπο Ἀραίνπο ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζηλ νὕλεθα

ηὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) ζεὰο (ᾱ) ζαιάζζεο ἀηῑκάδνπζηλ

Lesson 9

(830-840 904)

91 The Verbal Augment

Greek verbs frequently add a prefix to a verb (in the secondary tenses of the idicative) to indicate action

occurring in the past This prefix is called an augment Verbal augments take one of two forms the syllabic

augment which consists of adding an extra syllable to the beginning of a word and the temporal augment which

consists of lengthening the first syllable of a word While the augment is consistently applied in later dialects of

Greek it was still optional in Homeric and is often omitted (the tense being determined solely from the suffixes)

The syllabic augment is applied to verbs that begin with a consonant (or rare verbs that originally began with a

consonant) and consists of the prefix ε- Thus ιύνκελ = we loose (present tense) but ἐιύνκελ = we were loosing

(past tense) Some Greek words originally began with a ϝ or an ζ that later disappeared (usually replace with the

rough breathing) In those cases the augment is sometimes syllabic reflecting the earlier practice The word ἁλδάλσ

for example was originally ζϝαλδάλσ (swandano) The original augmented form of the imperfect was ἐζϝάλδαλνλ

(eswandano) When the ζϝ- was dropped the syllabic augment was retained ἑάλδαλνλ (heandano)

When a verb has lost an initial ζ the syllabic augment frequently contracts with the initial vowel For example

the word ἔρσ was originally ζέρσ The original augmented imperfect was ἔζερνλ When the initial ζ disappeared

the result was ἔερνλ which contracted to εἶρνλ (because εε usually contracts to εη) This pattern is also sometimes

present in verbs that originally began with ϝ such as ϝίδνλ =gt ἐϝηδνλ = ἔηδνλ = εἶδνλ

The temporal augment consists of lengthening an initial vowel and occurs in most Greek verbs that begin with

an initial vowel In general initial α or ε becomes ε initial η ν or π becomes ῑ initial αη and ᾳ become ῃ and initial

νη becomes ῳ Thus ἄγνκελ (we lead) becomes ἤγνκελ (we were leading) If the verb already begins with a long

vowel (ε ῃ ῑ ῡ σ ῳ) there is usually no change

Verbs that begin with ξ usually double the ξ when adding the syllabic augment This feature also sometimes

occurs in verbs beginning with ι κ λ or ζ

Compound verbs are usually formed from a combination of preposition + verb such as ἀπό (away from) + ιύσ

(loosen) = ἀπνιύσ (set free turn loose) In compound verbs a temporal augment is inserted between the preposition

and the verb If the preposition ends in a vowel the vowel is usually elided Thus ἀπνιύνκελ (we set free) becomes

ἀπειύνκελ (elided from ἀπνειύνκελ we were setting free)

92 The Imperfect Tense

The imperfect denotes continuous action in past time and typically corresponds to the past participle in English

Thus ἔιπνλ (imperfect) = I was loosing Occasionally the Greek imperfect is best translated by the simple past tense

in English The imperfect tense is formed by adding the secondary tense endings (which will be described in a later

lesson) to the augmented stem of the verb

In the paradigm below the unaugmented form is shown in brackets

Imperfect Tense

S 1st Pers ἔιπνλ [ιύνλ] I was loosing

2nd

Pers ἔιπεο [ιύεο] you were loosing

3rd

Pers ἔιπε(λ) [ιύε(λ)] he she it was loosing

D 2nd

Pers ἐιύεηνλ [ιύεηνλ] you (two) were loosing the pair of you were loosing

3rd

Pers ἐιπέηελ [ιπέηελ] they (two) were loosing the pair of them were loosing

P 1st Pers ἐιύνκελ [ιύνκελ] we were loosing

2nd

Pers ἐιύεηε [ιύεηε] you (ye) were loosing

3rd

Pers ἐιύνλ [ιύνλ] they were loosing

93 Vocabulary

ἄιιῃ elsewhere

Ἀξγεῖνο νπ ὁ Argive

-δε (suffix + acc) to

δηά (adv) between among (+gen) through (+acc) through by means

of on account of during

δηίθηινο (ῑ) ε νλ dear to Zeus

εἴξσ speak say tell

ἐκόο ή όλ my mine

ἔξγνλ νπ ηό (ϝέξγνλ) work deed accomplishment

-ζελ (suffix gen ending) from

Κιπηαηκήζηξε εο ἡ Clytaemnestra

(also Κιπηαηκλήζηξε)

καληνζύλε εο ἡ gift of prophesy

νἶθνο νπ ὁ house home

ιύκπηνο ε νλ Olympian

Ὄιπκπνο νπ ὁ Olympus

Πξίακνο νπ ὁ Priam

ζόο ζή ζόλ your yours

εἶρνλ (imperfect of ἔρσ) I was having I had

94 Derivatives

95 Translation Exercises

1 ὁ ἑθεβόινο δηὰ καληνζύλελ εἴξεη βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ηῶλ ζεῶλ Ἀξγείνηζηλ 2 νἱ ιύκπηνη ζενὶ εἶρνλ νἴθνπο ἐλ

ιύκπῳ 3 ὁ ἑθεβόινο δηίθηινο (ῑ) ἔηεπρε ηνὺο Ἀξγείνπο Ἀραηνύο ηε ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζηλ 4 Ἀραηνὶ Ἀξγεῖνί ηrsquo

ἔηεπρνλ ἔξγα θαθὰ δηὰ βνπιὴλ ζεᾶο 5 Κιπηαηκήζηξε δηὰ ηὸλ ζῡκὸλ ἔηεπρελ ηὰ ἔξγα δεηλά 6 Πξίακνο ιᾱόο ηε

Πξηάκνπ ὤιεθνλ πνιινὺο Ἀξγείνπο 7 ηίο εἴξεη ηὰ ζὰ ἔξγα θαθὰ Πξηάκῳ 8 ηὰ ἔξγα ἐκά ἐζηη θᾱιά νὕλεθα ἔηεπρνλ

βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεῶλ θαὶ ζεάσλ (ᾱ) δηὰ ηὴλ καληνζύλελ 9 ἐπέκπνκελ ηὰ ρξύζεα (ῡ) ζθῆπηξα εἰο νἶθνλ Πξηάκῳ 10

ἐθαίεηε ηὰο (ᾱ) ππξὰο (ᾱ) δεηλῇ θιαγγῇ 11 νὐρ ἥλδαλε ἡ βνπιὴ ζεᾷ ζαιάζζεο ζῡκῷ 12 αἱ ζεαὶ ἀείδνπζη ηὰ θᾱιὰ

ἔξγα ηῶλ ζεῶλ ἑθεβόινο δὲ βαίλεη ἄιιῃ 13 εἶρε Πξίακνο ἀγιαὸλ θαὶ θᾱιὸλ νἶθνλ

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 This free-shooter relates the plans of the gods to the Argives through prophesy 2 These Olympian gods had

homes on Olympus 3 This free-shooter beloved of Zeus made both the Argives and the Achaeans prey for the

vultures 4 Both the Achaeans and the Argives committed evil deeds through the will of the goddess 5 Because of

her heart Clytaemnestra wrought these terrible deeds 6 Both Priam and the host of Priam killed many Argives 7

Who relates these evil deeds of yours to Priam 8 These works of mine are noble because through prophesy I

accomplished the of the gods and goddess 9 We sent the golden scepters to the house of Priam 10 Were you

burning the funeral pyres with a terrible uproar 11 Does the plan not please the heart of the goddess of the sea 12

The goddesses sing the noble deeds of the gods but the free-shooter walks elsewhere 13 Priam had a splendid and

beautiful home

96 Composition Exercises

1 Who brought these countless shining ransoms to the beautiful home of Priam 2 The Achaeans and the

Argives burned many funeral pyres in your beloved fatherland 3 Clytaemnestra was wicked and performed many

dreadful deeds 4 Through the gift of prophesy we tell many glorious deeds of the gods and goddesses who have

Olympian homes 5 My deeds are noble but yours are cowardly 6 The gods sent an evil plague up through the

camp and destroyed many Achaeans because they dishonored the free-shooter 7 It was not pleasing to

Clytaemnestra in (her) wicked soul

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 ηίο ἔθεξε ηὰο ἄπνηλα ἀγιαὰ εἰο νἶθνλ θᾱιὸλ Πξηάκνπ 2 Ἀραηνὶ θαὶ Ἀξγεῖνη ἔθαηνλ ππξὰο (ᾱ) πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἐλ

ζῇ πάηξῃ θᾱιῇ 3 Κιπηαηκλήζηξε θαθὴ ἦλ θαὶ ἔηεπρελ ἄξγα πνιιὰ θαὶ δεηλά 4 δηὰ καληνζύλελ εἴξνκελ ἔξγα

πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀγιαὰ ζεῶλ θαὶ ζεάσλ (ᾱ) νἳ ἔρνπζηλ νἴθνπο ιπκπίνπο 5 ἔξγα ἐκὰ θᾱιή εἰζηλ ζὰ δὲ θαθά 6 ζενὶ

ἔπεκπνλ λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ θαὶ ὤιεθνλ Ἀραίνπο πνιινύο νὕλεθα ἠηίκαδνλ (ῑ) ἑθεβόινλ 7 νὐρ ἥλδαλε

Κιπηαηκλήζηξῃ ζῡκῷ θαθῷ

Lesson 10

(841-857 904)

101 Formation of the Aorist and Future Tenses

The first aorist is a secondary tense formed by adding -ζ(ζ)α to the augmented verb stem followed by the

personal endings of the secondary tense If the verb stem ends in a consonant or a long vowel only a single ζ is

added If the stem ends in a short vowel either one or two sigmas may be added A few aorists (called ldquomixed

aoristsrdquo) are formed by adding -ζ followed by the thematic vowel and the personal endings for the secondary tenses

to the augmented stem

The future is formed by adding -ζ followed by the thematic vowel and the personal endings for the primary

tenses

If the verb stem ends in a long vowel the stem is not affected by the addition of the suffixes for the future or

aorist tenses If the stem ends in a short vowel it is regularly lengthened in all tenses except the present and the

imperfect There are however a few exceptions to this pattern In most cases these verbs add ζ before the personal

endings of the perfect middle and aorist passive

102 Classification of Verbs

Verbs are classified into four groups according to the final letter of the stem vowel verbs liquid verbs nasal

verbs and mute verbs

When -ζ is added to the end of a mute verb a labial combines with ζ to form ς a palatal combines with ζ to

form μ and a lingual is dropped (leaving only ζ)

When -ζ is added to the end of a liquid or nasal verb it is usually preceded by -ε and the ζ is dropped in

contraction Thus βαιισ = βαιέζσ = βαιέσ In rare cases the ε is dropped and the ζ retained In some vowel-stem

verbs where the final vowel is preceded by a liquid or nasal the verb behaves as a liquidnasal and adds -εζ to the

stem θαιέσ (present) = θαιέζσ (future) = θαιέσ (future contracted) The formations in which the ζ is dropped

after α or ε are sometimes called ldquoAttic futuresrdquo

Verbs with liquid and nasal stems regularly form the aorist by dropping the ζ and lengthening the stem vowel

A few verbs have active forms in the present tense but middle forms in the future tense ἀθνύσ (I hear) but

ἀθνύζνκαη (I will hear)

103 Paradigms Future and First Aorist of ιύσ

Future

S 1st Pers ιύζσ (ῡ) I shall loose

2nd

Pers ιύζεηο (ῡ) you will loose

3rd

Pers ιύζεη (ῡ) he she it will loose

D 2nd

Pers ιύζεηνλ (ῡ) you (two) will loose

3rd

Pers ιύζεηνλ (ῡ) they (two) will loose

P 1st Pers ιύζνκελ (ῡ) we shall loose

2nd

Pers ιύζεηε (ῡ) you (ye) will loose

3rd

Pers ιύζνπζη(λ) (ῡ) they will loose

First Aorist

S 1st Pers ἔιῡζα I loosed

2nd

Pers ἔιῡζαο you loosed

3rd

Pers ἔιῡζε(λ) he she it loosed

D 2nd

Pers ἐιύζαηνλ (ῡ) you (two) loosed

3rd

Pers ἔιῡζάηελ they (two) loosed

P 1st Pers ἐιύζακελ (ῡ) we loosed

2nd

Pers ἐιύζαηε (ῡ) you (ye) loosed

3rd

Pers ἔιῡζαλ they loosed

104 Vocabulary

ἄγσ ἄμσ ἤγαγνλ lead drive conduct bring carry

ἀλάζζσ (ϝαλαθ-) ἀλάμσ ἠλαμα (+gen) rule (over) guard protect

ἄξηζηνο ε νλ best noblest bravest fairest

αὖηηο (back) again anew

Γαλαόο νῦ ὁ Danaan

ἑθαηόκβε εο ἡ hecatomb sacrifice

ζάλαηνο νπ ὁ death

Ἴιηνο νπ ἡ Ilium Troy the region around Troy

κεγάζῡκνο ε νλ great-souled brave

ὄρα far much considerably

πέζσ (πεηζ- πνηζ- πηζ-) πείζσ ἔπεηζα (πέπηζνλ) persuade win over mislead

θηιέσ θηιήζσ ἐθίιεζα love cherish entertain hospitably

εἶπνλ εἶπεο εἶπε(λ) θηι 2nd

aor speak say tell etc

ἔβεζα ἔβεζαο ἔβεζε(λ) θηι 1st aor come go walk etc

105 Derivatives

ἄγσ (ag-) = pedagogue demagogue synagogue

ἄξηζηνο (arist-) = aristocracy

ζάλαηνο (thanat-) = thanatopsis euthanasia

106 Translation Exercises

1 ηίο ἦλ ὄρrsquo ἄξηζηνο Γαλαῶλ 2 Πξίακνο κεγάζῡκνο ἤλαζζελ Ἰιίνπ 3 νὐθ αὖηηο ἄμνπζη Γαλανὶ κεγάζῡκνη

ἑθαηόκβᾱο πνιιὰο (ᾱ) εἰο Υξύζελ (ῡ) 4 νὐθ ἔπεηζαλ ἑθεβόινλ πνιιῇο ἑθαηόβῃζη θᾱιῇζηλ 5 νὐ θηιήζνκελ ζενύο

νὕλεθα θᾱινὶ εἰζηλ 6 Γαλανὶ ηεύμνπζη ζάλαηνλ Πξηάκῳ ἐλ Ἰιίῳ 7 ἐθίιεζα ζεὰλ (ᾱ) ζαιάζζεο ἀιιrsquo νὐρ ἥλδαλε

ἑθεβόιῳ ζῡκῷ 8 ἀείζνκελ θαὶ πείζνκελ ζενύο 9 ὄρrsquo ἄξηζνη ἐλ Ἰιίῳ ηὰ εἶπνλ Πξηάκῳ ἀιιὰ ηνὺο ἠηῑκάζελ 10

Πξίακνο ἔπεκςε ηὸλ ζηξαηὸλ ἄξηζηνλ ἐπrsquo Ἀξγείνηζηλ 11 ἔβεζαλ αὖηηο Γαλανὶ εἰο Ἴιηνλ ἀιιrsquo νὐθ ἔπεηζαλ

Πξίακνλ 12 ἀείζνκελ ἑθεβόινλ ὄρrsquo ἄξηζηνλ ζεῶλ νὕλεθrsquo ἤγαγε Γαλανὺο εἰο Ἴιηνλ

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 Who was by far the noblest of the Danaans 2 Great-souled Priam ruled Ilium 3 Not agan will the great-

souled Danaans lead many sacrifices into Chrysa 4 They did not persuade the free-shooter with many goodly

sacrifices 5 Do we not love the gods because they are good 6 The Danaans will prepare death for Priam in Ilium

7 I loved the goddess of the sea but it was not pleasing to the heart of the free-shooter 8 We will sing and

persuade the gods 9 By far the noblest in Ilium this they say of Priam but he (is the one) he dishonored () 10

Priam sent the best army against the Argives 11 The Danaans went back to Ilium but they did not persuade Priam

12 We hymn the free-shooter greatest of the gods because he led the Danaans into Ilium

107 Composition Exercises

1 The great-souled Achaeans will not persuade the free-shooter with goodly hecatombs but he will prepare evil

death for the people 2 The noblest of the Achaeans went to Ilium but they did not persuade the soul of Priam 3

We shall sing because the gods have led (aor) the people into Troy 4 We shall have many shining golden scepters

5 Did you not love the gods who have Olympian homes 6 Priam shall not rule Ilium again for the Achaeans will

prepare evil death for him 7 Does he speak to the beautiful goddess of the sea 8 They will persuade the souls of

the gods with many hecatombs

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 Ἀραηνὶ κεγάζῡκνη νὐ πείζνπζηλ ἑθεβόινλ πνιιῇο ἑθαηόκβῆζηλ ἀιιὰ ηεύμεη ζάλαηνλ θαθὸλ ιᾱνῖζηλ 2

ἄξηζηνη Ἀραηῶλ ἔβεζαλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ ἀιιrsquo νὐθ ἔπεηζαλ ζῡκὸλ Πξηάκῳ 3 ἀείζνκελ νὕλεθα ζενὺο ἤγαγνλ ιᾱὸλ εἰο

Ἴιηνλ 4 ἕζρνκελ πνιιὰ ρξύζεα (ῡ) ἀγιαὰ ζθῆπηξα 5 νὐθ ἐθηιήζαηε ζενὺο νἳ ἔρνπζηλ νἴθνπο ιπκπίνπο 6 νὐθ

αὖηηο ἀλάζζεη Πξίακνο Ἰιίνπ Ἀραηνὶ γὰξ ηεύμνπζη ζάλαηνλ θαθὸλ αὐηῷ 7 εἴξεη ζεᾷ θᾱιᾷ ζαιάζζεο 8 πείζνπζη

ζῡκνὺο ζεῶλ πνιιῇο ἑθαηόκβῃζηλ

Lesson 11

(664-675 838-839)

111 First Declension Masculine Nouns

First declension masculines typically end in -εο -ᾱο or -ᾰο in the nominative and are declined exactly the same

as their feminine counterparts (with the exception of the nominative singular which adds -ο the genitive singular

which regularly ends in -ᾱν and the vocative singular which ends in -ε -ᾱ or -ᾰ) Those ending in -εο retain -ε

throughout the singular those ending in -ᾱο retain the -ᾱ throughout the singular and those ending in -ᾰο take the -ε

ending in the dative

Masculines ending in -δεο take -ε in the vocative singular while those ending in -ηεο (as well as compound

nouns and the names of nationalities) regularly take -ᾰ Those ending in -ᾱο take the the nominative singular in -ᾱ

A very few first declension adjectives take a masculine ending in -ᾰ (without the final -ο) Many of these also

have an alternative form that ends in the more common -εο Those that do not have an alternative form in -εο usually

have the recessive accent (a feature inherited from the Aeolic influence in Homer) The only masculine noun ending

in -ᾰ in the nominative is the name Θύεζηα (Thyestes)

First declension masculine nouns typically follow the paradigms for Ἀηξεΐδεο (Atreides son of Atreus) Αἰλείᾱο

(Aeneas) and αἰρκεηήο (spearman warrior)

Ἀηξεΐδεο ᾱν ὁ Αἰλείᾱο ᾱν ὁ αἰρκεηήο ᾱν ὁ

(Αηξεϝηδᾱ-) (Αἰλεηᾱ-) (αἰρκεηᾱ-)

N Ἀηξεΐδεο Αἰλείᾱο αἰρκεηήο [ά]

G Ἀηξεΐδᾱν [εσ] Αἰλείᾱν [σ] αἰρκεηᾶν [έσ]

D Ἀηξεΐδῃ Αἰλείᾳ αἰρκεηῇ

A Ἀηξεΐδελ Αἰλείαλ αἰρκεηήλ

V Ἀηξεΐδε Αἰλείᾱ αἰρκεηά

N A V Ἀηξεΐδᾱ αἰρκεηά (ᾱ)

G D Ἀηξεΐδῃηλ αἰρκεηῇηλ

N V Ἀηξεΐδαη αἰρκεηαί

G Ἀηξετδάσλ (ᾱ) αἰρκεηάσλ (ᾱ)

[έσλ ῶλ] [έσλ ῶλ]

D Ἀηξεΐδῃζη ῃο αἰρκεηῇζη ῇο

A Ἀηξεΐδᾱο αἰρκεηάο (ᾱ)

112 Compound Verbs

Compound verbs are formed from a preposition or adverb coupled with a verb such as ἀλαβαίλσ (ascend)

formed from ἀλα (up) and βαίλσ (go) If the preposition ends in a vowel and the verb begins with a vowel the vowel

of the preposition is usually elided as in δηίζηεκη (δηὰ ἰζηεκη) ἁθαηξέσ (ἀπὸ αἱξέσ)

The augment occurs between the preposition and the verb When two vowels are thus brought together the first

vowel is usually elided leaving the augment Thus ἀπνιύσ (I release present) ἀπέιπνλ (I was releasing

imperfect) ἀπέιῡζα (I released aorist)

113 Vocabulary

ἀλαβαίλσ ἀλαβήζσ ἀλέβεζα go up ascend embark

ἀπνιύσ ἀπνιύζσ (ῡ) ἀπέιῡζα loose set free release

Ἀηξεΐδεο -ᾱν ὁ Atreides son of Atreus (usually refers to Agamemnon)

θαηαθεύσ θαηαθαύζσ θαηέθεα burn consume

θειεύσ - ἔθιπνλ (+gen) hear hearken to

κεηέεηπνλ κεηεῖπνλ (2nd

aor of εἴξσ) spoke among addressed spoke to

ὅηε when whenever

Πειεηάδεο ᾱν (εσ) ὁ Peleiades son of Peleus (used in reference to Achilles)

πξνζέεηπνλ πξνζεῖπνλ (2nd

aor of εἴξσ) addressed spoke to

ηόηε then at that time

ρνιόσ ρνιώζσ ἐρόισζα anger enrage vex

Υξύζεο (ῡ) ᾱν (εσ) ὁ Chryses

Verbs

ἀλαβαίλσ

stem ἀλα + βαλ- βα-

future ἀλαβήζσ (rarely ἀλαβήζνκαη)

1st aorist ἀλέβεζα (rarely 2

nd aor ἀλέβελ)

ἀπνιύσ

stem ἀπό + ιύσ

future ἀπνιύζσ (ῡ)

1st aorist ἀπέιῡζα

θαηαθαίσ

stem θαηά + θαπ- θαϝ- θαη-

future θαηαθαύζσ (assumed form)

1st aorist θαηέθεα

θειεύσ (Attic)

stem θιεπ- θιεϝ- θιπ-

future none

2nd

aorist ἐθιπνλ

ρνιόσ

stem ρνιν-

future ρνιώζσ

1st aorist ἐρόισζα

Notes

In Homeric Greek the stem vowel is usually lengthened before -ζ hence ἀλαβαίλσ =gt ἀλαβήζσ =gt

ἀλέβεζα ἀπνιύσ =gt ἀπνιύζσ (ῡ) =gt ἀπέιῡζα

ἀλαβαίλσ also has a 2nd

aorist ἀλέβελ

A few verbs have active forms in the present but middle forms in the future ἀλαβαίλσ has two future

forms one active (ἀλαβήζσ) and one middle (ἀλαβήζνκαη)

Verbs with stems ending in -αηλσ originally had a consonantal η following the λ (ie ἀλαβαηλησ)

114 Translation

1 θᾱινὶ ζενὶ ἔηεπμαλ ζάλαηνλ θαθὸλ δίῳ (ῑ) Πειεηάδῃ ὁ δrsquo ἀλέβελ ππξήλ 2 ἑθεβόινο ὤιεθε ιᾱὸλ Ἀραηῶλ

νὕλεθα δῖνο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) 3 θαηέθεα ἑθαηόκβᾱο πνιιάο (ᾱ) 4 ἑθεβόινο νὐθ ἔθιπελ Ἀηξεΐδᾱν

νὕλεθα ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) 5 Υξύζεο (ῡ) κεηέεηπελ Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἀιιrsquo νὐθ Ἀηξεΐδῃ ἥλδαλε ζῡκῷ 6 ὅηε θαθῶο

πξνζέεηπελ Ἀηξεΐδεο Υξύζελ (ῡ) ηόηε ἐρόισζελ ἑθεβόινλ 7 ἀπειύζακελ (ῡ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) νὕλεθα ηὸλ

ἐθηιήζακελ 8 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἤλεηθελ ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα Ἀηξεΐδῃ 9 νἴζνκελ ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀπνιύζνκελ (ῡ)

Υξύζελ (ῡ) νὕλεθα ηὸλ ἐθηιήζακελ θαὶ θίινο ἐζηὶλ ἑθεβόιῳ 10 ηίο θέξεη ἄπνηλα Υξύζᾱν (ῡ) Ἀηξεΐδῃ 11 δῖνο

Πειεηάδεο ἐρόισζελ Ἀηξεΐδελ 12 ὅηε θαηεθήακελ πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἑθαηόκβᾱο θᾱιάο (ᾱ) ηόηε ἐπείζακελ ζῡκνὺο ζεῶλ

13 δηὰ καληνζύλελ Υξύζεο (ῡ) εἶπε βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεῶλ Ἀηξεΐδῃ Πειεηάδῃ ηε

KEY

1 The noble gods prepared evil death for the divine Peleiades and he ascended the funeral pyre 2 The free-

shooter destroyed the host of the Achaeans because the divine Atreides dishonored Chryses 3 I burned many

funeral pyres 4 The free-shooter did not hear the son of Atreus because he dishonored Chryses 5 Chryses spoke

among the Achaeans but but it did not please the heart of Atreides 6 It angered the free-shooter when the son of

Atreus spoke wickedly to Chryses 7 We released Chryses because we loved him 8 Chryses brought countless

glorious ransoms to the son of Atreus 9 We will bring many ransoms and release Chryses because we loved him

and he is dear to the free-shooter 10 Who brought the ransoms of Chryses to the son of Atreus 11 The divine

Peleiades angered the son of Atreus 12 We persuaded the hearts of the gods when we burned many good

hecatombs 13 Through prophesy Chryses spoke the will of the gods to both Atreides and Peleiades

115 Composition

1 The Achaeans ascended into Troy and killed the noble Priam 2 We burned many goodly hecatombs to the

Olympian gods 3 Chryses spoke among the Achaeans but the son of Atreus did not hearken to him 4 The

Achaeans addressed the son of Atreus but he did not free Chryses 5 The son of Atreus will bring many ransoms

into the camp of the Achaeans 6 Who will persuade the gods with many goodly hecatombs

KEY

1 Ἀραηνὶ ἀλέβεζαλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ θαὶ ὤιεμαλ θᾱιὸλ Πξηάκνλ 2 θαηέθεκελ πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) ἑθαηόκβὰο (ᾱ)

ζενῖο ιπκπίνηο 3 Υξύζεο (ῡ) κεηέεηπελ Ἀραηνῖο ἀιιrsquo Ἀηξεΐδεο ηὸλ νὐθ ἔθιπελ 4 Ἀραηνὶ πξνζέεηπνλ Ἀηξεΐδῃ

ἀιιrsquo νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε Υξύζελ (ῡ) 5 Ἀηξεΐδεο νἴζεη ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ εἰο ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 6 ηίο πείζεη ζενὺο πνιιῇο

ἑθαηόκβῃζηλ

Lesson 12

Review

121 Review Vocabulary

Lesson 13

(680-692 701-709)

(cf 897 874 886 619 841-843 576 1178 830-831 837 580 837)

131 Nouns of the Third Declension

Third declension nouns can be either masculine feminine or neuter The nominative endings can take many

forms but there are some conventions Masculine and feminine stems except those ending in λ ξ or ζ simply add

ζ to the stem and make the necessary euphonic changes Stems ending in ξ λ and ζ typically make no changes

except to lengthen the last vowel if it is short Stems ending in -λ(η) either drop the η and lengthen a short vowel or

drop the -λ(η) lengthen the vowel and add ζ Examples δαηκνλ- = δαηκσλ ζῑλ- = ζίο (ῑ) κειαλ- = κέιᾱο γεξνλη- =

γέξσλ etc Neuters typically consist of just the stem in the nominative and accusative except to drop a final -η

where it occurs

In general the stem of a third declension noun is found by dropping the -νο ending from the genitive singular

The dative singular regularly ends in -ῐ but occasionally in -ῑ

The accusative ending was originally -λ and this ending is common on stems ending in a vowel On stems

ending in a consonant the -λ was a sonant consonant which eventually came be pronounced as -ᾰ The result is that

the accusative singular usually ends in -λ for stems ending in a vowel and -ᾰ for stems ending in a consonant

Dental mute stems ending in -ηο and -πο in the nominative singular rarely drop the mute and typically adopt the -λ

accusative ending as if they were vowel stems

The dative plural is formed by adding either -εζζη (rarely -εζη) or -ζη (rarely -ζζη) and making the usual

euphonic changes Most third declension nouns thus have alternate dative plural forms as πνύο = πνζζί = πνζί =

πόδεζζη etc

The accusative plural originally ended in -λο (sonant λ) which gives -αο for stems ending in a consonant and -ῑο

and -ῡο for stems ending in a vowel A few vowel stems borrowed an -αο ending from the first declension by

analogy

The vocative singular is usually either identical to the nominative or identical to the stem alone Stems ending

in λ ξ or ο typically drop this final consonant in the vocative singular

Compensatory lengthening usually occurs in the dative plural when -λη is dropped as in γέξνληζη = γέξνπζη

132 Paradigms

Stems ending in -επ (επ) -νπ and σϝ follow the paradigms of βαζηιεύο (king βαζηιεϝ-) βνῦο (ox βνϝ-) λεῦο

(ship λᾱϝ-) and ἥξσο (hero ἡξσϝ- () or ἡξσ-)

N βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

G βαζηιῆνο [-ένο] βνόο λεόο ἥξσνο

D βαζηιῆη [-έη] βνΐ λεί ἥξση

A βαζηιῆα [-έα] βνῦλ [βῶλ] λῆα [λέα] ἥξσα

V βαζηιεῦ βνῦ λεῦ ἥξσο

N A V βαζηιῆε βόε λῆε ἥξσε

G D βαζηιήνηηλ βόνηηλ λήνηηλ ἡξώνηηλ

N V βαζηιεῆεο βόεο λῆεο ἥξσεο

G βαζηιήσλ βνῶλ λεῶλ [λεῶλ] ἡξώσλ

D βαζηιήεζζη βόεζζη λήεζζη [λέεζζἰ ἡξώεζζη

βαζηιεῦζη βνπζί λεπζί ἥξσζη

A βαζηιῆαο βόαο (βνῦο) λῆζαο (λέαο) ἥξσαο

A long vowel is typically shortened when it occurs before another vowel thus βαζηιῆνο or βαζηιένο This

convention was almost certainly consistent in pronunciation but is only occasionally represented in written form

The π in the stem of these words frequently became ϝ and subsequently disappeared as in βαζηιεπ- βαζηιεϝ-

βαζηιε-

Stems ending in η (εη) and π (επ εϝ) follow the paradigms of πόιηο (city πνιη-) πῆρπο (forearm περεϝ-) ἄζηπ

(city ἀζηεϝ-) λέθπο (corpse λεθῡ-) and δάθξπ (tear δαθξπ-)

N πόιηο πῆρπο ἄζηπ λέθῡο δάθξπ

G πόιηνο -ενο πήρενο ἄζηενο λέθπνο δάθξπνο

D πόιηη -ῑ -εη -εη πήρετ ἄζηετ λέθπτ δάθξπτ

A πόιηλ πῆρσλ ἄζηπ λέθῡλ δαθξπ

V πόιη πῆρπ ἄζηπ λέθῡ δάθξπ

N V πόιηε πήρεε ἄζηεε λέθπε δάθξπε

G D πνιίνηηλ περένηηλ ἄζηνηηλ λεθύνηηλ δαθξύνηηλ

N V πόιηεο -εεο πήρεεο ἄζηεα λέθπεο δάθξπα

G πνιίσλ περέσλ ἀζηέσλ λεθύσλ δαθξύσλ

D πνιίεζζη περέεζζη ἀζηέεζη λεθύεζζη δαθξύεζζη

πόιεζη -ηζη πήρεζη ἄζηεζη λέθῡζ(ζ)η δάθξπζη

A πόιηαο -εαο -ῑο πήρεαο ἄζηεα λέθπαο [-ῡο] δάθξπα

Nouns with stems in -ο (-εο -αο -νο) and -η are declined like ἔπνο (ϝεπεζ-) γέξαο (γεξαζ-) ἠώο (ἀϝζνζ-) δῶκα

(δσκαη-) and ἦκαξ (ἠκαξ- ἠκαη-) Note that -ζ- usually disappears when it occurs between two vowels

N ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο δῶκα ἧκαξ

G ἔπενο γέξανο ἠόνο δώκαηνο ἥκαηνο

D ἔπετ γέξατ ἠόη δώκαηη ἥκαηη

A ἔπνο γέξαο ἠόα δῶκα ἧκαξ

V ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο δῶκα ἧκαξ

N V ἔπεε γέξαε δώκαηε ἥκαηε

G D επένηηλ γεξάνηηλ δσκάηνηηλ ἡκάηνηηλ

N V ἔπεο γέξα(α) δώκαηα ἥκαηα

G ἐπέσλ γεξάσλ δσκάησλ ἡκάησλ

D ἐπέεζζη γεξάεζζη δσκάηεζζη ἡκάηεζζη

ἔπε(ζ)ζη γέξα(ζ)ζη δώκαζη ἥκαζη

A ἔπεα γέξα(α) δώκαηα ἥκαηα

Note that all nouns ening in -νο in the second declension are either masculine or feminine but all nouns ending in -

νο in the third declension are neuter All nouns ending in -κα in the nominative singular and all nouns with genitives

in -αηνο are neuter

133 Further Notes on the Third Declension

Nouns of the third declension can be any gender and consist of stems ending in -η -π or a consonant In

general the following endings are applied to the stem with the usual euphonic changes

N -ο

G -νο

D -η

A -λ

V -

N A V -ε

G D -νηηλ

N V -εο

G -σλ

D -εζζη

A -λο

Standard Euphonic Changes

Later forms of Greek such as Attic and Koine frequently contracted the forms found in Homer

The -λ in the accusative singular and plural is sonant meaning that it is pronounced as λ when

following a vowel but it is pronounced as ᾰ when following a consonant Thus πνιη-λ = πνιηλ and

πνιη-λο = πνιηο but δαηκνλ-λ = δαηκνλα and δαηκνλ-λο = δαηκνλαο

o In most cases a stem originally ending in ϝ is treated as if it ends in a consonant Thus

βαζηιεϝα = βαζηιεα εξσϝα = εξσα

o The word βνϝ- is an exception where ϝ becomes π (probably because νπ is such a common

diphthong) βνϝλ = βνπλ

Dentals are dropped before ζ Thus παηδο = παηο

o In cases where the stem ends in -λη the dental and the ζ are typically dropped with the last

vowel lengthened by compensation Thus γεξνληο = γεξσλ

Palatals combine with ζ to form μ Thus αηγο = αημ θεξπθο = θεξπμ etc

o Stems ending in -θη apply both the dental and palatal changes first dropping the η and then

combining the θζ to form μ Thus λπθηο = λπθο = λπμ

Labials combine with ζ to form ς Thus Αηζηνπο = Αηζηνς

The ζ is dropped when it follows a nasal or ξ and the last vowel is lengthened to compensate (if it

isnrsquot long already) Thus δαηκνλο = δαηκσλ θξελο = θξελ ρεηξο = ρεηξ παηεξο = παηεξ κεηεξο =

κεηεξ etc

Stems that originally ended in ϝ usually retain a π in its place in the nominative Thus βαζηιεϝο =

βαζηιεπο (originally βαζηιεπο) λεϝο = λεπο βνϝο = βνπο etc

o The same phenomenon sometimes occurs in the accusative singular as well where ϝ becomes

π and the final λ is retained Thus περεϝλ = περευλ = περπλ

o The word εξσο is an apparent exception where εξσϝο = εξσο This may be from analogy

with the relatively common -σο ending in Greek or it could be that the stem was originally

εξσ- witout the ϝ

o When the stem ends in -εϝ the ε is usually dropped in the nominative thus περεϝο = περεπο =

περπο (but the genitive and dative are περενο περετ)

Some confusion can occur at the apparent irregularity of stems ending in -π αζηπ αζηενο αζηεη etc

but δαθξπ δαθξπνο δαθξπτ etc The difference is that stems like αζηπ originally ended in a vowel + ϝ

(αζηεϝ) while stems like δαθξπ originally ended in π

Some neuters originally ended in -εο These are usually declined as -νο in the nominative and

accusative In the other cases the endings are simply applied to -εζ- and the sigma is dropped when it

occurs between two vowels επνο (nom acc from επεζο) επενο (gen from επεζνο) επετ (dat from

επεζη) etc

o Stems ending in -αο simple drop the extra sigma in the nominative singular and append the

case endings to -αζ- (dropping ζ when it occurs between two vowels) Thus γεξαο γεξανο

γεξατ etc

o Stems ending in -νο follow the same pattern as those ending in -αο except that the ν is

lengthened to σ in the nominative Thus εσο εννο εντ etc

Neuter stems ending in -καη usually drop the η in the nominative and accusative singular but retain it

in the plural Thus δσκα (nom and acc sing) δσκαηνο (gen sing) δσκαηη (dat sing) δσκαηα (nom and

acc plur) δσκαησλ (gen plur) δσκαηεζζη (dat plur) etc Neuter stems ending in -καξ usually behave

as if they ended in -καη in all cases except the nominative and accusative singular Thus εκαξ εκαηνο

εκαηη etc

The dative plural ending is given as -εζζη This could be shortened to -ζζη (before vowels) -εζη or -ζη

The -ζη ending is the most common in later dialects Thus Homeric θεξπθεζζη is typically θεξπμη in

Attic and Koine

The vocative singular in neuters is always identical to the nominative and accusative singulars

o In masculine and feminine nouns the vocative singular is usually just the stem without any

endings applied as long as the stem is capable of standing alone Thus δαηκνλ ρεηξ παηεξ

κεηεξ ζπγαηεξ αλεξ βνπ λεπ πνιη λεθῡ δαθξπ etc

o In some cases where the nominative singular has slightly modified the stem before adding -ο

the vocative is formed by simply dropping the ο Thus παη βαζηιεπ περπ

o In cases where the ο of the nominative singular has combined with the stem the vocative is

usually indentical to the nominative singular Thus αλαμ λπμ αημ θεξπμ Αηζηνς etc

o In rare cases the vocative is identical to the nominative singular even when dropping the ο

would have been convenient as in εξσο εσο

Alternate Endings The following are some alternate endings that could be applied instead of the usual

case endings listed above

o -ζη can be used to denote place where

o -ζελ can be used to denote source or separation or as an alternative ending for the genitive

case

o -δε can be added to the accusative ending to denote place to which or limit of motion

o -η can be added to denote place where

o -θη(λ) can be added as a substitute for several uses of the genitive and the dative cases

particularly in the instrumental sense

134 References

This lesson references several points in the grammar Note the following

Deponent verbs take middle or passive forms but denote active meanings

Some verbs reduplicate the initial syllable in the present tense by repeating the initial consonant

followed by -η Thus ἴζηεκη (orig ζηζηεκη) ηίζεκη δίδσκη πίκπιεκη γίγλνκαη γηγλώζθσ κηκλήζθσ

etc When futures and second aorists are reduplicated they usually follow the pattern of reduplication

found in the perfect tense If the initial consonant is aspirated the reduplicated consonant is typically

smooth Thus ηίζεκη rather than ζίζεκη

Note that ἴκη δίδσκη and ηίζεκη take the aorist in -θα rather than -ζα

When a word ends in a vowel and the following word begins with a vowel the result is called hiatus

In general hiatus is avoided in poetry through the use of elision crasis synizesis moveable

consonants etc However hiatus is allowed in some circumstances such as when elision has already

occurred when the first of the two vowels is long and occurs on the beat (or ictus) of the verse or

when a long vowel or diphthong has been shortened or when the two vowels were originally separated

by ϝ

Recall that the verbal augment is frequently omitted

135 Vocabulary

Ἄηο Ἄηδνο ὁ (nom not used) Hades

ἄιγνο ενο ηό grief pain woe trouble

Ἀρηιιεύο ῆνο ὁ Achilles

δαίο δαηηόο ἡ feast banquet portion

Εεύο Γηόο ὁ Zeus

ἥξσο ἥξσνο ὁ hero mighty warrior protector savior

ἴθζῑκνο ε νλ mighty valiant stout-hearted brave

θύσλ θπλόο ὁ ἡ dog

κῆληο ηνο ἡ wrath fury madness rage

νὐιόκελνο ε νλ accursed destructive deadly

πξντάπησ πξντάςσ πξνΐαςα hurl forward send forth

ηίζεκη (ζε- ζε-) ζήζσ ἔζεθα put place cause

Ἀρηιιεπο (Ἀρηιιεϝ-) Ἀρηιιενο Ἀρηιιεη Ἀρηιιεα

δαηο (δαηη-) δαηηνο δαηηη δαηηα δαηηεο δαηησλ δαηηεζζη δαηηαο

Εεπο Γηνο Γηη Γηα

ἡξσο ἡξσνο ἡξστ ἡξσα ἡξσεο ἡξσσλ ἡξσεζζη ἡξσαο

θπσλ θπλνο θπλη θπλα θπλεο θπλσλ θπλεζζη θπλαο

κεληο (κελη-) κεληνο κεληη κεληλ κεληεο κελησλ κεληεζζη κεληαο

136 Translation

1 κῆληο Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο ἦλ νὐινκέλε ἔζεθε γὰξ κῡξηrsquo ἄιγεα ηνῖζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ πξνΐαςε δὲ πνιιὰο (ᾱ)

ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἰθζίκνπο (ῑ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη ἔηεπρε δrsquo αὐηνὺο ἑιώξηα θαὶ δαῖηα θύλεζζηλ νἰσλνῖζί ηε ἐηέιεζε δὲ βνπιὴλ

Γηόο 2 ζεὰ (ᾱ) ἀείδεη κῆληλ νὐινκέλελ Ἀρηιῆνο ἣ ἔζεθελ κῡξίrsquo ἄιγεrsquo Ἀραηνῖζηλ 3 ζενὶ ὀιέθνπζη ηὸλ ζηξαηόλ θαὶ

πξντάπηνπζη πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη 4ηεύμνκελ κῡξίνπο Ἀραηνὺο ἑιώξηα θύλεζζηλ θαὶ δαῖηα ηνῖζηλ

νἰσλνῖζηλ νὕλεθα ἠηίκαζαλ (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) 5 θᾱιὴ ἦλ ἡ βνπιὴ Γηόο

KEY

1 The wrath of Achilles son of Peleus was destructive for it caused countless woes to the Achaeans and sent

forth many valiant souls of heros to Hades making them spoils and a banquet for the dogs and the vultures 2 The

goddess sings the accursed wrath of Achilles which brought countless woes to the Achaeans 3 The gods are

destroying the camp and sending forth many souls of the heros to Hades 4 We will make countless Achaeans spoils

for the dogs and a feast for these vultures because they dishonored Chryses 5 The will of Zeus was good

137 Iliad 1-5

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κπξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςπρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιήλ

Μῆληλ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse

ἄεηδε - present active imperative 2nd

person singular of ἀείδσ

ζεά - vocative case

Πειεηάδεσ = Πειεηάδᾱν (the verse may have originally read Πειεηάδᾱrsquo)

νὐινκέλελ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse as well as out of

the natural order and is placed directly opposite the word κῆληλ

κῡξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο - the hiatus is permited because elision has already occurred in κῡξίνηο

Ἄηδη was originally Ἄϝηδη and is still accented as it began with α instead of αη

ἡξώσλ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse and its deviation from

the natural order

δὲ ἑιώξηα - the hiatus is permitted because the original was δὲ ϝειώξηα

ηεῦρε - the augment is dropped (usually ἔηεπρε)

ἐηειείεην - imperfect passive indicative 3rd

person singular of ηειείσ

KEY

Sing O goddess of the accursed wrath of Achilles Peleiades

which brought countless woes to the Achaeans

and cast forth the souls of many valiant warriors to Hades

making them the spoils and feast of both dogs

and vultures But the will of Zeus was accomplished

138 Composition

1 The valiant Achaeans are singing the accursed wrath of Achilles 2 The wrath of Achilles caused many woes

to the Achaeans and sent many valiant souls of heroes to the god Hades 3 We shall make the army of the Achaeans

a booty for the dogs and a banquet for the birds 4 We are accomplishing the will of the goddess

KEY

1 ἴθζῑκνη Ἀραηνὶ ἀείδνπζηλ νὐινκέλελ κῆληλ Ἀρηιῆνο 2 κῆληο Ἀρηιῆνο ἔζεθε κῡξίrsquo ἄιγεrsquo Ἀραηνῖζη θαὶ

πξνΐαςε πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἰθζίκνπο ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη 3 ηεύμνκελ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ ἑιώξηα θύλεζζηλ θαὶ δαῖηα

νἰσλνῖζηλ 4 ηεύρνκελ βνπιὴλ ζεᾶο

Lesson 14

(519-526 1159-1192)

(cf 586)

141 Syllable Quantity

A syllable is long (by nature) when it contains a long vowel or a diphthong or (by position) when it ends in two

consecutive consonants (or a double consonant) A short vowel followed by a mute and a liquid κ or λ is common

and can be either long or short depending on the requirements of the verse Occasionally the letters ι κ λ ξ or ζ

are doubled in pronunciation when they follow a short vowel making the syllable long by position but this

convention is not always represented in writing And occasionally a lost ϝ will combine with another consonant to

make the preceding syllable long by position

Observe the following rules when determing the length of a syllable

Any vowel with the circumflex accent is long

The vowel of any ultmia whose penult bears the circumflex is short

If the penult has an acute then the vowel of the ultima must also be long

If the vowel of the ultima is short and the penult has the acute then the vowel of the penult must

be short as well

If the antepenult is accented the vowel of the ultima must be short

Occasionally these rules do not apply to certain compounds where one of the two words are

accented as if they were separate

If a short syllable stands where a long syllable is expected it is usually because the pause of the caesura or

diaresis fills out the foot or because the following word has lost a consonant (usually ϝ or ζ) And occasionally a

short syllable ending in a consonant is lengthened when it occurs on the ictus (beat) of the verse Such lengthening is

called thesis

142 Metrical Quantity

With the exception of pauses at the end of the verse caesura and diaresis all feet must consist of two long

syllables or a long syllable followed by two shorts Thus if a long syllable is followed by a short syllable then the

next syllable must be short as well Likewise if a short syllable is followed by a long syllable then the preceding

syllable must be short as well

When a word ends in a short vowel (and sometimes -νη and -αη) and the following word begins with a vowel

the short vowel is usually elided unless the following word originally began with ϝ When a word ends in a long

vowel or a diphthong and the following word begins with a vowel the long vowel is usually shortened This

phenomenon can also occur within the same word and again it is less common when the following word originally

began with ϝ Vowel shortening is also rare when the long vowel occurs on the ictus

The meter of Homer is called dactylic or heroic hexameter and is the most common meter in Greek verse Each

verse has six feet The first five feet can be dactyls (one long syllable followed by two short syllables) or spondees

(two long syllables) The final foot of the verse is always a spndee but keep in mind that the pause at the end of the

verse often combines with a final short syllable to form one long syllable The fifth foot of each verse is usually a

dactyl with only one in twenty (or so) verses containing a spondee in the fifth foot The verses that have a spndee in

the fifth foot are called spondaic and usually take slightly longer to recite In dactylic hexameter the ictus (beat) of

the verse always occurs on the first syllable of each foot producing six distinct beats per verse

Caesura occurs when a word ends within a foot (ie at the end of the first syllable of a foot or between the two

short syllables of the foot) When a caesura occurs at a natural pause in the verse this is said to be the caesura of the

verse A pause after the first syllable of a foot is called a masculine caesura and a pause after the second syllable of

the foot is called a feminine caesura

Diaresis occurs when the end of a word coincides with the end of a foot When this falls at a natural pause in

the verse it is said to be the diaresis of the verse When the diaresis occurs at the end of the fourth foot is it called

the bucolic diaresis (due to its common use in pastoral poetry)

143 Marking the Rhythm of the Iliad 1-5

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κπξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςπρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιήλ

ΜΖ ληλ α | ΔΗ δε ζε | Α ΠΖ | ΛΖ η α | ΓΔΧ α ρη | ΛΖ Ο-

dact dact spon dact dact spon

The pauses at the end of κῆληλ and ἄεηδε are feminine caesuras

The pauses at the end of ζεά Πειεηάδεσ and Ἀρηιῆνο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of ζεά is the caesura of the verse

The dash at the end of the verse indicates a pause that combines with a short vowel to fill out the

last foot

ΟΤ ιν κε | ΝΖΝ Ζ | ΜΤ ξη α | ΥΑΗ ΟΗ | ΑΛ γε ε | ΘΖ ΚΔΝ-

dact spon dact spon dact spon

The pauses at the end of κῡξίrsquo and ἄιγε are feminine caesuras

The pauses at the end of νὐινκέλελ and ἔζεθελ are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of νὐινκέλελ is the caesura of the verse

The pauses at the end of ἥ and Ἀραηνῖο are diareses

The diaresis at Ἀραηνῖο is a bucolic diaresis

κῡξία Ἀραηνῖο and ἄιγεα ἔζεθελ are examples of hiatus

The first syllable of ἄιγεrsquo is long because it is followed by two consecutive consonants

ΠΟΛ ΛΑ | ΓrsquoΗΦ ΘΗ | ΜΟΤ ΦΤ | ΥΑ ΑΗ | ΓΗ πξν τ | Α ΦΔΝ-

spon spon spon spon dact spon

The pauses at the end of ἰθζίκνπο and ςπράο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of πνιιάο is a diaresis

δὲ ἰθζίκνπο is hiatus

The first syllable of πνιιάο is long by position as is the first syllable of ἰθζίκνπο the last syllable

of Ἄηδη and the second syllable of πξνΐαςελ

Ζ ΡΧ | ΧΝ ΑΤ | ΣΟΤ δε ε | ΛΧ ξη α | ΣΔΤ ρε θπ | ΝΔ ΗΝ-

spon spon dact dact dact spon

The pause at the end of ηεῦρε is a feminine caesura

The pauses at the end of ἡξώσλ and αὐηνύο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of ἡξώσλ is the caesura of the verse

The pause at the end of ἑιώξηα is a diaresis

ΟΗ Χ | ΝΟΗ ζη ηε | ΓΑΗ ηα δη | Ο δrsquoε ηε | ΛΔΗ ε ην | ΒΟΤ ΛΖΝ

The pauses at the end of νἰσλνῖζη and δαῖηα are feminine caesuras

The pause at the end of Γηόο is a masculine caesura

The pauses at the end of ηε ἐηειείεην and βνπιήλ are diareses

The pause at the end of δαῖηα is the diaresis of the verse

Lesson 15

(693-694 697-700)

(cf 781-782 837 580 1009 996 584-585)

151 Third Declension Paradigms (continued)

Third declension nouns ending in a dental mute stem are exemplified by ἄλαμ (king ϝαλαθη-) λύμ (night λπθη-

) παῖο (child παηδ-) and γέξσλ (old man γεξνλη-)

N ἄλαμ λύμ παῖο γέξσλ

G ἄλαθηνο λπθηόο παηδόο γέξνληνο

D ἄλαθηη λπθηί παηδί γέξνληη

A ἄλαθηα λύθηα παίδα γέξνληα

V ἄλαμ [ἄλα] λύμ παῖ γέξσλ

N V A ἄλαθηε λύθηε παίδε γέξνληε

G D ἀλάθηνηηλ λύθηνηηλ παίδνηηλ γεξόληνηηλ

N ἄλαθηεο λύθηεο παίδεο γέξνληεο

G ἀλάθησλ λπθηῶλ παηδῶλ γεξόλησλ

D ἀλάθηεζζη λύθηεζζη παίδεζζη γεξόληεζζη

ἄλαμη λπμί παηζί γέξνπζη

A ἄλαθηαο λύθηνο παῖδαο γέξνληαο

Third declension nouns ending in labial and palatal stems are exemplified by αἴμ (goat αἰγ-) θῆξπμ (herald

θεξῡθ-) and Αἰζίνς (Ethipoian Αἰζηνπ-)

N αἴμ θῆξπμ Αἰζίνς

G αἰγόο θήξῡθνο Αἰζίνπνο

D αἰγί θήξῡθη Αἰζίνπη

A αἶγα θήξῡθα Αἰζίνπα

V αἴμ θῆξπμ Αἰζίνς

N V A αἶγε θήξῡθε Αἰζίνπε

G D αἴγνηηλ θεξύθνηηλ (ῡ) Αἰζηόπνηηλ

N αἶγεο θήξῡθεο Αἰζίνπεο

G αἰγῶλ θεξύθσλ (ῡ) Αἰζηόπσλ

D αἴγεζζη θεξύθεζζη (ῡ) Αἰζηόπεζζη

αἰμί θήξῡμ Αἰζίνςη

A αἶγαο θήξῡθαο Αἰζίνπαο

Nouns with stems ending in -εξ express different grades of ablaut in the stem (-εξ -εξ -ξ) with a recessive

accent in the vocative singular These are exemplified by παηήξ (father παηεξ-) κήηεξ (mother κεηεξ-) ζπγάηεξ

(daughter ζπγαηεξ-) and ἀλήξ (man ἀλεξ-)

N παηήξ κήηεξ ζπγάηεξ ἀλήξ

G παηέξνο -ηξόο κεηέξνο -ηξόο ζπγαηέξνο -ηξόο ἀλέξνο ἀλδξόο

D παηέξη -ηξί κεηέξη -ηξί ζπγαηέξη -ηξί ἀλέξη ἀλδξί

A παηέξα κεηέξα ζπγαηέξα ἀλέξα ἄλδξα

V πάηεξ κῆηεξ ζύγαηεξ ἄλεξ

N V A παηέξε κεηέξε ζπγαηέξε ἀλέξε ἄλδξε

G D παηέξνηηλ κεηέξνηηλ ζπγαηέξνηηλ ἀλέξνηηλ ἄλδξνηηλ

N παηέξεο κεηέξεο ζπγαηέξεο ζύγαηξεο ἀλέξεο ἄλδξεο

G παηέξσλ -ηξῶλ κεηέξσλ -ηξῶλ ζπγαηέξσλ ζπγαηξῶλ ἀλέξσλ ἀλδξῶλ

D παηξάζη κεηξάζη ζπγαηξάζη ζπγαηέξεζζη ἀλδξάζη ἄλδξεζζη

A παηέξαο κεηέξαο ζπγαηέξαο ζύγαηξαο ἀλέξαο ἄλδξαο

Note that δ is inserted into ἀλήξ between λ and ξ where they occur together The accent of the shorter forms of

ἀλέξ follow the pattern seen in παηήξ The alpha after ξ in the dative plural was added euphonically to strengthen

what was originally a sonant ξ

152 Vocabulary

ἄλαμ ἄλαθηνο ὁ king lord protector

ἀλήξ ἀλέξνο (ἀλδξόο) ὁ (real) man warrior hero

ἄξ(α) (ῥά) naturally of course as you know as you might expect that is

in effect (not always translatable)

βαζηιεύο ῆνο ὁ king ruler

δή indeed truly forsooth now

δηίζηεκη (ζηε- ζηα-) δηαζηήζσ stand apart separate

δηέζηεζα (δηέζηελ)

ἐμ νὗ from the time when

ἐξίδσ (ἐξηδ-) - ἤξηζ(ζ)α quarrel strive

ἠξηζάηελ (they) strove

ἔξηο ηδνο ἡ strife quarrel

Λεηώ Λεηόνο ἡ Leto

κάρνκαη fight battle

κάρεζζαη to fight

μπλίκη μπλήζσ μπλῆθα (μπλέεθα) bring together throw together hearken heed

ὄξλῡκη ὄξζσ ὦξζα (ὤξνξνλ) stir up kindle incite excite arouse

πξῶηνο ε νλ first foremost chief

ηὸ πξῶηνλ ηὰ πξῶηα (adv) at first firstly first

πἱόο νῦ ὁ son

ζθσε these two

153 Translation

1 ζεὰ (ᾱ) ἀείζεη κῆληλ Ἀρηιῆνο ἐμ νὗ δὴ ηὰ πξῶηα δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο θαὶ Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἀλδξῶλ ἠξηζάηελ θαὶ

δηεζηήηελ 2 ηίο ζεῶλ μπλέεθε δῖνλ Ἀρηιῆά ηε θαὶ Ἀηξεΐδελ ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 3 πἱὸο Λεηόνο θαὶ Γηὸο ἑθεβόινο

μπλέεθέ ζθσε ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη ηὸλ γὰξ βαζηιεὺο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἐρόισζελ ὁ δrsquo ὦξζε θαθὴλ λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ

ὤιεθε δὲ ιᾱνύο

KEY

1 The goddess sings the wrath of Achilles from the time when first the divine Achilles and Atreides king of

men strove and separated 2 Which of the gods brought together the divine Achilles and the son of Atreus to fight

in strife 3 The son of Leto and Zeus the Free-shooter brought these two together to fight in strife for Atreides the

king enraged him so he stirred up an evil plague through the camp of the Achaeans and destroyed their host

154 Iliad 1-10

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κῡξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςῡρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιή

ἐμ νὗ δὴ ηὰ πξῶηα δηαζηήηελ ἐξίζαληε

Ἀηξεΐδεο ηε ἄλαμ ἀλδξῶλ θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεύο

ηίο ηrsquo ἄξ ζθσε ζεῶλ ἔξηδη μπλέεθε κάρεζζαη

Λεηνῦο θαὶ Γηὸο πἱόο ὁ γὰξ βαζηιῆη ρνισζεὶο

λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ ὦξζε θαθήλ ὀιέθνλην δὲ ιᾱνί

δηαζηήηελ = δηεζηήηελ

ἐξίζαληε = aor act part nom dual masc (they two) having quarreled

ηε ἄλαμ originally ηε ϝάλαμ thus allowing the hiatus

ζθσε [ἕσ] = 3rd

pers pron acc dual these two

ἔξηδη is dative of means in strife

κάρεζζαη = pres act infinitive deponent to fight

ρνισζείο = aor pass part nom sing masc having been enraged

Λεηνῦο = contracted form of Λεηόνο

βαζηιῆη = Agamemnon instrumental case by the king

ὀιέθνλην = ὠιέθνλην imperf pass ind 3rd

pers plural were being destroyed or kept

perishing

KEY

Sing O goddess of the accursed wrath of Achilles Peleiades

which brought countless woes to the Achaeans

and cast forth the souls of many valiant warriors to Hades

making them the spoils and feast of both dogs

and vultures But the will of Zeus was accomplished

indeed from the time when at first having quarreled both

Atreides king of men and the divine Achilles separated

Which of the gods of course brought these two together to fight in strife

The son of Leto and Zeus For enraged by the king he

kindled an evil plague up through the camp and the people were destroyed

155 Composition

1 ἠείδνκελ κῆληλ νὐινκέλελ Ἀρηιιῆνο ἐμ νὗ ηὰ πξῶηα Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἀλέξσλ (ἀλδξῶλ) θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο

ἠξηζάηελ θαὶ δηεζηεζάηελ (δηεζηήηελ) 2 ηίο ζεῶλ μπλῆθε (μπλέεθα) Ἀραηνὺο θαὶ ιᾱὸλ Πξηάκνπ ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 3

μπλῆθε (μπλέεθα) ζθσε (ἕν) πἱὸο Λεηόνο (Λεηνῦο) θαὶ Γηὸο ἑθεβόινο ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 4 Αηξεΐδεο βαζηιεὺο

Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο ἐρόισζαλ ἄλαθηα ἑθεβόινλ θαὶ ὁ ὦξζα (ὤξνξε) λνῦζνπο πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θαθὰο (ᾱ) ἀλὰ

ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ θαθῶο ὤιεθελ ἀγαζὸλ ιᾱόλ

Lesson 16

(887-897 910 1065-1068 697-703 707 710 732)

161 Formation of Middle Passive and Deponent Verbs

The endings of the middle voice are different from the active voice The passive voice applies the same endings

as the middle voice except in the aorist passive which applies active endings Because the middle and passive voice

are identical (other than the aorist) the context determines whether a verb is used with middle or the passive

meaning The aorist middle is often used with a passive meaning (especially in athematic forms) and the aorist

passive is often used with a middle meaning

The perfect and pluperfect of the middlepassive are athematic with the personal endings attached directly to

the reduplicated stem

The future perfect passive is formed by adding -ζνε to the perfect middle passive lengthening the vowel that

precedes this ending

The first aorist passive is formed by adding -(ζ)ζεε to the stem Before ζ π and β become θ θ and γ become ρ

and η δ ζ become ζ Many verbs have a second aorist passive that drops the ζ altogether

Deponent verbs have no active form but use the middlepassive forms in an active sense

162 Paradigms Present and Future Indicative MiddlePassive of ιύσ

Present

S 1 ιύνκαη

2 ιύεαη [(ιύῃ)]

3 ιύεηαη

D 2 ιύεζζνλ

3 ιύεζζνλ

P 1 ιπόκε(ζ)ζα

2 ιύεζζα

3 ιύνληαη

Future

S 1 ιύζνκαη (ῡ)

2 ιύζεαη (ῡ) [(ιύζῃ (ῡ))]

3 ιύζεηαη (ῡ)

D 2 ιύζεζζνλ (ῡ)

3 ιύζεζζνλ (ῡ)

P 1 ιῡζόκεζα

2 ιύζεζζε (ῡ)

3 ιύζνληαη (ῡ)

163 The Use of Voice in Greek

The active voice indicates that the subject is acting λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ ὦξζε = he kindled a plague up

through the camp

The passive voice indicates that the subject is acted upon Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιή = but the will of Zeus was

being accomplished

The Middle voice denotes one of three meanings

1 The subject acting upon itself πείζνκαη (I convince myself) θαίλνκαη (I show myself)

2 The subject acting for itself θαιένκαη (I call for myself)

3 The subject acting upon something belonging to itself ιύνκαη (I loose my own I ransom)

When determing the difference between the middle and passive keep in mind that the middle voice always

conveys a direct or indirect reference to the subject and that the subject is effect by or has an interest in the action

164 Third Declension Stems in -επ -επ -νπ and -σϝ

Stems in -επ usually became -εϝ and the third declension endings are applied after the ϝ Thus βαζηιεϝνο =

βαζηιῆνο βαηιεϝη = βαζηιῆη βαζηιεϝα = βαζηιῆα etc Note that the ϝ explains why εη (εϝη) does not form an

improper diphthong as well as why the accusative singular ends in -εα (as if the stem ended in a consonant) instead

of -ελ (as if the stem ended in a vowel) Note that when the ending consists of a consonant the -εϝ is contracted to

the diphthong -επ Thus βαζηιεϝο = βαζηιεύο βαζηιεϝ = βαζηιεῦ βαζηιεϝζη = βαζηιεῦζη In rare cases the other

endings also contract the -ε to -ε (ie βαζηιῆνο = βαζηιένο)

In stems ending originally in -ᾱϝ the ᾱ becomes ε in the Ionic dialect These are declined the same as -εϝ

except that -εῡ is formed before consonants instead of -επ Thus λᾱϝο = λεϝο = λεῦο λᾱϝ = λεϝ = λεῦ But note the

exception in the shorter form of the dative plural where λᾱϝζη = λεϝζη = λεπζί (rather than λεῡζη) In contracted

forms the ε usually becomes ε

In stems ending in -σϝ the third declension endings are applied directly to the stem Thus ἡξσϝο = ἥξσο

ἡξσϝνο = ἥξσνο ἡξσϝη = ἥξση ἡξσϝα = ἥξσα etc

In stems ending originally in -ν or -νϝ the third declension endings are applied as usual But keep in mind that -

νϝ is contracted to the diphthong -νπ before a consonant thus βνϝο = βνῦο and βνϝζη = βνπζί But note the

exception that occurs in the accusative singular where βνϝλ = βνῦλ rather than βνϝα

βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

(βαζηιεϝ-) (βνϝ-) (λᾱϝ-) (ἡξσϝ-)

N βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

G βαζηιῆνο [ένο] βνόο λεόο [εόο] ἥξσνο

D βαζηιῆη [έη] βνΐ λεί ἥξση

A βαζηιῆα [έα] βνῦλ [βῶλ] λῆα [έα] ἥξσα

V βαζηιεῦ βνῦ λεῦ ἥξσο

N V A βαζηιῆε βόε λῆε ἥξσε

G D βαζηιήνηηλ βόνηηλ λήνηηλ ἡξώνηηλ

N V βαζηιῆεο βόεο λῆεο ἥξσεο

G βαζηιήσλ βνῶλ λεῶλ [εῶλ] ἡξώσλ

D βαζηιήεζζη βόεζζη λήεζζη [έεζζη] ἡξώεζζη

βαζηιεῦζη βνπζί λεπζί ἥξσζη

A βαζηιῆαο βόαο (βνῦο) λῆαο [έαο] ἥξσαο

165 Third Declension Stems in -εζ -αζ and -νζ

When a stem ends in a vowel plus -ζ the initial ζ is dropped between two vowels Thus γεξαζνο = γέξανο

ἠνζνο = ἠόνο etc

All third declension nouns with stems ending in -εο are neuters and follow the pattern of ἔπνο The third

declension endings are applied as usual except that the nominative vocative and accusative singulars end in -νο

Nouns with stems ending in -νο take -σο in the nominative and vocative singular but otherwise apply the third

declension endings as usual (dropping ζ between two vowels)

ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

(ϝεπεζ-) (γεξαζ-) (ἀϝζνζ- (ᾱ))

N ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

G ἔπενο γέξανο ἠόνο

D ἔπετ γέξατ ἠόη

A ἔπνο γέξαο ἠόα

V ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

N V A ἔπεε γέξαε

G D ἐπένηηλ γεξάνηηλ

N V ἔπεα γέξα(α)

G ἐπέσλ γεξάσλ

D ἐπέεζζη γεξάεζζη

ἔπε(ζ)ζη γέξα(ζ)ζη

A ἔπεα γέξα(α)

166 Third Declension Stems in -καη and -καξ

Stems ending in -καη and -καξ are neuters

Stems in -καη drop the -ηο in the nominative vocative and accusative singular δσκαηο = δῶκα Otherwise the

third declension endings are applied as usual

Stems ending in -καξ are declined like those ending in -καη except in the nominative vocative and accusative

singular (which end in -καξ)

δῶκα ἦκαξ

(δσκαη-) (ἠκαξ- ἠκαη-)

N δῶκα ἦκαξ

G δώκαηνο ἤκαηνο

D δώκαηη ἤκαηη

A δῶκα ἦκαξ

V δῶκα ἦκαξ

N V A δώκαηε ἤκαηε

G D δσκάηνηηλ ἠκάηνηηλ

N V δώκαηα ἤκαηα

G δσκάησλ ἠκάησλ

D δσκάηεζζη ἠκάηεζζη

δώκαζη ἤκαζη

A δώκαηα ἤκαηα

167 Third Declension Stems in -λη and -λ

Stems ending in -λη drop the -λη before ζ and lengthen the preceding vowel thus παληο = πᾶο παληζη = πᾶζη

Otherwise the third declension endings are applied as usual In neuters the -η is dropped at the end of the word thus

παλη = πᾶλ Stems in -λ drop the -λ before ζ and lengthen the preceding vowel in the masculine (but not in the

neuter)

πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

(παλη- παληα- παλη-)

Masc Fem Neut

N πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

G παληόο πάζεο (ᾱ) παληόο

D παληί πάζῃ (ᾱ) παληί

A πάληα πᾶζαλ πᾶλ

V πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

N V πάληεο πᾶζαη πάληα

G πάλησλ πᾱζάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] πάλησλ

D πάληεζ(ζ)η πάζῃζη (ᾱ) πάληεζ(ζ)η

πᾶζη πάζῃο (ᾱ) πᾶζη

A πάληνο πάζᾱο (ᾱ) πάληα

κέιᾱο κέιαηλα κέιαλ

(κειαλ- κειαηλα- κειαλ-)

N κέιᾱο κέιαηλα κέιαλ

G κέιαλνο κειαίλεο κέιαλνο

D κέιαλη κειαίλῃ κέιαλη

A κέιαλα κέιαηλαλ κέιαλ

V κέιαλ κέιαηλα κέιαλ

N V A κέιαλε κειαίλᾱ κέιαλε

G D κειάλνηηλ κειαίλῃηλ κειάλνηηλ

N V κέιαλεο κέιαηλαη κέιαλα

G κειάλσλ κειαηλάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] κειάλσλ

D κειάλεζ(ζ)η κειαίλῃζη κειάλεζ(ζ)η

κέιαζη κειαίλῃο κέιαζη

A κέιαλεο κειαίλᾱο κέιαλα

168 Vocabulary

Nouns

Ἀπόιισλ (ᾰ or ᾰ) σλνο ὁ Apollo

ἀξεηήξ (ᾱ) ῆξνο ὁ priest prayer

ζπγάηεξ ηέξνο (ηξόο) ἡ daughter

θνζκήησξ νξνο ὁ commander marshaller

λεῦο λεόο (λεόο) ἡ ship

ζηέκκα καηνο ηό fillet (of white cotton) wreath

ρείξ ρεηξόο ἡ hand arm

Verbs

ἔξρνκαη (ἐξρ- ἐιε- ἐιεπζ- ἐιπζ-) come go

ἐιεύζνκαη I will come I will go

ἦιζνλ (ἤιπζνλ) I came I went

ιίζζνκαη (ιηη-) I beg I entreat

---

ἐιιηζάκελ (ἐιηηόκελ) I begged I entreated

Adjectives Prepositions

ζνόο ή όλ swift speedy

πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ all every (the) whole

Indeclinable

δύν (δύσ) two

κάιηζηα most especially by all means

169 Translation

1 Ἀπόιισλ ἑθεβόινο ρνινῦηαη βαζηιῆη Αηξεΐδῃ θαὶ πέκπεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ ὀιέθνληαη δὲ

ιᾱνί νὕλεθα δῖνο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) 2 Υξύζεο (ῡ) γὰξ ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἑθεβόινπ ἔξρεηαη

ἐπὶ ζνὰο (ᾱ) λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ θέξεη δrsquo ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα ζπγαηξόο ἣλ Ἀηξεΐδεο ἔρεη ἐλ ζηξαηῷ 3 ὁ δrsquo ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἔρεη

ζηέκκαηα ἑθεβόινπ Ἀπόιισλνο ἐλ ρεξζὶλ ἀλὰ ρξῡζέῳ ζθήπηξῳ θαὶ ιίζζεηαη πάληαο Ἀραηνύο κάιηζηα δrsquo Ἀηξεΐδᾱ

δύσ θνζκήηνξε ιᾱῶλ 4 Ἀπόιισλ ρνιώζεηαη βαζηιῆη θαὶ ὄξζεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηόλ 5 ἐιεύζνληαη ἐπὶ ζνὰο

(ᾱ) λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ νἴζνπζη ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα βαζηιῆη 6 ιίζζνληαη πάληαο Ἀραηνύο 7 Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζελ (ῑ)

ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) θαὶ νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε ζύγαηξα

KEY

1 Apollo the free-shooter enraged by king Atreides sent an evil plague through the camp of the Achaeans and

the people were destroyed because the divine Atreides dishonored Chryses the priest 2 For Chryses the priest of

the free-shooter went upon the swift ships of the Achaeans bearing countless ransoms for his daughter whom

Atreides was holding in the camp 3 But the priest had a wreath of Apollo the free-shooter upon a staff in his hand

and was entreating all of the Achaeans but especially the sons of Atreus (who were) the commanders of the host 4

Apollo will be enraged by the king and will kindle an evil plague up through the camp 5 They will go upon the

swift ships of the Achaeans and bring countless ransoms to the king 6 They are entreating all of the Achaeans 7

Atreides dishonored the priest and would not release his daughter

1610 Iliad 11-16

hellipὀιέθνλην δὲ ιᾱνί

νὕλεθα ηὸλ Υξύζελ ἠηίκαζελ ἀξεηῆξα

Αηξεΐδεο ὁ γὰξ ἦιζε ζνὰο ἐπὶ λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ

ιπζόκελνο ηε ζύγαηξα θέξσλ ηrsquo ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα

ζηέκκαηrsquo ἔρσλ ἐλ ρεξζὶλ ἑθεβόινπ Ἀπόιισλνο

ρξπζέῳ ἀλὰ ζθήπηξῳ θαὶ ἐιίζζεην πάληαο Ἀραηνύο

Ἀηξεΐδα δὲ κάιηζηα δύσ θνζκήηνξε ιαῶλ

ηόλ Υξύζελ = that (well-known) Chryses

The first verse ends in two spondees making it a spondaic verse and emphasizing the fact that

Chryses was a priest

ιῡζόκελνο = fut mid part nom masc sing being about to ransom

θέξσλ = pres act part nom sing masc bearing bringing

ἔρσλ = pres act part nom sing masc having holding

ρεξζὶλ ἑθεβόινπ = ρεξζὶ ϝεθεβόινπ

ρξῡζέῳ = synizesis where -έῳ is pronounced as a single syllable

ἐιίζζεην = imperf act ind 3rd

pers sing dep (kept) entreating was entreating

Ἀηξεΐδᾱ = dual of Ἀηξεΐδεο refers to both Agamemnon and Menelaus

KEY

hellipand the people were being destroyed

because Atreides dishonored Chryses the priest

For he had gone upon the swift ships of the Achaeans

intending to ransom his daughter bearing countless gifts

and holding in his hand fillets of Apollo the free-shooter

upon a golden staff and was entreating all of the Achaeans

but especially the two sons of Atreus the commanders of the host

1611 Composition

1 Chryses the priest of Apollo is dishonored by the son of Atreus 2 The Achaeans will go from their swift

ships to Troy and ransom the beloved daughter of the priest 3 We shall bring many ransoms and shall hold in our

hands the fillets of Apollo 4 We do not have a golden scepter but we entreat Priam and all the people of Troy 5

The two sons of Atreus marshallers of the people are entreating Priam but he will slight them 6 The son of

Atreus king of men slighted the priest and did not release his daughter

KEY

1 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) Ἀπόιινπ ἀηῑκάδεηαη Ἀηξεΐδῃ 2 Ἀραηνὶ ἐιεύζνληαη ἐθ ζνάσλ (ᾱ) λήσλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ (ῑ)

θαὶ ἀπειύζνληαη (ῡ) θίιε ζπγάηεξα ἀξεηῆξη (ᾱ) 3 νἴζνκελ πνιιrsquo ἄπνηλα θαὶ ἕζρνκελ ἐλ ρείξεζζη ζηέκκαηα

Ἀπόιινπ 4 νὐθ ἔρνκελ ζθῆπηξνλ ρξύζενλ ἀιιὰ ιηζζόκεζα Πξίακνλ θαὶ πᾶληα ιᾱνλ Ἰιίνπ (ῑ) 5 δύrsquo Ἀηξεΐδᾱ

θνζκήηεξᾱ ιᾱσλ ιίζζεζζνλ Πξίακνλ αὐηνὺο δrsquo ἀηῑκάζεη 6 Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἄλδξσλ ἠηίκαζελ (ῑ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) θαὶ

νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε ζπγάηεξα

1612 Meter

ΟΤ λε θα | ΣΟΝ ΥΡΤ | ΖΝ Ζ | ΣΗ κα ζελ | Α ΡΖ | ΣΖ ΡΑ~

Α ηξε η | ΓΖ ν γαξ | ΖΛ ζε ζν | Α ε πη | ΝΖ αο α | ΥΑΗ ΧΝ

ΛΤ ζν κε | ΝΟ ηε ζπ | ΓΑΣ ξα θε | ΡΧΝ ηα πε | ΡΔΗ ζη α | ΠΟΗ ΝΑ~

ΣΔΜ καη ε | ΥΧΝ ΔΝ | ΥΔΡ ζηλ ε | ΚΖ βν ινπ | Α ΠΟΛ | ΛΧ ΝΟ~

ΥΡΤζεσα | ΝΑ ΚΖΠ | ΣΡΧ θαη ε | ΛΗ ζε ην | ΠΑΝ ηαο α | ΥΑΗ ΟΤ

ΑΣ ξε η | ΓΑ δε κα | ΛΗ ηα δπ | Χ ΚΟ | ΜΖ ην ξε | ΛΑ ΧΝ

Lesson 17

(910 - imperfect middle and passive aorist middle of ιύσ 648-658 - the table

of endings in 32)

171 Paradigms Imperfect MiddlePassive of ιύσ

S 1 ἐιπόκελ

2 ἐιύεν [(ἐιύεπ)]

3 ἐιύεην

D 2 ἐιύεζζνλ

3 ἐιπέζζελ

P 1 ἐιπόκε(ζ)ζα

2 ἐιύεζζε

3 ἐιύνλην

172 Paradigms Aorist Middle of ιύσ

Thematic Athematic (2nd

Aorist)

S 1 ἐιῡζάκελ ἐιύκελ

2 ἐιύζαν (ῡ) [(ἐιύζσ (ῡ))] ἔιπ(ζ)ν

3 ἐιύζαην (ῡ) ἔιπην

D 2 ἐιύζαζζνλ (ῡ) ἔιπζζνλ

3 ἐιῡζάζζελ ἐιύζζελ

P 1 ἐιῡζάκε(ζ)ζα ἐιύκε(ζ)ζα

2 ἐιύζαζζε (ῡ) ἔιπζζε

3 ἐιύζαλην (ῡ) ἔιπλην

173 Vocabulary

δῶκα αηνο ηό house home

παῖο παηδόο ὁ ἡ child son daughter

π(η)όιηο ηνο (ενο) ἡ city state

ἐπθλήκῑο ῑδνο well-greaved

ἐγώ(λ) κέν (κεῦ) I

ζύ ζέν (ζεῦ) you

κέλhellip δέ on the one handhellip trulyhellip on the one handhellip on the other hand

partlyhellip partly the onehellip the other

νἴθαδε home homeward to home home

Verbs

ἅδνκαη (ἁγ-) (defective) I reverence

δέρνκαη I accept I receive

δέμνκαη I will accept

ἐδεμάκελ (ἐδέγκελ) I accepted

δίδσκη (δσ- δν-) I give I grant

(δη)δώζσ I will give

ἔδσθα I gave

ἐθπέξζσ (πεξζ- πξαζ-) I sack (utterly) I plunder I pillage

ἐθπέξζσ I will sack

ἐμέπεξζα (ἐμέπξαζνλ) I sacked

ἱθλένκαη I arrive I reach (a destination)

ἵμνκαη I will arrive

ἱθόκελ (ῑ) I arrived

174 Translation

1 ζενὶ ἔρνπζηλ ιύκπηα δώκαηα ἔδσθαλ δrsquo Ἀηξεΐδεο θαὶ ἄιινηζηλ ἐπθλεκίδεζζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἐθπέξζαη

(infinitive) πόιηλ Πξηάκνπ ηόηε δrsquo ἵθνλην (ῑ) ἐὺ νἴθαδε νὕλεθα παῖδα θίιελ ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἔιῡζαλ 2 ἀπέιῡζαλ

ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνὶ ζύγαηξα θίιελ ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἐδέμαλην δrsquo ἀγιαὰ ἄπνηλα νὕλεθα ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλα Γηὸο πἱὸλ

ἅδνλην 3 ἅδεηαη ἑθεβόινλ 4 Ἀηξεΐδεο νὐθ ἐδέμαην ηὰ ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα 5 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἔδσθελ ἄπνηλα

πνιιὰ βαζηιῆη Ἀηξεΐδῃ 6 πάληεο ζενὶ θαὶ πᾶζαη ζεαὶ εἶρνλ ιύκπηα δώκαηα 7 Ἀραηνὶ ἐπθλήκῑδεο ἐθπέξζνπζη

Πξηάκνην πόιηλ ἵμνληαη δrsquo ἐπ νἴθαδε 8 παῖο θίιε ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἐιύζαην (ῡ) ἵθεην (ῑ) δrsquo ἐὺ νἴθαδε

KEY

1 The gods have Olympian homes but they gave the son of Atreus and the other well-greaved Achaeans to

utterly sack the city of Priam and then they returned safe at home because they released the dear child of the priest

2 The well-greaved Achaeans released the dear daughter of the priest and received glorious ransoms because they

reverenced the free-shooter Apollo son of Zeus 3 He reverences te free-shooter 4 The son of Atreus did not

receive the glorious ransoms 5 Chryses the priest gave many ransoms to king Atreides 6 All of the gods and all of

the goddesses had Olympian homes 7 The well-greved Achaeans will utterly sack Priamrsquos city and will return safe

to home 8 The dear child of the priest was released and arrived well to her home

175 Iliad 17-21

ltltἈηξεΐδαη ηε θαὶ ἄιινη ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνί

ὑκῖλ κὲλ ζενὶ δνῖελ ιύκπηα δώκαηrsquo ἔρνληεο

ἐθπέξζαη Πξηάκνην πόιηλ ἐὺ δrsquo νἴθαδrsquo ἱθέζζαη

παῖδα δrsquo ἐκνὶ ιῦζαί ηε θίιελ ηά ηrsquo ἄπνηλα δέρεζζαη

ἁδόκελνη Γηὸο πἱὸλ ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλαgtgt

Ἀηξεΐδαηhellip ἄιινη ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνί = vocative case

ὑκῖλ (ῡ) = dat plural of ζύ to you

ζενί = one syllable by synizesis

κέλ (v 18) = correlative of δέ (v 20)

δνῖελ = aor act optative 3rd

plural of δίδσκη may they grant

ἔρνληεο = pres act part nom masc plural of ἔρσ having possessing

ἐθπέξζαη = aor act inf of ἐθπέξζσ to sack utterly

ἱθέζζαη = aor act inf of ἱθένκαη to arrive (compare κάρεζζαη)

ιῦζαη δέρεζζαη = infinitives used as imperatives free and accept

ηά ηrsquo ἄπνηλα (ηά ηε ἄπνηλα) = thesehellip gifts

ἁδόκελνη = pres act part nom masc plural reverencing

KEY

ldquoSons of Atreus and you other well-greaved Achaeans

may the gods who have their homes on Olympus grant you

to utterly sack Priamrsquos city and return safe to home

but release my dear child to me and accept these gifts

reverencing Apollo who shoots at will the son of Zeusrdquo

176 Composition

1 The gods who have (ἔρνληεο) Olympian homes will grant to the sons of Atreus and to the other well-greaved

Achaeans to sack utterly (ἐθπέξζαη) the city of Priam 2 When they sacked the city of Priam they returned happily

home 3 They accepted the shining ransoms and freed the darling daughter of the priest Chryses 4 We reverenced

the free-shooter Apollo son of Leto and Zeus and escaped death 5 Will the son of Atreus accept the shining

ransoms 6 The child of the priest was freed when he gave many shining ransoms which the two sons of Atreus

accepted

KEY

1 ζενὶ ἔρνληεο ιύκπηα δώκαηα δώζνπζη Ἀηξεΐδῃζη θαὶ ἄιινηζηλ ἐπθλεκίδεζζηλ (ῑ) Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἐθπέξζαη πόιηλ

Πξηάκνπ 2 ηόηε ἐμέπεξζαλ πόιηλ Πξηάκνην ἵθνλην (ῑ) ἐὺ νἴθαδε 3 ἐδέμαλην ἀγιαrsquo ἄπνηλα θαὶ ἀπέιῡζαλ ζπγάηεξα

θίιε ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) Υξύζᾱν (ῡ) 4 ἡμάκεζα ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλα Λεηόνο θαὶ Γηὸο πἱόλ θαὶ ζάλαηνλ 5

Ἀηξεΐδεο δέμεηαη ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα 6 παῖο ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἀπειύζαην (ῡ) ηόηε ἔδσθελ ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀγιάα ηὰ

Ἀηξεΐδᾱ ἐδώθαζηλ

Lesson 18

(Perfect and Pluperfect Active of Verbs 904 922 Third Declension γέρων

αἴξ 693-695)

181 Formation of the Perfect and Pluperfect Active

The perfect and pluperfect in all modes experience reduplication of the initial syllable which denotes completed

action Verbs beginning with a single consonant (except ξ) prefix this consonant followed by -ε Thus ιύσ =

ιέιπθα The stem sometimes stands in ablaut relation to the stem of the present as in βαίλσ = βέβεθα A

reduplicated syllable beginning with an aspirated mute is changed to its corresponding voiceless mute in the

reduplicated syllable ie ζλήζθσ = ηέζλεθα In these cases the reduplicated pluperfect adds ἐ- to the reduplicated

syllable ie ιύσ = ιέιπθα = ἐιέιπθε

Vebs beginning with a double consonant two consonants (except a mute followed by a liquid or a nasal) ξ and

some beginning with κ simply augment the stem with the addition of ε-

Verbs beginning in a vowel typically take the temporal augment by lengthening the vowel ie νἴρνκαη =

ᾤρσθα However verbs beginning with a vowel in which an initial consonant has been lost may take the syllabic

augment

Compound verbs typically insert the reduplication and augment between the preposition and the verb ie

ἀπνιύσ = ἀπνιέιπθα = ἀπειειύθε

The first perfect active adds -θα- to the stem followed by the primary endings The first pluperfect active

similarly adds -θε- followed by the secondary endings In general a short final vowel is lengthened before the

addition of the -θα- or -θε- Second perfects and pluperfects active are the older form and are more common in

Homer These omit the θ and simply add -α- or -ε- respectively The second perfects are more common in stems

ending in a consonant

In general the singular perfect and pluperfect active stand in ablaut relation to the dual and plural forms

Perfects and pluperfects are rare in Homer and only occur in some twenty verbs

182 Paradigms λέλυκα and βέβηκα

ιέιπθα ἐιειύθε (ἐιειύθεα)

ιέιπθαο ἐιειύθο (ἐιειύθεαο)

ιέιπθε(λ) ἐιειύθεη (ἐιειύθεε)

ιειύθαηνλ ἐιειύθαηνλ

ιειύθαηνλ ἐιειπθάηελ

ιειύθακελ ἐιειύθεκελ

ιειύθαηε ἐιειύθεηε

ιειύθᾱζη ἐιειύθεζαλ

βέβεθα ἐβεβήθεα (ἐβεβήθε)

βέβεθαο ἐβεβήθεαο (ἐβεβήθεο)

βέβεθε(λ) ἐβεβήθεε (ἐβεβήθεη)

βέβαηνλ ἐβέβαηνλ

βέβαηνλ ἐβεβάηελ

βέβακελ ἐβέβακελ

βέβαηε ἐβέβαηε

βέβᾱζη ἐβέβαζαλ

183 Paradigms γέρων and αἴξ

γέξσλ αἴμ

γέξνληνο αἰγόο

γέξνληη αἰγί

γέξνληα αἶγα

γέξνλ αἴμ

γέξνληε αἶγε

γεξόληνηηλ αἴγνηηλ

γέξνληεο αἶγεο

γεξόλησλ αἰγῶλ

γεξόληεζ(ζ)η (γέξνπζη) αἴγεζ(ζ)η (αἰμί)

γέξνληαο αἶγαο

184 Vocabulary

ἀγνξή ῆο ἡ assembly meeting place gathering harrangue

αἴμ αἰγόο ὁ ἡ goat

Ἄξγνο ενο ηό Argos (both a country and a city in Greece)

γέξσλ νληνο ὁ old man

γῆξαο ανο ηό old age

ἱεξεύο ῆνο ὁ priest holy man

κεξίνλ νπ ηό thigh-bone thigh-piece

πνύο πνδόο ὁ foot

ηαῦξνο νπ ὁ bull

θξήλ θξελόο ἡ diaphragm mind heart soul spirit disposition

δέθαηνο ε νλ tenth

ἡκέηεξνο ε νλ our ours

θνῖινο ε νλ hollow

ὠθύο ὠθεῖα ὠθύ swift speedy

ζλήζθσ die perish

ζαλένκαη

ἔζαλνλ

ηέζλεθα

θεύγσ flee fly escape run (off away along)

θεύμνκαη

ἔθπγνλ

πέθεπγα

Lesson 5

(789-806 904)

51 Introduction to Greek Verbs

The uses of the Greek verb will be covered in more detail later However Pharr employs several terms in this

lesson that may be perplexing without a brief introduction

Greek verbs employ prefixes suffixes and formative elements in order to conjugate verbs A similar function

exists in English although to a lesser extent precook (use of a prefix) walked (use of a suffix) ranrun (use of

ablaut as a formative element) etc

There are three voices in Greek The active and passive voice function as in English where the active indicates

action performed by the subject (ldquothe dog bit the mailmanrdquo) and the passive indicates action performed upon the

subject (ldquothe mailman was bitten by the dogrdquo) The Greek also employs a third voice called the middle which

indicates (among other things) that the subject acted on its own behalf (ldquothe dog himself bit the mailmanrdquo) or that

plural subjects acted upon each other (ldquothe dogs bit each otherrdquo) The endings for the passive and the middle are

sometimes identical and the meaning must be determined from the context

In Greek as in English verbs convey certain moods The indicative mood simply denotes an action that is

performed (ldquothe dog bites the mailmanrdquo) The subjunctive mood denotes (among other things) possibility and

wishes etc (ldquothe dog may bite the mailmanrdquo ldquoI wish that the dog would bite the mailmanrdquo) Like the subjunctive

the optative mood denotes (among other things) possibility wish conditions or indirect discourse (ldquothe dog would

bite the mailman ifhelliprdquo ldquowould that the dog had bitten the mailmanrdquo ldquomay the dog bite the mailmanrdquo) The

imperative mood expresses a command (ldquobite the mailman you dogrdquo) The infinitive mood expresses the verb as if it

were a noun (ldquoto bite the mailmanrdquo) The participle is a verbal noun or adjective similar to the infinitive ( ldquobiting the

mailman is badrdquo)

There are seven different tenses in Greek most of which have corresponding meanings in English present (ldquothe

dog bites the mailmanrdquo) future (ldquothe dog will bite the mailmanrdquo) imperfect (ldquothe dog was biting the mailmanrdquo)

aorist (ldquothe dog bit the mailmanrdquo) perfect (ldquothe dog has bitten the mailmanrdquo) pluperfect (ldquothe dog had bitten the

mailmanrdquo) and future perfect (ldquothe dog would have bitten the mailmanrdquo)

Grammarians divide the Greek tenses into two categories The primary (or principle) tenses consist of the

present future perfect and future perfect and denote action that occurs from a perspective in the present or future

The secondary (past or historic) consist of the imperfect aorist and pluperfect and denote action occurring from

the perspective of the past

Each tense can be expressed in multiple moods and voices The aorist active indicative for example is ldquothe dog

bit the mailmanrdquo The aorist middle indicative is ldquothe dog himself bit the mailmanrdquo The aorist passive indicative is

ldquothe mailman was bitten by the dogrdquo The present active subjunctive is ldquothe dog may bite the mailmanrdquo The present

passive subjunctive is ldquothe mailman may be bitten by the dogrdquo

There are three persons in the Greek and these correspond to the three persons used in the English verbs first

person (ldquoI bit the mailmanrdquo) second person (ldquoyou bit the mailmanrdquo) and third person (ldquohe bit the mailmanrdquo) Each

person can also take on the dual form (ldquothe pair of them bit the mailmanrdquo third person dual) and the plural form

(ldquowe bit the mailmanrdquo first person plural)

As you can see there are many possible combinations in Greek and the majority of those possible

combinations has accompanying endings that can be applied All in all there are hundreds of possible endings that

can be applied to various Greek verbs and the student must eventually learn them all

Grammarians use the word ldquoaugmentrdquo in reference to a prefix that is applied to a verb In general Greek

augments consist of either the letter ε- appended to the beginning of the word (ιπσ ldquoI looserdquo ειπνλ ldquoI was

loosingrdquo) or a lengthening of an initial vowel (ἄγσ ldquoI leadrdquo ἦγνλ ldquoI was leadingrdquo) Augments typically indicate an

event occurring in the past tense

Reduplication consists of doubling the initial syllable of a word and are used in the formation of some tenses

and stems (ιπσ ldquoI looserdquo ιειπθα ldquoI have loosedrdquo)

52 Inflection of Verbs

As with other inflected forms verbs consist of the stem and the ending (or suffix) Frequently more than one

ending is applied to a verb stem in order to indicate relationships such as mood tense voice person and number

Greek verb forms fall into two categories finite (indicative subjunctive optative imperative) and infinite

(infinitive participle) The finite forms of the verb include personal endings (1st person 2

nd person etc) augment

(prefixes used to indicate historic time) and reduplication (doubling of the first syllable of the word) as well as

endings representing tense mood voice etc Collectively these prefixes suffixes and modifications are called the

characteristics of the verb

The infinite forms of the verb are used as nouns or adjectives The participle is a verbal adjective and is used as

other adjectives It corresponds roughly to English verbs ending in -ing such as ldquothe running horserdquo or ldquowalking is

healthyrdquo The infinitive is a verbal noun and corresponds roughly to verbs preceded by the preposition ldquotordquo in

English ldquoit is good to runrdquo ldquohe wanted to walkrdquo

53 Thematic and Athematic Forms

Greek verbs fall into two primary conjugations -σ (or thematic) verbs which end in -σ in the first person

singular (present active indicative) and -κη (or athematic) verbs which end in -κη in the first person singular

(present active indicative)

In thematic verbs the stem ends in either -ν or -ε (which are called the theme) and the various suffixes are

applied to after the thematic vowel For example ιύεηε consists of ιῡ- the thematic vowel -ε- and the personal

ending -ηε Combined they form the word ιύ-ε-ηε ye loose The thematic vowel is -o- when it occurs before κ λ or

when used in the optative mood otherwise the thematic vowel is -ε- In the subjunctive mood the thematic vowel is

lengthened to -ε- (for -ε-) or -σ- (for -o-)

In athematic verbs the theme is omitted and the suffixes are applied directly to the stem of the verb Many

verbs which are regularly thematic also have corresponding athematic forms Strictly speaking no Greek verb is

entirely thematic or athematic each verb has both thematic and athematic forms

In general verb forms that are thematic include all futures all presents and imperfects of -σ verbs all second

aorists having the thematic vowel (ending in -νλ in the first person singular) and all subjunctives The verb forms

that are athematic include the presents and imperfects of -κη verbs all passive aorists (except in the subjunctive) all

middle and passive perfects and pluperfects all second aorists whose tense stem does not end in the thematic vowel

a few verbs in the second perfect and pluperfect active all first aorists active and middle and most perfects and

pluperfects active

In athematic inflections the singular is usually built on a long vowel and the duals and plurals are usually built

on the corresponding short vowel

54 Conjugation of the Present Active Indicative of -ω Verbs

The verb ιύσ (ldquoI looserdquo) is typically used as an example of the conjugation of -σ verbs The following

paradigm covers the present tense indicative mood and active voice of ιύσ (Note that there is no first person dual)

Singular 1st Person ιύσ I loose

2nd

Person ιύεηο you loose

3rd

Person ιύεη he she it looses

Dual 2nd

Person ιύεηνλ you two (or the pair of you) loose

3rd

Person ιύεηνλ they two (or the pair of them) loose

Plural 1st Person ιύνκελ we loose

2nd

Person ιύεηε you (or ye) loose

3rd

Person ιύνπζη(λ) they loose

55 Vocabulary

ἀείδσ sing sing of hymn chant

ἀλ- (prefix ἀ- before consonants) not un- dis- -less without

ἁλδάλσ (to) please (used with the dative)

ἀηῑκάδσ dishonor slight insult

βαίλσ come go walk

εἰο ἐο (adv and prep + acc) into until therein

ἔρσ have hold keep

θαίσ burn consume

ιύσ loose free break up destroy

ὀιέθσ kill destroy ruin

πέκπσ send escort conduct

ηειείσ accomplish fulfill complete

ηεύρσ make do fashion perform cause prepare

θέξσ bear carry bring

56 Derivatives

ἀείδσ (aed-) = ode odium melody palinode

ἀλ- (a- an-) = atheist anarchy

θαίσ (cae-) = caustic cauterize holocaust

ιύσ (ly-) = analysis

πέκπσ (pemp-) = pomp

ηειείσ (tele-) = teleology

θέξσ (pher-) = periphery phosphorus

57 Translation

1 ἀείδνκελ βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεάσλ (ᾱ) πνιιάσλ (ᾱ) 2 θιαγγὴ δεηλὴ θαθῆο ζαιάζζεο νὐρ ἁλδάλεη ςῡρῇ ζεᾶο 3 ηίο

ἀηῑκάδεη θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) ζεάο (ᾱ) 4 νὐρ ἀηῑκάδνκελ πάηξελ θίιε γάξ ἐζηηλ 5 βαίλνπζηλ ἐθ Κίιιεο εἰο Υξύζελ (ῡ) 6

θαίνπζη ππξὰο (ᾱ) πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἐλ Υξύζῃ (ῡ) ἐπὶ ζαιάζζῃ 7 ἔρνκελ πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) βνπιάο (ᾱ) 8 θαίεηε

ππξὰο (ᾱ) ἐλ πάηξῃ 9 ιύεηνλ ιύεηο ιύνκελ ιύνπζηλ ιύεηε 10 ὀιέθνκελ ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θαθὰο (ᾱ) ἐλ

πάηξῃ θίιῃ 11 ηίο πέκπεη ζεὰο (ᾱ) ἐο Υξύζελ (ῡ) 12 ηειείεηε βνπιὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) πάηξῃ θίιῃ 13 ηειείνκελ

βνπιὴλ θίιεο ζεᾶο 14 ηεύρνκελ ππξήλ 15 ηί θέξεηε ηί θέξνπζηλ

(2) ἁλδάλεη ςῡρῇhellip The object of the verb ἁλδάλσ takes the dative case In general the English can be

translated with the addition of the word ldquotordquo thus νὐθ ἁλδάλεη ςῡρῇ is ldquois not pleasing to the soulrdquo or ldquodoes

not please the soulrdquo

(5) The word εἰο can either be translated ldquotordquo or ldquointordquo

(6) ἐπὶ ζαιάζζῃ is a title for Chrysa thus Υξύζε (ῡ) ἐπὶ ζαιάζζῃ is ldquoChrysa upon the seardquo or ldquoChrysa by

the seardquo

(8) The word πάηξε refers to the person addressed and so is more appropriately translated ldquonative landrdquo

(the more familiar ldquofatherlandrdquo would typically apply only to the person speaking) Note that the possessive

is implied by using the 2nd

person of the verb thus ldquohellipin (your) native landrdquo

(9) ιύεηνλ can be either 2nd

or 3rd

person

(10) As with many Homeric words the best translation depends on the context Here the word ὀιέθσ

occurs in a military context (the Iliad) and so probably refers to killing enemies θαθή probably refers to

cowardice But the passage could be rendered in many ways such as ldquoWe ruin many wicked soulshelliprdquo or

ldquoWe kill many cowardly soulshelliprdquo etc

(11) Note the alternate form of εἰο As with many common prepositions Homer offers different forms to fit

the rhythmic structure of the poem εἰο is a single long syllable while ἐο can be either long or short

depending on the following word In like manner ἐλ is either long or short ἐλί is two short syllables and

εἰλ is a single long syllable

(12) The dative without a preposition is here translated with ldquoforhelliprdquo I also rendered βνπιαί θαιαί as

ldquonoble thingsrdquo in this context although it could also be translated ldquogood plansrdquo ldquobrave plansrdquo etc

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 We sing the plans of many goddesses 2 The terrible roar of the evil sea was not pleasing to the soul of the

goddess 3 Who dishonors the noble goddesses 4 We do not dishonor (our) fatherland for it is dear 5 They go

from Cilla to Chrysa 6 Do they burn many funeral pyres in Chrysa by the sea 7 We have many fair plans 8 Do

you burn pyres in (your) native land 9 You two loose you loose we loose they loose you loose 10 We destroy

many wicked souls in (our) dear fatherland 11 Who escorts the goddess into Chrysa 12 You accomplish noble

things for (our) dear fatherland 13 We fulfill the will of the beloved goddess

58 Composition Exercises

1 Who is singing the evil plans of the fair goddess 2 The roar of the sea is pleasing to the soul of the goddess

in Cilla 3 We do not dishonor the goddesses of (our) dear fatherland 4 Are you going from Chrysa to Cilla by the

sea 5 The two goddesses come from the sea into Cilla 6 They are burning two funeral pyres in (their) fatherland

7 They have many fair plans 8 We loose you loose they (two) loose he is loosing 9 The goddess destroys many

wicked souls 10 We escort the goddess into (our) dear fatherland 11 They accomplish the will of (their)

fatherland 12 He is making a funeral pyre 13 What does he bring

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 ηίο ἀείδεη θαθὰο (ᾱ) βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεᾶο θᾱιῆο 2 θιαγγὴ ζαιάζζεο ἁλδάλεη ςῡρῇ ζεᾶο ἐλ Κίιιῃ 3 νὐθ

ἀηῑκάδνκελ ζεὰλ (ᾱ) θίιεο πάηξεο 4 βαίλεηο ἐθ Υξύζεο (ῡ) εἰο Κίιιελ ἐπὶ ζαιάζζῃ 5 ζεὰ (ᾱ) βαίλνπζηλ ἐθ

ζαιάζζεο εἰο Κίιιελ 6 θαίνπζη πύξᾱ ἐλ πάηξῃ 7 ἔρνπζη πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) βνπιάο (ᾱ) 8 ιύνκελ ιύεηο

ιύεηνλ ιύεη 9 ζεὰ (ᾱ) ὀιέθεη πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θαθὰο (ᾱ) ςῡράο (ᾱ) 10 θέξνκελ ζεὰλ (ᾱ) εἰο θίιελ πάηξελ 11

ηειείνπζη βνπιὴλ πάηξεο 12 ηεύρεη πύξελ 13 ηί θέξεη

Lesson 6

(678-679 717-721 1025 cf 575 996 1009)

61 Second Declension Masculines

Second declension nouns have stems ending in -o Masculine nouns of the second declension are inflected like

ζῡκόο (spirit life soul) and πνιεκόο (war) Second declension adjectives are inflected like θαθόο (evil)

Sigular Dual Plural

N ζῡκόο ζῡκώ ζῡκνί

G ζῡκνῦ νῖν [όν] ζῡκνῖηλ ζῡκῶλ

D ζῡκῷ ζῡκνῖηλ ζῡκνῖζη νῖο

A ζῡκόλ ζῡκώ ζῡκνύο

V ζῡκέ ζῡκώ ζῡκνί

Sigular Dual Plural

N θαθὸο πόιεκνο θαθὼ πνιέκσ θαθνὶ πόιεκνη

G θαθνῦ νῖν [όν] πνιέκνπ νην [νν] θαθνῖηλ πνιέκνηηλ θαθῶλ πνιέκσλ

D θαθῷ πνιέκῳ θαθνῖλ πνιέκνηηλ θαθνῖο πνιέκνηο

A θαθὸλ πόιεκνλ θαθὼ πνιέκσ θαθνὺο πνιέκνπο

V θαθὲ πόιεκε θαθὼ πνιέκσ θαθνὶ πνιεκνί

62 Second Declension Neuters

Second declension neuters end in -νλ in the nominative vocative and accusative singlular and -ᾰ in the

nominative vocative and accusative plural They are identical to second declension masculines in the genitive and

dative as well as all cases of the dual Second declension neuters nouns are declined like ἔξγνλ (deed) and second

declension neuter adjectives are declined like θᾱιόλ (noble)

Sigular Dual Plural

N θᾱιὸλ ἔξγνλ θᾱιὼ ἔξγσ θᾱιὰ ἔξγα

G θᾱινῦ νῖν [όν] ἔξγνπ νην [νν] θᾱινῖηλ ἔξγνηηλ θᾱιῶλ ἔξγσλ

D θᾱιῷ ἔξγῳ θᾱινῖηλ ἔξγνηηλ θᾱινῖο ἔξγνηο

A θᾱιὸλ ἔξγνλ θᾱιὼ ἔξγσ θᾱινὺο ἔξγνπο

V θᾱιὸλ ἔξγνλ θᾱιὼ ἔξγσ θᾱιὰ ἔξγα

63 Second Declension Feminines

A few second declension nouns are feminine These are declined exactly the same as the masculine form the

only difference being that all adjectives and modifiers take their respective feminine forms Thus θαθὸο ζῡκόο = the

evil spirit and θαθὸλ ἔξγνλ = the evil deed but θαθὴ λνῦζνο = the evil plague

Sigular Dual Plural

N θαθὴ λνῦζνο θαθὰ (ᾱ) λνύζσ θαθαὶ λνῦζνη

G θαθῆο λνύζνπ νην [νν] θαθῇηλ λνύζνηηλ θαθάσλ [έσλ ῶλ] λνύζσλ

D θαθῇ λνύζῳ θαθῇηλ λνύζνηηλ θαθῇζη ῇο λνύζνηζη νηο

A θαθὴλ λνῦζνλ θαθὰ (ᾱ) λνύζσ θαθὰο (ᾱ) λνύζνπο

V θαθὴ λνῦζε θαθὰ (ᾱ) λνύζσ θαθαὶ λνῦζνη

64 Adjectives

Adjectives always agree in case number and gender with the nouns they modify

Adjectives fall into three declensions just like nouns However adjectives frequently have masculine feminine

and neuter forms whereas nouns typically fall into a single gender The adjective θαθόο for example has three

forms θαθόο (masculine) θαθή (femine) and θαθόλ (neuter) Adjectives are usually listed in dictionary entries in

the nominative masculine singular followed by the femine and neuter singular endings θαθόο ή όλ

Adjectives are usually grouped into one of four categories 1) First and Second Declension Adjectives whose

forms usually represent the first declension when feminine and the second declension when masculine or neuter 2)

Second Declension Adjectives which usually have a single second declension form that serves as both masculine

and feminine as well as a second declension neuter form 3) First and Third Declension Adjectives whose

masculine and neuter forms are of the third declension but whose feminine form falls under the first declension and

4) Third Declension Adjectives which have a single third declension form for both masculine and feminine and a

third declension neuter form

First and Second Declension Adjectives have the nominative singular endings -νο (masculine) -ε (feminine)

and -νλ (neuter) Of these θᾱιόο (beautiful noble) and θίινο (dear lovely beloved) are good examples

Singular

Masc Fem Neut

N θᾱιόο θᾱιή θᾱιόλ θᾱιή θᾱιόλ

G θᾱινῦ νῖν [όν] θᾱιῆο θᾱινῦ νῖν [όν]

D θᾱιῷ θᾱιῇ θᾱιῷ

A θᾱιόλ θᾱιήλ θᾱιόλ

V θᾱιέ θᾱιή θᾱιόλ

Dual

N A V θᾱιώ θᾱιά (ᾱ) θᾱιώ

G D θᾱινῖηλ θᾱιῇηλ θᾱινῖηλ

Plural

N θᾱινί θᾱιαί θᾱιά

G θᾱιῶλ θᾱιάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] θᾱιῶλ

D θᾱινῖζη νῖο θᾱιῇζη ῇο θᾱινῖζη νῖο

A θᾱινύο θᾱιάο (ᾱ) θᾱιά

Singular

Masc Fem Neut

N θίινο θίιε θίινλ

G θίινπ νην [νν] θίιεο θίινπ νην [νν]

D θίιῳ θίιῃ θίιῳ

A θίινλ θίιελ θίινλ

V

Dual

N A V θίισ θίιᾱ θίισ

G D θίινηηλ θίιῃηλ θίινηηλ

Plural

N θίινη θίιαη θίια

G θίισλ θηιάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] θίισλ

D θίινηζη νηο θίιῃζη ῃο θίινηζη νηο

A θίινπο θίιᾱο θίια

V θίινη θίιαη θίια

65 Vocabulary

ἀγιαόο ή όλ bright shining splendid glorious

ἀλά ἄλ (adv prep + gen dat acc) upon on thereon along up through

ἀπεξείζηνο ε νλ boundless countless immeasureable

ἄπνηλα σλ ηά ransom

Ἀραηόο νῦ ὁ Achaean

δεηλόο ή όλ terrible awful dreadful dread fearful

ἑιώξηνλ νπ ηό booty spoils prey

ζεόο νῦ ὁ god divinity

ζῡκόο νῦ ὁ heart soul spirit courage passion

θαθόο ή όλ bad poor ugly mean cowardly evil wicked

θᾱιόο ή όλ good goodly noble handsome brave fair beautiful

ιᾱόο νῦ ὁ people host soldiery

κῡξίνη αη α countless innumerable

λνῦζνο νπ ἡ plague disease pest pestilence

νἰσλόο νῦ ὁ bird (of prey) vulture omen

πνιιόο ή όλ much many numerous

ζηξαηόο νῦ ὁ army encampment host

θίινο ε νλ dear darling lovely beloved

66 Derivatives

ἀλά (ana-) = anatomy

ἄπνηλα (apen-) = pentalty

ζεόο (theo-) = theology theocracy atheism polytheism monotheism henotheism pantheism

ιᾱόο (lao-) = laity layman

ζηξαηόο (strato-) = strategy strategic strategical

67 Translation Exercises

1 ἀγιαὰ ἄπνηλα θέξνπζηλ Ἀραηνὶ εἰο ζηξαηόλ 2 θέξνκελ ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 3 ζεὸο ηεύρεη

πνιινὺο Ἀραηνὺο ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζηλ 4 ἦζαλ Ἀραηνὶ θαθνί 5 νὐθ ἦζαλ θαθνί θᾱινὶ δέ λνῦζνο θαθὴ ὀιέθεη ιᾱὸλ

θᾱιόλ 6 Ἀραηνὶ πέκπνπζηλ ἄπνηλα κῡξίrsquo εἰο πάηξελ 7 ζεὸο βαίλεη ἐο ζηξαηόλ ὀιέθεη δὲ ιᾱὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 8 ηίο

ἀηῑκάδεη ζενὺο θᾱινύο 9 θαθνὶ ιᾱνὶ ἀηῑκάδνπζη ζενὺο πάηξεο 10 ζεὸο πέκπεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ

Ἀραηῶλ νὐ γὰξ ηειείνπζη βνπιὴλ ζεῶλ πάηξεο 11 βαίλεη ἐπὶ ζάιαζζαλ δεηλὴλ θαὶ ηεύρεη ππξὰο (ᾱ) πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἀλὰ

ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 12 ἔρνπζηλ ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα Ἀραηῶλ ἐλὶ ζηξαηῷ 13 βνπιὴ ζηξαηνῦ νὐρ ἁλδάλεη ζῡκῷ ζενῦ 14

ιᾱὸο Κίιιεο θίινο ἦλ ςῡρῇ ζεᾶο ζαιάζζεο 15 νὐθ ἀείδνκελ θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεῶλ ζηξαηῷ νὐ γὰξ ἁλδάλεη

Ἀραηνῖζη ζῡκῷ

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 The Achaeans bring countless splendid ransmoms into the camp 2 We carry boundless ransoms up through

the camp of the Achaeans 3 The god makes many Achaens spoils for the birds 4 Were the Achaeans evil 5 They

were not evil but good An evil pestilence destroyed the good host 6 The Achaeans send countless ransoms into

(their) fatherland 7 The god walks into the camp and destroys the host of the Achaeans 8 Who dishonors the noble

gods 9 The evil host dishonors the gods of (our) fatherlans 10 The god sends an evil plague up through the camp

of the Achaeans for they do not fulfill the will of the gods of (their) native country 11 He walks along the sea and

builds many funeral pyres throughout the camp of the Achaeans 12 They have boundless ransoms of the Achaeans

in the camp 13 The armyrsquos plan is not pleasing to the heart of the god 14 The host of Cilla was dear to the soul of

the goddess of the sea 15 We do not sing the brave plan of the goods of the camp for (that) is not pleasing to the

heart of the Achaeans

68 Composition Exercises

1 The terrible roar of the sea is pleasing to the goddess in (her) soul 2 We bring many splendid ransoms to the

army of the Achaeans 3 The god does not destroy the host of the Achaeans for they do not dishonor the gods of

(their) fatherland 4 The evil plague makes countless Achaeans a booty (use plural) for many birds 5 The people of

the Achaeans send countless shining ransoms to the goddess of the sea in Cilla 6 The Achaeans go to the sea and

sing but the noise is not pleasing to the goddess in (her) soul 7 The plague destroys the people for they dishonor

the god of Chrysa

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 θιαγγὴ δεηλὴ ἁλδάλεη ζεᾷ ςῡρῇ 2 θέξνκελ ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀγιαὰ ἐο ζηξαηῷ Ἀραηῶλ 3 ζεὸο νὐθ ὀιέθεη

ιᾱὸλ Ἀραηῶλ νὐ γὰξ ἀηῑκάδνπζη ζενὺο πάηξεο 4 θαθὴ λνῦζνο ηεύρεη κῡξίνπο Ἀραηνὺο ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζη πνιινῖζηλ

5 ιᾱὸο Ἀραηῶλ πέκπνπζη κῡξίrsquo ἄπνηλα ἀγιαὰ ζεᾷ ζαιάζζεο ἐλὶ Κίιιᾳ 6 Ἀραηνὶ βαίλνπζηλ εἰο ζάιαζζαλ θαὶ

ἀείδνπζηλ θιαγγὴ δὲ νὐρ ἁλδάλεη ζεᾷ ςῡρῇ 7 λνῦζνο ὀιέθεη ιᾱόλ ἀηῑκάδνπζη γὰξ ζεὸλ Υξύζεο (ῡ)

Lesson 7

Review

71 Review Vocabulary

ἀγιαόο ή όλ splendid ζῡκόο νῦ ὁ heart

ἀείδσ sing θαί and

ἀλ- ἀ- un- θαίσ burn

ἁλδάλσ is pleasing to θαθόο ή όλ evil

ἀπεξείζηνο ε νλ immeasurable θᾱιόο ή όλ good

ἄπνηλα σλ ηά ransom Κίιια εο ἡ Cilla

ἀηῑκάδσ dishonor θιαγγή ῆο ἡ roar

Ἀραηόο νῦ ὁ Achaean ιᾱόο νῦ ὁ host

βαίλσ go walk ιύσ loose

βνπιή ῆο ἡ plan κῡξίνη αη α countless

γάξ for λνῦζνο νπ ἡ plague

δέ but νἰσλόο νῦ ὁ bird

δεηλόο ή όλ terrible ὀιέθσ kill

εἰο (ἐο) into νὐ (νὐρ) not

εἰζί they are πάηξε εο ἡ fatherland

ἐθ (ἐμ) out of πέκπσ send

ἑιώξηνλ νπ ηό spoil πνιιόο ή όλ many

ἐλ(ί) εἰλ in ππξή ῆο ἡ funeral pyre

ἐπί upon ζηξαηόο νῦ ὁ army

ἐζηί it is ηειείσ accomplish

ἔρσ have ηεύρσ make

ἦλ it was ηίο ηί who what

ἦζαλ they were θέξσ carry

ζάιαζζα εο ἡ sea θίινο ε νλ beloved

ζεά (ᾱ) ᾶο ἡ goddess Υξύζε (ῡ) εο ἡ Chrysa

ςῡρή ῆο ἡ soul

72 Translation Exercises

1 ἀδείδνκελ ζεὰλ (ᾱ) ζαιάζζεο δεηλῆο θιαγγῇ πνιιῇ 2 νὐθ ἀηῑκάδνπζη ζενὺο 3 βνπιαὶ Ἀραηῶλ νὐρ

ἁλδάλνπζη ζεᾳ θᾱιῇ ζῡκῷ 4 βαίλεη ἐθ ζηξαηνῦ Ἀραηῶλ εἰο Κίιιαλ θαὶ θέξεη ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα ζεῷ 5 λνῦζνο θαθὴ

βαίλεη ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ θαὶ ηεύρεη πνιινὺο Ἀραηνὺο ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζηλ 6 θαὶ ζενὶ θαὶ ζεαὶ ὀιέθνπζη ιᾱὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 7 ηίο

Ἀραηῶλ ἔρεη ζῡκὸλ θαθόλ 8 ἦζαλ πνιιαὶ ζεαὶ ἐλὶ ζαιάζζῃ 9 θαίεη ππξὰο (ᾱ) ἐπὶ ζαιάζζῃ 10 ιύεηε ζηξαηὸλ

Ἀραηῶλ 11 πάηξε ἐζηὶ θίιε ςῡρῇ κῡξίσλ Ἀραηῶλ 12 ηίο πέκπεη ζηξαηὸλ ἐθ Κίιιεο εἰο Υξύζελ (ῡ) 13 βνπιὴ

θαθὴ ἐζηηλ ἁλδάλεη δὲ ζεᾷ ζῡκῷ 14 ηί ἀείδεηε

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 With a great noise we hymn the goodess of the terrible sea 2 We do not dishonor the gods 3 The will of the

Achaeans does not please the heart of the beautiful goddess 4 He goes from the Achaean camp to Cilla and delivers

countless ransoms to the god 5 An evil plague goes up through the camp and makes many Achaeans spoils for the

vultures 6 Both gods and goddesses destroy the host of the Achaeans 7 Who of the Achaeans has an evil heart 8

Were there many goddesses in the sea 9 He burns funeral pyres by the sea 10 You destroy the camp of the

Achaeans 11 The fatherland is dear to the soul of countless Achaeans 12 Who dispatches the army from Cilla to

Chrysa 13 It is an evil plan but it pleases the heart of the goddess 14 What do you sing

73 Composition Exercises

1 The Achaeans sing the beautiful goddess of the terrible sea 2 We do not dishonor the gods for they are dear

to (our) souls 3 The plans of the army are pleasing to the goddess in (her) noble soul 4 Many Achaeans are going

from the encampment and are bringing countless glorious ransoms to the gods 5 The evil plague destroys the

people and makes the army a booty for countless birds 6 We do not sing for it is not pleasing to the soul of the

goddess

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 Ἀραηνὶ ἀείδνπζη ζεὰλ (ᾱ) θᾱιὴλ δεηλῆο ζαιάζζεο 2 νὐθ ἀηῑκάδνκελ ζενὺο θίινη δὲ ζῡκνῖζηλ 3 βνπιαὶ

ζηξαηῷ ἁλδάλνπζη ζεᾷ ζῡκῷ 4 Ἀραηνὶ πνιινὶ βαίλνπζηλ ἐθ ζηξαηνῦ θαὶ θέξνπζηλ ἄπνηλα ἀπεξείζηα θαὶ ἀγιαὰ

ζενῖζηλ 5 θαθὴ λνῦζνο ὀιέθεη ιᾱὸλ θαὶ ηεύρεη ζηξαηὸλ ἄπνηλα νἰσλνῖζηλ ἀπεξείζηνῐζηλ 6 νὐθ ἀείδνκελ νὐθ γὰξ

ἁλδάλεη ςῡρῇ ζεᾶο

Lesson 8

(765-766 773-774)

81 The Second Declension (Continued)

Several words are declined like θᾱιόο ή όλ except that the nominative vocative and accusative singular of

the neuter ends in -o instead of -νλ Some of these words include ὅο ἥ ὅ (which) ὁ ἡ ηό (that) (ἐ)θεῖλνο ε ν

(that) αὐηόο ή ό (he she it) and ἄιινο ε ν (another)

The words ὅδε and νὗηνο are not introduced in this lesson but they are dleclined similarly and so are included

in the paradigms as reference

ὁ ἡ ηό (that hesheit whowhichwhat)

Masc Fem Neut

N ὁ ἡ ηό

G ηνῦ ηνῖν ηῆο ηνῦ ηνῖν

D ηῷ ηῇ ηῷ

A ηόλ ηήλ ηό

N A ηώ (ηώ) ηώ

G D ηνῖηλ (ηνῖηλ) ηνῖηλ

N νἱ αἱ ηά

G ηῶλ ηάσλ (ᾱ) [ηῶλ] ηῶλ

D ηνῖζη ηνῖο ηῇζη ηῇο ηνῖζη ηνῖο

A ηνύο ηάο (ᾱ) ηά

αὐηόο ή ό (hesheit self same)

Masc Fem Neut

N αὐηόο αὐηή αὐηό

G αὐηνῦ νῖν αὐηῆο αὐηνῦ νῖν

D αὐηῷ αὐηῇ αὐηῷ

A αὐηόλ αὐηήλ αὐηό

N A αὐηώ (αὐηώ) αὐηώ

G D αὐηνῖηλ (αὐηνῖηλ) αὐηνῖηλ

N αὐηνί αὐηαί αὐηά

G αὐηῶλ αὐηάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] αὐηῶλ

D αὐηνῖζη νῖο αὐηῇζη ῇο αὐηνῖζη νῖο

A αὐηνύο αὐηάο (ᾱ) αὐηά

ὅο ἥ ὅ (whowhichwhat)

Masc Fem Neut

N ὅο ἥ ὅ

G νὖ [ὅνπ ὅν] ἥο νὗ [ὅνπ ὅν]

D ᾧ ᾗ ᾧ

A ὅλ ἥλ ὅ

N A ὥ (ὥ) ὥ

G D νἷηλ (νἷηλ) νἶηλ

N νἵ αἵ ἅ

G ὧλ ὧλ ὧλ

D νἷζη νἷο ᾗζη ᾗο νἷζη νἷο

A νὕο ἅο (ᾱ) ἅ

(ἐ)θεῖλνο ε ν (that)

Masc Fem Neut

N (ἐ)θεῖλνο (ἐ)θείλε (ἐ)θεῖλν

G (ἐ)θείλνπ νην (ἐ)θείλεο (ἐ)θείλνπ νην

D (ἐ)θείλῳ (ἐ)θείλῃ (ἐ)θείλῳ

A (ἐ)θεῖλνλ (ἐ)θείλελ (ἐ)θεῖλν

N A (ἐ)θείλσ ((ἐ)θείλσ) (ἐ)θείλσ

G D (ἐ)θείλνηηλ ((ἐ)θείλνηηλ) (ἐ)θείλνηηλ

N (ἐ)θεῖλνη (ἐ)θεῖλαη (ἐ)θεῖλα

G (ἐ)θείλσλ (ἐ)θεηλάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] (ἐ)θείλσλ

D (ἐ)θείλνηζη νηο (ἐ)θείλῃζη ῃο (ἐ)θείλνηζη νηο

A (ἐ)θείλνπο (ἐ)θείλᾱο (ἐ)θεῖλα

ὅδε ἥδε ηόδε (this)

Masc Fem Neut

N ὅδε ἥδε ηόδε

G ηνύδε ηνῖνδε ηῆζδε ηνύδε ηνῖνδε

D ηῷδε ηῇδε ηῷδε

A ηόλδε ηήλδε ηόδε

N A ηώδε (ηώδε) ηώδε

G D ηνῖηλδε (ηνῖηλδε) ηνῖηλδε

N νἵδε (ηνίδε) αἵδε (ηαίδε) ηάδε

G ηῶλδε ηάσλδε (ᾱ) [ηῶλδε] ηῶλδε

D ηνῖζηδε ηνῖζδε ηῇζηδε ηῇζδε ηνῖζηδε ηνῖζδε

ηνίζδεζη ηνίζδεζη

ηνίζδεζζη ηνίζδεζζη

A ηνύζδε ηάζδε (ᾱ) ηάδε

νὗηνο αὕηε ηνῦην (this)

Masc Fem Neut

N νὗηνο αὕηε ηνῦην

G ηνύηνπ νην ηαύηεο ηνύηνπ νην

D ηνύηῳ ηαύηῃ ηνύηῳ

A ηνῦηνλ ηαύηελ ηνῦην

N A ηνύησ (ηνύησ) ηνύησ

G D ηνύηνηηλ (ηνύηνηηλ) ηνύηνηηλ

N νὗηνη αὗηαη ηαῦηα

G ηνύησλ ηαῡηάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] ηνύησλ

D ηνύηνηζη νηο ηαύηῃζη ῃο ηνύηνηζη νηο

A ηνύηνπο ηαύηᾱο ηαῦηα

82 Vocabulary

ἀιιά but moreover

ἄιινο ε νλ other another

αὐηόο ή ό self him himself her herself it itself same

δῖνο α νλ (declined like ζάιαζζα) divine heavenly glorious

(ἐ)θεῖλνο ε ν that (one) he she it

ἑθεβόινο νπ ὁ free-shooter sharpshooter (originally shoots-at-will a title for Apollo)

θαθῶο evilly wickedly harshly with evil consequences

ὁ ἡ ηό this that he she it who which what

νὕλεθα (νὗ-ἔλεθα) because

ζθῆπηξνλ νπ ηό scepter staff

ηέ and also both

ρξύζενο (ῡ) ε νλ gold golden of gold

83 Derivatives

ἄιινο (allo-) = allopathy

αὐηόο (auto-) = automaton autocracy autograph autonomy

ρξύζενο (ῡ) (chryse-) = chrysanthemum chrysalis chrysolite

84 Translation Excersis

1 δῖνο ἑθεβόινο αὐηὸο ἀείδεη ἀιιrsquo νὐρ ἁλδάλεη ἄιινηζη ζενῖζη ζῡκῷ 2 θεῖλνη Ἀραηνὶ ἀηῑκάδνπζη ηνὺο ζενύο

3 ὁ ἑθεβόινο πέκπεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ θαθῶο ὀιέθεη θεῖλνλ ιᾱόλ νὕλεθα ηὸλ ἀηῑκάδνπζηλ 4

νὐθ ἀηῑκάδνκελ ηνὺο ζενύο νἳ ἔρνπζη ζθῆπηξα ρξύζεα (ῡ) 5 ὁ ἑθεβόινο ηε θαὶ νἱ ἄιινη ζενὶ θέξνπζη ρξύζεα (ῡ)

ζθῆπηξα θᾱιά 6 ηίο ηεύρεη ηὰ ζθῆπηξα ρξύζεα (ῡ) ηνῖζη ζενῖο ζαιάζζεο 7 ἀείδεη ἑθεβόινο αὐηὸο βνπιὰο (ᾱ)

ἄιισλ ζεῶλ ηνῖζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ 8 εἰζὶλ νἱ Ἀραηνὶ θᾱινί νἱ ὀιέθνπζη ηὸλ ζηξαηὸλ θαίνπζί ηε ηὰο (ᾱ) ππξάο (ᾱ) 9 ἡ

ζεὰ (ᾱ) ηῆο δεηλῆο ζαιάζζεο ἔρεη ηὸ ζθῆηξνλ ρξύζενλ (ῡ) 10 ἐλὶ ηῇ πάηξε εἰζὶλ αἱ ππξαί 11 ηίο ηεύρεη ηὸλ

ζηξαηὸλ ἑιώξηα ηνῖζηλ νἰσλνῖζηλ

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 The divine free-shooter himself sings but it does not please the hearts of the other gods 2 Those Achaeans

dishonor these gods 3 This free-shooter sends an evil plague up through the camp of the Achaeans and wickedly

destroys that host because they dishonor him 4 We do not dishonor these gods who hold the golden scepters 5

Both this free-shooter and these other gods carry beautiful golden scepters 6 Who fashions the golden scepters for

these gods of the sea 7 Does the free-shooter himself sing the plans of the other gods to these Achaeans 8 Are

these Achaeans noble who destroy (our) camp and burn funeral pyres 9 This goddess of the terrible sea holds a

golden scepter 10 The funeral pyrers are in (our) fatherland 11 Who makes (our) camp a spoil for these vultures

85 Composition Exercises

1 ἑθεβόινο αὐηὸο ἀείδεη ηὰο (ᾱ) βνπιὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) ζεῶλ 2 ηί νὐρ ἁλδάλεη ηνῖο ἄιινηζη ζενῖζηλ νἳ ἐλὶ

ζαιάζζῃ 3 ἐθεῖλνο Ἀραηὸο ἀηῑκάδεη ηνὺο ζενὺο πάηξεο νἱ ἔρνπζη ηὰ ζθῆπηξα ρξύζεα (ῡ) 4 ὁ ἑθεβόινο πέκπεη

λνύζνπο πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θαθὰο (ᾱ) ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ ὀιέθεη κῡξίνπο ιᾱνύο νὕλεθα ηὸλ ἀηῑκάδνπζηλ 5 ηίο

θαίεη ηὰο (ᾱ) ππξὰο (ᾱ) Ἀραηῶλ ἐπὶ δεηλῇ ζαιάζζῃ 6 ὁ ἑθεβόινο ηεύρεη κῡξίνπο Ἀραίνπο ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζηλ νὕλεθα

ηὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) ζεὰο (ᾱ) ζαιάζζεο ἀηῑκάδνπζηλ

Lesson 9

(830-840 904)

91 The Verbal Augment

Greek verbs frequently add a prefix to a verb (in the secondary tenses of the idicative) to indicate action

occurring in the past This prefix is called an augment Verbal augments take one of two forms the syllabic

augment which consists of adding an extra syllable to the beginning of a word and the temporal augment which

consists of lengthening the first syllable of a word While the augment is consistently applied in later dialects of

Greek it was still optional in Homeric and is often omitted (the tense being determined solely from the suffixes)

The syllabic augment is applied to verbs that begin with a consonant (or rare verbs that originally began with a

consonant) and consists of the prefix ε- Thus ιύνκελ = we loose (present tense) but ἐιύνκελ = we were loosing

(past tense) Some Greek words originally began with a ϝ or an ζ that later disappeared (usually replace with the

rough breathing) In those cases the augment is sometimes syllabic reflecting the earlier practice The word ἁλδάλσ

for example was originally ζϝαλδάλσ (swandano) The original augmented form of the imperfect was ἐζϝάλδαλνλ

(eswandano) When the ζϝ- was dropped the syllabic augment was retained ἑάλδαλνλ (heandano)

When a verb has lost an initial ζ the syllabic augment frequently contracts with the initial vowel For example

the word ἔρσ was originally ζέρσ The original augmented imperfect was ἔζερνλ When the initial ζ disappeared

the result was ἔερνλ which contracted to εἶρνλ (because εε usually contracts to εη) This pattern is also sometimes

present in verbs that originally began with ϝ such as ϝίδνλ =gt ἐϝηδνλ = ἔηδνλ = εἶδνλ

The temporal augment consists of lengthening an initial vowel and occurs in most Greek verbs that begin with

an initial vowel In general initial α or ε becomes ε initial η ν or π becomes ῑ initial αη and ᾳ become ῃ and initial

νη becomes ῳ Thus ἄγνκελ (we lead) becomes ἤγνκελ (we were leading) If the verb already begins with a long

vowel (ε ῃ ῑ ῡ σ ῳ) there is usually no change

Verbs that begin with ξ usually double the ξ when adding the syllabic augment This feature also sometimes

occurs in verbs beginning with ι κ λ or ζ

Compound verbs are usually formed from a combination of preposition + verb such as ἀπό (away from) + ιύσ

(loosen) = ἀπνιύσ (set free turn loose) In compound verbs a temporal augment is inserted between the preposition

and the verb If the preposition ends in a vowel the vowel is usually elided Thus ἀπνιύνκελ (we set free) becomes

ἀπειύνκελ (elided from ἀπνειύνκελ we were setting free)

92 The Imperfect Tense

The imperfect denotes continuous action in past time and typically corresponds to the past participle in English

Thus ἔιπνλ (imperfect) = I was loosing Occasionally the Greek imperfect is best translated by the simple past tense

in English The imperfect tense is formed by adding the secondary tense endings (which will be described in a later

lesson) to the augmented stem of the verb

In the paradigm below the unaugmented form is shown in brackets

Imperfect Tense

S 1st Pers ἔιπνλ [ιύνλ] I was loosing

2nd

Pers ἔιπεο [ιύεο] you were loosing

3rd

Pers ἔιπε(λ) [ιύε(λ)] he she it was loosing

D 2nd

Pers ἐιύεηνλ [ιύεηνλ] you (two) were loosing the pair of you were loosing

3rd

Pers ἐιπέηελ [ιπέηελ] they (two) were loosing the pair of them were loosing

P 1st Pers ἐιύνκελ [ιύνκελ] we were loosing

2nd

Pers ἐιύεηε [ιύεηε] you (ye) were loosing

3rd

Pers ἐιύνλ [ιύνλ] they were loosing

93 Vocabulary

ἄιιῃ elsewhere

Ἀξγεῖνο νπ ὁ Argive

-δε (suffix + acc) to

δηά (adv) between among (+gen) through (+acc) through by means

of on account of during

δηίθηινο (ῑ) ε νλ dear to Zeus

εἴξσ speak say tell

ἐκόο ή όλ my mine

ἔξγνλ νπ ηό (ϝέξγνλ) work deed accomplishment

-ζελ (suffix gen ending) from

Κιπηαηκήζηξε εο ἡ Clytaemnestra

(also Κιπηαηκλήζηξε)

καληνζύλε εο ἡ gift of prophesy

νἶθνο νπ ὁ house home

ιύκπηνο ε νλ Olympian

Ὄιπκπνο νπ ὁ Olympus

Πξίακνο νπ ὁ Priam

ζόο ζή ζόλ your yours

εἶρνλ (imperfect of ἔρσ) I was having I had

94 Derivatives

95 Translation Exercises

1 ὁ ἑθεβόινο δηὰ καληνζύλελ εἴξεη βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ηῶλ ζεῶλ Ἀξγείνηζηλ 2 νἱ ιύκπηνη ζενὶ εἶρνλ νἴθνπο ἐλ

ιύκπῳ 3 ὁ ἑθεβόινο δηίθηινο (ῑ) ἔηεπρε ηνὺο Ἀξγείνπο Ἀραηνύο ηε ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζηλ 4 Ἀραηνὶ Ἀξγεῖνί ηrsquo

ἔηεπρνλ ἔξγα θαθὰ δηὰ βνπιὴλ ζεᾶο 5 Κιπηαηκήζηξε δηὰ ηὸλ ζῡκὸλ ἔηεπρελ ηὰ ἔξγα δεηλά 6 Πξίακνο ιᾱόο ηε

Πξηάκνπ ὤιεθνλ πνιινὺο Ἀξγείνπο 7 ηίο εἴξεη ηὰ ζὰ ἔξγα θαθὰ Πξηάκῳ 8 ηὰ ἔξγα ἐκά ἐζηη θᾱιά νὕλεθα ἔηεπρνλ

βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεῶλ θαὶ ζεάσλ (ᾱ) δηὰ ηὴλ καληνζύλελ 9 ἐπέκπνκελ ηὰ ρξύζεα (ῡ) ζθῆπηξα εἰο νἶθνλ Πξηάκῳ 10

ἐθαίεηε ηὰο (ᾱ) ππξὰο (ᾱ) δεηλῇ θιαγγῇ 11 νὐρ ἥλδαλε ἡ βνπιὴ ζεᾷ ζαιάζζεο ζῡκῷ 12 αἱ ζεαὶ ἀείδνπζη ηὰ θᾱιὰ

ἔξγα ηῶλ ζεῶλ ἑθεβόινο δὲ βαίλεη ἄιιῃ 13 εἶρε Πξίακνο ἀγιαὸλ θαὶ θᾱιὸλ νἶθνλ

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 This free-shooter relates the plans of the gods to the Argives through prophesy 2 These Olympian gods had

homes on Olympus 3 This free-shooter beloved of Zeus made both the Argives and the Achaeans prey for the

vultures 4 Both the Achaeans and the Argives committed evil deeds through the will of the goddess 5 Because of

her heart Clytaemnestra wrought these terrible deeds 6 Both Priam and the host of Priam killed many Argives 7

Who relates these evil deeds of yours to Priam 8 These works of mine are noble because through prophesy I

accomplished the of the gods and goddess 9 We sent the golden scepters to the house of Priam 10 Were you

burning the funeral pyres with a terrible uproar 11 Does the plan not please the heart of the goddess of the sea 12

The goddesses sing the noble deeds of the gods but the free-shooter walks elsewhere 13 Priam had a splendid and

beautiful home

96 Composition Exercises

1 Who brought these countless shining ransoms to the beautiful home of Priam 2 The Achaeans and the

Argives burned many funeral pyres in your beloved fatherland 3 Clytaemnestra was wicked and performed many

dreadful deeds 4 Through the gift of prophesy we tell many glorious deeds of the gods and goddesses who have

Olympian homes 5 My deeds are noble but yours are cowardly 6 The gods sent an evil plague up through the

camp and destroyed many Achaeans because they dishonored the free-shooter 7 It was not pleasing to

Clytaemnestra in (her) wicked soul

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 ηίο ἔθεξε ηὰο ἄπνηλα ἀγιαὰ εἰο νἶθνλ θᾱιὸλ Πξηάκνπ 2 Ἀραηνὶ θαὶ Ἀξγεῖνη ἔθαηνλ ππξὰο (ᾱ) πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἐλ

ζῇ πάηξῃ θᾱιῇ 3 Κιπηαηκλήζηξε θαθὴ ἦλ θαὶ ἔηεπρελ ἄξγα πνιιὰ θαὶ δεηλά 4 δηὰ καληνζύλελ εἴξνκελ ἔξγα

πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀγιαὰ ζεῶλ θαὶ ζεάσλ (ᾱ) νἳ ἔρνπζηλ νἴθνπο ιπκπίνπο 5 ἔξγα ἐκὰ θᾱιή εἰζηλ ζὰ δὲ θαθά 6 ζενὶ

ἔπεκπνλ λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ θαὶ ὤιεθνλ Ἀραίνπο πνιινύο νὕλεθα ἠηίκαδνλ (ῑ) ἑθεβόινλ 7 νὐρ ἥλδαλε

Κιπηαηκλήζηξῃ ζῡκῷ θαθῷ

Lesson 10

(841-857 904)

101 Formation of the Aorist and Future Tenses

The first aorist is a secondary tense formed by adding -ζ(ζ)α to the augmented verb stem followed by the

personal endings of the secondary tense If the verb stem ends in a consonant or a long vowel only a single ζ is

added If the stem ends in a short vowel either one or two sigmas may be added A few aorists (called ldquomixed

aoristsrdquo) are formed by adding -ζ followed by the thematic vowel and the personal endings for the secondary tenses

to the augmented stem

The future is formed by adding -ζ followed by the thematic vowel and the personal endings for the primary

tenses

If the verb stem ends in a long vowel the stem is not affected by the addition of the suffixes for the future or

aorist tenses If the stem ends in a short vowel it is regularly lengthened in all tenses except the present and the

imperfect There are however a few exceptions to this pattern In most cases these verbs add ζ before the personal

endings of the perfect middle and aorist passive

102 Classification of Verbs

Verbs are classified into four groups according to the final letter of the stem vowel verbs liquid verbs nasal

verbs and mute verbs

When -ζ is added to the end of a mute verb a labial combines with ζ to form ς a palatal combines with ζ to

form μ and a lingual is dropped (leaving only ζ)

When -ζ is added to the end of a liquid or nasal verb it is usually preceded by -ε and the ζ is dropped in

contraction Thus βαιισ = βαιέζσ = βαιέσ In rare cases the ε is dropped and the ζ retained In some vowel-stem

verbs where the final vowel is preceded by a liquid or nasal the verb behaves as a liquidnasal and adds -εζ to the

stem θαιέσ (present) = θαιέζσ (future) = θαιέσ (future contracted) The formations in which the ζ is dropped

after α or ε are sometimes called ldquoAttic futuresrdquo

Verbs with liquid and nasal stems regularly form the aorist by dropping the ζ and lengthening the stem vowel

A few verbs have active forms in the present tense but middle forms in the future tense ἀθνύσ (I hear) but

ἀθνύζνκαη (I will hear)

103 Paradigms Future and First Aorist of ιύσ

Future

S 1st Pers ιύζσ (ῡ) I shall loose

2nd

Pers ιύζεηο (ῡ) you will loose

3rd

Pers ιύζεη (ῡ) he she it will loose

D 2nd

Pers ιύζεηνλ (ῡ) you (two) will loose

3rd

Pers ιύζεηνλ (ῡ) they (two) will loose

P 1st Pers ιύζνκελ (ῡ) we shall loose

2nd

Pers ιύζεηε (ῡ) you (ye) will loose

3rd

Pers ιύζνπζη(λ) (ῡ) they will loose

First Aorist

S 1st Pers ἔιῡζα I loosed

2nd

Pers ἔιῡζαο you loosed

3rd

Pers ἔιῡζε(λ) he she it loosed

D 2nd

Pers ἐιύζαηνλ (ῡ) you (two) loosed

3rd

Pers ἔιῡζάηελ they (two) loosed

P 1st Pers ἐιύζακελ (ῡ) we loosed

2nd

Pers ἐιύζαηε (ῡ) you (ye) loosed

3rd

Pers ἔιῡζαλ they loosed

104 Vocabulary

ἄγσ ἄμσ ἤγαγνλ lead drive conduct bring carry

ἀλάζζσ (ϝαλαθ-) ἀλάμσ ἠλαμα (+gen) rule (over) guard protect

ἄξηζηνο ε νλ best noblest bravest fairest

αὖηηο (back) again anew

Γαλαόο νῦ ὁ Danaan

ἑθαηόκβε εο ἡ hecatomb sacrifice

ζάλαηνο νπ ὁ death

Ἴιηνο νπ ἡ Ilium Troy the region around Troy

κεγάζῡκνο ε νλ great-souled brave

ὄρα far much considerably

πέζσ (πεηζ- πνηζ- πηζ-) πείζσ ἔπεηζα (πέπηζνλ) persuade win over mislead

θηιέσ θηιήζσ ἐθίιεζα love cherish entertain hospitably

εἶπνλ εἶπεο εἶπε(λ) θηι 2nd

aor speak say tell etc

ἔβεζα ἔβεζαο ἔβεζε(λ) θηι 1st aor come go walk etc

105 Derivatives

ἄγσ (ag-) = pedagogue demagogue synagogue

ἄξηζηνο (arist-) = aristocracy

ζάλαηνο (thanat-) = thanatopsis euthanasia

106 Translation Exercises

1 ηίο ἦλ ὄρrsquo ἄξηζηνο Γαλαῶλ 2 Πξίακνο κεγάζῡκνο ἤλαζζελ Ἰιίνπ 3 νὐθ αὖηηο ἄμνπζη Γαλανὶ κεγάζῡκνη

ἑθαηόκβᾱο πνιιὰο (ᾱ) εἰο Υξύζελ (ῡ) 4 νὐθ ἔπεηζαλ ἑθεβόινλ πνιιῇο ἑθαηόβῃζη θᾱιῇζηλ 5 νὐ θηιήζνκελ ζενύο

νὕλεθα θᾱινὶ εἰζηλ 6 Γαλανὶ ηεύμνπζη ζάλαηνλ Πξηάκῳ ἐλ Ἰιίῳ 7 ἐθίιεζα ζεὰλ (ᾱ) ζαιάζζεο ἀιιrsquo νὐρ ἥλδαλε

ἑθεβόιῳ ζῡκῷ 8 ἀείζνκελ θαὶ πείζνκελ ζενύο 9 ὄρrsquo ἄξηζνη ἐλ Ἰιίῳ ηὰ εἶπνλ Πξηάκῳ ἀιιὰ ηνὺο ἠηῑκάζελ 10

Πξίακνο ἔπεκςε ηὸλ ζηξαηὸλ ἄξηζηνλ ἐπrsquo Ἀξγείνηζηλ 11 ἔβεζαλ αὖηηο Γαλανὶ εἰο Ἴιηνλ ἀιιrsquo νὐθ ἔπεηζαλ

Πξίακνλ 12 ἀείζνκελ ἑθεβόινλ ὄρrsquo ἄξηζηνλ ζεῶλ νὕλεθrsquo ἤγαγε Γαλανὺο εἰο Ἴιηνλ

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 Who was by far the noblest of the Danaans 2 Great-souled Priam ruled Ilium 3 Not agan will the great-

souled Danaans lead many sacrifices into Chrysa 4 They did not persuade the free-shooter with many goodly

sacrifices 5 Do we not love the gods because they are good 6 The Danaans will prepare death for Priam in Ilium

7 I loved the goddess of the sea but it was not pleasing to the heart of the free-shooter 8 We will sing and

persuade the gods 9 By far the noblest in Ilium this they say of Priam but he (is the one) he dishonored () 10

Priam sent the best army against the Argives 11 The Danaans went back to Ilium but they did not persuade Priam

12 We hymn the free-shooter greatest of the gods because he led the Danaans into Ilium

107 Composition Exercises

1 The great-souled Achaeans will not persuade the free-shooter with goodly hecatombs but he will prepare evil

death for the people 2 The noblest of the Achaeans went to Ilium but they did not persuade the soul of Priam 3

We shall sing because the gods have led (aor) the people into Troy 4 We shall have many shining golden scepters

5 Did you not love the gods who have Olympian homes 6 Priam shall not rule Ilium again for the Achaeans will

prepare evil death for him 7 Does he speak to the beautiful goddess of the sea 8 They will persuade the souls of

the gods with many hecatombs

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 Ἀραηνὶ κεγάζῡκνη νὐ πείζνπζηλ ἑθεβόινλ πνιιῇο ἑθαηόκβῆζηλ ἀιιὰ ηεύμεη ζάλαηνλ θαθὸλ ιᾱνῖζηλ 2

ἄξηζηνη Ἀραηῶλ ἔβεζαλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ ἀιιrsquo νὐθ ἔπεηζαλ ζῡκὸλ Πξηάκῳ 3 ἀείζνκελ νὕλεθα ζενὺο ἤγαγνλ ιᾱὸλ εἰο

Ἴιηνλ 4 ἕζρνκελ πνιιὰ ρξύζεα (ῡ) ἀγιαὰ ζθῆπηξα 5 νὐθ ἐθηιήζαηε ζενὺο νἳ ἔρνπζηλ νἴθνπο ιπκπίνπο 6 νὐθ

αὖηηο ἀλάζζεη Πξίακνο Ἰιίνπ Ἀραηνὶ γὰξ ηεύμνπζη ζάλαηνλ θαθὸλ αὐηῷ 7 εἴξεη ζεᾷ θᾱιᾷ ζαιάζζεο 8 πείζνπζη

ζῡκνὺο ζεῶλ πνιιῇο ἑθαηόκβῃζηλ

Lesson 11

(664-675 838-839)

111 First Declension Masculine Nouns

First declension masculines typically end in -εο -ᾱο or -ᾰο in the nominative and are declined exactly the same

as their feminine counterparts (with the exception of the nominative singular which adds -ο the genitive singular

which regularly ends in -ᾱν and the vocative singular which ends in -ε -ᾱ or -ᾰ) Those ending in -εο retain -ε

throughout the singular those ending in -ᾱο retain the -ᾱ throughout the singular and those ending in -ᾰο take the -ε

ending in the dative

Masculines ending in -δεο take -ε in the vocative singular while those ending in -ηεο (as well as compound

nouns and the names of nationalities) regularly take -ᾰ Those ending in -ᾱο take the the nominative singular in -ᾱ

A very few first declension adjectives take a masculine ending in -ᾰ (without the final -ο) Many of these also

have an alternative form that ends in the more common -εο Those that do not have an alternative form in -εο usually

have the recessive accent (a feature inherited from the Aeolic influence in Homer) The only masculine noun ending

in -ᾰ in the nominative is the name Θύεζηα (Thyestes)

First declension masculine nouns typically follow the paradigms for Ἀηξεΐδεο (Atreides son of Atreus) Αἰλείᾱο

(Aeneas) and αἰρκεηήο (spearman warrior)

Ἀηξεΐδεο ᾱν ὁ Αἰλείᾱο ᾱν ὁ αἰρκεηήο ᾱν ὁ

(Αηξεϝηδᾱ-) (Αἰλεηᾱ-) (αἰρκεηᾱ-)

N Ἀηξεΐδεο Αἰλείᾱο αἰρκεηήο [ά]

G Ἀηξεΐδᾱν [εσ] Αἰλείᾱν [σ] αἰρκεηᾶν [έσ]

D Ἀηξεΐδῃ Αἰλείᾳ αἰρκεηῇ

A Ἀηξεΐδελ Αἰλείαλ αἰρκεηήλ

V Ἀηξεΐδε Αἰλείᾱ αἰρκεηά

N A V Ἀηξεΐδᾱ αἰρκεηά (ᾱ)

G D Ἀηξεΐδῃηλ αἰρκεηῇηλ

N V Ἀηξεΐδαη αἰρκεηαί

G Ἀηξετδάσλ (ᾱ) αἰρκεηάσλ (ᾱ)

[έσλ ῶλ] [έσλ ῶλ]

D Ἀηξεΐδῃζη ῃο αἰρκεηῇζη ῇο

A Ἀηξεΐδᾱο αἰρκεηάο (ᾱ)

112 Compound Verbs

Compound verbs are formed from a preposition or adverb coupled with a verb such as ἀλαβαίλσ (ascend)

formed from ἀλα (up) and βαίλσ (go) If the preposition ends in a vowel and the verb begins with a vowel the vowel

of the preposition is usually elided as in δηίζηεκη (δηὰ ἰζηεκη) ἁθαηξέσ (ἀπὸ αἱξέσ)

The augment occurs between the preposition and the verb When two vowels are thus brought together the first

vowel is usually elided leaving the augment Thus ἀπνιύσ (I release present) ἀπέιπνλ (I was releasing

imperfect) ἀπέιῡζα (I released aorist)

113 Vocabulary

ἀλαβαίλσ ἀλαβήζσ ἀλέβεζα go up ascend embark

ἀπνιύσ ἀπνιύζσ (ῡ) ἀπέιῡζα loose set free release

Ἀηξεΐδεο -ᾱν ὁ Atreides son of Atreus (usually refers to Agamemnon)

θαηαθεύσ θαηαθαύζσ θαηέθεα burn consume

θειεύσ - ἔθιπνλ (+gen) hear hearken to

κεηέεηπνλ κεηεῖπνλ (2nd

aor of εἴξσ) spoke among addressed spoke to

ὅηε when whenever

Πειεηάδεο ᾱν (εσ) ὁ Peleiades son of Peleus (used in reference to Achilles)

πξνζέεηπνλ πξνζεῖπνλ (2nd

aor of εἴξσ) addressed spoke to

ηόηε then at that time

ρνιόσ ρνιώζσ ἐρόισζα anger enrage vex

Υξύζεο (ῡ) ᾱν (εσ) ὁ Chryses

Verbs

ἀλαβαίλσ

stem ἀλα + βαλ- βα-

future ἀλαβήζσ (rarely ἀλαβήζνκαη)

1st aorist ἀλέβεζα (rarely 2

nd aor ἀλέβελ)

ἀπνιύσ

stem ἀπό + ιύσ

future ἀπνιύζσ (ῡ)

1st aorist ἀπέιῡζα

θαηαθαίσ

stem θαηά + θαπ- θαϝ- θαη-

future θαηαθαύζσ (assumed form)

1st aorist θαηέθεα

θειεύσ (Attic)

stem θιεπ- θιεϝ- θιπ-

future none

2nd

aorist ἐθιπνλ

ρνιόσ

stem ρνιν-

future ρνιώζσ

1st aorist ἐρόισζα

Notes

In Homeric Greek the stem vowel is usually lengthened before -ζ hence ἀλαβαίλσ =gt ἀλαβήζσ =gt

ἀλέβεζα ἀπνιύσ =gt ἀπνιύζσ (ῡ) =gt ἀπέιῡζα

ἀλαβαίλσ also has a 2nd

aorist ἀλέβελ

A few verbs have active forms in the present but middle forms in the future ἀλαβαίλσ has two future

forms one active (ἀλαβήζσ) and one middle (ἀλαβήζνκαη)

Verbs with stems ending in -αηλσ originally had a consonantal η following the λ (ie ἀλαβαηλησ)

114 Translation

1 θᾱινὶ ζενὶ ἔηεπμαλ ζάλαηνλ θαθὸλ δίῳ (ῑ) Πειεηάδῃ ὁ δrsquo ἀλέβελ ππξήλ 2 ἑθεβόινο ὤιεθε ιᾱὸλ Ἀραηῶλ

νὕλεθα δῖνο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) 3 θαηέθεα ἑθαηόκβᾱο πνιιάο (ᾱ) 4 ἑθεβόινο νὐθ ἔθιπελ Ἀηξεΐδᾱν

νὕλεθα ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) 5 Υξύζεο (ῡ) κεηέεηπελ Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἀιιrsquo νὐθ Ἀηξεΐδῃ ἥλδαλε ζῡκῷ 6 ὅηε θαθῶο

πξνζέεηπελ Ἀηξεΐδεο Υξύζελ (ῡ) ηόηε ἐρόισζελ ἑθεβόινλ 7 ἀπειύζακελ (ῡ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) νὕλεθα ηὸλ

ἐθηιήζακελ 8 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἤλεηθελ ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα Ἀηξεΐδῃ 9 νἴζνκελ ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀπνιύζνκελ (ῡ)

Υξύζελ (ῡ) νὕλεθα ηὸλ ἐθηιήζακελ θαὶ θίινο ἐζηὶλ ἑθεβόιῳ 10 ηίο θέξεη ἄπνηλα Υξύζᾱν (ῡ) Ἀηξεΐδῃ 11 δῖνο

Πειεηάδεο ἐρόισζελ Ἀηξεΐδελ 12 ὅηε θαηεθήακελ πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἑθαηόκβᾱο θᾱιάο (ᾱ) ηόηε ἐπείζακελ ζῡκνὺο ζεῶλ

13 δηὰ καληνζύλελ Υξύζεο (ῡ) εἶπε βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεῶλ Ἀηξεΐδῃ Πειεηάδῃ ηε

KEY

1 The noble gods prepared evil death for the divine Peleiades and he ascended the funeral pyre 2 The free-

shooter destroyed the host of the Achaeans because the divine Atreides dishonored Chryses 3 I burned many

funeral pyres 4 The free-shooter did not hear the son of Atreus because he dishonored Chryses 5 Chryses spoke

among the Achaeans but but it did not please the heart of Atreides 6 It angered the free-shooter when the son of

Atreus spoke wickedly to Chryses 7 We released Chryses because we loved him 8 Chryses brought countless

glorious ransoms to the son of Atreus 9 We will bring many ransoms and release Chryses because we loved him

and he is dear to the free-shooter 10 Who brought the ransoms of Chryses to the son of Atreus 11 The divine

Peleiades angered the son of Atreus 12 We persuaded the hearts of the gods when we burned many good

hecatombs 13 Through prophesy Chryses spoke the will of the gods to both Atreides and Peleiades

115 Composition

1 The Achaeans ascended into Troy and killed the noble Priam 2 We burned many goodly hecatombs to the

Olympian gods 3 Chryses spoke among the Achaeans but the son of Atreus did not hearken to him 4 The

Achaeans addressed the son of Atreus but he did not free Chryses 5 The son of Atreus will bring many ransoms

into the camp of the Achaeans 6 Who will persuade the gods with many goodly hecatombs

KEY

1 Ἀραηνὶ ἀλέβεζαλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ θαὶ ὤιεμαλ θᾱιὸλ Πξηάκνλ 2 θαηέθεκελ πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) ἑθαηόκβὰο (ᾱ)

ζενῖο ιπκπίνηο 3 Υξύζεο (ῡ) κεηέεηπελ Ἀραηνῖο ἀιιrsquo Ἀηξεΐδεο ηὸλ νὐθ ἔθιπελ 4 Ἀραηνὶ πξνζέεηπνλ Ἀηξεΐδῃ

ἀιιrsquo νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε Υξύζελ (ῡ) 5 Ἀηξεΐδεο νἴζεη ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ εἰο ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 6 ηίο πείζεη ζενὺο πνιιῇο

ἑθαηόκβῃζηλ

Lesson 12

Review

121 Review Vocabulary

Lesson 13

(680-692 701-709)

(cf 897 874 886 619 841-843 576 1178 830-831 837 580 837)

131 Nouns of the Third Declension

Third declension nouns can be either masculine feminine or neuter The nominative endings can take many

forms but there are some conventions Masculine and feminine stems except those ending in λ ξ or ζ simply add

ζ to the stem and make the necessary euphonic changes Stems ending in ξ λ and ζ typically make no changes

except to lengthen the last vowel if it is short Stems ending in -λ(η) either drop the η and lengthen a short vowel or

drop the -λ(η) lengthen the vowel and add ζ Examples δαηκνλ- = δαηκσλ ζῑλ- = ζίο (ῑ) κειαλ- = κέιᾱο γεξνλη- =

γέξσλ etc Neuters typically consist of just the stem in the nominative and accusative except to drop a final -η

where it occurs

In general the stem of a third declension noun is found by dropping the -νο ending from the genitive singular

The dative singular regularly ends in -ῐ but occasionally in -ῑ

The accusative ending was originally -λ and this ending is common on stems ending in a vowel On stems

ending in a consonant the -λ was a sonant consonant which eventually came be pronounced as -ᾰ The result is that

the accusative singular usually ends in -λ for stems ending in a vowel and -ᾰ for stems ending in a consonant

Dental mute stems ending in -ηο and -πο in the nominative singular rarely drop the mute and typically adopt the -λ

accusative ending as if they were vowel stems

The dative plural is formed by adding either -εζζη (rarely -εζη) or -ζη (rarely -ζζη) and making the usual

euphonic changes Most third declension nouns thus have alternate dative plural forms as πνύο = πνζζί = πνζί =

πόδεζζη etc

The accusative plural originally ended in -λο (sonant λ) which gives -αο for stems ending in a consonant and -ῑο

and -ῡο for stems ending in a vowel A few vowel stems borrowed an -αο ending from the first declension by

analogy

The vocative singular is usually either identical to the nominative or identical to the stem alone Stems ending

in λ ξ or ο typically drop this final consonant in the vocative singular

Compensatory lengthening usually occurs in the dative plural when -λη is dropped as in γέξνληζη = γέξνπζη

132 Paradigms

Stems ending in -επ (επ) -νπ and σϝ follow the paradigms of βαζηιεύο (king βαζηιεϝ-) βνῦο (ox βνϝ-) λεῦο

(ship λᾱϝ-) and ἥξσο (hero ἡξσϝ- () or ἡξσ-)

N βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

G βαζηιῆνο [-ένο] βνόο λεόο ἥξσνο

D βαζηιῆη [-έη] βνΐ λεί ἥξση

A βαζηιῆα [-έα] βνῦλ [βῶλ] λῆα [λέα] ἥξσα

V βαζηιεῦ βνῦ λεῦ ἥξσο

N A V βαζηιῆε βόε λῆε ἥξσε

G D βαζηιήνηηλ βόνηηλ λήνηηλ ἡξώνηηλ

N V βαζηιεῆεο βόεο λῆεο ἥξσεο

G βαζηιήσλ βνῶλ λεῶλ [λεῶλ] ἡξώσλ

D βαζηιήεζζη βόεζζη λήεζζη [λέεζζἰ ἡξώεζζη

βαζηιεῦζη βνπζί λεπζί ἥξσζη

A βαζηιῆαο βόαο (βνῦο) λῆζαο (λέαο) ἥξσαο

A long vowel is typically shortened when it occurs before another vowel thus βαζηιῆνο or βαζηιένο This

convention was almost certainly consistent in pronunciation but is only occasionally represented in written form

The π in the stem of these words frequently became ϝ and subsequently disappeared as in βαζηιεπ- βαζηιεϝ-

βαζηιε-

Stems ending in η (εη) and π (επ εϝ) follow the paradigms of πόιηο (city πνιη-) πῆρπο (forearm περεϝ-) ἄζηπ

(city ἀζηεϝ-) λέθπο (corpse λεθῡ-) and δάθξπ (tear δαθξπ-)

N πόιηο πῆρπο ἄζηπ λέθῡο δάθξπ

G πόιηνο -ενο πήρενο ἄζηενο λέθπνο δάθξπνο

D πόιηη -ῑ -εη -εη πήρετ ἄζηετ λέθπτ δάθξπτ

A πόιηλ πῆρσλ ἄζηπ λέθῡλ δαθξπ

V πόιη πῆρπ ἄζηπ λέθῡ δάθξπ

N V πόιηε πήρεε ἄζηεε λέθπε δάθξπε

G D πνιίνηηλ περένηηλ ἄζηνηηλ λεθύνηηλ δαθξύνηηλ

N V πόιηεο -εεο πήρεεο ἄζηεα λέθπεο δάθξπα

G πνιίσλ περέσλ ἀζηέσλ λεθύσλ δαθξύσλ

D πνιίεζζη περέεζζη ἀζηέεζη λεθύεζζη δαθξύεζζη

πόιεζη -ηζη πήρεζη ἄζηεζη λέθῡζ(ζ)η δάθξπζη

A πόιηαο -εαο -ῑο πήρεαο ἄζηεα λέθπαο [-ῡο] δάθξπα

Nouns with stems in -ο (-εο -αο -νο) and -η are declined like ἔπνο (ϝεπεζ-) γέξαο (γεξαζ-) ἠώο (ἀϝζνζ-) δῶκα

(δσκαη-) and ἦκαξ (ἠκαξ- ἠκαη-) Note that -ζ- usually disappears when it occurs between two vowels

N ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο δῶκα ἧκαξ

G ἔπενο γέξανο ἠόνο δώκαηνο ἥκαηνο

D ἔπετ γέξατ ἠόη δώκαηη ἥκαηη

A ἔπνο γέξαο ἠόα δῶκα ἧκαξ

V ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο δῶκα ἧκαξ

N V ἔπεε γέξαε δώκαηε ἥκαηε

G D επένηηλ γεξάνηηλ δσκάηνηηλ ἡκάηνηηλ

N V ἔπεο γέξα(α) δώκαηα ἥκαηα

G ἐπέσλ γεξάσλ δσκάησλ ἡκάησλ

D ἐπέεζζη γεξάεζζη δσκάηεζζη ἡκάηεζζη

ἔπε(ζ)ζη γέξα(ζ)ζη δώκαζη ἥκαζη

A ἔπεα γέξα(α) δώκαηα ἥκαηα

Note that all nouns ening in -νο in the second declension are either masculine or feminine but all nouns ending in -

νο in the third declension are neuter All nouns ending in -κα in the nominative singular and all nouns with genitives

in -αηνο are neuter

133 Further Notes on the Third Declension

Nouns of the third declension can be any gender and consist of stems ending in -η -π or a consonant In

general the following endings are applied to the stem with the usual euphonic changes

N -ο

G -νο

D -η

A -λ

V -

N A V -ε

G D -νηηλ

N V -εο

G -σλ

D -εζζη

A -λο

Standard Euphonic Changes

Later forms of Greek such as Attic and Koine frequently contracted the forms found in Homer

The -λ in the accusative singular and plural is sonant meaning that it is pronounced as λ when

following a vowel but it is pronounced as ᾰ when following a consonant Thus πνιη-λ = πνιηλ and

πνιη-λο = πνιηο but δαηκνλ-λ = δαηκνλα and δαηκνλ-λο = δαηκνλαο

o In most cases a stem originally ending in ϝ is treated as if it ends in a consonant Thus

βαζηιεϝα = βαζηιεα εξσϝα = εξσα

o The word βνϝ- is an exception where ϝ becomes π (probably because νπ is such a common

diphthong) βνϝλ = βνπλ

Dentals are dropped before ζ Thus παηδο = παηο

o In cases where the stem ends in -λη the dental and the ζ are typically dropped with the last

vowel lengthened by compensation Thus γεξνληο = γεξσλ

Palatals combine with ζ to form μ Thus αηγο = αημ θεξπθο = θεξπμ etc

o Stems ending in -θη apply both the dental and palatal changes first dropping the η and then

combining the θζ to form μ Thus λπθηο = λπθο = λπμ

Labials combine with ζ to form ς Thus Αηζηνπο = Αηζηνς

The ζ is dropped when it follows a nasal or ξ and the last vowel is lengthened to compensate (if it

isnrsquot long already) Thus δαηκνλο = δαηκσλ θξελο = θξελ ρεηξο = ρεηξ παηεξο = παηεξ κεηεξο =

κεηεξ etc

Stems that originally ended in ϝ usually retain a π in its place in the nominative Thus βαζηιεϝο =

βαζηιεπο (originally βαζηιεπο) λεϝο = λεπο βνϝο = βνπο etc

o The same phenomenon sometimes occurs in the accusative singular as well where ϝ becomes

π and the final λ is retained Thus περεϝλ = περευλ = περπλ

o The word εξσο is an apparent exception where εξσϝο = εξσο This may be from analogy

with the relatively common -σο ending in Greek or it could be that the stem was originally

εξσ- witout the ϝ

o When the stem ends in -εϝ the ε is usually dropped in the nominative thus περεϝο = περεπο =

περπο (but the genitive and dative are περενο περετ)

Some confusion can occur at the apparent irregularity of stems ending in -π αζηπ αζηενο αζηεη etc

but δαθξπ δαθξπνο δαθξπτ etc The difference is that stems like αζηπ originally ended in a vowel + ϝ

(αζηεϝ) while stems like δαθξπ originally ended in π

Some neuters originally ended in -εο These are usually declined as -νο in the nominative and

accusative In the other cases the endings are simply applied to -εζ- and the sigma is dropped when it

occurs between two vowels επνο (nom acc from επεζο) επενο (gen from επεζνο) επετ (dat from

επεζη) etc

o Stems ending in -αο simple drop the extra sigma in the nominative singular and append the

case endings to -αζ- (dropping ζ when it occurs between two vowels) Thus γεξαο γεξανο

γεξατ etc

o Stems ending in -νο follow the same pattern as those ending in -αο except that the ν is

lengthened to σ in the nominative Thus εσο εννο εντ etc

Neuter stems ending in -καη usually drop the η in the nominative and accusative singular but retain it

in the plural Thus δσκα (nom and acc sing) δσκαηνο (gen sing) δσκαηη (dat sing) δσκαηα (nom and

acc plur) δσκαησλ (gen plur) δσκαηεζζη (dat plur) etc Neuter stems ending in -καξ usually behave

as if they ended in -καη in all cases except the nominative and accusative singular Thus εκαξ εκαηνο

εκαηη etc

The dative plural ending is given as -εζζη This could be shortened to -ζζη (before vowels) -εζη or -ζη

The -ζη ending is the most common in later dialects Thus Homeric θεξπθεζζη is typically θεξπμη in

Attic and Koine

The vocative singular in neuters is always identical to the nominative and accusative singulars

o In masculine and feminine nouns the vocative singular is usually just the stem without any

endings applied as long as the stem is capable of standing alone Thus δαηκνλ ρεηξ παηεξ

κεηεξ ζπγαηεξ αλεξ βνπ λεπ πνιη λεθῡ δαθξπ etc

o In some cases where the nominative singular has slightly modified the stem before adding -ο

the vocative is formed by simply dropping the ο Thus παη βαζηιεπ περπ

o In cases where the ο of the nominative singular has combined with the stem the vocative is

usually indentical to the nominative singular Thus αλαμ λπμ αημ θεξπμ Αηζηνς etc

o In rare cases the vocative is identical to the nominative singular even when dropping the ο

would have been convenient as in εξσο εσο

Alternate Endings The following are some alternate endings that could be applied instead of the usual

case endings listed above

o -ζη can be used to denote place where

o -ζελ can be used to denote source or separation or as an alternative ending for the genitive

case

o -δε can be added to the accusative ending to denote place to which or limit of motion

o -η can be added to denote place where

o -θη(λ) can be added as a substitute for several uses of the genitive and the dative cases

particularly in the instrumental sense

134 References

This lesson references several points in the grammar Note the following

Deponent verbs take middle or passive forms but denote active meanings

Some verbs reduplicate the initial syllable in the present tense by repeating the initial consonant

followed by -η Thus ἴζηεκη (orig ζηζηεκη) ηίζεκη δίδσκη πίκπιεκη γίγλνκαη γηγλώζθσ κηκλήζθσ

etc When futures and second aorists are reduplicated they usually follow the pattern of reduplication

found in the perfect tense If the initial consonant is aspirated the reduplicated consonant is typically

smooth Thus ηίζεκη rather than ζίζεκη

Note that ἴκη δίδσκη and ηίζεκη take the aorist in -θα rather than -ζα

When a word ends in a vowel and the following word begins with a vowel the result is called hiatus

In general hiatus is avoided in poetry through the use of elision crasis synizesis moveable

consonants etc However hiatus is allowed in some circumstances such as when elision has already

occurred when the first of the two vowels is long and occurs on the beat (or ictus) of the verse or

when a long vowel or diphthong has been shortened or when the two vowels were originally separated

by ϝ

Recall that the verbal augment is frequently omitted

135 Vocabulary

Ἄηο Ἄηδνο ὁ (nom not used) Hades

ἄιγνο ενο ηό grief pain woe trouble

Ἀρηιιεύο ῆνο ὁ Achilles

δαίο δαηηόο ἡ feast banquet portion

Εεύο Γηόο ὁ Zeus

ἥξσο ἥξσνο ὁ hero mighty warrior protector savior

ἴθζῑκνο ε νλ mighty valiant stout-hearted brave

θύσλ θπλόο ὁ ἡ dog

κῆληο ηνο ἡ wrath fury madness rage

νὐιόκελνο ε νλ accursed destructive deadly

πξντάπησ πξντάςσ πξνΐαςα hurl forward send forth

ηίζεκη (ζε- ζε-) ζήζσ ἔζεθα put place cause

Ἀρηιιεπο (Ἀρηιιεϝ-) Ἀρηιιενο Ἀρηιιεη Ἀρηιιεα

δαηο (δαηη-) δαηηνο δαηηη δαηηα δαηηεο δαηησλ δαηηεζζη δαηηαο

Εεπο Γηνο Γηη Γηα

ἡξσο ἡξσνο ἡξστ ἡξσα ἡξσεο ἡξσσλ ἡξσεζζη ἡξσαο

θπσλ θπλνο θπλη θπλα θπλεο θπλσλ θπλεζζη θπλαο

κεληο (κελη-) κεληνο κεληη κεληλ κεληεο κελησλ κεληεζζη κεληαο

136 Translation

1 κῆληο Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο ἦλ νὐινκέλε ἔζεθε γὰξ κῡξηrsquo ἄιγεα ηνῖζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ πξνΐαςε δὲ πνιιὰο (ᾱ)

ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἰθζίκνπο (ῑ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη ἔηεπρε δrsquo αὐηνὺο ἑιώξηα θαὶ δαῖηα θύλεζζηλ νἰσλνῖζί ηε ἐηέιεζε δὲ βνπιὴλ

Γηόο 2 ζεὰ (ᾱ) ἀείδεη κῆληλ νὐινκέλελ Ἀρηιῆνο ἣ ἔζεθελ κῡξίrsquo ἄιγεrsquo Ἀραηνῖζηλ 3 ζενὶ ὀιέθνπζη ηὸλ ζηξαηόλ θαὶ

πξντάπηνπζη πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη 4ηεύμνκελ κῡξίνπο Ἀραηνὺο ἑιώξηα θύλεζζηλ θαὶ δαῖηα ηνῖζηλ

νἰσλνῖζηλ νὕλεθα ἠηίκαζαλ (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) 5 θᾱιὴ ἦλ ἡ βνπιὴ Γηόο

KEY

1 The wrath of Achilles son of Peleus was destructive for it caused countless woes to the Achaeans and sent

forth many valiant souls of heros to Hades making them spoils and a banquet for the dogs and the vultures 2 The

goddess sings the accursed wrath of Achilles which brought countless woes to the Achaeans 3 The gods are

destroying the camp and sending forth many souls of the heros to Hades 4 We will make countless Achaeans spoils

for the dogs and a feast for these vultures because they dishonored Chryses 5 The will of Zeus was good

137 Iliad 1-5

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κπξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςπρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιήλ

Μῆληλ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse

ἄεηδε - present active imperative 2nd

person singular of ἀείδσ

ζεά - vocative case

Πειεηάδεσ = Πειεηάδᾱν (the verse may have originally read Πειεηάδᾱrsquo)

νὐινκέλελ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse as well as out of

the natural order and is placed directly opposite the word κῆληλ

κῡξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο - the hiatus is permited because elision has already occurred in κῡξίνηο

Ἄηδη was originally Ἄϝηδη and is still accented as it began with α instead of αη

ἡξώσλ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse and its deviation from

the natural order

δὲ ἑιώξηα - the hiatus is permitted because the original was δὲ ϝειώξηα

ηεῦρε - the augment is dropped (usually ἔηεπρε)

ἐηειείεην - imperfect passive indicative 3rd

person singular of ηειείσ

KEY

Sing O goddess of the accursed wrath of Achilles Peleiades

which brought countless woes to the Achaeans

and cast forth the souls of many valiant warriors to Hades

making them the spoils and feast of both dogs

and vultures But the will of Zeus was accomplished

138 Composition

1 The valiant Achaeans are singing the accursed wrath of Achilles 2 The wrath of Achilles caused many woes

to the Achaeans and sent many valiant souls of heroes to the god Hades 3 We shall make the army of the Achaeans

a booty for the dogs and a banquet for the birds 4 We are accomplishing the will of the goddess

KEY

1 ἴθζῑκνη Ἀραηνὶ ἀείδνπζηλ νὐινκέλελ κῆληλ Ἀρηιῆνο 2 κῆληο Ἀρηιῆνο ἔζεθε κῡξίrsquo ἄιγεrsquo Ἀραηνῖζη θαὶ

πξνΐαςε πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἰθζίκνπο ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη 3 ηεύμνκελ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ ἑιώξηα θύλεζζηλ θαὶ δαῖηα

νἰσλνῖζηλ 4 ηεύρνκελ βνπιὴλ ζεᾶο

Lesson 14

(519-526 1159-1192)

(cf 586)

141 Syllable Quantity

A syllable is long (by nature) when it contains a long vowel or a diphthong or (by position) when it ends in two

consecutive consonants (or a double consonant) A short vowel followed by a mute and a liquid κ or λ is common

and can be either long or short depending on the requirements of the verse Occasionally the letters ι κ λ ξ or ζ

are doubled in pronunciation when they follow a short vowel making the syllable long by position but this

convention is not always represented in writing And occasionally a lost ϝ will combine with another consonant to

make the preceding syllable long by position

Observe the following rules when determing the length of a syllable

Any vowel with the circumflex accent is long

The vowel of any ultmia whose penult bears the circumflex is short

If the penult has an acute then the vowel of the ultima must also be long

If the vowel of the ultima is short and the penult has the acute then the vowel of the penult must

be short as well

If the antepenult is accented the vowel of the ultima must be short

Occasionally these rules do not apply to certain compounds where one of the two words are

accented as if they were separate

If a short syllable stands where a long syllable is expected it is usually because the pause of the caesura or

diaresis fills out the foot or because the following word has lost a consonant (usually ϝ or ζ) And occasionally a

short syllable ending in a consonant is lengthened when it occurs on the ictus (beat) of the verse Such lengthening is

called thesis

142 Metrical Quantity

With the exception of pauses at the end of the verse caesura and diaresis all feet must consist of two long

syllables or a long syllable followed by two shorts Thus if a long syllable is followed by a short syllable then the

next syllable must be short as well Likewise if a short syllable is followed by a long syllable then the preceding

syllable must be short as well

When a word ends in a short vowel (and sometimes -νη and -αη) and the following word begins with a vowel

the short vowel is usually elided unless the following word originally began with ϝ When a word ends in a long

vowel or a diphthong and the following word begins with a vowel the long vowel is usually shortened This

phenomenon can also occur within the same word and again it is less common when the following word originally

began with ϝ Vowel shortening is also rare when the long vowel occurs on the ictus

The meter of Homer is called dactylic or heroic hexameter and is the most common meter in Greek verse Each

verse has six feet The first five feet can be dactyls (one long syllable followed by two short syllables) or spondees

(two long syllables) The final foot of the verse is always a spndee but keep in mind that the pause at the end of the

verse often combines with a final short syllable to form one long syllable The fifth foot of each verse is usually a

dactyl with only one in twenty (or so) verses containing a spondee in the fifth foot The verses that have a spndee in

the fifth foot are called spondaic and usually take slightly longer to recite In dactylic hexameter the ictus (beat) of

the verse always occurs on the first syllable of each foot producing six distinct beats per verse

Caesura occurs when a word ends within a foot (ie at the end of the first syllable of a foot or between the two

short syllables of the foot) When a caesura occurs at a natural pause in the verse this is said to be the caesura of the

verse A pause after the first syllable of a foot is called a masculine caesura and a pause after the second syllable of

the foot is called a feminine caesura

Diaresis occurs when the end of a word coincides with the end of a foot When this falls at a natural pause in

the verse it is said to be the diaresis of the verse When the diaresis occurs at the end of the fourth foot is it called

the bucolic diaresis (due to its common use in pastoral poetry)

143 Marking the Rhythm of the Iliad 1-5

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κπξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςπρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιήλ

ΜΖ ληλ α | ΔΗ δε ζε | Α ΠΖ | ΛΖ η α | ΓΔΧ α ρη | ΛΖ Ο-

dact dact spon dact dact spon

The pauses at the end of κῆληλ and ἄεηδε are feminine caesuras

The pauses at the end of ζεά Πειεηάδεσ and Ἀρηιῆνο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of ζεά is the caesura of the verse

The dash at the end of the verse indicates a pause that combines with a short vowel to fill out the

last foot

ΟΤ ιν κε | ΝΖΝ Ζ | ΜΤ ξη α | ΥΑΗ ΟΗ | ΑΛ γε ε | ΘΖ ΚΔΝ-

dact spon dact spon dact spon

The pauses at the end of κῡξίrsquo and ἄιγε are feminine caesuras

The pauses at the end of νὐινκέλελ and ἔζεθελ are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of νὐινκέλελ is the caesura of the verse

The pauses at the end of ἥ and Ἀραηνῖο are diareses

The diaresis at Ἀραηνῖο is a bucolic diaresis

κῡξία Ἀραηνῖο and ἄιγεα ἔζεθελ are examples of hiatus

The first syllable of ἄιγεrsquo is long because it is followed by two consecutive consonants

ΠΟΛ ΛΑ | ΓrsquoΗΦ ΘΗ | ΜΟΤ ΦΤ | ΥΑ ΑΗ | ΓΗ πξν τ | Α ΦΔΝ-

spon spon spon spon dact spon

The pauses at the end of ἰθζίκνπο and ςπράο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of πνιιάο is a diaresis

δὲ ἰθζίκνπο is hiatus

The first syllable of πνιιάο is long by position as is the first syllable of ἰθζίκνπο the last syllable

of Ἄηδη and the second syllable of πξνΐαςελ

Ζ ΡΧ | ΧΝ ΑΤ | ΣΟΤ δε ε | ΛΧ ξη α | ΣΔΤ ρε θπ | ΝΔ ΗΝ-

spon spon dact dact dact spon

The pause at the end of ηεῦρε is a feminine caesura

The pauses at the end of ἡξώσλ and αὐηνύο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of ἡξώσλ is the caesura of the verse

The pause at the end of ἑιώξηα is a diaresis

ΟΗ Χ | ΝΟΗ ζη ηε | ΓΑΗ ηα δη | Ο δrsquoε ηε | ΛΔΗ ε ην | ΒΟΤ ΛΖΝ

The pauses at the end of νἰσλνῖζη and δαῖηα are feminine caesuras

The pause at the end of Γηόο is a masculine caesura

The pauses at the end of ηε ἐηειείεην and βνπιήλ are diareses

The pause at the end of δαῖηα is the diaresis of the verse

Lesson 15

(693-694 697-700)

(cf 781-782 837 580 1009 996 584-585)

151 Third Declension Paradigms (continued)

Third declension nouns ending in a dental mute stem are exemplified by ἄλαμ (king ϝαλαθη-) λύμ (night λπθη-

) παῖο (child παηδ-) and γέξσλ (old man γεξνλη-)

N ἄλαμ λύμ παῖο γέξσλ

G ἄλαθηνο λπθηόο παηδόο γέξνληνο

D ἄλαθηη λπθηί παηδί γέξνληη

A ἄλαθηα λύθηα παίδα γέξνληα

V ἄλαμ [ἄλα] λύμ παῖ γέξσλ

N V A ἄλαθηε λύθηε παίδε γέξνληε

G D ἀλάθηνηηλ λύθηνηηλ παίδνηηλ γεξόληνηηλ

N ἄλαθηεο λύθηεο παίδεο γέξνληεο

G ἀλάθησλ λπθηῶλ παηδῶλ γεξόλησλ

D ἀλάθηεζζη λύθηεζζη παίδεζζη γεξόληεζζη

ἄλαμη λπμί παηζί γέξνπζη

A ἄλαθηαο λύθηνο παῖδαο γέξνληαο

Third declension nouns ending in labial and palatal stems are exemplified by αἴμ (goat αἰγ-) θῆξπμ (herald

θεξῡθ-) and Αἰζίνς (Ethipoian Αἰζηνπ-)

N αἴμ θῆξπμ Αἰζίνς

G αἰγόο θήξῡθνο Αἰζίνπνο

D αἰγί θήξῡθη Αἰζίνπη

A αἶγα θήξῡθα Αἰζίνπα

V αἴμ θῆξπμ Αἰζίνς

N V A αἶγε θήξῡθε Αἰζίνπε

G D αἴγνηηλ θεξύθνηηλ (ῡ) Αἰζηόπνηηλ

N αἶγεο θήξῡθεο Αἰζίνπεο

G αἰγῶλ θεξύθσλ (ῡ) Αἰζηόπσλ

D αἴγεζζη θεξύθεζζη (ῡ) Αἰζηόπεζζη

αἰμί θήξῡμ Αἰζίνςη

A αἶγαο θήξῡθαο Αἰζίνπαο

Nouns with stems ending in -εξ express different grades of ablaut in the stem (-εξ -εξ -ξ) with a recessive

accent in the vocative singular These are exemplified by παηήξ (father παηεξ-) κήηεξ (mother κεηεξ-) ζπγάηεξ

(daughter ζπγαηεξ-) and ἀλήξ (man ἀλεξ-)

N παηήξ κήηεξ ζπγάηεξ ἀλήξ

G παηέξνο -ηξόο κεηέξνο -ηξόο ζπγαηέξνο -ηξόο ἀλέξνο ἀλδξόο

D παηέξη -ηξί κεηέξη -ηξί ζπγαηέξη -ηξί ἀλέξη ἀλδξί

A παηέξα κεηέξα ζπγαηέξα ἀλέξα ἄλδξα

V πάηεξ κῆηεξ ζύγαηεξ ἄλεξ

N V A παηέξε κεηέξε ζπγαηέξε ἀλέξε ἄλδξε

G D παηέξνηηλ κεηέξνηηλ ζπγαηέξνηηλ ἀλέξνηηλ ἄλδξνηηλ

N παηέξεο κεηέξεο ζπγαηέξεο ζύγαηξεο ἀλέξεο ἄλδξεο

G παηέξσλ -ηξῶλ κεηέξσλ -ηξῶλ ζπγαηέξσλ ζπγαηξῶλ ἀλέξσλ ἀλδξῶλ

D παηξάζη κεηξάζη ζπγαηξάζη ζπγαηέξεζζη ἀλδξάζη ἄλδξεζζη

A παηέξαο κεηέξαο ζπγαηέξαο ζύγαηξαο ἀλέξαο ἄλδξαο

Note that δ is inserted into ἀλήξ between λ and ξ where they occur together The accent of the shorter forms of

ἀλέξ follow the pattern seen in παηήξ The alpha after ξ in the dative plural was added euphonically to strengthen

what was originally a sonant ξ

152 Vocabulary

ἄλαμ ἄλαθηνο ὁ king lord protector

ἀλήξ ἀλέξνο (ἀλδξόο) ὁ (real) man warrior hero

ἄξ(α) (ῥά) naturally of course as you know as you might expect that is

in effect (not always translatable)

βαζηιεύο ῆνο ὁ king ruler

δή indeed truly forsooth now

δηίζηεκη (ζηε- ζηα-) δηαζηήζσ stand apart separate

δηέζηεζα (δηέζηελ)

ἐμ νὗ from the time when

ἐξίδσ (ἐξηδ-) - ἤξηζ(ζ)α quarrel strive

ἠξηζάηελ (they) strove

ἔξηο ηδνο ἡ strife quarrel

Λεηώ Λεηόνο ἡ Leto

κάρνκαη fight battle

κάρεζζαη to fight

μπλίκη μπλήζσ μπλῆθα (μπλέεθα) bring together throw together hearken heed

ὄξλῡκη ὄξζσ ὦξζα (ὤξνξνλ) stir up kindle incite excite arouse

πξῶηνο ε νλ first foremost chief

ηὸ πξῶηνλ ηὰ πξῶηα (adv) at first firstly first

πἱόο νῦ ὁ son

ζθσε these two

153 Translation

1 ζεὰ (ᾱ) ἀείζεη κῆληλ Ἀρηιῆνο ἐμ νὗ δὴ ηὰ πξῶηα δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο θαὶ Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἀλδξῶλ ἠξηζάηελ θαὶ

δηεζηήηελ 2 ηίο ζεῶλ μπλέεθε δῖνλ Ἀρηιῆά ηε θαὶ Ἀηξεΐδελ ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 3 πἱὸο Λεηόνο θαὶ Γηὸο ἑθεβόινο

μπλέεθέ ζθσε ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη ηὸλ γὰξ βαζηιεὺο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἐρόισζελ ὁ δrsquo ὦξζε θαθὴλ λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ

ὤιεθε δὲ ιᾱνύο

KEY

1 The goddess sings the wrath of Achilles from the time when first the divine Achilles and Atreides king of

men strove and separated 2 Which of the gods brought together the divine Achilles and the son of Atreus to fight

in strife 3 The son of Leto and Zeus the Free-shooter brought these two together to fight in strife for Atreides the

king enraged him so he stirred up an evil plague through the camp of the Achaeans and destroyed their host

154 Iliad 1-10

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κῡξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςῡρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιή

ἐμ νὗ δὴ ηὰ πξῶηα δηαζηήηελ ἐξίζαληε

Ἀηξεΐδεο ηε ἄλαμ ἀλδξῶλ θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεύο

ηίο ηrsquo ἄξ ζθσε ζεῶλ ἔξηδη μπλέεθε κάρεζζαη

Λεηνῦο θαὶ Γηὸο πἱόο ὁ γὰξ βαζηιῆη ρνισζεὶο

λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ ὦξζε θαθήλ ὀιέθνλην δὲ ιᾱνί

δηαζηήηελ = δηεζηήηελ

ἐξίζαληε = aor act part nom dual masc (they two) having quarreled

ηε ἄλαμ originally ηε ϝάλαμ thus allowing the hiatus

ζθσε [ἕσ] = 3rd

pers pron acc dual these two

ἔξηδη is dative of means in strife

κάρεζζαη = pres act infinitive deponent to fight

ρνισζείο = aor pass part nom sing masc having been enraged

Λεηνῦο = contracted form of Λεηόνο

βαζηιῆη = Agamemnon instrumental case by the king

ὀιέθνλην = ὠιέθνλην imperf pass ind 3rd

pers plural were being destroyed or kept

perishing

KEY

Sing O goddess of the accursed wrath of Achilles Peleiades

which brought countless woes to the Achaeans

and cast forth the souls of many valiant warriors to Hades

making them the spoils and feast of both dogs

and vultures But the will of Zeus was accomplished

indeed from the time when at first having quarreled both

Atreides king of men and the divine Achilles separated

Which of the gods of course brought these two together to fight in strife

The son of Leto and Zeus For enraged by the king he

kindled an evil plague up through the camp and the people were destroyed

155 Composition

1 ἠείδνκελ κῆληλ νὐινκέλελ Ἀρηιιῆνο ἐμ νὗ ηὰ πξῶηα Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἀλέξσλ (ἀλδξῶλ) θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο

ἠξηζάηελ θαὶ δηεζηεζάηελ (δηεζηήηελ) 2 ηίο ζεῶλ μπλῆθε (μπλέεθα) Ἀραηνὺο θαὶ ιᾱὸλ Πξηάκνπ ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 3

μπλῆθε (μπλέεθα) ζθσε (ἕν) πἱὸο Λεηόνο (Λεηνῦο) θαὶ Γηὸο ἑθεβόινο ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 4 Αηξεΐδεο βαζηιεὺο

Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο ἐρόισζαλ ἄλαθηα ἑθεβόινλ θαὶ ὁ ὦξζα (ὤξνξε) λνῦζνπο πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θαθὰο (ᾱ) ἀλὰ

ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ θαθῶο ὤιεθελ ἀγαζὸλ ιᾱόλ

Lesson 16

(887-897 910 1065-1068 697-703 707 710 732)

161 Formation of Middle Passive and Deponent Verbs

The endings of the middle voice are different from the active voice The passive voice applies the same endings

as the middle voice except in the aorist passive which applies active endings Because the middle and passive voice

are identical (other than the aorist) the context determines whether a verb is used with middle or the passive

meaning The aorist middle is often used with a passive meaning (especially in athematic forms) and the aorist

passive is often used with a middle meaning

The perfect and pluperfect of the middlepassive are athematic with the personal endings attached directly to

the reduplicated stem

The future perfect passive is formed by adding -ζνε to the perfect middle passive lengthening the vowel that

precedes this ending

The first aorist passive is formed by adding -(ζ)ζεε to the stem Before ζ π and β become θ θ and γ become ρ

and η δ ζ become ζ Many verbs have a second aorist passive that drops the ζ altogether

Deponent verbs have no active form but use the middlepassive forms in an active sense

162 Paradigms Present and Future Indicative MiddlePassive of ιύσ

Present

S 1 ιύνκαη

2 ιύεαη [(ιύῃ)]

3 ιύεηαη

D 2 ιύεζζνλ

3 ιύεζζνλ

P 1 ιπόκε(ζ)ζα

2 ιύεζζα

3 ιύνληαη

Future

S 1 ιύζνκαη (ῡ)

2 ιύζεαη (ῡ) [(ιύζῃ (ῡ))]

3 ιύζεηαη (ῡ)

D 2 ιύζεζζνλ (ῡ)

3 ιύζεζζνλ (ῡ)

P 1 ιῡζόκεζα

2 ιύζεζζε (ῡ)

3 ιύζνληαη (ῡ)

163 The Use of Voice in Greek

The active voice indicates that the subject is acting λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ ὦξζε = he kindled a plague up

through the camp

The passive voice indicates that the subject is acted upon Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιή = but the will of Zeus was

being accomplished

The Middle voice denotes one of three meanings

1 The subject acting upon itself πείζνκαη (I convince myself) θαίλνκαη (I show myself)

2 The subject acting for itself θαιένκαη (I call for myself)

3 The subject acting upon something belonging to itself ιύνκαη (I loose my own I ransom)

When determing the difference between the middle and passive keep in mind that the middle voice always

conveys a direct or indirect reference to the subject and that the subject is effect by or has an interest in the action

164 Third Declension Stems in -επ -επ -νπ and -σϝ

Stems in -επ usually became -εϝ and the third declension endings are applied after the ϝ Thus βαζηιεϝνο =

βαζηιῆνο βαηιεϝη = βαζηιῆη βαζηιεϝα = βαζηιῆα etc Note that the ϝ explains why εη (εϝη) does not form an

improper diphthong as well as why the accusative singular ends in -εα (as if the stem ended in a consonant) instead

of -ελ (as if the stem ended in a vowel) Note that when the ending consists of a consonant the -εϝ is contracted to

the diphthong -επ Thus βαζηιεϝο = βαζηιεύο βαζηιεϝ = βαζηιεῦ βαζηιεϝζη = βαζηιεῦζη In rare cases the other

endings also contract the -ε to -ε (ie βαζηιῆνο = βαζηιένο)

In stems ending originally in -ᾱϝ the ᾱ becomes ε in the Ionic dialect These are declined the same as -εϝ

except that -εῡ is formed before consonants instead of -επ Thus λᾱϝο = λεϝο = λεῦο λᾱϝ = λεϝ = λεῦ But note the

exception in the shorter form of the dative plural where λᾱϝζη = λεϝζη = λεπζί (rather than λεῡζη) In contracted

forms the ε usually becomes ε

In stems ending in -σϝ the third declension endings are applied directly to the stem Thus ἡξσϝο = ἥξσο

ἡξσϝνο = ἥξσνο ἡξσϝη = ἥξση ἡξσϝα = ἥξσα etc

In stems ending originally in -ν or -νϝ the third declension endings are applied as usual But keep in mind that -

νϝ is contracted to the diphthong -νπ before a consonant thus βνϝο = βνῦο and βνϝζη = βνπζί But note the

exception that occurs in the accusative singular where βνϝλ = βνῦλ rather than βνϝα

βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

(βαζηιεϝ-) (βνϝ-) (λᾱϝ-) (ἡξσϝ-)

N βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

G βαζηιῆνο [ένο] βνόο λεόο [εόο] ἥξσνο

D βαζηιῆη [έη] βνΐ λεί ἥξση

A βαζηιῆα [έα] βνῦλ [βῶλ] λῆα [έα] ἥξσα

V βαζηιεῦ βνῦ λεῦ ἥξσο

N V A βαζηιῆε βόε λῆε ἥξσε

G D βαζηιήνηηλ βόνηηλ λήνηηλ ἡξώνηηλ

N V βαζηιῆεο βόεο λῆεο ἥξσεο

G βαζηιήσλ βνῶλ λεῶλ [εῶλ] ἡξώσλ

D βαζηιήεζζη βόεζζη λήεζζη [έεζζη] ἡξώεζζη

βαζηιεῦζη βνπζί λεπζί ἥξσζη

A βαζηιῆαο βόαο (βνῦο) λῆαο [έαο] ἥξσαο

165 Third Declension Stems in -εζ -αζ and -νζ

When a stem ends in a vowel plus -ζ the initial ζ is dropped between two vowels Thus γεξαζνο = γέξανο

ἠνζνο = ἠόνο etc

All third declension nouns with stems ending in -εο are neuters and follow the pattern of ἔπνο The third

declension endings are applied as usual except that the nominative vocative and accusative singulars end in -νο

Nouns with stems ending in -νο take -σο in the nominative and vocative singular but otherwise apply the third

declension endings as usual (dropping ζ between two vowels)

ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

(ϝεπεζ-) (γεξαζ-) (ἀϝζνζ- (ᾱ))

N ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

G ἔπενο γέξανο ἠόνο

D ἔπετ γέξατ ἠόη

A ἔπνο γέξαο ἠόα

V ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

N V A ἔπεε γέξαε

G D ἐπένηηλ γεξάνηηλ

N V ἔπεα γέξα(α)

G ἐπέσλ γεξάσλ

D ἐπέεζζη γεξάεζζη

ἔπε(ζ)ζη γέξα(ζ)ζη

A ἔπεα γέξα(α)

166 Third Declension Stems in -καη and -καξ

Stems ending in -καη and -καξ are neuters

Stems in -καη drop the -ηο in the nominative vocative and accusative singular δσκαηο = δῶκα Otherwise the

third declension endings are applied as usual

Stems ending in -καξ are declined like those ending in -καη except in the nominative vocative and accusative

singular (which end in -καξ)

δῶκα ἦκαξ

(δσκαη-) (ἠκαξ- ἠκαη-)

N δῶκα ἦκαξ

G δώκαηνο ἤκαηνο

D δώκαηη ἤκαηη

A δῶκα ἦκαξ

V δῶκα ἦκαξ

N V A δώκαηε ἤκαηε

G D δσκάηνηηλ ἠκάηνηηλ

N V δώκαηα ἤκαηα

G δσκάησλ ἠκάησλ

D δσκάηεζζη ἠκάηεζζη

δώκαζη ἤκαζη

A δώκαηα ἤκαηα

167 Third Declension Stems in -λη and -λ

Stems ending in -λη drop the -λη before ζ and lengthen the preceding vowel thus παληο = πᾶο παληζη = πᾶζη

Otherwise the third declension endings are applied as usual In neuters the -η is dropped at the end of the word thus

παλη = πᾶλ Stems in -λ drop the -λ before ζ and lengthen the preceding vowel in the masculine (but not in the

neuter)

πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

(παλη- παληα- παλη-)

Masc Fem Neut

N πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

G παληόο πάζεο (ᾱ) παληόο

D παληί πάζῃ (ᾱ) παληί

A πάληα πᾶζαλ πᾶλ

V πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

N V πάληεο πᾶζαη πάληα

G πάλησλ πᾱζάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] πάλησλ

D πάληεζ(ζ)η πάζῃζη (ᾱ) πάληεζ(ζ)η

πᾶζη πάζῃο (ᾱ) πᾶζη

A πάληνο πάζᾱο (ᾱ) πάληα

κέιᾱο κέιαηλα κέιαλ

(κειαλ- κειαηλα- κειαλ-)

N κέιᾱο κέιαηλα κέιαλ

G κέιαλνο κειαίλεο κέιαλνο

D κέιαλη κειαίλῃ κέιαλη

A κέιαλα κέιαηλαλ κέιαλ

V κέιαλ κέιαηλα κέιαλ

N V A κέιαλε κειαίλᾱ κέιαλε

G D κειάλνηηλ κειαίλῃηλ κειάλνηηλ

N V κέιαλεο κέιαηλαη κέιαλα

G κειάλσλ κειαηλάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] κειάλσλ

D κειάλεζ(ζ)η κειαίλῃζη κειάλεζ(ζ)η

κέιαζη κειαίλῃο κέιαζη

A κέιαλεο κειαίλᾱο κέιαλα

168 Vocabulary

Nouns

Ἀπόιισλ (ᾰ or ᾰ) σλνο ὁ Apollo

ἀξεηήξ (ᾱ) ῆξνο ὁ priest prayer

ζπγάηεξ ηέξνο (ηξόο) ἡ daughter

θνζκήησξ νξνο ὁ commander marshaller

λεῦο λεόο (λεόο) ἡ ship

ζηέκκα καηνο ηό fillet (of white cotton) wreath

ρείξ ρεηξόο ἡ hand arm

Verbs

ἔξρνκαη (ἐξρ- ἐιε- ἐιεπζ- ἐιπζ-) come go

ἐιεύζνκαη I will come I will go

ἦιζνλ (ἤιπζνλ) I came I went

ιίζζνκαη (ιηη-) I beg I entreat

---

ἐιιηζάκελ (ἐιηηόκελ) I begged I entreated

Adjectives Prepositions

ζνόο ή όλ swift speedy

πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ all every (the) whole

Indeclinable

δύν (δύσ) two

κάιηζηα most especially by all means

169 Translation

1 Ἀπόιισλ ἑθεβόινο ρνινῦηαη βαζηιῆη Αηξεΐδῃ θαὶ πέκπεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ ὀιέθνληαη δὲ

ιᾱνί νὕλεθα δῖνο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) 2 Υξύζεο (ῡ) γὰξ ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἑθεβόινπ ἔξρεηαη

ἐπὶ ζνὰο (ᾱ) λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ θέξεη δrsquo ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα ζπγαηξόο ἣλ Ἀηξεΐδεο ἔρεη ἐλ ζηξαηῷ 3 ὁ δrsquo ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἔρεη

ζηέκκαηα ἑθεβόινπ Ἀπόιισλνο ἐλ ρεξζὶλ ἀλὰ ρξῡζέῳ ζθήπηξῳ θαὶ ιίζζεηαη πάληαο Ἀραηνύο κάιηζηα δrsquo Ἀηξεΐδᾱ

δύσ θνζκήηνξε ιᾱῶλ 4 Ἀπόιισλ ρνιώζεηαη βαζηιῆη θαὶ ὄξζεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηόλ 5 ἐιεύζνληαη ἐπὶ ζνὰο

(ᾱ) λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ νἴζνπζη ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα βαζηιῆη 6 ιίζζνληαη πάληαο Ἀραηνύο 7 Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζελ (ῑ)

ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) θαὶ νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε ζύγαηξα

KEY

1 Apollo the free-shooter enraged by king Atreides sent an evil plague through the camp of the Achaeans and

the people were destroyed because the divine Atreides dishonored Chryses the priest 2 For Chryses the priest of

the free-shooter went upon the swift ships of the Achaeans bearing countless ransoms for his daughter whom

Atreides was holding in the camp 3 But the priest had a wreath of Apollo the free-shooter upon a staff in his hand

and was entreating all of the Achaeans but especially the sons of Atreus (who were) the commanders of the host 4

Apollo will be enraged by the king and will kindle an evil plague up through the camp 5 They will go upon the

swift ships of the Achaeans and bring countless ransoms to the king 6 They are entreating all of the Achaeans 7

Atreides dishonored the priest and would not release his daughter

1610 Iliad 11-16

hellipὀιέθνλην δὲ ιᾱνί

νὕλεθα ηὸλ Υξύζελ ἠηίκαζελ ἀξεηῆξα

Αηξεΐδεο ὁ γὰξ ἦιζε ζνὰο ἐπὶ λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ

ιπζόκελνο ηε ζύγαηξα θέξσλ ηrsquo ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα

ζηέκκαηrsquo ἔρσλ ἐλ ρεξζὶλ ἑθεβόινπ Ἀπόιισλνο

ρξπζέῳ ἀλὰ ζθήπηξῳ θαὶ ἐιίζζεην πάληαο Ἀραηνύο

Ἀηξεΐδα δὲ κάιηζηα δύσ θνζκήηνξε ιαῶλ

ηόλ Υξύζελ = that (well-known) Chryses

The first verse ends in two spondees making it a spondaic verse and emphasizing the fact that

Chryses was a priest

ιῡζόκελνο = fut mid part nom masc sing being about to ransom

θέξσλ = pres act part nom sing masc bearing bringing

ἔρσλ = pres act part nom sing masc having holding

ρεξζὶλ ἑθεβόινπ = ρεξζὶ ϝεθεβόινπ

ρξῡζέῳ = synizesis where -έῳ is pronounced as a single syllable

ἐιίζζεην = imperf act ind 3rd

pers sing dep (kept) entreating was entreating

Ἀηξεΐδᾱ = dual of Ἀηξεΐδεο refers to both Agamemnon and Menelaus

KEY

hellipand the people were being destroyed

because Atreides dishonored Chryses the priest

For he had gone upon the swift ships of the Achaeans

intending to ransom his daughter bearing countless gifts

and holding in his hand fillets of Apollo the free-shooter

upon a golden staff and was entreating all of the Achaeans

but especially the two sons of Atreus the commanders of the host

1611 Composition

1 Chryses the priest of Apollo is dishonored by the son of Atreus 2 The Achaeans will go from their swift

ships to Troy and ransom the beloved daughter of the priest 3 We shall bring many ransoms and shall hold in our

hands the fillets of Apollo 4 We do not have a golden scepter but we entreat Priam and all the people of Troy 5

The two sons of Atreus marshallers of the people are entreating Priam but he will slight them 6 The son of

Atreus king of men slighted the priest and did not release his daughter

KEY

1 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) Ἀπόιινπ ἀηῑκάδεηαη Ἀηξεΐδῃ 2 Ἀραηνὶ ἐιεύζνληαη ἐθ ζνάσλ (ᾱ) λήσλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ (ῑ)

θαὶ ἀπειύζνληαη (ῡ) θίιε ζπγάηεξα ἀξεηῆξη (ᾱ) 3 νἴζνκελ πνιιrsquo ἄπνηλα θαὶ ἕζρνκελ ἐλ ρείξεζζη ζηέκκαηα

Ἀπόιινπ 4 νὐθ ἔρνκελ ζθῆπηξνλ ρξύζενλ ἀιιὰ ιηζζόκεζα Πξίακνλ θαὶ πᾶληα ιᾱνλ Ἰιίνπ (ῑ) 5 δύrsquo Ἀηξεΐδᾱ

θνζκήηεξᾱ ιᾱσλ ιίζζεζζνλ Πξίακνλ αὐηνὺο δrsquo ἀηῑκάζεη 6 Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἄλδξσλ ἠηίκαζελ (ῑ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) θαὶ

νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε ζπγάηεξα

1612 Meter

ΟΤ λε θα | ΣΟΝ ΥΡΤ | ΖΝ Ζ | ΣΗ κα ζελ | Α ΡΖ | ΣΖ ΡΑ~

Α ηξε η | ΓΖ ν γαξ | ΖΛ ζε ζν | Α ε πη | ΝΖ αο α | ΥΑΗ ΧΝ

ΛΤ ζν κε | ΝΟ ηε ζπ | ΓΑΣ ξα θε | ΡΧΝ ηα πε | ΡΔΗ ζη α | ΠΟΗ ΝΑ~

ΣΔΜ καη ε | ΥΧΝ ΔΝ | ΥΔΡ ζηλ ε | ΚΖ βν ινπ | Α ΠΟΛ | ΛΧ ΝΟ~

ΥΡΤζεσα | ΝΑ ΚΖΠ | ΣΡΧ θαη ε | ΛΗ ζε ην | ΠΑΝ ηαο α | ΥΑΗ ΟΤ

ΑΣ ξε η | ΓΑ δε κα | ΛΗ ηα δπ | Χ ΚΟ | ΜΖ ην ξε | ΛΑ ΧΝ

Lesson 17

(910 - imperfect middle and passive aorist middle of ιύσ 648-658 - the table

of endings in 32)

171 Paradigms Imperfect MiddlePassive of ιύσ

S 1 ἐιπόκελ

2 ἐιύεν [(ἐιύεπ)]

3 ἐιύεην

D 2 ἐιύεζζνλ

3 ἐιπέζζελ

P 1 ἐιπόκε(ζ)ζα

2 ἐιύεζζε

3 ἐιύνλην

172 Paradigms Aorist Middle of ιύσ

Thematic Athematic (2nd

Aorist)

S 1 ἐιῡζάκελ ἐιύκελ

2 ἐιύζαν (ῡ) [(ἐιύζσ (ῡ))] ἔιπ(ζ)ν

3 ἐιύζαην (ῡ) ἔιπην

D 2 ἐιύζαζζνλ (ῡ) ἔιπζζνλ

3 ἐιῡζάζζελ ἐιύζζελ

P 1 ἐιῡζάκε(ζ)ζα ἐιύκε(ζ)ζα

2 ἐιύζαζζε (ῡ) ἔιπζζε

3 ἐιύζαλην (ῡ) ἔιπλην

173 Vocabulary

δῶκα αηνο ηό house home

παῖο παηδόο ὁ ἡ child son daughter

π(η)όιηο ηνο (ενο) ἡ city state

ἐπθλήκῑο ῑδνο well-greaved

ἐγώ(λ) κέν (κεῦ) I

ζύ ζέν (ζεῦ) you

κέλhellip δέ on the one handhellip trulyhellip on the one handhellip on the other hand

partlyhellip partly the onehellip the other

νἴθαδε home homeward to home home

Verbs

ἅδνκαη (ἁγ-) (defective) I reverence

δέρνκαη I accept I receive

δέμνκαη I will accept

ἐδεμάκελ (ἐδέγκελ) I accepted

δίδσκη (δσ- δν-) I give I grant

(δη)δώζσ I will give

ἔδσθα I gave

ἐθπέξζσ (πεξζ- πξαζ-) I sack (utterly) I plunder I pillage

ἐθπέξζσ I will sack

ἐμέπεξζα (ἐμέπξαζνλ) I sacked

ἱθλένκαη I arrive I reach (a destination)

ἵμνκαη I will arrive

ἱθόκελ (ῑ) I arrived

174 Translation

1 ζενὶ ἔρνπζηλ ιύκπηα δώκαηα ἔδσθαλ δrsquo Ἀηξεΐδεο θαὶ ἄιινηζηλ ἐπθλεκίδεζζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἐθπέξζαη

(infinitive) πόιηλ Πξηάκνπ ηόηε δrsquo ἵθνλην (ῑ) ἐὺ νἴθαδε νὕλεθα παῖδα θίιελ ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἔιῡζαλ 2 ἀπέιῡζαλ

ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνὶ ζύγαηξα θίιελ ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἐδέμαλην δrsquo ἀγιαὰ ἄπνηλα νὕλεθα ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλα Γηὸο πἱὸλ

ἅδνλην 3 ἅδεηαη ἑθεβόινλ 4 Ἀηξεΐδεο νὐθ ἐδέμαην ηὰ ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα 5 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἔδσθελ ἄπνηλα

πνιιὰ βαζηιῆη Ἀηξεΐδῃ 6 πάληεο ζενὶ θαὶ πᾶζαη ζεαὶ εἶρνλ ιύκπηα δώκαηα 7 Ἀραηνὶ ἐπθλήκῑδεο ἐθπέξζνπζη

Πξηάκνην πόιηλ ἵμνληαη δrsquo ἐπ νἴθαδε 8 παῖο θίιε ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἐιύζαην (ῡ) ἵθεην (ῑ) δrsquo ἐὺ νἴθαδε

KEY

1 The gods have Olympian homes but they gave the son of Atreus and the other well-greaved Achaeans to

utterly sack the city of Priam and then they returned safe at home because they released the dear child of the priest

2 The well-greaved Achaeans released the dear daughter of the priest and received glorious ransoms because they

reverenced the free-shooter Apollo son of Zeus 3 He reverences te free-shooter 4 The son of Atreus did not

receive the glorious ransoms 5 Chryses the priest gave many ransoms to king Atreides 6 All of the gods and all of

the goddesses had Olympian homes 7 The well-greved Achaeans will utterly sack Priamrsquos city and will return safe

to home 8 The dear child of the priest was released and arrived well to her home

175 Iliad 17-21

ltltἈηξεΐδαη ηε θαὶ ἄιινη ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνί

ὑκῖλ κὲλ ζενὶ δνῖελ ιύκπηα δώκαηrsquo ἔρνληεο

ἐθπέξζαη Πξηάκνην πόιηλ ἐὺ δrsquo νἴθαδrsquo ἱθέζζαη

παῖδα δrsquo ἐκνὶ ιῦζαί ηε θίιελ ηά ηrsquo ἄπνηλα δέρεζζαη

ἁδόκελνη Γηὸο πἱὸλ ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλαgtgt

Ἀηξεΐδαηhellip ἄιινη ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνί = vocative case

ὑκῖλ (ῡ) = dat plural of ζύ to you

ζενί = one syllable by synizesis

κέλ (v 18) = correlative of δέ (v 20)

δνῖελ = aor act optative 3rd

plural of δίδσκη may they grant

ἔρνληεο = pres act part nom masc plural of ἔρσ having possessing

ἐθπέξζαη = aor act inf of ἐθπέξζσ to sack utterly

ἱθέζζαη = aor act inf of ἱθένκαη to arrive (compare κάρεζζαη)

ιῦζαη δέρεζζαη = infinitives used as imperatives free and accept

ηά ηrsquo ἄπνηλα (ηά ηε ἄπνηλα) = thesehellip gifts

ἁδόκελνη = pres act part nom masc plural reverencing

KEY

ldquoSons of Atreus and you other well-greaved Achaeans

may the gods who have their homes on Olympus grant you

to utterly sack Priamrsquos city and return safe to home

but release my dear child to me and accept these gifts

reverencing Apollo who shoots at will the son of Zeusrdquo

176 Composition

1 The gods who have (ἔρνληεο) Olympian homes will grant to the sons of Atreus and to the other well-greaved

Achaeans to sack utterly (ἐθπέξζαη) the city of Priam 2 When they sacked the city of Priam they returned happily

home 3 They accepted the shining ransoms and freed the darling daughter of the priest Chryses 4 We reverenced

the free-shooter Apollo son of Leto and Zeus and escaped death 5 Will the son of Atreus accept the shining

ransoms 6 The child of the priest was freed when he gave many shining ransoms which the two sons of Atreus

accepted

KEY

1 ζενὶ ἔρνληεο ιύκπηα δώκαηα δώζνπζη Ἀηξεΐδῃζη θαὶ ἄιινηζηλ ἐπθλεκίδεζζηλ (ῑ) Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἐθπέξζαη πόιηλ

Πξηάκνπ 2 ηόηε ἐμέπεξζαλ πόιηλ Πξηάκνην ἵθνλην (ῑ) ἐὺ νἴθαδε 3 ἐδέμαλην ἀγιαrsquo ἄπνηλα θαὶ ἀπέιῡζαλ ζπγάηεξα

θίιε ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) Υξύζᾱν (ῡ) 4 ἡμάκεζα ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλα Λεηόνο θαὶ Γηὸο πἱόλ θαὶ ζάλαηνλ 5

Ἀηξεΐδεο δέμεηαη ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα 6 παῖο ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἀπειύζαην (ῡ) ηόηε ἔδσθελ ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀγιάα ηὰ

Ἀηξεΐδᾱ ἐδώθαζηλ

Lesson 18

(Perfect and Pluperfect Active of Verbs 904 922 Third Declension γέρων

αἴξ 693-695)

181 Formation of the Perfect and Pluperfect Active

The perfect and pluperfect in all modes experience reduplication of the initial syllable which denotes completed

action Verbs beginning with a single consonant (except ξ) prefix this consonant followed by -ε Thus ιύσ =

ιέιπθα The stem sometimes stands in ablaut relation to the stem of the present as in βαίλσ = βέβεθα A

reduplicated syllable beginning with an aspirated mute is changed to its corresponding voiceless mute in the

reduplicated syllable ie ζλήζθσ = ηέζλεθα In these cases the reduplicated pluperfect adds ἐ- to the reduplicated

syllable ie ιύσ = ιέιπθα = ἐιέιπθε

Vebs beginning with a double consonant two consonants (except a mute followed by a liquid or a nasal) ξ and

some beginning with κ simply augment the stem with the addition of ε-

Verbs beginning in a vowel typically take the temporal augment by lengthening the vowel ie νἴρνκαη =

ᾤρσθα However verbs beginning with a vowel in which an initial consonant has been lost may take the syllabic

augment

Compound verbs typically insert the reduplication and augment between the preposition and the verb ie

ἀπνιύσ = ἀπνιέιπθα = ἀπειειύθε

The first perfect active adds -θα- to the stem followed by the primary endings The first pluperfect active

similarly adds -θε- followed by the secondary endings In general a short final vowel is lengthened before the

addition of the -θα- or -θε- Second perfects and pluperfects active are the older form and are more common in

Homer These omit the θ and simply add -α- or -ε- respectively The second perfects are more common in stems

ending in a consonant

In general the singular perfect and pluperfect active stand in ablaut relation to the dual and plural forms

Perfects and pluperfects are rare in Homer and only occur in some twenty verbs

182 Paradigms λέλυκα and βέβηκα

ιέιπθα ἐιειύθε (ἐιειύθεα)

ιέιπθαο ἐιειύθο (ἐιειύθεαο)

ιέιπθε(λ) ἐιειύθεη (ἐιειύθεε)

ιειύθαηνλ ἐιειύθαηνλ

ιειύθαηνλ ἐιειπθάηελ

ιειύθακελ ἐιειύθεκελ

ιειύθαηε ἐιειύθεηε

ιειύθᾱζη ἐιειύθεζαλ

βέβεθα ἐβεβήθεα (ἐβεβήθε)

βέβεθαο ἐβεβήθεαο (ἐβεβήθεο)

βέβεθε(λ) ἐβεβήθεε (ἐβεβήθεη)

βέβαηνλ ἐβέβαηνλ

βέβαηνλ ἐβεβάηελ

βέβακελ ἐβέβακελ

βέβαηε ἐβέβαηε

βέβᾱζη ἐβέβαζαλ

183 Paradigms γέρων and αἴξ

γέξσλ αἴμ

γέξνληνο αἰγόο

γέξνληη αἰγί

γέξνληα αἶγα

γέξνλ αἴμ

γέξνληε αἶγε

γεξόληνηηλ αἴγνηηλ

γέξνληεο αἶγεο

γεξόλησλ αἰγῶλ

γεξόληεζ(ζ)η (γέξνπζη) αἴγεζ(ζ)η (αἰμί)

γέξνληαο αἶγαο

184 Vocabulary

ἀγνξή ῆο ἡ assembly meeting place gathering harrangue

αἴμ αἰγόο ὁ ἡ goat

Ἄξγνο ενο ηό Argos (both a country and a city in Greece)

γέξσλ νληνο ὁ old man

γῆξαο ανο ηό old age

ἱεξεύο ῆνο ὁ priest holy man

κεξίνλ νπ ηό thigh-bone thigh-piece

πνύο πνδόο ὁ foot

ηαῦξνο νπ ὁ bull

θξήλ θξελόο ἡ diaphragm mind heart soul spirit disposition

δέθαηνο ε νλ tenth

ἡκέηεξνο ε νλ our ours

θνῖινο ε νλ hollow

ὠθύο ὠθεῖα ὠθύ swift speedy

ζλήζθσ die perish

ζαλένκαη

ἔζαλνλ

ηέζλεθα

θεύγσ flee fly escape run (off away along)

θεύμνκαη

ἔθπγνλ

πέθεπγα

52 Inflection of Verbs

As with other inflected forms verbs consist of the stem and the ending (or suffix) Frequently more than one

ending is applied to a verb stem in order to indicate relationships such as mood tense voice person and number

Greek verb forms fall into two categories finite (indicative subjunctive optative imperative) and infinite

(infinitive participle) The finite forms of the verb include personal endings (1st person 2

nd person etc) augment

(prefixes used to indicate historic time) and reduplication (doubling of the first syllable of the word) as well as

endings representing tense mood voice etc Collectively these prefixes suffixes and modifications are called the

characteristics of the verb

The infinite forms of the verb are used as nouns or adjectives The participle is a verbal adjective and is used as

other adjectives It corresponds roughly to English verbs ending in -ing such as ldquothe running horserdquo or ldquowalking is

healthyrdquo The infinitive is a verbal noun and corresponds roughly to verbs preceded by the preposition ldquotordquo in

English ldquoit is good to runrdquo ldquohe wanted to walkrdquo

53 Thematic and Athematic Forms

Greek verbs fall into two primary conjugations -σ (or thematic) verbs which end in -σ in the first person

singular (present active indicative) and -κη (or athematic) verbs which end in -κη in the first person singular

(present active indicative)

In thematic verbs the stem ends in either -ν or -ε (which are called the theme) and the various suffixes are

applied to after the thematic vowel For example ιύεηε consists of ιῡ- the thematic vowel -ε- and the personal

ending -ηε Combined they form the word ιύ-ε-ηε ye loose The thematic vowel is -o- when it occurs before κ λ or

when used in the optative mood otherwise the thematic vowel is -ε- In the subjunctive mood the thematic vowel is

lengthened to -ε- (for -ε-) or -σ- (for -o-)

In athematic verbs the theme is omitted and the suffixes are applied directly to the stem of the verb Many

verbs which are regularly thematic also have corresponding athematic forms Strictly speaking no Greek verb is

entirely thematic or athematic each verb has both thematic and athematic forms

In general verb forms that are thematic include all futures all presents and imperfects of -σ verbs all second

aorists having the thematic vowel (ending in -νλ in the first person singular) and all subjunctives The verb forms

that are athematic include the presents and imperfects of -κη verbs all passive aorists (except in the subjunctive) all

middle and passive perfects and pluperfects all second aorists whose tense stem does not end in the thematic vowel

a few verbs in the second perfect and pluperfect active all first aorists active and middle and most perfects and

pluperfects active

In athematic inflections the singular is usually built on a long vowel and the duals and plurals are usually built

on the corresponding short vowel

54 Conjugation of the Present Active Indicative of -ω Verbs

The verb ιύσ (ldquoI looserdquo) is typically used as an example of the conjugation of -σ verbs The following

paradigm covers the present tense indicative mood and active voice of ιύσ (Note that there is no first person dual)

Singular 1st Person ιύσ I loose

2nd

Person ιύεηο you loose

3rd

Person ιύεη he she it looses

Dual 2nd

Person ιύεηνλ you two (or the pair of you) loose

3rd

Person ιύεηνλ they two (or the pair of them) loose

Plural 1st Person ιύνκελ we loose

2nd

Person ιύεηε you (or ye) loose

3rd

Person ιύνπζη(λ) they loose

55 Vocabulary

ἀείδσ sing sing of hymn chant

ἀλ- (prefix ἀ- before consonants) not un- dis- -less without

ἁλδάλσ (to) please (used with the dative)

ἀηῑκάδσ dishonor slight insult

βαίλσ come go walk

εἰο ἐο (adv and prep + acc) into until therein

ἔρσ have hold keep

θαίσ burn consume

ιύσ loose free break up destroy

ὀιέθσ kill destroy ruin

πέκπσ send escort conduct

ηειείσ accomplish fulfill complete

ηεύρσ make do fashion perform cause prepare

θέξσ bear carry bring

56 Derivatives

ἀείδσ (aed-) = ode odium melody palinode

ἀλ- (a- an-) = atheist anarchy

θαίσ (cae-) = caustic cauterize holocaust

ιύσ (ly-) = analysis

πέκπσ (pemp-) = pomp

ηειείσ (tele-) = teleology

θέξσ (pher-) = periphery phosphorus

57 Translation

1 ἀείδνκελ βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεάσλ (ᾱ) πνιιάσλ (ᾱ) 2 θιαγγὴ δεηλὴ θαθῆο ζαιάζζεο νὐρ ἁλδάλεη ςῡρῇ ζεᾶο 3 ηίο

ἀηῑκάδεη θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) ζεάο (ᾱ) 4 νὐρ ἀηῑκάδνκελ πάηξελ θίιε γάξ ἐζηηλ 5 βαίλνπζηλ ἐθ Κίιιεο εἰο Υξύζελ (ῡ) 6

θαίνπζη ππξὰο (ᾱ) πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἐλ Υξύζῃ (ῡ) ἐπὶ ζαιάζζῃ 7 ἔρνκελ πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) βνπιάο (ᾱ) 8 θαίεηε

ππξὰο (ᾱ) ἐλ πάηξῃ 9 ιύεηνλ ιύεηο ιύνκελ ιύνπζηλ ιύεηε 10 ὀιέθνκελ ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θαθὰο (ᾱ) ἐλ

πάηξῃ θίιῃ 11 ηίο πέκπεη ζεὰο (ᾱ) ἐο Υξύζελ (ῡ) 12 ηειείεηε βνπιὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) πάηξῃ θίιῃ 13 ηειείνκελ

βνπιὴλ θίιεο ζεᾶο 14 ηεύρνκελ ππξήλ 15 ηί θέξεηε ηί θέξνπζηλ

(2) ἁλδάλεη ςῡρῇhellip The object of the verb ἁλδάλσ takes the dative case In general the English can be

translated with the addition of the word ldquotordquo thus νὐθ ἁλδάλεη ςῡρῇ is ldquois not pleasing to the soulrdquo or ldquodoes

not please the soulrdquo

(5) The word εἰο can either be translated ldquotordquo or ldquointordquo

(6) ἐπὶ ζαιάζζῃ is a title for Chrysa thus Υξύζε (ῡ) ἐπὶ ζαιάζζῃ is ldquoChrysa upon the seardquo or ldquoChrysa by

the seardquo

(8) The word πάηξε refers to the person addressed and so is more appropriately translated ldquonative landrdquo

(the more familiar ldquofatherlandrdquo would typically apply only to the person speaking) Note that the possessive

is implied by using the 2nd

person of the verb thus ldquohellipin (your) native landrdquo

(9) ιύεηνλ can be either 2nd

or 3rd

person

(10) As with many Homeric words the best translation depends on the context Here the word ὀιέθσ

occurs in a military context (the Iliad) and so probably refers to killing enemies θαθή probably refers to

cowardice But the passage could be rendered in many ways such as ldquoWe ruin many wicked soulshelliprdquo or

ldquoWe kill many cowardly soulshelliprdquo etc

(11) Note the alternate form of εἰο As with many common prepositions Homer offers different forms to fit

the rhythmic structure of the poem εἰο is a single long syllable while ἐο can be either long or short

depending on the following word In like manner ἐλ is either long or short ἐλί is two short syllables and

εἰλ is a single long syllable

(12) The dative without a preposition is here translated with ldquoforhelliprdquo I also rendered βνπιαί θαιαί as

ldquonoble thingsrdquo in this context although it could also be translated ldquogood plansrdquo ldquobrave plansrdquo etc

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 We sing the plans of many goddesses 2 The terrible roar of the evil sea was not pleasing to the soul of the

goddess 3 Who dishonors the noble goddesses 4 We do not dishonor (our) fatherland for it is dear 5 They go

from Cilla to Chrysa 6 Do they burn many funeral pyres in Chrysa by the sea 7 We have many fair plans 8 Do

you burn pyres in (your) native land 9 You two loose you loose we loose they loose you loose 10 We destroy

many wicked souls in (our) dear fatherland 11 Who escorts the goddess into Chrysa 12 You accomplish noble

things for (our) dear fatherland 13 We fulfill the will of the beloved goddess

58 Composition Exercises

1 Who is singing the evil plans of the fair goddess 2 The roar of the sea is pleasing to the soul of the goddess

in Cilla 3 We do not dishonor the goddesses of (our) dear fatherland 4 Are you going from Chrysa to Cilla by the

sea 5 The two goddesses come from the sea into Cilla 6 They are burning two funeral pyres in (their) fatherland

7 They have many fair plans 8 We loose you loose they (two) loose he is loosing 9 The goddess destroys many

wicked souls 10 We escort the goddess into (our) dear fatherland 11 They accomplish the will of (their)

fatherland 12 He is making a funeral pyre 13 What does he bring

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 ηίο ἀείδεη θαθὰο (ᾱ) βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεᾶο θᾱιῆο 2 θιαγγὴ ζαιάζζεο ἁλδάλεη ςῡρῇ ζεᾶο ἐλ Κίιιῃ 3 νὐθ

ἀηῑκάδνκελ ζεὰλ (ᾱ) θίιεο πάηξεο 4 βαίλεηο ἐθ Υξύζεο (ῡ) εἰο Κίιιελ ἐπὶ ζαιάζζῃ 5 ζεὰ (ᾱ) βαίλνπζηλ ἐθ

ζαιάζζεο εἰο Κίιιελ 6 θαίνπζη πύξᾱ ἐλ πάηξῃ 7 ἔρνπζη πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) βνπιάο (ᾱ) 8 ιύνκελ ιύεηο

ιύεηνλ ιύεη 9 ζεὰ (ᾱ) ὀιέθεη πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θαθὰο (ᾱ) ςῡράο (ᾱ) 10 θέξνκελ ζεὰλ (ᾱ) εἰο θίιελ πάηξελ 11

ηειείνπζη βνπιὴλ πάηξεο 12 ηεύρεη πύξελ 13 ηί θέξεη

Lesson 6

(678-679 717-721 1025 cf 575 996 1009)

61 Second Declension Masculines

Second declension nouns have stems ending in -o Masculine nouns of the second declension are inflected like

ζῡκόο (spirit life soul) and πνιεκόο (war) Second declension adjectives are inflected like θαθόο (evil)

Sigular Dual Plural

N ζῡκόο ζῡκώ ζῡκνί

G ζῡκνῦ νῖν [όν] ζῡκνῖηλ ζῡκῶλ

D ζῡκῷ ζῡκνῖηλ ζῡκνῖζη νῖο

A ζῡκόλ ζῡκώ ζῡκνύο

V ζῡκέ ζῡκώ ζῡκνί

Sigular Dual Plural

N θαθὸο πόιεκνο θαθὼ πνιέκσ θαθνὶ πόιεκνη

G θαθνῦ νῖν [όν] πνιέκνπ νην [νν] θαθνῖηλ πνιέκνηηλ θαθῶλ πνιέκσλ

D θαθῷ πνιέκῳ θαθνῖλ πνιέκνηηλ θαθνῖο πνιέκνηο

A θαθὸλ πόιεκνλ θαθὼ πνιέκσ θαθνὺο πνιέκνπο

V θαθὲ πόιεκε θαθὼ πνιέκσ θαθνὶ πνιεκνί

62 Second Declension Neuters

Second declension neuters end in -νλ in the nominative vocative and accusative singlular and -ᾰ in the

nominative vocative and accusative plural They are identical to second declension masculines in the genitive and

dative as well as all cases of the dual Second declension neuters nouns are declined like ἔξγνλ (deed) and second

declension neuter adjectives are declined like θᾱιόλ (noble)

Sigular Dual Plural

N θᾱιὸλ ἔξγνλ θᾱιὼ ἔξγσ θᾱιὰ ἔξγα

G θᾱινῦ νῖν [όν] ἔξγνπ νην [νν] θᾱινῖηλ ἔξγνηηλ θᾱιῶλ ἔξγσλ

D θᾱιῷ ἔξγῳ θᾱινῖηλ ἔξγνηηλ θᾱινῖο ἔξγνηο

A θᾱιὸλ ἔξγνλ θᾱιὼ ἔξγσ θᾱινὺο ἔξγνπο

V θᾱιὸλ ἔξγνλ θᾱιὼ ἔξγσ θᾱιὰ ἔξγα

63 Second Declension Feminines

A few second declension nouns are feminine These are declined exactly the same as the masculine form the

only difference being that all adjectives and modifiers take their respective feminine forms Thus θαθὸο ζῡκόο = the

evil spirit and θαθὸλ ἔξγνλ = the evil deed but θαθὴ λνῦζνο = the evil plague

Sigular Dual Plural

N θαθὴ λνῦζνο θαθὰ (ᾱ) λνύζσ θαθαὶ λνῦζνη

G θαθῆο λνύζνπ νην [νν] θαθῇηλ λνύζνηηλ θαθάσλ [έσλ ῶλ] λνύζσλ

D θαθῇ λνύζῳ θαθῇηλ λνύζνηηλ θαθῇζη ῇο λνύζνηζη νηο

A θαθὴλ λνῦζνλ θαθὰ (ᾱ) λνύζσ θαθὰο (ᾱ) λνύζνπο

V θαθὴ λνῦζε θαθὰ (ᾱ) λνύζσ θαθαὶ λνῦζνη

64 Adjectives

Adjectives always agree in case number and gender with the nouns they modify

Adjectives fall into three declensions just like nouns However adjectives frequently have masculine feminine

and neuter forms whereas nouns typically fall into a single gender The adjective θαθόο for example has three

forms θαθόο (masculine) θαθή (femine) and θαθόλ (neuter) Adjectives are usually listed in dictionary entries in

the nominative masculine singular followed by the femine and neuter singular endings θαθόο ή όλ

Adjectives are usually grouped into one of four categories 1) First and Second Declension Adjectives whose

forms usually represent the first declension when feminine and the second declension when masculine or neuter 2)

Second Declension Adjectives which usually have a single second declension form that serves as both masculine

and feminine as well as a second declension neuter form 3) First and Third Declension Adjectives whose

masculine and neuter forms are of the third declension but whose feminine form falls under the first declension and

4) Third Declension Adjectives which have a single third declension form for both masculine and feminine and a

third declension neuter form

First and Second Declension Adjectives have the nominative singular endings -νο (masculine) -ε (feminine)

and -νλ (neuter) Of these θᾱιόο (beautiful noble) and θίινο (dear lovely beloved) are good examples

Singular

Masc Fem Neut

N θᾱιόο θᾱιή θᾱιόλ θᾱιή θᾱιόλ

G θᾱινῦ νῖν [όν] θᾱιῆο θᾱινῦ νῖν [όν]

D θᾱιῷ θᾱιῇ θᾱιῷ

A θᾱιόλ θᾱιήλ θᾱιόλ

V θᾱιέ θᾱιή θᾱιόλ

Dual

N A V θᾱιώ θᾱιά (ᾱ) θᾱιώ

G D θᾱινῖηλ θᾱιῇηλ θᾱινῖηλ

Plural

N θᾱινί θᾱιαί θᾱιά

G θᾱιῶλ θᾱιάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] θᾱιῶλ

D θᾱινῖζη νῖο θᾱιῇζη ῇο θᾱινῖζη νῖο

A θᾱινύο θᾱιάο (ᾱ) θᾱιά

Singular

Masc Fem Neut

N θίινο θίιε θίινλ

G θίινπ νην [νν] θίιεο θίινπ νην [νν]

D θίιῳ θίιῃ θίιῳ

A θίινλ θίιελ θίινλ

V

Dual

N A V θίισ θίιᾱ θίισ

G D θίινηηλ θίιῃηλ θίινηηλ

Plural

N θίινη θίιαη θίια

G θίισλ θηιάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] θίισλ

D θίινηζη νηο θίιῃζη ῃο θίινηζη νηο

A θίινπο θίιᾱο θίια

V θίινη θίιαη θίια

65 Vocabulary

ἀγιαόο ή όλ bright shining splendid glorious

ἀλά ἄλ (adv prep + gen dat acc) upon on thereon along up through

ἀπεξείζηνο ε νλ boundless countless immeasureable

ἄπνηλα σλ ηά ransom

Ἀραηόο νῦ ὁ Achaean

δεηλόο ή όλ terrible awful dreadful dread fearful

ἑιώξηνλ νπ ηό booty spoils prey

ζεόο νῦ ὁ god divinity

ζῡκόο νῦ ὁ heart soul spirit courage passion

θαθόο ή όλ bad poor ugly mean cowardly evil wicked

θᾱιόο ή όλ good goodly noble handsome brave fair beautiful

ιᾱόο νῦ ὁ people host soldiery

κῡξίνη αη α countless innumerable

λνῦζνο νπ ἡ plague disease pest pestilence

νἰσλόο νῦ ὁ bird (of prey) vulture omen

πνιιόο ή όλ much many numerous

ζηξαηόο νῦ ὁ army encampment host

θίινο ε νλ dear darling lovely beloved

66 Derivatives

ἀλά (ana-) = anatomy

ἄπνηλα (apen-) = pentalty

ζεόο (theo-) = theology theocracy atheism polytheism monotheism henotheism pantheism

ιᾱόο (lao-) = laity layman

ζηξαηόο (strato-) = strategy strategic strategical

67 Translation Exercises

1 ἀγιαὰ ἄπνηλα θέξνπζηλ Ἀραηνὶ εἰο ζηξαηόλ 2 θέξνκελ ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 3 ζεὸο ηεύρεη

πνιινὺο Ἀραηνὺο ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζηλ 4 ἦζαλ Ἀραηνὶ θαθνί 5 νὐθ ἦζαλ θαθνί θᾱινὶ δέ λνῦζνο θαθὴ ὀιέθεη ιᾱὸλ

θᾱιόλ 6 Ἀραηνὶ πέκπνπζηλ ἄπνηλα κῡξίrsquo εἰο πάηξελ 7 ζεὸο βαίλεη ἐο ζηξαηόλ ὀιέθεη δὲ ιᾱὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 8 ηίο

ἀηῑκάδεη ζενὺο θᾱινύο 9 θαθνὶ ιᾱνὶ ἀηῑκάδνπζη ζενὺο πάηξεο 10 ζεὸο πέκπεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ

Ἀραηῶλ νὐ γὰξ ηειείνπζη βνπιὴλ ζεῶλ πάηξεο 11 βαίλεη ἐπὶ ζάιαζζαλ δεηλὴλ θαὶ ηεύρεη ππξὰο (ᾱ) πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἀλὰ

ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 12 ἔρνπζηλ ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα Ἀραηῶλ ἐλὶ ζηξαηῷ 13 βνπιὴ ζηξαηνῦ νὐρ ἁλδάλεη ζῡκῷ ζενῦ 14

ιᾱὸο Κίιιεο θίινο ἦλ ςῡρῇ ζεᾶο ζαιάζζεο 15 νὐθ ἀείδνκελ θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεῶλ ζηξαηῷ νὐ γὰξ ἁλδάλεη

Ἀραηνῖζη ζῡκῷ

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 The Achaeans bring countless splendid ransmoms into the camp 2 We carry boundless ransoms up through

the camp of the Achaeans 3 The god makes many Achaens spoils for the birds 4 Were the Achaeans evil 5 They

were not evil but good An evil pestilence destroyed the good host 6 The Achaeans send countless ransoms into

(their) fatherland 7 The god walks into the camp and destroys the host of the Achaeans 8 Who dishonors the noble

gods 9 The evil host dishonors the gods of (our) fatherlans 10 The god sends an evil plague up through the camp

of the Achaeans for they do not fulfill the will of the gods of (their) native country 11 He walks along the sea and

builds many funeral pyres throughout the camp of the Achaeans 12 They have boundless ransoms of the Achaeans

in the camp 13 The armyrsquos plan is not pleasing to the heart of the god 14 The host of Cilla was dear to the soul of

the goddess of the sea 15 We do not sing the brave plan of the goods of the camp for (that) is not pleasing to the

heart of the Achaeans

68 Composition Exercises

1 The terrible roar of the sea is pleasing to the goddess in (her) soul 2 We bring many splendid ransoms to the

army of the Achaeans 3 The god does not destroy the host of the Achaeans for they do not dishonor the gods of

(their) fatherland 4 The evil plague makes countless Achaeans a booty (use plural) for many birds 5 The people of

the Achaeans send countless shining ransoms to the goddess of the sea in Cilla 6 The Achaeans go to the sea and

sing but the noise is not pleasing to the goddess in (her) soul 7 The plague destroys the people for they dishonor

the god of Chrysa

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 θιαγγὴ δεηλὴ ἁλδάλεη ζεᾷ ςῡρῇ 2 θέξνκελ ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀγιαὰ ἐο ζηξαηῷ Ἀραηῶλ 3 ζεὸο νὐθ ὀιέθεη

ιᾱὸλ Ἀραηῶλ νὐ γὰξ ἀηῑκάδνπζη ζενὺο πάηξεο 4 θαθὴ λνῦζνο ηεύρεη κῡξίνπο Ἀραηνὺο ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζη πνιινῖζηλ

5 ιᾱὸο Ἀραηῶλ πέκπνπζη κῡξίrsquo ἄπνηλα ἀγιαὰ ζεᾷ ζαιάζζεο ἐλὶ Κίιιᾳ 6 Ἀραηνὶ βαίλνπζηλ εἰο ζάιαζζαλ θαὶ

ἀείδνπζηλ θιαγγὴ δὲ νὐρ ἁλδάλεη ζεᾷ ςῡρῇ 7 λνῦζνο ὀιέθεη ιᾱόλ ἀηῑκάδνπζη γὰξ ζεὸλ Υξύζεο (ῡ)

Lesson 7

Review

71 Review Vocabulary

ἀγιαόο ή όλ splendid ζῡκόο νῦ ὁ heart

ἀείδσ sing θαί and

ἀλ- ἀ- un- θαίσ burn

ἁλδάλσ is pleasing to θαθόο ή όλ evil

ἀπεξείζηνο ε νλ immeasurable θᾱιόο ή όλ good

ἄπνηλα σλ ηά ransom Κίιια εο ἡ Cilla

ἀηῑκάδσ dishonor θιαγγή ῆο ἡ roar

Ἀραηόο νῦ ὁ Achaean ιᾱόο νῦ ὁ host

βαίλσ go walk ιύσ loose

βνπιή ῆο ἡ plan κῡξίνη αη α countless

γάξ for λνῦζνο νπ ἡ plague

δέ but νἰσλόο νῦ ὁ bird

δεηλόο ή όλ terrible ὀιέθσ kill

εἰο (ἐο) into νὐ (νὐρ) not

εἰζί they are πάηξε εο ἡ fatherland

ἐθ (ἐμ) out of πέκπσ send

ἑιώξηνλ νπ ηό spoil πνιιόο ή όλ many

ἐλ(ί) εἰλ in ππξή ῆο ἡ funeral pyre

ἐπί upon ζηξαηόο νῦ ὁ army

ἐζηί it is ηειείσ accomplish

ἔρσ have ηεύρσ make

ἦλ it was ηίο ηί who what

ἦζαλ they were θέξσ carry

ζάιαζζα εο ἡ sea θίινο ε νλ beloved

ζεά (ᾱ) ᾶο ἡ goddess Υξύζε (ῡ) εο ἡ Chrysa

ςῡρή ῆο ἡ soul

72 Translation Exercises

1 ἀδείδνκελ ζεὰλ (ᾱ) ζαιάζζεο δεηλῆο θιαγγῇ πνιιῇ 2 νὐθ ἀηῑκάδνπζη ζενὺο 3 βνπιαὶ Ἀραηῶλ νὐρ

ἁλδάλνπζη ζεᾳ θᾱιῇ ζῡκῷ 4 βαίλεη ἐθ ζηξαηνῦ Ἀραηῶλ εἰο Κίιιαλ θαὶ θέξεη ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα ζεῷ 5 λνῦζνο θαθὴ

βαίλεη ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ θαὶ ηεύρεη πνιινὺο Ἀραηνὺο ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζηλ 6 θαὶ ζενὶ θαὶ ζεαὶ ὀιέθνπζη ιᾱὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 7 ηίο

Ἀραηῶλ ἔρεη ζῡκὸλ θαθόλ 8 ἦζαλ πνιιαὶ ζεαὶ ἐλὶ ζαιάζζῃ 9 θαίεη ππξὰο (ᾱ) ἐπὶ ζαιάζζῃ 10 ιύεηε ζηξαηὸλ

Ἀραηῶλ 11 πάηξε ἐζηὶ θίιε ςῡρῇ κῡξίσλ Ἀραηῶλ 12 ηίο πέκπεη ζηξαηὸλ ἐθ Κίιιεο εἰο Υξύζελ (ῡ) 13 βνπιὴ

θαθὴ ἐζηηλ ἁλδάλεη δὲ ζεᾷ ζῡκῷ 14 ηί ἀείδεηε

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 With a great noise we hymn the goodess of the terrible sea 2 We do not dishonor the gods 3 The will of the

Achaeans does not please the heart of the beautiful goddess 4 He goes from the Achaean camp to Cilla and delivers

countless ransoms to the god 5 An evil plague goes up through the camp and makes many Achaeans spoils for the

vultures 6 Both gods and goddesses destroy the host of the Achaeans 7 Who of the Achaeans has an evil heart 8

Were there many goddesses in the sea 9 He burns funeral pyres by the sea 10 You destroy the camp of the

Achaeans 11 The fatherland is dear to the soul of countless Achaeans 12 Who dispatches the army from Cilla to

Chrysa 13 It is an evil plan but it pleases the heart of the goddess 14 What do you sing

73 Composition Exercises

1 The Achaeans sing the beautiful goddess of the terrible sea 2 We do not dishonor the gods for they are dear

to (our) souls 3 The plans of the army are pleasing to the goddess in (her) noble soul 4 Many Achaeans are going

from the encampment and are bringing countless glorious ransoms to the gods 5 The evil plague destroys the

people and makes the army a booty for countless birds 6 We do not sing for it is not pleasing to the soul of the

goddess

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 Ἀραηνὶ ἀείδνπζη ζεὰλ (ᾱ) θᾱιὴλ δεηλῆο ζαιάζζεο 2 νὐθ ἀηῑκάδνκελ ζενὺο θίινη δὲ ζῡκνῖζηλ 3 βνπιαὶ

ζηξαηῷ ἁλδάλνπζη ζεᾷ ζῡκῷ 4 Ἀραηνὶ πνιινὶ βαίλνπζηλ ἐθ ζηξαηνῦ θαὶ θέξνπζηλ ἄπνηλα ἀπεξείζηα θαὶ ἀγιαὰ

ζενῖζηλ 5 θαθὴ λνῦζνο ὀιέθεη ιᾱὸλ θαὶ ηεύρεη ζηξαηὸλ ἄπνηλα νἰσλνῖζηλ ἀπεξείζηνῐζηλ 6 νὐθ ἀείδνκελ νὐθ γὰξ

ἁλδάλεη ςῡρῇ ζεᾶο

Lesson 8

(765-766 773-774)

81 The Second Declension (Continued)

Several words are declined like θᾱιόο ή όλ except that the nominative vocative and accusative singular of

the neuter ends in -o instead of -νλ Some of these words include ὅο ἥ ὅ (which) ὁ ἡ ηό (that) (ἐ)θεῖλνο ε ν

(that) αὐηόο ή ό (he she it) and ἄιινο ε ν (another)

The words ὅδε and νὗηνο are not introduced in this lesson but they are dleclined similarly and so are included

in the paradigms as reference

ὁ ἡ ηό (that hesheit whowhichwhat)

Masc Fem Neut

N ὁ ἡ ηό

G ηνῦ ηνῖν ηῆο ηνῦ ηνῖν

D ηῷ ηῇ ηῷ

A ηόλ ηήλ ηό

N A ηώ (ηώ) ηώ

G D ηνῖηλ (ηνῖηλ) ηνῖηλ

N νἱ αἱ ηά

G ηῶλ ηάσλ (ᾱ) [ηῶλ] ηῶλ

D ηνῖζη ηνῖο ηῇζη ηῇο ηνῖζη ηνῖο

A ηνύο ηάο (ᾱ) ηά

αὐηόο ή ό (hesheit self same)

Masc Fem Neut

N αὐηόο αὐηή αὐηό

G αὐηνῦ νῖν αὐηῆο αὐηνῦ νῖν

D αὐηῷ αὐηῇ αὐηῷ

A αὐηόλ αὐηήλ αὐηό

N A αὐηώ (αὐηώ) αὐηώ

G D αὐηνῖηλ (αὐηνῖηλ) αὐηνῖηλ

N αὐηνί αὐηαί αὐηά

G αὐηῶλ αὐηάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] αὐηῶλ

D αὐηνῖζη νῖο αὐηῇζη ῇο αὐηνῖζη νῖο

A αὐηνύο αὐηάο (ᾱ) αὐηά

ὅο ἥ ὅ (whowhichwhat)

Masc Fem Neut

N ὅο ἥ ὅ

G νὖ [ὅνπ ὅν] ἥο νὗ [ὅνπ ὅν]

D ᾧ ᾗ ᾧ

A ὅλ ἥλ ὅ

N A ὥ (ὥ) ὥ

G D νἷηλ (νἷηλ) νἶηλ

N νἵ αἵ ἅ

G ὧλ ὧλ ὧλ

D νἷζη νἷο ᾗζη ᾗο νἷζη νἷο

A νὕο ἅο (ᾱ) ἅ

(ἐ)θεῖλνο ε ν (that)

Masc Fem Neut

N (ἐ)θεῖλνο (ἐ)θείλε (ἐ)θεῖλν

G (ἐ)θείλνπ νην (ἐ)θείλεο (ἐ)θείλνπ νην

D (ἐ)θείλῳ (ἐ)θείλῃ (ἐ)θείλῳ

A (ἐ)θεῖλνλ (ἐ)θείλελ (ἐ)θεῖλν

N A (ἐ)θείλσ ((ἐ)θείλσ) (ἐ)θείλσ

G D (ἐ)θείλνηηλ ((ἐ)θείλνηηλ) (ἐ)θείλνηηλ

N (ἐ)θεῖλνη (ἐ)θεῖλαη (ἐ)θεῖλα

G (ἐ)θείλσλ (ἐ)θεηλάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] (ἐ)θείλσλ

D (ἐ)θείλνηζη νηο (ἐ)θείλῃζη ῃο (ἐ)θείλνηζη νηο

A (ἐ)θείλνπο (ἐ)θείλᾱο (ἐ)θεῖλα

ὅδε ἥδε ηόδε (this)

Masc Fem Neut

N ὅδε ἥδε ηόδε

G ηνύδε ηνῖνδε ηῆζδε ηνύδε ηνῖνδε

D ηῷδε ηῇδε ηῷδε

A ηόλδε ηήλδε ηόδε

N A ηώδε (ηώδε) ηώδε

G D ηνῖηλδε (ηνῖηλδε) ηνῖηλδε

N νἵδε (ηνίδε) αἵδε (ηαίδε) ηάδε

G ηῶλδε ηάσλδε (ᾱ) [ηῶλδε] ηῶλδε

D ηνῖζηδε ηνῖζδε ηῇζηδε ηῇζδε ηνῖζηδε ηνῖζδε

ηνίζδεζη ηνίζδεζη

ηνίζδεζζη ηνίζδεζζη

A ηνύζδε ηάζδε (ᾱ) ηάδε

νὗηνο αὕηε ηνῦην (this)

Masc Fem Neut

N νὗηνο αὕηε ηνῦην

G ηνύηνπ νην ηαύηεο ηνύηνπ νην

D ηνύηῳ ηαύηῃ ηνύηῳ

A ηνῦηνλ ηαύηελ ηνῦην

N A ηνύησ (ηνύησ) ηνύησ

G D ηνύηνηηλ (ηνύηνηηλ) ηνύηνηηλ

N νὗηνη αὗηαη ηαῦηα

G ηνύησλ ηαῡηάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] ηνύησλ

D ηνύηνηζη νηο ηαύηῃζη ῃο ηνύηνηζη νηο

A ηνύηνπο ηαύηᾱο ηαῦηα

82 Vocabulary

ἀιιά but moreover

ἄιινο ε νλ other another

αὐηόο ή ό self him himself her herself it itself same

δῖνο α νλ (declined like ζάιαζζα) divine heavenly glorious

(ἐ)θεῖλνο ε ν that (one) he she it

ἑθεβόινο νπ ὁ free-shooter sharpshooter (originally shoots-at-will a title for Apollo)

θαθῶο evilly wickedly harshly with evil consequences

ὁ ἡ ηό this that he she it who which what

νὕλεθα (νὗ-ἔλεθα) because

ζθῆπηξνλ νπ ηό scepter staff

ηέ and also both

ρξύζενο (ῡ) ε νλ gold golden of gold

83 Derivatives

ἄιινο (allo-) = allopathy

αὐηόο (auto-) = automaton autocracy autograph autonomy

ρξύζενο (ῡ) (chryse-) = chrysanthemum chrysalis chrysolite

84 Translation Excersis

1 δῖνο ἑθεβόινο αὐηὸο ἀείδεη ἀιιrsquo νὐρ ἁλδάλεη ἄιινηζη ζενῖζη ζῡκῷ 2 θεῖλνη Ἀραηνὶ ἀηῑκάδνπζη ηνὺο ζενύο

3 ὁ ἑθεβόινο πέκπεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ θαθῶο ὀιέθεη θεῖλνλ ιᾱόλ νὕλεθα ηὸλ ἀηῑκάδνπζηλ 4

νὐθ ἀηῑκάδνκελ ηνὺο ζενύο νἳ ἔρνπζη ζθῆπηξα ρξύζεα (ῡ) 5 ὁ ἑθεβόινο ηε θαὶ νἱ ἄιινη ζενὶ θέξνπζη ρξύζεα (ῡ)

ζθῆπηξα θᾱιά 6 ηίο ηεύρεη ηὰ ζθῆπηξα ρξύζεα (ῡ) ηνῖζη ζενῖο ζαιάζζεο 7 ἀείδεη ἑθεβόινο αὐηὸο βνπιὰο (ᾱ)

ἄιισλ ζεῶλ ηνῖζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ 8 εἰζὶλ νἱ Ἀραηνὶ θᾱινί νἱ ὀιέθνπζη ηὸλ ζηξαηὸλ θαίνπζί ηε ηὰο (ᾱ) ππξάο (ᾱ) 9 ἡ

ζεὰ (ᾱ) ηῆο δεηλῆο ζαιάζζεο ἔρεη ηὸ ζθῆηξνλ ρξύζενλ (ῡ) 10 ἐλὶ ηῇ πάηξε εἰζὶλ αἱ ππξαί 11 ηίο ηεύρεη ηὸλ

ζηξαηὸλ ἑιώξηα ηνῖζηλ νἰσλνῖζηλ

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 The divine free-shooter himself sings but it does not please the hearts of the other gods 2 Those Achaeans

dishonor these gods 3 This free-shooter sends an evil plague up through the camp of the Achaeans and wickedly

destroys that host because they dishonor him 4 We do not dishonor these gods who hold the golden scepters 5

Both this free-shooter and these other gods carry beautiful golden scepters 6 Who fashions the golden scepters for

these gods of the sea 7 Does the free-shooter himself sing the plans of the other gods to these Achaeans 8 Are

these Achaeans noble who destroy (our) camp and burn funeral pyres 9 This goddess of the terrible sea holds a

golden scepter 10 The funeral pyrers are in (our) fatherland 11 Who makes (our) camp a spoil for these vultures

85 Composition Exercises

1 ἑθεβόινο αὐηὸο ἀείδεη ηὰο (ᾱ) βνπιὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) ζεῶλ 2 ηί νὐρ ἁλδάλεη ηνῖο ἄιινηζη ζενῖζηλ νἳ ἐλὶ

ζαιάζζῃ 3 ἐθεῖλνο Ἀραηὸο ἀηῑκάδεη ηνὺο ζενὺο πάηξεο νἱ ἔρνπζη ηὰ ζθῆπηξα ρξύζεα (ῡ) 4 ὁ ἑθεβόινο πέκπεη

λνύζνπο πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θαθὰο (ᾱ) ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ ὀιέθεη κῡξίνπο ιᾱνύο νὕλεθα ηὸλ ἀηῑκάδνπζηλ 5 ηίο

θαίεη ηὰο (ᾱ) ππξὰο (ᾱ) Ἀραηῶλ ἐπὶ δεηλῇ ζαιάζζῃ 6 ὁ ἑθεβόινο ηεύρεη κῡξίνπο Ἀραίνπο ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζηλ νὕλεθα

ηὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) ζεὰο (ᾱ) ζαιάζζεο ἀηῑκάδνπζηλ

Lesson 9

(830-840 904)

91 The Verbal Augment

Greek verbs frequently add a prefix to a verb (in the secondary tenses of the idicative) to indicate action

occurring in the past This prefix is called an augment Verbal augments take one of two forms the syllabic

augment which consists of adding an extra syllable to the beginning of a word and the temporal augment which

consists of lengthening the first syllable of a word While the augment is consistently applied in later dialects of

Greek it was still optional in Homeric and is often omitted (the tense being determined solely from the suffixes)

The syllabic augment is applied to verbs that begin with a consonant (or rare verbs that originally began with a

consonant) and consists of the prefix ε- Thus ιύνκελ = we loose (present tense) but ἐιύνκελ = we were loosing

(past tense) Some Greek words originally began with a ϝ or an ζ that later disappeared (usually replace with the

rough breathing) In those cases the augment is sometimes syllabic reflecting the earlier practice The word ἁλδάλσ

for example was originally ζϝαλδάλσ (swandano) The original augmented form of the imperfect was ἐζϝάλδαλνλ

(eswandano) When the ζϝ- was dropped the syllabic augment was retained ἑάλδαλνλ (heandano)

When a verb has lost an initial ζ the syllabic augment frequently contracts with the initial vowel For example

the word ἔρσ was originally ζέρσ The original augmented imperfect was ἔζερνλ When the initial ζ disappeared

the result was ἔερνλ which contracted to εἶρνλ (because εε usually contracts to εη) This pattern is also sometimes

present in verbs that originally began with ϝ such as ϝίδνλ =gt ἐϝηδνλ = ἔηδνλ = εἶδνλ

The temporal augment consists of lengthening an initial vowel and occurs in most Greek verbs that begin with

an initial vowel In general initial α or ε becomes ε initial η ν or π becomes ῑ initial αη and ᾳ become ῃ and initial

νη becomes ῳ Thus ἄγνκελ (we lead) becomes ἤγνκελ (we were leading) If the verb already begins with a long

vowel (ε ῃ ῑ ῡ σ ῳ) there is usually no change

Verbs that begin with ξ usually double the ξ when adding the syllabic augment This feature also sometimes

occurs in verbs beginning with ι κ λ or ζ

Compound verbs are usually formed from a combination of preposition + verb such as ἀπό (away from) + ιύσ

(loosen) = ἀπνιύσ (set free turn loose) In compound verbs a temporal augment is inserted between the preposition

and the verb If the preposition ends in a vowel the vowel is usually elided Thus ἀπνιύνκελ (we set free) becomes

ἀπειύνκελ (elided from ἀπνειύνκελ we were setting free)

92 The Imperfect Tense

The imperfect denotes continuous action in past time and typically corresponds to the past participle in English

Thus ἔιπνλ (imperfect) = I was loosing Occasionally the Greek imperfect is best translated by the simple past tense

in English The imperfect tense is formed by adding the secondary tense endings (which will be described in a later

lesson) to the augmented stem of the verb

In the paradigm below the unaugmented form is shown in brackets

Imperfect Tense

S 1st Pers ἔιπνλ [ιύνλ] I was loosing

2nd

Pers ἔιπεο [ιύεο] you were loosing

3rd

Pers ἔιπε(λ) [ιύε(λ)] he she it was loosing

D 2nd

Pers ἐιύεηνλ [ιύεηνλ] you (two) were loosing the pair of you were loosing

3rd

Pers ἐιπέηελ [ιπέηελ] they (two) were loosing the pair of them were loosing

P 1st Pers ἐιύνκελ [ιύνκελ] we were loosing

2nd

Pers ἐιύεηε [ιύεηε] you (ye) were loosing

3rd

Pers ἐιύνλ [ιύνλ] they were loosing

93 Vocabulary

ἄιιῃ elsewhere

Ἀξγεῖνο νπ ὁ Argive

-δε (suffix + acc) to

δηά (adv) between among (+gen) through (+acc) through by means

of on account of during

δηίθηινο (ῑ) ε νλ dear to Zeus

εἴξσ speak say tell

ἐκόο ή όλ my mine

ἔξγνλ νπ ηό (ϝέξγνλ) work deed accomplishment

-ζελ (suffix gen ending) from

Κιπηαηκήζηξε εο ἡ Clytaemnestra

(also Κιπηαηκλήζηξε)

καληνζύλε εο ἡ gift of prophesy

νἶθνο νπ ὁ house home

ιύκπηνο ε νλ Olympian

Ὄιπκπνο νπ ὁ Olympus

Πξίακνο νπ ὁ Priam

ζόο ζή ζόλ your yours

εἶρνλ (imperfect of ἔρσ) I was having I had

94 Derivatives

95 Translation Exercises

1 ὁ ἑθεβόινο δηὰ καληνζύλελ εἴξεη βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ηῶλ ζεῶλ Ἀξγείνηζηλ 2 νἱ ιύκπηνη ζενὶ εἶρνλ νἴθνπο ἐλ

ιύκπῳ 3 ὁ ἑθεβόινο δηίθηινο (ῑ) ἔηεπρε ηνὺο Ἀξγείνπο Ἀραηνύο ηε ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζηλ 4 Ἀραηνὶ Ἀξγεῖνί ηrsquo

ἔηεπρνλ ἔξγα θαθὰ δηὰ βνπιὴλ ζεᾶο 5 Κιπηαηκήζηξε δηὰ ηὸλ ζῡκὸλ ἔηεπρελ ηὰ ἔξγα δεηλά 6 Πξίακνο ιᾱόο ηε

Πξηάκνπ ὤιεθνλ πνιινὺο Ἀξγείνπο 7 ηίο εἴξεη ηὰ ζὰ ἔξγα θαθὰ Πξηάκῳ 8 ηὰ ἔξγα ἐκά ἐζηη θᾱιά νὕλεθα ἔηεπρνλ

βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεῶλ θαὶ ζεάσλ (ᾱ) δηὰ ηὴλ καληνζύλελ 9 ἐπέκπνκελ ηὰ ρξύζεα (ῡ) ζθῆπηξα εἰο νἶθνλ Πξηάκῳ 10

ἐθαίεηε ηὰο (ᾱ) ππξὰο (ᾱ) δεηλῇ θιαγγῇ 11 νὐρ ἥλδαλε ἡ βνπιὴ ζεᾷ ζαιάζζεο ζῡκῷ 12 αἱ ζεαὶ ἀείδνπζη ηὰ θᾱιὰ

ἔξγα ηῶλ ζεῶλ ἑθεβόινο δὲ βαίλεη ἄιιῃ 13 εἶρε Πξίακνο ἀγιαὸλ θαὶ θᾱιὸλ νἶθνλ

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 This free-shooter relates the plans of the gods to the Argives through prophesy 2 These Olympian gods had

homes on Olympus 3 This free-shooter beloved of Zeus made both the Argives and the Achaeans prey for the

vultures 4 Both the Achaeans and the Argives committed evil deeds through the will of the goddess 5 Because of

her heart Clytaemnestra wrought these terrible deeds 6 Both Priam and the host of Priam killed many Argives 7

Who relates these evil deeds of yours to Priam 8 These works of mine are noble because through prophesy I

accomplished the of the gods and goddess 9 We sent the golden scepters to the house of Priam 10 Were you

burning the funeral pyres with a terrible uproar 11 Does the plan not please the heart of the goddess of the sea 12

The goddesses sing the noble deeds of the gods but the free-shooter walks elsewhere 13 Priam had a splendid and

beautiful home

96 Composition Exercises

1 Who brought these countless shining ransoms to the beautiful home of Priam 2 The Achaeans and the

Argives burned many funeral pyres in your beloved fatherland 3 Clytaemnestra was wicked and performed many

dreadful deeds 4 Through the gift of prophesy we tell many glorious deeds of the gods and goddesses who have

Olympian homes 5 My deeds are noble but yours are cowardly 6 The gods sent an evil plague up through the

camp and destroyed many Achaeans because they dishonored the free-shooter 7 It was not pleasing to

Clytaemnestra in (her) wicked soul

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 ηίο ἔθεξε ηὰο ἄπνηλα ἀγιαὰ εἰο νἶθνλ θᾱιὸλ Πξηάκνπ 2 Ἀραηνὶ θαὶ Ἀξγεῖνη ἔθαηνλ ππξὰο (ᾱ) πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἐλ

ζῇ πάηξῃ θᾱιῇ 3 Κιπηαηκλήζηξε θαθὴ ἦλ θαὶ ἔηεπρελ ἄξγα πνιιὰ θαὶ δεηλά 4 δηὰ καληνζύλελ εἴξνκελ ἔξγα

πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀγιαὰ ζεῶλ θαὶ ζεάσλ (ᾱ) νἳ ἔρνπζηλ νἴθνπο ιπκπίνπο 5 ἔξγα ἐκὰ θᾱιή εἰζηλ ζὰ δὲ θαθά 6 ζενὶ

ἔπεκπνλ λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ θαὶ ὤιεθνλ Ἀραίνπο πνιινύο νὕλεθα ἠηίκαδνλ (ῑ) ἑθεβόινλ 7 νὐρ ἥλδαλε

Κιπηαηκλήζηξῃ ζῡκῷ θαθῷ

Lesson 10

(841-857 904)

101 Formation of the Aorist and Future Tenses

The first aorist is a secondary tense formed by adding -ζ(ζ)α to the augmented verb stem followed by the

personal endings of the secondary tense If the verb stem ends in a consonant or a long vowel only a single ζ is

added If the stem ends in a short vowel either one or two sigmas may be added A few aorists (called ldquomixed

aoristsrdquo) are formed by adding -ζ followed by the thematic vowel and the personal endings for the secondary tenses

to the augmented stem

The future is formed by adding -ζ followed by the thematic vowel and the personal endings for the primary

tenses

If the verb stem ends in a long vowel the stem is not affected by the addition of the suffixes for the future or

aorist tenses If the stem ends in a short vowel it is regularly lengthened in all tenses except the present and the

imperfect There are however a few exceptions to this pattern In most cases these verbs add ζ before the personal

endings of the perfect middle and aorist passive

102 Classification of Verbs

Verbs are classified into four groups according to the final letter of the stem vowel verbs liquid verbs nasal

verbs and mute verbs

When -ζ is added to the end of a mute verb a labial combines with ζ to form ς a palatal combines with ζ to

form μ and a lingual is dropped (leaving only ζ)

When -ζ is added to the end of a liquid or nasal verb it is usually preceded by -ε and the ζ is dropped in

contraction Thus βαιισ = βαιέζσ = βαιέσ In rare cases the ε is dropped and the ζ retained In some vowel-stem

verbs where the final vowel is preceded by a liquid or nasal the verb behaves as a liquidnasal and adds -εζ to the

stem θαιέσ (present) = θαιέζσ (future) = θαιέσ (future contracted) The formations in which the ζ is dropped

after α or ε are sometimes called ldquoAttic futuresrdquo

Verbs with liquid and nasal stems regularly form the aorist by dropping the ζ and lengthening the stem vowel

A few verbs have active forms in the present tense but middle forms in the future tense ἀθνύσ (I hear) but

ἀθνύζνκαη (I will hear)

103 Paradigms Future and First Aorist of ιύσ

Future

S 1st Pers ιύζσ (ῡ) I shall loose

2nd

Pers ιύζεηο (ῡ) you will loose

3rd

Pers ιύζεη (ῡ) he she it will loose

D 2nd

Pers ιύζεηνλ (ῡ) you (two) will loose

3rd

Pers ιύζεηνλ (ῡ) they (two) will loose

P 1st Pers ιύζνκελ (ῡ) we shall loose

2nd

Pers ιύζεηε (ῡ) you (ye) will loose

3rd

Pers ιύζνπζη(λ) (ῡ) they will loose

First Aorist

S 1st Pers ἔιῡζα I loosed

2nd

Pers ἔιῡζαο you loosed

3rd

Pers ἔιῡζε(λ) he she it loosed

D 2nd

Pers ἐιύζαηνλ (ῡ) you (two) loosed

3rd

Pers ἔιῡζάηελ they (two) loosed

P 1st Pers ἐιύζακελ (ῡ) we loosed

2nd

Pers ἐιύζαηε (ῡ) you (ye) loosed

3rd

Pers ἔιῡζαλ they loosed

104 Vocabulary

ἄγσ ἄμσ ἤγαγνλ lead drive conduct bring carry

ἀλάζζσ (ϝαλαθ-) ἀλάμσ ἠλαμα (+gen) rule (over) guard protect

ἄξηζηνο ε νλ best noblest bravest fairest

αὖηηο (back) again anew

Γαλαόο νῦ ὁ Danaan

ἑθαηόκβε εο ἡ hecatomb sacrifice

ζάλαηνο νπ ὁ death

Ἴιηνο νπ ἡ Ilium Troy the region around Troy

κεγάζῡκνο ε νλ great-souled brave

ὄρα far much considerably

πέζσ (πεηζ- πνηζ- πηζ-) πείζσ ἔπεηζα (πέπηζνλ) persuade win over mislead

θηιέσ θηιήζσ ἐθίιεζα love cherish entertain hospitably

εἶπνλ εἶπεο εἶπε(λ) θηι 2nd

aor speak say tell etc

ἔβεζα ἔβεζαο ἔβεζε(λ) θηι 1st aor come go walk etc

105 Derivatives

ἄγσ (ag-) = pedagogue demagogue synagogue

ἄξηζηνο (arist-) = aristocracy

ζάλαηνο (thanat-) = thanatopsis euthanasia

106 Translation Exercises

1 ηίο ἦλ ὄρrsquo ἄξηζηνο Γαλαῶλ 2 Πξίακνο κεγάζῡκνο ἤλαζζελ Ἰιίνπ 3 νὐθ αὖηηο ἄμνπζη Γαλανὶ κεγάζῡκνη

ἑθαηόκβᾱο πνιιὰο (ᾱ) εἰο Υξύζελ (ῡ) 4 νὐθ ἔπεηζαλ ἑθεβόινλ πνιιῇο ἑθαηόβῃζη θᾱιῇζηλ 5 νὐ θηιήζνκελ ζενύο

νὕλεθα θᾱινὶ εἰζηλ 6 Γαλανὶ ηεύμνπζη ζάλαηνλ Πξηάκῳ ἐλ Ἰιίῳ 7 ἐθίιεζα ζεὰλ (ᾱ) ζαιάζζεο ἀιιrsquo νὐρ ἥλδαλε

ἑθεβόιῳ ζῡκῷ 8 ἀείζνκελ θαὶ πείζνκελ ζενύο 9 ὄρrsquo ἄξηζνη ἐλ Ἰιίῳ ηὰ εἶπνλ Πξηάκῳ ἀιιὰ ηνὺο ἠηῑκάζελ 10

Πξίακνο ἔπεκςε ηὸλ ζηξαηὸλ ἄξηζηνλ ἐπrsquo Ἀξγείνηζηλ 11 ἔβεζαλ αὖηηο Γαλανὶ εἰο Ἴιηνλ ἀιιrsquo νὐθ ἔπεηζαλ

Πξίακνλ 12 ἀείζνκελ ἑθεβόινλ ὄρrsquo ἄξηζηνλ ζεῶλ νὕλεθrsquo ἤγαγε Γαλανὺο εἰο Ἴιηνλ

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 Who was by far the noblest of the Danaans 2 Great-souled Priam ruled Ilium 3 Not agan will the great-

souled Danaans lead many sacrifices into Chrysa 4 They did not persuade the free-shooter with many goodly

sacrifices 5 Do we not love the gods because they are good 6 The Danaans will prepare death for Priam in Ilium

7 I loved the goddess of the sea but it was not pleasing to the heart of the free-shooter 8 We will sing and

persuade the gods 9 By far the noblest in Ilium this they say of Priam but he (is the one) he dishonored () 10

Priam sent the best army against the Argives 11 The Danaans went back to Ilium but they did not persuade Priam

12 We hymn the free-shooter greatest of the gods because he led the Danaans into Ilium

107 Composition Exercises

1 The great-souled Achaeans will not persuade the free-shooter with goodly hecatombs but he will prepare evil

death for the people 2 The noblest of the Achaeans went to Ilium but they did not persuade the soul of Priam 3

We shall sing because the gods have led (aor) the people into Troy 4 We shall have many shining golden scepters

5 Did you not love the gods who have Olympian homes 6 Priam shall not rule Ilium again for the Achaeans will

prepare evil death for him 7 Does he speak to the beautiful goddess of the sea 8 They will persuade the souls of

the gods with many hecatombs

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 Ἀραηνὶ κεγάζῡκνη νὐ πείζνπζηλ ἑθεβόινλ πνιιῇο ἑθαηόκβῆζηλ ἀιιὰ ηεύμεη ζάλαηνλ θαθὸλ ιᾱνῖζηλ 2

ἄξηζηνη Ἀραηῶλ ἔβεζαλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ ἀιιrsquo νὐθ ἔπεηζαλ ζῡκὸλ Πξηάκῳ 3 ἀείζνκελ νὕλεθα ζενὺο ἤγαγνλ ιᾱὸλ εἰο

Ἴιηνλ 4 ἕζρνκελ πνιιὰ ρξύζεα (ῡ) ἀγιαὰ ζθῆπηξα 5 νὐθ ἐθηιήζαηε ζενὺο νἳ ἔρνπζηλ νἴθνπο ιπκπίνπο 6 νὐθ

αὖηηο ἀλάζζεη Πξίακνο Ἰιίνπ Ἀραηνὶ γὰξ ηεύμνπζη ζάλαηνλ θαθὸλ αὐηῷ 7 εἴξεη ζεᾷ θᾱιᾷ ζαιάζζεο 8 πείζνπζη

ζῡκνὺο ζεῶλ πνιιῇο ἑθαηόκβῃζηλ

Lesson 11

(664-675 838-839)

111 First Declension Masculine Nouns

First declension masculines typically end in -εο -ᾱο or -ᾰο in the nominative and are declined exactly the same

as their feminine counterparts (with the exception of the nominative singular which adds -ο the genitive singular

which regularly ends in -ᾱν and the vocative singular which ends in -ε -ᾱ or -ᾰ) Those ending in -εο retain -ε

throughout the singular those ending in -ᾱο retain the -ᾱ throughout the singular and those ending in -ᾰο take the -ε

ending in the dative

Masculines ending in -δεο take -ε in the vocative singular while those ending in -ηεο (as well as compound

nouns and the names of nationalities) regularly take -ᾰ Those ending in -ᾱο take the the nominative singular in -ᾱ

A very few first declension adjectives take a masculine ending in -ᾰ (without the final -ο) Many of these also

have an alternative form that ends in the more common -εο Those that do not have an alternative form in -εο usually

have the recessive accent (a feature inherited from the Aeolic influence in Homer) The only masculine noun ending

in -ᾰ in the nominative is the name Θύεζηα (Thyestes)

First declension masculine nouns typically follow the paradigms for Ἀηξεΐδεο (Atreides son of Atreus) Αἰλείᾱο

(Aeneas) and αἰρκεηήο (spearman warrior)

Ἀηξεΐδεο ᾱν ὁ Αἰλείᾱο ᾱν ὁ αἰρκεηήο ᾱν ὁ

(Αηξεϝηδᾱ-) (Αἰλεηᾱ-) (αἰρκεηᾱ-)

N Ἀηξεΐδεο Αἰλείᾱο αἰρκεηήο [ά]

G Ἀηξεΐδᾱν [εσ] Αἰλείᾱν [σ] αἰρκεηᾶν [έσ]

D Ἀηξεΐδῃ Αἰλείᾳ αἰρκεηῇ

A Ἀηξεΐδελ Αἰλείαλ αἰρκεηήλ

V Ἀηξεΐδε Αἰλείᾱ αἰρκεηά

N A V Ἀηξεΐδᾱ αἰρκεηά (ᾱ)

G D Ἀηξεΐδῃηλ αἰρκεηῇηλ

N V Ἀηξεΐδαη αἰρκεηαί

G Ἀηξετδάσλ (ᾱ) αἰρκεηάσλ (ᾱ)

[έσλ ῶλ] [έσλ ῶλ]

D Ἀηξεΐδῃζη ῃο αἰρκεηῇζη ῇο

A Ἀηξεΐδᾱο αἰρκεηάο (ᾱ)

112 Compound Verbs

Compound verbs are formed from a preposition or adverb coupled with a verb such as ἀλαβαίλσ (ascend)

formed from ἀλα (up) and βαίλσ (go) If the preposition ends in a vowel and the verb begins with a vowel the vowel

of the preposition is usually elided as in δηίζηεκη (δηὰ ἰζηεκη) ἁθαηξέσ (ἀπὸ αἱξέσ)

The augment occurs between the preposition and the verb When two vowels are thus brought together the first

vowel is usually elided leaving the augment Thus ἀπνιύσ (I release present) ἀπέιπνλ (I was releasing

imperfect) ἀπέιῡζα (I released aorist)

113 Vocabulary

ἀλαβαίλσ ἀλαβήζσ ἀλέβεζα go up ascend embark

ἀπνιύσ ἀπνιύζσ (ῡ) ἀπέιῡζα loose set free release

Ἀηξεΐδεο -ᾱν ὁ Atreides son of Atreus (usually refers to Agamemnon)

θαηαθεύσ θαηαθαύζσ θαηέθεα burn consume

θειεύσ - ἔθιπνλ (+gen) hear hearken to

κεηέεηπνλ κεηεῖπνλ (2nd

aor of εἴξσ) spoke among addressed spoke to

ὅηε when whenever

Πειεηάδεο ᾱν (εσ) ὁ Peleiades son of Peleus (used in reference to Achilles)

πξνζέεηπνλ πξνζεῖπνλ (2nd

aor of εἴξσ) addressed spoke to

ηόηε then at that time

ρνιόσ ρνιώζσ ἐρόισζα anger enrage vex

Υξύζεο (ῡ) ᾱν (εσ) ὁ Chryses

Verbs

ἀλαβαίλσ

stem ἀλα + βαλ- βα-

future ἀλαβήζσ (rarely ἀλαβήζνκαη)

1st aorist ἀλέβεζα (rarely 2

nd aor ἀλέβελ)

ἀπνιύσ

stem ἀπό + ιύσ

future ἀπνιύζσ (ῡ)

1st aorist ἀπέιῡζα

θαηαθαίσ

stem θαηά + θαπ- θαϝ- θαη-

future θαηαθαύζσ (assumed form)

1st aorist θαηέθεα

θειεύσ (Attic)

stem θιεπ- θιεϝ- θιπ-

future none

2nd

aorist ἐθιπνλ

ρνιόσ

stem ρνιν-

future ρνιώζσ

1st aorist ἐρόισζα

Notes

In Homeric Greek the stem vowel is usually lengthened before -ζ hence ἀλαβαίλσ =gt ἀλαβήζσ =gt

ἀλέβεζα ἀπνιύσ =gt ἀπνιύζσ (ῡ) =gt ἀπέιῡζα

ἀλαβαίλσ also has a 2nd

aorist ἀλέβελ

A few verbs have active forms in the present but middle forms in the future ἀλαβαίλσ has two future

forms one active (ἀλαβήζσ) and one middle (ἀλαβήζνκαη)

Verbs with stems ending in -αηλσ originally had a consonantal η following the λ (ie ἀλαβαηλησ)

114 Translation

1 θᾱινὶ ζενὶ ἔηεπμαλ ζάλαηνλ θαθὸλ δίῳ (ῑ) Πειεηάδῃ ὁ δrsquo ἀλέβελ ππξήλ 2 ἑθεβόινο ὤιεθε ιᾱὸλ Ἀραηῶλ

νὕλεθα δῖνο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) 3 θαηέθεα ἑθαηόκβᾱο πνιιάο (ᾱ) 4 ἑθεβόινο νὐθ ἔθιπελ Ἀηξεΐδᾱν

νὕλεθα ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) 5 Υξύζεο (ῡ) κεηέεηπελ Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἀιιrsquo νὐθ Ἀηξεΐδῃ ἥλδαλε ζῡκῷ 6 ὅηε θαθῶο

πξνζέεηπελ Ἀηξεΐδεο Υξύζελ (ῡ) ηόηε ἐρόισζελ ἑθεβόινλ 7 ἀπειύζακελ (ῡ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) νὕλεθα ηὸλ

ἐθηιήζακελ 8 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἤλεηθελ ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα Ἀηξεΐδῃ 9 νἴζνκελ ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀπνιύζνκελ (ῡ)

Υξύζελ (ῡ) νὕλεθα ηὸλ ἐθηιήζακελ θαὶ θίινο ἐζηὶλ ἑθεβόιῳ 10 ηίο θέξεη ἄπνηλα Υξύζᾱν (ῡ) Ἀηξεΐδῃ 11 δῖνο

Πειεηάδεο ἐρόισζελ Ἀηξεΐδελ 12 ὅηε θαηεθήακελ πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἑθαηόκβᾱο θᾱιάο (ᾱ) ηόηε ἐπείζακελ ζῡκνὺο ζεῶλ

13 δηὰ καληνζύλελ Υξύζεο (ῡ) εἶπε βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεῶλ Ἀηξεΐδῃ Πειεηάδῃ ηε

KEY

1 The noble gods prepared evil death for the divine Peleiades and he ascended the funeral pyre 2 The free-

shooter destroyed the host of the Achaeans because the divine Atreides dishonored Chryses 3 I burned many

funeral pyres 4 The free-shooter did not hear the son of Atreus because he dishonored Chryses 5 Chryses spoke

among the Achaeans but but it did not please the heart of Atreides 6 It angered the free-shooter when the son of

Atreus spoke wickedly to Chryses 7 We released Chryses because we loved him 8 Chryses brought countless

glorious ransoms to the son of Atreus 9 We will bring many ransoms and release Chryses because we loved him

and he is dear to the free-shooter 10 Who brought the ransoms of Chryses to the son of Atreus 11 The divine

Peleiades angered the son of Atreus 12 We persuaded the hearts of the gods when we burned many good

hecatombs 13 Through prophesy Chryses spoke the will of the gods to both Atreides and Peleiades

115 Composition

1 The Achaeans ascended into Troy and killed the noble Priam 2 We burned many goodly hecatombs to the

Olympian gods 3 Chryses spoke among the Achaeans but the son of Atreus did not hearken to him 4 The

Achaeans addressed the son of Atreus but he did not free Chryses 5 The son of Atreus will bring many ransoms

into the camp of the Achaeans 6 Who will persuade the gods with many goodly hecatombs

KEY

1 Ἀραηνὶ ἀλέβεζαλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ θαὶ ὤιεμαλ θᾱιὸλ Πξηάκνλ 2 θαηέθεκελ πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) ἑθαηόκβὰο (ᾱ)

ζενῖο ιπκπίνηο 3 Υξύζεο (ῡ) κεηέεηπελ Ἀραηνῖο ἀιιrsquo Ἀηξεΐδεο ηὸλ νὐθ ἔθιπελ 4 Ἀραηνὶ πξνζέεηπνλ Ἀηξεΐδῃ

ἀιιrsquo νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε Υξύζελ (ῡ) 5 Ἀηξεΐδεο νἴζεη ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ εἰο ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 6 ηίο πείζεη ζενὺο πνιιῇο

ἑθαηόκβῃζηλ

Lesson 12

Review

121 Review Vocabulary

Lesson 13

(680-692 701-709)

(cf 897 874 886 619 841-843 576 1178 830-831 837 580 837)

131 Nouns of the Third Declension

Third declension nouns can be either masculine feminine or neuter The nominative endings can take many

forms but there are some conventions Masculine and feminine stems except those ending in λ ξ or ζ simply add

ζ to the stem and make the necessary euphonic changes Stems ending in ξ λ and ζ typically make no changes

except to lengthen the last vowel if it is short Stems ending in -λ(η) either drop the η and lengthen a short vowel or

drop the -λ(η) lengthen the vowel and add ζ Examples δαηκνλ- = δαηκσλ ζῑλ- = ζίο (ῑ) κειαλ- = κέιᾱο γεξνλη- =

γέξσλ etc Neuters typically consist of just the stem in the nominative and accusative except to drop a final -η

where it occurs

In general the stem of a third declension noun is found by dropping the -νο ending from the genitive singular

The dative singular regularly ends in -ῐ but occasionally in -ῑ

The accusative ending was originally -λ and this ending is common on stems ending in a vowel On stems

ending in a consonant the -λ was a sonant consonant which eventually came be pronounced as -ᾰ The result is that

the accusative singular usually ends in -λ for stems ending in a vowel and -ᾰ for stems ending in a consonant

Dental mute stems ending in -ηο and -πο in the nominative singular rarely drop the mute and typically adopt the -λ

accusative ending as if they were vowel stems

The dative plural is formed by adding either -εζζη (rarely -εζη) or -ζη (rarely -ζζη) and making the usual

euphonic changes Most third declension nouns thus have alternate dative plural forms as πνύο = πνζζί = πνζί =

πόδεζζη etc

The accusative plural originally ended in -λο (sonant λ) which gives -αο for stems ending in a consonant and -ῑο

and -ῡο for stems ending in a vowel A few vowel stems borrowed an -αο ending from the first declension by

analogy

The vocative singular is usually either identical to the nominative or identical to the stem alone Stems ending

in λ ξ or ο typically drop this final consonant in the vocative singular

Compensatory lengthening usually occurs in the dative plural when -λη is dropped as in γέξνληζη = γέξνπζη

132 Paradigms

Stems ending in -επ (επ) -νπ and σϝ follow the paradigms of βαζηιεύο (king βαζηιεϝ-) βνῦο (ox βνϝ-) λεῦο

(ship λᾱϝ-) and ἥξσο (hero ἡξσϝ- () or ἡξσ-)

N βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

G βαζηιῆνο [-ένο] βνόο λεόο ἥξσνο

D βαζηιῆη [-έη] βνΐ λεί ἥξση

A βαζηιῆα [-έα] βνῦλ [βῶλ] λῆα [λέα] ἥξσα

V βαζηιεῦ βνῦ λεῦ ἥξσο

N A V βαζηιῆε βόε λῆε ἥξσε

G D βαζηιήνηηλ βόνηηλ λήνηηλ ἡξώνηηλ

N V βαζηιεῆεο βόεο λῆεο ἥξσεο

G βαζηιήσλ βνῶλ λεῶλ [λεῶλ] ἡξώσλ

D βαζηιήεζζη βόεζζη λήεζζη [λέεζζἰ ἡξώεζζη

βαζηιεῦζη βνπζί λεπζί ἥξσζη

A βαζηιῆαο βόαο (βνῦο) λῆζαο (λέαο) ἥξσαο

A long vowel is typically shortened when it occurs before another vowel thus βαζηιῆνο or βαζηιένο This

convention was almost certainly consistent in pronunciation but is only occasionally represented in written form

The π in the stem of these words frequently became ϝ and subsequently disappeared as in βαζηιεπ- βαζηιεϝ-

βαζηιε-

Stems ending in η (εη) and π (επ εϝ) follow the paradigms of πόιηο (city πνιη-) πῆρπο (forearm περεϝ-) ἄζηπ

(city ἀζηεϝ-) λέθπο (corpse λεθῡ-) and δάθξπ (tear δαθξπ-)

N πόιηο πῆρπο ἄζηπ λέθῡο δάθξπ

G πόιηνο -ενο πήρενο ἄζηενο λέθπνο δάθξπνο

D πόιηη -ῑ -εη -εη πήρετ ἄζηετ λέθπτ δάθξπτ

A πόιηλ πῆρσλ ἄζηπ λέθῡλ δαθξπ

V πόιη πῆρπ ἄζηπ λέθῡ δάθξπ

N V πόιηε πήρεε ἄζηεε λέθπε δάθξπε

G D πνιίνηηλ περένηηλ ἄζηνηηλ λεθύνηηλ δαθξύνηηλ

N V πόιηεο -εεο πήρεεο ἄζηεα λέθπεο δάθξπα

G πνιίσλ περέσλ ἀζηέσλ λεθύσλ δαθξύσλ

D πνιίεζζη περέεζζη ἀζηέεζη λεθύεζζη δαθξύεζζη

πόιεζη -ηζη πήρεζη ἄζηεζη λέθῡζ(ζ)η δάθξπζη

A πόιηαο -εαο -ῑο πήρεαο ἄζηεα λέθπαο [-ῡο] δάθξπα

Nouns with stems in -ο (-εο -αο -νο) and -η are declined like ἔπνο (ϝεπεζ-) γέξαο (γεξαζ-) ἠώο (ἀϝζνζ-) δῶκα

(δσκαη-) and ἦκαξ (ἠκαξ- ἠκαη-) Note that -ζ- usually disappears when it occurs between two vowels

N ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο δῶκα ἧκαξ

G ἔπενο γέξανο ἠόνο δώκαηνο ἥκαηνο

D ἔπετ γέξατ ἠόη δώκαηη ἥκαηη

A ἔπνο γέξαο ἠόα δῶκα ἧκαξ

V ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο δῶκα ἧκαξ

N V ἔπεε γέξαε δώκαηε ἥκαηε

G D επένηηλ γεξάνηηλ δσκάηνηηλ ἡκάηνηηλ

N V ἔπεο γέξα(α) δώκαηα ἥκαηα

G ἐπέσλ γεξάσλ δσκάησλ ἡκάησλ

D ἐπέεζζη γεξάεζζη δσκάηεζζη ἡκάηεζζη

ἔπε(ζ)ζη γέξα(ζ)ζη δώκαζη ἥκαζη

A ἔπεα γέξα(α) δώκαηα ἥκαηα

Note that all nouns ening in -νο in the second declension are either masculine or feminine but all nouns ending in -

νο in the third declension are neuter All nouns ending in -κα in the nominative singular and all nouns with genitives

in -αηνο are neuter

133 Further Notes on the Third Declension

Nouns of the third declension can be any gender and consist of stems ending in -η -π or a consonant In

general the following endings are applied to the stem with the usual euphonic changes

N -ο

G -νο

D -η

A -λ

V -

N A V -ε

G D -νηηλ

N V -εο

G -σλ

D -εζζη

A -λο

Standard Euphonic Changes

Later forms of Greek such as Attic and Koine frequently contracted the forms found in Homer

The -λ in the accusative singular and plural is sonant meaning that it is pronounced as λ when

following a vowel but it is pronounced as ᾰ when following a consonant Thus πνιη-λ = πνιηλ and

πνιη-λο = πνιηο but δαηκνλ-λ = δαηκνλα and δαηκνλ-λο = δαηκνλαο

o In most cases a stem originally ending in ϝ is treated as if it ends in a consonant Thus

βαζηιεϝα = βαζηιεα εξσϝα = εξσα

o The word βνϝ- is an exception where ϝ becomes π (probably because νπ is such a common

diphthong) βνϝλ = βνπλ

Dentals are dropped before ζ Thus παηδο = παηο

o In cases where the stem ends in -λη the dental and the ζ are typically dropped with the last

vowel lengthened by compensation Thus γεξνληο = γεξσλ

Palatals combine with ζ to form μ Thus αηγο = αημ θεξπθο = θεξπμ etc

o Stems ending in -θη apply both the dental and palatal changes first dropping the η and then

combining the θζ to form μ Thus λπθηο = λπθο = λπμ

Labials combine with ζ to form ς Thus Αηζηνπο = Αηζηνς

The ζ is dropped when it follows a nasal or ξ and the last vowel is lengthened to compensate (if it

isnrsquot long already) Thus δαηκνλο = δαηκσλ θξελο = θξελ ρεηξο = ρεηξ παηεξο = παηεξ κεηεξο =

κεηεξ etc

Stems that originally ended in ϝ usually retain a π in its place in the nominative Thus βαζηιεϝο =

βαζηιεπο (originally βαζηιεπο) λεϝο = λεπο βνϝο = βνπο etc

o The same phenomenon sometimes occurs in the accusative singular as well where ϝ becomes

π and the final λ is retained Thus περεϝλ = περευλ = περπλ

o The word εξσο is an apparent exception where εξσϝο = εξσο This may be from analogy

with the relatively common -σο ending in Greek or it could be that the stem was originally

εξσ- witout the ϝ

o When the stem ends in -εϝ the ε is usually dropped in the nominative thus περεϝο = περεπο =

περπο (but the genitive and dative are περενο περετ)

Some confusion can occur at the apparent irregularity of stems ending in -π αζηπ αζηενο αζηεη etc

but δαθξπ δαθξπνο δαθξπτ etc The difference is that stems like αζηπ originally ended in a vowel + ϝ

(αζηεϝ) while stems like δαθξπ originally ended in π

Some neuters originally ended in -εο These are usually declined as -νο in the nominative and

accusative In the other cases the endings are simply applied to -εζ- and the sigma is dropped when it

occurs between two vowels επνο (nom acc from επεζο) επενο (gen from επεζνο) επετ (dat from

επεζη) etc

o Stems ending in -αο simple drop the extra sigma in the nominative singular and append the

case endings to -αζ- (dropping ζ when it occurs between two vowels) Thus γεξαο γεξανο

γεξατ etc

o Stems ending in -νο follow the same pattern as those ending in -αο except that the ν is

lengthened to σ in the nominative Thus εσο εννο εντ etc

Neuter stems ending in -καη usually drop the η in the nominative and accusative singular but retain it

in the plural Thus δσκα (nom and acc sing) δσκαηνο (gen sing) δσκαηη (dat sing) δσκαηα (nom and

acc plur) δσκαησλ (gen plur) δσκαηεζζη (dat plur) etc Neuter stems ending in -καξ usually behave

as if they ended in -καη in all cases except the nominative and accusative singular Thus εκαξ εκαηνο

εκαηη etc

The dative plural ending is given as -εζζη This could be shortened to -ζζη (before vowels) -εζη or -ζη

The -ζη ending is the most common in later dialects Thus Homeric θεξπθεζζη is typically θεξπμη in

Attic and Koine

The vocative singular in neuters is always identical to the nominative and accusative singulars

o In masculine and feminine nouns the vocative singular is usually just the stem without any

endings applied as long as the stem is capable of standing alone Thus δαηκνλ ρεηξ παηεξ

κεηεξ ζπγαηεξ αλεξ βνπ λεπ πνιη λεθῡ δαθξπ etc

o In some cases where the nominative singular has slightly modified the stem before adding -ο

the vocative is formed by simply dropping the ο Thus παη βαζηιεπ περπ

o In cases where the ο of the nominative singular has combined with the stem the vocative is

usually indentical to the nominative singular Thus αλαμ λπμ αημ θεξπμ Αηζηνς etc

o In rare cases the vocative is identical to the nominative singular even when dropping the ο

would have been convenient as in εξσο εσο

Alternate Endings The following are some alternate endings that could be applied instead of the usual

case endings listed above

o -ζη can be used to denote place where

o -ζελ can be used to denote source or separation or as an alternative ending for the genitive

case

o -δε can be added to the accusative ending to denote place to which or limit of motion

o -η can be added to denote place where

o -θη(λ) can be added as a substitute for several uses of the genitive and the dative cases

particularly in the instrumental sense

134 References

This lesson references several points in the grammar Note the following

Deponent verbs take middle or passive forms but denote active meanings

Some verbs reduplicate the initial syllable in the present tense by repeating the initial consonant

followed by -η Thus ἴζηεκη (orig ζηζηεκη) ηίζεκη δίδσκη πίκπιεκη γίγλνκαη γηγλώζθσ κηκλήζθσ

etc When futures and second aorists are reduplicated they usually follow the pattern of reduplication

found in the perfect tense If the initial consonant is aspirated the reduplicated consonant is typically

smooth Thus ηίζεκη rather than ζίζεκη

Note that ἴκη δίδσκη and ηίζεκη take the aorist in -θα rather than -ζα

When a word ends in a vowel and the following word begins with a vowel the result is called hiatus

In general hiatus is avoided in poetry through the use of elision crasis synizesis moveable

consonants etc However hiatus is allowed in some circumstances such as when elision has already

occurred when the first of the two vowels is long and occurs on the beat (or ictus) of the verse or

when a long vowel or diphthong has been shortened or when the two vowels were originally separated

by ϝ

Recall that the verbal augment is frequently omitted

135 Vocabulary

Ἄηο Ἄηδνο ὁ (nom not used) Hades

ἄιγνο ενο ηό grief pain woe trouble

Ἀρηιιεύο ῆνο ὁ Achilles

δαίο δαηηόο ἡ feast banquet portion

Εεύο Γηόο ὁ Zeus

ἥξσο ἥξσνο ὁ hero mighty warrior protector savior

ἴθζῑκνο ε νλ mighty valiant stout-hearted brave

θύσλ θπλόο ὁ ἡ dog

κῆληο ηνο ἡ wrath fury madness rage

νὐιόκελνο ε νλ accursed destructive deadly

πξντάπησ πξντάςσ πξνΐαςα hurl forward send forth

ηίζεκη (ζε- ζε-) ζήζσ ἔζεθα put place cause

Ἀρηιιεπο (Ἀρηιιεϝ-) Ἀρηιιενο Ἀρηιιεη Ἀρηιιεα

δαηο (δαηη-) δαηηνο δαηηη δαηηα δαηηεο δαηησλ δαηηεζζη δαηηαο

Εεπο Γηνο Γηη Γηα

ἡξσο ἡξσνο ἡξστ ἡξσα ἡξσεο ἡξσσλ ἡξσεζζη ἡξσαο

θπσλ θπλνο θπλη θπλα θπλεο θπλσλ θπλεζζη θπλαο

κεληο (κελη-) κεληνο κεληη κεληλ κεληεο κελησλ κεληεζζη κεληαο

136 Translation

1 κῆληο Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο ἦλ νὐινκέλε ἔζεθε γὰξ κῡξηrsquo ἄιγεα ηνῖζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ πξνΐαςε δὲ πνιιὰο (ᾱ)

ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἰθζίκνπο (ῑ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη ἔηεπρε δrsquo αὐηνὺο ἑιώξηα θαὶ δαῖηα θύλεζζηλ νἰσλνῖζί ηε ἐηέιεζε δὲ βνπιὴλ

Γηόο 2 ζεὰ (ᾱ) ἀείδεη κῆληλ νὐινκέλελ Ἀρηιῆνο ἣ ἔζεθελ κῡξίrsquo ἄιγεrsquo Ἀραηνῖζηλ 3 ζενὶ ὀιέθνπζη ηὸλ ζηξαηόλ θαὶ

πξντάπηνπζη πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη 4ηεύμνκελ κῡξίνπο Ἀραηνὺο ἑιώξηα θύλεζζηλ θαὶ δαῖηα ηνῖζηλ

νἰσλνῖζηλ νὕλεθα ἠηίκαζαλ (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) 5 θᾱιὴ ἦλ ἡ βνπιὴ Γηόο

KEY

1 The wrath of Achilles son of Peleus was destructive for it caused countless woes to the Achaeans and sent

forth many valiant souls of heros to Hades making them spoils and a banquet for the dogs and the vultures 2 The

goddess sings the accursed wrath of Achilles which brought countless woes to the Achaeans 3 The gods are

destroying the camp and sending forth many souls of the heros to Hades 4 We will make countless Achaeans spoils

for the dogs and a feast for these vultures because they dishonored Chryses 5 The will of Zeus was good

137 Iliad 1-5

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κπξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςπρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιήλ

Μῆληλ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse

ἄεηδε - present active imperative 2nd

person singular of ἀείδσ

ζεά - vocative case

Πειεηάδεσ = Πειεηάδᾱν (the verse may have originally read Πειεηάδᾱrsquo)

νὐινκέλελ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse as well as out of

the natural order and is placed directly opposite the word κῆληλ

κῡξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο - the hiatus is permited because elision has already occurred in κῡξίνηο

Ἄηδη was originally Ἄϝηδη and is still accented as it began with α instead of αη

ἡξώσλ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse and its deviation from

the natural order

δὲ ἑιώξηα - the hiatus is permitted because the original was δὲ ϝειώξηα

ηεῦρε - the augment is dropped (usually ἔηεπρε)

ἐηειείεην - imperfect passive indicative 3rd

person singular of ηειείσ

KEY

Sing O goddess of the accursed wrath of Achilles Peleiades

which brought countless woes to the Achaeans

and cast forth the souls of many valiant warriors to Hades

making them the spoils and feast of both dogs

and vultures But the will of Zeus was accomplished

138 Composition

1 The valiant Achaeans are singing the accursed wrath of Achilles 2 The wrath of Achilles caused many woes

to the Achaeans and sent many valiant souls of heroes to the god Hades 3 We shall make the army of the Achaeans

a booty for the dogs and a banquet for the birds 4 We are accomplishing the will of the goddess

KEY

1 ἴθζῑκνη Ἀραηνὶ ἀείδνπζηλ νὐινκέλελ κῆληλ Ἀρηιῆνο 2 κῆληο Ἀρηιῆνο ἔζεθε κῡξίrsquo ἄιγεrsquo Ἀραηνῖζη θαὶ

πξνΐαςε πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἰθζίκνπο ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη 3 ηεύμνκελ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ ἑιώξηα θύλεζζηλ θαὶ δαῖηα

νἰσλνῖζηλ 4 ηεύρνκελ βνπιὴλ ζεᾶο

Lesson 14

(519-526 1159-1192)

(cf 586)

141 Syllable Quantity

A syllable is long (by nature) when it contains a long vowel or a diphthong or (by position) when it ends in two

consecutive consonants (or a double consonant) A short vowel followed by a mute and a liquid κ or λ is common

and can be either long or short depending on the requirements of the verse Occasionally the letters ι κ λ ξ or ζ

are doubled in pronunciation when they follow a short vowel making the syllable long by position but this

convention is not always represented in writing And occasionally a lost ϝ will combine with another consonant to

make the preceding syllable long by position

Observe the following rules when determing the length of a syllable

Any vowel with the circumflex accent is long

The vowel of any ultmia whose penult bears the circumflex is short

If the penult has an acute then the vowel of the ultima must also be long

If the vowel of the ultima is short and the penult has the acute then the vowel of the penult must

be short as well

If the antepenult is accented the vowel of the ultima must be short

Occasionally these rules do not apply to certain compounds where one of the two words are

accented as if they were separate

If a short syllable stands where a long syllable is expected it is usually because the pause of the caesura or

diaresis fills out the foot or because the following word has lost a consonant (usually ϝ or ζ) And occasionally a

short syllable ending in a consonant is lengthened when it occurs on the ictus (beat) of the verse Such lengthening is

called thesis

142 Metrical Quantity

With the exception of pauses at the end of the verse caesura and diaresis all feet must consist of two long

syllables or a long syllable followed by two shorts Thus if a long syllable is followed by a short syllable then the

next syllable must be short as well Likewise if a short syllable is followed by a long syllable then the preceding

syllable must be short as well

When a word ends in a short vowel (and sometimes -νη and -αη) and the following word begins with a vowel

the short vowel is usually elided unless the following word originally began with ϝ When a word ends in a long

vowel or a diphthong and the following word begins with a vowel the long vowel is usually shortened This

phenomenon can also occur within the same word and again it is less common when the following word originally

began with ϝ Vowel shortening is also rare when the long vowel occurs on the ictus

The meter of Homer is called dactylic or heroic hexameter and is the most common meter in Greek verse Each

verse has six feet The first five feet can be dactyls (one long syllable followed by two short syllables) or spondees

(two long syllables) The final foot of the verse is always a spndee but keep in mind that the pause at the end of the

verse often combines with a final short syllable to form one long syllable The fifth foot of each verse is usually a

dactyl with only one in twenty (or so) verses containing a spondee in the fifth foot The verses that have a spndee in

the fifth foot are called spondaic and usually take slightly longer to recite In dactylic hexameter the ictus (beat) of

the verse always occurs on the first syllable of each foot producing six distinct beats per verse

Caesura occurs when a word ends within a foot (ie at the end of the first syllable of a foot or between the two

short syllables of the foot) When a caesura occurs at a natural pause in the verse this is said to be the caesura of the

verse A pause after the first syllable of a foot is called a masculine caesura and a pause after the second syllable of

the foot is called a feminine caesura

Diaresis occurs when the end of a word coincides with the end of a foot When this falls at a natural pause in

the verse it is said to be the diaresis of the verse When the diaresis occurs at the end of the fourth foot is it called

the bucolic diaresis (due to its common use in pastoral poetry)

143 Marking the Rhythm of the Iliad 1-5

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κπξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςπρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιήλ

ΜΖ ληλ α | ΔΗ δε ζε | Α ΠΖ | ΛΖ η α | ΓΔΧ α ρη | ΛΖ Ο-

dact dact spon dact dact spon

The pauses at the end of κῆληλ and ἄεηδε are feminine caesuras

The pauses at the end of ζεά Πειεηάδεσ and Ἀρηιῆνο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of ζεά is the caesura of the verse

The dash at the end of the verse indicates a pause that combines with a short vowel to fill out the

last foot

ΟΤ ιν κε | ΝΖΝ Ζ | ΜΤ ξη α | ΥΑΗ ΟΗ | ΑΛ γε ε | ΘΖ ΚΔΝ-

dact spon dact spon dact spon

The pauses at the end of κῡξίrsquo and ἄιγε are feminine caesuras

The pauses at the end of νὐινκέλελ and ἔζεθελ are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of νὐινκέλελ is the caesura of the verse

The pauses at the end of ἥ and Ἀραηνῖο are diareses

The diaresis at Ἀραηνῖο is a bucolic diaresis

κῡξία Ἀραηνῖο and ἄιγεα ἔζεθελ are examples of hiatus

The first syllable of ἄιγεrsquo is long because it is followed by two consecutive consonants

ΠΟΛ ΛΑ | ΓrsquoΗΦ ΘΗ | ΜΟΤ ΦΤ | ΥΑ ΑΗ | ΓΗ πξν τ | Α ΦΔΝ-

spon spon spon spon dact spon

The pauses at the end of ἰθζίκνπο and ςπράο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of πνιιάο is a diaresis

δὲ ἰθζίκνπο is hiatus

The first syllable of πνιιάο is long by position as is the first syllable of ἰθζίκνπο the last syllable

of Ἄηδη and the second syllable of πξνΐαςελ

Ζ ΡΧ | ΧΝ ΑΤ | ΣΟΤ δε ε | ΛΧ ξη α | ΣΔΤ ρε θπ | ΝΔ ΗΝ-

spon spon dact dact dact spon

The pause at the end of ηεῦρε is a feminine caesura

The pauses at the end of ἡξώσλ and αὐηνύο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of ἡξώσλ is the caesura of the verse

The pause at the end of ἑιώξηα is a diaresis

ΟΗ Χ | ΝΟΗ ζη ηε | ΓΑΗ ηα δη | Ο δrsquoε ηε | ΛΔΗ ε ην | ΒΟΤ ΛΖΝ

The pauses at the end of νἰσλνῖζη and δαῖηα are feminine caesuras

The pause at the end of Γηόο is a masculine caesura

The pauses at the end of ηε ἐηειείεην and βνπιήλ are diareses

The pause at the end of δαῖηα is the diaresis of the verse

Lesson 15

(693-694 697-700)

(cf 781-782 837 580 1009 996 584-585)

151 Third Declension Paradigms (continued)

Third declension nouns ending in a dental mute stem are exemplified by ἄλαμ (king ϝαλαθη-) λύμ (night λπθη-

) παῖο (child παηδ-) and γέξσλ (old man γεξνλη-)

N ἄλαμ λύμ παῖο γέξσλ

G ἄλαθηνο λπθηόο παηδόο γέξνληνο

D ἄλαθηη λπθηί παηδί γέξνληη

A ἄλαθηα λύθηα παίδα γέξνληα

V ἄλαμ [ἄλα] λύμ παῖ γέξσλ

N V A ἄλαθηε λύθηε παίδε γέξνληε

G D ἀλάθηνηηλ λύθηνηηλ παίδνηηλ γεξόληνηηλ

N ἄλαθηεο λύθηεο παίδεο γέξνληεο

G ἀλάθησλ λπθηῶλ παηδῶλ γεξόλησλ

D ἀλάθηεζζη λύθηεζζη παίδεζζη γεξόληεζζη

ἄλαμη λπμί παηζί γέξνπζη

A ἄλαθηαο λύθηνο παῖδαο γέξνληαο

Third declension nouns ending in labial and palatal stems are exemplified by αἴμ (goat αἰγ-) θῆξπμ (herald

θεξῡθ-) and Αἰζίνς (Ethipoian Αἰζηνπ-)

N αἴμ θῆξπμ Αἰζίνς

G αἰγόο θήξῡθνο Αἰζίνπνο

D αἰγί θήξῡθη Αἰζίνπη

A αἶγα θήξῡθα Αἰζίνπα

V αἴμ θῆξπμ Αἰζίνς

N V A αἶγε θήξῡθε Αἰζίνπε

G D αἴγνηηλ θεξύθνηηλ (ῡ) Αἰζηόπνηηλ

N αἶγεο θήξῡθεο Αἰζίνπεο

G αἰγῶλ θεξύθσλ (ῡ) Αἰζηόπσλ

D αἴγεζζη θεξύθεζζη (ῡ) Αἰζηόπεζζη

αἰμί θήξῡμ Αἰζίνςη

A αἶγαο θήξῡθαο Αἰζίνπαο

Nouns with stems ending in -εξ express different grades of ablaut in the stem (-εξ -εξ -ξ) with a recessive

accent in the vocative singular These are exemplified by παηήξ (father παηεξ-) κήηεξ (mother κεηεξ-) ζπγάηεξ

(daughter ζπγαηεξ-) and ἀλήξ (man ἀλεξ-)

N παηήξ κήηεξ ζπγάηεξ ἀλήξ

G παηέξνο -ηξόο κεηέξνο -ηξόο ζπγαηέξνο -ηξόο ἀλέξνο ἀλδξόο

D παηέξη -ηξί κεηέξη -ηξί ζπγαηέξη -ηξί ἀλέξη ἀλδξί

A παηέξα κεηέξα ζπγαηέξα ἀλέξα ἄλδξα

V πάηεξ κῆηεξ ζύγαηεξ ἄλεξ

N V A παηέξε κεηέξε ζπγαηέξε ἀλέξε ἄλδξε

G D παηέξνηηλ κεηέξνηηλ ζπγαηέξνηηλ ἀλέξνηηλ ἄλδξνηηλ

N παηέξεο κεηέξεο ζπγαηέξεο ζύγαηξεο ἀλέξεο ἄλδξεο

G παηέξσλ -ηξῶλ κεηέξσλ -ηξῶλ ζπγαηέξσλ ζπγαηξῶλ ἀλέξσλ ἀλδξῶλ

D παηξάζη κεηξάζη ζπγαηξάζη ζπγαηέξεζζη ἀλδξάζη ἄλδξεζζη

A παηέξαο κεηέξαο ζπγαηέξαο ζύγαηξαο ἀλέξαο ἄλδξαο

Note that δ is inserted into ἀλήξ between λ and ξ where they occur together The accent of the shorter forms of

ἀλέξ follow the pattern seen in παηήξ The alpha after ξ in the dative plural was added euphonically to strengthen

what was originally a sonant ξ

152 Vocabulary

ἄλαμ ἄλαθηνο ὁ king lord protector

ἀλήξ ἀλέξνο (ἀλδξόο) ὁ (real) man warrior hero

ἄξ(α) (ῥά) naturally of course as you know as you might expect that is

in effect (not always translatable)

βαζηιεύο ῆνο ὁ king ruler

δή indeed truly forsooth now

δηίζηεκη (ζηε- ζηα-) δηαζηήζσ stand apart separate

δηέζηεζα (δηέζηελ)

ἐμ νὗ from the time when

ἐξίδσ (ἐξηδ-) - ἤξηζ(ζ)α quarrel strive

ἠξηζάηελ (they) strove

ἔξηο ηδνο ἡ strife quarrel

Λεηώ Λεηόνο ἡ Leto

κάρνκαη fight battle

κάρεζζαη to fight

μπλίκη μπλήζσ μπλῆθα (μπλέεθα) bring together throw together hearken heed

ὄξλῡκη ὄξζσ ὦξζα (ὤξνξνλ) stir up kindle incite excite arouse

πξῶηνο ε νλ first foremost chief

ηὸ πξῶηνλ ηὰ πξῶηα (adv) at first firstly first

πἱόο νῦ ὁ son

ζθσε these two

153 Translation

1 ζεὰ (ᾱ) ἀείζεη κῆληλ Ἀρηιῆνο ἐμ νὗ δὴ ηὰ πξῶηα δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο θαὶ Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἀλδξῶλ ἠξηζάηελ θαὶ

δηεζηήηελ 2 ηίο ζεῶλ μπλέεθε δῖνλ Ἀρηιῆά ηε θαὶ Ἀηξεΐδελ ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 3 πἱὸο Λεηόνο θαὶ Γηὸο ἑθεβόινο

μπλέεθέ ζθσε ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη ηὸλ γὰξ βαζηιεὺο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἐρόισζελ ὁ δrsquo ὦξζε θαθὴλ λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ

ὤιεθε δὲ ιᾱνύο

KEY

1 The goddess sings the wrath of Achilles from the time when first the divine Achilles and Atreides king of

men strove and separated 2 Which of the gods brought together the divine Achilles and the son of Atreus to fight

in strife 3 The son of Leto and Zeus the Free-shooter brought these two together to fight in strife for Atreides the

king enraged him so he stirred up an evil plague through the camp of the Achaeans and destroyed their host

154 Iliad 1-10

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κῡξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςῡρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιή

ἐμ νὗ δὴ ηὰ πξῶηα δηαζηήηελ ἐξίζαληε

Ἀηξεΐδεο ηε ἄλαμ ἀλδξῶλ θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεύο

ηίο ηrsquo ἄξ ζθσε ζεῶλ ἔξηδη μπλέεθε κάρεζζαη

Λεηνῦο θαὶ Γηὸο πἱόο ὁ γὰξ βαζηιῆη ρνισζεὶο

λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ ὦξζε θαθήλ ὀιέθνλην δὲ ιᾱνί

δηαζηήηελ = δηεζηήηελ

ἐξίζαληε = aor act part nom dual masc (they two) having quarreled

ηε ἄλαμ originally ηε ϝάλαμ thus allowing the hiatus

ζθσε [ἕσ] = 3rd

pers pron acc dual these two

ἔξηδη is dative of means in strife

κάρεζζαη = pres act infinitive deponent to fight

ρνισζείο = aor pass part nom sing masc having been enraged

Λεηνῦο = contracted form of Λεηόνο

βαζηιῆη = Agamemnon instrumental case by the king

ὀιέθνλην = ὠιέθνλην imperf pass ind 3rd

pers plural were being destroyed or kept

perishing

KEY

Sing O goddess of the accursed wrath of Achilles Peleiades

which brought countless woes to the Achaeans

and cast forth the souls of many valiant warriors to Hades

making them the spoils and feast of both dogs

and vultures But the will of Zeus was accomplished

indeed from the time when at first having quarreled both

Atreides king of men and the divine Achilles separated

Which of the gods of course brought these two together to fight in strife

The son of Leto and Zeus For enraged by the king he

kindled an evil plague up through the camp and the people were destroyed

155 Composition

1 ἠείδνκελ κῆληλ νὐινκέλελ Ἀρηιιῆνο ἐμ νὗ ηὰ πξῶηα Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἀλέξσλ (ἀλδξῶλ) θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο

ἠξηζάηελ θαὶ δηεζηεζάηελ (δηεζηήηελ) 2 ηίο ζεῶλ μπλῆθε (μπλέεθα) Ἀραηνὺο θαὶ ιᾱὸλ Πξηάκνπ ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 3

μπλῆθε (μπλέεθα) ζθσε (ἕν) πἱὸο Λεηόνο (Λεηνῦο) θαὶ Γηὸο ἑθεβόινο ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 4 Αηξεΐδεο βαζηιεὺο

Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο ἐρόισζαλ ἄλαθηα ἑθεβόινλ θαὶ ὁ ὦξζα (ὤξνξε) λνῦζνπο πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θαθὰο (ᾱ) ἀλὰ

ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ θαθῶο ὤιεθελ ἀγαζὸλ ιᾱόλ

Lesson 16

(887-897 910 1065-1068 697-703 707 710 732)

161 Formation of Middle Passive and Deponent Verbs

The endings of the middle voice are different from the active voice The passive voice applies the same endings

as the middle voice except in the aorist passive which applies active endings Because the middle and passive voice

are identical (other than the aorist) the context determines whether a verb is used with middle or the passive

meaning The aorist middle is often used with a passive meaning (especially in athematic forms) and the aorist

passive is often used with a middle meaning

The perfect and pluperfect of the middlepassive are athematic with the personal endings attached directly to

the reduplicated stem

The future perfect passive is formed by adding -ζνε to the perfect middle passive lengthening the vowel that

precedes this ending

The first aorist passive is formed by adding -(ζ)ζεε to the stem Before ζ π and β become θ θ and γ become ρ

and η δ ζ become ζ Many verbs have a second aorist passive that drops the ζ altogether

Deponent verbs have no active form but use the middlepassive forms in an active sense

162 Paradigms Present and Future Indicative MiddlePassive of ιύσ

Present

S 1 ιύνκαη

2 ιύεαη [(ιύῃ)]

3 ιύεηαη

D 2 ιύεζζνλ

3 ιύεζζνλ

P 1 ιπόκε(ζ)ζα

2 ιύεζζα

3 ιύνληαη

Future

S 1 ιύζνκαη (ῡ)

2 ιύζεαη (ῡ) [(ιύζῃ (ῡ))]

3 ιύζεηαη (ῡ)

D 2 ιύζεζζνλ (ῡ)

3 ιύζεζζνλ (ῡ)

P 1 ιῡζόκεζα

2 ιύζεζζε (ῡ)

3 ιύζνληαη (ῡ)

163 The Use of Voice in Greek

The active voice indicates that the subject is acting λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ ὦξζε = he kindled a plague up

through the camp

The passive voice indicates that the subject is acted upon Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιή = but the will of Zeus was

being accomplished

The Middle voice denotes one of three meanings

1 The subject acting upon itself πείζνκαη (I convince myself) θαίλνκαη (I show myself)

2 The subject acting for itself θαιένκαη (I call for myself)

3 The subject acting upon something belonging to itself ιύνκαη (I loose my own I ransom)

When determing the difference between the middle and passive keep in mind that the middle voice always

conveys a direct or indirect reference to the subject and that the subject is effect by or has an interest in the action

164 Third Declension Stems in -επ -επ -νπ and -σϝ

Stems in -επ usually became -εϝ and the third declension endings are applied after the ϝ Thus βαζηιεϝνο =

βαζηιῆνο βαηιεϝη = βαζηιῆη βαζηιεϝα = βαζηιῆα etc Note that the ϝ explains why εη (εϝη) does not form an

improper diphthong as well as why the accusative singular ends in -εα (as if the stem ended in a consonant) instead

of -ελ (as if the stem ended in a vowel) Note that when the ending consists of a consonant the -εϝ is contracted to

the diphthong -επ Thus βαζηιεϝο = βαζηιεύο βαζηιεϝ = βαζηιεῦ βαζηιεϝζη = βαζηιεῦζη In rare cases the other

endings also contract the -ε to -ε (ie βαζηιῆνο = βαζηιένο)

In stems ending originally in -ᾱϝ the ᾱ becomes ε in the Ionic dialect These are declined the same as -εϝ

except that -εῡ is formed before consonants instead of -επ Thus λᾱϝο = λεϝο = λεῦο λᾱϝ = λεϝ = λεῦ But note the

exception in the shorter form of the dative plural where λᾱϝζη = λεϝζη = λεπζί (rather than λεῡζη) In contracted

forms the ε usually becomes ε

In stems ending in -σϝ the third declension endings are applied directly to the stem Thus ἡξσϝο = ἥξσο

ἡξσϝνο = ἥξσνο ἡξσϝη = ἥξση ἡξσϝα = ἥξσα etc

In stems ending originally in -ν or -νϝ the third declension endings are applied as usual But keep in mind that -

νϝ is contracted to the diphthong -νπ before a consonant thus βνϝο = βνῦο and βνϝζη = βνπζί But note the

exception that occurs in the accusative singular where βνϝλ = βνῦλ rather than βνϝα

βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

(βαζηιεϝ-) (βνϝ-) (λᾱϝ-) (ἡξσϝ-)

N βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

G βαζηιῆνο [ένο] βνόο λεόο [εόο] ἥξσνο

D βαζηιῆη [έη] βνΐ λεί ἥξση

A βαζηιῆα [έα] βνῦλ [βῶλ] λῆα [έα] ἥξσα

V βαζηιεῦ βνῦ λεῦ ἥξσο

N V A βαζηιῆε βόε λῆε ἥξσε

G D βαζηιήνηηλ βόνηηλ λήνηηλ ἡξώνηηλ

N V βαζηιῆεο βόεο λῆεο ἥξσεο

G βαζηιήσλ βνῶλ λεῶλ [εῶλ] ἡξώσλ

D βαζηιήεζζη βόεζζη λήεζζη [έεζζη] ἡξώεζζη

βαζηιεῦζη βνπζί λεπζί ἥξσζη

A βαζηιῆαο βόαο (βνῦο) λῆαο [έαο] ἥξσαο

165 Third Declension Stems in -εζ -αζ and -νζ

When a stem ends in a vowel plus -ζ the initial ζ is dropped between two vowels Thus γεξαζνο = γέξανο

ἠνζνο = ἠόνο etc

All third declension nouns with stems ending in -εο are neuters and follow the pattern of ἔπνο The third

declension endings are applied as usual except that the nominative vocative and accusative singulars end in -νο

Nouns with stems ending in -νο take -σο in the nominative and vocative singular but otherwise apply the third

declension endings as usual (dropping ζ between two vowels)

ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

(ϝεπεζ-) (γεξαζ-) (ἀϝζνζ- (ᾱ))

N ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

G ἔπενο γέξανο ἠόνο

D ἔπετ γέξατ ἠόη

A ἔπνο γέξαο ἠόα

V ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

N V A ἔπεε γέξαε

G D ἐπένηηλ γεξάνηηλ

N V ἔπεα γέξα(α)

G ἐπέσλ γεξάσλ

D ἐπέεζζη γεξάεζζη

ἔπε(ζ)ζη γέξα(ζ)ζη

A ἔπεα γέξα(α)

166 Third Declension Stems in -καη and -καξ

Stems ending in -καη and -καξ are neuters

Stems in -καη drop the -ηο in the nominative vocative and accusative singular δσκαηο = δῶκα Otherwise the

third declension endings are applied as usual

Stems ending in -καξ are declined like those ending in -καη except in the nominative vocative and accusative

singular (which end in -καξ)

δῶκα ἦκαξ

(δσκαη-) (ἠκαξ- ἠκαη-)

N δῶκα ἦκαξ

G δώκαηνο ἤκαηνο

D δώκαηη ἤκαηη

A δῶκα ἦκαξ

V δῶκα ἦκαξ

N V A δώκαηε ἤκαηε

G D δσκάηνηηλ ἠκάηνηηλ

N V δώκαηα ἤκαηα

G δσκάησλ ἠκάησλ

D δσκάηεζζη ἠκάηεζζη

δώκαζη ἤκαζη

A δώκαηα ἤκαηα

167 Third Declension Stems in -λη and -λ

Stems ending in -λη drop the -λη before ζ and lengthen the preceding vowel thus παληο = πᾶο παληζη = πᾶζη

Otherwise the third declension endings are applied as usual In neuters the -η is dropped at the end of the word thus

παλη = πᾶλ Stems in -λ drop the -λ before ζ and lengthen the preceding vowel in the masculine (but not in the

neuter)

πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

(παλη- παληα- παλη-)

Masc Fem Neut

N πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

G παληόο πάζεο (ᾱ) παληόο

D παληί πάζῃ (ᾱ) παληί

A πάληα πᾶζαλ πᾶλ

V πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

N V πάληεο πᾶζαη πάληα

G πάλησλ πᾱζάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] πάλησλ

D πάληεζ(ζ)η πάζῃζη (ᾱ) πάληεζ(ζ)η

πᾶζη πάζῃο (ᾱ) πᾶζη

A πάληνο πάζᾱο (ᾱ) πάληα

κέιᾱο κέιαηλα κέιαλ

(κειαλ- κειαηλα- κειαλ-)

N κέιᾱο κέιαηλα κέιαλ

G κέιαλνο κειαίλεο κέιαλνο

D κέιαλη κειαίλῃ κέιαλη

A κέιαλα κέιαηλαλ κέιαλ

V κέιαλ κέιαηλα κέιαλ

N V A κέιαλε κειαίλᾱ κέιαλε

G D κειάλνηηλ κειαίλῃηλ κειάλνηηλ

N V κέιαλεο κέιαηλαη κέιαλα

G κειάλσλ κειαηλάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] κειάλσλ

D κειάλεζ(ζ)η κειαίλῃζη κειάλεζ(ζ)η

κέιαζη κειαίλῃο κέιαζη

A κέιαλεο κειαίλᾱο κέιαλα

168 Vocabulary

Nouns

Ἀπόιισλ (ᾰ or ᾰ) σλνο ὁ Apollo

ἀξεηήξ (ᾱ) ῆξνο ὁ priest prayer

ζπγάηεξ ηέξνο (ηξόο) ἡ daughter

θνζκήησξ νξνο ὁ commander marshaller

λεῦο λεόο (λεόο) ἡ ship

ζηέκκα καηνο ηό fillet (of white cotton) wreath

ρείξ ρεηξόο ἡ hand arm

Verbs

ἔξρνκαη (ἐξρ- ἐιε- ἐιεπζ- ἐιπζ-) come go

ἐιεύζνκαη I will come I will go

ἦιζνλ (ἤιπζνλ) I came I went

ιίζζνκαη (ιηη-) I beg I entreat

---

ἐιιηζάκελ (ἐιηηόκελ) I begged I entreated

Adjectives Prepositions

ζνόο ή όλ swift speedy

πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ all every (the) whole

Indeclinable

δύν (δύσ) two

κάιηζηα most especially by all means

169 Translation

1 Ἀπόιισλ ἑθεβόινο ρνινῦηαη βαζηιῆη Αηξεΐδῃ θαὶ πέκπεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ ὀιέθνληαη δὲ

ιᾱνί νὕλεθα δῖνο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) 2 Υξύζεο (ῡ) γὰξ ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἑθεβόινπ ἔξρεηαη

ἐπὶ ζνὰο (ᾱ) λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ θέξεη δrsquo ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα ζπγαηξόο ἣλ Ἀηξεΐδεο ἔρεη ἐλ ζηξαηῷ 3 ὁ δrsquo ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἔρεη

ζηέκκαηα ἑθεβόινπ Ἀπόιισλνο ἐλ ρεξζὶλ ἀλὰ ρξῡζέῳ ζθήπηξῳ θαὶ ιίζζεηαη πάληαο Ἀραηνύο κάιηζηα δrsquo Ἀηξεΐδᾱ

δύσ θνζκήηνξε ιᾱῶλ 4 Ἀπόιισλ ρνιώζεηαη βαζηιῆη θαὶ ὄξζεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηόλ 5 ἐιεύζνληαη ἐπὶ ζνὰο

(ᾱ) λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ νἴζνπζη ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα βαζηιῆη 6 ιίζζνληαη πάληαο Ἀραηνύο 7 Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζελ (ῑ)

ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) θαὶ νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε ζύγαηξα

KEY

1 Apollo the free-shooter enraged by king Atreides sent an evil plague through the camp of the Achaeans and

the people were destroyed because the divine Atreides dishonored Chryses the priest 2 For Chryses the priest of

the free-shooter went upon the swift ships of the Achaeans bearing countless ransoms for his daughter whom

Atreides was holding in the camp 3 But the priest had a wreath of Apollo the free-shooter upon a staff in his hand

and was entreating all of the Achaeans but especially the sons of Atreus (who were) the commanders of the host 4

Apollo will be enraged by the king and will kindle an evil plague up through the camp 5 They will go upon the

swift ships of the Achaeans and bring countless ransoms to the king 6 They are entreating all of the Achaeans 7

Atreides dishonored the priest and would not release his daughter

1610 Iliad 11-16

hellipὀιέθνλην δὲ ιᾱνί

νὕλεθα ηὸλ Υξύζελ ἠηίκαζελ ἀξεηῆξα

Αηξεΐδεο ὁ γὰξ ἦιζε ζνὰο ἐπὶ λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ

ιπζόκελνο ηε ζύγαηξα θέξσλ ηrsquo ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα

ζηέκκαηrsquo ἔρσλ ἐλ ρεξζὶλ ἑθεβόινπ Ἀπόιισλνο

ρξπζέῳ ἀλὰ ζθήπηξῳ θαὶ ἐιίζζεην πάληαο Ἀραηνύο

Ἀηξεΐδα δὲ κάιηζηα δύσ θνζκήηνξε ιαῶλ

ηόλ Υξύζελ = that (well-known) Chryses

The first verse ends in two spondees making it a spondaic verse and emphasizing the fact that

Chryses was a priest

ιῡζόκελνο = fut mid part nom masc sing being about to ransom

θέξσλ = pres act part nom sing masc bearing bringing

ἔρσλ = pres act part nom sing masc having holding

ρεξζὶλ ἑθεβόινπ = ρεξζὶ ϝεθεβόινπ

ρξῡζέῳ = synizesis where -έῳ is pronounced as a single syllable

ἐιίζζεην = imperf act ind 3rd

pers sing dep (kept) entreating was entreating

Ἀηξεΐδᾱ = dual of Ἀηξεΐδεο refers to both Agamemnon and Menelaus

KEY

hellipand the people were being destroyed

because Atreides dishonored Chryses the priest

For he had gone upon the swift ships of the Achaeans

intending to ransom his daughter bearing countless gifts

and holding in his hand fillets of Apollo the free-shooter

upon a golden staff and was entreating all of the Achaeans

but especially the two sons of Atreus the commanders of the host

1611 Composition

1 Chryses the priest of Apollo is dishonored by the son of Atreus 2 The Achaeans will go from their swift

ships to Troy and ransom the beloved daughter of the priest 3 We shall bring many ransoms and shall hold in our

hands the fillets of Apollo 4 We do not have a golden scepter but we entreat Priam and all the people of Troy 5

The two sons of Atreus marshallers of the people are entreating Priam but he will slight them 6 The son of

Atreus king of men slighted the priest and did not release his daughter

KEY

1 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) Ἀπόιινπ ἀηῑκάδεηαη Ἀηξεΐδῃ 2 Ἀραηνὶ ἐιεύζνληαη ἐθ ζνάσλ (ᾱ) λήσλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ (ῑ)

θαὶ ἀπειύζνληαη (ῡ) θίιε ζπγάηεξα ἀξεηῆξη (ᾱ) 3 νἴζνκελ πνιιrsquo ἄπνηλα θαὶ ἕζρνκελ ἐλ ρείξεζζη ζηέκκαηα

Ἀπόιινπ 4 νὐθ ἔρνκελ ζθῆπηξνλ ρξύζενλ ἀιιὰ ιηζζόκεζα Πξίακνλ θαὶ πᾶληα ιᾱνλ Ἰιίνπ (ῑ) 5 δύrsquo Ἀηξεΐδᾱ

θνζκήηεξᾱ ιᾱσλ ιίζζεζζνλ Πξίακνλ αὐηνὺο δrsquo ἀηῑκάζεη 6 Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἄλδξσλ ἠηίκαζελ (ῑ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) θαὶ

νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε ζπγάηεξα

1612 Meter

ΟΤ λε θα | ΣΟΝ ΥΡΤ | ΖΝ Ζ | ΣΗ κα ζελ | Α ΡΖ | ΣΖ ΡΑ~

Α ηξε η | ΓΖ ν γαξ | ΖΛ ζε ζν | Α ε πη | ΝΖ αο α | ΥΑΗ ΧΝ

ΛΤ ζν κε | ΝΟ ηε ζπ | ΓΑΣ ξα θε | ΡΧΝ ηα πε | ΡΔΗ ζη α | ΠΟΗ ΝΑ~

ΣΔΜ καη ε | ΥΧΝ ΔΝ | ΥΔΡ ζηλ ε | ΚΖ βν ινπ | Α ΠΟΛ | ΛΧ ΝΟ~

ΥΡΤζεσα | ΝΑ ΚΖΠ | ΣΡΧ θαη ε | ΛΗ ζε ην | ΠΑΝ ηαο α | ΥΑΗ ΟΤ

ΑΣ ξε η | ΓΑ δε κα | ΛΗ ηα δπ | Χ ΚΟ | ΜΖ ην ξε | ΛΑ ΧΝ

Lesson 17

(910 - imperfect middle and passive aorist middle of ιύσ 648-658 - the table

of endings in 32)

171 Paradigms Imperfect MiddlePassive of ιύσ

S 1 ἐιπόκελ

2 ἐιύεν [(ἐιύεπ)]

3 ἐιύεην

D 2 ἐιύεζζνλ

3 ἐιπέζζελ

P 1 ἐιπόκε(ζ)ζα

2 ἐιύεζζε

3 ἐιύνλην

172 Paradigms Aorist Middle of ιύσ

Thematic Athematic (2nd

Aorist)

S 1 ἐιῡζάκελ ἐιύκελ

2 ἐιύζαν (ῡ) [(ἐιύζσ (ῡ))] ἔιπ(ζ)ν

3 ἐιύζαην (ῡ) ἔιπην

D 2 ἐιύζαζζνλ (ῡ) ἔιπζζνλ

3 ἐιῡζάζζελ ἐιύζζελ

P 1 ἐιῡζάκε(ζ)ζα ἐιύκε(ζ)ζα

2 ἐιύζαζζε (ῡ) ἔιπζζε

3 ἐιύζαλην (ῡ) ἔιπλην

173 Vocabulary

δῶκα αηνο ηό house home

παῖο παηδόο ὁ ἡ child son daughter

π(η)όιηο ηνο (ενο) ἡ city state

ἐπθλήκῑο ῑδνο well-greaved

ἐγώ(λ) κέν (κεῦ) I

ζύ ζέν (ζεῦ) you

κέλhellip δέ on the one handhellip trulyhellip on the one handhellip on the other hand

partlyhellip partly the onehellip the other

νἴθαδε home homeward to home home

Verbs

ἅδνκαη (ἁγ-) (defective) I reverence

δέρνκαη I accept I receive

δέμνκαη I will accept

ἐδεμάκελ (ἐδέγκελ) I accepted

δίδσκη (δσ- δν-) I give I grant

(δη)δώζσ I will give

ἔδσθα I gave

ἐθπέξζσ (πεξζ- πξαζ-) I sack (utterly) I plunder I pillage

ἐθπέξζσ I will sack

ἐμέπεξζα (ἐμέπξαζνλ) I sacked

ἱθλένκαη I arrive I reach (a destination)

ἵμνκαη I will arrive

ἱθόκελ (ῑ) I arrived

174 Translation

1 ζενὶ ἔρνπζηλ ιύκπηα δώκαηα ἔδσθαλ δrsquo Ἀηξεΐδεο θαὶ ἄιινηζηλ ἐπθλεκίδεζζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἐθπέξζαη

(infinitive) πόιηλ Πξηάκνπ ηόηε δrsquo ἵθνλην (ῑ) ἐὺ νἴθαδε νὕλεθα παῖδα θίιελ ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἔιῡζαλ 2 ἀπέιῡζαλ

ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνὶ ζύγαηξα θίιελ ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἐδέμαλην δrsquo ἀγιαὰ ἄπνηλα νὕλεθα ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλα Γηὸο πἱὸλ

ἅδνλην 3 ἅδεηαη ἑθεβόινλ 4 Ἀηξεΐδεο νὐθ ἐδέμαην ηὰ ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα 5 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἔδσθελ ἄπνηλα

πνιιὰ βαζηιῆη Ἀηξεΐδῃ 6 πάληεο ζενὶ θαὶ πᾶζαη ζεαὶ εἶρνλ ιύκπηα δώκαηα 7 Ἀραηνὶ ἐπθλήκῑδεο ἐθπέξζνπζη

Πξηάκνην πόιηλ ἵμνληαη δrsquo ἐπ νἴθαδε 8 παῖο θίιε ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἐιύζαην (ῡ) ἵθεην (ῑ) δrsquo ἐὺ νἴθαδε

KEY

1 The gods have Olympian homes but they gave the son of Atreus and the other well-greaved Achaeans to

utterly sack the city of Priam and then they returned safe at home because they released the dear child of the priest

2 The well-greaved Achaeans released the dear daughter of the priest and received glorious ransoms because they

reverenced the free-shooter Apollo son of Zeus 3 He reverences te free-shooter 4 The son of Atreus did not

receive the glorious ransoms 5 Chryses the priest gave many ransoms to king Atreides 6 All of the gods and all of

the goddesses had Olympian homes 7 The well-greved Achaeans will utterly sack Priamrsquos city and will return safe

to home 8 The dear child of the priest was released and arrived well to her home

175 Iliad 17-21

ltltἈηξεΐδαη ηε θαὶ ἄιινη ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνί

ὑκῖλ κὲλ ζενὶ δνῖελ ιύκπηα δώκαηrsquo ἔρνληεο

ἐθπέξζαη Πξηάκνην πόιηλ ἐὺ δrsquo νἴθαδrsquo ἱθέζζαη

παῖδα δrsquo ἐκνὶ ιῦζαί ηε θίιελ ηά ηrsquo ἄπνηλα δέρεζζαη

ἁδόκελνη Γηὸο πἱὸλ ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλαgtgt

Ἀηξεΐδαηhellip ἄιινη ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνί = vocative case

ὑκῖλ (ῡ) = dat plural of ζύ to you

ζενί = one syllable by synizesis

κέλ (v 18) = correlative of δέ (v 20)

δνῖελ = aor act optative 3rd

plural of δίδσκη may they grant

ἔρνληεο = pres act part nom masc plural of ἔρσ having possessing

ἐθπέξζαη = aor act inf of ἐθπέξζσ to sack utterly

ἱθέζζαη = aor act inf of ἱθένκαη to arrive (compare κάρεζζαη)

ιῦζαη δέρεζζαη = infinitives used as imperatives free and accept

ηά ηrsquo ἄπνηλα (ηά ηε ἄπνηλα) = thesehellip gifts

ἁδόκελνη = pres act part nom masc plural reverencing

KEY

ldquoSons of Atreus and you other well-greaved Achaeans

may the gods who have their homes on Olympus grant you

to utterly sack Priamrsquos city and return safe to home

but release my dear child to me and accept these gifts

reverencing Apollo who shoots at will the son of Zeusrdquo

176 Composition

1 The gods who have (ἔρνληεο) Olympian homes will grant to the sons of Atreus and to the other well-greaved

Achaeans to sack utterly (ἐθπέξζαη) the city of Priam 2 When they sacked the city of Priam they returned happily

home 3 They accepted the shining ransoms and freed the darling daughter of the priest Chryses 4 We reverenced

the free-shooter Apollo son of Leto and Zeus and escaped death 5 Will the son of Atreus accept the shining

ransoms 6 The child of the priest was freed when he gave many shining ransoms which the two sons of Atreus

accepted

KEY

1 ζενὶ ἔρνληεο ιύκπηα δώκαηα δώζνπζη Ἀηξεΐδῃζη θαὶ ἄιινηζηλ ἐπθλεκίδεζζηλ (ῑ) Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἐθπέξζαη πόιηλ

Πξηάκνπ 2 ηόηε ἐμέπεξζαλ πόιηλ Πξηάκνην ἵθνλην (ῑ) ἐὺ νἴθαδε 3 ἐδέμαλην ἀγιαrsquo ἄπνηλα θαὶ ἀπέιῡζαλ ζπγάηεξα

θίιε ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) Υξύζᾱν (ῡ) 4 ἡμάκεζα ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλα Λεηόνο θαὶ Γηὸο πἱόλ θαὶ ζάλαηνλ 5

Ἀηξεΐδεο δέμεηαη ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα 6 παῖο ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἀπειύζαην (ῡ) ηόηε ἔδσθελ ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀγιάα ηὰ

Ἀηξεΐδᾱ ἐδώθαζηλ

Lesson 18

(Perfect and Pluperfect Active of Verbs 904 922 Third Declension γέρων

αἴξ 693-695)

181 Formation of the Perfect and Pluperfect Active

The perfect and pluperfect in all modes experience reduplication of the initial syllable which denotes completed

action Verbs beginning with a single consonant (except ξ) prefix this consonant followed by -ε Thus ιύσ =

ιέιπθα The stem sometimes stands in ablaut relation to the stem of the present as in βαίλσ = βέβεθα A

reduplicated syllable beginning with an aspirated mute is changed to its corresponding voiceless mute in the

reduplicated syllable ie ζλήζθσ = ηέζλεθα In these cases the reduplicated pluperfect adds ἐ- to the reduplicated

syllable ie ιύσ = ιέιπθα = ἐιέιπθε

Vebs beginning with a double consonant two consonants (except a mute followed by a liquid or a nasal) ξ and

some beginning with κ simply augment the stem with the addition of ε-

Verbs beginning in a vowel typically take the temporal augment by lengthening the vowel ie νἴρνκαη =

ᾤρσθα However verbs beginning with a vowel in which an initial consonant has been lost may take the syllabic

augment

Compound verbs typically insert the reduplication and augment between the preposition and the verb ie

ἀπνιύσ = ἀπνιέιπθα = ἀπειειύθε

The first perfect active adds -θα- to the stem followed by the primary endings The first pluperfect active

similarly adds -θε- followed by the secondary endings In general a short final vowel is lengthened before the

addition of the -θα- or -θε- Second perfects and pluperfects active are the older form and are more common in

Homer These omit the θ and simply add -α- or -ε- respectively The second perfects are more common in stems

ending in a consonant

In general the singular perfect and pluperfect active stand in ablaut relation to the dual and plural forms

Perfects and pluperfects are rare in Homer and only occur in some twenty verbs

182 Paradigms λέλυκα and βέβηκα

ιέιπθα ἐιειύθε (ἐιειύθεα)

ιέιπθαο ἐιειύθο (ἐιειύθεαο)

ιέιπθε(λ) ἐιειύθεη (ἐιειύθεε)

ιειύθαηνλ ἐιειύθαηνλ

ιειύθαηνλ ἐιειπθάηελ

ιειύθακελ ἐιειύθεκελ

ιειύθαηε ἐιειύθεηε

ιειύθᾱζη ἐιειύθεζαλ

βέβεθα ἐβεβήθεα (ἐβεβήθε)

βέβεθαο ἐβεβήθεαο (ἐβεβήθεο)

βέβεθε(λ) ἐβεβήθεε (ἐβεβήθεη)

βέβαηνλ ἐβέβαηνλ

βέβαηνλ ἐβεβάηελ

βέβακελ ἐβέβακελ

βέβαηε ἐβέβαηε

βέβᾱζη ἐβέβαζαλ

183 Paradigms γέρων and αἴξ

γέξσλ αἴμ

γέξνληνο αἰγόο

γέξνληη αἰγί

γέξνληα αἶγα

γέξνλ αἴμ

γέξνληε αἶγε

γεξόληνηηλ αἴγνηηλ

γέξνληεο αἶγεο

γεξόλησλ αἰγῶλ

γεξόληεζ(ζ)η (γέξνπζη) αἴγεζ(ζ)η (αἰμί)

γέξνληαο αἶγαο

184 Vocabulary

ἀγνξή ῆο ἡ assembly meeting place gathering harrangue

αἴμ αἰγόο ὁ ἡ goat

Ἄξγνο ενο ηό Argos (both a country and a city in Greece)

γέξσλ νληνο ὁ old man

γῆξαο ανο ηό old age

ἱεξεύο ῆνο ὁ priest holy man

κεξίνλ νπ ηό thigh-bone thigh-piece

πνύο πνδόο ὁ foot

ηαῦξνο νπ ὁ bull

θξήλ θξελόο ἡ diaphragm mind heart soul spirit disposition

δέθαηνο ε νλ tenth

ἡκέηεξνο ε νλ our ours

θνῖινο ε νλ hollow

ὠθύο ὠθεῖα ὠθύ swift speedy

ζλήζθσ die perish

ζαλένκαη

ἔζαλνλ

ηέζλεθα

θεύγσ flee fly escape run (off away along)

θεύμνκαη

ἔθπγνλ

πέθεπγα

55 Vocabulary

ἀείδσ sing sing of hymn chant

ἀλ- (prefix ἀ- before consonants) not un- dis- -less without

ἁλδάλσ (to) please (used with the dative)

ἀηῑκάδσ dishonor slight insult

βαίλσ come go walk

εἰο ἐο (adv and prep + acc) into until therein

ἔρσ have hold keep

θαίσ burn consume

ιύσ loose free break up destroy

ὀιέθσ kill destroy ruin

πέκπσ send escort conduct

ηειείσ accomplish fulfill complete

ηεύρσ make do fashion perform cause prepare

θέξσ bear carry bring

56 Derivatives

ἀείδσ (aed-) = ode odium melody palinode

ἀλ- (a- an-) = atheist anarchy

θαίσ (cae-) = caustic cauterize holocaust

ιύσ (ly-) = analysis

πέκπσ (pemp-) = pomp

ηειείσ (tele-) = teleology

θέξσ (pher-) = periphery phosphorus

57 Translation

1 ἀείδνκελ βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεάσλ (ᾱ) πνιιάσλ (ᾱ) 2 θιαγγὴ δεηλὴ θαθῆο ζαιάζζεο νὐρ ἁλδάλεη ςῡρῇ ζεᾶο 3 ηίο

ἀηῑκάδεη θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) ζεάο (ᾱ) 4 νὐρ ἀηῑκάδνκελ πάηξελ θίιε γάξ ἐζηηλ 5 βαίλνπζηλ ἐθ Κίιιεο εἰο Υξύζελ (ῡ) 6

θαίνπζη ππξὰο (ᾱ) πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἐλ Υξύζῃ (ῡ) ἐπὶ ζαιάζζῃ 7 ἔρνκελ πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) βνπιάο (ᾱ) 8 θαίεηε

ππξὰο (ᾱ) ἐλ πάηξῃ 9 ιύεηνλ ιύεηο ιύνκελ ιύνπζηλ ιύεηε 10 ὀιέθνκελ ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θαθὰο (ᾱ) ἐλ

πάηξῃ θίιῃ 11 ηίο πέκπεη ζεὰο (ᾱ) ἐο Υξύζελ (ῡ) 12 ηειείεηε βνπιὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) πάηξῃ θίιῃ 13 ηειείνκελ

βνπιὴλ θίιεο ζεᾶο 14 ηεύρνκελ ππξήλ 15 ηί θέξεηε ηί θέξνπζηλ

(2) ἁλδάλεη ςῡρῇhellip The object of the verb ἁλδάλσ takes the dative case In general the English can be

translated with the addition of the word ldquotordquo thus νὐθ ἁλδάλεη ςῡρῇ is ldquois not pleasing to the soulrdquo or ldquodoes

not please the soulrdquo

(5) The word εἰο can either be translated ldquotordquo or ldquointordquo

(6) ἐπὶ ζαιάζζῃ is a title for Chrysa thus Υξύζε (ῡ) ἐπὶ ζαιάζζῃ is ldquoChrysa upon the seardquo or ldquoChrysa by

the seardquo

(8) The word πάηξε refers to the person addressed and so is more appropriately translated ldquonative landrdquo

(the more familiar ldquofatherlandrdquo would typically apply only to the person speaking) Note that the possessive

is implied by using the 2nd

person of the verb thus ldquohellipin (your) native landrdquo

(9) ιύεηνλ can be either 2nd

or 3rd

person

(10) As with many Homeric words the best translation depends on the context Here the word ὀιέθσ

occurs in a military context (the Iliad) and so probably refers to killing enemies θαθή probably refers to

cowardice But the passage could be rendered in many ways such as ldquoWe ruin many wicked soulshelliprdquo or

ldquoWe kill many cowardly soulshelliprdquo etc

(11) Note the alternate form of εἰο As with many common prepositions Homer offers different forms to fit

the rhythmic structure of the poem εἰο is a single long syllable while ἐο can be either long or short

depending on the following word In like manner ἐλ is either long or short ἐλί is two short syllables and

εἰλ is a single long syllable

(12) The dative without a preposition is here translated with ldquoforhelliprdquo I also rendered βνπιαί θαιαί as

ldquonoble thingsrdquo in this context although it could also be translated ldquogood plansrdquo ldquobrave plansrdquo etc

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 We sing the plans of many goddesses 2 The terrible roar of the evil sea was not pleasing to the soul of the

goddess 3 Who dishonors the noble goddesses 4 We do not dishonor (our) fatherland for it is dear 5 They go

from Cilla to Chrysa 6 Do they burn many funeral pyres in Chrysa by the sea 7 We have many fair plans 8 Do

you burn pyres in (your) native land 9 You two loose you loose we loose they loose you loose 10 We destroy

many wicked souls in (our) dear fatherland 11 Who escorts the goddess into Chrysa 12 You accomplish noble

things for (our) dear fatherland 13 We fulfill the will of the beloved goddess

58 Composition Exercises

1 Who is singing the evil plans of the fair goddess 2 The roar of the sea is pleasing to the soul of the goddess

in Cilla 3 We do not dishonor the goddesses of (our) dear fatherland 4 Are you going from Chrysa to Cilla by the

sea 5 The two goddesses come from the sea into Cilla 6 They are burning two funeral pyres in (their) fatherland

7 They have many fair plans 8 We loose you loose they (two) loose he is loosing 9 The goddess destroys many

wicked souls 10 We escort the goddess into (our) dear fatherland 11 They accomplish the will of (their)

fatherland 12 He is making a funeral pyre 13 What does he bring

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 ηίο ἀείδεη θαθὰο (ᾱ) βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεᾶο θᾱιῆο 2 θιαγγὴ ζαιάζζεο ἁλδάλεη ςῡρῇ ζεᾶο ἐλ Κίιιῃ 3 νὐθ

ἀηῑκάδνκελ ζεὰλ (ᾱ) θίιεο πάηξεο 4 βαίλεηο ἐθ Υξύζεο (ῡ) εἰο Κίιιελ ἐπὶ ζαιάζζῃ 5 ζεὰ (ᾱ) βαίλνπζηλ ἐθ

ζαιάζζεο εἰο Κίιιελ 6 θαίνπζη πύξᾱ ἐλ πάηξῃ 7 ἔρνπζη πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) βνπιάο (ᾱ) 8 ιύνκελ ιύεηο

ιύεηνλ ιύεη 9 ζεὰ (ᾱ) ὀιέθεη πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θαθὰο (ᾱ) ςῡράο (ᾱ) 10 θέξνκελ ζεὰλ (ᾱ) εἰο θίιελ πάηξελ 11

ηειείνπζη βνπιὴλ πάηξεο 12 ηεύρεη πύξελ 13 ηί θέξεη

Lesson 6

(678-679 717-721 1025 cf 575 996 1009)

61 Second Declension Masculines

Second declension nouns have stems ending in -o Masculine nouns of the second declension are inflected like

ζῡκόο (spirit life soul) and πνιεκόο (war) Second declension adjectives are inflected like θαθόο (evil)

Sigular Dual Plural

N ζῡκόο ζῡκώ ζῡκνί

G ζῡκνῦ νῖν [όν] ζῡκνῖηλ ζῡκῶλ

D ζῡκῷ ζῡκνῖηλ ζῡκνῖζη νῖο

A ζῡκόλ ζῡκώ ζῡκνύο

V ζῡκέ ζῡκώ ζῡκνί

Sigular Dual Plural

N θαθὸο πόιεκνο θαθὼ πνιέκσ θαθνὶ πόιεκνη

G θαθνῦ νῖν [όν] πνιέκνπ νην [νν] θαθνῖηλ πνιέκνηηλ θαθῶλ πνιέκσλ

D θαθῷ πνιέκῳ θαθνῖλ πνιέκνηηλ θαθνῖο πνιέκνηο

A θαθὸλ πόιεκνλ θαθὼ πνιέκσ θαθνὺο πνιέκνπο

V θαθὲ πόιεκε θαθὼ πνιέκσ θαθνὶ πνιεκνί

62 Second Declension Neuters

Second declension neuters end in -νλ in the nominative vocative and accusative singlular and -ᾰ in the

nominative vocative and accusative plural They are identical to second declension masculines in the genitive and

dative as well as all cases of the dual Second declension neuters nouns are declined like ἔξγνλ (deed) and second

declension neuter adjectives are declined like θᾱιόλ (noble)

Sigular Dual Plural

N θᾱιὸλ ἔξγνλ θᾱιὼ ἔξγσ θᾱιὰ ἔξγα

G θᾱινῦ νῖν [όν] ἔξγνπ νην [νν] θᾱινῖηλ ἔξγνηηλ θᾱιῶλ ἔξγσλ

D θᾱιῷ ἔξγῳ θᾱινῖηλ ἔξγνηηλ θᾱινῖο ἔξγνηο

A θᾱιὸλ ἔξγνλ θᾱιὼ ἔξγσ θᾱινὺο ἔξγνπο

V θᾱιὸλ ἔξγνλ θᾱιὼ ἔξγσ θᾱιὰ ἔξγα

63 Second Declension Feminines

A few second declension nouns are feminine These are declined exactly the same as the masculine form the

only difference being that all adjectives and modifiers take their respective feminine forms Thus θαθὸο ζῡκόο = the

evil spirit and θαθὸλ ἔξγνλ = the evil deed but θαθὴ λνῦζνο = the evil plague

Sigular Dual Plural

N θαθὴ λνῦζνο θαθὰ (ᾱ) λνύζσ θαθαὶ λνῦζνη

G θαθῆο λνύζνπ νην [νν] θαθῇηλ λνύζνηηλ θαθάσλ [έσλ ῶλ] λνύζσλ

D θαθῇ λνύζῳ θαθῇηλ λνύζνηηλ θαθῇζη ῇο λνύζνηζη νηο

A θαθὴλ λνῦζνλ θαθὰ (ᾱ) λνύζσ θαθὰο (ᾱ) λνύζνπο

V θαθὴ λνῦζε θαθὰ (ᾱ) λνύζσ θαθαὶ λνῦζνη

64 Adjectives

Adjectives always agree in case number and gender with the nouns they modify

Adjectives fall into three declensions just like nouns However adjectives frequently have masculine feminine

and neuter forms whereas nouns typically fall into a single gender The adjective θαθόο for example has three

forms θαθόο (masculine) θαθή (femine) and θαθόλ (neuter) Adjectives are usually listed in dictionary entries in

the nominative masculine singular followed by the femine and neuter singular endings θαθόο ή όλ

Adjectives are usually grouped into one of four categories 1) First and Second Declension Adjectives whose

forms usually represent the first declension when feminine and the second declension when masculine or neuter 2)

Second Declension Adjectives which usually have a single second declension form that serves as both masculine

and feminine as well as a second declension neuter form 3) First and Third Declension Adjectives whose

masculine and neuter forms are of the third declension but whose feminine form falls under the first declension and

4) Third Declension Adjectives which have a single third declension form for both masculine and feminine and a

third declension neuter form

First and Second Declension Adjectives have the nominative singular endings -νο (masculine) -ε (feminine)

and -νλ (neuter) Of these θᾱιόο (beautiful noble) and θίινο (dear lovely beloved) are good examples

Singular

Masc Fem Neut

N θᾱιόο θᾱιή θᾱιόλ θᾱιή θᾱιόλ

G θᾱινῦ νῖν [όν] θᾱιῆο θᾱινῦ νῖν [όν]

D θᾱιῷ θᾱιῇ θᾱιῷ

A θᾱιόλ θᾱιήλ θᾱιόλ

V θᾱιέ θᾱιή θᾱιόλ

Dual

N A V θᾱιώ θᾱιά (ᾱ) θᾱιώ

G D θᾱινῖηλ θᾱιῇηλ θᾱινῖηλ

Plural

N θᾱινί θᾱιαί θᾱιά

G θᾱιῶλ θᾱιάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] θᾱιῶλ

D θᾱινῖζη νῖο θᾱιῇζη ῇο θᾱινῖζη νῖο

A θᾱινύο θᾱιάο (ᾱ) θᾱιά

Singular

Masc Fem Neut

N θίινο θίιε θίινλ

G θίινπ νην [νν] θίιεο θίινπ νην [νν]

D θίιῳ θίιῃ θίιῳ

A θίινλ θίιελ θίινλ

V

Dual

N A V θίισ θίιᾱ θίισ

G D θίινηηλ θίιῃηλ θίινηηλ

Plural

N θίινη θίιαη θίια

G θίισλ θηιάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] θίισλ

D θίινηζη νηο θίιῃζη ῃο θίινηζη νηο

A θίινπο θίιᾱο θίια

V θίινη θίιαη θίια

65 Vocabulary

ἀγιαόο ή όλ bright shining splendid glorious

ἀλά ἄλ (adv prep + gen dat acc) upon on thereon along up through

ἀπεξείζηνο ε νλ boundless countless immeasureable

ἄπνηλα σλ ηά ransom

Ἀραηόο νῦ ὁ Achaean

δεηλόο ή όλ terrible awful dreadful dread fearful

ἑιώξηνλ νπ ηό booty spoils prey

ζεόο νῦ ὁ god divinity

ζῡκόο νῦ ὁ heart soul spirit courage passion

θαθόο ή όλ bad poor ugly mean cowardly evil wicked

θᾱιόο ή όλ good goodly noble handsome brave fair beautiful

ιᾱόο νῦ ὁ people host soldiery

κῡξίνη αη α countless innumerable

λνῦζνο νπ ἡ plague disease pest pestilence

νἰσλόο νῦ ὁ bird (of prey) vulture omen

πνιιόο ή όλ much many numerous

ζηξαηόο νῦ ὁ army encampment host

θίινο ε νλ dear darling lovely beloved

66 Derivatives

ἀλά (ana-) = anatomy

ἄπνηλα (apen-) = pentalty

ζεόο (theo-) = theology theocracy atheism polytheism monotheism henotheism pantheism

ιᾱόο (lao-) = laity layman

ζηξαηόο (strato-) = strategy strategic strategical

67 Translation Exercises

1 ἀγιαὰ ἄπνηλα θέξνπζηλ Ἀραηνὶ εἰο ζηξαηόλ 2 θέξνκελ ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 3 ζεὸο ηεύρεη

πνιινὺο Ἀραηνὺο ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζηλ 4 ἦζαλ Ἀραηνὶ θαθνί 5 νὐθ ἦζαλ θαθνί θᾱινὶ δέ λνῦζνο θαθὴ ὀιέθεη ιᾱὸλ

θᾱιόλ 6 Ἀραηνὶ πέκπνπζηλ ἄπνηλα κῡξίrsquo εἰο πάηξελ 7 ζεὸο βαίλεη ἐο ζηξαηόλ ὀιέθεη δὲ ιᾱὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 8 ηίο

ἀηῑκάδεη ζενὺο θᾱινύο 9 θαθνὶ ιᾱνὶ ἀηῑκάδνπζη ζενὺο πάηξεο 10 ζεὸο πέκπεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ

Ἀραηῶλ νὐ γὰξ ηειείνπζη βνπιὴλ ζεῶλ πάηξεο 11 βαίλεη ἐπὶ ζάιαζζαλ δεηλὴλ θαὶ ηεύρεη ππξὰο (ᾱ) πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἀλὰ

ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 12 ἔρνπζηλ ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα Ἀραηῶλ ἐλὶ ζηξαηῷ 13 βνπιὴ ζηξαηνῦ νὐρ ἁλδάλεη ζῡκῷ ζενῦ 14

ιᾱὸο Κίιιεο θίινο ἦλ ςῡρῇ ζεᾶο ζαιάζζεο 15 νὐθ ἀείδνκελ θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεῶλ ζηξαηῷ νὐ γὰξ ἁλδάλεη

Ἀραηνῖζη ζῡκῷ

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 The Achaeans bring countless splendid ransmoms into the camp 2 We carry boundless ransoms up through

the camp of the Achaeans 3 The god makes many Achaens spoils for the birds 4 Were the Achaeans evil 5 They

were not evil but good An evil pestilence destroyed the good host 6 The Achaeans send countless ransoms into

(their) fatherland 7 The god walks into the camp and destroys the host of the Achaeans 8 Who dishonors the noble

gods 9 The evil host dishonors the gods of (our) fatherlans 10 The god sends an evil plague up through the camp

of the Achaeans for they do not fulfill the will of the gods of (their) native country 11 He walks along the sea and

builds many funeral pyres throughout the camp of the Achaeans 12 They have boundless ransoms of the Achaeans

in the camp 13 The armyrsquos plan is not pleasing to the heart of the god 14 The host of Cilla was dear to the soul of

the goddess of the sea 15 We do not sing the brave plan of the goods of the camp for (that) is not pleasing to the

heart of the Achaeans

68 Composition Exercises

1 The terrible roar of the sea is pleasing to the goddess in (her) soul 2 We bring many splendid ransoms to the

army of the Achaeans 3 The god does not destroy the host of the Achaeans for they do not dishonor the gods of

(their) fatherland 4 The evil plague makes countless Achaeans a booty (use plural) for many birds 5 The people of

the Achaeans send countless shining ransoms to the goddess of the sea in Cilla 6 The Achaeans go to the sea and

sing but the noise is not pleasing to the goddess in (her) soul 7 The plague destroys the people for they dishonor

the god of Chrysa

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 θιαγγὴ δεηλὴ ἁλδάλεη ζεᾷ ςῡρῇ 2 θέξνκελ ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀγιαὰ ἐο ζηξαηῷ Ἀραηῶλ 3 ζεὸο νὐθ ὀιέθεη

ιᾱὸλ Ἀραηῶλ νὐ γὰξ ἀηῑκάδνπζη ζενὺο πάηξεο 4 θαθὴ λνῦζνο ηεύρεη κῡξίνπο Ἀραηνὺο ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζη πνιινῖζηλ

5 ιᾱὸο Ἀραηῶλ πέκπνπζη κῡξίrsquo ἄπνηλα ἀγιαὰ ζεᾷ ζαιάζζεο ἐλὶ Κίιιᾳ 6 Ἀραηνὶ βαίλνπζηλ εἰο ζάιαζζαλ θαὶ

ἀείδνπζηλ θιαγγὴ δὲ νὐρ ἁλδάλεη ζεᾷ ςῡρῇ 7 λνῦζνο ὀιέθεη ιᾱόλ ἀηῑκάδνπζη γὰξ ζεὸλ Υξύζεο (ῡ)

Lesson 7

Review

71 Review Vocabulary

ἀγιαόο ή όλ splendid ζῡκόο νῦ ὁ heart

ἀείδσ sing θαί and

ἀλ- ἀ- un- θαίσ burn

ἁλδάλσ is pleasing to θαθόο ή όλ evil

ἀπεξείζηνο ε νλ immeasurable θᾱιόο ή όλ good

ἄπνηλα σλ ηά ransom Κίιια εο ἡ Cilla

ἀηῑκάδσ dishonor θιαγγή ῆο ἡ roar

Ἀραηόο νῦ ὁ Achaean ιᾱόο νῦ ὁ host

βαίλσ go walk ιύσ loose

βνπιή ῆο ἡ plan κῡξίνη αη α countless

γάξ for λνῦζνο νπ ἡ plague

δέ but νἰσλόο νῦ ὁ bird

δεηλόο ή όλ terrible ὀιέθσ kill

εἰο (ἐο) into νὐ (νὐρ) not

εἰζί they are πάηξε εο ἡ fatherland

ἐθ (ἐμ) out of πέκπσ send

ἑιώξηνλ νπ ηό spoil πνιιόο ή όλ many

ἐλ(ί) εἰλ in ππξή ῆο ἡ funeral pyre

ἐπί upon ζηξαηόο νῦ ὁ army

ἐζηί it is ηειείσ accomplish

ἔρσ have ηεύρσ make

ἦλ it was ηίο ηί who what

ἦζαλ they were θέξσ carry

ζάιαζζα εο ἡ sea θίινο ε νλ beloved

ζεά (ᾱ) ᾶο ἡ goddess Υξύζε (ῡ) εο ἡ Chrysa

ςῡρή ῆο ἡ soul

72 Translation Exercises

1 ἀδείδνκελ ζεὰλ (ᾱ) ζαιάζζεο δεηλῆο θιαγγῇ πνιιῇ 2 νὐθ ἀηῑκάδνπζη ζενὺο 3 βνπιαὶ Ἀραηῶλ νὐρ

ἁλδάλνπζη ζεᾳ θᾱιῇ ζῡκῷ 4 βαίλεη ἐθ ζηξαηνῦ Ἀραηῶλ εἰο Κίιιαλ θαὶ θέξεη ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα ζεῷ 5 λνῦζνο θαθὴ

βαίλεη ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ θαὶ ηεύρεη πνιινὺο Ἀραηνὺο ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζηλ 6 θαὶ ζενὶ θαὶ ζεαὶ ὀιέθνπζη ιᾱὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 7 ηίο

Ἀραηῶλ ἔρεη ζῡκὸλ θαθόλ 8 ἦζαλ πνιιαὶ ζεαὶ ἐλὶ ζαιάζζῃ 9 θαίεη ππξὰο (ᾱ) ἐπὶ ζαιάζζῃ 10 ιύεηε ζηξαηὸλ

Ἀραηῶλ 11 πάηξε ἐζηὶ θίιε ςῡρῇ κῡξίσλ Ἀραηῶλ 12 ηίο πέκπεη ζηξαηὸλ ἐθ Κίιιεο εἰο Υξύζελ (ῡ) 13 βνπιὴ

θαθὴ ἐζηηλ ἁλδάλεη δὲ ζεᾷ ζῡκῷ 14 ηί ἀείδεηε

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 With a great noise we hymn the goodess of the terrible sea 2 We do not dishonor the gods 3 The will of the

Achaeans does not please the heart of the beautiful goddess 4 He goes from the Achaean camp to Cilla and delivers

countless ransoms to the god 5 An evil plague goes up through the camp and makes many Achaeans spoils for the

vultures 6 Both gods and goddesses destroy the host of the Achaeans 7 Who of the Achaeans has an evil heart 8

Were there many goddesses in the sea 9 He burns funeral pyres by the sea 10 You destroy the camp of the

Achaeans 11 The fatherland is dear to the soul of countless Achaeans 12 Who dispatches the army from Cilla to

Chrysa 13 It is an evil plan but it pleases the heart of the goddess 14 What do you sing

73 Composition Exercises

1 The Achaeans sing the beautiful goddess of the terrible sea 2 We do not dishonor the gods for they are dear

to (our) souls 3 The plans of the army are pleasing to the goddess in (her) noble soul 4 Many Achaeans are going

from the encampment and are bringing countless glorious ransoms to the gods 5 The evil plague destroys the

people and makes the army a booty for countless birds 6 We do not sing for it is not pleasing to the soul of the

goddess

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 Ἀραηνὶ ἀείδνπζη ζεὰλ (ᾱ) θᾱιὴλ δεηλῆο ζαιάζζεο 2 νὐθ ἀηῑκάδνκελ ζενὺο θίινη δὲ ζῡκνῖζηλ 3 βνπιαὶ

ζηξαηῷ ἁλδάλνπζη ζεᾷ ζῡκῷ 4 Ἀραηνὶ πνιινὶ βαίλνπζηλ ἐθ ζηξαηνῦ θαὶ θέξνπζηλ ἄπνηλα ἀπεξείζηα θαὶ ἀγιαὰ

ζενῖζηλ 5 θαθὴ λνῦζνο ὀιέθεη ιᾱὸλ θαὶ ηεύρεη ζηξαηὸλ ἄπνηλα νἰσλνῖζηλ ἀπεξείζηνῐζηλ 6 νὐθ ἀείδνκελ νὐθ γὰξ

ἁλδάλεη ςῡρῇ ζεᾶο

Lesson 8

(765-766 773-774)

81 The Second Declension (Continued)

Several words are declined like θᾱιόο ή όλ except that the nominative vocative and accusative singular of

the neuter ends in -o instead of -νλ Some of these words include ὅο ἥ ὅ (which) ὁ ἡ ηό (that) (ἐ)θεῖλνο ε ν

(that) αὐηόο ή ό (he she it) and ἄιινο ε ν (another)

The words ὅδε and νὗηνο are not introduced in this lesson but they are dleclined similarly and so are included

in the paradigms as reference

ὁ ἡ ηό (that hesheit whowhichwhat)

Masc Fem Neut

N ὁ ἡ ηό

G ηνῦ ηνῖν ηῆο ηνῦ ηνῖν

D ηῷ ηῇ ηῷ

A ηόλ ηήλ ηό

N A ηώ (ηώ) ηώ

G D ηνῖηλ (ηνῖηλ) ηνῖηλ

N νἱ αἱ ηά

G ηῶλ ηάσλ (ᾱ) [ηῶλ] ηῶλ

D ηνῖζη ηνῖο ηῇζη ηῇο ηνῖζη ηνῖο

A ηνύο ηάο (ᾱ) ηά

αὐηόο ή ό (hesheit self same)

Masc Fem Neut

N αὐηόο αὐηή αὐηό

G αὐηνῦ νῖν αὐηῆο αὐηνῦ νῖν

D αὐηῷ αὐηῇ αὐηῷ

A αὐηόλ αὐηήλ αὐηό

N A αὐηώ (αὐηώ) αὐηώ

G D αὐηνῖηλ (αὐηνῖηλ) αὐηνῖηλ

N αὐηνί αὐηαί αὐηά

G αὐηῶλ αὐηάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] αὐηῶλ

D αὐηνῖζη νῖο αὐηῇζη ῇο αὐηνῖζη νῖο

A αὐηνύο αὐηάο (ᾱ) αὐηά

ὅο ἥ ὅ (whowhichwhat)

Masc Fem Neut

N ὅο ἥ ὅ

G νὖ [ὅνπ ὅν] ἥο νὗ [ὅνπ ὅν]

D ᾧ ᾗ ᾧ

A ὅλ ἥλ ὅ

N A ὥ (ὥ) ὥ

G D νἷηλ (νἷηλ) νἶηλ

N νἵ αἵ ἅ

G ὧλ ὧλ ὧλ

D νἷζη νἷο ᾗζη ᾗο νἷζη νἷο

A νὕο ἅο (ᾱ) ἅ

(ἐ)θεῖλνο ε ν (that)

Masc Fem Neut

N (ἐ)θεῖλνο (ἐ)θείλε (ἐ)θεῖλν

G (ἐ)θείλνπ νην (ἐ)θείλεο (ἐ)θείλνπ νην

D (ἐ)θείλῳ (ἐ)θείλῃ (ἐ)θείλῳ

A (ἐ)θεῖλνλ (ἐ)θείλελ (ἐ)θεῖλν

N A (ἐ)θείλσ ((ἐ)θείλσ) (ἐ)θείλσ

G D (ἐ)θείλνηηλ ((ἐ)θείλνηηλ) (ἐ)θείλνηηλ

N (ἐ)θεῖλνη (ἐ)θεῖλαη (ἐ)θεῖλα

G (ἐ)θείλσλ (ἐ)θεηλάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] (ἐ)θείλσλ

D (ἐ)θείλνηζη νηο (ἐ)θείλῃζη ῃο (ἐ)θείλνηζη νηο

A (ἐ)θείλνπο (ἐ)θείλᾱο (ἐ)θεῖλα

ὅδε ἥδε ηόδε (this)

Masc Fem Neut

N ὅδε ἥδε ηόδε

G ηνύδε ηνῖνδε ηῆζδε ηνύδε ηνῖνδε

D ηῷδε ηῇδε ηῷδε

A ηόλδε ηήλδε ηόδε

N A ηώδε (ηώδε) ηώδε

G D ηνῖηλδε (ηνῖηλδε) ηνῖηλδε

N νἵδε (ηνίδε) αἵδε (ηαίδε) ηάδε

G ηῶλδε ηάσλδε (ᾱ) [ηῶλδε] ηῶλδε

D ηνῖζηδε ηνῖζδε ηῇζηδε ηῇζδε ηνῖζηδε ηνῖζδε

ηνίζδεζη ηνίζδεζη

ηνίζδεζζη ηνίζδεζζη

A ηνύζδε ηάζδε (ᾱ) ηάδε

νὗηνο αὕηε ηνῦην (this)

Masc Fem Neut

N νὗηνο αὕηε ηνῦην

G ηνύηνπ νην ηαύηεο ηνύηνπ νην

D ηνύηῳ ηαύηῃ ηνύηῳ

A ηνῦηνλ ηαύηελ ηνῦην

N A ηνύησ (ηνύησ) ηνύησ

G D ηνύηνηηλ (ηνύηνηηλ) ηνύηνηηλ

N νὗηνη αὗηαη ηαῦηα

G ηνύησλ ηαῡηάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] ηνύησλ

D ηνύηνηζη νηο ηαύηῃζη ῃο ηνύηνηζη νηο

A ηνύηνπο ηαύηᾱο ηαῦηα

82 Vocabulary

ἀιιά but moreover

ἄιινο ε νλ other another

αὐηόο ή ό self him himself her herself it itself same

δῖνο α νλ (declined like ζάιαζζα) divine heavenly glorious

(ἐ)θεῖλνο ε ν that (one) he she it

ἑθεβόινο νπ ὁ free-shooter sharpshooter (originally shoots-at-will a title for Apollo)

θαθῶο evilly wickedly harshly with evil consequences

ὁ ἡ ηό this that he she it who which what

νὕλεθα (νὗ-ἔλεθα) because

ζθῆπηξνλ νπ ηό scepter staff

ηέ and also both

ρξύζενο (ῡ) ε νλ gold golden of gold

83 Derivatives

ἄιινο (allo-) = allopathy

αὐηόο (auto-) = automaton autocracy autograph autonomy

ρξύζενο (ῡ) (chryse-) = chrysanthemum chrysalis chrysolite

84 Translation Excersis

1 δῖνο ἑθεβόινο αὐηὸο ἀείδεη ἀιιrsquo νὐρ ἁλδάλεη ἄιινηζη ζενῖζη ζῡκῷ 2 θεῖλνη Ἀραηνὶ ἀηῑκάδνπζη ηνὺο ζενύο

3 ὁ ἑθεβόινο πέκπεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ θαθῶο ὀιέθεη θεῖλνλ ιᾱόλ νὕλεθα ηὸλ ἀηῑκάδνπζηλ 4

νὐθ ἀηῑκάδνκελ ηνὺο ζενύο νἳ ἔρνπζη ζθῆπηξα ρξύζεα (ῡ) 5 ὁ ἑθεβόινο ηε θαὶ νἱ ἄιινη ζενὶ θέξνπζη ρξύζεα (ῡ)

ζθῆπηξα θᾱιά 6 ηίο ηεύρεη ηὰ ζθῆπηξα ρξύζεα (ῡ) ηνῖζη ζενῖο ζαιάζζεο 7 ἀείδεη ἑθεβόινο αὐηὸο βνπιὰο (ᾱ)

ἄιισλ ζεῶλ ηνῖζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ 8 εἰζὶλ νἱ Ἀραηνὶ θᾱινί νἱ ὀιέθνπζη ηὸλ ζηξαηὸλ θαίνπζί ηε ηὰο (ᾱ) ππξάο (ᾱ) 9 ἡ

ζεὰ (ᾱ) ηῆο δεηλῆο ζαιάζζεο ἔρεη ηὸ ζθῆηξνλ ρξύζενλ (ῡ) 10 ἐλὶ ηῇ πάηξε εἰζὶλ αἱ ππξαί 11 ηίο ηεύρεη ηὸλ

ζηξαηὸλ ἑιώξηα ηνῖζηλ νἰσλνῖζηλ

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 The divine free-shooter himself sings but it does not please the hearts of the other gods 2 Those Achaeans

dishonor these gods 3 This free-shooter sends an evil plague up through the camp of the Achaeans and wickedly

destroys that host because they dishonor him 4 We do not dishonor these gods who hold the golden scepters 5

Both this free-shooter and these other gods carry beautiful golden scepters 6 Who fashions the golden scepters for

these gods of the sea 7 Does the free-shooter himself sing the plans of the other gods to these Achaeans 8 Are

these Achaeans noble who destroy (our) camp and burn funeral pyres 9 This goddess of the terrible sea holds a

golden scepter 10 The funeral pyrers are in (our) fatherland 11 Who makes (our) camp a spoil for these vultures

85 Composition Exercises

1 ἑθεβόινο αὐηὸο ἀείδεη ηὰο (ᾱ) βνπιὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) ζεῶλ 2 ηί νὐρ ἁλδάλεη ηνῖο ἄιινηζη ζενῖζηλ νἳ ἐλὶ

ζαιάζζῃ 3 ἐθεῖλνο Ἀραηὸο ἀηῑκάδεη ηνὺο ζενὺο πάηξεο νἱ ἔρνπζη ηὰ ζθῆπηξα ρξύζεα (ῡ) 4 ὁ ἑθεβόινο πέκπεη

λνύζνπο πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θαθὰο (ᾱ) ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ ὀιέθεη κῡξίνπο ιᾱνύο νὕλεθα ηὸλ ἀηῑκάδνπζηλ 5 ηίο

θαίεη ηὰο (ᾱ) ππξὰο (ᾱ) Ἀραηῶλ ἐπὶ δεηλῇ ζαιάζζῃ 6 ὁ ἑθεβόινο ηεύρεη κῡξίνπο Ἀραίνπο ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζηλ νὕλεθα

ηὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) ζεὰο (ᾱ) ζαιάζζεο ἀηῑκάδνπζηλ

Lesson 9

(830-840 904)

91 The Verbal Augment

Greek verbs frequently add a prefix to a verb (in the secondary tenses of the idicative) to indicate action

occurring in the past This prefix is called an augment Verbal augments take one of two forms the syllabic

augment which consists of adding an extra syllable to the beginning of a word and the temporal augment which

consists of lengthening the first syllable of a word While the augment is consistently applied in later dialects of

Greek it was still optional in Homeric and is often omitted (the tense being determined solely from the suffixes)

The syllabic augment is applied to verbs that begin with a consonant (or rare verbs that originally began with a

consonant) and consists of the prefix ε- Thus ιύνκελ = we loose (present tense) but ἐιύνκελ = we were loosing

(past tense) Some Greek words originally began with a ϝ or an ζ that later disappeared (usually replace with the

rough breathing) In those cases the augment is sometimes syllabic reflecting the earlier practice The word ἁλδάλσ

for example was originally ζϝαλδάλσ (swandano) The original augmented form of the imperfect was ἐζϝάλδαλνλ

(eswandano) When the ζϝ- was dropped the syllabic augment was retained ἑάλδαλνλ (heandano)

When a verb has lost an initial ζ the syllabic augment frequently contracts with the initial vowel For example

the word ἔρσ was originally ζέρσ The original augmented imperfect was ἔζερνλ When the initial ζ disappeared

the result was ἔερνλ which contracted to εἶρνλ (because εε usually contracts to εη) This pattern is also sometimes

present in verbs that originally began with ϝ such as ϝίδνλ =gt ἐϝηδνλ = ἔηδνλ = εἶδνλ

The temporal augment consists of lengthening an initial vowel and occurs in most Greek verbs that begin with

an initial vowel In general initial α or ε becomes ε initial η ν or π becomes ῑ initial αη and ᾳ become ῃ and initial

νη becomes ῳ Thus ἄγνκελ (we lead) becomes ἤγνκελ (we were leading) If the verb already begins with a long

vowel (ε ῃ ῑ ῡ σ ῳ) there is usually no change

Verbs that begin with ξ usually double the ξ when adding the syllabic augment This feature also sometimes

occurs in verbs beginning with ι κ λ or ζ

Compound verbs are usually formed from a combination of preposition + verb such as ἀπό (away from) + ιύσ

(loosen) = ἀπνιύσ (set free turn loose) In compound verbs a temporal augment is inserted between the preposition

and the verb If the preposition ends in a vowel the vowel is usually elided Thus ἀπνιύνκελ (we set free) becomes

ἀπειύνκελ (elided from ἀπνειύνκελ we were setting free)

92 The Imperfect Tense

The imperfect denotes continuous action in past time and typically corresponds to the past participle in English

Thus ἔιπνλ (imperfect) = I was loosing Occasionally the Greek imperfect is best translated by the simple past tense

in English The imperfect tense is formed by adding the secondary tense endings (which will be described in a later

lesson) to the augmented stem of the verb

In the paradigm below the unaugmented form is shown in brackets

Imperfect Tense

S 1st Pers ἔιπνλ [ιύνλ] I was loosing

2nd

Pers ἔιπεο [ιύεο] you were loosing

3rd

Pers ἔιπε(λ) [ιύε(λ)] he she it was loosing

D 2nd

Pers ἐιύεηνλ [ιύεηνλ] you (two) were loosing the pair of you were loosing

3rd

Pers ἐιπέηελ [ιπέηελ] they (two) were loosing the pair of them were loosing

P 1st Pers ἐιύνκελ [ιύνκελ] we were loosing

2nd

Pers ἐιύεηε [ιύεηε] you (ye) were loosing

3rd

Pers ἐιύνλ [ιύνλ] they were loosing

93 Vocabulary

ἄιιῃ elsewhere

Ἀξγεῖνο νπ ὁ Argive

-δε (suffix + acc) to

δηά (adv) between among (+gen) through (+acc) through by means

of on account of during

δηίθηινο (ῑ) ε νλ dear to Zeus

εἴξσ speak say tell

ἐκόο ή όλ my mine

ἔξγνλ νπ ηό (ϝέξγνλ) work deed accomplishment

-ζελ (suffix gen ending) from

Κιπηαηκήζηξε εο ἡ Clytaemnestra

(also Κιπηαηκλήζηξε)

καληνζύλε εο ἡ gift of prophesy

νἶθνο νπ ὁ house home

ιύκπηνο ε νλ Olympian

Ὄιπκπνο νπ ὁ Olympus

Πξίακνο νπ ὁ Priam

ζόο ζή ζόλ your yours

εἶρνλ (imperfect of ἔρσ) I was having I had

94 Derivatives

95 Translation Exercises

1 ὁ ἑθεβόινο δηὰ καληνζύλελ εἴξεη βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ηῶλ ζεῶλ Ἀξγείνηζηλ 2 νἱ ιύκπηνη ζενὶ εἶρνλ νἴθνπο ἐλ

ιύκπῳ 3 ὁ ἑθεβόινο δηίθηινο (ῑ) ἔηεπρε ηνὺο Ἀξγείνπο Ἀραηνύο ηε ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζηλ 4 Ἀραηνὶ Ἀξγεῖνί ηrsquo

ἔηεπρνλ ἔξγα θαθὰ δηὰ βνπιὴλ ζεᾶο 5 Κιπηαηκήζηξε δηὰ ηὸλ ζῡκὸλ ἔηεπρελ ηὰ ἔξγα δεηλά 6 Πξίακνο ιᾱόο ηε

Πξηάκνπ ὤιεθνλ πνιινὺο Ἀξγείνπο 7 ηίο εἴξεη ηὰ ζὰ ἔξγα θαθὰ Πξηάκῳ 8 ηὰ ἔξγα ἐκά ἐζηη θᾱιά νὕλεθα ἔηεπρνλ

βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεῶλ θαὶ ζεάσλ (ᾱ) δηὰ ηὴλ καληνζύλελ 9 ἐπέκπνκελ ηὰ ρξύζεα (ῡ) ζθῆπηξα εἰο νἶθνλ Πξηάκῳ 10

ἐθαίεηε ηὰο (ᾱ) ππξὰο (ᾱ) δεηλῇ θιαγγῇ 11 νὐρ ἥλδαλε ἡ βνπιὴ ζεᾷ ζαιάζζεο ζῡκῷ 12 αἱ ζεαὶ ἀείδνπζη ηὰ θᾱιὰ

ἔξγα ηῶλ ζεῶλ ἑθεβόινο δὲ βαίλεη ἄιιῃ 13 εἶρε Πξίακνο ἀγιαὸλ θαὶ θᾱιὸλ νἶθνλ

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 This free-shooter relates the plans of the gods to the Argives through prophesy 2 These Olympian gods had

homes on Olympus 3 This free-shooter beloved of Zeus made both the Argives and the Achaeans prey for the

vultures 4 Both the Achaeans and the Argives committed evil deeds through the will of the goddess 5 Because of

her heart Clytaemnestra wrought these terrible deeds 6 Both Priam and the host of Priam killed many Argives 7

Who relates these evil deeds of yours to Priam 8 These works of mine are noble because through prophesy I

accomplished the of the gods and goddess 9 We sent the golden scepters to the house of Priam 10 Were you

burning the funeral pyres with a terrible uproar 11 Does the plan not please the heart of the goddess of the sea 12

The goddesses sing the noble deeds of the gods but the free-shooter walks elsewhere 13 Priam had a splendid and

beautiful home

96 Composition Exercises

1 Who brought these countless shining ransoms to the beautiful home of Priam 2 The Achaeans and the

Argives burned many funeral pyres in your beloved fatherland 3 Clytaemnestra was wicked and performed many

dreadful deeds 4 Through the gift of prophesy we tell many glorious deeds of the gods and goddesses who have

Olympian homes 5 My deeds are noble but yours are cowardly 6 The gods sent an evil plague up through the

camp and destroyed many Achaeans because they dishonored the free-shooter 7 It was not pleasing to

Clytaemnestra in (her) wicked soul

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 ηίο ἔθεξε ηὰο ἄπνηλα ἀγιαὰ εἰο νἶθνλ θᾱιὸλ Πξηάκνπ 2 Ἀραηνὶ θαὶ Ἀξγεῖνη ἔθαηνλ ππξὰο (ᾱ) πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἐλ

ζῇ πάηξῃ θᾱιῇ 3 Κιπηαηκλήζηξε θαθὴ ἦλ θαὶ ἔηεπρελ ἄξγα πνιιὰ θαὶ δεηλά 4 δηὰ καληνζύλελ εἴξνκελ ἔξγα

πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀγιαὰ ζεῶλ θαὶ ζεάσλ (ᾱ) νἳ ἔρνπζηλ νἴθνπο ιπκπίνπο 5 ἔξγα ἐκὰ θᾱιή εἰζηλ ζὰ δὲ θαθά 6 ζενὶ

ἔπεκπνλ λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ θαὶ ὤιεθνλ Ἀραίνπο πνιινύο νὕλεθα ἠηίκαδνλ (ῑ) ἑθεβόινλ 7 νὐρ ἥλδαλε

Κιπηαηκλήζηξῃ ζῡκῷ θαθῷ

Lesson 10

(841-857 904)

101 Formation of the Aorist and Future Tenses

The first aorist is a secondary tense formed by adding -ζ(ζ)α to the augmented verb stem followed by the

personal endings of the secondary tense If the verb stem ends in a consonant or a long vowel only a single ζ is

added If the stem ends in a short vowel either one or two sigmas may be added A few aorists (called ldquomixed

aoristsrdquo) are formed by adding -ζ followed by the thematic vowel and the personal endings for the secondary tenses

to the augmented stem

The future is formed by adding -ζ followed by the thematic vowel and the personal endings for the primary

tenses

If the verb stem ends in a long vowel the stem is not affected by the addition of the suffixes for the future or

aorist tenses If the stem ends in a short vowel it is regularly lengthened in all tenses except the present and the

imperfect There are however a few exceptions to this pattern In most cases these verbs add ζ before the personal

endings of the perfect middle and aorist passive

102 Classification of Verbs

Verbs are classified into four groups according to the final letter of the stem vowel verbs liquid verbs nasal

verbs and mute verbs

When -ζ is added to the end of a mute verb a labial combines with ζ to form ς a palatal combines with ζ to

form μ and a lingual is dropped (leaving only ζ)

When -ζ is added to the end of a liquid or nasal verb it is usually preceded by -ε and the ζ is dropped in

contraction Thus βαιισ = βαιέζσ = βαιέσ In rare cases the ε is dropped and the ζ retained In some vowel-stem

verbs where the final vowel is preceded by a liquid or nasal the verb behaves as a liquidnasal and adds -εζ to the

stem θαιέσ (present) = θαιέζσ (future) = θαιέσ (future contracted) The formations in which the ζ is dropped

after α or ε are sometimes called ldquoAttic futuresrdquo

Verbs with liquid and nasal stems regularly form the aorist by dropping the ζ and lengthening the stem vowel

A few verbs have active forms in the present tense but middle forms in the future tense ἀθνύσ (I hear) but

ἀθνύζνκαη (I will hear)

103 Paradigms Future and First Aorist of ιύσ

Future

S 1st Pers ιύζσ (ῡ) I shall loose

2nd

Pers ιύζεηο (ῡ) you will loose

3rd

Pers ιύζεη (ῡ) he she it will loose

D 2nd

Pers ιύζεηνλ (ῡ) you (two) will loose

3rd

Pers ιύζεηνλ (ῡ) they (two) will loose

P 1st Pers ιύζνκελ (ῡ) we shall loose

2nd

Pers ιύζεηε (ῡ) you (ye) will loose

3rd

Pers ιύζνπζη(λ) (ῡ) they will loose

First Aorist

S 1st Pers ἔιῡζα I loosed

2nd

Pers ἔιῡζαο you loosed

3rd

Pers ἔιῡζε(λ) he she it loosed

D 2nd

Pers ἐιύζαηνλ (ῡ) you (two) loosed

3rd

Pers ἔιῡζάηελ they (two) loosed

P 1st Pers ἐιύζακελ (ῡ) we loosed

2nd

Pers ἐιύζαηε (ῡ) you (ye) loosed

3rd

Pers ἔιῡζαλ they loosed

104 Vocabulary

ἄγσ ἄμσ ἤγαγνλ lead drive conduct bring carry

ἀλάζζσ (ϝαλαθ-) ἀλάμσ ἠλαμα (+gen) rule (over) guard protect

ἄξηζηνο ε νλ best noblest bravest fairest

αὖηηο (back) again anew

Γαλαόο νῦ ὁ Danaan

ἑθαηόκβε εο ἡ hecatomb sacrifice

ζάλαηνο νπ ὁ death

Ἴιηνο νπ ἡ Ilium Troy the region around Troy

κεγάζῡκνο ε νλ great-souled brave

ὄρα far much considerably

πέζσ (πεηζ- πνηζ- πηζ-) πείζσ ἔπεηζα (πέπηζνλ) persuade win over mislead

θηιέσ θηιήζσ ἐθίιεζα love cherish entertain hospitably

εἶπνλ εἶπεο εἶπε(λ) θηι 2nd

aor speak say tell etc

ἔβεζα ἔβεζαο ἔβεζε(λ) θηι 1st aor come go walk etc

105 Derivatives

ἄγσ (ag-) = pedagogue demagogue synagogue

ἄξηζηνο (arist-) = aristocracy

ζάλαηνο (thanat-) = thanatopsis euthanasia

106 Translation Exercises

1 ηίο ἦλ ὄρrsquo ἄξηζηνο Γαλαῶλ 2 Πξίακνο κεγάζῡκνο ἤλαζζελ Ἰιίνπ 3 νὐθ αὖηηο ἄμνπζη Γαλανὶ κεγάζῡκνη

ἑθαηόκβᾱο πνιιὰο (ᾱ) εἰο Υξύζελ (ῡ) 4 νὐθ ἔπεηζαλ ἑθεβόινλ πνιιῇο ἑθαηόβῃζη θᾱιῇζηλ 5 νὐ θηιήζνκελ ζενύο

νὕλεθα θᾱινὶ εἰζηλ 6 Γαλανὶ ηεύμνπζη ζάλαηνλ Πξηάκῳ ἐλ Ἰιίῳ 7 ἐθίιεζα ζεὰλ (ᾱ) ζαιάζζεο ἀιιrsquo νὐρ ἥλδαλε

ἑθεβόιῳ ζῡκῷ 8 ἀείζνκελ θαὶ πείζνκελ ζενύο 9 ὄρrsquo ἄξηζνη ἐλ Ἰιίῳ ηὰ εἶπνλ Πξηάκῳ ἀιιὰ ηνὺο ἠηῑκάζελ 10

Πξίακνο ἔπεκςε ηὸλ ζηξαηὸλ ἄξηζηνλ ἐπrsquo Ἀξγείνηζηλ 11 ἔβεζαλ αὖηηο Γαλανὶ εἰο Ἴιηνλ ἀιιrsquo νὐθ ἔπεηζαλ

Πξίακνλ 12 ἀείζνκελ ἑθεβόινλ ὄρrsquo ἄξηζηνλ ζεῶλ νὕλεθrsquo ἤγαγε Γαλανὺο εἰο Ἴιηνλ

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 Who was by far the noblest of the Danaans 2 Great-souled Priam ruled Ilium 3 Not agan will the great-

souled Danaans lead many sacrifices into Chrysa 4 They did not persuade the free-shooter with many goodly

sacrifices 5 Do we not love the gods because they are good 6 The Danaans will prepare death for Priam in Ilium

7 I loved the goddess of the sea but it was not pleasing to the heart of the free-shooter 8 We will sing and

persuade the gods 9 By far the noblest in Ilium this they say of Priam but he (is the one) he dishonored () 10

Priam sent the best army against the Argives 11 The Danaans went back to Ilium but they did not persuade Priam

12 We hymn the free-shooter greatest of the gods because he led the Danaans into Ilium

107 Composition Exercises

1 The great-souled Achaeans will not persuade the free-shooter with goodly hecatombs but he will prepare evil

death for the people 2 The noblest of the Achaeans went to Ilium but they did not persuade the soul of Priam 3

We shall sing because the gods have led (aor) the people into Troy 4 We shall have many shining golden scepters

5 Did you not love the gods who have Olympian homes 6 Priam shall not rule Ilium again for the Achaeans will

prepare evil death for him 7 Does he speak to the beautiful goddess of the sea 8 They will persuade the souls of

the gods with many hecatombs

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 Ἀραηνὶ κεγάζῡκνη νὐ πείζνπζηλ ἑθεβόινλ πνιιῇο ἑθαηόκβῆζηλ ἀιιὰ ηεύμεη ζάλαηνλ θαθὸλ ιᾱνῖζηλ 2

ἄξηζηνη Ἀραηῶλ ἔβεζαλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ ἀιιrsquo νὐθ ἔπεηζαλ ζῡκὸλ Πξηάκῳ 3 ἀείζνκελ νὕλεθα ζενὺο ἤγαγνλ ιᾱὸλ εἰο

Ἴιηνλ 4 ἕζρνκελ πνιιὰ ρξύζεα (ῡ) ἀγιαὰ ζθῆπηξα 5 νὐθ ἐθηιήζαηε ζενὺο νἳ ἔρνπζηλ νἴθνπο ιπκπίνπο 6 νὐθ

αὖηηο ἀλάζζεη Πξίακνο Ἰιίνπ Ἀραηνὶ γὰξ ηεύμνπζη ζάλαηνλ θαθὸλ αὐηῷ 7 εἴξεη ζεᾷ θᾱιᾷ ζαιάζζεο 8 πείζνπζη

ζῡκνὺο ζεῶλ πνιιῇο ἑθαηόκβῃζηλ

Lesson 11

(664-675 838-839)

111 First Declension Masculine Nouns

First declension masculines typically end in -εο -ᾱο or -ᾰο in the nominative and are declined exactly the same

as their feminine counterparts (with the exception of the nominative singular which adds -ο the genitive singular

which regularly ends in -ᾱν and the vocative singular which ends in -ε -ᾱ or -ᾰ) Those ending in -εο retain -ε

throughout the singular those ending in -ᾱο retain the -ᾱ throughout the singular and those ending in -ᾰο take the -ε

ending in the dative

Masculines ending in -δεο take -ε in the vocative singular while those ending in -ηεο (as well as compound

nouns and the names of nationalities) regularly take -ᾰ Those ending in -ᾱο take the the nominative singular in -ᾱ

A very few first declension adjectives take a masculine ending in -ᾰ (without the final -ο) Many of these also

have an alternative form that ends in the more common -εο Those that do not have an alternative form in -εο usually

have the recessive accent (a feature inherited from the Aeolic influence in Homer) The only masculine noun ending

in -ᾰ in the nominative is the name Θύεζηα (Thyestes)

First declension masculine nouns typically follow the paradigms for Ἀηξεΐδεο (Atreides son of Atreus) Αἰλείᾱο

(Aeneas) and αἰρκεηήο (spearman warrior)

Ἀηξεΐδεο ᾱν ὁ Αἰλείᾱο ᾱν ὁ αἰρκεηήο ᾱν ὁ

(Αηξεϝηδᾱ-) (Αἰλεηᾱ-) (αἰρκεηᾱ-)

N Ἀηξεΐδεο Αἰλείᾱο αἰρκεηήο [ά]

G Ἀηξεΐδᾱν [εσ] Αἰλείᾱν [σ] αἰρκεηᾶν [έσ]

D Ἀηξεΐδῃ Αἰλείᾳ αἰρκεηῇ

A Ἀηξεΐδελ Αἰλείαλ αἰρκεηήλ

V Ἀηξεΐδε Αἰλείᾱ αἰρκεηά

N A V Ἀηξεΐδᾱ αἰρκεηά (ᾱ)

G D Ἀηξεΐδῃηλ αἰρκεηῇηλ

N V Ἀηξεΐδαη αἰρκεηαί

G Ἀηξετδάσλ (ᾱ) αἰρκεηάσλ (ᾱ)

[έσλ ῶλ] [έσλ ῶλ]

D Ἀηξεΐδῃζη ῃο αἰρκεηῇζη ῇο

A Ἀηξεΐδᾱο αἰρκεηάο (ᾱ)

112 Compound Verbs

Compound verbs are formed from a preposition or adverb coupled with a verb such as ἀλαβαίλσ (ascend)

formed from ἀλα (up) and βαίλσ (go) If the preposition ends in a vowel and the verb begins with a vowel the vowel

of the preposition is usually elided as in δηίζηεκη (δηὰ ἰζηεκη) ἁθαηξέσ (ἀπὸ αἱξέσ)

The augment occurs between the preposition and the verb When two vowels are thus brought together the first

vowel is usually elided leaving the augment Thus ἀπνιύσ (I release present) ἀπέιπνλ (I was releasing

imperfect) ἀπέιῡζα (I released aorist)

113 Vocabulary

ἀλαβαίλσ ἀλαβήζσ ἀλέβεζα go up ascend embark

ἀπνιύσ ἀπνιύζσ (ῡ) ἀπέιῡζα loose set free release

Ἀηξεΐδεο -ᾱν ὁ Atreides son of Atreus (usually refers to Agamemnon)

θαηαθεύσ θαηαθαύζσ θαηέθεα burn consume

θειεύσ - ἔθιπνλ (+gen) hear hearken to

κεηέεηπνλ κεηεῖπνλ (2nd

aor of εἴξσ) spoke among addressed spoke to

ὅηε when whenever

Πειεηάδεο ᾱν (εσ) ὁ Peleiades son of Peleus (used in reference to Achilles)

πξνζέεηπνλ πξνζεῖπνλ (2nd

aor of εἴξσ) addressed spoke to

ηόηε then at that time

ρνιόσ ρνιώζσ ἐρόισζα anger enrage vex

Υξύζεο (ῡ) ᾱν (εσ) ὁ Chryses

Verbs

ἀλαβαίλσ

stem ἀλα + βαλ- βα-

future ἀλαβήζσ (rarely ἀλαβήζνκαη)

1st aorist ἀλέβεζα (rarely 2

nd aor ἀλέβελ)

ἀπνιύσ

stem ἀπό + ιύσ

future ἀπνιύζσ (ῡ)

1st aorist ἀπέιῡζα

θαηαθαίσ

stem θαηά + θαπ- θαϝ- θαη-

future θαηαθαύζσ (assumed form)

1st aorist θαηέθεα

θειεύσ (Attic)

stem θιεπ- θιεϝ- θιπ-

future none

2nd

aorist ἐθιπνλ

ρνιόσ

stem ρνιν-

future ρνιώζσ

1st aorist ἐρόισζα

Notes

In Homeric Greek the stem vowel is usually lengthened before -ζ hence ἀλαβαίλσ =gt ἀλαβήζσ =gt

ἀλέβεζα ἀπνιύσ =gt ἀπνιύζσ (ῡ) =gt ἀπέιῡζα

ἀλαβαίλσ also has a 2nd

aorist ἀλέβελ

A few verbs have active forms in the present but middle forms in the future ἀλαβαίλσ has two future

forms one active (ἀλαβήζσ) and one middle (ἀλαβήζνκαη)

Verbs with stems ending in -αηλσ originally had a consonantal η following the λ (ie ἀλαβαηλησ)

114 Translation

1 θᾱινὶ ζενὶ ἔηεπμαλ ζάλαηνλ θαθὸλ δίῳ (ῑ) Πειεηάδῃ ὁ δrsquo ἀλέβελ ππξήλ 2 ἑθεβόινο ὤιεθε ιᾱὸλ Ἀραηῶλ

νὕλεθα δῖνο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) 3 θαηέθεα ἑθαηόκβᾱο πνιιάο (ᾱ) 4 ἑθεβόινο νὐθ ἔθιπελ Ἀηξεΐδᾱν

νὕλεθα ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) 5 Υξύζεο (ῡ) κεηέεηπελ Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἀιιrsquo νὐθ Ἀηξεΐδῃ ἥλδαλε ζῡκῷ 6 ὅηε θαθῶο

πξνζέεηπελ Ἀηξεΐδεο Υξύζελ (ῡ) ηόηε ἐρόισζελ ἑθεβόινλ 7 ἀπειύζακελ (ῡ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) νὕλεθα ηὸλ

ἐθηιήζακελ 8 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἤλεηθελ ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα Ἀηξεΐδῃ 9 νἴζνκελ ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀπνιύζνκελ (ῡ)

Υξύζελ (ῡ) νὕλεθα ηὸλ ἐθηιήζακελ θαὶ θίινο ἐζηὶλ ἑθεβόιῳ 10 ηίο θέξεη ἄπνηλα Υξύζᾱν (ῡ) Ἀηξεΐδῃ 11 δῖνο

Πειεηάδεο ἐρόισζελ Ἀηξεΐδελ 12 ὅηε θαηεθήακελ πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἑθαηόκβᾱο θᾱιάο (ᾱ) ηόηε ἐπείζακελ ζῡκνὺο ζεῶλ

13 δηὰ καληνζύλελ Υξύζεο (ῡ) εἶπε βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεῶλ Ἀηξεΐδῃ Πειεηάδῃ ηε

KEY

1 The noble gods prepared evil death for the divine Peleiades and he ascended the funeral pyre 2 The free-

shooter destroyed the host of the Achaeans because the divine Atreides dishonored Chryses 3 I burned many

funeral pyres 4 The free-shooter did not hear the son of Atreus because he dishonored Chryses 5 Chryses spoke

among the Achaeans but but it did not please the heart of Atreides 6 It angered the free-shooter when the son of

Atreus spoke wickedly to Chryses 7 We released Chryses because we loved him 8 Chryses brought countless

glorious ransoms to the son of Atreus 9 We will bring many ransoms and release Chryses because we loved him

and he is dear to the free-shooter 10 Who brought the ransoms of Chryses to the son of Atreus 11 The divine

Peleiades angered the son of Atreus 12 We persuaded the hearts of the gods when we burned many good

hecatombs 13 Through prophesy Chryses spoke the will of the gods to both Atreides and Peleiades

115 Composition

1 The Achaeans ascended into Troy and killed the noble Priam 2 We burned many goodly hecatombs to the

Olympian gods 3 Chryses spoke among the Achaeans but the son of Atreus did not hearken to him 4 The

Achaeans addressed the son of Atreus but he did not free Chryses 5 The son of Atreus will bring many ransoms

into the camp of the Achaeans 6 Who will persuade the gods with many goodly hecatombs

KEY

1 Ἀραηνὶ ἀλέβεζαλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ θαὶ ὤιεμαλ θᾱιὸλ Πξηάκνλ 2 θαηέθεκελ πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) ἑθαηόκβὰο (ᾱ)

ζενῖο ιπκπίνηο 3 Υξύζεο (ῡ) κεηέεηπελ Ἀραηνῖο ἀιιrsquo Ἀηξεΐδεο ηὸλ νὐθ ἔθιπελ 4 Ἀραηνὶ πξνζέεηπνλ Ἀηξεΐδῃ

ἀιιrsquo νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε Υξύζελ (ῡ) 5 Ἀηξεΐδεο νἴζεη ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ εἰο ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 6 ηίο πείζεη ζενὺο πνιιῇο

ἑθαηόκβῃζηλ

Lesson 12

Review

121 Review Vocabulary

Lesson 13

(680-692 701-709)

(cf 897 874 886 619 841-843 576 1178 830-831 837 580 837)

131 Nouns of the Third Declension

Third declension nouns can be either masculine feminine or neuter The nominative endings can take many

forms but there are some conventions Masculine and feminine stems except those ending in λ ξ or ζ simply add

ζ to the stem and make the necessary euphonic changes Stems ending in ξ λ and ζ typically make no changes

except to lengthen the last vowel if it is short Stems ending in -λ(η) either drop the η and lengthen a short vowel or

drop the -λ(η) lengthen the vowel and add ζ Examples δαηκνλ- = δαηκσλ ζῑλ- = ζίο (ῑ) κειαλ- = κέιᾱο γεξνλη- =

γέξσλ etc Neuters typically consist of just the stem in the nominative and accusative except to drop a final -η

where it occurs

In general the stem of a third declension noun is found by dropping the -νο ending from the genitive singular

The dative singular regularly ends in -ῐ but occasionally in -ῑ

The accusative ending was originally -λ and this ending is common on stems ending in a vowel On stems

ending in a consonant the -λ was a sonant consonant which eventually came be pronounced as -ᾰ The result is that

the accusative singular usually ends in -λ for stems ending in a vowel and -ᾰ for stems ending in a consonant

Dental mute stems ending in -ηο and -πο in the nominative singular rarely drop the mute and typically adopt the -λ

accusative ending as if they were vowel stems

The dative plural is formed by adding either -εζζη (rarely -εζη) or -ζη (rarely -ζζη) and making the usual

euphonic changes Most third declension nouns thus have alternate dative plural forms as πνύο = πνζζί = πνζί =

πόδεζζη etc

The accusative plural originally ended in -λο (sonant λ) which gives -αο for stems ending in a consonant and -ῑο

and -ῡο for stems ending in a vowel A few vowel stems borrowed an -αο ending from the first declension by

analogy

The vocative singular is usually either identical to the nominative or identical to the stem alone Stems ending

in λ ξ or ο typically drop this final consonant in the vocative singular

Compensatory lengthening usually occurs in the dative plural when -λη is dropped as in γέξνληζη = γέξνπζη

132 Paradigms

Stems ending in -επ (επ) -νπ and σϝ follow the paradigms of βαζηιεύο (king βαζηιεϝ-) βνῦο (ox βνϝ-) λεῦο

(ship λᾱϝ-) and ἥξσο (hero ἡξσϝ- () or ἡξσ-)

N βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

G βαζηιῆνο [-ένο] βνόο λεόο ἥξσνο

D βαζηιῆη [-έη] βνΐ λεί ἥξση

A βαζηιῆα [-έα] βνῦλ [βῶλ] λῆα [λέα] ἥξσα

V βαζηιεῦ βνῦ λεῦ ἥξσο

N A V βαζηιῆε βόε λῆε ἥξσε

G D βαζηιήνηηλ βόνηηλ λήνηηλ ἡξώνηηλ

N V βαζηιεῆεο βόεο λῆεο ἥξσεο

G βαζηιήσλ βνῶλ λεῶλ [λεῶλ] ἡξώσλ

D βαζηιήεζζη βόεζζη λήεζζη [λέεζζἰ ἡξώεζζη

βαζηιεῦζη βνπζί λεπζί ἥξσζη

A βαζηιῆαο βόαο (βνῦο) λῆζαο (λέαο) ἥξσαο

A long vowel is typically shortened when it occurs before another vowel thus βαζηιῆνο or βαζηιένο This

convention was almost certainly consistent in pronunciation but is only occasionally represented in written form

The π in the stem of these words frequently became ϝ and subsequently disappeared as in βαζηιεπ- βαζηιεϝ-

βαζηιε-

Stems ending in η (εη) and π (επ εϝ) follow the paradigms of πόιηο (city πνιη-) πῆρπο (forearm περεϝ-) ἄζηπ

(city ἀζηεϝ-) λέθπο (corpse λεθῡ-) and δάθξπ (tear δαθξπ-)

N πόιηο πῆρπο ἄζηπ λέθῡο δάθξπ

G πόιηνο -ενο πήρενο ἄζηενο λέθπνο δάθξπνο

D πόιηη -ῑ -εη -εη πήρετ ἄζηετ λέθπτ δάθξπτ

A πόιηλ πῆρσλ ἄζηπ λέθῡλ δαθξπ

V πόιη πῆρπ ἄζηπ λέθῡ δάθξπ

N V πόιηε πήρεε ἄζηεε λέθπε δάθξπε

G D πνιίνηηλ περένηηλ ἄζηνηηλ λεθύνηηλ δαθξύνηηλ

N V πόιηεο -εεο πήρεεο ἄζηεα λέθπεο δάθξπα

G πνιίσλ περέσλ ἀζηέσλ λεθύσλ δαθξύσλ

D πνιίεζζη περέεζζη ἀζηέεζη λεθύεζζη δαθξύεζζη

πόιεζη -ηζη πήρεζη ἄζηεζη λέθῡζ(ζ)η δάθξπζη

A πόιηαο -εαο -ῑο πήρεαο ἄζηεα λέθπαο [-ῡο] δάθξπα

Nouns with stems in -ο (-εο -αο -νο) and -η are declined like ἔπνο (ϝεπεζ-) γέξαο (γεξαζ-) ἠώο (ἀϝζνζ-) δῶκα

(δσκαη-) and ἦκαξ (ἠκαξ- ἠκαη-) Note that -ζ- usually disappears when it occurs between two vowels

N ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο δῶκα ἧκαξ

G ἔπενο γέξανο ἠόνο δώκαηνο ἥκαηνο

D ἔπετ γέξατ ἠόη δώκαηη ἥκαηη

A ἔπνο γέξαο ἠόα δῶκα ἧκαξ

V ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο δῶκα ἧκαξ

N V ἔπεε γέξαε δώκαηε ἥκαηε

G D επένηηλ γεξάνηηλ δσκάηνηηλ ἡκάηνηηλ

N V ἔπεο γέξα(α) δώκαηα ἥκαηα

G ἐπέσλ γεξάσλ δσκάησλ ἡκάησλ

D ἐπέεζζη γεξάεζζη δσκάηεζζη ἡκάηεζζη

ἔπε(ζ)ζη γέξα(ζ)ζη δώκαζη ἥκαζη

A ἔπεα γέξα(α) δώκαηα ἥκαηα

Note that all nouns ening in -νο in the second declension are either masculine or feminine but all nouns ending in -

νο in the third declension are neuter All nouns ending in -κα in the nominative singular and all nouns with genitives

in -αηνο are neuter

133 Further Notes on the Third Declension

Nouns of the third declension can be any gender and consist of stems ending in -η -π or a consonant In

general the following endings are applied to the stem with the usual euphonic changes

N -ο

G -νο

D -η

A -λ

V -

N A V -ε

G D -νηηλ

N V -εο

G -σλ

D -εζζη

A -λο

Standard Euphonic Changes

Later forms of Greek such as Attic and Koine frequently contracted the forms found in Homer

The -λ in the accusative singular and plural is sonant meaning that it is pronounced as λ when

following a vowel but it is pronounced as ᾰ when following a consonant Thus πνιη-λ = πνιηλ and

πνιη-λο = πνιηο but δαηκνλ-λ = δαηκνλα and δαηκνλ-λο = δαηκνλαο

o In most cases a stem originally ending in ϝ is treated as if it ends in a consonant Thus

βαζηιεϝα = βαζηιεα εξσϝα = εξσα

o The word βνϝ- is an exception where ϝ becomes π (probably because νπ is such a common

diphthong) βνϝλ = βνπλ

Dentals are dropped before ζ Thus παηδο = παηο

o In cases where the stem ends in -λη the dental and the ζ are typically dropped with the last

vowel lengthened by compensation Thus γεξνληο = γεξσλ

Palatals combine with ζ to form μ Thus αηγο = αημ θεξπθο = θεξπμ etc

o Stems ending in -θη apply both the dental and palatal changes first dropping the η and then

combining the θζ to form μ Thus λπθηο = λπθο = λπμ

Labials combine with ζ to form ς Thus Αηζηνπο = Αηζηνς

The ζ is dropped when it follows a nasal or ξ and the last vowel is lengthened to compensate (if it

isnrsquot long already) Thus δαηκνλο = δαηκσλ θξελο = θξελ ρεηξο = ρεηξ παηεξο = παηεξ κεηεξο =

κεηεξ etc

Stems that originally ended in ϝ usually retain a π in its place in the nominative Thus βαζηιεϝο =

βαζηιεπο (originally βαζηιεπο) λεϝο = λεπο βνϝο = βνπο etc

o The same phenomenon sometimes occurs in the accusative singular as well where ϝ becomes

π and the final λ is retained Thus περεϝλ = περευλ = περπλ

o The word εξσο is an apparent exception where εξσϝο = εξσο This may be from analogy

with the relatively common -σο ending in Greek or it could be that the stem was originally

εξσ- witout the ϝ

o When the stem ends in -εϝ the ε is usually dropped in the nominative thus περεϝο = περεπο =

περπο (but the genitive and dative are περενο περετ)

Some confusion can occur at the apparent irregularity of stems ending in -π αζηπ αζηενο αζηεη etc

but δαθξπ δαθξπνο δαθξπτ etc The difference is that stems like αζηπ originally ended in a vowel + ϝ

(αζηεϝ) while stems like δαθξπ originally ended in π

Some neuters originally ended in -εο These are usually declined as -νο in the nominative and

accusative In the other cases the endings are simply applied to -εζ- and the sigma is dropped when it

occurs between two vowels επνο (nom acc from επεζο) επενο (gen from επεζνο) επετ (dat from

επεζη) etc

o Stems ending in -αο simple drop the extra sigma in the nominative singular and append the

case endings to -αζ- (dropping ζ when it occurs between two vowels) Thus γεξαο γεξανο

γεξατ etc

o Stems ending in -νο follow the same pattern as those ending in -αο except that the ν is

lengthened to σ in the nominative Thus εσο εννο εντ etc

Neuter stems ending in -καη usually drop the η in the nominative and accusative singular but retain it

in the plural Thus δσκα (nom and acc sing) δσκαηνο (gen sing) δσκαηη (dat sing) δσκαηα (nom and

acc plur) δσκαησλ (gen plur) δσκαηεζζη (dat plur) etc Neuter stems ending in -καξ usually behave

as if they ended in -καη in all cases except the nominative and accusative singular Thus εκαξ εκαηνο

εκαηη etc

The dative plural ending is given as -εζζη This could be shortened to -ζζη (before vowels) -εζη or -ζη

The -ζη ending is the most common in later dialects Thus Homeric θεξπθεζζη is typically θεξπμη in

Attic and Koine

The vocative singular in neuters is always identical to the nominative and accusative singulars

o In masculine and feminine nouns the vocative singular is usually just the stem without any

endings applied as long as the stem is capable of standing alone Thus δαηκνλ ρεηξ παηεξ

κεηεξ ζπγαηεξ αλεξ βνπ λεπ πνιη λεθῡ δαθξπ etc

o In some cases where the nominative singular has slightly modified the stem before adding -ο

the vocative is formed by simply dropping the ο Thus παη βαζηιεπ περπ

o In cases where the ο of the nominative singular has combined with the stem the vocative is

usually indentical to the nominative singular Thus αλαμ λπμ αημ θεξπμ Αηζηνς etc

o In rare cases the vocative is identical to the nominative singular even when dropping the ο

would have been convenient as in εξσο εσο

Alternate Endings The following are some alternate endings that could be applied instead of the usual

case endings listed above

o -ζη can be used to denote place where

o -ζελ can be used to denote source or separation or as an alternative ending for the genitive

case

o -δε can be added to the accusative ending to denote place to which or limit of motion

o -η can be added to denote place where

o -θη(λ) can be added as a substitute for several uses of the genitive and the dative cases

particularly in the instrumental sense

134 References

This lesson references several points in the grammar Note the following

Deponent verbs take middle or passive forms but denote active meanings

Some verbs reduplicate the initial syllable in the present tense by repeating the initial consonant

followed by -η Thus ἴζηεκη (orig ζηζηεκη) ηίζεκη δίδσκη πίκπιεκη γίγλνκαη γηγλώζθσ κηκλήζθσ

etc When futures and second aorists are reduplicated they usually follow the pattern of reduplication

found in the perfect tense If the initial consonant is aspirated the reduplicated consonant is typically

smooth Thus ηίζεκη rather than ζίζεκη

Note that ἴκη δίδσκη and ηίζεκη take the aorist in -θα rather than -ζα

When a word ends in a vowel and the following word begins with a vowel the result is called hiatus

In general hiatus is avoided in poetry through the use of elision crasis synizesis moveable

consonants etc However hiatus is allowed in some circumstances such as when elision has already

occurred when the first of the two vowels is long and occurs on the beat (or ictus) of the verse or

when a long vowel or diphthong has been shortened or when the two vowels were originally separated

by ϝ

Recall that the verbal augment is frequently omitted

135 Vocabulary

Ἄηο Ἄηδνο ὁ (nom not used) Hades

ἄιγνο ενο ηό grief pain woe trouble

Ἀρηιιεύο ῆνο ὁ Achilles

δαίο δαηηόο ἡ feast banquet portion

Εεύο Γηόο ὁ Zeus

ἥξσο ἥξσνο ὁ hero mighty warrior protector savior

ἴθζῑκνο ε νλ mighty valiant stout-hearted brave

θύσλ θπλόο ὁ ἡ dog

κῆληο ηνο ἡ wrath fury madness rage

νὐιόκελνο ε νλ accursed destructive deadly

πξντάπησ πξντάςσ πξνΐαςα hurl forward send forth

ηίζεκη (ζε- ζε-) ζήζσ ἔζεθα put place cause

Ἀρηιιεπο (Ἀρηιιεϝ-) Ἀρηιιενο Ἀρηιιεη Ἀρηιιεα

δαηο (δαηη-) δαηηνο δαηηη δαηηα δαηηεο δαηησλ δαηηεζζη δαηηαο

Εεπο Γηνο Γηη Γηα

ἡξσο ἡξσνο ἡξστ ἡξσα ἡξσεο ἡξσσλ ἡξσεζζη ἡξσαο

θπσλ θπλνο θπλη θπλα θπλεο θπλσλ θπλεζζη θπλαο

κεληο (κελη-) κεληνο κεληη κεληλ κεληεο κελησλ κεληεζζη κεληαο

136 Translation

1 κῆληο Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο ἦλ νὐινκέλε ἔζεθε γὰξ κῡξηrsquo ἄιγεα ηνῖζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ πξνΐαςε δὲ πνιιὰο (ᾱ)

ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἰθζίκνπο (ῑ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη ἔηεπρε δrsquo αὐηνὺο ἑιώξηα θαὶ δαῖηα θύλεζζηλ νἰσλνῖζί ηε ἐηέιεζε δὲ βνπιὴλ

Γηόο 2 ζεὰ (ᾱ) ἀείδεη κῆληλ νὐινκέλελ Ἀρηιῆνο ἣ ἔζεθελ κῡξίrsquo ἄιγεrsquo Ἀραηνῖζηλ 3 ζενὶ ὀιέθνπζη ηὸλ ζηξαηόλ θαὶ

πξντάπηνπζη πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη 4ηεύμνκελ κῡξίνπο Ἀραηνὺο ἑιώξηα θύλεζζηλ θαὶ δαῖηα ηνῖζηλ

νἰσλνῖζηλ νὕλεθα ἠηίκαζαλ (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) 5 θᾱιὴ ἦλ ἡ βνπιὴ Γηόο

KEY

1 The wrath of Achilles son of Peleus was destructive for it caused countless woes to the Achaeans and sent

forth many valiant souls of heros to Hades making them spoils and a banquet for the dogs and the vultures 2 The

goddess sings the accursed wrath of Achilles which brought countless woes to the Achaeans 3 The gods are

destroying the camp and sending forth many souls of the heros to Hades 4 We will make countless Achaeans spoils

for the dogs and a feast for these vultures because they dishonored Chryses 5 The will of Zeus was good

137 Iliad 1-5

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κπξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςπρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιήλ

Μῆληλ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse

ἄεηδε - present active imperative 2nd

person singular of ἀείδσ

ζεά - vocative case

Πειεηάδεσ = Πειεηάδᾱν (the verse may have originally read Πειεηάδᾱrsquo)

νὐινκέλελ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse as well as out of

the natural order and is placed directly opposite the word κῆληλ

κῡξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο - the hiatus is permited because elision has already occurred in κῡξίνηο

Ἄηδη was originally Ἄϝηδη and is still accented as it began with α instead of αη

ἡξώσλ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse and its deviation from

the natural order

δὲ ἑιώξηα - the hiatus is permitted because the original was δὲ ϝειώξηα

ηεῦρε - the augment is dropped (usually ἔηεπρε)

ἐηειείεην - imperfect passive indicative 3rd

person singular of ηειείσ

KEY

Sing O goddess of the accursed wrath of Achilles Peleiades

which brought countless woes to the Achaeans

and cast forth the souls of many valiant warriors to Hades

making them the spoils and feast of both dogs

and vultures But the will of Zeus was accomplished

138 Composition

1 The valiant Achaeans are singing the accursed wrath of Achilles 2 The wrath of Achilles caused many woes

to the Achaeans and sent many valiant souls of heroes to the god Hades 3 We shall make the army of the Achaeans

a booty for the dogs and a banquet for the birds 4 We are accomplishing the will of the goddess

KEY

1 ἴθζῑκνη Ἀραηνὶ ἀείδνπζηλ νὐινκέλελ κῆληλ Ἀρηιῆνο 2 κῆληο Ἀρηιῆνο ἔζεθε κῡξίrsquo ἄιγεrsquo Ἀραηνῖζη θαὶ

πξνΐαςε πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἰθζίκνπο ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη 3 ηεύμνκελ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ ἑιώξηα θύλεζζηλ θαὶ δαῖηα

νἰσλνῖζηλ 4 ηεύρνκελ βνπιὴλ ζεᾶο

Lesson 14

(519-526 1159-1192)

(cf 586)

141 Syllable Quantity

A syllable is long (by nature) when it contains a long vowel or a diphthong or (by position) when it ends in two

consecutive consonants (or a double consonant) A short vowel followed by a mute and a liquid κ or λ is common

and can be either long or short depending on the requirements of the verse Occasionally the letters ι κ λ ξ or ζ

are doubled in pronunciation when they follow a short vowel making the syllable long by position but this

convention is not always represented in writing And occasionally a lost ϝ will combine with another consonant to

make the preceding syllable long by position

Observe the following rules when determing the length of a syllable

Any vowel with the circumflex accent is long

The vowel of any ultmia whose penult bears the circumflex is short

If the penult has an acute then the vowel of the ultima must also be long

If the vowel of the ultima is short and the penult has the acute then the vowel of the penult must

be short as well

If the antepenult is accented the vowel of the ultima must be short

Occasionally these rules do not apply to certain compounds where one of the two words are

accented as if they were separate

If a short syllable stands where a long syllable is expected it is usually because the pause of the caesura or

diaresis fills out the foot or because the following word has lost a consonant (usually ϝ or ζ) And occasionally a

short syllable ending in a consonant is lengthened when it occurs on the ictus (beat) of the verse Such lengthening is

called thesis

142 Metrical Quantity

With the exception of pauses at the end of the verse caesura and diaresis all feet must consist of two long

syllables or a long syllable followed by two shorts Thus if a long syllable is followed by a short syllable then the

next syllable must be short as well Likewise if a short syllable is followed by a long syllable then the preceding

syllable must be short as well

When a word ends in a short vowel (and sometimes -νη and -αη) and the following word begins with a vowel

the short vowel is usually elided unless the following word originally began with ϝ When a word ends in a long

vowel or a diphthong and the following word begins with a vowel the long vowel is usually shortened This

phenomenon can also occur within the same word and again it is less common when the following word originally

began with ϝ Vowel shortening is also rare when the long vowel occurs on the ictus

The meter of Homer is called dactylic or heroic hexameter and is the most common meter in Greek verse Each

verse has six feet The first five feet can be dactyls (one long syllable followed by two short syllables) or spondees

(two long syllables) The final foot of the verse is always a spndee but keep in mind that the pause at the end of the

verse often combines with a final short syllable to form one long syllable The fifth foot of each verse is usually a

dactyl with only one in twenty (or so) verses containing a spondee in the fifth foot The verses that have a spndee in

the fifth foot are called spondaic and usually take slightly longer to recite In dactylic hexameter the ictus (beat) of

the verse always occurs on the first syllable of each foot producing six distinct beats per verse

Caesura occurs when a word ends within a foot (ie at the end of the first syllable of a foot or between the two

short syllables of the foot) When a caesura occurs at a natural pause in the verse this is said to be the caesura of the

verse A pause after the first syllable of a foot is called a masculine caesura and a pause after the second syllable of

the foot is called a feminine caesura

Diaresis occurs when the end of a word coincides with the end of a foot When this falls at a natural pause in

the verse it is said to be the diaresis of the verse When the diaresis occurs at the end of the fourth foot is it called

the bucolic diaresis (due to its common use in pastoral poetry)

143 Marking the Rhythm of the Iliad 1-5

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κπξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςπρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιήλ

ΜΖ ληλ α | ΔΗ δε ζε | Α ΠΖ | ΛΖ η α | ΓΔΧ α ρη | ΛΖ Ο-

dact dact spon dact dact spon

The pauses at the end of κῆληλ and ἄεηδε are feminine caesuras

The pauses at the end of ζεά Πειεηάδεσ and Ἀρηιῆνο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of ζεά is the caesura of the verse

The dash at the end of the verse indicates a pause that combines with a short vowel to fill out the

last foot

ΟΤ ιν κε | ΝΖΝ Ζ | ΜΤ ξη α | ΥΑΗ ΟΗ | ΑΛ γε ε | ΘΖ ΚΔΝ-

dact spon dact spon dact spon

The pauses at the end of κῡξίrsquo and ἄιγε are feminine caesuras

The pauses at the end of νὐινκέλελ and ἔζεθελ are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of νὐινκέλελ is the caesura of the verse

The pauses at the end of ἥ and Ἀραηνῖο are diareses

The diaresis at Ἀραηνῖο is a bucolic diaresis

κῡξία Ἀραηνῖο and ἄιγεα ἔζεθελ are examples of hiatus

The first syllable of ἄιγεrsquo is long because it is followed by two consecutive consonants

ΠΟΛ ΛΑ | ΓrsquoΗΦ ΘΗ | ΜΟΤ ΦΤ | ΥΑ ΑΗ | ΓΗ πξν τ | Α ΦΔΝ-

spon spon spon spon dact spon

The pauses at the end of ἰθζίκνπο and ςπράο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of πνιιάο is a diaresis

δὲ ἰθζίκνπο is hiatus

The first syllable of πνιιάο is long by position as is the first syllable of ἰθζίκνπο the last syllable

of Ἄηδη and the second syllable of πξνΐαςελ

Ζ ΡΧ | ΧΝ ΑΤ | ΣΟΤ δε ε | ΛΧ ξη α | ΣΔΤ ρε θπ | ΝΔ ΗΝ-

spon spon dact dact dact spon

The pause at the end of ηεῦρε is a feminine caesura

The pauses at the end of ἡξώσλ and αὐηνύο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of ἡξώσλ is the caesura of the verse

The pause at the end of ἑιώξηα is a diaresis

ΟΗ Χ | ΝΟΗ ζη ηε | ΓΑΗ ηα δη | Ο δrsquoε ηε | ΛΔΗ ε ην | ΒΟΤ ΛΖΝ

The pauses at the end of νἰσλνῖζη and δαῖηα are feminine caesuras

The pause at the end of Γηόο is a masculine caesura

The pauses at the end of ηε ἐηειείεην and βνπιήλ are diareses

The pause at the end of δαῖηα is the diaresis of the verse

Lesson 15

(693-694 697-700)

(cf 781-782 837 580 1009 996 584-585)

151 Third Declension Paradigms (continued)

Third declension nouns ending in a dental mute stem are exemplified by ἄλαμ (king ϝαλαθη-) λύμ (night λπθη-

) παῖο (child παηδ-) and γέξσλ (old man γεξνλη-)

N ἄλαμ λύμ παῖο γέξσλ

G ἄλαθηνο λπθηόο παηδόο γέξνληνο

D ἄλαθηη λπθηί παηδί γέξνληη

A ἄλαθηα λύθηα παίδα γέξνληα

V ἄλαμ [ἄλα] λύμ παῖ γέξσλ

N V A ἄλαθηε λύθηε παίδε γέξνληε

G D ἀλάθηνηηλ λύθηνηηλ παίδνηηλ γεξόληνηηλ

N ἄλαθηεο λύθηεο παίδεο γέξνληεο

G ἀλάθησλ λπθηῶλ παηδῶλ γεξόλησλ

D ἀλάθηεζζη λύθηεζζη παίδεζζη γεξόληεζζη

ἄλαμη λπμί παηζί γέξνπζη

A ἄλαθηαο λύθηνο παῖδαο γέξνληαο

Third declension nouns ending in labial and palatal stems are exemplified by αἴμ (goat αἰγ-) θῆξπμ (herald

θεξῡθ-) and Αἰζίνς (Ethipoian Αἰζηνπ-)

N αἴμ θῆξπμ Αἰζίνς

G αἰγόο θήξῡθνο Αἰζίνπνο

D αἰγί θήξῡθη Αἰζίνπη

A αἶγα θήξῡθα Αἰζίνπα

V αἴμ θῆξπμ Αἰζίνς

N V A αἶγε θήξῡθε Αἰζίνπε

G D αἴγνηηλ θεξύθνηηλ (ῡ) Αἰζηόπνηηλ

N αἶγεο θήξῡθεο Αἰζίνπεο

G αἰγῶλ θεξύθσλ (ῡ) Αἰζηόπσλ

D αἴγεζζη θεξύθεζζη (ῡ) Αἰζηόπεζζη

αἰμί θήξῡμ Αἰζίνςη

A αἶγαο θήξῡθαο Αἰζίνπαο

Nouns with stems ending in -εξ express different grades of ablaut in the stem (-εξ -εξ -ξ) with a recessive

accent in the vocative singular These are exemplified by παηήξ (father παηεξ-) κήηεξ (mother κεηεξ-) ζπγάηεξ

(daughter ζπγαηεξ-) and ἀλήξ (man ἀλεξ-)

N παηήξ κήηεξ ζπγάηεξ ἀλήξ

G παηέξνο -ηξόο κεηέξνο -ηξόο ζπγαηέξνο -ηξόο ἀλέξνο ἀλδξόο

D παηέξη -ηξί κεηέξη -ηξί ζπγαηέξη -ηξί ἀλέξη ἀλδξί

A παηέξα κεηέξα ζπγαηέξα ἀλέξα ἄλδξα

V πάηεξ κῆηεξ ζύγαηεξ ἄλεξ

N V A παηέξε κεηέξε ζπγαηέξε ἀλέξε ἄλδξε

G D παηέξνηηλ κεηέξνηηλ ζπγαηέξνηηλ ἀλέξνηηλ ἄλδξνηηλ

N παηέξεο κεηέξεο ζπγαηέξεο ζύγαηξεο ἀλέξεο ἄλδξεο

G παηέξσλ -ηξῶλ κεηέξσλ -ηξῶλ ζπγαηέξσλ ζπγαηξῶλ ἀλέξσλ ἀλδξῶλ

D παηξάζη κεηξάζη ζπγαηξάζη ζπγαηέξεζζη ἀλδξάζη ἄλδξεζζη

A παηέξαο κεηέξαο ζπγαηέξαο ζύγαηξαο ἀλέξαο ἄλδξαο

Note that δ is inserted into ἀλήξ between λ and ξ where they occur together The accent of the shorter forms of

ἀλέξ follow the pattern seen in παηήξ The alpha after ξ in the dative plural was added euphonically to strengthen

what was originally a sonant ξ

152 Vocabulary

ἄλαμ ἄλαθηνο ὁ king lord protector

ἀλήξ ἀλέξνο (ἀλδξόο) ὁ (real) man warrior hero

ἄξ(α) (ῥά) naturally of course as you know as you might expect that is

in effect (not always translatable)

βαζηιεύο ῆνο ὁ king ruler

δή indeed truly forsooth now

δηίζηεκη (ζηε- ζηα-) δηαζηήζσ stand apart separate

δηέζηεζα (δηέζηελ)

ἐμ νὗ from the time when

ἐξίδσ (ἐξηδ-) - ἤξηζ(ζ)α quarrel strive

ἠξηζάηελ (they) strove

ἔξηο ηδνο ἡ strife quarrel

Λεηώ Λεηόνο ἡ Leto

κάρνκαη fight battle

κάρεζζαη to fight

μπλίκη μπλήζσ μπλῆθα (μπλέεθα) bring together throw together hearken heed

ὄξλῡκη ὄξζσ ὦξζα (ὤξνξνλ) stir up kindle incite excite arouse

πξῶηνο ε νλ first foremost chief

ηὸ πξῶηνλ ηὰ πξῶηα (adv) at first firstly first

πἱόο νῦ ὁ son

ζθσε these two

153 Translation

1 ζεὰ (ᾱ) ἀείζεη κῆληλ Ἀρηιῆνο ἐμ νὗ δὴ ηὰ πξῶηα δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο θαὶ Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἀλδξῶλ ἠξηζάηελ θαὶ

δηεζηήηελ 2 ηίο ζεῶλ μπλέεθε δῖνλ Ἀρηιῆά ηε θαὶ Ἀηξεΐδελ ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 3 πἱὸο Λεηόνο θαὶ Γηὸο ἑθεβόινο

μπλέεθέ ζθσε ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη ηὸλ γὰξ βαζηιεὺο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἐρόισζελ ὁ δrsquo ὦξζε θαθὴλ λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ

ὤιεθε δὲ ιᾱνύο

KEY

1 The goddess sings the wrath of Achilles from the time when first the divine Achilles and Atreides king of

men strove and separated 2 Which of the gods brought together the divine Achilles and the son of Atreus to fight

in strife 3 The son of Leto and Zeus the Free-shooter brought these two together to fight in strife for Atreides the

king enraged him so he stirred up an evil plague through the camp of the Achaeans and destroyed their host

154 Iliad 1-10

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κῡξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςῡρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιή

ἐμ νὗ δὴ ηὰ πξῶηα δηαζηήηελ ἐξίζαληε

Ἀηξεΐδεο ηε ἄλαμ ἀλδξῶλ θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεύο

ηίο ηrsquo ἄξ ζθσε ζεῶλ ἔξηδη μπλέεθε κάρεζζαη

Λεηνῦο θαὶ Γηὸο πἱόο ὁ γὰξ βαζηιῆη ρνισζεὶο

λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ ὦξζε θαθήλ ὀιέθνλην δὲ ιᾱνί

δηαζηήηελ = δηεζηήηελ

ἐξίζαληε = aor act part nom dual masc (they two) having quarreled

ηε ἄλαμ originally ηε ϝάλαμ thus allowing the hiatus

ζθσε [ἕσ] = 3rd

pers pron acc dual these two

ἔξηδη is dative of means in strife

κάρεζζαη = pres act infinitive deponent to fight

ρνισζείο = aor pass part nom sing masc having been enraged

Λεηνῦο = contracted form of Λεηόνο

βαζηιῆη = Agamemnon instrumental case by the king

ὀιέθνλην = ὠιέθνλην imperf pass ind 3rd

pers plural were being destroyed or kept

perishing

KEY

Sing O goddess of the accursed wrath of Achilles Peleiades

which brought countless woes to the Achaeans

and cast forth the souls of many valiant warriors to Hades

making them the spoils and feast of both dogs

and vultures But the will of Zeus was accomplished

indeed from the time when at first having quarreled both

Atreides king of men and the divine Achilles separated

Which of the gods of course brought these two together to fight in strife

The son of Leto and Zeus For enraged by the king he

kindled an evil plague up through the camp and the people were destroyed

155 Composition

1 ἠείδνκελ κῆληλ νὐινκέλελ Ἀρηιιῆνο ἐμ νὗ ηὰ πξῶηα Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἀλέξσλ (ἀλδξῶλ) θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο

ἠξηζάηελ θαὶ δηεζηεζάηελ (δηεζηήηελ) 2 ηίο ζεῶλ μπλῆθε (μπλέεθα) Ἀραηνὺο θαὶ ιᾱὸλ Πξηάκνπ ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 3

μπλῆθε (μπλέεθα) ζθσε (ἕν) πἱὸο Λεηόνο (Λεηνῦο) θαὶ Γηὸο ἑθεβόινο ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 4 Αηξεΐδεο βαζηιεὺο

Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο ἐρόισζαλ ἄλαθηα ἑθεβόινλ θαὶ ὁ ὦξζα (ὤξνξε) λνῦζνπο πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θαθὰο (ᾱ) ἀλὰ

ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ θαθῶο ὤιεθελ ἀγαζὸλ ιᾱόλ

Lesson 16

(887-897 910 1065-1068 697-703 707 710 732)

161 Formation of Middle Passive and Deponent Verbs

The endings of the middle voice are different from the active voice The passive voice applies the same endings

as the middle voice except in the aorist passive which applies active endings Because the middle and passive voice

are identical (other than the aorist) the context determines whether a verb is used with middle or the passive

meaning The aorist middle is often used with a passive meaning (especially in athematic forms) and the aorist

passive is often used with a middle meaning

The perfect and pluperfect of the middlepassive are athematic with the personal endings attached directly to

the reduplicated stem

The future perfect passive is formed by adding -ζνε to the perfect middle passive lengthening the vowel that

precedes this ending

The first aorist passive is formed by adding -(ζ)ζεε to the stem Before ζ π and β become θ θ and γ become ρ

and η δ ζ become ζ Many verbs have a second aorist passive that drops the ζ altogether

Deponent verbs have no active form but use the middlepassive forms in an active sense

162 Paradigms Present and Future Indicative MiddlePassive of ιύσ

Present

S 1 ιύνκαη

2 ιύεαη [(ιύῃ)]

3 ιύεηαη

D 2 ιύεζζνλ

3 ιύεζζνλ

P 1 ιπόκε(ζ)ζα

2 ιύεζζα

3 ιύνληαη

Future

S 1 ιύζνκαη (ῡ)

2 ιύζεαη (ῡ) [(ιύζῃ (ῡ))]

3 ιύζεηαη (ῡ)

D 2 ιύζεζζνλ (ῡ)

3 ιύζεζζνλ (ῡ)

P 1 ιῡζόκεζα

2 ιύζεζζε (ῡ)

3 ιύζνληαη (ῡ)

163 The Use of Voice in Greek

The active voice indicates that the subject is acting λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ ὦξζε = he kindled a plague up

through the camp

The passive voice indicates that the subject is acted upon Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιή = but the will of Zeus was

being accomplished

The Middle voice denotes one of three meanings

1 The subject acting upon itself πείζνκαη (I convince myself) θαίλνκαη (I show myself)

2 The subject acting for itself θαιένκαη (I call for myself)

3 The subject acting upon something belonging to itself ιύνκαη (I loose my own I ransom)

When determing the difference between the middle and passive keep in mind that the middle voice always

conveys a direct or indirect reference to the subject and that the subject is effect by or has an interest in the action

164 Third Declension Stems in -επ -επ -νπ and -σϝ

Stems in -επ usually became -εϝ and the third declension endings are applied after the ϝ Thus βαζηιεϝνο =

βαζηιῆνο βαηιεϝη = βαζηιῆη βαζηιεϝα = βαζηιῆα etc Note that the ϝ explains why εη (εϝη) does not form an

improper diphthong as well as why the accusative singular ends in -εα (as if the stem ended in a consonant) instead

of -ελ (as if the stem ended in a vowel) Note that when the ending consists of a consonant the -εϝ is contracted to

the diphthong -επ Thus βαζηιεϝο = βαζηιεύο βαζηιεϝ = βαζηιεῦ βαζηιεϝζη = βαζηιεῦζη In rare cases the other

endings also contract the -ε to -ε (ie βαζηιῆνο = βαζηιένο)

In stems ending originally in -ᾱϝ the ᾱ becomes ε in the Ionic dialect These are declined the same as -εϝ

except that -εῡ is formed before consonants instead of -επ Thus λᾱϝο = λεϝο = λεῦο λᾱϝ = λεϝ = λεῦ But note the

exception in the shorter form of the dative plural where λᾱϝζη = λεϝζη = λεπζί (rather than λεῡζη) In contracted

forms the ε usually becomes ε

In stems ending in -σϝ the third declension endings are applied directly to the stem Thus ἡξσϝο = ἥξσο

ἡξσϝνο = ἥξσνο ἡξσϝη = ἥξση ἡξσϝα = ἥξσα etc

In stems ending originally in -ν or -νϝ the third declension endings are applied as usual But keep in mind that -

νϝ is contracted to the diphthong -νπ before a consonant thus βνϝο = βνῦο and βνϝζη = βνπζί But note the

exception that occurs in the accusative singular where βνϝλ = βνῦλ rather than βνϝα

βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

(βαζηιεϝ-) (βνϝ-) (λᾱϝ-) (ἡξσϝ-)

N βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

G βαζηιῆνο [ένο] βνόο λεόο [εόο] ἥξσνο

D βαζηιῆη [έη] βνΐ λεί ἥξση

A βαζηιῆα [έα] βνῦλ [βῶλ] λῆα [έα] ἥξσα

V βαζηιεῦ βνῦ λεῦ ἥξσο

N V A βαζηιῆε βόε λῆε ἥξσε

G D βαζηιήνηηλ βόνηηλ λήνηηλ ἡξώνηηλ

N V βαζηιῆεο βόεο λῆεο ἥξσεο

G βαζηιήσλ βνῶλ λεῶλ [εῶλ] ἡξώσλ

D βαζηιήεζζη βόεζζη λήεζζη [έεζζη] ἡξώεζζη

βαζηιεῦζη βνπζί λεπζί ἥξσζη

A βαζηιῆαο βόαο (βνῦο) λῆαο [έαο] ἥξσαο

165 Third Declension Stems in -εζ -αζ and -νζ

When a stem ends in a vowel plus -ζ the initial ζ is dropped between two vowels Thus γεξαζνο = γέξανο

ἠνζνο = ἠόνο etc

All third declension nouns with stems ending in -εο are neuters and follow the pattern of ἔπνο The third

declension endings are applied as usual except that the nominative vocative and accusative singulars end in -νο

Nouns with stems ending in -νο take -σο in the nominative and vocative singular but otherwise apply the third

declension endings as usual (dropping ζ between two vowels)

ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

(ϝεπεζ-) (γεξαζ-) (ἀϝζνζ- (ᾱ))

N ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

G ἔπενο γέξανο ἠόνο

D ἔπετ γέξατ ἠόη

A ἔπνο γέξαο ἠόα

V ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

N V A ἔπεε γέξαε

G D ἐπένηηλ γεξάνηηλ

N V ἔπεα γέξα(α)

G ἐπέσλ γεξάσλ

D ἐπέεζζη γεξάεζζη

ἔπε(ζ)ζη γέξα(ζ)ζη

A ἔπεα γέξα(α)

166 Third Declension Stems in -καη and -καξ

Stems ending in -καη and -καξ are neuters

Stems in -καη drop the -ηο in the nominative vocative and accusative singular δσκαηο = δῶκα Otherwise the

third declension endings are applied as usual

Stems ending in -καξ are declined like those ending in -καη except in the nominative vocative and accusative

singular (which end in -καξ)

δῶκα ἦκαξ

(δσκαη-) (ἠκαξ- ἠκαη-)

N δῶκα ἦκαξ

G δώκαηνο ἤκαηνο

D δώκαηη ἤκαηη

A δῶκα ἦκαξ

V δῶκα ἦκαξ

N V A δώκαηε ἤκαηε

G D δσκάηνηηλ ἠκάηνηηλ

N V δώκαηα ἤκαηα

G δσκάησλ ἠκάησλ

D δσκάηεζζη ἠκάηεζζη

δώκαζη ἤκαζη

A δώκαηα ἤκαηα

167 Third Declension Stems in -λη and -λ

Stems ending in -λη drop the -λη before ζ and lengthen the preceding vowel thus παληο = πᾶο παληζη = πᾶζη

Otherwise the third declension endings are applied as usual In neuters the -η is dropped at the end of the word thus

παλη = πᾶλ Stems in -λ drop the -λ before ζ and lengthen the preceding vowel in the masculine (but not in the

neuter)

πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

(παλη- παληα- παλη-)

Masc Fem Neut

N πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

G παληόο πάζεο (ᾱ) παληόο

D παληί πάζῃ (ᾱ) παληί

A πάληα πᾶζαλ πᾶλ

V πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

N V πάληεο πᾶζαη πάληα

G πάλησλ πᾱζάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] πάλησλ

D πάληεζ(ζ)η πάζῃζη (ᾱ) πάληεζ(ζ)η

πᾶζη πάζῃο (ᾱ) πᾶζη

A πάληνο πάζᾱο (ᾱ) πάληα

κέιᾱο κέιαηλα κέιαλ

(κειαλ- κειαηλα- κειαλ-)

N κέιᾱο κέιαηλα κέιαλ

G κέιαλνο κειαίλεο κέιαλνο

D κέιαλη κειαίλῃ κέιαλη

A κέιαλα κέιαηλαλ κέιαλ

V κέιαλ κέιαηλα κέιαλ

N V A κέιαλε κειαίλᾱ κέιαλε

G D κειάλνηηλ κειαίλῃηλ κειάλνηηλ

N V κέιαλεο κέιαηλαη κέιαλα

G κειάλσλ κειαηλάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] κειάλσλ

D κειάλεζ(ζ)η κειαίλῃζη κειάλεζ(ζ)η

κέιαζη κειαίλῃο κέιαζη

A κέιαλεο κειαίλᾱο κέιαλα

168 Vocabulary

Nouns

Ἀπόιισλ (ᾰ or ᾰ) σλνο ὁ Apollo

ἀξεηήξ (ᾱ) ῆξνο ὁ priest prayer

ζπγάηεξ ηέξνο (ηξόο) ἡ daughter

θνζκήησξ νξνο ὁ commander marshaller

λεῦο λεόο (λεόο) ἡ ship

ζηέκκα καηνο ηό fillet (of white cotton) wreath

ρείξ ρεηξόο ἡ hand arm

Verbs

ἔξρνκαη (ἐξρ- ἐιε- ἐιεπζ- ἐιπζ-) come go

ἐιεύζνκαη I will come I will go

ἦιζνλ (ἤιπζνλ) I came I went

ιίζζνκαη (ιηη-) I beg I entreat

---

ἐιιηζάκελ (ἐιηηόκελ) I begged I entreated

Adjectives Prepositions

ζνόο ή όλ swift speedy

πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ all every (the) whole

Indeclinable

δύν (δύσ) two

κάιηζηα most especially by all means

169 Translation

1 Ἀπόιισλ ἑθεβόινο ρνινῦηαη βαζηιῆη Αηξεΐδῃ θαὶ πέκπεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ ὀιέθνληαη δὲ

ιᾱνί νὕλεθα δῖνο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) 2 Υξύζεο (ῡ) γὰξ ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἑθεβόινπ ἔξρεηαη

ἐπὶ ζνὰο (ᾱ) λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ θέξεη δrsquo ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα ζπγαηξόο ἣλ Ἀηξεΐδεο ἔρεη ἐλ ζηξαηῷ 3 ὁ δrsquo ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἔρεη

ζηέκκαηα ἑθεβόινπ Ἀπόιισλνο ἐλ ρεξζὶλ ἀλὰ ρξῡζέῳ ζθήπηξῳ θαὶ ιίζζεηαη πάληαο Ἀραηνύο κάιηζηα δrsquo Ἀηξεΐδᾱ

δύσ θνζκήηνξε ιᾱῶλ 4 Ἀπόιισλ ρνιώζεηαη βαζηιῆη θαὶ ὄξζεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηόλ 5 ἐιεύζνληαη ἐπὶ ζνὰο

(ᾱ) λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ νἴζνπζη ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα βαζηιῆη 6 ιίζζνληαη πάληαο Ἀραηνύο 7 Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζελ (ῑ)

ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) θαὶ νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε ζύγαηξα

KEY

1 Apollo the free-shooter enraged by king Atreides sent an evil plague through the camp of the Achaeans and

the people were destroyed because the divine Atreides dishonored Chryses the priest 2 For Chryses the priest of

the free-shooter went upon the swift ships of the Achaeans bearing countless ransoms for his daughter whom

Atreides was holding in the camp 3 But the priest had a wreath of Apollo the free-shooter upon a staff in his hand

and was entreating all of the Achaeans but especially the sons of Atreus (who were) the commanders of the host 4

Apollo will be enraged by the king and will kindle an evil plague up through the camp 5 They will go upon the

swift ships of the Achaeans and bring countless ransoms to the king 6 They are entreating all of the Achaeans 7

Atreides dishonored the priest and would not release his daughter

1610 Iliad 11-16

hellipὀιέθνλην δὲ ιᾱνί

νὕλεθα ηὸλ Υξύζελ ἠηίκαζελ ἀξεηῆξα

Αηξεΐδεο ὁ γὰξ ἦιζε ζνὰο ἐπὶ λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ

ιπζόκελνο ηε ζύγαηξα θέξσλ ηrsquo ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα

ζηέκκαηrsquo ἔρσλ ἐλ ρεξζὶλ ἑθεβόινπ Ἀπόιισλνο

ρξπζέῳ ἀλὰ ζθήπηξῳ θαὶ ἐιίζζεην πάληαο Ἀραηνύο

Ἀηξεΐδα δὲ κάιηζηα δύσ θνζκήηνξε ιαῶλ

ηόλ Υξύζελ = that (well-known) Chryses

The first verse ends in two spondees making it a spondaic verse and emphasizing the fact that

Chryses was a priest

ιῡζόκελνο = fut mid part nom masc sing being about to ransom

θέξσλ = pres act part nom sing masc bearing bringing

ἔρσλ = pres act part nom sing masc having holding

ρεξζὶλ ἑθεβόινπ = ρεξζὶ ϝεθεβόινπ

ρξῡζέῳ = synizesis where -έῳ is pronounced as a single syllable

ἐιίζζεην = imperf act ind 3rd

pers sing dep (kept) entreating was entreating

Ἀηξεΐδᾱ = dual of Ἀηξεΐδεο refers to both Agamemnon and Menelaus

KEY

hellipand the people were being destroyed

because Atreides dishonored Chryses the priest

For he had gone upon the swift ships of the Achaeans

intending to ransom his daughter bearing countless gifts

and holding in his hand fillets of Apollo the free-shooter

upon a golden staff and was entreating all of the Achaeans

but especially the two sons of Atreus the commanders of the host

1611 Composition

1 Chryses the priest of Apollo is dishonored by the son of Atreus 2 The Achaeans will go from their swift

ships to Troy and ransom the beloved daughter of the priest 3 We shall bring many ransoms and shall hold in our

hands the fillets of Apollo 4 We do not have a golden scepter but we entreat Priam and all the people of Troy 5

The two sons of Atreus marshallers of the people are entreating Priam but he will slight them 6 The son of

Atreus king of men slighted the priest and did not release his daughter

KEY

1 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) Ἀπόιινπ ἀηῑκάδεηαη Ἀηξεΐδῃ 2 Ἀραηνὶ ἐιεύζνληαη ἐθ ζνάσλ (ᾱ) λήσλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ (ῑ)

θαὶ ἀπειύζνληαη (ῡ) θίιε ζπγάηεξα ἀξεηῆξη (ᾱ) 3 νἴζνκελ πνιιrsquo ἄπνηλα θαὶ ἕζρνκελ ἐλ ρείξεζζη ζηέκκαηα

Ἀπόιινπ 4 νὐθ ἔρνκελ ζθῆπηξνλ ρξύζενλ ἀιιὰ ιηζζόκεζα Πξίακνλ θαὶ πᾶληα ιᾱνλ Ἰιίνπ (ῑ) 5 δύrsquo Ἀηξεΐδᾱ

θνζκήηεξᾱ ιᾱσλ ιίζζεζζνλ Πξίακνλ αὐηνὺο δrsquo ἀηῑκάζεη 6 Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἄλδξσλ ἠηίκαζελ (ῑ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) θαὶ

νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε ζπγάηεξα

1612 Meter

ΟΤ λε θα | ΣΟΝ ΥΡΤ | ΖΝ Ζ | ΣΗ κα ζελ | Α ΡΖ | ΣΖ ΡΑ~

Α ηξε η | ΓΖ ν γαξ | ΖΛ ζε ζν | Α ε πη | ΝΖ αο α | ΥΑΗ ΧΝ

ΛΤ ζν κε | ΝΟ ηε ζπ | ΓΑΣ ξα θε | ΡΧΝ ηα πε | ΡΔΗ ζη α | ΠΟΗ ΝΑ~

ΣΔΜ καη ε | ΥΧΝ ΔΝ | ΥΔΡ ζηλ ε | ΚΖ βν ινπ | Α ΠΟΛ | ΛΧ ΝΟ~

ΥΡΤζεσα | ΝΑ ΚΖΠ | ΣΡΧ θαη ε | ΛΗ ζε ην | ΠΑΝ ηαο α | ΥΑΗ ΟΤ

ΑΣ ξε η | ΓΑ δε κα | ΛΗ ηα δπ | Χ ΚΟ | ΜΖ ην ξε | ΛΑ ΧΝ

Lesson 17

(910 - imperfect middle and passive aorist middle of ιύσ 648-658 - the table

of endings in 32)

171 Paradigms Imperfect MiddlePassive of ιύσ

S 1 ἐιπόκελ

2 ἐιύεν [(ἐιύεπ)]

3 ἐιύεην

D 2 ἐιύεζζνλ

3 ἐιπέζζελ

P 1 ἐιπόκε(ζ)ζα

2 ἐιύεζζε

3 ἐιύνλην

172 Paradigms Aorist Middle of ιύσ

Thematic Athematic (2nd

Aorist)

S 1 ἐιῡζάκελ ἐιύκελ

2 ἐιύζαν (ῡ) [(ἐιύζσ (ῡ))] ἔιπ(ζ)ν

3 ἐιύζαην (ῡ) ἔιπην

D 2 ἐιύζαζζνλ (ῡ) ἔιπζζνλ

3 ἐιῡζάζζελ ἐιύζζελ

P 1 ἐιῡζάκε(ζ)ζα ἐιύκε(ζ)ζα

2 ἐιύζαζζε (ῡ) ἔιπζζε

3 ἐιύζαλην (ῡ) ἔιπλην

173 Vocabulary

δῶκα αηνο ηό house home

παῖο παηδόο ὁ ἡ child son daughter

π(η)όιηο ηνο (ενο) ἡ city state

ἐπθλήκῑο ῑδνο well-greaved

ἐγώ(λ) κέν (κεῦ) I

ζύ ζέν (ζεῦ) you

κέλhellip δέ on the one handhellip trulyhellip on the one handhellip on the other hand

partlyhellip partly the onehellip the other

νἴθαδε home homeward to home home

Verbs

ἅδνκαη (ἁγ-) (defective) I reverence

δέρνκαη I accept I receive

δέμνκαη I will accept

ἐδεμάκελ (ἐδέγκελ) I accepted

δίδσκη (δσ- δν-) I give I grant

(δη)δώζσ I will give

ἔδσθα I gave

ἐθπέξζσ (πεξζ- πξαζ-) I sack (utterly) I plunder I pillage

ἐθπέξζσ I will sack

ἐμέπεξζα (ἐμέπξαζνλ) I sacked

ἱθλένκαη I arrive I reach (a destination)

ἵμνκαη I will arrive

ἱθόκελ (ῑ) I arrived

174 Translation

1 ζενὶ ἔρνπζηλ ιύκπηα δώκαηα ἔδσθαλ δrsquo Ἀηξεΐδεο θαὶ ἄιινηζηλ ἐπθλεκίδεζζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἐθπέξζαη

(infinitive) πόιηλ Πξηάκνπ ηόηε δrsquo ἵθνλην (ῑ) ἐὺ νἴθαδε νὕλεθα παῖδα θίιελ ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἔιῡζαλ 2 ἀπέιῡζαλ

ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνὶ ζύγαηξα θίιελ ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἐδέμαλην δrsquo ἀγιαὰ ἄπνηλα νὕλεθα ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλα Γηὸο πἱὸλ

ἅδνλην 3 ἅδεηαη ἑθεβόινλ 4 Ἀηξεΐδεο νὐθ ἐδέμαην ηὰ ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα 5 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἔδσθελ ἄπνηλα

πνιιὰ βαζηιῆη Ἀηξεΐδῃ 6 πάληεο ζενὶ θαὶ πᾶζαη ζεαὶ εἶρνλ ιύκπηα δώκαηα 7 Ἀραηνὶ ἐπθλήκῑδεο ἐθπέξζνπζη

Πξηάκνην πόιηλ ἵμνληαη δrsquo ἐπ νἴθαδε 8 παῖο θίιε ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἐιύζαην (ῡ) ἵθεην (ῑ) δrsquo ἐὺ νἴθαδε

KEY

1 The gods have Olympian homes but they gave the son of Atreus and the other well-greaved Achaeans to

utterly sack the city of Priam and then they returned safe at home because they released the dear child of the priest

2 The well-greaved Achaeans released the dear daughter of the priest and received glorious ransoms because they

reverenced the free-shooter Apollo son of Zeus 3 He reverences te free-shooter 4 The son of Atreus did not

receive the glorious ransoms 5 Chryses the priest gave many ransoms to king Atreides 6 All of the gods and all of

the goddesses had Olympian homes 7 The well-greved Achaeans will utterly sack Priamrsquos city and will return safe

to home 8 The dear child of the priest was released and arrived well to her home

175 Iliad 17-21

ltltἈηξεΐδαη ηε θαὶ ἄιινη ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνί

ὑκῖλ κὲλ ζενὶ δνῖελ ιύκπηα δώκαηrsquo ἔρνληεο

ἐθπέξζαη Πξηάκνην πόιηλ ἐὺ δrsquo νἴθαδrsquo ἱθέζζαη

παῖδα δrsquo ἐκνὶ ιῦζαί ηε θίιελ ηά ηrsquo ἄπνηλα δέρεζζαη

ἁδόκελνη Γηὸο πἱὸλ ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλαgtgt

Ἀηξεΐδαηhellip ἄιινη ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνί = vocative case

ὑκῖλ (ῡ) = dat plural of ζύ to you

ζενί = one syllable by synizesis

κέλ (v 18) = correlative of δέ (v 20)

δνῖελ = aor act optative 3rd

plural of δίδσκη may they grant

ἔρνληεο = pres act part nom masc plural of ἔρσ having possessing

ἐθπέξζαη = aor act inf of ἐθπέξζσ to sack utterly

ἱθέζζαη = aor act inf of ἱθένκαη to arrive (compare κάρεζζαη)

ιῦζαη δέρεζζαη = infinitives used as imperatives free and accept

ηά ηrsquo ἄπνηλα (ηά ηε ἄπνηλα) = thesehellip gifts

ἁδόκελνη = pres act part nom masc plural reverencing

KEY

ldquoSons of Atreus and you other well-greaved Achaeans

may the gods who have their homes on Olympus grant you

to utterly sack Priamrsquos city and return safe to home

but release my dear child to me and accept these gifts

reverencing Apollo who shoots at will the son of Zeusrdquo

176 Composition

1 The gods who have (ἔρνληεο) Olympian homes will grant to the sons of Atreus and to the other well-greaved

Achaeans to sack utterly (ἐθπέξζαη) the city of Priam 2 When they sacked the city of Priam they returned happily

home 3 They accepted the shining ransoms and freed the darling daughter of the priest Chryses 4 We reverenced

the free-shooter Apollo son of Leto and Zeus and escaped death 5 Will the son of Atreus accept the shining

ransoms 6 The child of the priest was freed when he gave many shining ransoms which the two sons of Atreus

accepted

KEY

1 ζενὶ ἔρνληεο ιύκπηα δώκαηα δώζνπζη Ἀηξεΐδῃζη θαὶ ἄιινηζηλ ἐπθλεκίδεζζηλ (ῑ) Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἐθπέξζαη πόιηλ

Πξηάκνπ 2 ηόηε ἐμέπεξζαλ πόιηλ Πξηάκνην ἵθνλην (ῑ) ἐὺ νἴθαδε 3 ἐδέμαλην ἀγιαrsquo ἄπνηλα θαὶ ἀπέιῡζαλ ζπγάηεξα

θίιε ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) Υξύζᾱν (ῡ) 4 ἡμάκεζα ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλα Λεηόνο θαὶ Γηὸο πἱόλ θαὶ ζάλαηνλ 5

Ἀηξεΐδεο δέμεηαη ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα 6 παῖο ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἀπειύζαην (ῡ) ηόηε ἔδσθελ ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀγιάα ηὰ

Ἀηξεΐδᾱ ἐδώθαζηλ

Lesson 18

(Perfect and Pluperfect Active of Verbs 904 922 Third Declension γέρων

αἴξ 693-695)

181 Formation of the Perfect and Pluperfect Active

The perfect and pluperfect in all modes experience reduplication of the initial syllable which denotes completed

action Verbs beginning with a single consonant (except ξ) prefix this consonant followed by -ε Thus ιύσ =

ιέιπθα The stem sometimes stands in ablaut relation to the stem of the present as in βαίλσ = βέβεθα A

reduplicated syllable beginning with an aspirated mute is changed to its corresponding voiceless mute in the

reduplicated syllable ie ζλήζθσ = ηέζλεθα In these cases the reduplicated pluperfect adds ἐ- to the reduplicated

syllable ie ιύσ = ιέιπθα = ἐιέιπθε

Vebs beginning with a double consonant two consonants (except a mute followed by a liquid or a nasal) ξ and

some beginning with κ simply augment the stem with the addition of ε-

Verbs beginning in a vowel typically take the temporal augment by lengthening the vowel ie νἴρνκαη =

ᾤρσθα However verbs beginning with a vowel in which an initial consonant has been lost may take the syllabic

augment

Compound verbs typically insert the reduplication and augment between the preposition and the verb ie

ἀπνιύσ = ἀπνιέιπθα = ἀπειειύθε

The first perfect active adds -θα- to the stem followed by the primary endings The first pluperfect active

similarly adds -θε- followed by the secondary endings In general a short final vowel is lengthened before the

addition of the -θα- or -θε- Second perfects and pluperfects active are the older form and are more common in

Homer These omit the θ and simply add -α- or -ε- respectively The second perfects are more common in stems

ending in a consonant

In general the singular perfect and pluperfect active stand in ablaut relation to the dual and plural forms

Perfects and pluperfects are rare in Homer and only occur in some twenty verbs

182 Paradigms λέλυκα and βέβηκα

ιέιπθα ἐιειύθε (ἐιειύθεα)

ιέιπθαο ἐιειύθο (ἐιειύθεαο)

ιέιπθε(λ) ἐιειύθεη (ἐιειύθεε)

ιειύθαηνλ ἐιειύθαηνλ

ιειύθαηνλ ἐιειπθάηελ

ιειύθακελ ἐιειύθεκελ

ιειύθαηε ἐιειύθεηε

ιειύθᾱζη ἐιειύθεζαλ

βέβεθα ἐβεβήθεα (ἐβεβήθε)

βέβεθαο ἐβεβήθεαο (ἐβεβήθεο)

βέβεθε(λ) ἐβεβήθεε (ἐβεβήθεη)

βέβαηνλ ἐβέβαηνλ

βέβαηνλ ἐβεβάηελ

βέβακελ ἐβέβακελ

βέβαηε ἐβέβαηε

βέβᾱζη ἐβέβαζαλ

183 Paradigms γέρων and αἴξ

γέξσλ αἴμ

γέξνληνο αἰγόο

γέξνληη αἰγί

γέξνληα αἶγα

γέξνλ αἴμ

γέξνληε αἶγε

γεξόληνηηλ αἴγνηηλ

γέξνληεο αἶγεο

γεξόλησλ αἰγῶλ

γεξόληεζ(ζ)η (γέξνπζη) αἴγεζ(ζ)η (αἰμί)

γέξνληαο αἶγαο

184 Vocabulary

ἀγνξή ῆο ἡ assembly meeting place gathering harrangue

αἴμ αἰγόο ὁ ἡ goat

Ἄξγνο ενο ηό Argos (both a country and a city in Greece)

γέξσλ νληνο ὁ old man

γῆξαο ανο ηό old age

ἱεξεύο ῆνο ὁ priest holy man

κεξίνλ νπ ηό thigh-bone thigh-piece

πνύο πνδόο ὁ foot

ηαῦξνο νπ ὁ bull

θξήλ θξελόο ἡ diaphragm mind heart soul spirit disposition

δέθαηνο ε νλ tenth

ἡκέηεξνο ε νλ our ours

θνῖινο ε νλ hollow

ὠθύο ὠθεῖα ὠθύ swift speedy

ζλήζθσ die perish

ζαλένκαη

ἔζαλνλ

ηέζλεθα

θεύγσ flee fly escape run (off away along)

θεύμνκαη

ἔθπγνλ

πέθεπγα

depending on the following word In like manner ἐλ is either long or short ἐλί is two short syllables and

εἰλ is a single long syllable

(12) The dative without a preposition is here translated with ldquoforhelliprdquo I also rendered βνπιαί θαιαί as

ldquonoble thingsrdquo in this context although it could also be translated ldquogood plansrdquo ldquobrave plansrdquo etc

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 We sing the plans of many goddesses 2 The terrible roar of the evil sea was not pleasing to the soul of the

goddess 3 Who dishonors the noble goddesses 4 We do not dishonor (our) fatherland for it is dear 5 They go

from Cilla to Chrysa 6 Do they burn many funeral pyres in Chrysa by the sea 7 We have many fair plans 8 Do

you burn pyres in (your) native land 9 You two loose you loose we loose they loose you loose 10 We destroy

many wicked souls in (our) dear fatherland 11 Who escorts the goddess into Chrysa 12 You accomplish noble

things for (our) dear fatherland 13 We fulfill the will of the beloved goddess

58 Composition Exercises

1 Who is singing the evil plans of the fair goddess 2 The roar of the sea is pleasing to the soul of the goddess

in Cilla 3 We do not dishonor the goddesses of (our) dear fatherland 4 Are you going from Chrysa to Cilla by the

sea 5 The two goddesses come from the sea into Cilla 6 They are burning two funeral pyres in (their) fatherland

7 They have many fair plans 8 We loose you loose they (two) loose he is loosing 9 The goddess destroys many

wicked souls 10 We escort the goddess into (our) dear fatherland 11 They accomplish the will of (their)

fatherland 12 He is making a funeral pyre 13 What does he bring

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 ηίο ἀείδεη θαθὰο (ᾱ) βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεᾶο θᾱιῆο 2 θιαγγὴ ζαιάζζεο ἁλδάλεη ςῡρῇ ζεᾶο ἐλ Κίιιῃ 3 νὐθ

ἀηῑκάδνκελ ζεὰλ (ᾱ) θίιεο πάηξεο 4 βαίλεηο ἐθ Υξύζεο (ῡ) εἰο Κίιιελ ἐπὶ ζαιάζζῃ 5 ζεὰ (ᾱ) βαίλνπζηλ ἐθ

ζαιάζζεο εἰο Κίιιελ 6 θαίνπζη πύξᾱ ἐλ πάηξῃ 7 ἔρνπζη πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) βνπιάο (ᾱ) 8 ιύνκελ ιύεηο

ιύεηνλ ιύεη 9 ζεὰ (ᾱ) ὀιέθεη πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θαθὰο (ᾱ) ςῡράο (ᾱ) 10 θέξνκελ ζεὰλ (ᾱ) εἰο θίιελ πάηξελ 11

ηειείνπζη βνπιὴλ πάηξεο 12 ηεύρεη πύξελ 13 ηί θέξεη

Lesson 6

(678-679 717-721 1025 cf 575 996 1009)

61 Second Declension Masculines

Second declension nouns have stems ending in -o Masculine nouns of the second declension are inflected like

ζῡκόο (spirit life soul) and πνιεκόο (war) Second declension adjectives are inflected like θαθόο (evil)

Sigular Dual Plural

N ζῡκόο ζῡκώ ζῡκνί

G ζῡκνῦ νῖν [όν] ζῡκνῖηλ ζῡκῶλ

D ζῡκῷ ζῡκνῖηλ ζῡκνῖζη νῖο

A ζῡκόλ ζῡκώ ζῡκνύο

V ζῡκέ ζῡκώ ζῡκνί

Sigular Dual Plural

N θαθὸο πόιεκνο θαθὼ πνιέκσ θαθνὶ πόιεκνη

G θαθνῦ νῖν [όν] πνιέκνπ νην [νν] θαθνῖηλ πνιέκνηηλ θαθῶλ πνιέκσλ

D θαθῷ πνιέκῳ θαθνῖλ πνιέκνηηλ θαθνῖο πνιέκνηο

A θαθὸλ πόιεκνλ θαθὼ πνιέκσ θαθνὺο πνιέκνπο

V θαθὲ πόιεκε θαθὼ πνιέκσ θαθνὶ πνιεκνί

62 Second Declension Neuters

Second declension neuters end in -νλ in the nominative vocative and accusative singlular and -ᾰ in the

nominative vocative and accusative plural They are identical to second declension masculines in the genitive and

dative as well as all cases of the dual Second declension neuters nouns are declined like ἔξγνλ (deed) and second

declension neuter adjectives are declined like θᾱιόλ (noble)

Sigular Dual Plural

N θᾱιὸλ ἔξγνλ θᾱιὼ ἔξγσ θᾱιὰ ἔξγα

G θᾱινῦ νῖν [όν] ἔξγνπ νην [νν] θᾱινῖηλ ἔξγνηηλ θᾱιῶλ ἔξγσλ

D θᾱιῷ ἔξγῳ θᾱινῖηλ ἔξγνηηλ θᾱινῖο ἔξγνηο

A θᾱιὸλ ἔξγνλ θᾱιὼ ἔξγσ θᾱινὺο ἔξγνπο

V θᾱιὸλ ἔξγνλ θᾱιὼ ἔξγσ θᾱιὰ ἔξγα

63 Second Declension Feminines

A few second declension nouns are feminine These are declined exactly the same as the masculine form the

only difference being that all adjectives and modifiers take their respective feminine forms Thus θαθὸο ζῡκόο = the

evil spirit and θαθὸλ ἔξγνλ = the evil deed but θαθὴ λνῦζνο = the evil plague

Sigular Dual Plural

N θαθὴ λνῦζνο θαθὰ (ᾱ) λνύζσ θαθαὶ λνῦζνη

G θαθῆο λνύζνπ νην [νν] θαθῇηλ λνύζνηηλ θαθάσλ [έσλ ῶλ] λνύζσλ

D θαθῇ λνύζῳ θαθῇηλ λνύζνηηλ θαθῇζη ῇο λνύζνηζη νηο

A θαθὴλ λνῦζνλ θαθὰ (ᾱ) λνύζσ θαθὰο (ᾱ) λνύζνπο

V θαθὴ λνῦζε θαθὰ (ᾱ) λνύζσ θαθαὶ λνῦζνη

64 Adjectives

Adjectives always agree in case number and gender with the nouns they modify

Adjectives fall into three declensions just like nouns However adjectives frequently have masculine feminine

and neuter forms whereas nouns typically fall into a single gender The adjective θαθόο for example has three

forms θαθόο (masculine) θαθή (femine) and θαθόλ (neuter) Adjectives are usually listed in dictionary entries in

the nominative masculine singular followed by the femine and neuter singular endings θαθόο ή όλ

Adjectives are usually grouped into one of four categories 1) First and Second Declension Adjectives whose

forms usually represent the first declension when feminine and the second declension when masculine or neuter 2)

Second Declension Adjectives which usually have a single second declension form that serves as both masculine

and feminine as well as a second declension neuter form 3) First and Third Declension Adjectives whose

masculine and neuter forms are of the third declension but whose feminine form falls under the first declension and

4) Third Declension Adjectives which have a single third declension form for both masculine and feminine and a

third declension neuter form

First and Second Declension Adjectives have the nominative singular endings -νο (masculine) -ε (feminine)

and -νλ (neuter) Of these θᾱιόο (beautiful noble) and θίινο (dear lovely beloved) are good examples

Singular

Masc Fem Neut

N θᾱιόο θᾱιή θᾱιόλ θᾱιή θᾱιόλ

G θᾱινῦ νῖν [όν] θᾱιῆο θᾱινῦ νῖν [όν]

D θᾱιῷ θᾱιῇ θᾱιῷ

A θᾱιόλ θᾱιήλ θᾱιόλ

V θᾱιέ θᾱιή θᾱιόλ

Dual

N A V θᾱιώ θᾱιά (ᾱ) θᾱιώ

G D θᾱινῖηλ θᾱιῇηλ θᾱινῖηλ

Plural

N θᾱινί θᾱιαί θᾱιά

G θᾱιῶλ θᾱιάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] θᾱιῶλ

D θᾱινῖζη νῖο θᾱιῇζη ῇο θᾱινῖζη νῖο

A θᾱινύο θᾱιάο (ᾱ) θᾱιά

Singular

Masc Fem Neut

N θίινο θίιε θίινλ

G θίινπ νην [νν] θίιεο θίινπ νην [νν]

D θίιῳ θίιῃ θίιῳ

A θίινλ θίιελ θίινλ

V

Dual

N A V θίισ θίιᾱ θίισ

G D θίινηηλ θίιῃηλ θίινηηλ

Plural

N θίινη θίιαη θίια

G θίισλ θηιάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] θίισλ

D θίινηζη νηο θίιῃζη ῃο θίινηζη νηο

A θίινπο θίιᾱο θίια

V θίινη θίιαη θίια

65 Vocabulary

ἀγιαόο ή όλ bright shining splendid glorious

ἀλά ἄλ (adv prep + gen dat acc) upon on thereon along up through

ἀπεξείζηνο ε νλ boundless countless immeasureable

ἄπνηλα σλ ηά ransom

Ἀραηόο νῦ ὁ Achaean

δεηλόο ή όλ terrible awful dreadful dread fearful

ἑιώξηνλ νπ ηό booty spoils prey

ζεόο νῦ ὁ god divinity

ζῡκόο νῦ ὁ heart soul spirit courage passion

θαθόο ή όλ bad poor ugly mean cowardly evil wicked

θᾱιόο ή όλ good goodly noble handsome brave fair beautiful

ιᾱόο νῦ ὁ people host soldiery

κῡξίνη αη α countless innumerable

λνῦζνο νπ ἡ plague disease pest pestilence

νἰσλόο νῦ ὁ bird (of prey) vulture omen

πνιιόο ή όλ much many numerous

ζηξαηόο νῦ ὁ army encampment host

θίινο ε νλ dear darling lovely beloved

66 Derivatives

ἀλά (ana-) = anatomy

ἄπνηλα (apen-) = pentalty

ζεόο (theo-) = theology theocracy atheism polytheism monotheism henotheism pantheism

ιᾱόο (lao-) = laity layman

ζηξαηόο (strato-) = strategy strategic strategical

67 Translation Exercises

1 ἀγιαὰ ἄπνηλα θέξνπζηλ Ἀραηνὶ εἰο ζηξαηόλ 2 θέξνκελ ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 3 ζεὸο ηεύρεη

πνιινὺο Ἀραηνὺο ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζηλ 4 ἦζαλ Ἀραηνὶ θαθνί 5 νὐθ ἦζαλ θαθνί θᾱινὶ δέ λνῦζνο θαθὴ ὀιέθεη ιᾱὸλ

θᾱιόλ 6 Ἀραηνὶ πέκπνπζηλ ἄπνηλα κῡξίrsquo εἰο πάηξελ 7 ζεὸο βαίλεη ἐο ζηξαηόλ ὀιέθεη δὲ ιᾱὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 8 ηίο

ἀηῑκάδεη ζενὺο θᾱινύο 9 θαθνὶ ιᾱνὶ ἀηῑκάδνπζη ζενὺο πάηξεο 10 ζεὸο πέκπεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ

Ἀραηῶλ νὐ γὰξ ηειείνπζη βνπιὴλ ζεῶλ πάηξεο 11 βαίλεη ἐπὶ ζάιαζζαλ δεηλὴλ θαὶ ηεύρεη ππξὰο (ᾱ) πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἀλὰ

ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 12 ἔρνπζηλ ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα Ἀραηῶλ ἐλὶ ζηξαηῷ 13 βνπιὴ ζηξαηνῦ νὐρ ἁλδάλεη ζῡκῷ ζενῦ 14

ιᾱὸο Κίιιεο θίινο ἦλ ςῡρῇ ζεᾶο ζαιάζζεο 15 νὐθ ἀείδνκελ θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεῶλ ζηξαηῷ νὐ γὰξ ἁλδάλεη

Ἀραηνῖζη ζῡκῷ

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 The Achaeans bring countless splendid ransmoms into the camp 2 We carry boundless ransoms up through

the camp of the Achaeans 3 The god makes many Achaens spoils for the birds 4 Were the Achaeans evil 5 They

were not evil but good An evil pestilence destroyed the good host 6 The Achaeans send countless ransoms into

(their) fatherland 7 The god walks into the camp and destroys the host of the Achaeans 8 Who dishonors the noble

gods 9 The evil host dishonors the gods of (our) fatherlans 10 The god sends an evil plague up through the camp

of the Achaeans for they do not fulfill the will of the gods of (their) native country 11 He walks along the sea and

builds many funeral pyres throughout the camp of the Achaeans 12 They have boundless ransoms of the Achaeans

in the camp 13 The armyrsquos plan is not pleasing to the heart of the god 14 The host of Cilla was dear to the soul of

the goddess of the sea 15 We do not sing the brave plan of the goods of the camp for (that) is not pleasing to the

heart of the Achaeans

68 Composition Exercises

1 The terrible roar of the sea is pleasing to the goddess in (her) soul 2 We bring many splendid ransoms to the

army of the Achaeans 3 The god does not destroy the host of the Achaeans for they do not dishonor the gods of

(their) fatherland 4 The evil plague makes countless Achaeans a booty (use plural) for many birds 5 The people of

the Achaeans send countless shining ransoms to the goddess of the sea in Cilla 6 The Achaeans go to the sea and

sing but the noise is not pleasing to the goddess in (her) soul 7 The plague destroys the people for they dishonor

the god of Chrysa

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 θιαγγὴ δεηλὴ ἁλδάλεη ζεᾷ ςῡρῇ 2 θέξνκελ ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀγιαὰ ἐο ζηξαηῷ Ἀραηῶλ 3 ζεὸο νὐθ ὀιέθεη

ιᾱὸλ Ἀραηῶλ νὐ γὰξ ἀηῑκάδνπζη ζενὺο πάηξεο 4 θαθὴ λνῦζνο ηεύρεη κῡξίνπο Ἀραηνὺο ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζη πνιινῖζηλ

5 ιᾱὸο Ἀραηῶλ πέκπνπζη κῡξίrsquo ἄπνηλα ἀγιαὰ ζεᾷ ζαιάζζεο ἐλὶ Κίιιᾳ 6 Ἀραηνὶ βαίλνπζηλ εἰο ζάιαζζαλ θαὶ

ἀείδνπζηλ θιαγγὴ δὲ νὐρ ἁλδάλεη ζεᾷ ςῡρῇ 7 λνῦζνο ὀιέθεη ιᾱόλ ἀηῑκάδνπζη γὰξ ζεὸλ Υξύζεο (ῡ)

Lesson 7

Review

71 Review Vocabulary

ἀγιαόο ή όλ splendid ζῡκόο νῦ ὁ heart

ἀείδσ sing θαί and

ἀλ- ἀ- un- θαίσ burn

ἁλδάλσ is pleasing to θαθόο ή όλ evil

ἀπεξείζηνο ε νλ immeasurable θᾱιόο ή όλ good

ἄπνηλα σλ ηά ransom Κίιια εο ἡ Cilla

ἀηῑκάδσ dishonor θιαγγή ῆο ἡ roar

Ἀραηόο νῦ ὁ Achaean ιᾱόο νῦ ὁ host

βαίλσ go walk ιύσ loose

βνπιή ῆο ἡ plan κῡξίνη αη α countless

γάξ for λνῦζνο νπ ἡ plague

δέ but νἰσλόο νῦ ὁ bird

δεηλόο ή όλ terrible ὀιέθσ kill

εἰο (ἐο) into νὐ (νὐρ) not

εἰζί they are πάηξε εο ἡ fatherland

ἐθ (ἐμ) out of πέκπσ send

ἑιώξηνλ νπ ηό spoil πνιιόο ή όλ many

ἐλ(ί) εἰλ in ππξή ῆο ἡ funeral pyre

ἐπί upon ζηξαηόο νῦ ὁ army

ἐζηί it is ηειείσ accomplish

ἔρσ have ηεύρσ make

ἦλ it was ηίο ηί who what

ἦζαλ they were θέξσ carry

ζάιαζζα εο ἡ sea θίινο ε νλ beloved

ζεά (ᾱ) ᾶο ἡ goddess Υξύζε (ῡ) εο ἡ Chrysa

ςῡρή ῆο ἡ soul

72 Translation Exercises

1 ἀδείδνκελ ζεὰλ (ᾱ) ζαιάζζεο δεηλῆο θιαγγῇ πνιιῇ 2 νὐθ ἀηῑκάδνπζη ζενὺο 3 βνπιαὶ Ἀραηῶλ νὐρ

ἁλδάλνπζη ζεᾳ θᾱιῇ ζῡκῷ 4 βαίλεη ἐθ ζηξαηνῦ Ἀραηῶλ εἰο Κίιιαλ θαὶ θέξεη ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα ζεῷ 5 λνῦζνο θαθὴ

βαίλεη ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ θαὶ ηεύρεη πνιινὺο Ἀραηνὺο ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζηλ 6 θαὶ ζενὶ θαὶ ζεαὶ ὀιέθνπζη ιᾱὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 7 ηίο

Ἀραηῶλ ἔρεη ζῡκὸλ θαθόλ 8 ἦζαλ πνιιαὶ ζεαὶ ἐλὶ ζαιάζζῃ 9 θαίεη ππξὰο (ᾱ) ἐπὶ ζαιάζζῃ 10 ιύεηε ζηξαηὸλ

Ἀραηῶλ 11 πάηξε ἐζηὶ θίιε ςῡρῇ κῡξίσλ Ἀραηῶλ 12 ηίο πέκπεη ζηξαηὸλ ἐθ Κίιιεο εἰο Υξύζελ (ῡ) 13 βνπιὴ

θαθὴ ἐζηηλ ἁλδάλεη δὲ ζεᾷ ζῡκῷ 14 ηί ἀείδεηε

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 With a great noise we hymn the goodess of the terrible sea 2 We do not dishonor the gods 3 The will of the

Achaeans does not please the heart of the beautiful goddess 4 He goes from the Achaean camp to Cilla and delivers

countless ransoms to the god 5 An evil plague goes up through the camp and makes many Achaeans spoils for the

vultures 6 Both gods and goddesses destroy the host of the Achaeans 7 Who of the Achaeans has an evil heart 8

Were there many goddesses in the sea 9 He burns funeral pyres by the sea 10 You destroy the camp of the

Achaeans 11 The fatherland is dear to the soul of countless Achaeans 12 Who dispatches the army from Cilla to

Chrysa 13 It is an evil plan but it pleases the heart of the goddess 14 What do you sing

73 Composition Exercises

1 The Achaeans sing the beautiful goddess of the terrible sea 2 We do not dishonor the gods for they are dear

to (our) souls 3 The plans of the army are pleasing to the goddess in (her) noble soul 4 Many Achaeans are going

from the encampment and are bringing countless glorious ransoms to the gods 5 The evil plague destroys the

people and makes the army a booty for countless birds 6 We do not sing for it is not pleasing to the soul of the

goddess

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 Ἀραηνὶ ἀείδνπζη ζεὰλ (ᾱ) θᾱιὴλ δεηλῆο ζαιάζζεο 2 νὐθ ἀηῑκάδνκελ ζενὺο θίινη δὲ ζῡκνῖζηλ 3 βνπιαὶ

ζηξαηῷ ἁλδάλνπζη ζεᾷ ζῡκῷ 4 Ἀραηνὶ πνιινὶ βαίλνπζηλ ἐθ ζηξαηνῦ θαὶ θέξνπζηλ ἄπνηλα ἀπεξείζηα θαὶ ἀγιαὰ

ζενῖζηλ 5 θαθὴ λνῦζνο ὀιέθεη ιᾱὸλ θαὶ ηεύρεη ζηξαηὸλ ἄπνηλα νἰσλνῖζηλ ἀπεξείζηνῐζηλ 6 νὐθ ἀείδνκελ νὐθ γὰξ

ἁλδάλεη ςῡρῇ ζεᾶο

Lesson 8

(765-766 773-774)

81 The Second Declension (Continued)

Several words are declined like θᾱιόο ή όλ except that the nominative vocative and accusative singular of

the neuter ends in -o instead of -νλ Some of these words include ὅο ἥ ὅ (which) ὁ ἡ ηό (that) (ἐ)θεῖλνο ε ν

(that) αὐηόο ή ό (he she it) and ἄιινο ε ν (another)

The words ὅδε and νὗηνο are not introduced in this lesson but they are dleclined similarly and so are included

in the paradigms as reference

ὁ ἡ ηό (that hesheit whowhichwhat)

Masc Fem Neut

N ὁ ἡ ηό

G ηνῦ ηνῖν ηῆο ηνῦ ηνῖν

D ηῷ ηῇ ηῷ

A ηόλ ηήλ ηό

N A ηώ (ηώ) ηώ

G D ηνῖηλ (ηνῖηλ) ηνῖηλ

N νἱ αἱ ηά

G ηῶλ ηάσλ (ᾱ) [ηῶλ] ηῶλ

D ηνῖζη ηνῖο ηῇζη ηῇο ηνῖζη ηνῖο

A ηνύο ηάο (ᾱ) ηά

αὐηόο ή ό (hesheit self same)

Masc Fem Neut

N αὐηόο αὐηή αὐηό

G αὐηνῦ νῖν αὐηῆο αὐηνῦ νῖν

D αὐηῷ αὐηῇ αὐηῷ

A αὐηόλ αὐηήλ αὐηό

N A αὐηώ (αὐηώ) αὐηώ

G D αὐηνῖηλ (αὐηνῖηλ) αὐηνῖηλ

N αὐηνί αὐηαί αὐηά

G αὐηῶλ αὐηάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] αὐηῶλ

D αὐηνῖζη νῖο αὐηῇζη ῇο αὐηνῖζη νῖο

A αὐηνύο αὐηάο (ᾱ) αὐηά

ὅο ἥ ὅ (whowhichwhat)

Masc Fem Neut

N ὅο ἥ ὅ

G νὖ [ὅνπ ὅν] ἥο νὗ [ὅνπ ὅν]

D ᾧ ᾗ ᾧ

A ὅλ ἥλ ὅ

N A ὥ (ὥ) ὥ

G D νἷηλ (νἷηλ) νἶηλ

N νἵ αἵ ἅ

G ὧλ ὧλ ὧλ

D νἷζη νἷο ᾗζη ᾗο νἷζη νἷο

A νὕο ἅο (ᾱ) ἅ

(ἐ)θεῖλνο ε ν (that)

Masc Fem Neut

N (ἐ)θεῖλνο (ἐ)θείλε (ἐ)θεῖλν

G (ἐ)θείλνπ νην (ἐ)θείλεο (ἐ)θείλνπ νην

D (ἐ)θείλῳ (ἐ)θείλῃ (ἐ)θείλῳ

A (ἐ)θεῖλνλ (ἐ)θείλελ (ἐ)θεῖλν

N A (ἐ)θείλσ ((ἐ)θείλσ) (ἐ)θείλσ

G D (ἐ)θείλνηηλ ((ἐ)θείλνηηλ) (ἐ)θείλνηηλ

N (ἐ)θεῖλνη (ἐ)θεῖλαη (ἐ)θεῖλα

G (ἐ)θείλσλ (ἐ)θεηλάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] (ἐ)θείλσλ

D (ἐ)θείλνηζη νηο (ἐ)θείλῃζη ῃο (ἐ)θείλνηζη νηο

A (ἐ)θείλνπο (ἐ)θείλᾱο (ἐ)θεῖλα

ὅδε ἥδε ηόδε (this)

Masc Fem Neut

N ὅδε ἥδε ηόδε

G ηνύδε ηνῖνδε ηῆζδε ηνύδε ηνῖνδε

D ηῷδε ηῇδε ηῷδε

A ηόλδε ηήλδε ηόδε

N A ηώδε (ηώδε) ηώδε

G D ηνῖηλδε (ηνῖηλδε) ηνῖηλδε

N νἵδε (ηνίδε) αἵδε (ηαίδε) ηάδε

G ηῶλδε ηάσλδε (ᾱ) [ηῶλδε] ηῶλδε

D ηνῖζηδε ηνῖζδε ηῇζηδε ηῇζδε ηνῖζηδε ηνῖζδε

ηνίζδεζη ηνίζδεζη

ηνίζδεζζη ηνίζδεζζη

A ηνύζδε ηάζδε (ᾱ) ηάδε

νὗηνο αὕηε ηνῦην (this)

Masc Fem Neut

N νὗηνο αὕηε ηνῦην

G ηνύηνπ νην ηαύηεο ηνύηνπ νην

D ηνύηῳ ηαύηῃ ηνύηῳ

A ηνῦηνλ ηαύηελ ηνῦην

N A ηνύησ (ηνύησ) ηνύησ

G D ηνύηνηηλ (ηνύηνηηλ) ηνύηνηηλ

N νὗηνη αὗηαη ηαῦηα

G ηνύησλ ηαῡηάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] ηνύησλ

D ηνύηνηζη νηο ηαύηῃζη ῃο ηνύηνηζη νηο

A ηνύηνπο ηαύηᾱο ηαῦηα

82 Vocabulary

ἀιιά but moreover

ἄιινο ε νλ other another

αὐηόο ή ό self him himself her herself it itself same

δῖνο α νλ (declined like ζάιαζζα) divine heavenly glorious

(ἐ)θεῖλνο ε ν that (one) he she it

ἑθεβόινο νπ ὁ free-shooter sharpshooter (originally shoots-at-will a title for Apollo)

θαθῶο evilly wickedly harshly with evil consequences

ὁ ἡ ηό this that he she it who which what

νὕλεθα (νὗ-ἔλεθα) because

ζθῆπηξνλ νπ ηό scepter staff

ηέ and also both

ρξύζενο (ῡ) ε νλ gold golden of gold

83 Derivatives

ἄιινο (allo-) = allopathy

αὐηόο (auto-) = automaton autocracy autograph autonomy

ρξύζενο (ῡ) (chryse-) = chrysanthemum chrysalis chrysolite

84 Translation Excersis

1 δῖνο ἑθεβόινο αὐηὸο ἀείδεη ἀιιrsquo νὐρ ἁλδάλεη ἄιινηζη ζενῖζη ζῡκῷ 2 θεῖλνη Ἀραηνὶ ἀηῑκάδνπζη ηνὺο ζενύο

3 ὁ ἑθεβόινο πέκπεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ θαθῶο ὀιέθεη θεῖλνλ ιᾱόλ νὕλεθα ηὸλ ἀηῑκάδνπζηλ 4

νὐθ ἀηῑκάδνκελ ηνὺο ζενύο νἳ ἔρνπζη ζθῆπηξα ρξύζεα (ῡ) 5 ὁ ἑθεβόινο ηε θαὶ νἱ ἄιινη ζενὶ θέξνπζη ρξύζεα (ῡ)

ζθῆπηξα θᾱιά 6 ηίο ηεύρεη ηὰ ζθῆπηξα ρξύζεα (ῡ) ηνῖζη ζενῖο ζαιάζζεο 7 ἀείδεη ἑθεβόινο αὐηὸο βνπιὰο (ᾱ)

ἄιισλ ζεῶλ ηνῖζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ 8 εἰζὶλ νἱ Ἀραηνὶ θᾱινί νἱ ὀιέθνπζη ηὸλ ζηξαηὸλ θαίνπζί ηε ηὰο (ᾱ) ππξάο (ᾱ) 9 ἡ

ζεὰ (ᾱ) ηῆο δεηλῆο ζαιάζζεο ἔρεη ηὸ ζθῆηξνλ ρξύζενλ (ῡ) 10 ἐλὶ ηῇ πάηξε εἰζὶλ αἱ ππξαί 11 ηίο ηεύρεη ηὸλ

ζηξαηὸλ ἑιώξηα ηνῖζηλ νἰσλνῖζηλ

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 The divine free-shooter himself sings but it does not please the hearts of the other gods 2 Those Achaeans

dishonor these gods 3 This free-shooter sends an evil plague up through the camp of the Achaeans and wickedly

destroys that host because they dishonor him 4 We do not dishonor these gods who hold the golden scepters 5

Both this free-shooter and these other gods carry beautiful golden scepters 6 Who fashions the golden scepters for

these gods of the sea 7 Does the free-shooter himself sing the plans of the other gods to these Achaeans 8 Are

these Achaeans noble who destroy (our) camp and burn funeral pyres 9 This goddess of the terrible sea holds a

golden scepter 10 The funeral pyrers are in (our) fatherland 11 Who makes (our) camp a spoil for these vultures

85 Composition Exercises

1 ἑθεβόινο αὐηὸο ἀείδεη ηὰο (ᾱ) βνπιὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) ζεῶλ 2 ηί νὐρ ἁλδάλεη ηνῖο ἄιινηζη ζενῖζηλ νἳ ἐλὶ

ζαιάζζῃ 3 ἐθεῖλνο Ἀραηὸο ἀηῑκάδεη ηνὺο ζενὺο πάηξεο νἱ ἔρνπζη ηὰ ζθῆπηξα ρξύζεα (ῡ) 4 ὁ ἑθεβόινο πέκπεη

λνύζνπο πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θαθὰο (ᾱ) ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ ὀιέθεη κῡξίνπο ιᾱνύο νὕλεθα ηὸλ ἀηῑκάδνπζηλ 5 ηίο

θαίεη ηὰο (ᾱ) ππξὰο (ᾱ) Ἀραηῶλ ἐπὶ δεηλῇ ζαιάζζῃ 6 ὁ ἑθεβόινο ηεύρεη κῡξίνπο Ἀραίνπο ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζηλ νὕλεθα

ηὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) ζεὰο (ᾱ) ζαιάζζεο ἀηῑκάδνπζηλ

Lesson 9

(830-840 904)

91 The Verbal Augment

Greek verbs frequently add a prefix to a verb (in the secondary tenses of the idicative) to indicate action

occurring in the past This prefix is called an augment Verbal augments take one of two forms the syllabic

augment which consists of adding an extra syllable to the beginning of a word and the temporal augment which

consists of lengthening the first syllable of a word While the augment is consistently applied in later dialects of

Greek it was still optional in Homeric and is often omitted (the tense being determined solely from the suffixes)

The syllabic augment is applied to verbs that begin with a consonant (or rare verbs that originally began with a

consonant) and consists of the prefix ε- Thus ιύνκελ = we loose (present tense) but ἐιύνκελ = we were loosing

(past tense) Some Greek words originally began with a ϝ or an ζ that later disappeared (usually replace with the

rough breathing) In those cases the augment is sometimes syllabic reflecting the earlier practice The word ἁλδάλσ

for example was originally ζϝαλδάλσ (swandano) The original augmented form of the imperfect was ἐζϝάλδαλνλ

(eswandano) When the ζϝ- was dropped the syllabic augment was retained ἑάλδαλνλ (heandano)

When a verb has lost an initial ζ the syllabic augment frequently contracts with the initial vowel For example

the word ἔρσ was originally ζέρσ The original augmented imperfect was ἔζερνλ When the initial ζ disappeared

the result was ἔερνλ which contracted to εἶρνλ (because εε usually contracts to εη) This pattern is also sometimes

present in verbs that originally began with ϝ such as ϝίδνλ =gt ἐϝηδνλ = ἔηδνλ = εἶδνλ

The temporal augment consists of lengthening an initial vowel and occurs in most Greek verbs that begin with

an initial vowel In general initial α or ε becomes ε initial η ν or π becomes ῑ initial αη and ᾳ become ῃ and initial

νη becomes ῳ Thus ἄγνκελ (we lead) becomes ἤγνκελ (we were leading) If the verb already begins with a long

vowel (ε ῃ ῑ ῡ σ ῳ) there is usually no change

Verbs that begin with ξ usually double the ξ when adding the syllabic augment This feature also sometimes

occurs in verbs beginning with ι κ λ or ζ

Compound verbs are usually formed from a combination of preposition + verb such as ἀπό (away from) + ιύσ

(loosen) = ἀπνιύσ (set free turn loose) In compound verbs a temporal augment is inserted between the preposition

and the verb If the preposition ends in a vowel the vowel is usually elided Thus ἀπνιύνκελ (we set free) becomes

ἀπειύνκελ (elided from ἀπνειύνκελ we were setting free)

92 The Imperfect Tense

The imperfect denotes continuous action in past time and typically corresponds to the past participle in English

Thus ἔιπνλ (imperfect) = I was loosing Occasionally the Greek imperfect is best translated by the simple past tense

in English The imperfect tense is formed by adding the secondary tense endings (which will be described in a later

lesson) to the augmented stem of the verb

In the paradigm below the unaugmented form is shown in brackets

Imperfect Tense

S 1st Pers ἔιπνλ [ιύνλ] I was loosing

2nd

Pers ἔιπεο [ιύεο] you were loosing

3rd

Pers ἔιπε(λ) [ιύε(λ)] he she it was loosing

D 2nd

Pers ἐιύεηνλ [ιύεηνλ] you (two) were loosing the pair of you were loosing

3rd

Pers ἐιπέηελ [ιπέηελ] they (two) were loosing the pair of them were loosing

P 1st Pers ἐιύνκελ [ιύνκελ] we were loosing

2nd

Pers ἐιύεηε [ιύεηε] you (ye) were loosing

3rd

Pers ἐιύνλ [ιύνλ] they were loosing

93 Vocabulary

ἄιιῃ elsewhere

Ἀξγεῖνο νπ ὁ Argive

-δε (suffix + acc) to

δηά (adv) between among (+gen) through (+acc) through by means

of on account of during

δηίθηινο (ῑ) ε νλ dear to Zeus

εἴξσ speak say tell

ἐκόο ή όλ my mine

ἔξγνλ νπ ηό (ϝέξγνλ) work deed accomplishment

-ζελ (suffix gen ending) from

Κιπηαηκήζηξε εο ἡ Clytaemnestra

(also Κιπηαηκλήζηξε)

καληνζύλε εο ἡ gift of prophesy

νἶθνο νπ ὁ house home

ιύκπηνο ε νλ Olympian

Ὄιπκπνο νπ ὁ Olympus

Πξίακνο νπ ὁ Priam

ζόο ζή ζόλ your yours

εἶρνλ (imperfect of ἔρσ) I was having I had

94 Derivatives

95 Translation Exercises

1 ὁ ἑθεβόινο δηὰ καληνζύλελ εἴξεη βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ηῶλ ζεῶλ Ἀξγείνηζηλ 2 νἱ ιύκπηνη ζενὶ εἶρνλ νἴθνπο ἐλ

ιύκπῳ 3 ὁ ἑθεβόινο δηίθηινο (ῑ) ἔηεπρε ηνὺο Ἀξγείνπο Ἀραηνύο ηε ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζηλ 4 Ἀραηνὶ Ἀξγεῖνί ηrsquo

ἔηεπρνλ ἔξγα θαθὰ δηὰ βνπιὴλ ζεᾶο 5 Κιπηαηκήζηξε δηὰ ηὸλ ζῡκὸλ ἔηεπρελ ηὰ ἔξγα δεηλά 6 Πξίακνο ιᾱόο ηε

Πξηάκνπ ὤιεθνλ πνιινὺο Ἀξγείνπο 7 ηίο εἴξεη ηὰ ζὰ ἔξγα θαθὰ Πξηάκῳ 8 ηὰ ἔξγα ἐκά ἐζηη θᾱιά νὕλεθα ἔηεπρνλ

βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεῶλ θαὶ ζεάσλ (ᾱ) δηὰ ηὴλ καληνζύλελ 9 ἐπέκπνκελ ηὰ ρξύζεα (ῡ) ζθῆπηξα εἰο νἶθνλ Πξηάκῳ 10

ἐθαίεηε ηὰο (ᾱ) ππξὰο (ᾱ) δεηλῇ θιαγγῇ 11 νὐρ ἥλδαλε ἡ βνπιὴ ζεᾷ ζαιάζζεο ζῡκῷ 12 αἱ ζεαὶ ἀείδνπζη ηὰ θᾱιὰ

ἔξγα ηῶλ ζεῶλ ἑθεβόινο δὲ βαίλεη ἄιιῃ 13 εἶρε Πξίακνο ἀγιαὸλ θαὶ θᾱιὸλ νἶθνλ

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 This free-shooter relates the plans of the gods to the Argives through prophesy 2 These Olympian gods had

homes on Olympus 3 This free-shooter beloved of Zeus made both the Argives and the Achaeans prey for the

vultures 4 Both the Achaeans and the Argives committed evil deeds through the will of the goddess 5 Because of

her heart Clytaemnestra wrought these terrible deeds 6 Both Priam and the host of Priam killed many Argives 7

Who relates these evil deeds of yours to Priam 8 These works of mine are noble because through prophesy I

accomplished the of the gods and goddess 9 We sent the golden scepters to the house of Priam 10 Were you

burning the funeral pyres with a terrible uproar 11 Does the plan not please the heart of the goddess of the sea 12

The goddesses sing the noble deeds of the gods but the free-shooter walks elsewhere 13 Priam had a splendid and

beautiful home

96 Composition Exercises

1 Who brought these countless shining ransoms to the beautiful home of Priam 2 The Achaeans and the

Argives burned many funeral pyres in your beloved fatherland 3 Clytaemnestra was wicked and performed many

dreadful deeds 4 Through the gift of prophesy we tell many glorious deeds of the gods and goddesses who have

Olympian homes 5 My deeds are noble but yours are cowardly 6 The gods sent an evil plague up through the

camp and destroyed many Achaeans because they dishonored the free-shooter 7 It was not pleasing to

Clytaemnestra in (her) wicked soul

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 ηίο ἔθεξε ηὰο ἄπνηλα ἀγιαὰ εἰο νἶθνλ θᾱιὸλ Πξηάκνπ 2 Ἀραηνὶ θαὶ Ἀξγεῖνη ἔθαηνλ ππξὰο (ᾱ) πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἐλ

ζῇ πάηξῃ θᾱιῇ 3 Κιπηαηκλήζηξε θαθὴ ἦλ θαὶ ἔηεπρελ ἄξγα πνιιὰ θαὶ δεηλά 4 δηὰ καληνζύλελ εἴξνκελ ἔξγα

πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀγιαὰ ζεῶλ θαὶ ζεάσλ (ᾱ) νἳ ἔρνπζηλ νἴθνπο ιπκπίνπο 5 ἔξγα ἐκὰ θᾱιή εἰζηλ ζὰ δὲ θαθά 6 ζενὶ

ἔπεκπνλ λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ θαὶ ὤιεθνλ Ἀραίνπο πνιινύο νὕλεθα ἠηίκαδνλ (ῑ) ἑθεβόινλ 7 νὐρ ἥλδαλε

Κιπηαηκλήζηξῃ ζῡκῷ θαθῷ

Lesson 10

(841-857 904)

101 Formation of the Aorist and Future Tenses

The first aorist is a secondary tense formed by adding -ζ(ζ)α to the augmented verb stem followed by the

personal endings of the secondary tense If the verb stem ends in a consonant or a long vowel only a single ζ is

added If the stem ends in a short vowel either one or two sigmas may be added A few aorists (called ldquomixed

aoristsrdquo) are formed by adding -ζ followed by the thematic vowel and the personal endings for the secondary tenses

to the augmented stem

The future is formed by adding -ζ followed by the thematic vowel and the personal endings for the primary

tenses

If the verb stem ends in a long vowel the stem is not affected by the addition of the suffixes for the future or

aorist tenses If the stem ends in a short vowel it is regularly lengthened in all tenses except the present and the

imperfect There are however a few exceptions to this pattern In most cases these verbs add ζ before the personal

endings of the perfect middle and aorist passive

102 Classification of Verbs

Verbs are classified into four groups according to the final letter of the stem vowel verbs liquid verbs nasal

verbs and mute verbs

When -ζ is added to the end of a mute verb a labial combines with ζ to form ς a palatal combines with ζ to

form μ and a lingual is dropped (leaving only ζ)

When -ζ is added to the end of a liquid or nasal verb it is usually preceded by -ε and the ζ is dropped in

contraction Thus βαιισ = βαιέζσ = βαιέσ In rare cases the ε is dropped and the ζ retained In some vowel-stem

verbs where the final vowel is preceded by a liquid or nasal the verb behaves as a liquidnasal and adds -εζ to the

stem θαιέσ (present) = θαιέζσ (future) = θαιέσ (future contracted) The formations in which the ζ is dropped

after α or ε are sometimes called ldquoAttic futuresrdquo

Verbs with liquid and nasal stems regularly form the aorist by dropping the ζ and lengthening the stem vowel

A few verbs have active forms in the present tense but middle forms in the future tense ἀθνύσ (I hear) but

ἀθνύζνκαη (I will hear)

103 Paradigms Future and First Aorist of ιύσ

Future

S 1st Pers ιύζσ (ῡ) I shall loose

2nd

Pers ιύζεηο (ῡ) you will loose

3rd

Pers ιύζεη (ῡ) he she it will loose

D 2nd

Pers ιύζεηνλ (ῡ) you (two) will loose

3rd

Pers ιύζεηνλ (ῡ) they (two) will loose

P 1st Pers ιύζνκελ (ῡ) we shall loose

2nd

Pers ιύζεηε (ῡ) you (ye) will loose

3rd

Pers ιύζνπζη(λ) (ῡ) they will loose

First Aorist

S 1st Pers ἔιῡζα I loosed

2nd

Pers ἔιῡζαο you loosed

3rd

Pers ἔιῡζε(λ) he she it loosed

D 2nd

Pers ἐιύζαηνλ (ῡ) you (two) loosed

3rd

Pers ἔιῡζάηελ they (two) loosed

P 1st Pers ἐιύζακελ (ῡ) we loosed

2nd

Pers ἐιύζαηε (ῡ) you (ye) loosed

3rd

Pers ἔιῡζαλ they loosed

104 Vocabulary

ἄγσ ἄμσ ἤγαγνλ lead drive conduct bring carry

ἀλάζζσ (ϝαλαθ-) ἀλάμσ ἠλαμα (+gen) rule (over) guard protect

ἄξηζηνο ε νλ best noblest bravest fairest

αὖηηο (back) again anew

Γαλαόο νῦ ὁ Danaan

ἑθαηόκβε εο ἡ hecatomb sacrifice

ζάλαηνο νπ ὁ death

Ἴιηνο νπ ἡ Ilium Troy the region around Troy

κεγάζῡκνο ε νλ great-souled brave

ὄρα far much considerably

πέζσ (πεηζ- πνηζ- πηζ-) πείζσ ἔπεηζα (πέπηζνλ) persuade win over mislead

θηιέσ θηιήζσ ἐθίιεζα love cherish entertain hospitably

εἶπνλ εἶπεο εἶπε(λ) θηι 2nd

aor speak say tell etc

ἔβεζα ἔβεζαο ἔβεζε(λ) θηι 1st aor come go walk etc

105 Derivatives

ἄγσ (ag-) = pedagogue demagogue synagogue

ἄξηζηνο (arist-) = aristocracy

ζάλαηνο (thanat-) = thanatopsis euthanasia

106 Translation Exercises

1 ηίο ἦλ ὄρrsquo ἄξηζηνο Γαλαῶλ 2 Πξίακνο κεγάζῡκνο ἤλαζζελ Ἰιίνπ 3 νὐθ αὖηηο ἄμνπζη Γαλανὶ κεγάζῡκνη

ἑθαηόκβᾱο πνιιὰο (ᾱ) εἰο Υξύζελ (ῡ) 4 νὐθ ἔπεηζαλ ἑθεβόινλ πνιιῇο ἑθαηόβῃζη θᾱιῇζηλ 5 νὐ θηιήζνκελ ζενύο

νὕλεθα θᾱινὶ εἰζηλ 6 Γαλανὶ ηεύμνπζη ζάλαηνλ Πξηάκῳ ἐλ Ἰιίῳ 7 ἐθίιεζα ζεὰλ (ᾱ) ζαιάζζεο ἀιιrsquo νὐρ ἥλδαλε

ἑθεβόιῳ ζῡκῷ 8 ἀείζνκελ θαὶ πείζνκελ ζενύο 9 ὄρrsquo ἄξηζνη ἐλ Ἰιίῳ ηὰ εἶπνλ Πξηάκῳ ἀιιὰ ηνὺο ἠηῑκάζελ 10

Πξίακνο ἔπεκςε ηὸλ ζηξαηὸλ ἄξηζηνλ ἐπrsquo Ἀξγείνηζηλ 11 ἔβεζαλ αὖηηο Γαλανὶ εἰο Ἴιηνλ ἀιιrsquo νὐθ ἔπεηζαλ

Πξίακνλ 12 ἀείζνκελ ἑθεβόινλ ὄρrsquo ἄξηζηνλ ζεῶλ νὕλεθrsquo ἤγαγε Γαλανὺο εἰο Ἴιηνλ

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 Who was by far the noblest of the Danaans 2 Great-souled Priam ruled Ilium 3 Not agan will the great-

souled Danaans lead many sacrifices into Chrysa 4 They did not persuade the free-shooter with many goodly

sacrifices 5 Do we not love the gods because they are good 6 The Danaans will prepare death for Priam in Ilium

7 I loved the goddess of the sea but it was not pleasing to the heart of the free-shooter 8 We will sing and

persuade the gods 9 By far the noblest in Ilium this they say of Priam but he (is the one) he dishonored () 10

Priam sent the best army against the Argives 11 The Danaans went back to Ilium but they did not persuade Priam

12 We hymn the free-shooter greatest of the gods because he led the Danaans into Ilium

107 Composition Exercises

1 The great-souled Achaeans will not persuade the free-shooter with goodly hecatombs but he will prepare evil

death for the people 2 The noblest of the Achaeans went to Ilium but they did not persuade the soul of Priam 3

We shall sing because the gods have led (aor) the people into Troy 4 We shall have many shining golden scepters

5 Did you not love the gods who have Olympian homes 6 Priam shall not rule Ilium again for the Achaeans will

prepare evil death for him 7 Does he speak to the beautiful goddess of the sea 8 They will persuade the souls of

the gods with many hecatombs

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 Ἀραηνὶ κεγάζῡκνη νὐ πείζνπζηλ ἑθεβόινλ πνιιῇο ἑθαηόκβῆζηλ ἀιιὰ ηεύμεη ζάλαηνλ θαθὸλ ιᾱνῖζηλ 2

ἄξηζηνη Ἀραηῶλ ἔβεζαλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ ἀιιrsquo νὐθ ἔπεηζαλ ζῡκὸλ Πξηάκῳ 3 ἀείζνκελ νὕλεθα ζενὺο ἤγαγνλ ιᾱὸλ εἰο

Ἴιηνλ 4 ἕζρνκελ πνιιὰ ρξύζεα (ῡ) ἀγιαὰ ζθῆπηξα 5 νὐθ ἐθηιήζαηε ζενὺο νἳ ἔρνπζηλ νἴθνπο ιπκπίνπο 6 νὐθ

αὖηηο ἀλάζζεη Πξίακνο Ἰιίνπ Ἀραηνὶ γὰξ ηεύμνπζη ζάλαηνλ θαθὸλ αὐηῷ 7 εἴξεη ζεᾷ θᾱιᾷ ζαιάζζεο 8 πείζνπζη

ζῡκνὺο ζεῶλ πνιιῇο ἑθαηόκβῃζηλ

Lesson 11

(664-675 838-839)

111 First Declension Masculine Nouns

First declension masculines typically end in -εο -ᾱο or -ᾰο in the nominative and are declined exactly the same

as their feminine counterparts (with the exception of the nominative singular which adds -ο the genitive singular

which regularly ends in -ᾱν and the vocative singular which ends in -ε -ᾱ or -ᾰ) Those ending in -εο retain -ε

throughout the singular those ending in -ᾱο retain the -ᾱ throughout the singular and those ending in -ᾰο take the -ε

ending in the dative

Masculines ending in -δεο take -ε in the vocative singular while those ending in -ηεο (as well as compound

nouns and the names of nationalities) regularly take -ᾰ Those ending in -ᾱο take the the nominative singular in -ᾱ

A very few first declension adjectives take a masculine ending in -ᾰ (without the final -ο) Many of these also

have an alternative form that ends in the more common -εο Those that do not have an alternative form in -εο usually

have the recessive accent (a feature inherited from the Aeolic influence in Homer) The only masculine noun ending

in -ᾰ in the nominative is the name Θύεζηα (Thyestes)

First declension masculine nouns typically follow the paradigms for Ἀηξεΐδεο (Atreides son of Atreus) Αἰλείᾱο

(Aeneas) and αἰρκεηήο (spearman warrior)

Ἀηξεΐδεο ᾱν ὁ Αἰλείᾱο ᾱν ὁ αἰρκεηήο ᾱν ὁ

(Αηξεϝηδᾱ-) (Αἰλεηᾱ-) (αἰρκεηᾱ-)

N Ἀηξεΐδεο Αἰλείᾱο αἰρκεηήο [ά]

G Ἀηξεΐδᾱν [εσ] Αἰλείᾱν [σ] αἰρκεηᾶν [έσ]

D Ἀηξεΐδῃ Αἰλείᾳ αἰρκεηῇ

A Ἀηξεΐδελ Αἰλείαλ αἰρκεηήλ

V Ἀηξεΐδε Αἰλείᾱ αἰρκεηά

N A V Ἀηξεΐδᾱ αἰρκεηά (ᾱ)

G D Ἀηξεΐδῃηλ αἰρκεηῇηλ

N V Ἀηξεΐδαη αἰρκεηαί

G Ἀηξετδάσλ (ᾱ) αἰρκεηάσλ (ᾱ)

[έσλ ῶλ] [έσλ ῶλ]

D Ἀηξεΐδῃζη ῃο αἰρκεηῇζη ῇο

A Ἀηξεΐδᾱο αἰρκεηάο (ᾱ)

112 Compound Verbs

Compound verbs are formed from a preposition or adverb coupled with a verb such as ἀλαβαίλσ (ascend)

formed from ἀλα (up) and βαίλσ (go) If the preposition ends in a vowel and the verb begins with a vowel the vowel

of the preposition is usually elided as in δηίζηεκη (δηὰ ἰζηεκη) ἁθαηξέσ (ἀπὸ αἱξέσ)

The augment occurs between the preposition and the verb When two vowels are thus brought together the first

vowel is usually elided leaving the augment Thus ἀπνιύσ (I release present) ἀπέιπνλ (I was releasing

imperfect) ἀπέιῡζα (I released aorist)

113 Vocabulary

ἀλαβαίλσ ἀλαβήζσ ἀλέβεζα go up ascend embark

ἀπνιύσ ἀπνιύζσ (ῡ) ἀπέιῡζα loose set free release

Ἀηξεΐδεο -ᾱν ὁ Atreides son of Atreus (usually refers to Agamemnon)

θαηαθεύσ θαηαθαύζσ θαηέθεα burn consume

θειεύσ - ἔθιπνλ (+gen) hear hearken to

κεηέεηπνλ κεηεῖπνλ (2nd

aor of εἴξσ) spoke among addressed spoke to

ὅηε when whenever

Πειεηάδεο ᾱν (εσ) ὁ Peleiades son of Peleus (used in reference to Achilles)

πξνζέεηπνλ πξνζεῖπνλ (2nd

aor of εἴξσ) addressed spoke to

ηόηε then at that time

ρνιόσ ρνιώζσ ἐρόισζα anger enrage vex

Υξύζεο (ῡ) ᾱν (εσ) ὁ Chryses

Verbs

ἀλαβαίλσ

stem ἀλα + βαλ- βα-

future ἀλαβήζσ (rarely ἀλαβήζνκαη)

1st aorist ἀλέβεζα (rarely 2

nd aor ἀλέβελ)

ἀπνιύσ

stem ἀπό + ιύσ

future ἀπνιύζσ (ῡ)

1st aorist ἀπέιῡζα

θαηαθαίσ

stem θαηά + θαπ- θαϝ- θαη-

future θαηαθαύζσ (assumed form)

1st aorist θαηέθεα

θειεύσ (Attic)

stem θιεπ- θιεϝ- θιπ-

future none

2nd

aorist ἐθιπνλ

ρνιόσ

stem ρνιν-

future ρνιώζσ

1st aorist ἐρόισζα

Notes

In Homeric Greek the stem vowel is usually lengthened before -ζ hence ἀλαβαίλσ =gt ἀλαβήζσ =gt

ἀλέβεζα ἀπνιύσ =gt ἀπνιύζσ (ῡ) =gt ἀπέιῡζα

ἀλαβαίλσ also has a 2nd

aorist ἀλέβελ

A few verbs have active forms in the present but middle forms in the future ἀλαβαίλσ has two future

forms one active (ἀλαβήζσ) and one middle (ἀλαβήζνκαη)

Verbs with stems ending in -αηλσ originally had a consonantal η following the λ (ie ἀλαβαηλησ)

114 Translation

1 θᾱινὶ ζενὶ ἔηεπμαλ ζάλαηνλ θαθὸλ δίῳ (ῑ) Πειεηάδῃ ὁ δrsquo ἀλέβελ ππξήλ 2 ἑθεβόινο ὤιεθε ιᾱὸλ Ἀραηῶλ

νὕλεθα δῖνο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) 3 θαηέθεα ἑθαηόκβᾱο πνιιάο (ᾱ) 4 ἑθεβόινο νὐθ ἔθιπελ Ἀηξεΐδᾱν

νὕλεθα ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) 5 Υξύζεο (ῡ) κεηέεηπελ Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἀιιrsquo νὐθ Ἀηξεΐδῃ ἥλδαλε ζῡκῷ 6 ὅηε θαθῶο

πξνζέεηπελ Ἀηξεΐδεο Υξύζελ (ῡ) ηόηε ἐρόισζελ ἑθεβόινλ 7 ἀπειύζακελ (ῡ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) νὕλεθα ηὸλ

ἐθηιήζακελ 8 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἤλεηθελ ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα Ἀηξεΐδῃ 9 νἴζνκελ ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀπνιύζνκελ (ῡ)

Υξύζελ (ῡ) νὕλεθα ηὸλ ἐθηιήζακελ θαὶ θίινο ἐζηὶλ ἑθεβόιῳ 10 ηίο θέξεη ἄπνηλα Υξύζᾱν (ῡ) Ἀηξεΐδῃ 11 δῖνο

Πειεηάδεο ἐρόισζελ Ἀηξεΐδελ 12 ὅηε θαηεθήακελ πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἑθαηόκβᾱο θᾱιάο (ᾱ) ηόηε ἐπείζακελ ζῡκνὺο ζεῶλ

13 δηὰ καληνζύλελ Υξύζεο (ῡ) εἶπε βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεῶλ Ἀηξεΐδῃ Πειεηάδῃ ηε

KEY

1 The noble gods prepared evil death for the divine Peleiades and he ascended the funeral pyre 2 The free-

shooter destroyed the host of the Achaeans because the divine Atreides dishonored Chryses 3 I burned many

funeral pyres 4 The free-shooter did not hear the son of Atreus because he dishonored Chryses 5 Chryses spoke

among the Achaeans but but it did not please the heart of Atreides 6 It angered the free-shooter when the son of

Atreus spoke wickedly to Chryses 7 We released Chryses because we loved him 8 Chryses brought countless

glorious ransoms to the son of Atreus 9 We will bring many ransoms and release Chryses because we loved him

and he is dear to the free-shooter 10 Who brought the ransoms of Chryses to the son of Atreus 11 The divine

Peleiades angered the son of Atreus 12 We persuaded the hearts of the gods when we burned many good

hecatombs 13 Through prophesy Chryses spoke the will of the gods to both Atreides and Peleiades

115 Composition

1 The Achaeans ascended into Troy and killed the noble Priam 2 We burned many goodly hecatombs to the

Olympian gods 3 Chryses spoke among the Achaeans but the son of Atreus did not hearken to him 4 The

Achaeans addressed the son of Atreus but he did not free Chryses 5 The son of Atreus will bring many ransoms

into the camp of the Achaeans 6 Who will persuade the gods with many goodly hecatombs

KEY

1 Ἀραηνὶ ἀλέβεζαλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ θαὶ ὤιεμαλ θᾱιὸλ Πξηάκνλ 2 θαηέθεκελ πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) ἑθαηόκβὰο (ᾱ)

ζενῖο ιπκπίνηο 3 Υξύζεο (ῡ) κεηέεηπελ Ἀραηνῖο ἀιιrsquo Ἀηξεΐδεο ηὸλ νὐθ ἔθιπελ 4 Ἀραηνὶ πξνζέεηπνλ Ἀηξεΐδῃ

ἀιιrsquo νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε Υξύζελ (ῡ) 5 Ἀηξεΐδεο νἴζεη ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ εἰο ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 6 ηίο πείζεη ζενὺο πνιιῇο

ἑθαηόκβῃζηλ

Lesson 12

Review

121 Review Vocabulary

Lesson 13

(680-692 701-709)

(cf 897 874 886 619 841-843 576 1178 830-831 837 580 837)

131 Nouns of the Third Declension

Third declension nouns can be either masculine feminine or neuter The nominative endings can take many

forms but there are some conventions Masculine and feminine stems except those ending in λ ξ or ζ simply add

ζ to the stem and make the necessary euphonic changes Stems ending in ξ λ and ζ typically make no changes

except to lengthen the last vowel if it is short Stems ending in -λ(η) either drop the η and lengthen a short vowel or

drop the -λ(η) lengthen the vowel and add ζ Examples δαηκνλ- = δαηκσλ ζῑλ- = ζίο (ῑ) κειαλ- = κέιᾱο γεξνλη- =

γέξσλ etc Neuters typically consist of just the stem in the nominative and accusative except to drop a final -η

where it occurs

In general the stem of a third declension noun is found by dropping the -νο ending from the genitive singular

The dative singular regularly ends in -ῐ but occasionally in -ῑ

The accusative ending was originally -λ and this ending is common on stems ending in a vowel On stems

ending in a consonant the -λ was a sonant consonant which eventually came be pronounced as -ᾰ The result is that

the accusative singular usually ends in -λ for stems ending in a vowel and -ᾰ for stems ending in a consonant

Dental mute stems ending in -ηο and -πο in the nominative singular rarely drop the mute and typically adopt the -λ

accusative ending as if they were vowel stems

The dative plural is formed by adding either -εζζη (rarely -εζη) or -ζη (rarely -ζζη) and making the usual

euphonic changes Most third declension nouns thus have alternate dative plural forms as πνύο = πνζζί = πνζί =

πόδεζζη etc

The accusative plural originally ended in -λο (sonant λ) which gives -αο for stems ending in a consonant and -ῑο

and -ῡο for stems ending in a vowel A few vowel stems borrowed an -αο ending from the first declension by

analogy

The vocative singular is usually either identical to the nominative or identical to the stem alone Stems ending

in λ ξ or ο typically drop this final consonant in the vocative singular

Compensatory lengthening usually occurs in the dative plural when -λη is dropped as in γέξνληζη = γέξνπζη

132 Paradigms

Stems ending in -επ (επ) -νπ and σϝ follow the paradigms of βαζηιεύο (king βαζηιεϝ-) βνῦο (ox βνϝ-) λεῦο

(ship λᾱϝ-) and ἥξσο (hero ἡξσϝ- () or ἡξσ-)

N βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

G βαζηιῆνο [-ένο] βνόο λεόο ἥξσνο

D βαζηιῆη [-έη] βνΐ λεί ἥξση

A βαζηιῆα [-έα] βνῦλ [βῶλ] λῆα [λέα] ἥξσα

V βαζηιεῦ βνῦ λεῦ ἥξσο

N A V βαζηιῆε βόε λῆε ἥξσε

G D βαζηιήνηηλ βόνηηλ λήνηηλ ἡξώνηηλ

N V βαζηιεῆεο βόεο λῆεο ἥξσεο

G βαζηιήσλ βνῶλ λεῶλ [λεῶλ] ἡξώσλ

D βαζηιήεζζη βόεζζη λήεζζη [λέεζζἰ ἡξώεζζη

βαζηιεῦζη βνπζί λεπζί ἥξσζη

A βαζηιῆαο βόαο (βνῦο) λῆζαο (λέαο) ἥξσαο

A long vowel is typically shortened when it occurs before another vowel thus βαζηιῆνο or βαζηιένο This

convention was almost certainly consistent in pronunciation but is only occasionally represented in written form

The π in the stem of these words frequently became ϝ and subsequently disappeared as in βαζηιεπ- βαζηιεϝ-

βαζηιε-

Stems ending in η (εη) and π (επ εϝ) follow the paradigms of πόιηο (city πνιη-) πῆρπο (forearm περεϝ-) ἄζηπ

(city ἀζηεϝ-) λέθπο (corpse λεθῡ-) and δάθξπ (tear δαθξπ-)

N πόιηο πῆρπο ἄζηπ λέθῡο δάθξπ

G πόιηνο -ενο πήρενο ἄζηενο λέθπνο δάθξπνο

D πόιηη -ῑ -εη -εη πήρετ ἄζηετ λέθπτ δάθξπτ

A πόιηλ πῆρσλ ἄζηπ λέθῡλ δαθξπ

V πόιη πῆρπ ἄζηπ λέθῡ δάθξπ

N V πόιηε πήρεε ἄζηεε λέθπε δάθξπε

G D πνιίνηηλ περένηηλ ἄζηνηηλ λεθύνηηλ δαθξύνηηλ

N V πόιηεο -εεο πήρεεο ἄζηεα λέθπεο δάθξπα

G πνιίσλ περέσλ ἀζηέσλ λεθύσλ δαθξύσλ

D πνιίεζζη περέεζζη ἀζηέεζη λεθύεζζη δαθξύεζζη

πόιεζη -ηζη πήρεζη ἄζηεζη λέθῡζ(ζ)η δάθξπζη

A πόιηαο -εαο -ῑο πήρεαο ἄζηεα λέθπαο [-ῡο] δάθξπα

Nouns with stems in -ο (-εο -αο -νο) and -η are declined like ἔπνο (ϝεπεζ-) γέξαο (γεξαζ-) ἠώο (ἀϝζνζ-) δῶκα

(δσκαη-) and ἦκαξ (ἠκαξ- ἠκαη-) Note that -ζ- usually disappears when it occurs between two vowels

N ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο δῶκα ἧκαξ

G ἔπενο γέξανο ἠόνο δώκαηνο ἥκαηνο

D ἔπετ γέξατ ἠόη δώκαηη ἥκαηη

A ἔπνο γέξαο ἠόα δῶκα ἧκαξ

V ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο δῶκα ἧκαξ

N V ἔπεε γέξαε δώκαηε ἥκαηε

G D επένηηλ γεξάνηηλ δσκάηνηηλ ἡκάηνηηλ

N V ἔπεο γέξα(α) δώκαηα ἥκαηα

G ἐπέσλ γεξάσλ δσκάησλ ἡκάησλ

D ἐπέεζζη γεξάεζζη δσκάηεζζη ἡκάηεζζη

ἔπε(ζ)ζη γέξα(ζ)ζη δώκαζη ἥκαζη

A ἔπεα γέξα(α) δώκαηα ἥκαηα

Note that all nouns ening in -νο in the second declension are either masculine or feminine but all nouns ending in -

νο in the third declension are neuter All nouns ending in -κα in the nominative singular and all nouns with genitives

in -αηνο are neuter

133 Further Notes on the Third Declension

Nouns of the third declension can be any gender and consist of stems ending in -η -π or a consonant In

general the following endings are applied to the stem with the usual euphonic changes

N -ο

G -νο

D -η

A -λ

V -

N A V -ε

G D -νηηλ

N V -εο

G -σλ

D -εζζη

A -λο

Standard Euphonic Changes

Later forms of Greek such as Attic and Koine frequently contracted the forms found in Homer

The -λ in the accusative singular and plural is sonant meaning that it is pronounced as λ when

following a vowel but it is pronounced as ᾰ when following a consonant Thus πνιη-λ = πνιηλ and

πνιη-λο = πνιηο but δαηκνλ-λ = δαηκνλα and δαηκνλ-λο = δαηκνλαο

o In most cases a stem originally ending in ϝ is treated as if it ends in a consonant Thus

βαζηιεϝα = βαζηιεα εξσϝα = εξσα

o The word βνϝ- is an exception where ϝ becomes π (probably because νπ is such a common

diphthong) βνϝλ = βνπλ

Dentals are dropped before ζ Thus παηδο = παηο

o In cases where the stem ends in -λη the dental and the ζ are typically dropped with the last

vowel lengthened by compensation Thus γεξνληο = γεξσλ

Palatals combine with ζ to form μ Thus αηγο = αημ θεξπθο = θεξπμ etc

o Stems ending in -θη apply both the dental and palatal changes first dropping the η and then

combining the θζ to form μ Thus λπθηο = λπθο = λπμ

Labials combine with ζ to form ς Thus Αηζηνπο = Αηζηνς

The ζ is dropped when it follows a nasal or ξ and the last vowel is lengthened to compensate (if it

isnrsquot long already) Thus δαηκνλο = δαηκσλ θξελο = θξελ ρεηξο = ρεηξ παηεξο = παηεξ κεηεξο =

κεηεξ etc

Stems that originally ended in ϝ usually retain a π in its place in the nominative Thus βαζηιεϝο =

βαζηιεπο (originally βαζηιεπο) λεϝο = λεπο βνϝο = βνπο etc

o The same phenomenon sometimes occurs in the accusative singular as well where ϝ becomes

π and the final λ is retained Thus περεϝλ = περευλ = περπλ

o The word εξσο is an apparent exception where εξσϝο = εξσο This may be from analogy

with the relatively common -σο ending in Greek or it could be that the stem was originally

εξσ- witout the ϝ

o When the stem ends in -εϝ the ε is usually dropped in the nominative thus περεϝο = περεπο =

περπο (but the genitive and dative are περενο περετ)

Some confusion can occur at the apparent irregularity of stems ending in -π αζηπ αζηενο αζηεη etc

but δαθξπ δαθξπνο δαθξπτ etc The difference is that stems like αζηπ originally ended in a vowel + ϝ

(αζηεϝ) while stems like δαθξπ originally ended in π

Some neuters originally ended in -εο These are usually declined as -νο in the nominative and

accusative In the other cases the endings are simply applied to -εζ- and the sigma is dropped when it

occurs between two vowels επνο (nom acc from επεζο) επενο (gen from επεζνο) επετ (dat from

επεζη) etc

o Stems ending in -αο simple drop the extra sigma in the nominative singular and append the

case endings to -αζ- (dropping ζ when it occurs between two vowels) Thus γεξαο γεξανο

γεξατ etc

o Stems ending in -νο follow the same pattern as those ending in -αο except that the ν is

lengthened to σ in the nominative Thus εσο εννο εντ etc

Neuter stems ending in -καη usually drop the η in the nominative and accusative singular but retain it

in the plural Thus δσκα (nom and acc sing) δσκαηνο (gen sing) δσκαηη (dat sing) δσκαηα (nom and

acc plur) δσκαησλ (gen plur) δσκαηεζζη (dat plur) etc Neuter stems ending in -καξ usually behave

as if they ended in -καη in all cases except the nominative and accusative singular Thus εκαξ εκαηνο

εκαηη etc

The dative plural ending is given as -εζζη This could be shortened to -ζζη (before vowels) -εζη or -ζη

The -ζη ending is the most common in later dialects Thus Homeric θεξπθεζζη is typically θεξπμη in

Attic and Koine

The vocative singular in neuters is always identical to the nominative and accusative singulars

o In masculine and feminine nouns the vocative singular is usually just the stem without any

endings applied as long as the stem is capable of standing alone Thus δαηκνλ ρεηξ παηεξ

κεηεξ ζπγαηεξ αλεξ βνπ λεπ πνιη λεθῡ δαθξπ etc

o In some cases where the nominative singular has slightly modified the stem before adding -ο

the vocative is formed by simply dropping the ο Thus παη βαζηιεπ περπ

o In cases where the ο of the nominative singular has combined with the stem the vocative is

usually indentical to the nominative singular Thus αλαμ λπμ αημ θεξπμ Αηζηνς etc

o In rare cases the vocative is identical to the nominative singular even when dropping the ο

would have been convenient as in εξσο εσο

Alternate Endings The following are some alternate endings that could be applied instead of the usual

case endings listed above

o -ζη can be used to denote place where

o -ζελ can be used to denote source or separation or as an alternative ending for the genitive

case

o -δε can be added to the accusative ending to denote place to which or limit of motion

o -η can be added to denote place where

o -θη(λ) can be added as a substitute for several uses of the genitive and the dative cases

particularly in the instrumental sense

134 References

This lesson references several points in the grammar Note the following

Deponent verbs take middle or passive forms but denote active meanings

Some verbs reduplicate the initial syllable in the present tense by repeating the initial consonant

followed by -η Thus ἴζηεκη (orig ζηζηεκη) ηίζεκη δίδσκη πίκπιεκη γίγλνκαη γηγλώζθσ κηκλήζθσ

etc When futures and second aorists are reduplicated they usually follow the pattern of reduplication

found in the perfect tense If the initial consonant is aspirated the reduplicated consonant is typically

smooth Thus ηίζεκη rather than ζίζεκη

Note that ἴκη δίδσκη and ηίζεκη take the aorist in -θα rather than -ζα

When a word ends in a vowel and the following word begins with a vowel the result is called hiatus

In general hiatus is avoided in poetry through the use of elision crasis synizesis moveable

consonants etc However hiatus is allowed in some circumstances such as when elision has already

occurred when the first of the two vowels is long and occurs on the beat (or ictus) of the verse or

when a long vowel or diphthong has been shortened or when the two vowels were originally separated

by ϝ

Recall that the verbal augment is frequently omitted

135 Vocabulary

Ἄηο Ἄηδνο ὁ (nom not used) Hades

ἄιγνο ενο ηό grief pain woe trouble

Ἀρηιιεύο ῆνο ὁ Achilles

δαίο δαηηόο ἡ feast banquet portion

Εεύο Γηόο ὁ Zeus

ἥξσο ἥξσνο ὁ hero mighty warrior protector savior

ἴθζῑκνο ε νλ mighty valiant stout-hearted brave

θύσλ θπλόο ὁ ἡ dog

κῆληο ηνο ἡ wrath fury madness rage

νὐιόκελνο ε νλ accursed destructive deadly

πξντάπησ πξντάςσ πξνΐαςα hurl forward send forth

ηίζεκη (ζε- ζε-) ζήζσ ἔζεθα put place cause

Ἀρηιιεπο (Ἀρηιιεϝ-) Ἀρηιιενο Ἀρηιιεη Ἀρηιιεα

δαηο (δαηη-) δαηηνο δαηηη δαηηα δαηηεο δαηησλ δαηηεζζη δαηηαο

Εεπο Γηνο Γηη Γηα

ἡξσο ἡξσνο ἡξστ ἡξσα ἡξσεο ἡξσσλ ἡξσεζζη ἡξσαο

θπσλ θπλνο θπλη θπλα θπλεο θπλσλ θπλεζζη θπλαο

κεληο (κελη-) κεληνο κεληη κεληλ κεληεο κελησλ κεληεζζη κεληαο

136 Translation

1 κῆληο Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο ἦλ νὐινκέλε ἔζεθε γὰξ κῡξηrsquo ἄιγεα ηνῖζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ πξνΐαςε δὲ πνιιὰο (ᾱ)

ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἰθζίκνπο (ῑ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη ἔηεπρε δrsquo αὐηνὺο ἑιώξηα θαὶ δαῖηα θύλεζζηλ νἰσλνῖζί ηε ἐηέιεζε δὲ βνπιὴλ

Γηόο 2 ζεὰ (ᾱ) ἀείδεη κῆληλ νὐινκέλελ Ἀρηιῆνο ἣ ἔζεθελ κῡξίrsquo ἄιγεrsquo Ἀραηνῖζηλ 3 ζενὶ ὀιέθνπζη ηὸλ ζηξαηόλ θαὶ

πξντάπηνπζη πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη 4ηεύμνκελ κῡξίνπο Ἀραηνὺο ἑιώξηα θύλεζζηλ θαὶ δαῖηα ηνῖζηλ

νἰσλνῖζηλ νὕλεθα ἠηίκαζαλ (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) 5 θᾱιὴ ἦλ ἡ βνπιὴ Γηόο

KEY

1 The wrath of Achilles son of Peleus was destructive for it caused countless woes to the Achaeans and sent

forth many valiant souls of heros to Hades making them spoils and a banquet for the dogs and the vultures 2 The

goddess sings the accursed wrath of Achilles which brought countless woes to the Achaeans 3 The gods are

destroying the camp and sending forth many souls of the heros to Hades 4 We will make countless Achaeans spoils

for the dogs and a feast for these vultures because they dishonored Chryses 5 The will of Zeus was good

137 Iliad 1-5

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κπξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςπρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιήλ

Μῆληλ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse

ἄεηδε - present active imperative 2nd

person singular of ἀείδσ

ζεά - vocative case

Πειεηάδεσ = Πειεηάδᾱν (the verse may have originally read Πειεηάδᾱrsquo)

νὐινκέλελ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse as well as out of

the natural order and is placed directly opposite the word κῆληλ

κῡξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο - the hiatus is permited because elision has already occurred in κῡξίνηο

Ἄηδη was originally Ἄϝηδη and is still accented as it began with α instead of αη

ἡξώσλ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse and its deviation from

the natural order

δὲ ἑιώξηα - the hiatus is permitted because the original was δὲ ϝειώξηα

ηεῦρε - the augment is dropped (usually ἔηεπρε)

ἐηειείεην - imperfect passive indicative 3rd

person singular of ηειείσ

KEY

Sing O goddess of the accursed wrath of Achilles Peleiades

which brought countless woes to the Achaeans

and cast forth the souls of many valiant warriors to Hades

making them the spoils and feast of both dogs

and vultures But the will of Zeus was accomplished

138 Composition

1 The valiant Achaeans are singing the accursed wrath of Achilles 2 The wrath of Achilles caused many woes

to the Achaeans and sent many valiant souls of heroes to the god Hades 3 We shall make the army of the Achaeans

a booty for the dogs and a banquet for the birds 4 We are accomplishing the will of the goddess

KEY

1 ἴθζῑκνη Ἀραηνὶ ἀείδνπζηλ νὐινκέλελ κῆληλ Ἀρηιῆνο 2 κῆληο Ἀρηιῆνο ἔζεθε κῡξίrsquo ἄιγεrsquo Ἀραηνῖζη θαὶ

πξνΐαςε πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἰθζίκνπο ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη 3 ηεύμνκελ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ ἑιώξηα θύλεζζηλ θαὶ δαῖηα

νἰσλνῖζηλ 4 ηεύρνκελ βνπιὴλ ζεᾶο

Lesson 14

(519-526 1159-1192)

(cf 586)

141 Syllable Quantity

A syllable is long (by nature) when it contains a long vowel or a diphthong or (by position) when it ends in two

consecutive consonants (or a double consonant) A short vowel followed by a mute and a liquid κ or λ is common

and can be either long or short depending on the requirements of the verse Occasionally the letters ι κ λ ξ or ζ

are doubled in pronunciation when they follow a short vowel making the syllable long by position but this

convention is not always represented in writing And occasionally a lost ϝ will combine with another consonant to

make the preceding syllable long by position

Observe the following rules when determing the length of a syllable

Any vowel with the circumflex accent is long

The vowel of any ultmia whose penult bears the circumflex is short

If the penult has an acute then the vowel of the ultima must also be long

If the vowel of the ultima is short and the penult has the acute then the vowel of the penult must

be short as well

If the antepenult is accented the vowel of the ultima must be short

Occasionally these rules do not apply to certain compounds where one of the two words are

accented as if they were separate

If a short syllable stands where a long syllable is expected it is usually because the pause of the caesura or

diaresis fills out the foot or because the following word has lost a consonant (usually ϝ or ζ) And occasionally a

short syllable ending in a consonant is lengthened when it occurs on the ictus (beat) of the verse Such lengthening is

called thesis

142 Metrical Quantity

With the exception of pauses at the end of the verse caesura and diaresis all feet must consist of two long

syllables or a long syllable followed by two shorts Thus if a long syllable is followed by a short syllable then the

next syllable must be short as well Likewise if a short syllable is followed by a long syllable then the preceding

syllable must be short as well

When a word ends in a short vowel (and sometimes -νη and -αη) and the following word begins with a vowel

the short vowel is usually elided unless the following word originally began with ϝ When a word ends in a long

vowel or a diphthong and the following word begins with a vowel the long vowel is usually shortened This

phenomenon can also occur within the same word and again it is less common when the following word originally

began with ϝ Vowel shortening is also rare when the long vowel occurs on the ictus

The meter of Homer is called dactylic or heroic hexameter and is the most common meter in Greek verse Each

verse has six feet The first five feet can be dactyls (one long syllable followed by two short syllables) or spondees

(two long syllables) The final foot of the verse is always a spndee but keep in mind that the pause at the end of the

verse often combines with a final short syllable to form one long syllable The fifth foot of each verse is usually a

dactyl with only one in twenty (or so) verses containing a spondee in the fifth foot The verses that have a spndee in

the fifth foot are called spondaic and usually take slightly longer to recite In dactylic hexameter the ictus (beat) of

the verse always occurs on the first syllable of each foot producing six distinct beats per verse

Caesura occurs when a word ends within a foot (ie at the end of the first syllable of a foot or between the two

short syllables of the foot) When a caesura occurs at a natural pause in the verse this is said to be the caesura of the

verse A pause after the first syllable of a foot is called a masculine caesura and a pause after the second syllable of

the foot is called a feminine caesura

Diaresis occurs when the end of a word coincides with the end of a foot When this falls at a natural pause in

the verse it is said to be the diaresis of the verse When the diaresis occurs at the end of the fourth foot is it called

the bucolic diaresis (due to its common use in pastoral poetry)

143 Marking the Rhythm of the Iliad 1-5

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κπξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςπρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιήλ

ΜΖ ληλ α | ΔΗ δε ζε | Α ΠΖ | ΛΖ η α | ΓΔΧ α ρη | ΛΖ Ο-

dact dact spon dact dact spon

The pauses at the end of κῆληλ and ἄεηδε are feminine caesuras

The pauses at the end of ζεά Πειεηάδεσ and Ἀρηιῆνο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of ζεά is the caesura of the verse

The dash at the end of the verse indicates a pause that combines with a short vowel to fill out the

last foot

ΟΤ ιν κε | ΝΖΝ Ζ | ΜΤ ξη α | ΥΑΗ ΟΗ | ΑΛ γε ε | ΘΖ ΚΔΝ-

dact spon dact spon dact spon

The pauses at the end of κῡξίrsquo and ἄιγε are feminine caesuras

The pauses at the end of νὐινκέλελ and ἔζεθελ are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of νὐινκέλελ is the caesura of the verse

The pauses at the end of ἥ and Ἀραηνῖο are diareses

The diaresis at Ἀραηνῖο is a bucolic diaresis

κῡξία Ἀραηνῖο and ἄιγεα ἔζεθελ are examples of hiatus

The first syllable of ἄιγεrsquo is long because it is followed by two consecutive consonants

ΠΟΛ ΛΑ | ΓrsquoΗΦ ΘΗ | ΜΟΤ ΦΤ | ΥΑ ΑΗ | ΓΗ πξν τ | Α ΦΔΝ-

spon spon spon spon dact spon

The pauses at the end of ἰθζίκνπο and ςπράο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of πνιιάο is a diaresis

δὲ ἰθζίκνπο is hiatus

The first syllable of πνιιάο is long by position as is the first syllable of ἰθζίκνπο the last syllable

of Ἄηδη and the second syllable of πξνΐαςελ

Ζ ΡΧ | ΧΝ ΑΤ | ΣΟΤ δε ε | ΛΧ ξη α | ΣΔΤ ρε θπ | ΝΔ ΗΝ-

spon spon dact dact dact spon

The pause at the end of ηεῦρε is a feminine caesura

The pauses at the end of ἡξώσλ and αὐηνύο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of ἡξώσλ is the caesura of the verse

The pause at the end of ἑιώξηα is a diaresis

ΟΗ Χ | ΝΟΗ ζη ηε | ΓΑΗ ηα δη | Ο δrsquoε ηε | ΛΔΗ ε ην | ΒΟΤ ΛΖΝ

The pauses at the end of νἰσλνῖζη and δαῖηα are feminine caesuras

The pause at the end of Γηόο is a masculine caesura

The pauses at the end of ηε ἐηειείεην and βνπιήλ are diareses

The pause at the end of δαῖηα is the diaresis of the verse

Lesson 15

(693-694 697-700)

(cf 781-782 837 580 1009 996 584-585)

151 Third Declension Paradigms (continued)

Third declension nouns ending in a dental mute stem are exemplified by ἄλαμ (king ϝαλαθη-) λύμ (night λπθη-

) παῖο (child παηδ-) and γέξσλ (old man γεξνλη-)

N ἄλαμ λύμ παῖο γέξσλ

G ἄλαθηνο λπθηόο παηδόο γέξνληνο

D ἄλαθηη λπθηί παηδί γέξνληη

A ἄλαθηα λύθηα παίδα γέξνληα

V ἄλαμ [ἄλα] λύμ παῖ γέξσλ

N V A ἄλαθηε λύθηε παίδε γέξνληε

G D ἀλάθηνηηλ λύθηνηηλ παίδνηηλ γεξόληνηηλ

N ἄλαθηεο λύθηεο παίδεο γέξνληεο

G ἀλάθησλ λπθηῶλ παηδῶλ γεξόλησλ

D ἀλάθηεζζη λύθηεζζη παίδεζζη γεξόληεζζη

ἄλαμη λπμί παηζί γέξνπζη

A ἄλαθηαο λύθηνο παῖδαο γέξνληαο

Third declension nouns ending in labial and palatal stems are exemplified by αἴμ (goat αἰγ-) θῆξπμ (herald

θεξῡθ-) and Αἰζίνς (Ethipoian Αἰζηνπ-)

N αἴμ θῆξπμ Αἰζίνς

G αἰγόο θήξῡθνο Αἰζίνπνο

D αἰγί θήξῡθη Αἰζίνπη

A αἶγα θήξῡθα Αἰζίνπα

V αἴμ θῆξπμ Αἰζίνς

N V A αἶγε θήξῡθε Αἰζίνπε

G D αἴγνηηλ θεξύθνηηλ (ῡ) Αἰζηόπνηηλ

N αἶγεο θήξῡθεο Αἰζίνπεο

G αἰγῶλ θεξύθσλ (ῡ) Αἰζηόπσλ

D αἴγεζζη θεξύθεζζη (ῡ) Αἰζηόπεζζη

αἰμί θήξῡμ Αἰζίνςη

A αἶγαο θήξῡθαο Αἰζίνπαο

Nouns with stems ending in -εξ express different grades of ablaut in the stem (-εξ -εξ -ξ) with a recessive

accent in the vocative singular These are exemplified by παηήξ (father παηεξ-) κήηεξ (mother κεηεξ-) ζπγάηεξ

(daughter ζπγαηεξ-) and ἀλήξ (man ἀλεξ-)

N παηήξ κήηεξ ζπγάηεξ ἀλήξ

G παηέξνο -ηξόο κεηέξνο -ηξόο ζπγαηέξνο -ηξόο ἀλέξνο ἀλδξόο

D παηέξη -ηξί κεηέξη -ηξί ζπγαηέξη -ηξί ἀλέξη ἀλδξί

A παηέξα κεηέξα ζπγαηέξα ἀλέξα ἄλδξα

V πάηεξ κῆηεξ ζύγαηεξ ἄλεξ

N V A παηέξε κεηέξε ζπγαηέξε ἀλέξε ἄλδξε

G D παηέξνηηλ κεηέξνηηλ ζπγαηέξνηηλ ἀλέξνηηλ ἄλδξνηηλ

N παηέξεο κεηέξεο ζπγαηέξεο ζύγαηξεο ἀλέξεο ἄλδξεο

G παηέξσλ -ηξῶλ κεηέξσλ -ηξῶλ ζπγαηέξσλ ζπγαηξῶλ ἀλέξσλ ἀλδξῶλ

D παηξάζη κεηξάζη ζπγαηξάζη ζπγαηέξεζζη ἀλδξάζη ἄλδξεζζη

A παηέξαο κεηέξαο ζπγαηέξαο ζύγαηξαο ἀλέξαο ἄλδξαο

Note that δ is inserted into ἀλήξ between λ and ξ where they occur together The accent of the shorter forms of

ἀλέξ follow the pattern seen in παηήξ The alpha after ξ in the dative plural was added euphonically to strengthen

what was originally a sonant ξ

152 Vocabulary

ἄλαμ ἄλαθηνο ὁ king lord protector

ἀλήξ ἀλέξνο (ἀλδξόο) ὁ (real) man warrior hero

ἄξ(α) (ῥά) naturally of course as you know as you might expect that is

in effect (not always translatable)

βαζηιεύο ῆνο ὁ king ruler

δή indeed truly forsooth now

δηίζηεκη (ζηε- ζηα-) δηαζηήζσ stand apart separate

δηέζηεζα (δηέζηελ)

ἐμ νὗ from the time when

ἐξίδσ (ἐξηδ-) - ἤξηζ(ζ)α quarrel strive

ἠξηζάηελ (they) strove

ἔξηο ηδνο ἡ strife quarrel

Λεηώ Λεηόνο ἡ Leto

κάρνκαη fight battle

κάρεζζαη to fight

μπλίκη μπλήζσ μπλῆθα (μπλέεθα) bring together throw together hearken heed

ὄξλῡκη ὄξζσ ὦξζα (ὤξνξνλ) stir up kindle incite excite arouse

πξῶηνο ε νλ first foremost chief

ηὸ πξῶηνλ ηὰ πξῶηα (adv) at first firstly first

πἱόο νῦ ὁ son

ζθσε these two

153 Translation

1 ζεὰ (ᾱ) ἀείζεη κῆληλ Ἀρηιῆνο ἐμ νὗ δὴ ηὰ πξῶηα δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο θαὶ Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἀλδξῶλ ἠξηζάηελ θαὶ

δηεζηήηελ 2 ηίο ζεῶλ μπλέεθε δῖνλ Ἀρηιῆά ηε θαὶ Ἀηξεΐδελ ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 3 πἱὸο Λεηόνο θαὶ Γηὸο ἑθεβόινο

μπλέεθέ ζθσε ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη ηὸλ γὰξ βαζηιεὺο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἐρόισζελ ὁ δrsquo ὦξζε θαθὴλ λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ

ὤιεθε δὲ ιᾱνύο

KEY

1 The goddess sings the wrath of Achilles from the time when first the divine Achilles and Atreides king of

men strove and separated 2 Which of the gods brought together the divine Achilles and the son of Atreus to fight

in strife 3 The son of Leto and Zeus the Free-shooter brought these two together to fight in strife for Atreides the

king enraged him so he stirred up an evil plague through the camp of the Achaeans and destroyed their host

154 Iliad 1-10

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κῡξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςῡρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιή

ἐμ νὗ δὴ ηὰ πξῶηα δηαζηήηελ ἐξίζαληε

Ἀηξεΐδεο ηε ἄλαμ ἀλδξῶλ θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεύο

ηίο ηrsquo ἄξ ζθσε ζεῶλ ἔξηδη μπλέεθε κάρεζζαη

Λεηνῦο θαὶ Γηὸο πἱόο ὁ γὰξ βαζηιῆη ρνισζεὶο

λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ ὦξζε θαθήλ ὀιέθνλην δὲ ιᾱνί

δηαζηήηελ = δηεζηήηελ

ἐξίζαληε = aor act part nom dual masc (they two) having quarreled

ηε ἄλαμ originally ηε ϝάλαμ thus allowing the hiatus

ζθσε [ἕσ] = 3rd

pers pron acc dual these two

ἔξηδη is dative of means in strife

κάρεζζαη = pres act infinitive deponent to fight

ρνισζείο = aor pass part nom sing masc having been enraged

Λεηνῦο = contracted form of Λεηόνο

βαζηιῆη = Agamemnon instrumental case by the king

ὀιέθνλην = ὠιέθνλην imperf pass ind 3rd

pers plural were being destroyed or kept

perishing

KEY

Sing O goddess of the accursed wrath of Achilles Peleiades

which brought countless woes to the Achaeans

and cast forth the souls of many valiant warriors to Hades

making them the spoils and feast of both dogs

and vultures But the will of Zeus was accomplished

indeed from the time when at first having quarreled both

Atreides king of men and the divine Achilles separated

Which of the gods of course brought these two together to fight in strife

The son of Leto and Zeus For enraged by the king he

kindled an evil plague up through the camp and the people were destroyed

155 Composition

1 ἠείδνκελ κῆληλ νὐινκέλελ Ἀρηιιῆνο ἐμ νὗ ηὰ πξῶηα Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἀλέξσλ (ἀλδξῶλ) θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο

ἠξηζάηελ θαὶ δηεζηεζάηελ (δηεζηήηελ) 2 ηίο ζεῶλ μπλῆθε (μπλέεθα) Ἀραηνὺο θαὶ ιᾱὸλ Πξηάκνπ ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 3

μπλῆθε (μπλέεθα) ζθσε (ἕν) πἱὸο Λεηόνο (Λεηνῦο) θαὶ Γηὸο ἑθεβόινο ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 4 Αηξεΐδεο βαζηιεὺο

Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο ἐρόισζαλ ἄλαθηα ἑθεβόινλ θαὶ ὁ ὦξζα (ὤξνξε) λνῦζνπο πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θαθὰο (ᾱ) ἀλὰ

ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ θαθῶο ὤιεθελ ἀγαζὸλ ιᾱόλ

Lesson 16

(887-897 910 1065-1068 697-703 707 710 732)

161 Formation of Middle Passive and Deponent Verbs

The endings of the middle voice are different from the active voice The passive voice applies the same endings

as the middle voice except in the aorist passive which applies active endings Because the middle and passive voice

are identical (other than the aorist) the context determines whether a verb is used with middle or the passive

meaning The aorist middle is often used with a passive meaning (especially in athematic forms) and the aorist

passive is often used with a middle meaning

The perfect and pluperfect of the middlepassive are athematic with the personal endings attached directly to

the reduplicated stem

The future perfect passive is formed by adding -ζνε to the perfect middle passive lengthening the vowel that

precedes this ending

The first aorist passive is formed by adding -(ζ)ζεε to the stem Before ζ π and β become θ θ and γ become ρ

and η δ ζ become ζ Many verbs have a second aorist passive that drops the ζ altogether

Deponent verbs have no active form but use the middlepassive forms in an active sense

162 Paradigms Present and Future Indicative MiddlePassive of ιύσ

Present

S 1 ιύνκαη

2 ιύεαη [(ιύῃ)]

3 ιύεηαη

D 2 ιύεζζνλ

3 ιύεζζνλ

P 1 ιπόκε(ζ)ζα

2 ιύεζζα

3 ιύνληαη

Future

S 1 ιύζνκαη (ῡ)

2 ιύζεαη (ῡ) [(ιύζῃ (ῡ))]

3 ιύζεηαη (ῡ)

D 2 ιύζεζζνλ (ῡ)

3 ιύζεζζνλ (ῡ)

P 1 ιῡζόκεζα

2 ιύζεζζε (ῡ)

3 ιύζνληαη (ῡ)

163 The Use of Voice in Greek

The active voice indicates that the subject is acting λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ ὦξζε = he kindled a plague up

through the camp

The passive voice indicates that the subject is acted upon Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιή = but the will of Zeus was

being accomplished

The Middle voice denotes one of three meanings

1 The subject acting upon itself πείζνκαη (I convince myself) θαίλνκαη (I show myself)

2 The subject acting for itself θαιένκαη (I call for myself)

3 The subject acting upon something belonging to itself ιύνκαη (I loose my own I ransom)

When determing the difference between the middle and passive keep in mind that the middle voice always

conveys a direct or indirect reference to the subject and that the subject is effect by or has an interest in the action

164 Third Declension Stems in -επ -επ -νπ and -σϝ

Stems in -επ usually became -εϝ and the third declension endings are applied after the ϝ Thus βαζηιεϝνο =

βαζηιῆνο βαηιεϝη = βαζηιῆη βαζηιεϝα = βαζηιῆα etc Note that the ϝ explains why εη (εϝη) does not form an

improper diphthong as well as why the accusative singular ends in -εα (as if the stem ended in a consonant) instead

of -ελ (as if the stem ended in a vowel) Note that when the ending consists of a consonant the -εϝ is contracted to

the diphthong -επ Thus βαζηιεϝο = βαζηιεύο βαζηιεϝ = βαζηιεῦ βαζηιεϝζη = βαζηιεῦζη In rare cases the other

endings also contract the -ε to -ε (ie βαζηιῆνο = βαζηιένο)

In stems ending originally in -ᾱϝ the ᾱ becomes ε in the Ionic dialect These are declined the same as -εϝ

except that -εῡ is formed before consonants instead of -επ Thus λᾱϝο = λεϝο = λεῦο λᾱϝ = λεϝ = λεῦ But note the

exception in the shorter form of the dative plural where λᾱϝζη = λεϝζη = λεπζί (rather than λεῡζη) In contracted

forms the ε usually becomes ε

In stems ending in -σϝ the third declension endings are applied directly to the stem Thus ἡξσϝο = ἥξσο

ἡξσϝνο = ἥξσνο ἡξσϝη = ἥξση ἡξσϝα = ἥξσα etc

In stems ending originally in -ν or -νϝ the third declension endings are applied as usual But keep in mind that -

νϝ is contracted to the diphthong -νπ before a consonant thus βνϝο = βνῦο and βνϝζη = βνπζί But note the

exception that occurs in the accusative singular where βνϝλ = βνῦλ rather than βνϝα

βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

(βαζηιεϝ-) (βνϝ-) (λᾱϝ-) (ἡξσϝ-)

N βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

G βαζηιῆνο [ένο] βνόο λεόο [εόο] ἥξσνο

D βαζηιῆη [έη] βνΐ λεί ἥξση

A βαζηιῆα [έα] βνῦλ [βῶλ] λῆα [έα] ἥξσα

V βαζηιεῦ βνῦ λεῦ ἥξσο

N V A βαζηιῆε βόε λῆε ἥξσε

G D βαζηιήνηηλ βόνηηλ λήνηηλ ἡξώνηηλ

N V βαζηιῆεο βόεο λῆεο ἥξσεο

G βαζηιήσλ βνῶλ λεῶλ [εῶλ] ἡξώσλ

D βαζηιήεζζη βόεζζη λήεζζη [έεζζη] ἡξώεζζη

βαζηιεῦζη βνπζί λεπζί ἥξσζη

A βαζηιῆαο βόαο (βνῦο) λῆαο [έαο] ἥξσαο

165 Third Declension Stems in -εζ -αζ and -νζ

When a stem ends in a vowel plus -ζ the initial ζ is dropped between two vowels Thus γεξαζνο = γέξανο

ἠνζνο = ἠόνο etc

All third declension nouns with stems ending in -εο are neuters and follow the pattern of ἔπνο The third

declension endings are applied as usual except that the nominative vocative and accusative singulars end in -νο

Nouns with stems ending in -νο take -σο in the nominative and vocative singular but otherwise apply the third

declension endings as usual (dropping ζ between two vowels)

ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

(ϝεπεζ-) (γεξαζ-) (ἀϝζνζ- (ᾱ))

N ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

G ἔπενο γέξανο ἠόνο

D ἔπετ γέξατ ἠόη

A ἔπνο γέξαο ἠόα

V ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

N V A ἔπεε γέξαε

G D ἐπένηηλ γεξάνηηλ

N V ἔπεα γέξα(α)

G ἐπέσλ γεξάσλ

D ἐπέεζζη γεξάεζζη

ἔπε(ζ)ζη γέξα(ζ)ζη

A ἔπεα γέξα(α)

166 Third Declension Stems in -καη and -καξ

Stems ending in -καη and -καξ are neuters

Stems in -καη drop the -ηο in the nominative vocative and accusative singular δσκαηο = δῶκα Otherwise the

third declension endings are applied as usual

Stems ending in -καξ are declined like those ending in -καη except in the nominative vocative and accusative

singular (which end in -καξ)

δῶκα ἦκαξ

(δσκαη-) (ἠκαξ- ἠκαη-)

N δῶκα ἦκαξ

G δώκαηνο ἤκαηνο

D δώκαηη ἤκαηη

A δῶκα ἦκαξ

V δῶκα ἦκαξ

N V A δώκαηε ἤκαηε

G D δσκάηνηηλ ἠκάηνηηλ

N V δώκαηα ἤκαηα

G δσκάησλ ἠκάησλ

D δσκάηεζζη ἠκάηεζζη

δώκαζη ἤκαζη

A δώκαηα ἤκαηα

167 Third Declension Stems in -λη and -λ

Stems ending in -λη drop the -λη before ζ and lengthen the preceding vowel thus παληο = πᾶο παληζη = πᾶζη

Otherwise the third declension endings are applied as usual In neuters the -η is dropped at the end of the word thus

παλη = πᾶλ Stems in -λ drop the -λ before ζ and lengthen the preceding vowel in the masculine (but not in the

neuter)

πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

(παλη- παληα- παλη-)

Masc Fem Neut

N πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

G παληόο πάζεο (ᾱ) παληόο

D παληί πάζῃ (ᾱ) παληί

A πάληα πᾶζαλ πᾶλ

V πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

N V πάληεο πᾶζαη πάληα

G πάλησλ πᾱζάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] πάλησλ

D πάληεζ(ζ)η πάζῃζη (ᾱ) πάληεζ(ζ)η

πᾶζη πάζῃο (ᾱ) πᾶζη

A πάληνο πάζᾱο (ᾱ) πάληα

κέιᾱο κέιαηλα κέιαλ

(κειαλ- κειαηλα- κειαλ-)

N κέιᾱο κέιαηλα κέιαλ

G κέιαλνο κειαίλεο κέιαλνο

D κέιαλη κειαίλῃ κέιαλη

A κέιαλα κέιαηλαλ κέιαλ

V κέιαλ κέιαηλα κέιαλ

N V A κέιαλε κειαίλᾱ κέιαλε

G D κειάλνηηλ κειαίλῃηλ κειάλνηηλ

N V κέιαλεο κέιαηλαη κέιαλα

G κειάλσλ κειαηλάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] κειάλσλ

D κειάλεζ(ζ)η κειαίλῃζη κειάλεζ(ζ)η

κέιαζη κειαίλῃο κέιαζη

A κέιαλεο κειαίλᾱο κέιαλα

168 Vocabulary

Nouns

Ἀπόιισλ (ᾰ or ᾰ) σλνο ὁ Apollo

ἀξεηήξ (ᾱ) ῆξνο ὁ priest prayer

ζπγάηεξ ηέξνο (ηξόο) ἡ daughter

θνζκήησξ νξνο ὁ commander marshaller

λεῦο λεόο (λεόο) ἡ ship

ζηέκκα καηνο ηό fillet (of white cotton) wreath

ρείξ ρεηξόο ἡ hand arm

Verbs

ἔξρνκαη (ἐξρ- ἐιε- ἐιεπζ- ἐιπζ-) come go

ἐιεύζνκαη I will come I will go

ἦιζνλ (ἤιπζνλ) I came I went

ιίζζνκαη (ιηη-) I beg I entreat

---

ἐιιηζάκελ (ἐιηηόκελ) I begged I entreated

Adjectives Prepositions

ζνόο ή όλ swift speedy

πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ all every (the) whole

Indeclinable

δύν (δύσ) two

κάιηζηα most especially by all means

169 Translation

1 Ἀπόιισλ ἑθεβόινο ρνινῦηαη βαζηιῆη Αηξεΐδῃ θαὶ πέκπεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ ὀιέθνληαη δὲ

ιᾱνί νὕλεθα δῖνο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) 2 Υξύζεο (ῡ) γὰξ ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἑθεβόινπ ἔξρεηαη

ἐπὶ ζνὰο (ᾱ) λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ θέξεη δrsquo ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα ζπγαηξόο ἣλ Ἀηξεΐδεο ἔρεη ἐλ ζηξαηῷ 3 ὁ δrsquo ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἔρεη

ζηέκκαηα ἑθεβόινπ Ἀπόιισλνο ἐλ ρεξζὶλ ἀλὰ ρξῡζέῳ ζθήπηξῳ θαὶ ιίζζεηαη πάληαο Ἀραηνύο κάιηζηα δrsquo Ἀηξεΐδᾱ

δύσ θνζκήηνξε ιᾱῶλ 4 Ἀπόιισλ ρνιώζεηαη βαζηιῆη θαὶ ὄξζεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηόλ 5 ἐιεύζνληαη ἐπὶ ζνὰο

(ᾱ) λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ νἴζνπζη ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα βαζηιῆη 6 ιίζζνληαη πάληαο Ἀραηνύο 7 Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζελ (ῑ)

ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) θαὶ νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε ζύγαηξα

KEY

1 Apollo the free-shooter enraged by king Atreides sent an evil plague through the camp of the Achaeans and

the people were destroyed because the divine Atreides dishonored Chryses the priest 2 For Chryses the priest of

the free-shooter went upon the swift ships of the Achaeans bearing countless ransoms for his daughter whom

Atreides was holding in the camp 3 But the priest had a wreath of Apollo the free-shooter upon a staff in his hand

and was entreating all of the Achaeans but especially the sons of Atreus (who were) the commanders of the host 4

Apollo will be enraged by the king and will kindle an evil plague up through the camp 5 They will go upon the

swift ships of the Achaeans and bring countless ransoms to the king 6 They are entreating all of the Achaeans 7

Atreides dishonored the priest and would not release his daughter

1610 Iliad 11-16

hellipὀιέθνλην δὲ ιᾱνί

νὕλεθα ηὸλ Υξύζελ ἠηίκαζελ ἀξεηῆξα

Αηξεΐδεο ὁ γὰξ ἦιζε ζνὰο ἐπὶ λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ

ιπζόκελνο ηε ζύγαηξα θέξσλ ηrsquo ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα

ζηέκκαηrsquo ἔρσλ ἐλ ρεξζὶλ ἑθεβόινπ Ἀπόιισλνο

ρξπζέῳ ἀλὰ ζθήπηξῳ θαὶ ἐιίζζεην πάληαο Ἀραηνύο

Ἀηξεΐδα δὲ κάιηζηα δύσ θνζκήηνξε ιαῶλ

ηόλ Υξύζελ = that (well-known) Chryses

The first verse ends in two spondees making it a spondaic verse and emphasizing the fact that

Chryses was a priest

ιῡζόκελνο = fut mid part nom masc sing being about to ransom

θέξσλ = pres act part nom sing masc bearing bringing

ἔρσλ = pres act part nom sing masc having holding

ρεξζὶλ ἑθεβόινπ = ρεξζὶ ϝεθεβόινπ

ρξῡζέῳ = synizesis where -έῳ is pronounced as a single syllable

ἐιίζζεην = imperf act ind 3rd

pers sing dep (kept) entreating was entreating

Ἀηξεΐδᾱ = dual of Ἀηξεΐδεο refers to both Agamemnon and Menelaus

KEY

hellipand the people were being destroyed

because Atreides dishonored Chryses the priest

For he had gone upon the swift ships of the Achaeans

intending to ransom his daughter bearing countless gifts

and holding in his hand fillets of Apollo the free-shooter

upon a golden staff and was entreating all of the Achaeans

but especially the two sons of Atreus the commanders of the host

1611 Composition

1 Chryses the priest of Apollo is dishonored by the son of Atreus 2 The Achaeans will go from their swift

ships to Troy and ransom the beloved daughter of the priest 3 We shall bring many ransoms and shall hold in our

hands the fillets of Apollo 4 We do not have a golden scepter but we entreat Priam and all the people of Troy 5

The two sons of Atreus marshallers of the people are entreating Priam but he will slight them 6 The son of

Atreus king of men slighted the priest and did not release his daughter

KEY

1 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) Ἀπόιινπ ἀηῑκάδεηαη Ἀηξεΐδῃ 2 Ἀραηνὶ ἐιεύζνληαη ἐθ ζνάσλ (ᾱ) λήσλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ (ῑ)

θαὶ ἀπειύζνληαη (ῡ) θίιε ζπγάηεξα ἀξεηῆξη (ᾱ) 3 νἴζνκελ πνιιrsquo ἄπνηλα θαὶ ἕζρνκελ ἐλ ρείξεζζη ζηέκκαηα

Ἀπόιινπ 4 νὐθ ἔρνκελ ζθῆπηξνλ ρξύζενλ ἀιιὰ ιηζζόκεζα Πξίακνλ θαὶ πᾶληα ιᾱνλ Ἰιίνπ (ῑ) 5 δύrsquo Ἀηξεΐδᾱ

θνζκήηεξᾱ ιᾱσλ ιίζζεζζνλ Πξίακνλ αὐηνὺο δrsquo ἀηῑκάζεη 6 Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἄλδξσλ ἠηίκαζελ (ῑ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) θαὶ

νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε ζπγάηεξα

1612 Meter

ΟΤ λε θα | ΣΟΝ ΥΡΤ | ΖΝ Ζ | ΣΗ κα ζελ | Α ΡΖ | ΣΖ ΡΑ~

Α ηξε η | ΓΖ ν γαξ | ΖΛ ζε ζν | Α ε πη | ΝΖ αο α | ΥΑΗ ΧΝ

ΛΤ ζν κε | ΝΟ ηε ζπ | ΓΑΣ ξα θε | ΡΧΝ ηα πε | ΡΔΗ ζη α | ΠΟΗ ΝΑ~

ΣΔΜ καη ε | ΥΧΝ ΔΝ | ΥΔΡ ζηλ ε | ΚΖ βν ινπ | Α ΠΟΛ | ΛΧ ΝΟ~

ΥΡΤζεσα | ΝΑ ΚΖΠ | ΣΡΧ θαη ε | ΛΗ ζε ην | ΠΑΝ ηαο α | ΥΑΗ ΟΤ

ΑΣ ξε η | ΓΑ δε κα | ΛΗ ηα δπ | Χ ΚΟ | ΜΖ ην ξε | ΛΑ ΧΝ

Lesson 17

(910 - imperfect middle and passive aorist middle of ιύσ 648-658 - the table

of endings in 32)

171 Paradigms Imperfect MiddlePassive of ιύσ

S 1 ἐιπόκελ

2 ἐιύεν [(ἐιύεπ)]

3 ἐιύεην

D 2 ἐιύεζζνλ

3 ἐιπέζζελ

P 1 ἐιπόκε(ζ)ζα

2 ἐιύεζζε

3 ἐιύνλην

172 Paradigms Aorist Middle of ιύσ

Thematic Athematic (2nd

Aorist)

S 1 ἐιῡζάκελ ἐιύκελ

2 ἐιύζαν (ῡ) [(ἐιύζσ (ῡ))] ἔιπ(ζ)ν

3 ἐιύζαην (ῡ) ἔιπην

D 2 ἐιύζαζζνλ (ῡ) ἔιπζζνλ

3 ἐιῡζάζζελ ἐιύζζελ

P 1 ἐιῡζάκε(ζ)ζα ἐιύκε(ζ)ζα

2 ἐιύζαζζε (ῡ) ἔιπζζε

3 ἐιύζαλην (ῡ) ἔιπλην

173 Vocabulary

δῶκα αηνο ηό house home

παῖο παηδόο ὁ ἡ child son daughter

π(η)όιηο ηνο (ενο) ἡ city state

ἐπθλήκῑο ῑδνο well-greaved

ἐγώ(λ) κέν (κεῦ) I

ζύ ζέν (ζεῦ) you

κέλhellip δέ on the one handhellip trulyhellip on the one handhellip on the other hand

partlyhellip partly the onehellip the other

νἴθαδε home homeward to home home

Verbs

ἅδνκαη (ἁγ-) (defective) I reverence

δέρνκαη I accept I receive

δέμνκαη I will accept

ἐδεμάκελ (ἐδέγκελ) I accepted

δίδσκη (δσ- δν-) I give I grant

(δη)δώζσ I will give

ἔδσθα I gave

ἐθπέξζσ (πεξζ- πξαζ-) I sack (utterly) I plunder I pillage

ἐθπέξζσ I will sack

ἐμέπεξζα (ἐμέπξαζνλ) I sacked

ἱθλένκαη I arrive I reach (a destination)

ἵμνκαη I will arrive

ἱθόκελ (ῑ) I arrived

174 Translation

1 ζενὶ ἔρνπζηλ ιύκπηα δώκαηα ἔδσθαλ δrsquo Ἀηξεΐδεο θαὶ ἄιινηζηλ ἐπθλεκίδεζζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἐθπέξζαη

(infinitive) πόιηλ Πξηάκνπ ηόηε δrsquo ἵθνλην (ῑ) ἐὺ νἴθαδε νὕλεθα παῖδα θίιελ ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἔιῡζαλ 2 ἀπέιῡζαλ

ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνὶ ζύγαηξα θίιελ ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἐδέμαλην δrsquo ἀγιαὰ ἄπνηλα νὕλεθα ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλα Γηὸο πἱὸλ

ἅδνλην 3 ἅδεηαη ἑθεβόινλ 4 Ἀηξεΐδεο νὐθ ἐδέμαην ηὰ ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα 5 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἔδσθελ ἄπνηλα

πνιιὰ βαζηιῆη Ἀηξεΐδῃ 6 πάληεο ζενὶ θαὶ πᾶζαη ζεαὶ εἶρνλ ιύκπηα δώκαηα 7 Ἀραηνὶ ἐπθλήκῑδεο ἐθπέξζνπζη

Πξηάκνην πόιηλ ἵμνληαη δrsquo ἐπ νἴθαδε 8 παῖο θίιε ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἐιύζαην (ῡ) ἵθεην (ῑ) δrsquo ἐὺ νἴθαδε

KEY

1 The gods have Olympian homes but they gave the son of Atreus and the other well-greaved Achaeans to

utterly sack the city of Priam and then they returned safe at home because they released the dear child of the priest

2 The well-greaved Achaeans released the dear daughter of the priest and received glorious ransoms because they

reverenced the free-shooter Apollo son of Zeus 3 He reverences te free-shooter 4 The son of Atreus did not

receive the glorious ransoms 5 Chryses the priest gave many ransoms to king Atreides 6 All of the gods and all of

the goddesses had Olympian homes 7 The well-greved Achaeans will utterly sack Priamrsquos city and will return safe

to home 8 The dear child of the priest was released and arrived well to her home

175 Iliad 17-21

ltltἈηξεΐδαη ηε θαὶ ἄιινη ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνί

ὑκῖλ κὲλ ζενὶ δνῖελ ιύκπηα δώκαηrsquo ἔρνληεο

ἐθπέξζαη Πξηάκνην πόιηλ ἐὺ δrsquo νἴθαδrsquo ἱθέζζαη

παῖδα δrsquo ἐκνὶ ιῦζαί ηε θίιελ ηά ηrsquo ἄπνηλα δέρεζζαη

ἁδόκελνη Γηὸο πἱὸλ ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλαgtgt

Ἀηξεΐδαηhellip ἄιινη ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνί = vocative case

ὑκῖλ (ῡ) = dat plural of ζύ to you

ζενί = one syllable by synizesis

κέλ (v 18) = correlative of δέ (v 20)

δνῖελ = aor act optative 3rd

plural of δίδσκη may they grant

ἔρνληεο = pres act part nom masc plural of ἔρσ having possessing

ἐθπέξζαη = aor act inf of ἐθπέξζσ to sack utterly

ἱθέζζαη = aor act inf of ἱθένκαη to arrive (compare κάρεζζαη)

ιῦζαη δέρεζζαη = infinitives used as imperatives free and accept

ηά ηrsquo ἄπνηλα (ηά ηε ἄπνηλα) = thesehellip gifts

ἁδόκελνη = pres act part nom masc plural reverencing

KEY

ldquoSons of Atreus and you other well-greaved Achaeans

may the gods who have their homes on Olympus grant you

to utterly sack Priamrsquos city and return safe to home

but release my dear child to me and accept these gifts

reverencing Apollo who shoots at will the son of Zeusrdquo

176 Composition

1 The gods who have (ἔρνληεο) Olympian homes will grant to the sons of Atreus and to the other well-greaved

Achaeans to sack utterly (ἐθπέξζαη) the city of Priam 2 When they sacked the city of Priam they returned happily

home 3 They accepted the shining ransoms and freed the darling daughter of the priest Chryses 4 We reverenced

the free-shooter Apollo son of Leto and Zeus and escaped death 5 Will the son of Atreus accept the shining

ransoms 6 The child of the priest was freed when he gave many shining ransoms which the two sons of Atreus

accepted

KEY

1 ζενὶ ἔρνληεο ιύκπηα δώκαηα δώζνπζη Ἀηξεΐδῃζη θαὶ ἄιινηζηλ ἐπθλεκίδεζζηλ (ῑ) Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἐθπέξζαη πόιηλ

Πξηάκνπ 2 ηόηε ἐμέπεξζαλ πόιηλ Πξηάκνην ἵθνλην (ῑ) ἐὺ νἴθαδε 3 ἐδέμαλην ἀγιαrsquo ἄπνηλα θαὶ ἀπέιῡζαλ ζπγάηεξα

θίιε ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) Υξύζᾱν (ῡ) 4 ἡμάκεζα ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλα Λεηόνο θαὶ Γηὸο πἱόλ θαὶ ζάλαηνλ 5

Ἀηξεΐδεο δέμεηαη ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα 6 παῖο ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἀπειύζαην (ῡ) ηόηε ἔδσθελ ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀγιάα ηὰ

Ἀηξεΐδᾱ ἐδώθαζηλ

Lesson 18

(Perfect and Pluperfect Active of Verbs 904 922 Third Declension γέρων

αἴξ 693-695)

181 Formation of the Perfect and Pluperfect Active

The perfect and pluperfect in all modes experience reduplication of the initial syllable which denotes completed

action Verbs beginning with a single consonant (except ξ) prefix this consonant followed by -ε Thus ιύσ =

ιέιπθα The stem sometimes stands in ablaut relation to the stem of the present as in βαίλσ = βέβεθα A

reduplicated syllable beginning with an aspirated mute is changed to its corresponding voiceless mute in the

reduplicated syllable ie ζλήζθσ = ηέζλεθα In these cases the reduplicated pluperfect adds ἐ- to the reduplicated

syllable ie ιύσ = ιέιπθα = ἐιέιπθε

Vebs beginning with a double consonant two consonants (except a mute followed by a liquid or a nasal) ξ and

some beginning with κ simply augment the stem with the addition of ε-

Verbs beginning in a vowel typically take the temporal augment by lengthening the vowel ie νἴρνκαη =

ᾤρσθα However verbs beginning with a vowel in which an initial consonant has been lost may take the syllabic

augment

Compound verbs typically insert the reduplication and augment between the preposition and the verb ie

ἀπνιύσ = ἀπνιέιπθα = ἀπειειύθε

The first perfect active adds -θα- to the stem followed by the primary endings The first pluperfect active

similarly adds -θε- followed by the secondary endings In general a short final vowel is lengthened before the

addition of the -θα- or -θε- Second perfects and pluperfects active are the older form and are more common in

Homer These omit the θ and simply add -α- or -ε- respectively The second perfects are more common in stems

ending in a consonant

In general the singular perfect and pluperfect active stand in ablaut relation to the dual and plural forms

Perfects and pluperfects are rare in Homer and only occur in some twenty verbs

182 Paradigms λέλυκα and βέβηκα

ιέιπθα ἐιειύθε (ἐιειύθεα)

ιέιπθαο ἐιειύθο (ἐιειύθεαο)

ιέιπθε(λ) ἐιειύθεη (ἐιειύθεε)

ιειύθαηνλ ἐιειύθαηνλ

ιειύθαηνλ ἐιειπθάηελ

ιειύθακελ ἐιειύθεκελ

ιειύθαηε ἐιειύθεηε

ιειύθᾱζη ἐιειύθεζαλ

βέβεθα ἐβεβήθεα (ἐβεβήθε)

βέβεθαο ἐβεβήθεαο (ἐβεβήθεο)

βέβεθε(λ) ἐβεβήθεε (ἐβεβήθεη)

βέβαηνλ ἐβέβαηνλ

βέβαηνλ ἐβεβάηελ

βέβακελ ἐβέβακελ

βέβαηε ἐβέβαηε

βέβᾱζη ἐβέβαζαλ

183 Paradigms γέρων and αἴξ

γέξσλ αἴμ

γέξνληνο αἰγόο

γέξνληη αἰγί

γέξνληα αἶγα

γέξνλ αἴμ

γέξνληε αἶγε

γεξόληνηηλ αἴγνηηλ

γέξνληεο αἶγεο

γεξόλησλ αἰγῶλ

γεξόληεζ(ζ)η (γέξνπζη) αἴγεζ(ζ)η (αἰμί)

γέξνληαο αἶγαο

184 Vocabulary

ἀγνξή ῆο ἡ assembly meeting place gathering harrangue

αἴμ αἰγόο ὁ ἡ goat

Ἄξγνο ενο ηό Argos (both a country and a city in Greece)

γέξσλ νληνο ὁ old man

γῆξαο ανο ηό old age

ἱεξεύο ῆνο ὁ priest holy man

κεξίνλ νπ ηό thigh-bone thigh-piece

πνύο πνδόο ὁ foot

ηαῦξνο νπ ὁ bull

θξήλ θξελόο ἡ diaphragm mind heart soul spirit disposition

δέθαηνο ε νλ tenth

ἡκέηεξνο ε νλ our ours

θνῖινο ε νλ hollow

ὠθύο ὠθεῖα ὠθύ swift speedy

ζλήζθσ die perish

ζαλένκαη

ἔζαλνλ

ηέζλεθα

θεύγσ flee fly escape run (off away along)

θεύμνκαη

ἔθπγνλ

πέθεπγα

Lesson 6

(678-679 717-721 1025 cf 575 996 1009)

61 Second Declension Masculines

Second declension nouns have stems ending in -o Masculine nouns of the second declension are inflected like

ζῡκόο (spirit life soul) and πνιεκόο (war) Second declension adjectives are inflected like θαθόο (evil)

Sigular Dual Plural

N ζῡκόο ζῡκώ ζῡκνί

G ζῡκνῦ νῖν [όν] ζῡκνῖηλ ζῡκῶλ

D ζῡκῷ ζῡκνῖηλ ζῡκνῖζη νῖο

A ζῡκόλ ζῡκώ ζῡκνύο

V ζῡκέ ζῡκώ ζῡκνί

Sigular Dual Plural

N θαθὸο πόιεκνο θαθὼ πνιέκσ θαθνὶ πόιεκνη

G θαθνῦ νῖν [όν] πνιέκνπ νην [νν] θαθνῖηλ πνιέκνηηλ θαθῶλ πνιέκσλ

D θαθῷ πνιέκῳ θαθνῖλ πνιέκνηηλ θαθνῖο πνιέκνηο

A θαθὸλ πόιεκνλ θαθὼ πνιέκσ θαθνὺο πνιέκνπο

V θαθὲ πόιεκε θαθὼ πνιέκσ θαθνὶ πνιεκνί

62 Second Declension Neuters

Second declension neuters end in -νλ in the nominative vocative and accusative singlular and -ᾰ in the

nominative vocative and accusative plural They are identical to second declension masculines in the genitive and

dative as well as all cases of the dual Second declension neuters nouns are declined like ἔξγνλ (deed) and second

declension neuter adjectives are declined like θᾱιόλ (noble)

Sigular Dual Plural

N θᾱιὸλ ἔξγνλ θᾱιὼ ἔξγσ θᾱιὰ ἔξγα

G θᾱινῦ νῖν [όν] ἔξγνπ νην [νν] θᾱινῖηλ ἔξγνηηλ θᾱιῶλ ἔξγσλ

D θᾱιῷ ἔξγῳ θᾱινῖηλ ἔξγνηηλ θᾱινῖο ἔξγνηο

A θᾱιὸλ ἔξγνλ θᾱιὼ ἔξγσ θᾱινὺο ἔξγνπο

V θᾱιὸλ ἔξγνλ θᾱιὼ ἔξγσ θᾱιὰ ἔξγα

63 Second Declension Feminines

A few second declension nouns are feminine These are declined exactly the same as the masculine form the

only difference being that all adjectives and modifiers take their respective feminine forms Thus θαθὸο ζῡκόο = the

evil spirit and θαθὸλ ἔξγνλ = the evil deed but θαθὴ λνῦζνο = the evil plague

Sigular Dual Plural

N θαθὴ λνῦζνο θαθὰ (ᾱ) λνύζσ θαθαὶ λνῦζνη

G θαθῆο λνύζνπ νην [νν] θαθῇηλ λνύζνηηλ θαθάσλ [έσλ ῶλ] λνύζσλ

D θαθῇ λνύζῳ θαθῇηλ λνύζνηηλ θαθῇζη ῇο λνύζνηζη νηο

A θαθὴλ λνῦζνλ θαθὰ (ᾱ) λνύζσ θαθὰο (ᾱ) λνύζνπο

V θαθὴ λνῦζε θαθὰ (ᾱ) λνύζσ θαθαὶ λνῦζνη

64 Adjectives

Adjectives always agree in case number and gender with the nouns they modify

Adjectives fall into three declensions just like nouns However adjectives frequently have masculine feminine

and neuter forms whereas nouns typically fall into a single gender The adjective θαθόο for example has three

forms θαθόο (masculine) θαθή (femine) and θαθόλ (neuter) Adjectives are usually listed in dictionary entries in

the nominative masculine singular followed by the femine and neuter singular endings θαθόο ή όλ

Adjectives are usually grouped into one of four categories 1) First and Second Declension Adjectives whose

forms usually represent the first declension when feminine and the second declension when masculine or neuter 2)

Second Declension Adjectives which usually have a single second declension form that serves as both masculine

and feminine as well as a second declension neuter form 3) First and Third Declension Adjectives whose

masculine and neuter forms are of the third declension but whose feminine form falls under the first declension and

4) Third Declension Adjectives which have a single third declension form for both masculine and feminine and a

third declension neuter form

First and Second Declension Adjectives have the nominative singular endings -νο (masculine) -ε (feminine)

and -νλ (neuter) Of these θᾱιόο (beautiful noble) and θίινο (dear lovely beloved) are good examples

Singular

Masc Fem Neut

N θᾱιόο θᾱιή θᾱιόλ θᾱιή θᾱιόλ

G θᾱινῦ νῖν [όν] θᾱιῆο θᾱινῦ νῖν [όν]

D θᾱιῷ θᾱιῇ θᾱιῷ

A θᾱιόλ θᾱιήλ θᾱιόλ

V θᾱιέ θᾱιή θᾱιόλ

Dual

N A V θᾱιώ θᾱιά (ᾱ) θᾱιώ

G D θᾱινῖηλ θᾱιῇηλ θᾱινῖηλ

Plural

N θᾱινί θᾱιαί θᾱιά

G θᾱιῶλ θᾱιάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] θᾱιῶλ

D θᾱινῖζη νῖο θᾱιῇζη ῇο θᾱινῖζη νῖο

A θᾱινύο θᾱιάο (ᾱ) θᾱιά

Singular

Masc Fem Neut

N θίινο θίιε θίινλ

G θίινπ νην [νν] θίιεο θίινπ νην [νν]

D θίιῳ θίιῃ θίιῳ

A θίινλ θίιελ θίινλ

V

Dual

N A V θίισ θίιᾱ θίισ

G D θίινηηλ θίιῃηλ θίινηηλ

Plural

N θίινη θίιαη θίια

G θίισλ θηιάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] θίισλ

D θίινηζη νηο θίιῃζη ῃο θίινηζη νηο

A θίινπο θίιᾱο θίια

V θίινη θίιαη θίια

65 Vocabulary

ἀγιαόο ή όλ bright shining splendid glorious

ἀλά ἄλ (adv prep + gen dat acc) upon on thereon along up through

ἀπεξείζηνο ε νλ boundless countless immeasureable

ἄπνηλα σλ ηά ransom

Ἀραηόο νῦ ὁ Achaean

δεηλόο ή όλ terrible awful dreadful dread fearful

ἑιώξηνλ νπ ηό booty spoils prey

ζεόο νῦ ὁ god divinity

ζῡκόο νῦ ὁ heart soul spirit courage passion

θαθόο ή όλ bad poor ugly mean cowardly evil wicked

θᾱιόο ή όλ good goodly noble handsome brave fair beautiful

ιᾱόο νῦ ὁ people host soldiery

κῡξίνη αη α countless innumerable

λνῦζνο νπ ἡ plague disease pest pestilence

νἰσλόο νῦ ὁ bird (of prey) vulture omen

πνιιόο ή όλ much many numerous

ζηξαηόο νῦ ὁ army encampment host

θίινο ε νλ dear darling lovely beloved

66 Derivatives

ἀλά (ana-) = anatomy

ἄπνηλα (apen-) = pentalty

ζεόο (theo-) = theology theocracy atheism polytheism monotheism henotheism pantheism

ιᾱόο (lao-) = laity layman

ζηξαηόο (strato-) = strategy strategic strategical

67 Translation Exercises

1 ἀγιαὰ ἄπνηλα θέξνπζηλ Ἀραηνὶ εἰο ζηξαηόλ 2 θέξνκελ ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 3 ζεὸο ηεύρεη

πνιινὺο Ἀραηνὺο ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζηλ 4 ἦζαλ Ἀραηνὶ θαθνί 5 νὐθ ἦζαλ θαθνί θᾱινὶ δέ λνῦζνο θαθὴ ὀιέθεη ιᾱὸλ

θᾱιόλ 6 Ἀραηνὶ πέκπνπζηλ ἄπνηλα κῡξίrsquo εἰο πάηξελ 7 ζεὸο βαίλεη ἐο ζηξαηόλ ὀιέθεη δὲ ιᾱὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 8 ηίο

ἀηῑκάδεη ζενὺο θᾱινύο 9 θαθνὶ ιᾱνὶ ἀηῑκάδνπζη ζενὺο πάηξεο 10 ζεὸο πέκπεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ

Ἀραηῶλ νὐ γὰξ ηειείνπζη βνπιὴλ ζεῶλ πάηξεο 11 βαίλεη ἐπὶ ζάιαζζαλ δεηλὴλ θαὶ ηεύρεη ππξὰο (ᾱ) πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἀλὰ

ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 12 ἔρνπζηλ ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα Ἀραηῶλ ἐλὶ ζηξαηῷ 13 βνπιὴ ζηξαηνῦ νὐρ ἁλδάλεη ζῡκῷ ζενῦ 14

ιᾱὸο Κίιιεο θίινο ἦλ ςῡρῇ ζεᾶο ζαιάζζεο 15 νὐθ ἀείδνκελ θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεῶλ ζηξαηῷ νὐ γὰξ ἁλδάλεη

Ἀραηνῖζη ζῡκῷ

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 The Achaeans bring countless splendid ransmoms into the camp 2 We carry boundless ransoms up through

the camp of the Achaeans 3 The god makes many Achaens spoils for the birds 4 Were the Achaeans evil 5 They

were not evil but good An evil pestilence destroyed the good host 6 The Achaeans send countless ransoms into

(their) fatherland 7 The god walks into the camp and destroys the host of the Achaeans 8 Who dishonors the noble

gods 9 The evil host dishonors the gods of (our) fatherlans 10 The god sends an evil plague up through the camp

of the Achaeans for they do not fulfill the will of the gods of (their) native country 11 He walks along the sea and

builds many funeral pyres throughout the camp of the Achaeans 12 They have boundless ransoms of the Achaeans

in the camp 13 The armyrsquos plan is not pleasing to the heart of the god 14 The host of Cilla was dear to the soul of

the goddess of the sea 15 We do not sing the brave plan of the goods of the camp for (that) is not pleasing to the

heart of the Achaeans

68 Composition Exercises

1 The terrible roar of the sea is pleasing to the goddess in (her) soul 2 We bring many splendid ransoms to the

army of the Achaeans 3 The god does not destroy the host of the Achaeans for they do not dishonor the gods of

(their) fatherland 4 The evil plague makes countless Achaeans a booty (use plural) for many birds 5 The people of

the Achaeans send countless shining ransoms to the goddess of the sea in Cilla 6 The Achaeans go to the sea and

sing but the noise is not pleasing to the goddess in (her) soul 7 The plague destroys the people for they dishonor

the god of Chrysa

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 θιαγγὴ δεηλὴ ἁλδάλεη ζεᾷ ςῡρῇ 2 θέξνκελ ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀγιαὰ ἐο ζηξαηῷ Ἀραηῶλ 3 ζεὸο νὐθ ὀιέθεη

ιᾱὸλ Ἀραηῶλ νὐ γὰξ ἀηῑκάδνπζη ζενὺο πάηξεο 4 θαθὴ λνῦζνο ηεύρεη κῡξίνπο Ἀραηνὺο ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζη πνιινῖζηλ

5 ιᾱὸο Ἀραηῶλ πέκπνπζη κῡξίrsquo ἄπνηλα ἀγιαὰ ζεᾷ ζαιάζζεο ἐλὶ Κίιιᾳ 6 Ἀραηνὶ βαίλνπζηλ εἰο ζάιαζζαλ θαὶ

ἀείδνπζηλ θιαγγὴ δὲ νὐρ ἁλδάλεη ζεᾷ ςῡρῇ 7 λνῦζνο ὀιέθεη ιᾱόλ ἀηῑκάδνπζη γὰξ ζεὸλ Υξύζεο (ῡ)

Lesson 7

Review

71 Review Vocabulary

ἀγιαόο ή όλ splendid ζῡκόο νῦ ὁ heart

ἀείδσ sing θαί and

ἀλ- ἀ- un- θαίσ burn

ἁλδάλσ is pleasing to θαθόο ή όλ evil

ἀπεξείζηνο ε νλ immeasurable θᾱιόο ή όλ good

ἄπνηλα σλ ηά ransom Κίιια εο ἡ Cilla

ἀηῑκάδσ dishonor θιαγγή ῆο ἡ roar

Ἀραηόο νῦ ὁ Achaean ιᾱόο νῦ ὁ host

βαίλσ go walk ιύσ loose

βνπιή ῆο ἡ plan κῡξίνη αη α countless

γάξ for λνῦζνο νπ ἡ plague

δέ but νἰσλόο νῦ ὁ bird

δεηλόο ή όλ terrible ὀιέθσ kill

εἰο (ἐο) into νὐ (νὐρ) not

εἰζί they are πάηξε εο ἡ fatherland

ἐθ (ἐμ) out of πέκπσ send

ἑιώξηνλ νπ ηό spoil πνιιόο ή όλ many

ἐλ(ί) εἰλ in ππξή ῆο ἡ funeral pyre

ἐπί upon ζηξαηόο νῦ ὁ army

ἐζηί it is ηειείσ accomplish

ἔρσ have ηεύρσ make

ἦλ it was ηίο ηί who what

ἦζαλ they were θέξσ carry

ζάιαζζα εο ἡ sea θίινο ε νλ beloved

ζεά (ᾱ) ᾶο ἡ goddess Υξύζε (ῡ) εο ἡ Chrysa

ςῡρή ῆο ἡ soul

72 Translation Exercises

1 ἀδείδνκελ ζεὰλ (ᾱ) ζαιάζζεο δεηλῆο θιαγγῇ πνιιῇ 2 νὐθ ἀηῑκάδνπζη ζενὺο 3 βνπιαὶ Ἀραηῶλ νὐρ

ἁλδάλνπζη ζεᾳ θᾱιῇ ζῡκῷ 4 βαίλεη ἐθ ζηξαηνῦ Ἀραηῶλ εἰο Κίιιαλ θαὶ θέξεη ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα ζεῷ 5 λνῦζνο θαθὴ

βαίλεη ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ θαὶ ηεύρεη πνιινὺο Ἀραηνὺο ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζηλ 6 θαὶ ζενὶ θαὶ ζεαὶ ὀιέθνπζη ιᾱὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 7 ηίο

Ἀραηῶλ ἔρεη ζῡκὸλ θαθόλ 8 ἦζαλ πνιιαὶ ζεαὶ ἐλὶ ζαιάζζῃ 9 θαίεη ππξὰο (ᾱ) ἐπὶ ζαιάζζῃ 10 ιύεηε ζηξαηὸλ

Ἀραηῶλ 11 πάηξε ἐζηὶ θίιε ςῡρῇ κῡξίσλ Ἀραηῶλ 12 ηίο πέκπεη ζηξαηὸλ ἐθ Κίιιεο εἰο Υξύζελ (ῡ) 13 βνπιὴ

θαθὴ ἐζηηλ ἁλδάλεη δὲ ζεᾷ ζῡκῷ 14 ηί ἀείδεηε

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 With a great noise we hymn the goodess of the terrible sea 2 We do not dishonor the gods 3 The will of the

Achaeans does not please the heart of the beautiful goddess 4 He goes from the Achaean camp to Cilla and delivers

countless ransoms to the god 5 An evil plague goes up through the camp and makes many Achaeans spoils for the

vultures 6 Both gods and goddesses destroy the host of the Achaeans 7 Who of the Achaeans has an evil heart 8

Were there many goddesses in the sea 9 He burns funeral pyres by the sea 10 You destroy the camp of the

Achaeans 11 The fatherland is dear to the soul of countless Achaeans 12 Who dispatches the army from Cilla to

Chrysa 13 It is an evil plan but it pleases the heart of the goddess 14 What do you sing

73 Composition Exercises

1 The Achaeans sing the beautiful goddess of the terrible sea 2 We do not dishonor the gods for they are dear

to (our) souls 3 The plans of the army are pleasing to the goddess in (her) noble soul 4 Many Achaeans are going

from the encampment and are bringing countless glorious ransoms to the gods 5 The evil plague destroys the

people and makes the army a booty for countless birds 6 We do not sing for it is not pleasing to the soul of the

goddess

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 Ἀραηνὶ ἀείδνπζη ζεὰλ (ᾱ) θᾱιὴλ δεηλῆο ζαιάζζεο 2 νὐθ ἀηῑκάδνκελ ζενὺο θίινη δὲ ζῡκνῖζηλ 3 βνπιαὶ

ζηξαηῷ ἁλδάλνπζη ζεᾷ ζῡκῷ 4 Ἀραηνὶ πνιινὶ βαίλνπζηλ ἐθ ζηξαηνῦ θαὶ θέξνπζηλ ἄπνηλα ἀπεξείζηα θαὶ ἀγιαὰ

ζενῖζηλ 5 θαθὴ λνῦζνο ὀιέθεη ιᾱὸλ θαὶ ηεύρεη ζηξαηὸλ ἄπνηλα νἰσλνῖζηλ ἀπεξείζηνῐζηλ 6 νὐθ ἀείδνκελ νὐθ γὰξ

ἁλδάλεη ςῡρῇ ζεᾶο

Lesson 8

(765-766 773-774)

81 The Second Declension (Continued)

Several words are declined like θᾱιόο ή όλ except that the nominative vocative and accusative singular of

the neuter ends in -o instead of -νλ Some of these words include ὅο ἥ ὅ (which) ὁ ἡ ηό (that) (ἐ)θεῖλνο ε ν

(that) αὐηόο ή ό (he she it) and ἄιινο ε ν (another)

The words ὅδε and νὗηνο are not introduced in this lesson but they are dleclined similarly and so are included

in the paradigms as reference

ὁ ἡ ηό (that hesheit whowhichwhat)

Masc Fem Neut

N ὁ ἡ ηό

G ηνῦ ηνῖν ηῆο ηνῦ ηνῖν

D ηῷ ηῇ ηῷ

A ηόλ ηήλ ηό

N A ηώ (ηώ) ηώ

G D ηνῖηλ (ηνῖηλ) ηνῖηλ

N νἱ αἱ ηά

G ηῶλ ηάσλ (ᾱ) [ηῶλ] ηῶλ

D ηνῖζη ηνῖο ηῇζη ηῇο ηνῖζη ηνῖο

A ηνύο ηάο (ᾱ) ηά

αὐηόο ή ό (hesheit self same)

Masc Fem Neut

N αὐηόο αὐηή αὐηό

G αὐηνῦ νῖν αὐηῆο αὐηνῦ νῖν

D αὐηῷ αὐηῇ αὐηῷ

A αὐηόλ αὐηήλ αὐηό

N A αὐηώ (αὐηώ) αὐηώ

G D αὐηνῖηλ (αὐηνῖηλ) αὐηνῖηλ

N αὐηνί αὐηαί αὐηά

G αὐηῶλ αὐηάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] αὐηῶλ

D αὐηνῖζη νῖο αὐηῇζη ῇο αὐηνῖζη νῖο

A αὐηνύο αὐηάο (ᾱ) αὐηά

ὅο ἥ ὅ (whowhichwhat)

Masc Fem Neut

N ὅο ἥ ὅ

G νὖ [ὅνπ ὅν] ἥο νὗ [ὅνπ ὅν]

D ᾧ ᾗ ᾧ

A ὅλ ἥλ ὅ

N A ὥ (ὥ) ὥ

G D νἷηλ (νἷηλ) νἶηλ

N νἵ αἵ ἅ

G ὧλ ὧλ ὧλ

D νἷζη νἷο ᾗζη ᾗο νἷζη νἷο

A νὕο ἅο (ᾱ) ἅ

(ἐ)θεῖλνο ε ν (that)

Masc Fem Neut

N (ἐ)θεῖλνο (ἐ)θείλε (ἐ)θεῖλν

G (ἐ)θείλνπ νην (ἐ)θείλεο (ἐ)θείλνπ νην

D (ἐ)θείλῳ (ἐ)θείλῃ (ἐ)θείλῳ

A (ἐ)θεῖλνλ (ἐ)θείλελ (ἐ)θεῖλν

N A (ἐ)θείλσ ((ἐ)θείλσ) (ἐ)θείλσ

G D (ἐ)θείλνηηλ ((ἐ)θείλνηηλ) (ἐ)θείλνηηλ

N (ἐ)θεῖλνη (ἐ)θεῖλαη (ἐ)θεῖλα

G (ἐ)θείλσλ (ἐ)θεηλάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] (ἐ)θείλσλ

D (ἐ)θείλνηζη νηο (ἐ)θείλῃζη ῃο (ἐ)θείλνηζη νηο

A (ἐ)θείλνπο (ἐ)θείλᾱο (ἐ)θεῖλα

ὅδε ἥδε ηόδε (this)

Masc Fem Neut

N ὅδε ἥδε ηόδε

G ηνύδε ηνῖνδε ηῆζδε ηνύδε ηνῖνδε

D ηῷδε ηῇδε ηῷδε

A ηόλδε ηήλδε ηόδε

N A ηώδε (ηώδε) ηώδε

G D ηνῖηλδε (ηνῖηλδε) ηνῖηλδε

N νἵδε (ηνίδε) αἵδε (ηαίδε) ηάδε

G ηῶλδε ηάσλδε (ᾱ) [ηῶλδε] ηῶλδε

D ηνῖζηδε ηνῖζδε ηῇζηδε ηῇζδε ηνῖζηδε ηνῖζδε

ηνίζδεζη ηνίζδεζη

ηνίζδεζζη ηνίζδεζζη

A ηνύζδε ηάζδε (ᾱ) ηάδε

νὗηνο αὕηε ηνῦην (this)

Masc Fem Neut

N νὗηνο αὕηε ηνῦην

G ηνύηνπ νην ηαύηεο ηνύηνπ νην

D ηνύηῳ ηαύηῃ ηνύηῳ

A ηνῦηνλ ηαύηελ ηνῦην

N A ηνύησ (ηνύησ) ηνύησ

G D ηνύηνηηλ (ηνύηνηηλ) ηνύηνηηλ

N νὗηνη αὗηαη ηαῦηα

G ηνύησλ ηαῡηάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] ηνύησλ

D ηνύηνηζη νηο ηαύηῃζη ῃο ηνύηνηζη νηο

A ηνύηνπο ηαύηᾱο ηαῦηα

82 Vocabulary

ἀιιά but moreover

ἄιινο ε νλ other another

αὐηόο ή ό self him himself her herself it itself same

δῖνο α νλ (declined like ζάιαζζα) divine heavenly glorious

(ἐ)θεῖλνο ε ν that (one) he she it

ἑθεβόινο νπ ὁ free-shooter sharpshooter (originally shoots-at-will a title for Apollo)

θαθῶο evilly wickedly harshly with evil consequences

ὁ ἡ ηό this that he she it who which what

νὕλεθα (νὗ-ἔλεθα) because

ζθῆπηξνλ νπ ηό scepter staff

ηέ and also both

ρξύζενο (ῡ) ε νλ gold golden of gold

83 Derivatives

ἄιινο (allo-) = allopathy

αὐηόο (auto-) = automaton autocracy autograph autonomy

ρξύζενο (ῡ) (chryse-) = chrysanthemum chrysalis chrysolite

84 Translation Excersis

1 δῖνο ἑθεβόινο αὐηὸο ἀείδεη ἀιιrsquo νὐρ ἁλδάλεη ἄιινηζη ζενῖζη ζῡκῷ 2 θεῖλνη Ἀραηνὶ ἀηῑκάδνπζη ηνὺο ζενύο

3 ὁ ἑθεβόινο πέκπεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ θαθῶο ὀιέθεη θεῖλνλ ιᾱόλ νὕλεθα ηὸλ ἀηῑκάδνπζηλ 4

νὐθ ἀηῑκάδνκελ ηνὺο ζενύο νἳ ἔρνπζη ζθῆπηξα ρξύζεα (ῡ) 5 ὁ ἑθεβόινο ηε θαὶ νἱ ἄιινη ζενὶ θέξνπζη ρξύζεα (ῡ)

ζθῆπηξα θᾱιά 6 ηίο ηεύρεη ηὰ ζθῆπηξα ρξύζεα (ῡ) ηνῖζη ζενῖο ζαιάζζεο 7 ἀείδεη ἑθεβόινο αὐηὸο βνπιὰο (ᾱ)

ἄιισλ ζεῶλ ηνῖζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ 8 εἰζὶλ νἱ Ἀραηνὶ θᾱινί νἱ ὀιέθνπζη ηὸλ ζηξαηὸλ θαίνπζί ηε ηὰο (ᾱ) ππξάο (ᾱ) 9 ἡ

ζεὰ (ᾱ) ηῆο δεηλῆο ζαιάζζεο ἔρεη ηὸ ζθῆηξνλ ρξύζενλ (ῡ) 10 ἐλὶ ηῇ πάηξε εἰζὶλ αἱ ππξαί 11 ηίο ηεύρεη ηὸλ

ζηξαηὸλ ἑιώξηα ηνῖζηλ νἰσλνῖζηλ

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 The divine free-shooter himself sings but it does not please the hearts of the other gods 2 Those Achaeans

dishonor these gods 3 This free-shooter sends an evil plague up through the camp of the Achaeans and wickedly

destroys that host because they dishonor him 4 We do not dishonor these gods who hold the golden scepters 5

Both this free-shooter and these other gods carry beautiful golden scepters 6 Who fashions the golden scepters for

these gods of the sea 7 Does the free-shooter himself sing the plans of the other gods to these Achaeans 8 Are

these Achaeans noble who destroy (our) camp and burn funeral pyres 9 This goddess of the terrible sea holds a

golden scepter 10 The funeral pyrers are in (our) fatherland 11 Who makes (our) camp a spoil for these vultures

85 Composition Exercises

1 ἑθεβόινο αὐηὸο ἀείδεη ηὰο (ᾱ) βνπιὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) ζεῶλ 2 ηί νὐρ ἁλδάλεη ηνῖο ἄιινηζη ζενῖζηλ νἳ ἐλὶ

ζαιάζζῃ 3 ἐθεῖλνο Ἀραηὸο ἀηῑκάδεη ηνὺο ζενὺο πάηξεο νἱ ἔρνπζη ηὰ ζθῆπηξα ρξύζεα (ῡ) 4 ὁ ἑθεβόινο πέκπεη

λνύζνπο πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θαθὰο (ᾱ) ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ ὀιέθεη κῡξίνπο ιᾱνύο νὕλεθα ηὸλ ἀηῑκάδνπζηλ 5 ηίο

θαίεη ηὰο (ᾱ) ππξὰο (ᾱ) Ἀραηῶλ ἐπὶ δεηλῇ ζαιάζζῃ 6 ὁ ἑθεβόινο ηεύρεη κῡξίνπο Ἀραίνπο ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζηλ νὕλεθα

ηὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) ζεὰο (ᾱ) ζαιάζζεο ἀηῑκάδνπζηλ

Lesson 9

(830-840 904)

91 The Verbal Augment

Greek verbs frequently add a prefix to a verb (in the secondary tenses of the idicative) to indicate action

occurring in the past This prefix is called an augment Verbal augments take one of two forms the syllabic

augment which consists of adding an extra syllable to the beginning of a word and the temporal augment which

consists of lengthening the first syllable of a word While the augment is consistently applied in later dialects of

Greek it was still optional in Homeric and is often omitted (the tense being determined solely from the suffixes)

The syllabic augment is applied to verbs that begin with a consonant (or rare verbs that originally began with a

consonant) and consists of the prefix ε- Thus ιύνκελ = we loose (present tense) but ἐιύνκελ = we were loosing

(past tense) Some Greek words originally began with a ϝ or an ζ that later disappeared (usually replace with the

rough breathing) In those cases the augment is sometimes syllabic reflecting the earlier practice The word ἁλδάλσ

for example was originally ζϝαλδάλσ (swandano) The original augmented form of the imperfect was ἐζϝάλδαλνλ

(eswandano) When the ζϝ- was dropped the syllabic augment was retained ἑάλδαλνλ (heandano)

When a verb has lost an initial ζ the syllabic augment frequently contracts with the initial vowel For example

the word ἔρσ was originally ζέρσ The original augmented imperfect was ἔζερνλ When the initial ζ disappeared

the result was ἔερνλ which contracted to εἶρνλ (because εε usually contracts to εη) This pattern is also sometimes

present in verbs that originally began with ϝ such as ϝίδνλ =gt ἐϝηδνλ = ἔηδνλ = εἶδνλ

The temporal augment consists of lengthening an initial vowel and occurs in most Greek verbs that begin with

an initial vowel In general initial α or ε becomes ε initial η ν or π becomes ῑ initial αη and ᾳ become ῃ and initial

νη becomes ῳ Thus ἄγνκελ (we lead) becomes ἤγνκελ (we were leading) If the verb already begins with a long

vowel (ε ῃ ῑ ῡ σ ῳ) there is usually no change

Verbs that begin with ξ usually double the ξ when adding the syllabic augment This feature also sometimes

occurs in verbs beginning with ι κ λ or ζ

Compound verbs are usually formed from a combination of preposition + verb such as ἀπό (away from) + ιύσ

(loosen) = ἀπνιύσ (set free turn loose) In compound verbs a temporal augment is inserted between the preposition

and the verb If the preposition ends in a vowel the vowel is usually elided Thus ἀπνιύνκελ (we set free) becomes

ἀπειύνκελ (elided from ἀπνειύνκελ we were setting free)

92 The Imperfect Tense

The imperfect denotes continuous action in past time and typically corresponds to the past participle in English

Thus ἔιπνλ (imperfect) = I was loosing Occasionally the Greek imperfect is best translated by the simple past tense

in English The imperfect tense is formed by adding the secondary tense endings (which will be described in a later

lesson) to the augmented stem of the verb

In the paradigm below the unaugmented form is shown in brackets

Imperfect Tense

S 1st Pers ἔιπνλ [ιύνλ] I was loosing

2nd

Pers ἔιπεο [ιύεο] you were loosing

3rd

Pers ἔιπε(λ) [ιύε(λ)] he she it was loosing

D 2nd

Pers ἐιύεηνλ [ιύεηνλ] you (two) were loosing the pair of you were loosing

3rd

Pers ἐιπέηελ [ιπέηελ] they (two) were loosing the pair of them were loosing

P 1st Pers ἐιύνκελ [ιύνκελ] we were loosing

2nd

Pers ἐιύεηε [ιύεηε] you (ye) were loosing

3rd

Pers ἐιύνλ [ιύνλ] they were loosing

93 Vocabulary

ἄιιῃ elsewhere

Ἀξγεῖνο νπ ὁ Argive

-δε (suffix + acc) to

δηά (adv) between among (+gen) through (+acc) through by means

of on account of during

δηίθηινο (ῑ) ε νλ dear to Zeus

εἴξσ speak say tell

ἐκόο ή όλ my mine

ἔξγνλ νπ ηό (ϝέξγνλ) work deed accomplishment

-ζελ (suffix gen ending) from

Κιπηαηκήζηξε εο ἡ Clytaemnestra

(also Κιπηαηκλήζηξε)

καληνζύλε εο ἡ gift of prophesy

νἶθνο νπ ὁ house home

ιύκπηνο ε νλ Olympian

Ὄιπκπνο νπ ὁ Olympus

Πξίακνο νπ ὁ Priam

ζόο ζή ζόλ your yours

εἶρνλ (imperfect of ἔρσ) I was having I had

94 Derivatives

95 Translation Exercises

1 ὁ ἑθεβόινο δηὰ καληνζύλελ εἴξεη βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ηῶλ ζεῶλ Ἀξγείνηζηλ 2 νἱ ιύκπηνη ζενὶ εἶρνλ νἴθνπο ἐλ

ιύκπῳ 3 ὁ ἑθεβόινο δηίθηινο (ῑ) ἔηεπρε ηνὺο Ἀξγείνπο Ἀραηνύο ηε ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζηλ 4 Ἀραηνὶ Ἀξγεῖνί ηrsquo

ἔηεπρνλ ἔξγα θαθὰ δηὰ βνπιὴλ ζεᾶο 5 Κιπηαηκήζηξε δηὰ ηὸλ ζῡκὸλ ἔηεπρελ ηὰ ἔξγα δεηλά 6 Πξίακνο ιᾱόο ηε

Πξηάκνπ ὤιεθνλ πνιινὺο Ἀξγείνπο 7 ηίο εἴξεη ηὰ ζὰ ἔξγα θαθὰ Πξηάκῳ 8 ηὰ ἔξγα ἐκά ἐζηη θᾱιά νὕλεθα ἔηεπρνλ

βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεῶλ θαὶ ζεάσλ (ᾱ) δηὰ ηὴλ καληνζύλελ 9 ἐπέκπνκελ ηὰ ρξύζεα (ῡ) ζθῆπηξα εἰο νἶθνλ Πξηάκῳ 10

ἐθαίεηε ηὰο (ᾱ) ππξὰο (ᾱ) δεηλῇ θιαγγῇ 11 νὐρ ἥλδαλε ἡ βνπιὴ ζεᾷ ζαιάζζεο ζῡκῷ 12 αἱ ζεαὶ ἀείδνπζη ηὰ θᾱιὰ

ἔξγα ηῶλ ζεῶλ ἑθεβόινο δὲ βαίλεη ἄιιῃ 13 εἶρε Πξίακνο ἀγιαὸλ θαὶ θᾱιὸλ νἶθνλ

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 This free-shooter relates the plans of the gods to the Argives through prophesy 2 These Olympian gods had

homes on Olympus 3 This free-shooter beloved of Zeus made both the Argives and the Achaeans prey for the

vultures 4 Both the Achaeans and the Argives committed evil deeds through the will of the goddess 5 Because of

her heart Clytaemnestra wrought these terrible deeds 6 Both Priam and the host of Priam killed many Argives 7

Who relates these evil deeds of yours to Priam 8 These works of mine are noble because through prophesy I

accomplished the of the gods and goddess 9 We sent the golden scepters to the house of Priam 10 Were you

burning the funeral pyres with a terrible uproar 11 Does the plan not please the heart of the goddess of the sea 12

The goddesses sing the noble deeds of the gods but the free-shooter walks elsewhere 13 Priam had a splendid and

beautiful home

96 Composition Exercises

1 Who brought these countless shining ransoms to the beautiful home of Priam 2 The Achaeans and the

Argives burned many funeral pyres in your beloved fatherland 3 Clytaemnestra was wicked and performed many

dreadful deeds 4 Through the gift of prophesy we tell many glorious deeds of the gods and goddesses who have

Olympian homes 5 My deeds are noble but yours are cowardly 6 The gods sent an evil plague up through the

camp and destroyed many Achaeans because they dishonored the free-shooter 7 It was not pleasing to

Clytaemnestra in (her) wicked soul

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 ηίο ἔθεξε ηὰο ἄπνηλα ἀγιαὰ εἰο νἶθνλ θᾱιὸλ Πξηάκνπ 2 Ἀραηνὶ θαὶ Ἀξγεῖνη ἔθαηνλ ππξὰο (ᾱ) πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἐλ

ζῇ πάηξῃ θᾱιῇ 3 Κιπηαηκλήζηξε θαθὴ ἦλ θαὶ ἔηεπρελ ἄξγα πνιιὰ θαὶ δεηλά 4 δηὰ καληνζύλελ εἴξνκελ ἔξγα

πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀγιαὰ ζεῶλ θαὶ ζεάσλ (ᾱ) νἳ ἔρνπζηλ νἴθνπο ιπκπίνπο 5 ἔξγα ἐκὰ θᾱιή εἰζηλ ζὰ δὲ θαθά 6 ζενὶ

ἔπεκπνλ λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ θαὶ ὤιεθνλ Ἀραίνπο πνιινύο νὕλεθα ἠηίκαδνλ (ῑ) ἑθεβόινλ 7 νὐρ ἥλδαλε

Κιπηαηκλήζηξῃ ζῡκῷ θαθῷ

Lesson 10

(841-857 904)

101 Formation of the Aorist and Future Tenses

The first aorist is a secondary tense formed by adding -ζ(ζ)α to the augmented verb stem followed by the

personal endings of the secondary tense If the verb stem ends in a consonant or a long vowel only a single ζ is

added If the stem ends in a short vowel either one or two sigmas may be added A few aorists (called ldquomixed

aoristsrdquo) are formed by adding -ζ followed by the thematic vowel and the personal endings for the secondary tenses

to the augmented stem

The future is formed by adding -ζ followed by the thematic vowel and the personal endings for the primary

tenses

If the verb stem ends in a long vowel the stem is not affected by the addition of the suffixes for the future or

aorist tenses If the stem ends in a short vowel it is regularly lengthened in all tenses except the present and the

imperfect There are however a few exceptions to this pattern In most cases these verbs add ζ before the personal

endings of the perfect middle and aorist passive

102 Classification of Verbs

Verbs are classified into four groups according to the final letter of the stem vowel verbs liquid verbs nasal

verbs and mute verbs

When -ζ is added to the end of a mute verb a labial combines with ζ to form ς a palatal combines with ζ to

form μ and a lingual is dropped (leaving only ζ)

When -ζ is added to the end of a liquid or nasal verb it is usually preceded by -ε and the ζ is dropped in

contraction Thus βαιισ = βαιέζσ = βαιέσ In rare cases the ε is dropped and the ζ retained In some vowel-stem

verbs where the final vowel is preceded by a liquid or nasal the verb behaves as a liquidnasal and adds -εζ to the

stem θαιέσ (present) = θαιέζσ (future) = θαιέσ (future contracted) The formations in which the ζ is dropped

after α or ε are sometimes called ldquoAttic futuresrdquo

Verbs with liquid and nasal stems regularly form the aorist by dropping the ζ and lengthening the stem vowel

A few verbs have active forms in the present tense but middle forms in the future tense ἀθνύσ (I hear) but

ἀθνύζνκαη (I will hear)

103 Paradigms Future and First Aorist of ιύσ

Future

S 1st Pers ιύζσ (ῡ) I shall loose

2nd

Pers ιύζεηο (ῡ) you will loose

3rd

Pers ιύζεη (ῡ) he she it will loose

D 2nd

Pers ιύζεηνλ (ῡ) you (two) will loose

3rd

Pers ιύζεηνλ (ῡ) they (two) will loose

P 1st Pers ιύζνκελ (ῡ) we shall loose

2nd

Pers ιύζεηε (ῡ) you (ye) will loose

3rd

Pers ιύζνπζη(λ) (ῡ) they will loose

First Aorist

S 1st Pers ἔιῡζα I loosed

2nd

Pers ἔιῡζαο you loosed

3rd

Pers ἔιῡζε(λ) he she it loosed

D 2nd

Pers ἐιύζαηνλ (ῡ) you (two) loosed

3rd

Pers ἔιῡζάηελ they (two) loosed

P 1st Pers ἐιύζακελ (ῡ) we loosed

2nd

Pers ἐιύζαηε (ῡ) you (ye) loosed

3rd

Pers ἔιῡζαλ they loosed

104 Vocabulary

ἄγσ ἄμσ ἤγαγνλ lead drive conduct bring carry

ἀλάζζσ (ϝαλαθ-) ἀλάμσ ἠλαμα (+gen) rule (over) guard protect

ἄξηζηνο ε νλ best noblest bravest fairest

αὖηηο (back) again anew

Γαλαόο νῦ ὁ Danaan

ἑθαηόκβε εο ἡ hecatomb sacrifice

ζάλαηνο νπ ὁ death

Ἴιηνο νπ ἡ Ilium Troy the region around Troy

κεγάζῡκνο ε νλ great-souled brave

ὄρα far much considerably

πέζσ (πεηζ- πνηζ- πηζ-) πείζσ ἔπεηζα (πέπηζνλ) persuade win over mislead

θηιέσ θηιήζσ ἐθίιεζα love cherish entertain hospitably

εἶπνλ εἶπεο εἶπε(λ) θηι 2nd

aor speak say tell etc

ἔβεζα ἔβεζαο ἔβεζε(λ) θηι 1st aor come go walk etc

105 Derivatives

ἄγσ (ag-) = pedagogue demagogue synagogue

ἄξηζηνο (arist-) = aristocracy

ζάλαηνο (thanat-) = thanatopsis euthanasia

106 Translation Exercises

1 ηίο ἦλ ὄρrsquo ἄξηζηνο Γαλαῶλ 2 Πξίακνο κεγάζῡκνο ἤλαζζελ Ἰιίνπ 3 νὐθ αὖηηο ἄμνπζη Γαλανὶ κεγάζῡκνη

ἑθαηόκβᾱο πνιιὰο (ᾱ) εἰο Υξύζελ (ῡ) 4 νὐθ ἔπεηζαλ ἑθεβόινλ πνιιῇο ἑθαηόβῃζη θᾱιῇζηλ 5 νὐ θηιήζνκελ ζενύο

νὕλεθα θᾱινὶ εἰζηλ 6 Γαλανὶ ηεύμνπζη ζάλαηνλ Πξηάκῳ ἐλ Ἰιίῳ 7 ἐθίιεζα ζεὰλ (ᾱ) ζαιάζζεο ἀιιrsquo νὐρ ἥλδαλε

ἑθεβόιῳ ζῡκῷ 8 ἀείζνκελ θαὶ πείζνκελ ζενύο 9 ὄρrsquo ἄξηζνη ἐλ Ἰιίῳ ηὰ εἶπνλ Πξηάκῳ ἀιιὰ ηνὺο ἠηῑκάζελ 10

Πξίακνο ἔπεκςε ηὸλ ζηξαηὸλ ἄξηζηνλ ἐπrsquo Ἀξγείνηζηλ 11 ἔβεζαλ αὖηηο Γαλανὶ εἰο Ἴιηνλ ἀιιrsquo νὐθ ἔπεηζαλ

Πξίακνλ 12 ἀείζνκελ ἑθεβόινλ ὄρrsquo ἄξηζηνλ ζεῶλ νὕλεθrsquo ἤγαγε Γαλανὺο εἰο Ἴιηνλ

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 Who was by far the noblest of the Danaans 2 Great-souled Priam ruled Ilium 3 Not agan will the great-

souled Danaans lead many sacrifices into Chrysa 4 They did not persuade the free-shooter with many goodly

sacrifices 5 Do we not love the gods because they are good 6 The Danaans will prepare death for Priam in Ilium

7 I loved the goddess of the sea but it was not pleasing to the heart of the free-shooter 8 We will sing and

persuade the gods 9 By far the noblest in Ilium this they say of Priam but he (is the one) he dishonored () 10

Priam sent the best army against the Argives 11 The Danaans went back to Ilium but they did not persuade Priam

12 We hymn the free-shooter greatest of the gods because he led the Danaans into Ilium

107 Composition Exercises

1 The great-souled Achaeans will not persuade the free-shooter with goodly hecatombs but he will prepare evil

death for the people 2 The noblest of the Achaeans went to Ilium but they did not persuade the soul of Priam 3

We shall sing because the gods have led (aor) the people into Troy 4 We shall have many shining golden scepters

5 Did you not love the gods who have Olympian homes 6 Priam shall not rule Ilium again for the Achaeans will

prepare evil death for him 7 Does he speak to the beautiful goddess of the sea 8 They will persuade the souls of

the gods with many hecatombs

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 Ἀραηνὶ κεγάζῡκνη νὐ πείζνπζηλ ἑθεβόινλ πνιιῇο ἑθαηόκβῆζηλ ἀιιὰ ηεύμεη ζάλαηνλ θαθὸλ ιᾱνῖζηλ 2

ἄξηζηνη Ἀραηῶλ ἔβεζαλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ ἀιιrsquo νὐθ ἔπεηζαλ ζῡκὸλ Πξηάκῳ 3 ἀείζνκελ νὕλεθα ζενὺο ἤγαγνλ ιᾱὸλ εἰο

Ἴιηνλ 4 ἕζρνκελ πνιιὰ ρξύζεα (ῡ) ἀγιαὰ ζθῆπηξα 5 νὐθ ἐθηιήζαηε ζενὺο νἳ ἔρνπζηλ νἴθνπο ιπκπίνπο 6 νὐθ

αὖηηο ἀλάζζεη Πξίακνο Ἰιίνπ Ἀραηνὶ γὰξ ηεύμνπζη ζάλαηνλ θαθὸλ αὐηῷ 7 εἴξεη ζεᾷ θᾱιᾷ ζαιάζζεο 8 πείζνπζη

ζῡκνὺο ζεῶλ πνιιῇο ἑθαηόκβῃζηλ

Lesson 11

(664-675 838-839)

111 First Declension Masculine Nouns

First declension masculines typically end in -εο -ᾱο or -ᾰο in the nominative and are declined exactly the same

as their feminine counterparts (with the exception of the nominative singular which adds -ο the genitive singular

which regularly ends in -ᾱν and the vocative singular which ends in -ε -ᾱ or -ᾰ) Those ending in -εο retain -ε

throughout the singular those ending in -ᾱο retain the -ᾱ throughout the singular and those ending in -ᾰο take the -ε

ending in the dative

Masculines ending in -δεο take -ε in the vocative singular while those ending in -ηεο (as well as compound

nouns and the names of nationalities) regularly take -ᾰ Those ending in -ᾱο take the the nominative singular in -ᾱ

A very few first declension adjectives take a masculine ending in -ᾰ (without the final -ο) Many of these also

have an alternative form that ends in the more common -εο Those that do not have an alternative form in -εο usually

have the recessive accent (a feature inherited from the Aeolic influence in Homer) The only masculine noun ending

in -ᾰ in the nominative is the name Θύεζηα (Thyestes)

First declension masculine nouns typically follow the paradigms for Ἀηξεΐδεο (Atreides son of Atreus) Αἰλείᾱο

(Aeneas) and αἰρκεηήο (spearman warrior)

Ἀηξεΐδεο ᾱν ὁ Αἰλείᾱο ᾱν ὁ αἰρκεηήο ᾱν ὁ

(Αηξεϝηδᾱ-) (Αἰλεηᾱ-) (αἰρκεηᾱ-)

N Ἀηξεΐδεο Αἰλείᾱο αἰρκεηήο [ά]

G Ἀηξεΐδᾱν [εσ] Αἰλείᾱν [σ] αἰρκεηᾶν [έσ]

D Ἀηξεΐδῃ Αἰλείᾳ αἰρκεηῇ

A Ἀηξεΐδελ Αἰλείαλ αἰρκεηήλ

V Ἀηξεΐδε Αἰλείᾱ αἰρκεηά

N A V Ἀηξεΐδᾱ αἰρκεηά (ᾱ)

G D Ἀηξεΐδῃηλ αἰρκεηῇηλ

N V Ἀηξεΐδαη αἰρκεηαί

G Ἀηξετδάσλ (ᾱ) αἰρκεηάσλ (ᾱ)

[έσλ ῶλ] [έσλ ῶλ]

D Ἀηξεΐδῃζη ῃο αἰρκεηῇζη ῇο

A Ἀηξεΐδᾱο αἰρκεηάο (ᾱ)

112 Compound Verbs

Compound verbs are formed from a preposition or adverb coupled with a verb such as ἀλαβαίλσ (ascend)

formed from ἀλα (up) and βαίλσ (go) If the preposition ends in a vowel and the verb begins with a vowel the vowel

of the preposition is usually elided as in δηίζηεκη (δηὰ ἰζηεκη) ἁθαηξέσ (ἀπὸ αἱξέσ)

The augment occurs between the preposition and the verb When two vowels are thus brought together the first

vowel is usually elided leaving the augment Thus ἀπνιύσ (I release present) ἀπέιπνλ (I was releasing

imperfect) ἀπέιῡζα (I released aorist)

113 Vocabulary

ἀλαβαίλσ ἀλαβήζσ ἀλέβεζα go up ascend embark

ἀπνιύσ ἀπνιύζσ (ῡ) ἀπέιῡζα loose set free release

Ἀηξεΐδεο -ᾱν ὁ Atreides son of Atreus (usually refers to Agamemnon)

θαηαθεύσ θαηαθαύζσ θαηέθεα burn consume

θειεύσ - ἔθιπνλ (+gen) hear hearken to

κεηέεηπνλ κεηεῖπνλ (2nd

aor of εἴξσ) spoke among addressed spoke to

ὅηε when whenever

Πειεηάδεο ᾱν (εσ) ὁ Peleiades son of Peleus (used in reference to Achilles)

πξνζέεηπνλ πξνζεῖπνλ (2nd

aor of εἴξσ) addressed spoke to

ηόηε then at that time

ρνιόσ ρνιώζσ ἐρόισζα anger enrage vex

Υξύζεο (ῡ) ᾱν (εσ) ὁ Chryses

Verbs

ἀλαβαίλσ

stem ἀλα + βαλ- βα-

future ἀλαβήζσ (rarely ἀλαβήζνκαη)

1st aorist ἀλέβεζα (rarely 2

nd aor ἀλέβελ)

ἀπνιύσ

stem ἀπό + ιύσ

future ἀπνιύζσ (ῡ)

1st aorist ἀπέιῡζα

θαηαθαίσ

stem θαηά + θαπ- θαϝ- θαη-

future θαηαθαύζσ (assumed form)

1st aorist θαηέθεα

θειεύσ (Attic)

stem θιεπ- θιεϝ- θιπ-

future none

2nd

aorist ἐθιπνλ

ρνιόσ

stem ρνιν-

future ρνιώζσ

1st aorist ἐρόισζα

Notes

In Homeric Greek the stem vowel is usually lengthened before -ζ hence ἀλαβαίλσ =gt ἀλαβήζσ =gt

ἀλέβεζα ἀπνιύσ =gt ἀπνιύζσ (ῡ) =gt ἀπέιῡζα

ἀλαβαίλσ also has a 2nd

aorist ἀλέβελ

A few verbs have active forms in the present but middle forms in the future ἀλαβαίλσ has two future

forms one active (ἀλαβήζσ) and one middle (ἀλαβήζνκαη)

Verbs with stems ending in -αηλσ originally had a consonantal η following the λ (ie ἀλαβαηλησ)

114 Translation

1 θᾱινὶ ζενὶ ἔηεπμαλ ζάλαηνλ θαθὸλ δίῳ (ῑ) Πειεηάδῃ ὁ δrsquo ἀλέβελ ππξήλ 2 ἑθεβόινο ὤιεθε ιᾱὸλ Ἀραηῶλ

νὕλεθα δῖνο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) 3 θαηέθεα ἑθαηόκβᾱο πνιιάο (ᾱ) 4 ἑθεβόινο νὐθ ἔθιπελ Ἀηξεΐδᾱν

νὕλεθα ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) 5 Υξύζεο (ῡ) κεηέεηπελ Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἀιιrsquo νὐθ Ἀηξεΐδῃ ἥλδαλε ζῡκῷ 6 ὅηε θαθῶο

πξνζέεηπελ Ἀηξεΐδεο Υξύζελ (ῡ) ηόηε ἐρόισζελ ἑθεβόινλ 7 ἀπειύζακελ (ῡ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) νὕλεθα ηὸλ

ἐθηιήζακελ 8 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἤλεηθελ ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα Ἀηξεΐδῃ 9 νἴζνκελ ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀπνιύζνκελ (ῡ)

Υξύζελ (ῡ) νὕλεθα ηὸλ ἐθηιήζακελ θαὶ θίινο ἐζηὶλ ἑθεβόιῳ 10 ηίο θέξεη ἄπνηλα Υξύζᾱν (ῡ) Ἀηξεΐδῃ 11 δῖνο

Πειεηάδεο ἐρόισζελ Ἀηξεΐδελ 12 ὅηε θαηεθήακελ πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἑθαηόκβᾱο θᾱιάο (ᾱ) ηόηε ἐπείζακελ ζῡκνὺο ζεῶλ

13 δηὰ καληνζύλελ Υξύζεο (ῡ) εἶπε βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεῶλ Ἀηξεΐδῃ Πειεηάδῃ ηε

KEY

1 The noble gods prepared evil death for the divine Peleiades and he ascended the funeral pyre 2 The free-

shooter destroyed the host of the Achaeans because the divine Atreides dishonored Chryses 3 I burned many

funeral pyres 4 The free-shooter did not hear the son of Atreus because he dishonored Chryses 5 Chryses spoke

among the Achaeans but but it did not please the heart of Atreides 6 It angered the free-shooter when the son of

Atreus spoke wickedly to Chryses 7 We released Chryses because we loved him 8 Chryses brought countless

glorious ransoms to the son of Atreus 9 We will bring many ransoms and release Chryses because we loved him

and he is dear to the free-shooter 10 Who brought the ransoms of Chryses to the son of Atreus 11 The divine

Peleiades angered the son of Atreus 12 We persuaded the hearts of the gods when we burned many good

hecatombs 13 Through prophesy Chryses spoke the will of the gods to both Atreides and Peleiades

115 Composition

1 The Achaeans ascended into Troy and killed the noble Priam 2 We burned many goodly hecatombs to the

Olympian gods 3 Chryses spoke among the Achaeans but the son of Atreus did not hearken to him 4 The

Achaeans addressed the son of Atreus but he did not free Chryses 5 The son of Atreus will bring many ransoms

into the camp of the Achaeans 6 Who will persuade the gods with many goodly hecatombs

KEY

1 Ἀραηνὶ ἀλέβεζαλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ θαὶ ὤιεμαλ θᾱιὸλ Πξηάκνλ 2 θαηέθεκελ πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) ἑθαηόκβὰο (ᾱ)

ζενῖο ιπκπίνηο 3 Υξύζεο (ῡ) κεηέεηπελ Ἀραηνῖο ἀιιrsquo Ἀηξεΐδεο ηὸλ νὐθ ἔθιπελ 4 Ἀραηνὶ πξνζέεηπνλ Ἀηξεΐδῃ

ἀιιrsquo νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε Υξύζελ (ῡ) 5 Ἀηξεΐδεο νἴζεη ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ εἰο ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 6 ηίο πείζεη ζενὺο πνιιῇο

ἑθαηόκβῃζηλ

Lesson 12

Review

121 Review Vocabulary

Lesson 13

(680-692 701-709)

(cf 897 874 886 619 841-843 576 1178 830-831 837 580 837)

131 Nouns of the Third Declension

Third declension nouns can be either masculine feminine or neuter The nominative endings can take many

forms but there are some conventions Masculine and feminine stems except those ending in λ ξ or ζ simply add

ζ to the stem and make the necessary euphonic changes Stems ending in ξ λ and ζ typically make no changes

except to lengthen the last vowel if it is short Stems ending in -λ(η) either drop the η and lengthen a short vowel or

drop the -λ(η) lengthen the vowel and add ζ Examples δαηκνλ- = δαηκσλ ζῑλ- = ζίο (ῑ) κειαλ- = κέιᾱο γεξνλη- =

γέξσλ etc Neuters typically consist of just the stem in the nominative and accusative except to drop a final -η

where it occurs

In general the stem of a third declension noun is found by dropping the -νο ending from the genitive singular

The dative singular regularly ends in -ῐ but occasionally in -ῑ

The accusative ending was originally -λ and this ending is common on stems ending in a vowel On stems

ending in a consonant the -λ was a sonant consonant which eventually came be pronounced as -ᾰ The result is that

the accusative singular usually ends in -λ for stems ending in a vowel and -ᾰ for stems ending in a consonant

Dental mute stems ending in -ηο and -πο in the nominative singular rarely drop the mute and typically adopt the -λ

accusative ending as if they were vowel stems

The dative plural is formed by adding either -εζζη (rarely -εζη) or -ζη (rarely -ζζη) and making the usual

euphonic changes Most third declension nouns thus have alternate dative plural forms as πνύο = πνζζί = πνζί =

πόδεζζη etc

The accusative plural originally ended in -λο (sonant λ) which gives -αο for stems ending in a consonant and -ῑο

and -ῡο for stems ending in a vowel A few vowel stems borrowed an -αο ending from the first declension by

analogy

The vocative singular is usually either identical to the nominative or identical to the stem alone Stems ending

in λ ξ or ο typically drop this final consonant in the vocative singular

Compensatory lengthening usually occurs in the dative plural when -λη is dropped as in γέξνληζη = γέξνπζη

132 Paradigms

Stems ending in -επ (επ) -νπ and σϝ follow the paradigms of βαζηιεύο (king βαζηιεϝ-) βνῦο (ox βνϝ-) λεῦο

(ship λᾱϝ-) and ἥξσο (hero ἡξσϝ- () or ἡξσ-)

N βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

G βαζηιῆνο [-ένο] βνόο λεόο ἥξσνο

D βαζηιῆη [-έη] βνΐ λεί ἥξση

A βαζηιῆα [-έα] βνῦλ [βῶλ] λῆα [λέα] ἥξσα

V βαζηιεῦ βνῦ λεῦ ἥξσο

N A V βαζηιῆε βόε λῆε ἥξσε

G D βαζηιήνηηλ βόνηηλ λήνηηλ ἡξώνηηλ

N V βαζηιεῆεο βόεο λῆεο ἥξσεο

G βαζηιήσλ βνῶλ λεῶλ [λεῶλ] ἡξώσλ

D βαζηιήεζζη βόεζζη λήεζζη [λέεζζἰ ἡξώεζζη

βαζηιεῦζη βνπζί λεπζί ἥξσζη

A βαζηιῆαο βόαο (βνῦο) λῆζαο (λέαο) ἥξσαο

A long vowel is typically shortened when it occurs before another vowel thus βαζηιῆνο or βαζηιένο This

convention was almost certainly consistent in pronunciation but is only occasionally represented in written form

The π in the stem of these words frequently became ϝ and subsequently disappeared as in βαζηιεπ- βαζηιεϝ-

βαζηιε-

Stems ending in η (εη) and π (επ εϝ) follow the paradigms of πόιηο (city πνιη-) πῆρπο (forearm περεϝ-) ἄζηπ

(city ἀζηεϝ-) λέθπο (corpse λεθῡ-) and δάθξπ (tear δαθξπ-)

N πόιηο πῆρπο ἄζηπ λέθῡο δάθξπ

G πόιηνο -ενο πήρενο ἄζηενο λέθπνο δάθξπνο

D πόιηη -ῑ -εη -εη πήρετ ἄζηετ λέθπτ δάθξπτ

A πόιηλ πῆρσλ ἄζηπ λέθῡλ δαθξπ

V πόιη πῆρπ ἄζηπ λέθῡ δάθξπ

N V πόιηε πήρεε ἄζηεε λέθπε δάθξπε

G D πνιίνηηλ περένηηλ ἄζηνηηλ λεθύνηηλ δαθξύνηηλ

N V πόιηεο -εεο πήρεεο ἄζηεα λέθπεο δάθξπα

G πνιίσλ περέσλ ἀζηέσλ λεθύσλ δαθξύσλ

D πνιίεζζη περέεζζη ἀζηέεζη λεθύεζζη δαθξύεζζη

πόιεζη -ηζη πήρεζη ἄζηεζη λέθῡζ(ζ)η δάθξπζη

A πόιηαο -εαο -ῑο πήρεαο ἄζηεα λέθπαο [-ῡο] δάθξπα

Nouns with stems in -ο (-εο -αο -νο) and -η are declined like ἔπνο (ϝεπεζ-) γέξαο (γεξαζ-) ἠώο (ἀϝζνζ-) δῶκα

(δσκαη-) and ἦκαξ (ἠκαξ- ἠκαη-) Note that -ζ- usually disappears when it occurs between two vowels

N ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο δῶκα ἧκαξ

G ἔπενο γέξανο ἠόνο δώκαηνο ἥκαηνο

D ἔπετ γέξατ ἠόη δώκαηη ἥκαηη

A ἔπνο γέξαο ἠόα δῶκα ἧκαξ

V ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο δῶκα ἧκαξ

N V ἔπεε γέξαε δώκαηε ἥκαηε

G D επένηηλ γεξάνηηλ δσκάηνηηλ ἡκάηνηηλ

N V ἔπεο γέξα(α) δώκαηα ἥκαηα

G ἐπέσλ γεξάσλ δσκάησλ ἡκάησλ

D ἐπέεζζη γεξάεζζη δσκάηεζζη ἡκάηεζζη

ἔπε(ζ)ζη γέξα(ζ)ζη δώκαζη ἥκαζη

A ἔπεα γέξα(α) δώκαηα ἥκαηα

Note that all nouns ening in -νο in the second declension are either masculine or feminine but all nouns ending in -

νο in the third declension are neuter All nouns ending in -κα in the nominative singular and all nouns with genitives

in -αηνο are neuter

133 Further Notes on the Third Declension

Nouns of the third declension can be any gender and consist of stems ending in -η -π or a consonant In

general the following endings are applied to the stem with the usual euphonic changes

N -ο

G -νο

D -η

A -λ

V -

N A V -ε

G D -νηηλ

N V -εο

G -σλ

D -εζζη

A -λο

Standard Euphonic Changes

Later forms of Greek such as Attic and Koine frequently contracted the forms found in Homer

The -λ in the accusative singular and plural is sonant meaning that it is pronounced as λ when

following a vowel but it is pronounced as ᾰ when following a consonant Thus πνιη-λ = πνιηλ and

πνιη-λο = πνιηο but δαηκνλ-λ = δαηκνλα and δαηκνλ-λο = δαηκνλαο

o In most cases a stem originally ending in ϝ is treated as if it ends in a consonant Thus

βαζηιεϝα = βαζηιεα εξσϝα = εξσα

o The word βνϝ- is an exception where ϝ becomes π (probably because νπ is such a common

diphthong) βνϝλ = βνπλ

Dentals are dropped before ζ Thus παηδο = παηο

o In cases where the stem ends in -λη the dental and the ζ are typically dropped with the last

vowel lengthened by compensation Thus γεξνληο = γεξσλ

Palatals combine with ζ to form μ Thus αηγο = αημ θεξπθο = θεξπμ etc

o Stems ending in -θη apply both the dental and palatal changes first dropping the η and then

combining the θζ to form μ Thus λπθηο = λπθο = λπμ

Labials combine with ζ to form ς Thus Αηζηνπο = Αηζηνς

The ζ is dropped when it follows a nasal or ξ and the last vowel is lengthened to compensate (if it

isnrsquot long already) Thus δαηκνλο = δαηκσλ θξελο = θξελ ρεηξο = ρεηξ παηεξο = παηεξ κεηεξο =

κεηεξ etc

Stems that originally ended in ϝ usually retain a π in its place in the nominative Thus βαζηιεϝο =

βαζηιεπο (originally βαζηιεπο) λεϝο = λεπο βνϝο = βνπο etc

o The same phenomenon sometimes occurs in the accusative singular as well where ϝ becomes

π and the final λ is retained Thus περεϝλ = περευλ = περπλ

o The word εξσο is an apparent exception where εξσϝο = εξσο This may be from analogy

with the relatively common -σο ending in Greek or it could be that the stem was originally

εξσ- witout the ϝ

o When the stem ends in -εϝ the ε is usually dropped in the nominative thus περεϝο = περεπο =

περπο (but the genitive and dative are περενο περετ)

Some confusion can occur at the apparent irregularity of stems ending in -π αζηπ αζηενο αζηεη etc

but δαθξπ δαθξπνο δαθξπτ etc The difference is that stems like αζηπ originally ended in a vowel + ϝ

(αζηεϝ) while stems like δαθξπ originally ended in π

Some neuters originally ended in -εο These are usually declined as -νο in the nominative and

accusative In the other cases the endings are simply applied to -εζ- and the sigma is dropped when it

occurs between two vowels επνο (nom acc from επεζο) επενο (gen from επεζνο) επετ (dat from

επεζη) etc

o Stems ending in -αο simple drop the extra sigma in the nominative singular and append the

case endings to -αζ- (dropping ζ when it occurs between two vowels) Thus γεξαο γεξανο

γεξατ etc

o Stems ending in -νο follow the same pattern as those ending in -αο except that the ν is

lengthened to σ in the nominative Thus εσο εννο εντ etc

Neuter stems ending in -καη usually drop the η in the nominative and accusative singular but retain it

in the plural Thus δσκα (nom and acc sing) δσκαηνο (gen sing) δσκαηη (dat sing) δσκαηα (nom and

acc plur) δσκαησλ (gen plur) δσκαηεζζη (dat plur) etc Neuter stems ending in -καξ usually behave

as if they ended in -καη in all cases except the nominative and accusative singular Thus εκαξ εκαηνο

εκαηη etc

The dative plural ending is given as -εζζη This could be shortened to -ζζη (before vowels) -εζη or -ζη

The -ζη ending is the most common in later dialects Thus Homeric θεξπθεζζη is typically θεξπμη in

Attic and Koine

The vocative singular in neuters is always identical to the nominative and accusative singulars

o In masculine and feminine nouns the vocative singular is usually just the stem without any

endings applied as long as the stem is capable of standing alone Thus δαηκνλ ρεηξ παηεξ

κεηεξ ζπγαηεξ αλεξ βνπ λεπ πνιη λεθῡ δαθξπ etc

o In some cases where the nominative singular has slightly modified the stem before adding -ο

the vocative is formed by simply dropping the ο Thus παη βαζηιεπ περπ

o In cases where the ο of the nominative singular has combined with the stem the vocative is

usually indentical to the nominative singular Thus αλαμ λπμ αημ θεξπμ Αηζηνς etc

o In rare cases the vocative is identical to the nominative singular even when dropping the ο

would have been convenient as in εξσο εσο

Alternate Endings The following are some alternate endings that could be applied instead of the usual

case endings listed above

o -ζη can be used to denote place where

o -ζελ can be used to denote source or separation or as an alternative ending for the genitive

case

o -δε can be added to the accusative ending to denote place to which or limit of motion

o -η can be added to denote place where

o -θη(λ) can be added as a substitute for several uses of the genitive and the dative cases

particularly in the instrumental sense

134 References

This lesson references several points in the grammar Note the following

Deponent verbs take middle or passive forms but denote active meanings

Some verbs reduplicate the initial syllable in the present tense by repeating the initial consonant

followed by -η Thus ἴζηεκη (orig ζηζηεκη) ηίζεκη δίδσκη πίκπιεκη γίγλνκαη γηγλώζθσ κηκλήζθσ

etc When futures and second aorists are reduplicated they usually follow the pattern of reduplication

found in the perfect tense If the initial consonant is aspirated the reduplicated consonant is typically

smooth Thus ηίζεκη rather than ζίζεκη

Note that ἴκη δίδσκη and ηίζεκη take the aorist in -θα rather than -ζα

When a word ends in a vowel and the following word begins with a vowel the result is called hiatus

In general hiatus is avoided in poetry through the use of elision crasis synizesis moveable

consonants etc However hiatus is allowed in some circumstances such as when elision has already

occurred when the first of the two vowels is long and occurs on the beat (or ictus) of the verse or

when a long vowel or diphthong has been shortened or when the two vowels were originally separated

by ϝ

Recall that the verbal augment is frequently omitted

135 Vocabulary

Ἄηο Ἄηδνο ὁ (nom not used) Hades

ἄιγνο ενο ηό grief pain woe trouble

Ἀρηιιεύο ῆνο ὁ Achilles

δαίο δαηηόο ἡ feast banquet portion

Εεύο Γηόο ὁ Zeus

ἥξσο ἥξσνο ὁ hero mighty warrior protector savior

ἴθζῑκνο ε νλ mighty valiant stout-hearted brave

θύσλ θπλόο ὁ ἡ dog

κῆληο ηνο ἡ wrath fury madness rage

νὐιόκελνο ε νλ accursed destructive deadly

πξντάπησ πξντάςσ πξνΐαςα hurl forward send forth

ηίζεκη (ζε- ζε-) ζήζσ ἔζεθα put place cause

Ἀρηιιεπο (Ἀρηιιεϝ-) Ἀρηιιενο Ἀρηιιεη Ἀρηιιεα

δαηο (δαηη-) δαηηνο δαηηη δαηηα δαηηεο δαηησλ δαηηεζζη δαηηαο

Εεπο Γηνο Γηη Γηα

ἡξσο ἡξσνο ἡξστ ἡξσα ἡξσεο ἡξσσλ ἡξσεζζη ἡξσαο

θπσλ θπλνο θπλη θπλα θπλεο θπλσλ θπλεζζη θπλαο

κεληο (κελη-) κεληνο κεληη κεληλ κεληεο κελησλ κεληεζζη κεληαο

136 Translation

1 κῆληο Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο ἦλ νὐινκέλε ἔζεθε γὰξ κῡξηrsquo ἄιγεα ηνῖζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ πξνΐαςε δὲ πνιιὰο (ᾱ)

ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἰθζίκνπο (ῑ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη ἔηεπρε δrsquo αὐηνὺο ἑιώξηα θαὶ δαῖηα θύλεζζηλ νἰσλνῖζί ηε ἐηέιεζε δὲ βνπιὴλ

Γηόο 2 ζεὰ (ᾱ) ἀείδεη κῆληλ νὐινκέλελ Ἀρηιῆνο ἣ ἔζεθελ κῡξίrsquo ἄιγεrsquo Ἀραηνῖζηλ 3 ζενὶ ὀιέθνπζη ηὸλ ζηξαηόλ θαὶ

πξντάπηνπζη πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη 4ηεύμνκελ κῡξίνπο Ἀραηνὺο ἑιώξηα θύλεζζηλ θαὶ δαῖηα ηνῖζηλ

νἰσλνῖζηλ νὕλεθα ἠηίκαζαλ (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) 5 θᾱιὴ ἦλ ἡ βνπιὴ Γηόο

KEY

1 The wrath of Achilles son of Peleus was destructive for it caused countless woes to the Achaeans and sent

forth many valiant souls of heros to Hades making them spoils and a banquet for the dogs and the vultures 2 The

goddess sings the accursed wrath of Achilles which brought countless woes to the Achaeans 3 The gods are

destroying the camp and sending forth many souls of the heros to Hades 4 We will make countless Achaeans spoils

for the dogs and a feast for these vultures because they dishonored Chryses 5 The will of Zeus was good

137 Iliad 1-5

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κπξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςπρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιήλ

Μῆληλ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse

ἄεηδε - present active imperative 2nd

person singular of ἀείδσ

ζεά - vocative case

Πειεηάδεσ = Πειεηάδᾱν (the verse may have originally read Πειεηάδᾱrsquo)

νὐινκέλελ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse as well as out of

the natural order and is placed directly opposite the word κῆληλ

κῡξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο - the hiatus is permited because elision has already occurred in κῡξίνηο

Ἄηδη was originally Ἄϝηδη and is still accented as it began with α instead of αη

ἡξώσλ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse and its deviation from

the natural order

δὲ ἑιώξηα - the hiatus is permitted because the original was δὲ ϝειώξηα

ηεῦρε - the augment is dropped (usually ἔηεπρε)

ἐηειείεην - imperfect passive indicative 3rd

person singular of ηειείσ

KEY

Sing O goddess of the accursed wrath of Achilles Peleiades

which brought countless woes to the Achaeans

and cast forth the souls of many valiant warriors to Hades

making them the spoils and feast of both dogs

and vultures But the will of Zeus was accomplished

138 Composition

1 The valiant Achaeans are singing the accursed wrath of Achilles 2 The wrath of Achilles caused many woes

to the Achaeans and sent many valiant souls of heroes to the god Hades 3 We shall make the army of the Achaeans

a booty for the dogs and a banquet for the birds 4 We are accomplishing the will of the goddess

KEY

1 ἴθζῑκνη Ἀραηνὶ ἀείδνπζηλ νὐινκέλελ κῆληλ Ἀρηιῆνο 2 κῆληο Ἀρηιῆνο ἔζεθε κῡξίrsquo ἄιγεrsquo Ἀραηνῖζη θαὶ

πξνΐαςε πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἰθζίκνπο ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη 3 ηεύμνκελ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ ἑιώξηα θύλεζζηλ θαὶ δαῖηα

νἰσλνῖζηλ 4 ηεύρνκελ βνπιὴλ ζεᾶο

Lesson 14

(519-526 1159-1192)

(cf 586)

141 Syllable Quantity

A syllable is long (by nature) when it contains a long vowel or a diphthong or (by position) when it ends in two

consecutive consonants (or a double consonant) A short vowel followed by a mute and a liquid κ or λ is common

and can be either long or short depending on the requirements of the verse Occasionally the letters ι κ λ ξ or ζ

are doubled in pronunciation when they follow a short vowel making the syllable long by position but this

convention is not always represented in writing And occasionally a lost ϝ will combine with another consonant to

make the preceding syllable long by position

Observe the following rules when determing the length of a syllable

Any vowel with the circumflex accent is long

The vowel of any ultmia whose penult bears the circumflex is short

If the penult has an acute then the vowel of the ultima must also be long

If the vowel of the ultima is short and the penult has the acute then the vowel of the penult must

be short as well

If the antepenult is accented the vowel of the ultima must be short

Occasionally these rules do not apply to certain compounds where one of the two words are

accented as if they were separate

If a short syllable stands where a long syllable is expected it is usually because the pause of the caesura or

diaresis fills out the foot or because the following word has lost a consonant (usually ϝ or ζ) And occasionally a

short syllable ending in a consonant is lengthened when it occurs on the ictus (beat) of the verse Such lengthening is

called thesis

142 Metrical Quantity

With the exception of pauses at the end of the verse caesura and diaresis all feet must consist of two long

syllables or a long syllable followed by two shorts Thus if a long syllable is followed by a short syllable then the

next syllable must be short as well Likewise if a short syllable is followed by a long syllable then the preceding

syllable must be short as well

When a word ends in a short vowel (and sometimes -νη and -αη) and the following word begins with a vowel

the short vowel is usually elided unless the following word originally began with ϝ When a word ends in a long

vowel or a diphthong and the following word begins with a vowel the long vowel is usually shortened This

phenomenon can also occur within the same word and again it is less common when the following word originally

began with ϝ Vowel shortening is also rare when the long vowel occurs on the ictus

The meter of Homer is called dactylic or heroic hexameter and is the most common meter in Greek verse Each

verse has six feet The first five feet can be dactyls (one long syllable followed by two short syllables) or spondees

(two long syllables) The final foot of the verse is always a spndee but keep in mind that the pause at the end of the

verse often combines with a final short syllable to form one long syllable The fifth foot of each verse is usually a

dactyl with only one in twenty (or so) verses containing a spondee in the fifth foot The verses that have a spndee in

the fifth foot are called spondaic and usually take slightly longer to recite In dactylic hexameter the ictus (beat) of

the verse always occurs on the first syllable of each foot producing six distinct beats per verse

Caesura occurs when a word ends within a foot (ie at the end of the first syllable of a foot or between the two

short syllables of the foot) When a caesura occurs at a natural pause in the verse this is said to be the caesura of the

verse A pause after the first syllable of a foot is called a masculine caesura and a pause after the second syllable of

the foot is called a feminine caesura

Diaresis occurs when the end of a word coincides with the end of a foot When this falls at a natural pause in

the verse it is said to be the diaresis of the verse When the diaresis occurs at the end of the fourth foot is it called

the bucolic diaresis (due to its common use in pastoral poetry)

143 Marking the Rhythm of the Iliad 1-5

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κπξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςπρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιήλ

ΜΖ ληλ α | ΔΗ δε ζε | Α ΠΖ | ΛΖ η α | ΓΔΧ α ρη | ΛΖ Ο-

dact dact spon dact dact spon

The pauses at the end of κῆληλ and ἄεηδε are feminine caesuras

The pauses at the end of ζεά Πειεηάδεσ and Ἀρηιῆνο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of ζεά is the caesura of the verse

The dash at the end of the verse indicates a pause that combines with a short vowel to fill out the

last foot

ΟΤ ιν κε | ΝΖΝ Ζ | ΜΤ ξη α | ΥΑΗ ΟΗ | ΑΛ γε ε | ΘΖ ΚΔΝ-

dact spon dact spon dact spon

The pauses at the end of κῡξίrsquo and ἄιγε are feminine caesuras

The pauses at the end of νὐινκέλελ and ἔζεθελ are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of νὐινκέλελ is the caesura of the verse

The pauses at the end of ἥ and Ἀραηνῖο are diareses

The diaresis at Ἀραηνῖο is a bucolic diaresis

κῡξία Ἀραηνῖο and ἄιγεα ἔζεθελ are examples of hiatus

The first syllable of ἄιγεrsquo is long because it is followed by two consecutive consonants

ΠΟΛ ΛΑ | ΓrsquoΗΦ ΘΗ | ΜΟΤ ΦΤ | ΥΑ ΑΗ | ΓΗ πξν τ | Α ΦΔΝ-

spon spon spon spon dact spon

The pauses at the end of ἰθζίκνπο and ςπράο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of πνιιάο is a diaresis

δὲ ἰθζίκνπο is hiatus

The first syllable of πνιιάο is long by position as is the first syllable of ἰθζίκνπο the last syllable

of Ἄηδη and the second syllable of πξνΐαςελ

Ζ ΡΧ | ΧΝ ΑΤ | ΣΟΤ δε ε | ΛΧ ξη α | ΣΔΤ ρε θπ | ΝΔ ΗΝ-

spon spon dact dact dact spon

The pause at the end of ηεῦρε is a feminine caesura

The pauses at the end of ἡξώσλ and αὐηνύο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of ἡξώσλ is the caesura of the verse

The pause at the end of ἑιώξηα is a diaresis

ΟΗ Χ | ΝΟΗ ζη ηε | ΓΑΗ ηα δη | Ο δrsquoε ηε | ΛΔΗ ε ην | ΒΟΤ ΛΖΝ

The pauses at the end of νἰσλνῖζη and δαῖηα are feminine caesuras

The pause at the end of Γηόο is a masculine caesura

The pauses at the end of ηε ἐηειείεην and βνπιήλ are diareses

The pause at the end of δαῖηα is the diaresis of the verse

Lesson 15

(693-694 697-700)

(cf 781-782 837 580 1009 996 584-585)

151 Third Declension Paradigms (continued)

Third declension nouns ending in a dental mute stem are exemplified by ἄλαμ (king ϝαλαθη-) λύμ (night λπθη-

) παῖο (child παηδ-) and γέξσλ (old man γεξνλη-)

N ἄλαμ λύμ παῖο γέξσλ

G ἄλαθηνο λπθηόο παηδόο γέξνληνο

D ἄλαθηη λπθηί παηδί γέξνληη

A ἄλαθηα λύθηα παίδα γέξνληα

V ἄλαμ [ἄλα] λύμ παῖ γέξσλ

N V A ἄλαθηε λύθηε παίδε γέξνληε

G D ἀλάθηνηηλ λύθηνηηλ παίδνηηλ γεξόληνηηλ

N ἄλαθηεο λύθηεο παίδεο γέξνληεο

G ἀλάθησλ λπθηῶλ παηδῶλ γεξόλησλ

D ἀλάθηεζζη λύθηεζζη παίδεζζη γεξόληεζζη

ἄλαμη λπμί παηζί γέξνπζη

A ἄλαθηαο λύθηνο παῖδαο γέξνληαο

Third declension nouns ending in labial and palatal stems are exemplified by αἴμ (goat αἰγ-) θῆξπμ (herald

θεξῡθ-) and Αἰζίνς (Ethipoian Αἰζηνπ-)

N αἴμ θῆξπμ Αἰζίνς

G αἰγόο θήξῡθνο Αἰζίνπνο

D αἰγί θήξῡθη Αἰζίνπη

A αἶγα θήξῡθα Αἰζίνπα

V αἴμ θῆξπμ Αἰζίνς

N V A αἶγε θήξῡθε Αἰζίνπε

G D αἴγνηηλ θεξύθνηηλ (ῡ) Αἰζηόπνηηλ

N αἶγεο θήξῡθεο Αἰζίνπεο

G αἰγῶλ θεξύθσλ (ῡ) Αἰζηόπσλ

D αἴγεζζη θεξύθεζζη (ῡ) Αἰζηόπεζζη

αἰμί θήξῡμ Αἰζίνςη

A αἶγαο θήξῡθαο Αἰζίνπαο

Nouns with stems ending in -εξ express different grades of ablaut in the stem (-εξ -εξ -ξ) with a recessive

accent in the vocative singular These are exemplified by παηήξ (father παηεξ-) κήηεξ (mother κεηεξ-) ζπγάηεξ

(daughter ζπγαηεξ-) and ἀλήξ (man ἀλεξ-)

N παηήξ κήηεξ ζπγάηεξ ἀλήξ

G παηέξνο -ηξόο κεηέξνο -ηξόο ζπγαηέξνο -ηξόο ἀλέξνο ἀλδξόο

D παηέξη -ηξί κεηέξη -ηξί ζπγαηέξη -ηξί ἀλέξη ἀλδξί

A παηέξα κεηέξα ζπγαηέξα ἀλέξα ἄλδξα

V πάηεξ κῆηεξ ζύγαηεξ ἄλεξ

N V A παηέξε κεηέξε ζπγαηέξε ἀλέξε ἄλδξε

G D παηέξνηηλ κεηέξνηηλ ζπγαηέξνηηλ ἀλέξνηηλ ἄλδξνηηλ

N παηέξεο κεηέξεο ζπγαηέξεο ζύγαηξεο ἀλέξεο ἄλδξεο

G παηέξσλ -ηξῶλ κεηέξσλ -ηξῶλ ζπγαηέξσλ ζπγαηξῶλ ἀλέξσλ ἀλδξῶλ

D παηξάζη κεηξάζη ζπγαηξάζη ζπγαηέξεζζη ἀλδξάζη ἄλδξεζζη

A παηέξαο κεηέξαο ζπγαηέξαο ζύγαηξαο ἀλέξαο ἄλδξαο

Note that δ is inserted into ἀλήξ between λ and ξ where they occur together The accent of the shorter forms of

ἀλέξ follow the pattern seen in παηήξ The alpha after ξ in the dative plural was added euphonically to strengthen

what was originally a sonant ξ

152 Vocabulary

ἄλαμ ἄλαθηνο ὁ king lord protector

ἀλήξ ἀλέξνο (ἀλδξόο) ὁ (real) man warrior hero

ἄξ(α) (ῥά) naturally of course as you know as you might expect that is

in effect (not always translatable)

βαζηιεύο ῆνο ὁ king ruler

δή indeed truly forsooth now

δηίζηεκη (ζηε- ζηα-) δηαζηήζσ stand apart separate

δηέζηεζα (δηέζηελ)

ἐμ νὗ from the time when

ἐξίδσ (ἐξηδ-) - ἤξηζ(ζ)α quarrel strive

ἠξηζάηελ (they) strove

ἔξηο ηδνο ἡ strife quarrel

Λεηώ Λεηόνο ἡ Leto

κάρνκαη fight battle

κάρεζζαη to fight

μπλίκη μπλήζσ μπλῆθα (μπλέεθα) bring together throw together hearken heed

ὄξλῡκη ὄξζσ ὦξζα (ὤξνξνλ) stir up kindle incite excite arouse

πξῶηνο ε νλ first foremost chief

ηὸ πξῶηνλ ηὰ πξῶηα (adv) at first firstly first

πἱόο νῦ ὁ son

ζθσε these two

153 Translation

1 ζεὰ (ᾱ) ἀείζεη κῆληλ Ἀρηιῆνο ἐμ νὗ δὴ ηὰ πξῶηα δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο θαὶ Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἀλδξῶλ ἠξηζάηελ θαὶ

δηεζηήηελ 2 ηίο ζεῶλ μπλέεθε δῖνλ Ἀρηιῆά ηε θαὶ Ἀηξεΐδελ ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 3 πἱὸο Λεηόνο θαὶ Γηὸο ἑθεβόινο

μπλέεθέ ζθσε ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη ηὸλ γὰξ βαζηιεὺο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἐρόισζελ ὁ δrsquo ὦξζε θαθὴλ λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ

ὤιεθε δὲ ιᾱνύο

KEY

1 The goddess sings the wrath of Achilles from the time when first the divine Achilles and Atreides king of

men strove and separated 2 Which of the gods brought together the divine Achilles and the son of Atreus to fight

in strife 3 The son of Leto and Zeus the Free-shooter brought these two together to fight in strife for Atreides the

king enraged him so he stirred up an evil plague through the camp of the Achaeans and destroyed their host

154 Iliad 1-10

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κῡξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςῡρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιή

ἐμ νὗ δὴ ηὰ πξῶηα δηαζηήηελ ἐξίζαληε

Ἀηξεΐδεο ηε ἄλαμ ἀλδξῶλ θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεύο

ηίο ηrsquo ἄξ ζθσε ζεῶλ ἔξηδη μπλέεθε κάρεζζαη

Λεηνῦο θαὶ Γηὸο πἱόο ὁ γὰξ βαζηιῆη ρνισζεὶο

λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ ὦξζε θαθήλ ὀιέθνλην δὲ ιᾱνί

δηαζηήηελ = δηεζηήηελ

ἐξίζαληε = aor act part nom dual masc (they two) having quarreled

ηε ἄλαμ originally ηε ϝάλαμ thus allowing the hiatus

ζθσε [ἕσ] = 3rd

pers pron acc dual these two

ἔξηδη is dative of means in strife

κάρεζζαη = pres act infinitive deponent to fight

ρνισζείο = aor pass part nom sing masc having been enraged

Λεηνῦο = contracted form of Λεηόνο

βαζηιῆη = Agamemnon instrumental case by the king

ὀιέθνλην = ὠιέθνλην imperf pass ind 3rd

pers plural were being destroyed or kept

perishing

KEY

Sing O goddess of the accursed wrath of Achilles Peleiades

which brought countless woes to the Achaeans

and cast forth the souls of many valiant warriors to Hades

making them the spoils and feast of both dogs

and vultures But the will of Zeus was accomplished

indeed from the time when at first having quarreled both

Atreides king of men and the divine Achilles separated

Which of the gods of course brought these two together to fight in strife

The son of Leto and Zeus For enraged by the king he

kindled an evil plague up through the camp and the people were destroyed

155 Composition

1 ἠείδνκελ κῆληλ νὐινκέλελ Ἀρηιιῆνο ἐμ νὗ ηὰ πξῶηα Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἀλέξσλ (ἀλδξῶλ) θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο

ἠξηζάηελ θαὶ δηεζηεζάηελ (δηεζηήηελ) 2 ηίο ζεῶλ μπλῆθε (μπλέεθα) Ἀραηνὺο θαὶ ιᾱὸλ Πξηάκνπ ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 3

μπλῆθε (μπλέεθα) ζθσε (ἕν) πἱὸο Λεηόνο (Λεηνῦο) θαὶ Γηὸο ἑθεβόινο ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 4 Αηξεΐδεο βαζηιεὺο

Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο ἐρόισζαλ ἄλαθηα ἑθεβόινλ θαὶ ὁ ὦξζα (ὤξνξε) λνῦζνπο πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θαθὰο (ᾱ) ἀλὰ

ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ θαθῶο ὤιεθελ ἀγαζὸλ ιᾱόλ

Lesson 16

(887-897 910 1065-1068 697-703 707 710 732)

161 Formation of Middle Passive and Deponent Verbs

The endings of the middle voice are different from the active voice The passive voice applies the same endings

as the middle voice except in the aorist passive which applies active endings Because the middle and passive voice

are identical (other than the aorist) the context determines whether a verb is used with middle or the passive

meaning The aorist middle is often used with a passive meaning (especially in athematic forms) and the aorist

passive is often used with a middle meaning

The perfect and pluperfect of the middlepassive are athematic with the personal endings attached directly to

the reduplicated stem

The future perfect passive is formed by adding -ζνε to the perfect middle passive lengthening the vowel that

precedes this ending

The first aorist passive is formed by adding -(ζ)ζεε to the stem Before ζ π and β become θ θ and γ become ρ

and η δ ζ become ζ Many verbs have a second aorist passive that drops the ζ altogether

Deponent verbs have no active form but use the middlepassive forms in an active sense

162 Paradigms Present and Future Indicative MiddlePassive of ιύσ

Present

S 1 ιύνκαη

2 ιύεαη [(ιύῃ)]

3 ιύεηαη

D 2 ιύεζζνλ

3 ιύεζζνλ

P 1 ιπόκε(ζ)ζα

2 ιύεζζα

3 ιύνληαη

Future

S 1 ιύζνκαη (ῡ)

2 ιύζεαη (ῡ) [(ιύζῃ (ῡ))]

3 ιύζεηαη (ῡ)

D 2 ιύζεζζνλ (ῡ)

3 ιύζεζζνλ (ῡ)

P 1 ιῡζόκεζα

2 ιύζεζζε (ῡ)

3 ιύζνληαη (ῡ)

163 The Use of Voice in Greek

The active voice indicates that the subject is acting λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ ὦξζε = he kindled a plague up

through the camp

The passive voice indicates that the subject is acted upon Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιή = but the will of Zeus was

being accomplished

The Middle voice denotes one of three meanings

1 The subject acting upon itself πείζνκαη (I convince myself) θαίλνκαη (I show myself)

2 The subject acting for itself θαιένκαη (I call for myself)

3 The subject acting upon something belonging to itself ιύνκαη (I loose my own I ransom)

When determing the difference between the middle and passive keep in mind that the middle voice always

conveys a direct or indirect reference to the subject and that the subject is effect by or has an interest in the action

164 Third Declension Stems in -επ -επ -νπ and -σϝ

Stems in -επ usually became -εϝ and the third declension endings are applied after the ϝ Thus βαζηιεϝνο =

βαζηιῆνο βαηιεϝη = βαζηιῆη βαζηιεϝα = βαζηιῆα etc Note that the ϝ explains why εη (εϝη) does not form an

improper diphthong as well as why the accusative singular ends in -εα (as if the stem ended in a consonant) instead

of -ελ (as if the stem ended in a vowel) Note that when the ending consists of a consonant the -εϝ is contracted to

the diphthong -επ Thus βαζηιεϝο = βαζηιεύο βαζηιεϝ = βαζηιεῦ βαζηιεϝζη = βαζηιεῦζη In rare cases the other

endings also contract the -ε to -ε (ie βαζηιῆνο = βαζηιένο)

In stems ending originally in -ᾱϝ the ᾱ becomes ε in the Ionic dialect These are declined the same as -εϝ

except that -εῡ is formed before consonants instead of -επ Thus λᾱϝο = λεϝο = λεῦο λᾱϝ = λεϝ = λεῦ But note the

exception in the shorter form of the dative plural where λᾱϝζη = λεϝζη = λεπζί (rather than λεῡζη) In contracted

forms the ε usually becomes ε

In stems ending in -σϝ the third declension endings are applied directly to the stem Thus ἡξσϝο = ἥξσο

ἡξσϝνο = ἥξσνο ἡξσϝη = ἥξση ἡξσϝα = ἥξσα etc

In stems ending originally in -ν or -νϝ the third declension endings are applied as usual But keep in mind that -

νϝ is contracted to the diphthong -νπ before a consonant thus βνϝο = βνῦο and βνϝζη = βνπζί But note the

exception that occurs in the accusative singular where βνϝλ = βνῦλ rather than βνϝα

βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

(βαζηιεϝ-) (βνϝ-) (λᾱϝ-) (ἡξσϝ-)

N βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

G βαζηιῆνο [ένο] βνόο λεόο [εόο] ἥξσνο

D βαζηιῆη [έη] βνΐ λεί ἥξση

A βαζηιῆα [έα] βνῦλ [βῶλ] λῆα [έα] ἥξσα

V βαζηιεῦ βνῦ λεῦ ἥξσο

N V A βαζηιῆε βόε λῆε ἥξσε

G D βαζηιήνηηλ βόνηηλ λήνηηλ ἡξώνηηλ

N V βαζηιῆεο βόεο λῆεο ἥξσεο

G βαζηιήσλ βνῶλ λεῶλ [εῶλ] ἡξώσλ

D βαζηιήεζζη βόεζζη λήεζζη [έεζζη] ἡξώεζζη

βαζηιεῦζη βνπζί λεπζί ἥξσζη

A βαζηιῆαο βόαο (βνῦο) λῆαο [έαο] ἥξσαο

165 Third Declension Stems in -εζ -αζ and -νζ

When a stem ends in a vowel plus -ζ the initial ζ is dropped between two vowels Thus γεξαζνο = γέξανο

ἠνζνο = ἠόνο etc

All third declension nouns with stems ending in -εο are neuters and follow the pattern of ἔπνο The third

declension endings are applied as usual except that the nominative vocative and accusative singulars end in -νο

Nouns with stems ending in -νο take -σο in the nominative and vocative singular but otherwise apply the third

declension endings as usual (dropping ζ between two vowels)

ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

(ϝεπεζ-) (γεξαζ-) (ἀϝζνζ- (ᾱ))

N ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

G ἔπενο γέξανο ἠόνο

D ἔπετ γέξατ ἠόη

A ἔπνο γέξαο ἠόα

V ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

N V A ἔπεε γέξαε

G D ἐπένηηλ γεξάνηηλ

N V ἔπεα γέξα(α)

G ἐπέσλ γεξάσλ

D ἐπέεζζη γεξάεζζη

ἔπε(ζ)ζη γέξα(ζ)ζη

A ἔπεα γέξα(α)

166 Third Declension Stems in -καη and -καξ

Stems ending in -καη and -καξ are neuters

Stems in -καη drop the -ηο in the nominative vocative and accusative singular δσκαηο = δῶκα Otherwise the

third declension endings are applied as usual

Stems ending in -καξ are declined like those ending in -καη except in the nominative vocative and accusative

singular (which end in -καξ)

δῶκα ἦκαξ

(δσκαη-) (ἠκαξ- ἠκαη-)

N δῶκα ἦκαξ

G δώκαηνο ἤκαηνο

D δώκαηη ἤκαηη

A δῶκα ἦκαξ

V δῶκα ἦκαξ

N V A δώκαηε ἤκαηε

G D δσκάηνηηλ ἠκάηνηηλ

N V δώκαηα ἤκαηα

G δσκάησλ ἠκάησλ

D δσκάηεζζη ἠκάηεζζη

δώκαζη ἤκαζη

A δώκαηα ἤκαηα

167 Third Declension Stems in -λη and -λ

Stems ending in -λη drop the -λη before ζ and lengthen the preceding vowel thus παληο = πᾶο παληζη = πᾶζη

Otherwise the third declension endings are applied as usual In neuters the -η is dropped at the end of the word thus

παλη = πᾶλ Stems in -λ drop the -λ before ζ and lengthen the preceding vowel in the masculine (but not in the

neuter)

πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

(παλη- παληα- παλη-)

Masc Fem Neut

N πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

G παληόο πάζεο (ᾱ) παληόο

D παληί πάζῃ (ᾱ) παληί

A πάληα πᾶζαλ πᾶλ

V πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

N V πάληεο πᾶζαη πάληα

G πάλησλ πᾱζάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] πάλησλ

D πάληεζ(ζ)η πάζῃζη (ᾱ) πάληεζ(ζ)η

πᾶζη πάζῃο (ᾱ) πᾶζη

A πάληνο πάζᾱο (ᾱ) πάληα

κέιᾱο κέιαηλα κέιαλ

(κειαλ- κειαηλα- κειαλ-)

N κέιᾱο κέιαηλα κέιαλ

G κέιαλνο κειαίλεο κέιαλνο

D κέιαλη κειαίλῃ κέιαλη

A κέιαλα κέιαηλαλ κέιαλ

V κέιαλ κέιαηλα κέιαλ

N V A κέιαλε κειαίλᾱ κέιαλε

G D κειάλνηηλ κειαίλῃηλ κειάλνηηλ

N V κέιαλεο κέιαηλαη κέιαλα

G κειάλσλ κειαηλάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] κειάλσλ

D κειάλεζ(ζ)η κειαίλῃζη κειάλεζ(ζ)η

κέιαζη κειαίλῃο κέιαζη

A κέιαλεο κειαίλᾱο κέιαλα

168 Vocabulary

Nouns

Ἀπόιισλ (ᾰ or ᾰ) σλνο ὁ Apollo

ἀξεηήξ (ᾱ) ῆξνο ὁ priest prayer

ζπγάηεξ ηέξνο (ηξόο) ἡ daughter

θνζκήησξ νξνο ὁ commander marshaller

λεῦο λεόο (λεόο) ἡ ship

ζηέκκα καηνο ηό fillet (of white cotton) wreath

ρείξ ρεηξόο ἡ hand arm

Verbs

ἔξρνκαη (ἐξρ- ἐιε- ἐιεπζ- ἐιπζ-) come go

ἐιεύζνκαη I will come I will go

ἦιζνλ (ἤιπζνλ) I came I went

ιίζζνκαη (ιηη-) I beg I entreat

---

ἐιιηζάκελ (ἐιηηόκελ) I begged I entreated

Adjectives Prepositions

ζνόο ή όλ swift speedy

πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ all every (the) whole

Indeclinable

δύν (δύσ) two

κάιηζηα most especially by all means

169 Translation

1 Ἀπόιισλ ἑθεβόινο ρνινῦηαη βαζηιῆη Αηξεΐδῃ θαὶ πέκπεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ ὀιέθνληαη δὲ

ιᾱνί νὕλεθα δῖνο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) 2 Υξύζεο (ῡ) γὰξ ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἑθεβόινπ ἔξρεηαη

ἐπὶ ζνὰο (ᾱ) λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ θέξεη δrsquo ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα ζπγαηξόο ἣλ Ἀηξεΐδεο ἔρεη ἐλ ζηξαηῷ 3 ὁ δrsquo ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἔρεη

ζηέκκαηα ἑθεβόινπ Ἀπόιισλνο ἐλ ρεξζὶλ ἀλὰ ρξῡζέῳ ζθήπηξῳ θαὶ ιίζζεηαη πάληαο Ἀραηνύο κάιηζηα δrsquo Ἀηξεΐδᾱ

δύσ θνζκήηνξε ιᾱῶλ 4 Ἀπόιισλ ρνιώζεηαη βαζηιῆη θαὶ ὄξζεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηόλ 5 ἐιεύζνληαη ἐπὶ ζνὰο

(ᾱ) λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ νἴζνπζη ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα βαζηιῆη 6 ιίζζνληαη πάληαο Ἀραηνύο 7 Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζελ (ῑ)

ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) θαὶ νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε ζύγαηξα

KEY

1 Apollo the free-shooter enraged by king Atreides sent an evil plague through the camp of the Achaeans and

the people were destroyed because the divine Atreides dishonored Chryses the priest 2 For Chryses the priest of

the free-shooter went upon the swift ships of the Achaeans bearing countless ransoms for his daughter whom

Atreides was holding in the camp 3 But the priest had a wreath of Apollo the free-shooter upon a staff in his hand

and was entreating all of the Achaeans but especially the sons of Atreus (who were) the commanders of the host 4

Apollo will be enraged by the king and will kindle an evil plague up through the camp 5 They will go upon the

swift ships of the Achaeans and bring countless ransoms to the king 6 They are entreating all of the Achaeans 7

Atreides dishonored the priest and would not release his daughter

1610 Iliad 11-16

hellipὀιέθνλην δὲ ιᾱνί

νὕλεθα ηὸλ Υξύζελ ἠηίκαζελ ἀξεηῆξα

Αηξεΐδεο ὁ γὰξ ἦιζε ζνὰο ἐπὶ λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ

ιπζόκελνο ηε ζύγαηξα θέξσλ ηrsquo ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα

ζηέκκαηrsquo ἔρσλ ἐλ ρεξζὶλ ἑθεβόινπ Ἀπόιισλνο

ρξπζέῳ ἀλὰ ζθήπηξῳ θαὶ ἐιίζζεην πάληαο Ἀραηνύο

Ἀηξεΐδα δὲ κάιηζηα δύσ θνζκήηνξε ιαῶλ

ηόλ Υξύζελ = that (well-known) Chryses

The first verse ends in two spondees making it a spondaic verse and emphasizing the fact that

Chryses was a priest

ιῡζόκελνο = fut mid part nom masc sing being about to ransom

θέξσλ = pres act part nom sing masc bearing bringing

ἔρσλ = pres act part nom sing masc having holding

ρεξζὶλ ἑθεβόινπ = ρεξζὶ ϝεθεβόινπ

ρξῡζέῳ = synizesis where -έῳ is pronounced as a single syllable

ἐιίζζεην = imperf act ind 3rd

pers sing dep (kept) entreating was entreating

Ἀηξεΐδᾱ = dual of Ἀηξεΐδεο refers to both Agamemnon and Menelaus

KEY

hellipand the people were being destroyed

because Atreides dishonored Chryses the priest

For he had gone upon the swift ships of the Achaeans

intending to ransom his daughter bearing countless gifts

and holding in his hand fillets of Apollo the free-shooter

upon a golden staff and was entreating all of the Achaeans

but especially the two sons of Atreus the commanders of the host

1611 Composition

1 Chryses the priest of Apollo is dishonored by the son of Atreus 2 The Achaeans will go from their swift

ships to Troy and ransom the beloved daughter of the priest 3 We shall bring many ransoms and shall hold in our

hands the fillets of Apollo 4 We do not have a golden scepter but we entreat Priam and all the people of Troy 5

The two sons of Atreus marshallers of the people are entreating Priam but he will slight them 6 The son of

Atreus king of men slighted the priest and did not release his daughter

KEY

1 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) Ἀπόιινπ ἀηῑκάδεηαη Ἀηξεΐδῃ 2 Ἀραηνὶ ἐιεύζνληαη ἐθ ζνάσλ (ᾱ) λήσλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ (ῑ)

θαὶ ἀπειύζνληαη (ῡ) θίιε ζπγάηεξα ἀξεηῆξη (ᾱ) 3 νἴζνκελ πνιιrsquo ἄπνηλα θαὶ ἕζρνκελ ἐλ ρείξεζζη ζηέκκαηα

Ἀπόιινπ 4 νὐθ ἔρνκελ ζθῆπηξνλ ρξύζενλ ἀιιὰ ιηζζόκεζα Πξίακνλ θαὶ πᾶληα ιᾱνλ Ἰιίνπ (ῑ) 5 δύrsquo Ἀηξεΐδᾱ

θνζκήηεξᾱ ιᾱσλ ιίζζεζζνλ Πξίακνλ αὐηνὺο δrsquo ἀηῑκάζεη 6 Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἄλδξσλ ἠηίκαζελ (ῑ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) θαὶ

νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε ζπγάηεξα

1612 Meter

ΟΤ λε θα | ΣΟΝ ΥΡΤ | ΖΝ Ζ | ΣΗ κα ζελ | Α ΡΖ | ΣΖ ΡΑ~

Α ηξε η | ΓΖ ν γαξ | ΖΛ ζε ζν | Α ε πη | ΝΖ αο α | ΥΑΗ ΧΝ

ΛΤ ζν κε | ΝΟ ηε ζπ | ΓΑΣ ξα θε | ΡΧΝ ηα πε | ΡΔΗ ζη α | ΠΟΗ ΝΑ~

ΣΔΜ καη ε | ΥΧΝ ΔΝ | ΥΔΡ ζηλ ε | ΚΖ βν ινπ | Α ΠΟΛ | ΛΧ ΝΟ~

ΥΡΤζεσα | ΝΑ ΚΖΠ | ΣΡΧ θαη ε | ΛΗ ζε ην | ΠΑΝ ηαο α | ΥΑΗ ΟΤ

ΑΣ ξε η | ΓΑ δε κα | ΛΗ ηα δπ | Χ ΚΟ | ΜΖ ην ξε | ΛΑ ΧΝ

Lesson 17

(910 - imperfect middle and passive aorist middle of ιύσ 648-658 - the table

of endings in 32)

171 Paradigms Imperfect MiddlePassive of ιύσ

S 1 ἐιπόκελ

2 ἐιύεν [(ἐιύεπ)]

3 ἐιύεην

D 2 ἐιύεζζνλ

3 ἐιπέζζελ

P 1 ἐιπόκε(ζ)ζα

2 ἐιύεζζε

3 ἐιύνλην

172 Paradigms Aorist Middle of ιύσ

Thematic Athematic (2nd

Aorist)

S 1 ἐιῡζάκελ ἐιύκελ

2 ἐιύζαν (ῡ) [(ἐιύζσ (ῡ))] ἔιπ(ζ)ν

3 ἐιύζαην (ῡ) ἔιπην

D 2 ἐιύζαζζνλ (ῡ) ἔιπζζνλ

3 ἐιῡζάζζελ ἐιύζζελ

P 1 ἐιῡζάκε(ζ)ζα ἐιύκε(ζ)ζα

2 ἐιύζαζζε (ῡ) ἔιπζζε

3 ἐιύζαλην (ῡ) ἔιπλην

173 Vocabulary

δῶκα αηνο ηό house home

παῖο παηδόο ὁ ἡ child son daughter

π(η)όιηο ηνο (ενο) ἡ city state

ἐπθλήκῑο ῑδνο well-greaved

ἐγώ(λ) κέν (κεῦ) I

ζύ ζέν (ζεῦ) you

κέλhellip δέ on the one handhellip trulyhellip on the one handhellip on the other hand

partlyhellip partly the onehellip the other

νἴθαδε home homeward to home home

Verbs

ἅδνκαη (ἁγ-) (defective) I reverence

δέρνκαη I accept I receive

δέμνκαη I will accept

ἐδεμάκελ (ἐδέγκελ) I accepted

δίδσκη (δσ- δν-) I give I grant

(δη)δώζσ I will give

ἔδσθα I gave

ἐθπέξζσ (πεξζ- πξαζ-) I sack (utterly) I plunder I pillage

ἐθπέξζσ I will sack

ἐμέπεξζα (ἐμέπξαζνλ) I sacked

ἱθλένκαη I arrive I reach (a destination)

ἵμνκαη I will arrive

ἱθόκελ (ῑ) I arrived

174 Translation

1 ζενὶ ἔρνπζηλ ιύκπηα δώκαηα ἔδσθαλ δrsquo Ἀηξεΐδεο θαὶ ἄιινηζηλ ἐπθλεκίδεζζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἐθπέξζαη

(infinitive) πόιηλ Πξηάκνπ ηόηε δrsquo ἵθνλην (ῑ) ἐὺ νἴθαδε νὕλεθα παῖδα θίιελ ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἔιῡζαλ 2 ἀπέιῡζαλ

ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνὶ ζύγαηξα θίιελ ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἐδέμαλην δrsquo ἀγιαὰ ἄπνηλα νὕλεθα ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλα Γηὸο πἱὸλ

ἅδνλην 3 ἅδεηαη ἑθεβόινλ 4 Ἀηξεΐδεο νὐθ ἐδέμαην ηὰ ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα 5 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἔδσθελ ἄπνηλα

πνιιὰ βαζηιῆη Ἀηξεΐδῃ 6 πάληεο ζενὶ θαὶ πᾶζαη ζεαὶ εἶρνλ ιύκπηα δώκαηα 7 Ἀραηνὶ ἐπθλήκῑδεο ἐθπέξζνπζη

Πξηάκνην πόιηλ ἵμνληαη δrsquo ἐπ νἴθαδε 8 παῖο θίιε ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἐιύζαην (ῡ) ἵθεην (ῑ) δrsquo ἐὺ νἴθαδε

KEY

1 The gods have Olympian homes but they gave the son of Atreus and the other well-greaved Achaeans to

utterly sack the city of Priam and then they returned safe at home because they released the dear child of the priest

2 The well-greaved Achaeans released the dear daughter of the priest and received glorious ransoms because they

reverenced the free-shooter Apollo son of Zeus 3 He reverences te free-shooter 4 The son of Atreus did not

receive the glorious ransoms 5 Chryses the priest gave many ransoms to king Atreides 6 All of the gods and all of

the goddesses had Olympian homes 7 The well-greved Achaeans will utterly sack Priamrsquos city and will return safe

to home 8 The dear child of the priest was released and arrived well to her home

175 Iliad 17-21

ltltἈηξεΐδαη ηε θαὶ ἄιινη ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνί

ὑκῖλ κὲλ ζενὶ δνῖελ ιύκπηα δώκαηrsquo ἔρνληεο

ἐθπέξζαη Πξηάκνην πόιηλ ἐὺ δrsquo νἴθαδrsquo ἱθέζζαη

παῖδα δrsquo ἐκνὶ ιῦζαί ηε θίιελ ηά ηrsquo ἄπνηλα δέρεζζαη

ἁδόκελνη Γηὸο πἱὸλ ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλαgtgt

Ἀηξεΐδαηhellip ἄιινη ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνί = vocative case

ὑκῖλ (ῡ) = dat plural of ζύ to you

ζενί = one syllable by synizesis

κέλ (v 18) = correlative of δέ (v 20)

δνῖελ = aor act optative 3rd

plural of δίδσκη may they grant

ἔρνληεο = pres act part nom masc plural of ἔρσ having possessing

ἐθπέξζαη = aor act inf of ἐθπέξζσ to sack utterly

ἱθέζζαη = aor act inf of ἱθένκαη to arrive (compare κάρεζζαη)

ιῦζαη δέρεζζαη = infinitives used as imperatives free and accept

ηά ηrsquo ἄπνηλα (ηά ηε ἄπνηλα) = thesehellip gifts

ἁδόκελνη = pres act part nom masc plural reverencing

KEY

ldquoSons of Atreus and you other well-greaved Achaeans

may the gods who have their homes on Olympus grant you

to utterly sack Priamrsquos city and return safe to home

but release my dear child to me and accept these gifts

reverencing Apollo who shoots at will the son of Zeusrdquo

176 Composition

1 The gods who have (ἔρνληεο) Olympian homes will grant to the sons of Atreus and to the other well-greaved

Achaeans to sack utterly (ἐθπέξζαη) the city of Priam 2 When they sacked the city of Priam they returned happily

home 3 They accepted the shining ransoms and freed the darling daughter of the priest Chryses 4 We reverenced

the free-shooter Apollo son of Leto and Zeus and escaped death 5 Will the son of Atreus accept the shining

ransoms 6 The child of the priest was freed when he gave many shining ransoms which the two sons of Atreus

accepted

KEY

1 ζενὶ ἔρνληεο ιύκπηα δώκαηα δώζνπζη Ἀηξεΐδῃζη θαὶ ἄιινηζηλ ἐπθλεκίδεζζηλ (ῑ) Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἐθπέξζαη πόιηλ

Πξηάκνπ 2 ηόηε ἐμέπεξζαλ πόιηλ Πξηάκνην ἵθνλην (ῑ) ἐὺ νἴθαδε 3 ἐδέμαλην ἀγιαrsquo ἄπνηλα θαὶ ἀπέιῡζαλ ζπγάηεξα

θίιε ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) Υξύζᾱν (ῡ) 4 ἡμάκεζα ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλα Λεηόνο θαὶ Γηὸο πἱόλ θαὶ ζάλαηνλ 5

Ἀηξεΐδεο δέμεηαη ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα 6 παῖο ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἀπειύζαην (ῡ) ηόηε ἔδσθελ ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀγιάα ηὰ

Ἀηξεΐδᾱ ἐδώθαζηλ

Lesson 18

(Perfect and Pluperfect Active of Verbs 904 922 Third Declension γέρων

αἴξ 693-695)

181 Formation of the Perfect and Pluperfect Active

The perfect and pluperfect in all modes experience reduplication of the initial syllable which denotes completed

action Verbs beginning with a single consonant (except ξ) prefix this consonant followed by -ε Thus ιύσ =

ιέιπθα The stem sometimes stands in ablaut relation to the stem of the present as in βαίλσ = βέβεθα A

reduplicated syllable beginning with an aspirated mute is changed to its corresponding voiceless mute in the

reduplicated syllable ie ζλήζθσ = ηέζλεθα In these cases the reduplicated pluperfect adds ἐ- to the reduplicated

syllable ie ιύσ = ιέιπθα = ἐιέιπθε

Vebs beginning with a double consonant two consonants (except a mute followed by a liquid or a nasal) ξ and

some beginning with κ simply augment the stem with the addition of ε-

Verbs beginning in a vowel typically take the temporal augment by lengthening the vowel ie νἴρνκαη =

ᾤρσθα However verbs beginning with a vowel in which an initial consonant has been lost may take the syllabic

augment

Compound verbs typically insert the reduplication and augment between the preposition and the verb ie

ἀπνιύσ = ἀπνιέιπθα = ἀπειειύθε

The first perfect active adds -θα- to the stem followed by the primary endings The first pluperfect active

similarly adds -θε- followed by the secondary endings In general a short final vowel is lengthened before the

addition of the -θα- or -θε- Second perfects and pluperfects active are the older form and are more common in

Homer These omit the θ and simply add -α- or -ε- respectively The second perfects are more common in stems

ending in a consonant

In general the singular perfect and pluperfect active stand in ablaut relation to the dual and plural forms

Perfects and pluperfects are rare in Homer and only occur in some twenty verbs

182 Paradigms λέλυκα and βέβηκα

ιέιπθα ἐιειύθε (ἐιειύθεα)

ιέιπθαο ἐιειύθο (ἐιειύθεαο)

ιέιπθε(λ) ἐιειύθεη (ἐιειύθεε)

ιειύθαηνλ ἐιειύθαηνλ

ιειύθαηνλ ἐιειπθάηελ

ιειύθακελ ἐιειύθεκελ

ιειύθαηε ἐιειύθεηε

ιειύθᾱζη ἐιειύθεζαλ

βέβεθα ἐβεβήθεα (ἐβεβήθε)

βέβεθαο ἐβεβήθεαο (ἐβεβήθεο)

βέβεθε(λ) ἐβεβήθεε (ἐβεβήθεη)

βέβαηνλ ἐβέβαηνλ

βέβαηνλ ἐβεβάηελ

βέβακελ ἐβέβακελ

βέβαηε ἐβέβαηε

βέβᾱζη ἐβέβαζαλ

183 Paradigms γέρων and αἴξ

γέξσλ αἴμ

γέξνληνο αἰγόο

γέξνληη αἰγί

γέξνληα αἶγα

γέξνλ αἴμ

γέξνληε αἶγε

γεξόληνηηλ αἴγνηηλ

γέξνληεο αἶγεο

γεξόλησλ αἰγῶλ

γεξόληεζ(ζ)η (γέξνπζη) αἴγεζ(ζ)η (αἰμί)

γέξνληαο αἶγαο

184 Vocabulary

ἀγνξή ῆο ἡ assembly meeting place gathering harrangue

αἴμ αἰγόο ὁ ἡ goat

Ἄξγνο ενο ηό Argos (both a country and a city in Greece)

γέξσλ νληνο ὁ old man

γῆξαο ανο ηό old age

ἱεξεύο ῆνο ὁ priest holy man

κεξίνλ νπ ηό thigh-bone thigh-piece

πνύο πνδόο ὁ foot

ηαῦξνο νπ ὁ bull

θξήλ θξελόο ἡ diaphragm mind heart soul spirit disposition

δέθαηνο ε νλ tenth

ἡκέηεξνο ε νλ our ours

θνῖινο ε νλ hollow

ὠθύο ὠθεῖα ὠθύ swift speedy

ζλήζθσ die perish

ζαλένκαη

ἔζαλνλ

ηέζλεθα

θεύγσ flee fly escape run (off away along)

θεύμνκαη

ἔθπγνλ

πέθεπγα

63 Second Declension Feminines

A few second declension nouns are feminine These are declined exactly the same as the masculine form the

only difference being that all adjectives and modifiers take their respective feminine forms Thus θαθὸο ζῡκόο = the

evil spirit and θαθὸλ ἔξγνλ = the evil deed but θαθὴ λνῦζνο = the evil plague

Sigular Dual Plural

N θαθὴ λνῦζνο θαθὰ (ᾱ) λνύζσ θαθαὶ λνῦζνη

G θαθῆο λνύζνπ νην [νν] θαθῇηλ λνύζνηηλ θαθάσλ [έσλ ῶλ] λνύζσλ

D θαθῇ λνύζῳ θαθῇηλ λνύζνηηλ θαθῇζη ῇο λνύζνηζη νηο

A θαθὴλ λνῦζνλ θαθὰ (ᾱ) λνύζσ θαθὰο (ᾱ) λνύζνπο

V θαθὴ λνῦζε θαθὰ (ᾱ) λνύζσ θαθαὶ λνῦζνη

64 Adjectives

Adjectives always agree in case number and gender with the nouns they modify

Adjectives fall into three declensions just like nouns However adjectives frequently have masculine feminine

and neuter forms whereas nouns typically fall into a single gender The adjective θαθόο for example has three

forms θαθόο (masculine) θαθή (femine) and θαθόλ (neuter) Adjectives are usually listed in dictionary entries in

the nominative masculine singular followed by the femine and neuter singular endings θαθόο ή όλ

Adjectives are usually grouped into one of four categories 1) First and Second Declension Adjectives whose

forms usually represent the first declension when feminine and the second declension when masculine or neuter 2)

Second Declension Adjectives which usually have a single second declension form that serves as both masculine

and feminine as well as a second declension neuter form 3) First and Third Declension Adjectives whose

masculine and neuter forms are of the third declension but whose feminine form falls under the first declension and

4) Third Declension Adjectives which have a single third declension form for both masculine and feminine and a

third declension neuter form

First and Second Declension Adjectives have the nominative singular endings -νο (masculine) -ε (feminine)

and -νλ (neuter) Of these θᾱιόο (beautiful noble) and θίινο (dear lovely beloved) are good examples

Singular

Masc Fem Neut

N θᾱιόο θᾱιή θᾱιόλ θᾱιή θᾱιόλ

G θᾱινῦ νῖν [όν] θᾱιῆο θᾱινῦ νῖν [όν]

D θᾱιῷ θᾱιῇ θᾱιῷ

A θᾱιόλ θᾱιήλ θᾱιόλ

V θᾱιέ θᾱιή θᾱιόλ

Dual

N A V θᾱιώ θᾱιά (ᾱ) θᾱιώ

G D θᾱινῖηλ θᾱιῇηλ θᾱινῖηλ

Plural

N θᾱινί θᾱιαί θᾱιά

G θᾱιῶλ θᾱιάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] θᾱιῶλ

D θᾱινῖζη νῖο θᾱιῇζη ῇο θᾱινῖζη νῖο

A θᾱινύο θᾱιάο (ᾱ) θᾱιά

Singular

Masc Fem Neut

N θίινο θίιε θίινλ

G θίινπ νην [νν] θίιεο θίινπ νην [νν]

D θίιῳ θίιῃ θίιῳ

A θίινλ θίιελ θίινλ

V

Dual

N A V θίισ θίιᾱ θίισ

G D θίινηηλ θίιῃηλ θίινηηλ

Plural

N θίινη θίιαη θίια

G θίισλ θηιάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] θίισλ

D θίινηζη νηο θίιῃζη ῃο θίινηζη νηο

A θίινπο θίιᾱο θίια

V θίινη θίιαη θίια

65 Vocabulary

ἀγιαόο ή όλ bright shining splendid glorious

ἀλά ἄλ (adv prep + gen dat acc) upon on thereon along up through

ἀπεξείζηνο ε νλ boundless countless immeasureable

ἄπνηλα σλ ηά ransom

Ἀραηόο νῦ ὁ Achaean

δεηλόο ή όλ terrible awful dreadful dread fearful

ἑιώξηνλ νπ ηό booty spoils prey

ζεόο νῦ ὁ god divinity

ζῡκόο νῦ ὁ heart soul spirit courage passion

θαθόο ή όλ bad poor ugly mean cowardly evil wicked

θᾱιόο ή όλ good goodly noble handsome brave fair beautiful

ιᾱόο νῦ ὁ people host soldiery

κῡξίνη αη α countless innumerable

λνῦζνο νπ ἡ plague disease pest pestilence

νἰσλόο νῦ ὁ bird (of prey) vulture omen

πνιιόο ή όλ much many numerous

ζηξαηόο νῦ ὁ army encampment host

θίινο ε νλ dear darling lovely beloved

66 Derivatives

ἀλά (ana-) = anatomy

ἄπνηλα (apen-) = pentalty

ζεόο (theo-) = theology theocracy atheism polytheism monotheism henotheism pantheism

ιᾱόο (lao-) = laity layman

ζηξαηόο (strato-) = strategy strategic strategical

67 Translation Exercises

1 ἀγιαὰ ἄπνηλα θέξνπζηλ Ἀραηνὶ εἰο ζηξαηόλ 2 θέξνκελ ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 3 ζεὸο ηεύρεη

πνιινὺο Ἀραηνὺο ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζηλ 4 ἦζαλ Ἀραηνὶ θαθνί 5 νὐθ ἦζαλ θαθνί θᾱινὶ δέ λνῦζνο θαθὴ ὀιέθεη ιᾱὸλ

θᾱιόλ 6 Ἀραηνὶ πέκπνπζηλ ἄπνηλα κῡξίrsquo εἰο πάηξελ 7 ζεὸο βαίλεη ἐο ζηξαηόλ ὀιέθεη δὲ ιᾱὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 8 ηίο

ἀηῑκάδεη ζενὺο θᾱινύο 9 θαθνὶ ιᾱνὶ ἀηῑκάδνπζη ζενὺο πάηξεο 10 ζεὸο πέκπεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ

Ἀραηῶλ νὐ γὰξ ηειείνπζη βνπιὴλ ζεῶλ πάηξεο 11 βαίλεη ἐπὶ ζάιαζζαλ δεηλὴλ θαὶ ηεύρεη ππξὰο (ᾱ) πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἀλὰ

ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 12 ἔρνπζηλ ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα Ἀραηῶλ ἐλὶ ζηξαηῷ 13 βνπιὴ ζηξαηνῦ νὐρ ἁλδάλεη ζῡκῷ ζενῦ 14

ιᾱὸο Κίιιεο θίινο ἦλ ςῡρῇ ζεᾶο ζαιάζζεο 15 νὐθ ἀείδνκελ θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεῶλ ζηξαηῷ νὐ γὰξ ἁλδάλεη

Ἀραηνῖζη ζῡκῷ

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 The Achaeans bring countless splendid ransmoms into the camp 2 We carry boundless ransoms up through

the camp of the Achaeans 3 The god makes many Achaens spoils for the birds 4 Were the Achaeans evil 5 They

were not evil but good An evil pestilence destroyed the good host 6 The Achaeans send countless ransoms into

(their) fatherland 7 The god walks into the camp and destroys the host of the Achaeans 8 Who dishonors the noble

gods 9 The evil host dishonors the gods of (our) fatherlans 10 The god sends an evil plague up through the camp

of the Achaeans for they do not fulfill the will of the gods of (their) native country 11 He walks along the sea and

builds many funeral pyres throughout the camp of the Achaeans 12 They have boundless ransoms of the Achaeans

in the camp 13 The armyrsquos plan is not pleasing to the heart of the god 14 The host of Cilla was dear to the soul of

the goddess of the sea 15 We do not sing the brave plan of the goods of the camp for (that) is not pleasing to the

heart of the Achaeans

68 Composition Exercises

1 The terrible roar of the sea is pleasing to the goddess in (her) soul 2 We bring many splendid ransoms to the

army of the Achaeans 3 The god does not destroy the host of the Achaeans for they do not dishonor the gods of

(their) fatherland 4 The evil plague makes countless Achaeans a booty (use plural) for many birds 5 The people of

the Achaeans send countless shining ransoms to the goddess of the sea in Cilla 6 The Achaeans go to the sea and

sing but the noise is not pleasing to the goddess in (her) soul 7 The plague destroys the people for they dishonor

the god of Chrysa

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 θιαγγὴ δεηλὴ ἁλδάλεη ζεᾷ ςῡρῇ 2 θέξνκελ ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀγιαὰ ἐο ζηξαηῷ Ἀραηῶλ 3 ζεὸο νὐθ ὀιέθεη

ιᾱὸλ Ἀραηῶλ νὐ γὰξ ἀηῑκάδνπζη ζενὺο πάηξεο 4 θαθὴ λνῦζνο ηεύρεη κῡξίνπο Ἀραηνὺο ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζη πνιινῖζηλ

5 ιᾱὸο Ἀραηῶλ πέκπνπζη κῡξίrsquo ἄπνηλα ἀγιαὰ ζεᾷ ζαιάζζεο ἐλὶ Κίιιᾳ 6 Ἀραηνὶ βαίλνπζηλ εἰο ζάιαζζαλ θαὶ

ἀείδνπζηλ θιαγγὴ δὲ νὐρ ἁλδάλεη ζεᾷ ςῡρῇ 7 λνῦζνο ὀιέθεη ιᾱόλ ἀηῑκάδνπζη γὰξ ζεὸλ Υξύζεο (ῡ)

Lesson 7

Review

71 Review Vocabulary

ἀγιαόο ή όλ splendid ζῡκόο νῦ ὁ heart

ἀείδσ sing θαί and

ἀλ- ἀ- un- θαίσ burn

ἁλδάλσ is pleasing to θαθόο ή όλ evil

ἀπεξείζηνο ε νλ immeasurable θᾱιόο ή όλ good

ἄπνηλα σλ ηά ransom Κίιια εο ἡ Cilla

ἀηῑκάδσ dishonor θιαγγή ῆο ἡ roar

Ἀραηόο νῦ ὁ Achaean ιᾱόο νῦ ὁ host

βαίλσ go walk ιύσ loose

βνπιή ῆο ἡ plan κῡξίνη αη α countless

γάξ for λνῦζνο νπ ἡ plague

δέ but νἰσλόο νῦ ὁ bird

δεηλόο ή όλ terrible ὀιέθσ kill

εἰο (ἐο) into νὐ (νὐρ) not

εἰζί they are πάηξε εο ἡ fatherland

ἐθ (ἐμ) out of πέκπσ send

ἑιώξηνλ νπ ηό spoil πνιιόο ή όλ many

ἐλ(ί) εἰλ in ππξή ῆο ἡ funeral pyre

ἐπί upon ζηξαηόο νῦ ὁ army

ἐζηί it is ηειείσ accomplish

ἔρσ have ηεύρσ make

ἦλ it was ηίο ηί who what

ἦζαλ they were θέξσ carry

ζάιαζζα εο ἡ sea θίινο ε νλ beloved

ζεά (ᾱ) ᾶο ἡ goddess Υξύζε (ῡ) εο ἡ Chrysa

ςῡρή ῆο ἡ soul

72 Translation Exercises

1 ἀδείδνκελ ζεὰλ (ᾱ) ζαιάζζεο δεηλῆο θιαγγῇ πνιιῇ 2 νὐθ ἀηῑκάδνπζη ζενὺο 3 βνπιαὶ Ἀραηῶλ νὐρ

ἁλδάλνπζη ζεᾳ θᾱιῇ ζῡκῷ 4 βαίλεη ἐθ ζηξαηνῦ Ἀραηῶλ εἰο Κίιιαλ θαὶ θέξεη ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα ζεῷ 5 λνῦζνο θαθὴ

βαίλεη ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ θαὶ ηεύρεη πνιινὺο Ἀραηνὺο ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζηλ 6 θαὶ ζενὶ θαὶ ζεαὶ ὀιέθνπζη ιᾱὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 7 ηίο

Ἀραηῶλ ἔρεη ζῡκὸλ θαθόλ 8 ἦζαλ πνιιαὶ ζεαὶ ἐλὶ ζαιάζζῃ 9 θαίεη ππξὰο (ᾱ) ἐπὶ ζαιάζζῃ 10 ιύεηε ζηξαηὸλ

Ἀραηῶλ 11 πάηξε ἐζηὶ θίιε ςῡρῇ κῡξίσλ Ἀραηῶλ 12 ηίο πέκπεη ζηξαηὸλ ἐθ Κίιιεο εἰο Υξύζελ (ῡ) 13 βνπιὴ

θαθὴ ἐζηηλ ἁλδάλεη δὲ ζεᾷ ζῡκῷ 14 ηί ἀείδεηε

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 With a great noise we hymn the goodess of the terrible sea 2 We do not dishonor the gods 3 The will of the

Achaeans does not please the heart of the beautiful goddess 4 He goes from the Achaean camp to Cilla and delivers

countless ransoms to the god 5 An evil plague goes up through the camp and makes many Achaeans spoils for the

vultures 6 Both gods and goddesses destroy the host of the Achaeans 7 Who of the Achaeans has an evil heart 8

Were there many goddesses in the sea 9 He burns funeral pyres by the sea 10 You destroy the camp of the

Achaeans 11 The fatherland is dear to the soul of countless Achaeans 12 Who dispatches the army from Cilla to

Chrysa 13 It is an evil plan but it pleases the heart of the goddess 14 What do you sing

73 Composition Exercises

1 The Achaeans sing the beautiful goddess of the terrible sea 2 We do not dishonor the gods for they are dear

to (our) souls 3 The plans of the army are pleasing to the goddess in (her) noble soul 4 Many Achaeans are going

from the encampment and are bringing countless glorious ransoms to the gods 5 The evil plague destroys the

people and makes the army a booty for countless birds 6 We do not sing for it is not pleasing to the soul of the

goddess

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 Ἀραηνὶ ἀείδνπζη ζεὰλ (ᾱ) θᾱιὴλ δεηλῆο ζαιάζζεο 2 νὐθ ἀηῑκάδνκελ ζενὺο θίινη δὲ ζῡκνῖζηλ 3 βνπιαὶ

ζηξαηῷ ἁλδάλνπζη ζεᾷ ζῡκῷ 4 Ἀραηνὶ πνιινὶ βαίλνπζηλ ἐθ ζηξαηνῦ θαὶ θέξνπζηλ ἄπνηλα ἀπεξείζηα θαὶ ἀγιαὰ

ζενῖζηλ 5 θαθὴ λνῦζνο ὀιέθεη ιᾱὸλ θαὶ ηεύρεη ζηξαηὸλ ἄπνηλα νἰσλνῖζηλ ἀπεξείζηνῐζηλ 6 νὐθ ἀείδνκελ νὐθ γὰξ

ἁλδάλεη ςῡρῇ ζεᾶο

Lesson 8

(765-766 773-774)

81 The Second Declension (Continued)

Several words are declined like θᾱιόο ή όλ except that the nominative vocative and accusative singular of

the neuter ends in -o instead of -νλ Some of these words include ὅο ἥ ὅ (which) ὁ ἡ ηό (that) (ἐ)θεῖλνο ε ν

(that) αὐηόο ή ό (he she it) and ἄιινο ε ν (another)

The words ὅδε and νὗηνο are not introduced in this lesson but they are dleclined similarly and so are included

in the paradigms as reference

ὁ ἡ ηό (that hesheit whowhichwhat)

Masc Fem Neut

N ὁ ἡ ηό

G ηνῦ ηνῖν ηῆο ηνῦ ηνῖν

D ηῷ ηῇ ηῷ

A ηόλ ηήλ ηό

N A ηώ (ηώ) ηώ

G D ηνῖηλ (ηνῖηλ) ηνῖηλ

N νἱ αἱ ηά

G ηῶλ ηάσλ (ᾱ) [ηῶλ] ηῶλ

D ηνῖζη ηνῖο ηῇζη ηῇο ηνῖζη ηνῖο

A ηνύο ηάο (ᾱ) ηά

αὐηόο ή ό (hesheit self same)

Masc Fem Neut

N αὐηόο αὐηή αὐηό

G αὐηνῦ νῖν αὐηῆο αὐηνῦ νῖν

D αὐηῷ αὐηῇ αὐηῷ

A αὐηόλ αὐηήλ αὐηό

N A αὐηώ (αὐηώ) αὐηώ

G D αὐηνῖηλ (αὐηνῖηλ) αὐηνῖηλ

N αὐηνί αὐηαί αὐηά

G αὐηῶλ αὐηάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] αὐηῶλ

D αὐηνῖζη νῖο αὐηῇζη ῇο αὐηνῖζη νῖο

A αὐηνύο αὐηάο (ᾱ) αὐηά

ὅο ἥ ὅ (whowhichwhat)

Masc Fem Neut

N ὅο ἥ ὅ

G νὖ [ὅνπ ὅν] ἥο νὗ [ὅνπ ὅν]

D ᾧ ᾗ ᾧ

A ὅλ ἥλ ὅ

N A ὥ (ὥ) ὥ

G D νἷηλ (νἷηλ) νἶηλ

N νἵ αἵ ἅ

G ὧλ ὧλ ὧλ

D νἷζη νἷο ᾗζη ᾗο νἷζη νἷο

A νὕο ἅο (ᾱ) ἅ

(ἐ)θεῖλνο ε ν (that)

Masc Fem Neut

N (ἐ)θεῖλνο (ἐ)θείλε (ἐ)θεῖλν

G (ἐ)θείλνπ νην (ἐ)θείλεο (ἐ)θείλνπ νην

D (ἐ)θείλῳ (ἐ)θείλῃ (ἐ)θείλῳ

A (ἐ)θεῖλνλ (ἐ)θείλελ (ἐ)θεῖλν

N A (ἐ)θείλσ ((ἐ)θείλσ) (ἐ)θείλσ

G D (ἐ)θείλνηηλ ((ἐ)θείλνηηλ) (ἐ)θείλνηηλ

N (ἐ)θεῖλνη (ἐ)θεῖλαη (ἐ)θεῖλα

G (ἐ)θείλσλ (ἐ)θεηλάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] (ἐ)θείλσλ

D (ἐ)θείλνηζη νηο (ἐ)θείλῃζη ῃο (ἐ)θείλνηζη νηο

A (ἐ)θείλνπο (ἐ)θείλᾱο (ἐ)θεῖλα

ὅδε ἥδε ηόδε (this)

Masc Fem Neut

N ὅδε ἥδε ηόδε

G ηνύδε ηνῖνδε ηῆζδε ηνύδε ηνῖνδε

D ηῷδε ηῇδε ηῷδε

A ηόλδε ηήλδε ηόδε

N A ηώδε (ηώδε) ηώδε

G D ηνῖηλδε (ηνῖηλδε) ηνῖηλδε

N νἵδε (ηνίδε) αἵδε (ηαίδε) ηάδε

G ηῶλδε ηάσλδε (ᾱ) [ηῶλδε] ηῶλδε

D ηνῖζηδε ηνῖζδε ηῇζηδε ηῇζδε ηνῖζηδε ηνῖζδε

ηνίζδεζη ηνίζδεζη

ηνίζδεζζη ηνίζδεζζη

A ηνύζδε ηάζδε (ᾱ) ηάδε

νὗηνο αὕηε ηνῦην (this)

Masc Fem Neut

N νὗηνο αὕηε ηνῦην

G ηνύηνπ νην ηαύηεο ηνύηνπ νην

D ηνύηῳ ηαύηῃ ηνύηῳ

A ηνῦηνλ ηαύηελ ηνῦην

N A ηνύησ (ηνύησ) ηνύησ

G D ηνύηνηηλ (ηνύηνηηλ) ηνύηνηηλ

N νὗηνη αὗηαη ηαῦηα

G ηνύησλ ηαῡηάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] ηνύησλ

D ηνύηνηζη νηο ηαύηῃζη ῃο ηνύηνηζη νηο

A ηνύηνπο ηαύηᾱο ηαῦηα

82 Vocabulary

ἀιιά but moreover

ἄιινο ε νλ other another

αὐηόο ή ό self him himself her herself it itself same

δῖνο α νλ (declined like ζάιαζζα) divine heavenly glorious

(ἐ)θεῖλνο ε ν that (one) he she it

ἑθεβόινο νπ ὁ free-shooter sharpshooter (originally shoots-at-will a title for Apollo)

θαθῶο evilly wickedly harshly with evil consequences

ὁ ἡ ηό this that he she it who which what

νὕλεθα (νὗ-ἔλεθα) because

ζθῆπηξνλ νπ ηό scepter staff

ηέ and also both

ρξύζενο (ῡ) ε νλ gold golden of gold

83 Derivatives

ἄιινο (allo-) = allopathy

αὐηόο (auto-) = automaton autocracy autograph autonomy

ρξύζενο (ῡ) (chryse-) = chrysanthemum chrysalis chrysolite

84 Translation Excersis

1 δῖνο ἑθεβόινο αὐηὸο ἀείδεη ἀιιrsquo νὐρ ἁλδάλεη ἄιινηζη ζενῖζη ζῡκῷ 2 θεῖλνη Ἀραηνὶ ἀηῑκάδνπζη ηνὺο ζενύο

3 ὁ ἑθεβόινο πέκπεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ θαθῶο ὀιέθεη θεῖλνλ ιᾱόλ νὕλεθα ηὸλ ἀηῑκάδνπζηλ 4

νὐθ ἀηῑκάδνκελ ηνὺο ζενύο νἳ ἔρνπζη ζθῆπηξα ρξύζεα (ῡ) 5 ὁ ἑθεβόινο ηε θαὶ νἱ ἄιινη ζενὶ θέξνπζη ρξύζεα (ῡ)

ζθῆπηξα θᾱιά 6 ηίο ηεύρεη ηὰ ζθῆπηξα ρξύζεα (ῡ) ηνῖζη ζενῖο ζαιάζζεο 7 ἀείδεη ἑθεβόινο αὐηὸο βνπιὰο (ᾱ)

ἄιισλ ζεῶλ ηνῖζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ 8 εἰζὶλ νἱ Ἀραηνὶ θᾱινί νἱ ὀιέθνπζη ηὸλ ζηξαηὸλ θαίνπζί ηε ηὰο (ᾱ) ππξάο (ᾱ) 9 ἡ

ζεὰ (ᾱ) ηῆο δεηλῆο ζαιάζζεο ἔρεη ηὸ ζθῆηξνλ ρξύζενλ (ῡ) 10 ἐλὶ ηῇ πάηξε εἰζὶλ αἱ ππξαί 11 ηίο ηεύρεη ηὸλ

ζηξαηὸλ ἑιώξηα ηνῖζηλ νἰσλνῖζηλ

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 The divine free-shooter himself sings but it does not please the hearts of the other gods 2 Those Achaeans

dishonor these gods 3 This free-shooter sends an evil plague up through the camp of the Achaeans and wickedly

destroys that host because they dishonor him 4 We do not dishonor these gods who hold the golden scepters 5

Both this free-shooter and these other gods carry beautiful golden scepters 6 Who fashions the golden scepters for

these gods of the sea 7 Does the free-shooter himself sing the plans of the other gods to these Achaeans 8 Are

these Achaeans noble who destroy (our) camp and burn funeral pyres 9 This goddess of the terrible sea holds a

golden scepter 10 The funeral pyrers are in (our) fatherland 11 Who makes (our) camp a spoil for these vultures

85 Composition Exercises

1 ἑθεβόινο αὐηὸο ἀείδεη ηὰο (ᾱ) βνπιὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) ζεῶλ 2 ηί νὐρ ἁλδάλεη ηνῖο ἄιινηζη ζενῖζηλ νἳ ἐλὶ

ζαιάζζῃ 3 ἐθεῖλνο Ἀραηὸο ἀηῑκάδεη ηνὺο ζενὺο πάηξεο νἱ ἔρνπζη ηὰ ζθῆπηξα ρξύζεα (ῡ) 4 ὁ ἑθεβόινο πέκπεη

λνύζνπο πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θαθὰο (ᾱ) ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ ὀιέθεη κῡξίνπο ιᾱνύο νὕλεθα ηὸλ ἀηῑκάδνπζηλ 5 ηίο

θαίεη ηὰο (ᾱ) ππξὰο (ᾱ) Ἀραηῶλ ἐπὶ δεηλῇ ζαιάζζῃ 6 ὁ ἑθεβόινο ηεύρεη κῡξίνπο Ἀραίνπο ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζηλ νὕλεθα

ηὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) ζεὰο (ᾱ) ζαιάζζεο ἀηῑκάδνπζηλ

Lesson 9

(830-840 904)

91 The Verbal Augment

Greek verbs frequently add a prefix to a verb (in the secondary tenses of the idicative) to indicate action

occurring in the past This prefix is called an augment Verbal augments take one of two forms the syllabic

augment which consists of adding an extra syllable to the beginning of a word and the temporal augment which

consists of lengthening the first syllable of a word While the augment is consistently applied in later dialects of

Greek it was still optional in Homeric and is often omitted (the tense being determined solely from the suffixes)

The syllabic augment is applied to verbs that begin with a consonant (or rare verbs that originally began with a

consonant) and consists of the prefix ε- Thus ιύνκελ = we loose (present tense) but ἐιύνκελ = we were loosing

(past tense) Some Greek words originally began with a ϝ or an ζ that later disappeared (usually replace with the

rough breathing) In those cases the augment is sometimes syllabic reflecting the earlier practice The word ἁλδάλσ

for example was originally ζϝαλδάλσ (swandano) The original augmented form of the imperfect was ἐζϝάλδαλνλ

(eswandano) When the ζϝ- was dropped the syllabic augment was retained ἑάλδαλνλ (heandano)

When a verb has lost an initial ζ the syllabic augment frequently contracts with the initial vowel For example

the word ἔρσ was originally ζέρσ The original augmented imperfect was ἔζερνλ When the initial ζ disappeared

the result was ἔερνλ which contracted to εἶρνλ (because εε usually contracts to εη) This pattern is also sometimes

present in verbs that originally began with ϝ such as ϝίδνλ =gt ἐϝηδνλ = ἔηδνλ = εἶδνλ

The temporal augment consists of lengthening an initial vowel and occurs in most Greek verbs that begin with

an initial vowel In general initial α or ε becomes ε initial η ν or π becomes ῑ initial αη and ᾳ become ῃ and initial

νη becomes ῳ Thus ἄγνκελ (we lead) becomes ἤγνκελ (we were leading) If the verb already begins with a long

vowel (ε ῃ ῑ ῡ σ ῳ) there is usually no change

Verbs that begin with ξ usually double the ξ when adding the syllabic augment This feature also sometimes

occurs in verbs beginning with ι κ λ or ζ

Compound verbs are usually formed from a combination of preposition + verb such as ἀπό (away from) + ιύσ

(loosen) = ἀπνιύσ (set free turn loose) In compound verbs a temporal augment is inserted between the preposition

and the verb If the preposition ends in a vowel the vowel is usually elided Thus ἀπνιύνκελ (we set free) becomes

ἀπειύνκελ (elided from ἀπνειύνκελ we were setting free)

92 The Imperfect Tense

The imperfect denotes continuous action in past time and typically corresponds to the past participle in English

Thus ἔιπνλ (imperfect) = I was loosing Occasionally the Greek imperfect is best translated by the simple past tense

in English The imperfect tense is formed by adding the secondary tense endings (which will be described in a later

lesson) to the augmented stem of the verb

In the paradigm below the unaugmented form is shown in brackets

Imperfect Tense

S 1st Pers ἔιπνλ [ιύνλ] I was loosing

2nd

Pers ἔιπεο [ιύεο] you were loosing

3rd

Pers ἔιπε(λ) [ιύε(λ)] he she it was loosing

D 2nd

Pers ἐιύεηνλ [ιύεηνλ] you (two) were loosing the pair of you were loosing

3rd

Pers ἐιπέηελ [ιπέηελ] they (two) were loosing the pair of them were loosing

P 1st Pers ἐιύνκελ [ιύνκελ] we were loosing

2nd

Pers ἐιύεηε [ιύεηε] you (ye) were loosing

3rd

Pers ἐιύνλ [ιύνλ] they were loosing

93 Vocabulary

ἄιιῃ elsewhere

Ἀξγεῖνο νπ ὁ Argive

-δε (suffix + acc) to

δηά (adv) between among (+gen) through (+acc) through by means

of on account of during

δηίθηινο (ῑ) ε νλ dear to Zeus

εἴξσ speak say tell

ἐκόο ή όλ my mine

ἔξγνλ νπ ηό (ϝέξγνλ) work deed accomplishment

-ζελ (suffix gen ending) from

Κιπηαηκήζηξε εο ἡ Clytaemnestra

(also Κιπηαηκλήζηξε)

καληνζύλε εο ἡ gift of prophesy

νἶθνο νπ ὁ house home

ιύκπηνο ε νλ Olympian

Ὄιπκπνο νπ ὁ Olympus

Πξίακνο νπ ὁ Priam

ζόο ζή ζόλ your yours

εἶρνλ (imperfect of ἔρσ) I was having I had

94 Derivatives

95 Translation Exercises

1 ὁ ἑθεβόινο δηὰ καληνζύλελ εἴξεη βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ηῶλ ζεῶλ Ἀξγείνηζηλ 2 νἱ ιύκπηνη ζενὶ εἶρνλ νἴθνπο ἐλ

ιύκπῳ 3 ὁ ἑθεβόινο δηίθηινο (ῑ) ἔηεπρε ηνὺο Ἀξγείνπο Ἀραηνύο ηε ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζηλ 4 Ἀραηνὶ Ἀξγεῖνί ηrsquo

ἔηεπρνλ ἔξγα θαθὰ δηὰ βνπιὴλ ζεᾶο 5 Κιπηαηκήζηξε δηὰ ηὸλ ζῡκὸλ ἔηεπρελ ηὰ ἔξγα δεηλά 6 Πξίακνο ιᾱόο ηε

Πξηάκνπ ὤιεθνλ πνιινὺο Ἀξγείνπο 7 ηίο εἴξεη ηὰ ζὰ ἔξγα θαθὰ Πξηάκῳ 8 ηὰ ἔξγα ἐκά ἐζηη θᾱιά νὕλεθα ἔηεπρνλ

βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεῶλ θαὶ ζεάσλ (ᾱ) δηὰ ηὴλ καληνζύλελ 9 ἐπέκπνκελ ηὰ ρξύζεα (ῡ) ζθῆπηξα εἰο νἶθνλ Πξηάκῳ 10

ἐθαίεηε ηὰο (ᾱ) ππξὰο (ᾱ) δεηλῇ θιαγγῇ 11 νὐρ ἥλδαλε ἡ βνπιὴ ζεᾷ ζαιάζζεο ζῡκῷ 12 αἱ ζεαὶ ἀείδνπζη ηὰ θᾱιὰ

ἔξγα ηῶλ ζεῶλ ἑθεβόινο δὲ βαίλεη ἄιιῃ 13 εἶρε Πξίακνο ἀγιαὸλ θαὶ θᾱιὸλ νἶθνλ

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 This free-shooter relates the plans of the gods to the Argives through prophesy 2 These Olympian gods had

homes on Olympus 3 This free-shooter beloved of Zeus made both the Argives and the Achaeans prey for the

vultures 4 Both the Achaeans and the Argives committed evil deeds through the will of the goddess 5 Because of

her heart Clytaemnestra wrought these terrible deeds 6 Both Priam and the host of Priam killed many Argives 7

Who relates these evil deeds of yours to Priam 8 These works of mine are noble because through prophesy I

accomplished the of the gods and goddess 9 We sent the golden scepters to the house of Priam 10 Were you

burning the funeral pyres with a terrible uproar 11 Does the plan not please the heart of the goddess of the sea 12

The goddesses sing the noble deeds of the gods but the free-shooter walks elsewhere 13 Priam had a splendid and

beautiful home

96 Composition Exercises

1 Who brought these countless shining ransoms to the beautiful home of Priam 2 The Achaeans and the

Argives burned many funeral pyres in your beloved fatherland 3 Clytaemnestra was wicked and performed many

dreadful deeds 4 Through the gift of prophesy we tell many glorious deeds of the gods and goddesses who have

Olympian homes 5 My deeds are noble but yours are cowardly 6 The gods sent an evil plague up through the

camp and destroyed many Achaeans because they dishonored the free-shooter 7 It was not pleasing to

Clytaemnestra in (her) wicked soul

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 ηίο ἔθεξε ηὰο ἄπνηλα ἀγιαὰ εἰο νἶθνλ θᾱιὸλ Πξηάκνπ 2 Ἀραηνὶ θαὶ Ἀξγεῖνη ἔθαηνλ ππξὰο (ᾱ) πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἐλ

ζῇ πάηξῃ θᾱιῇ 3 Κιπηαηκλήζηξε θαθὴ ἦλ θαὶ ἔηεπρελ ἄξγα πνιιὰ θαὶ δεηλά 4 δηὰ καληνζύλελ εἴξνκελ ἔξγα

πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀγιαὰ ζεῶλ θαὶ ζεάσλ (ᾱ) νἳ ἔρνπζηλ νἴθνπο ιπκπίνπο 5 ἔξγα ἐκὰ θᾱιή εἰζηλ ζὰ δὲ θαθά 6 ζενὶ

ἔπεκπνλ λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ θαὶ ὤιεθνλ Ἀραίνπο πνιινύο νὕλεθα ἠηίκαδνλ (ῑ) ἑθεβόινλ 7 νὐρ ἥλδαλε

Κιπηαηκλήζηξῃ ζῡκῷ θαθῷ

Lesson 10

(841-857 904)

101 Formation of the Aorist and Future Tenses

The first aorist is a secondary tense formed by adding -ζ(ζ)α to the augmented verb stem followed by the

personal endings of the secondary tense If the verb stem ends in a consonant or a long vowel only a single ζ is

added If the stem ends in a short vowel either one or two sigmas may be added A few aorists (called ldquomixed

aoristsrdquo) are formed by adding -ζ followed by the thematic vowel and the personal endings for the secondary tenses

to the augmented stem

The future is formed by adding -ζ followed by the thematic vowel and the personal endings for the primary

tenses

If the verb stem ends in a long vowel the stem is not affected by the addition of the suffixes for the future or

aorist tenses If the stem ends in a short vowel it is regularly lengthened in all tenses except the present and the

imperfect There are however a few exceptions to this pattern In most cases these verbs add ζ before the personal

endings of the perfect middle and aorist passive

102 Classification of Verbs

Verbs are classified into four groups according to the final letter of the stem vowel verbs liquid verbs nasal

verbs and mute verbs

When -ζ is added to the end of a mute verb a labial combines with ζ to form ς a palatal combines with ζ to

form μ and a lingual is dropped (leaving only ζ)

When -ζ is added to the end of a liquid or nasal verb it is usually preceded by -ε and the ζ is dropped in

contraction Thus βαιισ = βαιέζσ = βαιέσ In rare cases the ε is dropped and the ζ retained In some vowel-stem

verbs where the final vowel is preceded by a liquid or nasal the verb behaves as a liquidnasal and adds -εζ to the

stem θαιέσ (present) = θαιέζσ (future) = θαιέσ (future contracted) The formations in which the ζ is dropped

after α or ε are sometimes called ldquoAttic futuresrdquo

Verbs with liquid and nasal stems regularly form the aorist by dropping the ζ and lengthening the stem vowel

A few verbs have active forms in the present tense but middle forms in the future tense ἀθνύσ (I hear) but

ἀθνύζνκαη (I will hear)

103 Paradigms Future and First Aorist of ιύσ

Future

S 1st Pers ιύζσ (ῡ) I shall loose

2nd

Pers ιύζεηο (ῡ) you will loose

3rd

Pers ιύζεη (ῡ) he she it will loose

D 2nd

Pers ιύζεηνλ (ῡ) you (two) will loose

3rd

Pers ιύζεηνλ (ῡ) they (two) will loose

P 1st Pers ιύζνκελ (ῡ) we shall loose

2nd

Pers ιύζεηε (ῡ) you (ye) will loose

3rd

Pers ιύζνπζη(λ) (ῡ) they will loose

First Aorist

S 1st Pers ἔιῡζα I loosed

2nd

Pers ἔιῡζαο you loosed

3rd

Pers ἔιῡζε(λ) he she it loosed

D 2nd

Pers ἐιύζαηνλ (ῡ) you (two) loosed

3rd

Pers ἔιῡζάηελ they (two) loosed

P 1st Pers ἐιύζακελ (ῡ) we loosed

2nd

Pers ἐιύζαηε (ῡ) you (ye) loosed

3rd

Pers ἔιῡζαλ they loosed

104 Vocabulary

ἄγσ ἄμσ ἤγαγνλ lead drive conduct bring carry

ἀλάζζσ (ϝαλαθ-) ἀλάμσ ἠλαμα (+gen) rule (over) guard protect

ἄξηζηνο ε νλ best noblest bravest fairest

αὖηηο (back) again anew

Γαλαόο νῦ ὁ Danaan

ἑθαηόκβε εο ἡ hecatomb sacrifice

ζάλαηνο νπ ὁ death

Ἴιηνο νπ ἡ Ilium Troy the region around Troy

κεγάζῡκνο ε νλ great-souled brave

ὄρα far much considerably

πέζσ (πεηζ- πνηζ- πηζ-) πείζσ ἔπεηζα (πέπηζνλ) persuade win over mislead

θηιέσ θηιήζσ ἐθίιεζα love cherish entertain hospitably

εἶπνλ εἶπεο εἶπε(λ) θηι 2nd

aor speak say tell etc

ἔβεζα ἔβεζαο ἔβεζε(λ) θηι 1st aor come go walk etc

105 Derivatives

ἄγσ (ag-) = pedagogue demagogue synagogue

ἄξηζηνο (arist-) = aristocracy

ζάλαηνο (thanat-) = thanatopsis euthanasia

106 Translation Exercises

1 ηίο ἦλ ὄρrsquo ἄξηζηνο Γαλαῶλ 2 Πξίακνο κεγάζῡκνο ἤλαζζελ Ἰιίνπ 3 νὐθ αὖηηο ἄμνπζη Γαλανὶ κεγάζῡκνη

ἑθαηόκβᾱο πνιιὰο (ᾱ) εἰο Υξύζελ (ῡ) 4 νὐθ ἔπεηζαλ ἑθεβόινλ πνιιῇο ἑθαηόβῃζη θᾱιῇζηλ 5 νὐ θηιήζνκελ ζενύο

νὕλεθα θᾱινὶ εἰζηλ 6 Γαλανὶ ηεύμνπζη ζάλαηνλ Πξηάκῳ ἐλ Ἰιίῳ 7 ἐθίιεζα ζεὰλ (ᾱ) ζαιάζζεο ἀιιrsquo νὐρ ἥλδαλε

ἑθεβόιῳ ζῡκῷ 8 ἀείζνκελ θαὶ πείζνκελ ζενύο 9 ὄρrsquo ἄξηζνη ἐλ Ἰιίῳ ηὰ εἶπνλ Πξηάκῳ ἀιιὰ ηνὺο ἠηῑκάζελ 10

Πξίακνο ἔπεκςε ηὸλ ζηξαηὸλ ἄξηζηνλ ἐπrsquo Ἀξγείνηζηλ 11 ἔβεζαλ αὖηηο Γαλανὶ εἰο Ἴιηνλ ἀιιrsquo νὐθ ἔπεηζαλ

Πξίακνλ 12 ἀείζνκελ ἑθεβόινλ ὄρrsquo ἄξηζηνλ ζεῶλ νὕλεθrsquo ἤγαγε Γαλανὺο εἰο Ἴιηνλ

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 Who was by far the noblest of the Danaans 2 Great-souled Priam ruled Ilium 3 Not agan will the great-

souled Danaans lead many sacrifices into Chrysa 4 They did not persuade the free-shooter with many goodly

sacrifices 5 Do we not love the gods because they are good 6 The Danaans will prepare death for Priam in Ilium

7 I loved the goddess of the sea but it was not pleasing to the heart of the free-shooter 8 We will sing and

persuade the gods 9 By far the noblest in Ilium this they say of Priam but he (is the one) he dishonored () 10

Priam sent the best army against the Argives 11 The Danaans went back to Ilium but they did not persuade Priam

12 We hymn the free-shooter greatest of the gods because he led the Danaans into Ilium

107 Composition Exercises

1 The great-souled Achaeans will not persuade the free-shooter with goodly hecatombs but he will prepare evil

death for the people 2 The noblest of the Achaeans went to Ilium but they did not persuade the soul of Priam 3

We shall sing because the gods have led (aor) the people into Troy 4 We shall have many shining golden scepters

5 Did you not love the gods who have Olympian homes 6 Priam shall not rule Ilium again for the Achaeans will

prepare evil death for him 7 Does he speak to the beautiful goddess of the sea 8 They will persuade the souls of

the gods with many hecatombs

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 Ἀραηνὶ κεγάζῡκνη νὐ πείζνπζηλ ἑθεβόινλ πνιιῇο ἑθαηόκβῆζηλ ἀιιὰ ηεύμεη ζάλαηνλ θαθὸλ ιᾱνῖζηλ 2

ἄξηζηνη Ἀραηῶλ ἔβεζαλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ ἀιιrsquo νὐθ ἔπεηζαλ ζῡκὸλ Πξηάκῳ 3 ἀείζνκελ νὕλεθα ζενὺο ἤγαγνλ ιᾱὸλ εἰο

Ἴιηνλ 4 ἕζρνκελ πνιιὰ ρξύζεα (ῡ) ἀγιαὰ ζθῆπηξα 5 νὐθ ἐθηιήζαηε ζενὺο νἳ ἔρνπζηλ νἴθνπο ιπκπίνπο 6 νὐθ

αὖηηο ἀλάζζεη Πξίακνο Ἰιίνπ Ἀραηνὶ γὰξ ηεύμνπζη ζάλαηνλ θαθὸλ αὐηῷ 7 εἴξεη ζεᾷ θᾱιᾷ ζαιάζζεο 8 πείζνπζη

ζῡκνὺο ζεῶλ πνιιῇο ἑθαηόκβῃζηλ

Lesson 11

(664-675 838-839)

111 First Declension Masculine Nouns

First declension masculines typically end in -εο -ᾱο or -ᾰο in the nominative and are declined exactly the same

as their feminine counterparts (with the exception of the nominative singular which adds -ο the genitive singular

which regularly ends in -ᾱν and the vocative singular which ends in -ε -ᾱ or -ᾰ) Those ending in -εο retain -ε

throughout the singular those ending in -ᾱο retain the -ᾱ throughout the singular and those ending in -ᾰο take the -ε

ending in the dative

Masculines ending in -δεο take -ε in the vocative singular while those ending in -ηεο (as well as compound

nouns and the names of nationalities) regularly take -ᾰ Those ending in -ᾱο take the the nominative singular in -ᾱ

A very few first declension adjectives take a masculine ending in -ᾰ (without the final -ο) Many of these also

have an alternative form that ends in the more common -εο Those that do not have an alternative form in -εο usually

have the recessive accent (a feature inherited from the Aeolic influence in Homer) The only masculine noun ending

in -ᾰ in the nominative is the name Θύεζηα (Thyestes)

First declension masculine nouns typically follow the paradigms for Ἀηξεΐδεο (Atreides son of Atreus) Αἰλείᾱο

(Aeneas) and αἰρκεηήο (spearman warrior)

Ἀηξεΐδεο ᾱν ὁ Αἰλείᾱο ᾱν ὁ αἰρκεηήο ᾱν ὁ

(Αηξεϝηδᾱ-) (Αἰλεηᾱ-) (αἰρκεηᾱ-)

N Ἀηξεΐδεο Αἰλείᾱο αἰρκεηήο [ά]

G Ἀηξεΐδᾱν [εσ] Αἰλείᾱν [σ] αἰρκεηᾶν [έσ]

D Ἀηξεΐδῃ Αἰλείᾳ αἰρκεηῇ

A Ἀηξεΐδελ Αἰλείαλ αἰρκεηήλ

V Ἀηξεΐδε Αἰλείᾱ αἰρκεηά

N A V Ἀηξεΐδᾱ αἰρκεηά (ᾱ)

G D Ἀηξεΐδῃηλ αἰρκεηῇηλ

N V Ἀηξεΐδαη αἰρκεηαί

G Ἀηξετδάσλ (ᾱ) αἰρκεηάσλ (ᾱ)

[έσλ ῶλ] [έσλ ῶλ]

D Ἀηξεΐδῃζη ῃο αἰρκεηῇζη ῇο

A Ἀηξεΐδᾱο αἰρκεηάο (ᾱ)

112 Compound Verbs

Compound verbs are formed from a preposition or adverb coupled with a verb such as ἀλαβαίλσ (ascend)

formed from ἀλα (up) and βαίλσ (go) If the preposition ends in a vowel and the verb begins with a vowel the vowel

of the preposition is usually elided as in δηίζηεκη (δηὰ ἰζηεκη) ἁθαηξέσ (ἀπὸ αἱξέσ)

The augment occurs between the preposition and the verb When two vowels are thus brought together the first

vowel is usually elided leaving the augment Thus ἀπνιύσ (I release present) ἀπέιπνλ (I was releasing

imperfect) ἀπέιῡζα (I released aorist)

113 Vocabulary

ἀλαβαίλσ ἀλαβήζσ ἀλέβεζα go up ascend embark

ἀπνιύσ ἀπνιύζσ (ῡ) ἀπέιῡζα loose set free release

Ἀηξεΐδεο -ᾱν ὁ Atreides son of Atreus (usually refers to Agamemnon)

θαηαθεύσ θαηαθαύζσ θαηέθεα burn consume

θειεύσ - ἔθιπνλ (+gen) hear hearken to

κεηέεηπνλ κεηεῖπνλ (2nd

aor of εἴξσ) spoke among addressed spoke to

ὅηε when whenever

Πειεηάδεο ᾱν (εσ) ὁ Peleiades son of Peleus (used in reference to Achilles)

πξνζέεηπνλ πξνζεῖπνλ (2nd

aor of εἴξσ) addressed spoke to

ηόηε then at that time

ρνιόσ ρνιώζσ ἐρόισζα anger enrage vex

Υξύζεο (ῡ) ᾱν (εσ) ὁ Chryses

Verbs

ἀλαβαίλσ

stem ἀλα + βαλ- βα-

future ἀλαβήζσ (rarely ἀλαβήζνκαη)

1st aorist ἀλέβεζα (rarely 2

nd aor ἀλέβελ)

ἀπνιύσ

stem ἀπό + ιύσ

future ἀπνιύζσ (ῡ)

1st aorist ἀπέιῡζα

θαηαθαίσ

stem θαηά + θαπ- θαϝ- θαη-

future θαηαθαύζσ (assumed form)

1st aorist θαηέθεα

θειεύσ (Attic)

stem θιεπ- θιεϝ- θιπ-

future none

2nd

aorist ἐθιπνλ

ρνιόσ

stem ρνιν-

future ρνιώζσ

1st aorist ἐρόισζα

Notes

In Homeric Greek the stem vowel is usually lengthened before -ζ hence ἀλαβαίλσ =gt ἀλαβήζσ =gt

ἀλέβεζα ἀπνιύσ =gt ἀπνιύζσ (ῡ) =gt ἀπέιῡζα

ἀλαβαίλσ also has a 2nd

aorist ἀλέβελ

A few verbs have active forms in the present but middle forms in the future ἀλαβαίλσ has two future

forms one active (ἀλαβήζσ) and one middle (ἀλαβήζνκαη)

Verbs with stems ending in -αηλσ originally had a consonantal η following the λ (ie ἀλαβαηλησ)

114 Translation

1 θᾱινὶ ζενὶ ἔηεπμαλ ζάλαηνλ θαθὸλ δίῳ (ῑ) Πειεηάδῃ ὁ δrsquo ἀλέβελ ππξήλ 2 ἑθεβόινο ὤιεθε ιᾱὸλ Ἀραηῶλ

νὕλεθα δῖνο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) 3 θαηέθεα ἑθαηόκβᾱο πνιιάο (ᾱ) 4 ἑθεβόινο νὐθ ἔθιπελ Ἀηξεΐδᾱν

νὕλεθα ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) 5 Υξύζεο (ῡ) κεηέεηπελ Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἀιιrsquo νὐθ Ἀηξεΐδῃ ἥλδαλε ζῡκῷ 6 ὅηε θαθῶο

πξνζέεηπελ Ἀηξεΐδεο Υξύζελ (ῡ) ηόηε ἐρόισζελ ἑθεβόινλ 7 ἀπειύζακελ (ῡ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) νὕλεθα ηὸλ

ἐθηιήζακελ 8 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἤλεηθελ ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα Ἀηξεΐδῃ 9 νἴζνκελ ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀπνιύζνκελ (ῡ)

Υξύζελ (ῡ) νὕλεθα ηὸλ ἐθηιήζακελ θαὶ θίινο ἐζηὶλ ἑθεβόιῳ 10 ηίο θέξεη ἄπνηλα Υξύζᾱν (ῡ) Ἀηξεΐδῃ 11 δῖνο

Πειεηάδεο ἐρόισζελ Ἀηξεΐδελ 12 ὅηε θαηεθήακελ πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἑθαηόκβᾱο θᾱιάο (ᾱ) ηόηε ἐπείζακελ ζῡκνὺο ζεῶλ

13 δηὰ καληνζύλελ Υξύζεο (ῡ) εἶπε βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεῶλ Ἀηξεΐδῃ Πειεηάδῃ ηε

KEY

1 The noble gods prepared evil death for the divine Peleiades and he ascended the funeral pyre 2 The free-

shooter destroyed the host of the Achaeans because the divine Atreides dishonored Chryses 3 I burned many

funeral pyres 4 The free-shooter did not hear the son of Atreus because he dishonored Chryses 5 Chryses spoke

among the Achaeans but but it did not please the heart of Atreides 6 It angered the free-shooter when the son of

Atreus spoke wickedly to Chryses 7 We released Chryses because we loved him 8 Chryses brought countless

glorious ransoms to the son of Atreus 9 We will bring many ransoms and release Chryses because we loved him

and he is dear to the free-shooter 10 Who brought the ransoms of Chryses to the son of Atreus 11 The divine

Peleiades angered the son of Atreus 12 We persuaded the hearts of the gods when we burned many good

hecatombs 13 Through prophesy Chryses spoke the will of the gods to both Atreides and Peleiades

115 Composition

1 The Achaeans ascended into Troy and killed the noble Priam 2 We burned many goodly hecatombs to the

Olympian gods 3 Chryses spoke among the Achaeans but the son of Atreus did not hearken to him 4 The

Achaeans addressed the son of Atreus but he did not free Chryses 5 The son of Atreus will bring many ransoms

into the camp of the Achaeans 6 Who will persuade the gods with many goodly hecatombs

KEY

1 Ἀραηνὶ ἀλέβεζαλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ θαὶ ὤιεμαλ θᾱιὸλ Πξηάκνλ 2 θαηέθεκελ πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) ἑθαηόκβὰο (ᾱ)

ζενῖο ιπκπίνηο 3 Υξύζεο (ῡ) κεηέεηπελ Ἀραηνῖο ἀιιrsquo Ἀηξεΐδεο ηὸλ νὐθ ἔθιπελ 4 Ἀραηνὶ πξνζέεηπνλ Ἀηξεΐδῃ

ἀιιrsquo νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε Υξύζελ (ῡ) 5 Ἀηξεΐδεο νἴζεη ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ εἰο ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 6 ηίο πείζεη ζενὺο πνιιῇο

ἑθαηόκβῃζηλ

Lesson 12

Review

121 Review Vocabulary

Lesson 13

(680-692 701-709)

(cf 897 874 886 619 841-843 576 1178 830-831 837 580 837)

131 Nouns of the Third Declension

Third declension nouns can be either masculine feminine or neuter The nominative endings can take many

forms but there are some conventions Masculine and feminine stems except those ending in λ ξ or ζ simply add

ζ to the stem and make the necessary euphonic changes Stems ending in ξ λ and ζ typically make no changes

except to lengthen the last vowel if it is short Stems ending in -λ(η) either drop the η and lengthen a short vowel or

drop the -λ(η) lengthen the vowel and add ζ Examples δαηκνλ- = δαηκσλ ζῑλ- = ζίο (ῑ) κειαλ- = κέιᾱο γεξνλη- =

γέξσλ etc Neuters typically consist of just the stem in the nominative and accusative except to drop a final -η

where it occurs

In general the stem of a third declension noun is found by dropping the -νο ending from the genitive singular

The dative singular regularly ends in -ῐ but occasionally in -ῑ

The accusative ending was originally -λ and this ending is common on stems ending in a vowel On stems

ending in a consonant the -λ was a sonant consonant which eventually came be pronounced as -ᾰ The result is that

the accusative singular usually ends in -λ for stems ending in a vowel and -ᾰ for stems ending in a consonant

Dental mute stems ending in -ηο and -πο in the nominative singular rarely drop the mute and typically adopt the -λ

accusative ending as if they were vowel stems

The dative plural is formed by adding either -εζζη (rarely -εζη) or -ζη (rarely -ζζη) and making the usual

euphonic changes Most third declension nouns thus have alternate dative plural forms as πνύο = πνζζί = πνζί =

πόδεζζη etc

The accusative plural originally ended in -λο (sonant λ) which gives -αο for stems ending in a consonant and -ῑο

and -ῡο for stems ending in a vowel A few vowel stems borrowed an -αο ending from the first declension by

analogy

The vocative singular is usually either identical to the nominative or identical to the stem alone Stems ending

in λ ξ or ο typically drop this final consonant in the vocative singular

Compensatory lengthening usually occurs in the dative plural when -λη is dropped as in γέξνληζη = γέξνπζη

132 Paradigms

Stems ending in -επ (επ) -νπ and σϝ follow the paradigms of βαζηιεύο (king βαζηιεϝ-) βνῦο (ox βνϝ-) λεῦο

(ship λᾱϝ-) and ἥξσο (hero ἡξσϝ- () or ἡξσ-)

N βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

G βαζηιῆνο [-ένο] βνόο λεόο ἥξσνο

D βαζηιῆη [-έη] βνΐ λεί ἥξση

A βαζηιῆα [-έα] βνῦλ [βῶλ] λῆα [λέα] ἥξσα

V βαζηιεῦ βνῦ λεῦ ἥξσο

N A V βαζηιῆε βόε λῆε ἥξσε

G D βαζηιήνηηλ βόνηηλ λήνηηλ ἡξώνηηλ

N V βαζηιεῆεο βόεο λῆεο ἥξσεο

G βαζηιήσλ βνῶλ λεῶλ [λεῶλ] ἡξώσλ

D βαζηιήεζζη βόεζζη λήεζζη [λέεζζἰ ἡξώεζζη

βαζηιεῦζη βνπζί λεπζί ἥξσζη

A βαζηιῆαο βόαο (βνῦο) λῆζαο (λέαο) ἥξσαο

A long vowel is typically shortened when it occurs before another vowel thus βαζηιῆνο or βαζηιένο This

convention was almost certainly consistent in pronunciation but is only occasionally represented in written form

The π in the stem of these words frequently became ϝ and subsequently disappeared as in βαζηιεπ- βαζηιεϝ-

βαζηιε-

Stems ending in η (εη) and π (επ εϝ) follow the paradigms of πόιηο (city πνιη-) πῆρπο (forearm περεϝ-) ἄζηπ

(city ἀζηεϝ-) λέθπο (corpse λεθῡ-) and δάθξπ (tear δαθξπ-)

N πόιηο πῆρπο ἄζηπ λέθῡο δάθξπ

G πόιηνο -ενο πήρενο ἄζηενο λέθπνο δάθξπνο

D πόιηη -ῑ -εη -εη πήρετ ἄζηετ λέθπτ δάθξπτ

A πόιηλ πῆρσλ ἄζηπ λέθῡλ δαθξπ

V πόιη πῆρπ ἄζηπ λέθῡ δάθξπ

N V πόιηε πήρεε ἄζηεε λέθπε δάθξπε

G D πνιίνηηλ περένηηλ ἄζηνηηλ λεθύνηηλ δαθξύνηηλ

N V πόιηεο -εεο πήρεεο ἄζηεα λέθπεο δάθξπα

G πνιίσλ περέσλ ἀζηέσλ λεθύσλ δαθξύσλ

D πνιίεζζη περέεζζη ἀζηέεζη λεθύεζζη δαθξύεζζη

πόιεζη -ηζη πήρεζη ἄζηεζη λέθῡζ(ζ)η δάθξπζη

A πόιηαο -εαο -ῑο πήρεαο ἄζηεα λέθπαο [-ῡο] δάθξπα

Nouns with stems in -ο (-εο -αο -νο) and -η are declined like ἔπνο (ϝεπεζ-) γέξαο (γεξαζ-) ἠώο (ἀϝζνζ-) δῶκα

(δσκαη-) and ἦκαξ (ἠκαξ- ἠκαη-) Note that -ζ- usually disappears when it occurs between two vowels

N ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο δῶκα ἧκαξ

G ἔπενο γέξανο ἠόνο δώκαηνο ἥκαηνο

D ἔπετ γέξατ ἠόη δώκαηη ἥκαηη

A ἔπνο γέξαο ἠόα δῶκα ἧκαξ

V ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο δῶκα ἧκαξ

N V ἔπεε γέξαε δώκαηε ἥκαηε

G D επένηηλ γεξάνηηλ δσκάηνηηλ ἡκάηνηηλ

N V ἔπεο γέξα(α) δώκαηα ἥκαηα

G ἐπέσλ γεξάσλ δσκάησλ ἡκάησλ

D ἐπέεζζη γεξάεζζη δσκάηεζζη ἡκάηεζζη

ἔπε(ζ)ζη γέξα(ζ)ζη δώκαζη ἥκαζη

A ἔπεα γέξα(α) δώκαηα ἥκαηα

Note that all nouns ening in -νο in the second declension are either masculine or feminine but all nouns ending in -

νο in the third declension are neuter All nouns ending in -κα in the nominative singular and all nouns with genitives

in -αηνο are neuter

133 Further Notes on the Third Declension

Nouns of the third declension can be any gender and consist of stems ending in -η -π or a consonant In

general the following endings are applied to the stem with the usual euphonic changes

N -ο

G -νο

D -η

A -λ

V -

N A V -ε

G D -νηηλ

N V -εο

G -σλ

D -εζζη

A -λο

Standard Euphonic Changes

Later forms of Greek such as Attic and Koine frequently contracted the forms found in Homer

The -λ in the accusative singular and plural is sonant meaning that it is pronounced as λ when

following a vowel but it is pronounced as ᾰ when following a consonant Thus πνιη-λ = πνιηλ and

πνιη-λο = πνιηο but δαηκνλ-λ = δαηκνλα and δαηκνλ-λο = δαηκνλαο

o In most cases a stem originally ending in ϝ is treated as if it ends in a consonant Thus

βαζηιεϝα = βαζηιεα εξσϝα = εξσα

o The word βνϝ- is an exception where ϝ becomes π (probably because νπ is such a common

diphthong) βνϝλ = βνπλ

Dentals are dropped before ζ Thus παηδο = παηο

o In cases where the stem ends in -λη the dental and the ζ are typically dropped with the last

vowel lengthened by compensation Thus γεξνληο = γεξσλ

Palatals combine with ζ to form μ Thus αηγο = αημ θεξπθο = θεξπμ etc

o Stems ending in -θη apply both the dental and palatal changes first dropping the η and then

combining the θζ to form μ Thus λπθηο = λπθο = λπμ

Labials combine with ζ to form ς Thus Αηζηνπο = Αηζηνς

The ζ is dropped when it follows a nasal or ξ and the last vowel is lengthened to compensate (if it

isnrsquot long already) Thus δαηκνλο = δαηκσλ θξελο = θξελ ρεηξο = ρεηξ παηεξο = παηεξ κεηεξο =

κεηεξ etc

Stems that originally ended in ϝ usually retain a π in its place in the nominative Thus βαζηιεϝο =

βαζηιεπο (originally βαζηιεπο) λεϝο = λεπο βνϝο = βνπο etc

o The same phenomenon sometimes occurs in the accusative singular as well where ϝ becomes

π and the final λ is retained Thus περεϝλ = περευλ = περπλ

o The word εξσο is an apparent exception where εξσϝο = εξσο This may be from analogy

with the relatively common -σο ending in Greek or it could be that the stem was originally

εξσ- witout the ϝ

o When the stem ends in -εϝ the ε is usually dropped in the nominative thus περεϝο = περεπο =

περπο (but the genitive and dative are περενο περετ)

Some confusion can occur at the apparent irregularity of stems ending in -π αζηπ αζηενο αζηεη etc

but δαθξπ δαθξπνο δαθξπτ etc The difference is that stems like αζηπ originally ended in a vowel + ϝ

(αζηεϝ) while stems like δαθξπ originally ended in π

Some neuters originally ended in -εο These are usually declined as -νο in the nominative and

accusative In the other cases the endings are simply applied to -εζ- and the sigma is dropped when it

occurs between two vowels επνο (nom acc from επεζο) επενο (gen from επεζνο) επετ (dat from

επεζη) etc

o Stems ending in -αο simple drop the extra sigma in the nominative singular and append the

case endings to -αζ- (dropping ζ when it occurs between two vowels) Thus γεξαο γεξανο

γεξατ etc

o Stems ending in -νο follow the same pattern as those ending in -αο except that the ν is

lengthened to σ in the nominative Thus εσο εννο εντ etc

Neuter stems ending in -καη usually drop the η in the nominative and accusative singular but retain it

in the plural Thus δσκα (nom and acc sing) δσκαηνο (gen sing) δσκαηη (dat sing) δσκαηα (nom and

acc plur) δσκαησλ (gen plur) δσκαηεζζη (dat plur) etc Neuter stems ending in -καξ usually behave

as if they ended in -καη in all cases except the nominative and accusative singular Thus εκαξ εκαηνο

εκαηη etc

The dative plural ending is given as -εζζη This could be shortened to -ζζη (before vowels) -εζη or -ζη

The -ζη ending is the most common in later dialects Thus Homeric θεξπθεζζη is typically θεξπμη in

Attic and Koine

The vocative singular in neuters is always identical to the nominative and accusative singulars

o In masculine and feminine nouns the vocative singular is usually just the stem without any

endings applied as long as the stem is capable of standing alone Thus δαηκνλ ρεηξ παηεξ

κεηεξ ζπγαηεξ αλεξ βνπ λεπ πνιη λεθῡ δαθξπ etc

o In some cases where the nominative singular has slightly modified the stem before adding -ο

the vocative is formed by simply dropping the ο Thus παη βαζηιεπ περπ

o In cases where the ο of the nominative singular has combined with the stem the vocative is

usually indentical to the nominative singular Thus αλαμ λπμ αημ θεξπμ Αηζηνς etc

o In rare cases the vocative is identical to the nominative singular even when dropping the ο

would have been convenient as in εξσο εσο

Alternate Endings The following are some alternate endings that could be applied instead of the usual

case endings listed above

o -ζη can be used to denote place where

o -ζελ can be used to denote source or separation or as an alternative ending for the genitive

case

o -δε can be added to the accusative ending to denote place to which or limit of motion

o -η can be added to denote place where

o -θη(λ) can be added as a substitute for several uses of the genitive and the dative cases

particularly in the instrumental sense

134 References

This lesson references several points in the grammar Note the following

Deponent verbs take middle or passive forms but denote active meanings

Some verbs reduplicate the initial syllable in the present tense by repeating the initial consonant

followed by -η Thus ἴζηεκη (orig ζηζηεκη) ηίζεκη δίδσκη πίκπιεκη γίγλνκαη γηγλώζθσ κηκλήζθσ

etc When futures and second aorists are reduplicated they usually follow the pattern of reduplication

found in the perfect tense If the initial consonant is aspirated the reduplicated consonant is typically

smooth Thus ηίζεκη rather than ζίζεκη

Note that ἴκη δίδσκη and ηίζεκη take the aorist in -θα rather than -ζα

When a word ends in a vowel and the following word begins with a vowel the result is called hiatus

In general hiatus is avoided in poetry through the use of elision crasis synizesis moveable

consonants etc However hiatus is allowed in some circumstances such as when elision has already

occurred when the first of the two vowels is long and occurs on the beat (or ictus) of the verse or

when a long vowel or diphthong has been shortened or when the two vowels were originally separated

by ϝ

Recall that the verbal augment is frequently omitted

135 Vocabulary

Ἄηο Ἄηδνο ὁ (nom not used) Hades

ἄιγνο ενο ηό grief pain woe trouble

Ἀρηιιεύο ῆνο ὁ Achilles

δαίο δαηηόο ἡ feast banquet portion

Εεύο Γηόο ὁ Zeus

ἥξσο ἥξσνο ὁ hero mighty warrior protector savior

ἴθζῑκνο ε νλ mighty valiant stout-hearted brave

θύσλ θπλόο ὁ ἡ dog

κῆληο ηνο ἡ wrath fury madness rage

νὐιόκελνο ε νλ accursed destructive deadly

πξντάπησ πξντάςσ πξνΐαςα hurl forward send forth

ηίζεκη (ζε- ζε-) ζήζσ ἔζεθα put place cause

Ἀρηιιεπο (Ἀρηιιεϝ-) Ἀρηιιενο Ἀρηιιεη Ἀρηιιεα

δαηο (δαηη-) δαηηνο δαηηη δαηηα δαηηεο δαηησλ δαηηεζζη δαηηαο

Εεπο Γηνο Γηη Γηα

ἡξσο ἡξσνο ἡξστ ἡξσα ἡξσεο ἡξσσλ ἡξσεζζη ἡξσαο

θπσλ θπλνο θπλη θπλα θπλεο θπλσλ θπλεζζη θπλαο

κεληο (κελη-) κεληνο κεληη κεληλ κεληεο κελησλ κεληεζζη κεληαο

136 Translation

1 κῆληο Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο ἦλ νὐινκέλε ἔζεθε γὰξ κῡξηrsquo ἄιγεα ηνῖζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ πξνΐαςε δὲ πνιιὰο (ᾱ)

ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἰθζίκνπο (ῑ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη ἔηεπρε δrsquo αὐηνὺο ἑιώξηα θαὶ δαῖηα θύλεζζηλ νἰσλνῖζί ηε ἐηέιεζε δὲ βνπιὴλ

Γηόο 2 ζεὰ (ᾱ) ἀείδεη κῆληλ νὐινκέλελ Ἀρηιῆνο ἣ ἔζεθελ κῡξίrsquo ἄιγεrsquo Ἀραηνῖζηλ 3 ζενὶ ὀιέθνπζη ηὸλ ζηξαηόλ θαὶ

πξντάπηνπζη πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη 4ηεύμνκελ κῡξίνπο Ἀραηνὺο ἑιώξηα θύλεζζηλ θαὶ δαῖηα ηνῖζηλ

νἰσλνῖζηλ νὕλεθα ἠηίκαζαλ (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) 5 θᾱιὴ ἦλ ἡ βνπιὴ Γηόο

KEY

1 The wrath of Achilles son of Peleus was destructive for it caused countless woes to the Achaeans and sent

forth many valiant souls of heros to Hades making them spoils and a banquet for the dogs and the vultures 2 The

goddess sings the accursed wrath of Achilles which brought countless woes to the Achaeans 3 The gods are

destroying the camp and sending forth many souls of the heros to Hades 4 We will make countless Achaeans spoils

for the dogs and a feast for these vultures because they dishonored Chryses 5 The will of Zeus was good

137 Iliad 1-5

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κπξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςπρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιήλ

Μῆληλ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse

ἄεηδε - present active imperative 2nd

person singular of ἀείδσ

ζεά - vocative case

Πειεηάδεσ = Πειεηάδᾱν (the verse may have originally read Πειεηάδᾱrsquo)

νὐινκέλελ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse as well as out of

the natural order and is placed directly opposite the word κῆληλ

κῡξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο - the hiatus is permited because elision has already occurred in κῡξίνηο

Ἄηδη was originally Ἄϝηδη and is still accented as it began with α instead of αη

ἡξώσλ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse and its deviation from

the natural order

δὲ ἑιώξηα - the hiatus is permitted because the original was δὲ ϝειώξηα

ηεῦρε - the augment is dropped (usually ἔηεπρε)

ἐηειείεην - imperfect passive indicative 3rd

person singular of ηειείσ

KEY

Sing O goddess of the accursed wrath of Achilles Peleiades

which brought countless woes to the Achaeans

and cast forth the souls of many valiant warriors to Hades

making them the spoils and feast of both dogs

and vultures But the will of Zeus was accomplished

138 Composition

1 The valiant Achaeans are singing the accursed wrath of Achilles 2 The wrath of Achilles caused many woes

to the Achaeans and sent many valiant souls of heroes to the god Hades 3 We shall make the army of the Achaeans

a booty for the dogs and a banquet for the birds 4 We are accomplishing the will of the goddess

KEY

1 ἴθζῑκνη Ἀραηνὶ ἀείδνπζηλ νὐινκέλελ κῆληλ Ἀρηιῆνο 2 κῆληο Ἀρηιῆνο ἔζεθε κῡξίrsquo ἄιγεrsquo Ἀραηνῖζη θαὶ

πξνΐαςε πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἰθζίκνπο ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη 3 ηεύμνκελ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ ἑιώξηα θύλεζζηλ θαὶ δαῖηα

νἰσλνῖζηλ 4 ηεύρνκελ βνπιὴλ ζεᾶο

Lesson 14

(519-526 1159-1192)

(cf 586)

141 Syllable Quantity

A syllable is long (by nature) when it contains a long vowel or a diphthong or (by position) when it ends in two

consecutive consonants (or a double consonant) A short vowel followed by a mute and a liquid κ or λ is common

and can be either long or short depending on the requirements of the verse Occasionally the letters ι κ λ ξ or ζ

are doubled in pronunciation when they follow a short vowel making the syllable long by position but this

convention is not always represented in writing And occasionally a lost ϝ will combine with another consonant to

make the preceding syllable long by position

Observe the following rules when determing the length of a syllable

Any vowel with the circumflex accent is long

The vowel of any ultmia whose penult bears the circumflex is short

If the penult has an acute then the vowel of the ultima must also be long

If the vowel of the ultima is short and the penult has the acute then the vowel of the penult must

be short as well

If the antepenult is accented the vowel of the ultima must be short

Occasionally these rules do not apply to certain compounds where one of the two words are

accented as if they were separate

If a short syllable stands where a long syllable is expected it is usually because the pause of the caesura or

diaresis fills out the foot or because the following word has lost a consonant (usually ϝ or ζ) And occasionally a

short syllable ending in a consonant is lengthened when it occurs on the ictus (beat) of the verse Such lengthening is

called thesis

142 Metrical Quantity

With the exception of pauses at the end of the verse caesura and diaresis all feet must consist of two long

syllables or a long syllable followed by two shorts Thus if a long syllable is followed by a short syllable then the

next syllable must be short as well Likewise if a short syllable is followed by a long syllable then the preceding

syllable must be short as well

When a word ends in a short vowel (and sometimes -νη and -αη) and the following word begins with a vowel

the short vowel is usually elided unless the following word originally began with ϝ When a word ends in a long

vowel or a diphthong and the following word begins with a vowel the long vowel is usually shortened This

phenomenon can also occur within the same word and again it is less common when the following word originally

began with ϝ Vowel shortening is also rare when the long vowel occurs on the ictus

The meter of Homer is called dactylic or heroic hexameter and is the most common meter in Greek verse Each

verse has six feet The first five feet can be dactyls (one long syllable followed by two short syllables) or spondees

(two long syllables) The final foot of the verse is always a spndee but keep in mind that the pause at the end of the

verse often combines with a final short syllable to form one long syllable The fifth foot of each verse is usually a

dactyl with only one in twenty (or so) verses containing a spondee in the fifth foot The verses that have a spndee in

the fifth foot are called spondaic and usually take slightly longer to recite In dactylic hexameter the ictus (beat) of

the verse always occurs on the first syllable of each foot producing six distinct beats per verse

Caesura occurs when a word ends within a foot (ie at the end of the first syllable of a foot or between the two

short syllables of the foot) When a caesura occurs at a natural pause in the verse this is said to be the caesura of the

verse A pause after the first syllable of a foot is called a masculine caesura and a pause after the second syllable of

the foot is called a feminine caesura

Diaresis occurs when the end of a word coincides with the end of a foot When this falls at a natural pause in

the verse it is said to be the diaresis of the verse When the diaresis occurs at the end of the fourth foot is it called

the bucolic diaresis (due to its common use in pastoral poetry)

143 Marking the Rhythm of the Iliad 1-5

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κπξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςπρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιήλ

ΜΖ ληλ α | ΔΗ δε ζε | Α ΠΖ | ΛΖ η α | ΓΔΧ α ρη | ΛΖ Ο-

dact dact spon dact dact spon

The pauses at the end of κῆληλ and ἄεηδε are feminine caesuras

The pauses at the end of ζεά Πειεηάδεσ and Ἀρηιῆνο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of ζεά is the caesura of the verse

The dash at the end of the verse indicates a pause that combines with a short vowel to fill out the

last foot

ΟΤ ιν κε | ΝΖΝ Ζ | ΜΤ ξη α | ΥΑΗ ΟΗ | ΑΛ γε ε | ΘΖ ΚΔΝ-

dact spon dact spon dact spon

The pauses at the end of κῡξίrsquo and ἄιγε are feminine caesuras

The pauses at the end of νὐινκέλελ and ἔζεθελ are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of νὐινκέλελ is the caesura of the verse

The pauses at the end of ἥ and Ἀραηνῖο are diareses

The diaresis at Ἀραηνῖο is a bucolic diaresis

κῡξία Ἀραηνῖο and ἄιγεα ἔζεθελ are examples of hiatus

The first syllable of ἄιγεrsquo is long because it is followed by two consecutive consonants

ΠΟΛ ΛΑ | ΓrsquoΗΦ ΘΗ | ΜΟΤ ΦΤ | ΥΑ ΑΗ | ΓΗ πξν τ | Α ΦΔΝ-

spon spon spon spon dact spon

The pauses at the end of ἰθζίκνπο and ςπράο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of πνιιάο is a diaresis

δὲ ἰθζίκνπο is hiatus

The first syllable of πνιιάο is long by position as is the first syllable of ἰθζίκνπο the last syllable

of Ἄηδη and the second syllable of πξνΐαςελ

Ζ ΡΧ | ΧΝ ΑΤ | ΣΟΤ δε ε | ΛΧ ξη α | ΣΔΤ ρε θπ | ΝΔ ΗΝ-

spon spon dact dact dact spon

The pause at the end of ηεῦρε is a feminine caesura

The pauses at the end of ἡξώσλ and αὐηνύο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of ἡξώσλ is the caesura of the verse

The pause at the end of ἑιώξηα is a diaresis

ΟΗ Χ | ΝΟΗ ζη ηε | ΓΑΗ ηα δη | Ο δrsquoε ηε | ΛΔΗ ε ην | ΒΟΤ ΛΖΝ

The pauses at the end of νἰσλνῖζη and δαῖηα are feminine caesuras

The pause at the end of Γηόο is a masculine caesura

The pauses at the end of ηε ἐηειείεην and βνπιήλ are diareses

The pause at the end of δαῖηα is the diaresis of the verse

Lesson 15

(693-694 697-700)

(cf 781-782 837 580 1009 996 584-585)

151 Third Declension Paradigms (continued)

Third declension nouns ending in a dental mute stem are exemplified by ἄλαμ (king ϝαλαθη-) λύμ (night λπθη-

) παῖο (child παηδ-) and γέξσλ (old man γεξνλη-)

N ἄλαμ λύμ παῖο γέξσλ

G ἄλαθηνο λπθηόο παηδόο γέξνληνο

D ἄλαθηη λπθηί παηδί γέξνληη

A ἄλαθηα λύθηα παίδα γέξνληα

V ἄλαμ [ἄλα] λύμ παῖ γέξσλ

N V A ἄλαθηε λύθηε παίδε γέξνληε

G D ἀλάθηνηηλ λύθηνηηλ παίδνηηλ γεξόληνηηλ

N ἄλαθηεο λύθηεο παίδεο γέξνληεο

G ἀλάθησλ λπθηῶλ παηδῶλ γεξόλησλ

D ἀλάθηεζζη λύθηεζζη παίδεζζη γεξόληεζζη

ἄλαμη λπμί παηζί γέξνπζη

A ἄλαθηαο λύθηνο παῖδαο γέξνληαο

Third declension nouns ending in labial and palatal stems are exemplified by αἴμ (goat αἰγ-) θῆξπμ (herald

θεξῡθ-) and Αἰζίνς (Ethipoian Αἰζηνπ-)

N αἴμ θῆξπμ Αἰζίνς

G αἰγόο θήξῡθνο Αἰζίνπνο

D αἰγί θήξῡθη Αἰζίνπη

A αἶγα θήξῡθα Αἰζίνπα

V αἴμ θῆξπμ Αἰζίνς

N V A αἶγε θήξῡθε Αἰζίνπε

G D αἴγνηηλ θεξύθνηηλ (ῡ) Αἰζηόπνηηλ

N αἶγεο θήξῡθεο Αἰζίνπεο

G αἰγῶλ θεξύθσλ (ῡ) Αἰζηόπσλ

D αἴγεζζη θεξύθεζζη (ῡ) Αἰζηόπεζζη

αἰμί θήξῡμ Αἰζίνςη

A αἶγαο θήξῡθαο Αἰζίνπαο

Nouns with stems ending in -εξ express different grades of ablaut in the stem (-εξ -εξ -ξ) with a recessive

accent in the vocative singular These are exemplified by παηήξ (father παηεξ-) κήηεξ (mother κεηεξ-) ζπγάηεξ

(daughter ζπγαηεξ-) and ἀλήξ (man ἀλεξ-)

N παηήξ κήηεξ ζπγάηεξ ἀλήξ

G παηέξνο -ηξόο κεηέξνο -ηξόο ζπγαηέξνο -ηξόο ἀλέξνο ἀλδξόο

D παηέξη -ηξί κεηέξη -ηξί ζπγαηέξη -ηξί ἀλέξη ἀλδξί

A παηέξα κεηέξα ζπγαηέξα ἀλέξα ἄλδξα

V πάηεξ κῆηεξ ζύγαηεξ ἄλεξ

N V A παηέξε κεηέξε ζπγαηέξε ἀλέξε ἄλδξε

G D παηέξνηηλ κεηέξνηηλ ζπγαηέξνηηλ ἀλέξνηηλ ἄλδξνηηλ

N παηέξεο κεηέξεο ζπγαηέξεο ζύγαηξεο ἀλέξεο ἄλδξεο

G παηέξσλ -ηξῶλ κεηέξσλ -ηξῶλ ζπγαηέξσλ ζπγαηξῶλ ἀλέξσλ ἀλδξῶλ

D παηξάζη κεηξάζη ζπγαηξάζη ζπγαηέξεζζη ἀλδξάζη ἄλδξεζζη

A παηέξαο κεηέξαο ζπγαηέξαο ζύγαηξαο ἀλέξαο ἄλδξαο

Note that δ is inserted into ἀλήξ between λ and ξ where they occur together The accent of the shorter forms of

ἀλέξ follow the pattern seen in παηήξ The alpha after ξ in the dative plural was added euphonically to strengthen

what was originally a sonant ξ

152 Vocabulary

ἄλαμ ἄλαθηνο ὁ king lord protector

ἀλήξ ἀλέξνο (ἀλδξόο) ὁ (real) man warrior hero

ἄξ(α) (ῥά) naturally of course as you know as you might expect that is

in effect (not always translatable)

βαζηιεύο ῆνο ὁ king ruler

δή indeed truly forsooth now

δηίζηεκη (ζηε- ζηα-) δηαζηήζσ stand apart separate

δηέζηεζα (δηέζηελ)

ἐμ νὗ from the time when

ἐξίδσ (ἐξηδ-) - ἤξηζ(ζ)α quarrel strive

ἠξηζάηελ (they) strove

ἔξηο ηδνο ἡ strife quarrel

Λεηώ Λεηόνο ἡ Leto

κάρνκαη fight battle

κάρεζζαη to fight

μπλίκη μπλήζσ μπλῆθα (μπλέεθα) bring together throw together hearken heed

ὄξλῡκη ὄξζσ ὦξζα (ὤξνξνλ) stir up kindle incite excite arouse

πξῶηνο ε νλ first foremost chief

ηὸ πξῶηνλ ηὰ πξῶηα (adv) at first firstly first

πἱόο νῦ ὁ son

ζθσε these two

153 Translation

1 ζεὰ (ᾱ) ἀείζεη κῆληλ Ἀρηιῆνο ἐμ νὗ δὴ ηὰ πξῶηα δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο θαὶ Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἀλδξῶλ ἠξηζάηελ θαὶ

δηεζηήηελ 2 ηίο ζεῶλ μπλέεθε δῖνλ Ἀρηιῆά ηε θαὶ Ἀηξεΐδελ ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 3 πἱὸο Λεηόνο θαὶ Γηὸο ἑθεβόινο

μπλέεθέ ζθσε ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη ηὸλ γὰξ βαζηιεὺο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἐρόισζελ ὁ δrsquo ὦξζε θαθὴλ λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ

ὤιεθε δὲ ιᾱνύο

KEY

1 The goddess sings the wrath of Achilles from the time when first the divine Achilles and Atreides king of

men strove and separated 2 Which of the gods brought together the divine Achilles and the son of Atreus to fight

in strife 3 The son of Leto and Zeus the Free-shooter brought these two together to fight in strife for Atreides the

king enraged him so he stirred up an evil plague through the camp of the Achaeans and destroyed their host

154 Iliad 1-10

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κῡξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςῡρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιή

ἐμ νὗ δὴ ηὰ πξῶηα δηαζηήηελ ἐξίζαληε

Ἀηξεΐδεο ηε ἄλαμ ἀλδξῶλ θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεύο

ηίο ηrsquo ἄξ ζθσε ζεῶλ ἔξηδη μπλέεθε κάρεζζαη

Λεηνῦο θαὶ Γηὸο πἱόο ὁ γὰξ βαζηιῆη ρνισζεὶο

λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ ὦξζε θαθήλ ὀιέθνλην δὲ ιᾱνί

δηαζηήηελ = δηεζηήηελ

ἐξίζαληε = aor act part nom dual masc (they two) having quarreled

ηε ἄλαμ originally ηε ϝάλαμ thus allowing the hiatus

ζθσε [ἕσ] = 3rd

pers pron acc dual these two

ἔξηδη is dative of means in strife

κάρεζζαη = pres act infinitive deponent to fight

ρνισζείο = aor pass part nom sing masc having been enraged

Λεηνῦο = contracted form of Λεηόνο

βαζηιῆη = Agamemnon instrumental case by the king

ὀιέθνλην = ὠιέθνλην imperf pass ind 3rd

pers plural were being destroyed or kept

perishing

KEY

Sing O goddess of the accursed wrath of Achilles Peleiades

which brought countless woes to the Achaeans

and cast forth the souls of many valiant warriors to Hades

making them the spoils and feast of both dogs

and vultures But the will of Zeus was accomplished

indeed from the time when at first having quarreled both

Atreides king of men and the divine Achilles separated

Which of the gods of course brought these two together to fight in strife

The son of Leto and Zeus For enraged by the king he

kindled an evil plague up through the camp and the people were destroyed

155 Composition

1 ἠείδνκελ κῆληλ νὐινκέλελ Ἀρηιιῆνο ἐμ νὗ ηὰ πξῶηα Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἀλέξσλ (ἀλδξῶλ) θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο

ἠξηζάηελ θαὶ δηεζηεζάηελ (δηεζηήηελ) 2 ηίο ζεῶλ μπλῆθε (μπλέεθα) Ἀραηνὺο θαὶ ιᾱὸλ Πξηάκνπ ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 3

μπλῆθε (μπλέεθα) ζθσε (ἕν) πἱὸο Λεηόνο (Λεηνῦο) θαὶ Γηὸο ἑθεβόινο ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 4 Αηξεΐδεο βαζηιεὺο

Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο ἐρόισζαλ ἄλαθηα ἑθεβόινλ θαὶ ὁ ὦξζα (ὤξνξε) λνῦζνπο πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θαθὰο (ᾱ) ἀλὰ

ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ θαθῶο ὤιεθελ ἀγαζὸλ ιᾱόλ

Lesson 16

(887-897 910 1065-1068 697-703 707 710 732)

161 Formation of Middle Passive and Deponent Verbs

The endings of the middle voice are different from the active voice The passive voice applies the same endings

as the middle voice except in the aorist passive which applies active endings Because the middle and passive voice

are identical (other than the aorist) the context determines whether a verb is used with middle or the passive

meaning The aorist middle is often used with a passive meaning (especially in athematic forms) and the aorist

passive is often used with a middle meaning

The perfect and pluperfect of the middlepassive are athematic with the personal endings attached directly to

the reduplicated stem

The future perfect passive is formed by adding -ζνε to the perfect middle passive lengthening the vowel that

precedes this ending

The first aorist passive is formed by adding -(ζ)ζεε to the stem Before ζ π and β become θ θ and γ become ρ

and η δ ζ become ζ Many verbs have a second aorist passive that drops the ζ altogether

Deponent verbs have no active form but use the middlepassive forms in an active sense

162 Paradigms Present and Future Indicative MiddlePassive of ιύσ

Present

S 1 ιύνκαη

2 ιύεαη [(ιύῃ)]

3 ιύεηαη

D 2 ιύεζζνλ

3 ιύεζζνλ

P 1 ιπόκε(ζ)ζα

2 ιύεζζα

3 ιύνληαη

Future

S 1 ιύζνκαη (ῡ)

2 ιύζεαη (ῡ) [(ιύζῃ (ῡ))]

3 ιύζεηαη (ῡ)

D 2 ιύζεζζνλ (ῡ)

3 ιύζεζζνλ (ῡ)

P 1 ιῡζόκεζα

2 ιύζεζζε (ῡ)

3 ιύζνληαη (ῡ)

163 The Use of Voice in Greek

The active voice indicates that the subject is acting λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ ὦξζε = he kindled a plague up

through the camp

The passive voice indicates that the subject is acted upon Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιή = but the will of Zeus was

being accomplished

The Middle voice denotes one of three meanings

1 The subject acting upon itself πείζνκαη (I convince myself) θαίλνκαη (I show myself)

2 The subject acting for itself θαιένκαη (I call for myself)

3 The subject acting upon something belonging to itself ιύνκαη (I loose my own I ransom)

When determing the difference between the middle and passive keep in mind that the middle voice always

conveys a direct or indirect reference to the subject and that the subject is effect by or has an interest in the action

164 Third Declension Stems in -επ -επ -νπ and -σϝ

Stems in -επ usually became -εϝ and the third declension endings are applied after the ϝ Thus βαζηιεϝνο =

βαζηιῆνο βαηιεϝη = βαζηιῆη βαζηιεϝα = βαζηιῆα etc Note that the ϝ explains why εη (εϝη) does not form an

improper diphthong as well as why the accusative singular ends in -εα (as if the stem ended in a consonant) instead

of -ελ (as if the stem ended in a vowel) Note that when the ending consists of a consonant the -εϝ is contracted to

the diphthong -επ Thus βαζηιεϝο = βαζηιεύο βαζηιεϝ = βαζηιεῦ βαζηιεϝζη = βαζηιεῦζη In rare cases the other

endings also contract the -ε to -ε (ie βαζηιῆνο = βαζηιένο)

In stems ending originally in -ᾱϝ the ᾱ becomes ε in the Ionic dialect These are declined the same as -εϝ

except that -εῡ is formed before consonants instead of -επ Thus λᾱϝο = λεϝο = λεῦο λᾱϝ = λεϝ = λεῦ But note the

exception in the shorter form of the dative plural where λᾱϝζη = λεϝζη = λεπζί (rather than λεῡζη) In contracted

forms the ε usually becomes ε

In stems ending in -σϝ the third declension endings are applied directly to the stem Thus ἡξσϝο = ἥξσο

ἡξσϝνο = ἥξσνο ἡξσϝη = ἥξση ἡξσϝα = ἥξσα etc

In stems ending originally in -ν or -νϝ the third declension endings are applied as usual But keep in mind that -

νϝ is contracted to the diphthong -νπ before a consonant thus βνϝο = βνῦο and βνϝζη = βνπζί But note the

exception that occurs in the accusative singular where βνϝλ = βνῦλ rather than βνϝα

βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

(βαζηιεϝ-) (βνϝ-) (λᾱϝ-) (ἡξσϝ-)

N βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

G βαζηιῆνο [ένο] βνόο λεόο [εόο] ἥξσνο

D βαζηιῆη [έη] βνΐ λεί ἥξση

A βαζηιῆα [έα] βνῦλ [βῶλ] λῆα [έα] ἥξσα

V βαζηιεῦ βνῦ λεῦ ἥξσο

N V A βαζηιῆε βόε λῆε ἥξσε

G D βαζηιήνηηλ βόνηηλ λήνηηλ ἡξώνηηλ

N V βαζηιῆεο βόεο λῆεο ἥξσεο

G βαζηιήσλ βνῶλ λεῶλ [εῶλ] ἡξώσλ

D βαζηιήεζζη βόεζζη λήεζζη [έεζζη] ἡξώεζζη

βαζηιεῦζη βνπζί λεπζί ἥξσζη

A βαζηιῆαο βόαο (βνῦο) λῆαο [έαο] ἥξσαο

165 Third Declension Stems in -εζ -αζ and -νζ

When a stem ends in a vowel plus -ζ the initial ζ is dropped between two vowels Thus γεξαζνο = γέξανο

ἠνζνο = ἠόνο etc

All third declension nouns with stems ending in -εο are neuters and follow the pattern of ἔπνο The third

declension endings are applied as usual except that the nominative vocative and accusative singulars end in -νο

Nouns with stems ending in -νο take -σο in the nominative and vocative singular but otherwise apply the third

declension endings as usual (dropping ζ between two vowels)

ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

(ϝεπεζ-) (γεξαζ-) (ἀϝζνζ- (ᾱ))

N ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

G ἔπενο γέξανο ἠόνο

D ἔπετ γέξατ ἠόη

A ἔπνο γέξαο ἠόα

V ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

N V A ἔπεε γέξαε

G D ἐπένηηλ γεξάνηηλ

N V ἔπεα γέξα(α)

G ἐπέσλ γεξάσλ

D ἐπέεζζη γεξάεζζη

ἔπε(ζ)ζη γέξα(ζ)ζη

A ἔπεα γέξα(α)

166 Third Declension Stems in -καη and -καξ

Stems ending in -καη and -καξ are neuters

Stems in -καη drop the -ηο in the nominative vocative and accusative singular δσκαηο = δῶκα Otherwise the

third declension endings are applied as usual

Stems ending in -καξ are declined like those ending in -καη except in the nominative vocative and accusative

singular (which end in -καξ)

δῶκα ἦκαξ

(δσκαη-) (ἠκαξ- ἠκαη-)

N δῶκα ἦκαξ

G δώκαηνο ἤκαηνο

D δώκαηη ἤκαηη

A δῶκα ἦκαξ

V δῶκα ἦκαξ

N V A δώκαηε ἤκαηε

G D δσκάηνηηλ ἠκάηνηηλ

N V δώκαηα ἤκαηα

G δσκάησλ ἠκάησλ

D δσκάηεζζη ἠκάηεζζη

δώκαζη ἤκαζη

A δώκαηα ἤκαηα

167 Third Declension Stems in -λη and -λ

Stems ending in -λη drop the -λη before ζ and lengthen the preceding vowel thus παληο = πᾶο παληζη = πᾶζη

Otherwise the third declension endings are applied as usual In neuters the -η is dropped at the end of the word thus

παλη = πᾶλ Stems in -λ drop the -λ before ζ and lengthen the preceding vowel in the masculine (but not in the

neuter)

πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

(παλη- παληα- παλη-)

Masc Fem Neut

N πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

G παληόο πάζεο (ᾱ) παληόο

D παληί πάζῃ (ᾱ) παληί

A πάληα πᾶζαλ πᾶλ

V πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

N V πάληεο πᾶζαη πάληα

G πάλησλ πᾱζάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] πάλησλ

D πάληεζ(ζ)η πάζῃζη (ᾱ) πάληεζ(ζ)η

πᾶζη πάζῃο (ᾱ) πᾶζη

A πάληνο πάζᾱο (ᾱ) πάληα

κέιᾱο κέιαηλα κέιαλ

(κειαλ- κειαηλα- κειαλ-)

N κέιᾱο κέιαηλα κέιαλ

G κέιαλνο κειαίλεο κέιαλνο

D κέιαλη κειαίλῃ κέιαλη

A κέιαλα κέιαηλαλ κέιαλ

V κέιαλ κέιαηλα κέιαλ

N V A κέιαλε κειαίλᾱ κέιαλε

G D κειάλνηηλ κειαίλῃηλ κειάλνηηλ

N V κέιαλεο κέιαηλαη κέιαλα

G κειάλσλ κειαηλάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] κειάλσλ

D κειάλεζ(ζ)η κειαίλῃζη κειάλεζ(ζ)η

κέιαζη κειαίλῃο κέιαζη

A κέιαλεο κειαίλᾱο κέιαλα

168 Vocabulary

Nouns

Ἀπόιισλ (ᾰ or ᾰ) σλνο ὁ Apollo

ἀξεηήξ (ᾱ) ῆξνο ὁ priest prayer

ζπγάηεξ ηέξνο (ηξόο) ἡ daughter

θνζκήησξ νξνο ὁ commander marshaller

λεῦο λεόο (λεόο) ἡ ship

ζηέκκα καηνο ηό fillet (of white cotton) wreath

ρείξ ρεηξόο ἡ hand arm

Verbs

ἔξρνκαη (ἐξρ- ἐιε- ἐιεπζ- ἐιπζ-) come go

ἐιεύζνκαη I will come I will go

ἦιζνλ (ἤιπζνλ) I came I went

ιίζζνκαη (ιηη-) I beg I entreat

---

ἐιιηζάκελ (ἐιηηόκελ) I begged I entreated

Adjectives Prepositions

ζνόο ή όλ swift speedy

πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ all every (the) whole

Indeclinable

δύν (δύσ) two

κάιηζηα most especially by all means

169 Translation

1 Ἀπόιισλ ἑθεβόινο ρνινῦηαη βαζηιῆη Αηξεΐδῃ θαὶ πέκπεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ ὀιέθνληαη δὲ

ιᾱνί νὕλεθα δῖνο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) 2 Υξύζεο (ῡ) γὰξ ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἑθεβόινπ ἔξρεηαη

ἐπὶ ζνὰο (ᾱ) λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ θέξεη δrsquo ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα ζπγαηξόο ἣλ Ἀηξεΐδεο ἔρεη ἐλ ζηξαηῷ 3 ὁ δrsquo ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἔρεη

ζηέκκαηα ἑθεβόινπ Ἀπόιισλνο ἐλ ρεξζὶλ ἀλὰ ρξῡζέῳ ζθήπηξῳ θαὶ ιίζζεηαη πάληαο Ἀραηνύο κάιηζηα δrsquo Ἀηξεΐδᾱ

δύσ θνζκήηνξε ιᾱῶλ 4 Ἀπόιισλ ρνιώζεηαη βαζηιῆη θαὶ ὄξζεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηόλ 5 ἐιεύζνληαη ἐπὶ ζνὰο

(ᾱ) λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ νἴζνπζη ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα βαζηιῆη 6 ιίζζνληαη πάληαο Ἀραηνύο 7 Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζελ (ῑ)

ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) θαὶ νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε ζύγαηξα

KEY

1 Apollo the free-shooter enraged by king Atreides sent an evil plague through the camp of the Achaeans and

the people were destroyed because the divine Atreides dishonored Chryses the priest 2 For Chryses the priest of

the free-shooter went upon the swift ships of the Achaeans bearing countless ransoms for his daughter whom

Atreides was holding in the camp 3 But the priest had a wreath of Apollo the free-shooter upon a staff in his hand

and was entreating all of the Achaeans but especially the sons of Atreus (who were) the commanders of the host 4

Apollo will be enraged by the king and will kindle an evil plague up through the camp 5 They will go upon the

swift ships of the Achaeans and bring countless ransoms to the king 6 They are entreating all of the Achaeans 7

Atreides dishonored the priest and would not release his daughter

1610 Iliad 11-16

hellipὀιέθνλην δὲ ιᾱνί

νὕλεθα ηὸλ Υξύζελ ἠηίκαζελ ἀξεηῆξα

Αηξεΐδεο ὁ γὰξ ἦιζε ζνὰο ἐπὶ λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ

ιπζόκελνο ηε ζύγαηξα θέξσλ ηrsquo ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα

ζηέκκαηrsquo ἔρσλ ἐλ ρεξζὶλ ἑθεβόινπ Ἀπόιισλνο

ρξπζέῳ ἀλὰ ζθήπηξῳ θαὶ ἐιίζζεην πάληαο Ἀραηνύο

Ἀηξεΐδα δὲ κάιηζηα δύσ θνζκήηνξε ιαῶλ

ηόλ Υξύζελ = that (well-known) Chryses

The first verse ends in two spondees making it a spondaic verse and emphasizing the fact that

Chryses was a priest

ιῡζόκελνο = fut mid part nom masc sing being about to ransom

θέξσλ = pres act part nom sing masc bearing bringing

ἔρσλ = pres act part nom sing masc having holding

ρεξζὶλ ἑθεβόινπ = ρεξζὶ ϝεθεβόινπ

ρξῡζέῳ = synizesis where -έῳ is pronounced as a single syllable

ἐιίζζεην = imperf act ind 3rd

pers sing dep (kept) entreating was entreating

Ἀηξεΐδᾱ = dual of Ἀηξεΐδεο refers to both Agamemnon and Menelaus

KEY

hellipand the people were being destroyed

because Atreides dishonored Chryses the priest

For he had gone upon the swift ships of the Achaeans

intending to ransom his daughter bearing countless gifts

and holding in his hand fillets of Apollo the free-shooter

upon a golden staff and was entreating all of the Achaeans

but especially the two sons of Atreus the commanders of the host

1611 Composition

1 Chryses the priest of Apollo is dishonored by the son of Atreus 2 The Achaeans will go from their swift

ships to Troy and ransom the beloved daughter of the priest 3 We shall bring many ransoms and shall hold in our

hands the fillets of Apollo 4 We do not have a golden scepter but we entreat Priam and all the people of Troy 5

The two sons of Atreus marshallers of the people are entreating Priam but he will slight them 6 The son of

Atreus king of men slighted the priest and did not release his daughter

KEY

1 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) Ἀπόιινπ ἀηῑκάδεηαη Ἀηξεΐδῃ 2 Ἀραηνὶ ἐιεύζνληαη ἐθ ζνάσλ (ᾱ) λήσλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ (ῑ)

θαὶ ἀπειύζνληαη (ῡ) θίιε ζπγάηεξα ἀξεηῆξη (ᾱ) 3 νἴζνκελ πνιιrsquo ἄπνηλα θαὶ ἕζρνκελ ἐλ ρείξεζζη ζηέκκαηα

Ἀπόιινπ 4 νὐθ ἔρνκελ ζθῆπηξνλ ρξύζενλ ἀιιὰ ιηζζόκεζα Πξίακνλ θαὶ πᾶληα ιᾱνλ Ἰιίνπ (ῑ) 5 δύrsquo Ἀηξεΐδᾱ

θνζκήηεξᾱ ιᾱσλ ιίζζεζζνλ Πξίακνλ αὐηνὺο δrsquo ἀηῑκάζεη 6 Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἄλδξσλ ἠηίκαζελ (ῑ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) θαὶ

νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε ζπγάηεξα

1612 Meter

ΟΤ λε θα | ΣΟΝ ΥΡΤ | ΖΝ Ζ | ΣΗ κα ζελ | Α ΡΖ | ΣΖ ΡΑ~

Α ηξε η | ΓΖ ν γαξ | ΖΛ ζε ζν | Α ε πη | ΝΖ αο α | ΥΑΗ ΧΝ

ΛΤ ζν κε | ΝΟ ηε ζπ | ΓΑΣ ξα θε | ΡΧΝ ηα πε | ΡΔΗ ζη α | ΠΟΗ ΝΑ~

ΣΔΜ καη ε | ΥΧΝ ΔΝ | ΥΔΡ ζηλ ε | ΚΖ βν ινπ | Α ΠΟΛ | ΛΧ ΝΟ~

ΥΡΤζεσα | ΝΑ ΚΖΠ | ΣΡΧ θαη ε | ΛΗ ζε ην | ΠΑΝ ηαο α | ΥΑΗ ΟΤ

ΑΣ ξε η | ΓΑ δε κα | ΛΗ ηα δπ | Χ ΚΟ | ΜΖ ην ξε | ΛΑ ΧΝ

Lesson 17

(910 - imperfect middle and passive aorist middle of ιύσ 648-658 - the table

of endings in 32)

171 Paradigms Imperfect MiddlePassive of ιύσ

S 1 ἐιπόκελ

2 ἐιύεν [(ἐιύεπ)]

3 ἐιύεην

D 2 ἐιύεζζνλ

3 ἐιπέζζελ

P 1 ἐιπόκε(ζ)ζα

2 ἐιύεζζε

3 ἐιύνλην

172 Paradigms Aorist Middle of ιύσ

Thematic Athematic (2nd

Aorist)

S 1 ἐιῡζάκελ ἐιύκελ

2 ἐιύζαν (ῡ) [(ἐιύζσ (ῡ))] ἔιπ(ζ)ν

3 ἐιύζαην (ῡ) ἔιπην

D 2 ἐιύζαζζνλ (ῡ) ἔιπζζνλ

3 ἐιῡζάζζελ ἐιύζζελ

P 1 ἐιῡζάκε(ζ)ζα ἐιύκε(ζ)ζα

2 ἐιύζαζζε (ῡ) ἔιπζζε

3 ἐιύζαλην (ῡ) ἔιπλην

173 Vocabulary

δῶκα αηνο ηό house home

παῖο παηδόο ὁ ἡ child son daughter

π(η)όιηο ηνο (ενο) ἡ city state

ἐπθλήκῑο ῑδνο well-greaved

ἐγώ(λ) κέν (κεῦ) I

ζύ ζέν (ζεῦ) you

κέλhellip δέ on the one handhellip trulyhellip on the one handhellip on the other hand

partlyhellip partly the onehellip the other

νἴθαδε home homeward to home home

Verbs

ἅδνκαη (ἁγ-) (defective) I reverence

δέρνκαη I accept I receive

δέμνκαη I will accept

ἐδεμάκελ (ἐδέγκελ) I accepted

δίδσκη (δσ- δν-) I give I grant

(δη)δώζσ I will give

ἔδσθα I gave

ἐθπέξζσ (πεξζ- πξαζ-) I sack (utterly) I plunder I pillage

ἐθπέξζσ I will sack

ἐμέπεξζα (ἐμέπξαζνλ) I sacked

ἱθλένκαη I arrive I reach (a destination)

ἵμνκαη I will arrive

ἱθόκελ (ῑ) I arrived

174 Translation

1 ζενὶ ἔρνπζηλ ιύκπηα δώκαηα ἔδσθαλ δrsquo Ἀηξεΐδεο θαὶ ἄιινηζηλ ἐπθλεκίδεζζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἐθπέξζαη

(infinitive) πόιηλ Πξηάκνπ ηόηε δrsquo ἵθνλην (ῑ) ἐὺ νἴθαδε νὕλεθα παῖδα θίιελ ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἔιῡζαλ 2 ἀπέιῡζαλ

ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνὶ ζύγαηξα θίιελ ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἐδέμαλην δrsquo ἀγιαὰ ἄπνηλα νὕλεθα ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλα Γηὸο πἱὸλ

ἅδνλην 3 ἅδεηαη ἑθεβόινλ 4 Ἀηξεΐδεο νὐθ ἐδέμαην ηὰ ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα 5 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἔδσθελ ἄπνηλα

πνιιὰ βαζηιῆη Ἀηξεΐδῃ 6 πάληεο ζενὶ θαὶ πᾶζαη ζεαὶ εἶρνλ ιύκπηα δώκαηα 7 Ἀραηνὶ ἐπθλήκῑδεο ἐθπέξζνπζη

Πξηάκνην πόιηλ ἵμνληαη δrsquo ἐπ νἴθαδε 8 παῖο θίιε ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἐιύζαην (ῡ) ἵθεην (ῑ) δrsquo ἐὺ νἴθαδε

KEY

1 The gods have Olympian homes but they gave the son of Atreus and the other well-greaved Achaeans to

utterly sack the city of Priam and then they returned safe at home because they released the dear child of the priest

2 The well-greaved Achaeans released the dear daughter of the priest and received glorious ransoms because they

reverenced the free-shooter Apollo son of Zeus 3 He reverences te free-shooter 4 The son of Atreus did not

receive the glorious ransoms 5 Chryses the priest gave many ransoms to king Atreides 6 All of the gods and all of

the goddesses had Olympian homes 7 The well-greved Achaeans will utterly sack Priamrsquos city and will return safe

to home 8 The dear child of the priest was released and arrived well to her home

175 Iliad 17-21

ltltἈηξεΐδαη ηε θαὶ ἄιινη ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνί

ὑκῖλ κὲλ ζενὶ δνῖελ ιύκπηα δώκαηrsquo ἔρνληεο

ἐθπέξζαη Πξηάκνην πόιηλ ἐὺ δrsquo νἴθαδrsquo ἱθέζζαη

παῖδα δrsquo ἐκνὶ ιῦζαί ηε θίιελ ηά ηrsquo ἄπνηλα δέρεζζαη

ἁδόκελνη Γηὸο πἱὸλ ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλαgtgt

Ἀηξεΐδαηhellip ἄιινη ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνί = vocative case

ὑκῖλ (ῡ) = dat plural of ζύ to you

ζενί = one syllable by synizesis

κέλ (v 18) = correlative of δέ (v 20)

δνῖελ = aor act optative 3rd

plural of δίδσκη may they grant

ἔρνληεο = pres act part nom masc plural of ἔρσ having possessing

ἐθπέξζαη = aor act inf of ἐθπέξζσ to sack utterly

ἱθέζζαη = aor act inf of ἱθένκαη to arrive (compare κάρεζζαη)

ιῦζαη δέρεζζαη = infinitives used as imperatives free and accept

ηά ηrsquo ἄπνηλα (ηά ηε ἄπνηλα) = thesehellip gifts

ἁδόκελνη = pres act part nom masc plural reverencing

KEY

ldquoSons of Atreus and you other well-greaved Achaeans

may the gods who have their homes on Olympus grant you

to utterly sack Priamrsquos city and return safe to home

but release my dear child to me and accept these gifts

reverencing Apollo who shoots at will the son of Zeusrdquo

176 Composition

1 The gods who have (ἔρνληεο) Olympian homes will grant to the sons of Atreus and to the other well-greaved

Achaeans to sack utterly (ἐθπέξζαη) the city of Priam 2 When they sacked the city of Priam they returned happily

home 3 They accepted the shining ransoms and freed the darling daughter of the priest Chryses 4 We reverenced

the free-shooter Apollo son of Leto and Zeus and escaped death 5 Will the son of Atreus accept the shining

ransoms 6 The child of the priest was freed when he gave many shining ransoms which the two sons of Atreus

accepted

KEY

1 ζενὶ ἔρνληεο ιύκπηα δώκαηα δώζνπζη Ἀηξεΐδῃζη θαὶ ἄιινηζηλ ἐπθλεκίδεζζηλ (ῑ) Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἐθπέξζαη πόιηλ

Πξηάκνπ 2 ηόηε ἐμέπεξζαλ πόιηλ Πξηάκνην ἵθνλην (ῑ) ἐὺ νἴθαδε 3 ἐδέμαλην ἀγιαrsquo ἄπνηλα θαὶ ἀπέιῡζαλ ζπγάηεξα

θίιε ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) Υξύζᾱν (ῡ) 4 ἡμάκεζα ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλα Λεηόνο θαὶ Γηὸο πἱόλ θαὶ ζάλαηνλ 5

Ἀηξεΐδεο δέμεηαη ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα 6 παῖο ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἀπειύζαην (ῡ) ηόηε ἔδσθελ ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀγιάα ηὰ

Ἀηξεΐδᾱ ἐδώθαζηλ

Lesson 18

(Perfect and Pluperfect Active of Verbs 904 922 Third Declension γέρων

αἴξ 693-695)

181 Formation of the Perfect and Pluperfect Active

The perfect and pluperfect in all modes experience reduplication of the initial syllable which denotes completed

action Verbs beginning with a single consonant (except ξ) prefix this consonant followed by -ε Thus ιύσ =

ιέιπθα The stem sometimes stands in ablaut relation to the stem of the present as in βαίλσ = βέβεθα A

reduplicated syllable beginning with an aspirated mute is changed to its corresponding voiceless mute in the

reduplicated syllable ie ζλήζθσ = ηέζλεθα In these cases the reduplicated pluperfect adds ἐ- to the reduplicated

syllable ie ιύσ = ιέιπθα = ἐιέιπθε

Vebs beginning with a double consonant two consonants (except a mute followed by a liquid or a nasal) ξ and

some beginning with κ simply augment the stem with the addition of ε-

Verbs beginning in a vowel typically take the temporal augment by lengthening the vowel ie νἴρνκαη =

ᾤρσθα However verbs beginning with a vowel in which an initial consonant has been lost may take the syllabic

augment

Compound verbs typically insert the reduplication and augment between the preposition and the verb ie

ἀπνιύσ = ἀπνιέιπθα = ἀπειειύθε

The first perfect active adds -θα- to the stem followed by the primary endings The first pluperfect active

similarly adds -θε- followed by the secondary endings In general a short final vowel is lengthened before the

addition of the -θα- or -θε- Second perfects and pluperfects active are the older form and are more common in

Homer These omit the θ and simply add -α- or -ε- respectively The second perfects are more common in stems

ending in a consonant

In general the singular perfect and pluperfect active stand in ablaut relation to the dual and plural forms

Perfects and pluperfects are rare in Homer and only occur in some twenty verbs

182 Paradigms λέλυκα and βέβηκα

ιέιπθα ἐιειύθε (ἐιειύθεα)

ιέιπθαο ἐιειύθο (ἐιειύθεαο)

ιέιπθε(λ) ἐιειύθεη (ἐιειύθεε)

ιειύθαηνλ ἐιειύθαηνλ

ιειύθαηνλ ἐιειπθάηελ

ιειύθακελ ἐιειύθεκελ

ιειύθαηε ἐιειύθεηε

ιειύθᾱζη ἐιειύθεζαλ

βέβεθα ἐβεβήθεα (ἐβεβήθε)

βέβεθαο ἐβεβήθεαο (ἐβεβήθεο)

βέβεθε(λ) ἐβεβήθεε (ἐβεβήθεη)

βέβαηνλ ἐβέβαηνλ

βέβαηνλ ἐβεβάηελ

βέβακελ ἐβέβακελ

βέβαηε ἐβέβαηε

βέβᾱζη ἐβέβαζαλ

183 Paradigms γέρων and αἴξ

γέξσλ αἴμ

γέξνληνο αἰγόο

γέξνληη αἰγί

γέξνληα αἶγα

γέξνλ αἴμ

γέξνληε αἶγε

γεξόληνηηλ αἴγνηηλ

γέξνληεο αἶγεο

γεξόλησλ αἰγῶλ

γεξόληεζ(ζ)η (γέξνπζη) αἴγεζ(ζ)η (αἰμί)

γέξνληαο αἶγαο

184 Vocabulary

ἀγνξή ῆο ἡ assembly meeting place gathering harrangue

αἴμ αἰγόο ὁ ἡ goat

Ἄξγνο ενο ηό Argos (both a country and a city in Greece)

γέξσλ νληνο ὁ old man

γῆξαο ανο ηό old age

ἱεξεύο ῆνο ὁ priest holy man

κεξίνλ νπ ηό thigh-bone thigh-piece

πνύο πνδόο ὁ foot

ηαῦξνο νπ ὁ bull

θξήλ θξελόο ἡ diaphragm mind heart soul spirit disposition

δέθαηνο ε νλ tenth

ἡκέηεξνο ε νλ our ours

θνῖινο ε νλ hollow

ὠθύο ὠθεῖα ὠθύ swift speedy

ζλήζθσ die perish

ζαλένκαη

ἔζαλνλ

ηέζλεθα

θεύγσ flee fly escape run (off away along)

θεύμνκαη

ἔθπγνλ

πέθεπγα

Singular

Masc Fem Neut

N θίινο θίιε θίινλ

G θίινπ νην [νν] θίιεο θίινπ νην [νν]

D θίιῳ θίιῃ θίιῳ

A θίινλ θίιελ θίινλ

V

Dual

N A V θίισ θίιᾱ θίισ

G D θίινηηλ θίιῃηλ θίινηηλ

Plural

N θίινη θίιαη θίια

G θίισλ θηιάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] θίισλ

D θίινηζη νηο θίιῃζη ῃο θίινηζη νηο

A θίινπο θίιᾱο θίια

V θίινη θίιαη θίια

65 Vocabulary

ἀγιαόο ή όλ bright shining splendid glorious

ἀλά ἄλ (adv prep + gen dat acc) upon on thereon along up through

ἀπεξείζηνο ε νλ boundless countless immeasureable

ἄπνηλα σλ ηά ransom

Ἀραηόο νῦ ὁ Achaean

δεηλόο ή όλ terrible awful dreadful dread fearful

ἑιώξηνλ νπ ηό booty spoils prey

ζεόο νῦ ὁ god divinity

ζῡκόο νῦ ὁ heart soul spirit courage passion

θαθόο ή όλ bad poor ugly mean cowardly evil wicked

θᾱιόο ή όλ good goodly noble handsome brave fair beautiful

ιᾱόο νῦ ὁ people host soldiery

κῡξίνη αη α countless innumerable

λνῦζνο νπ ἡ plague disease pest pestilence

νἰσλόο νῦ ὁ bird (of prey) vulture omen

πνιιόο ή όλ much many numerous

ζηξαηόο νῦ ὁ army encampment host

θίινο ε νλ dear darling lovely beloved

66 Derivatives

ἀλά (ana-) = anatomy

ἄπνηλα (apen-) = pentalty

ζεόο (theo-) = theology theocracy atheism polytheism monotheism henotheism pantheism

ιᾱόο (lao-) = laity layman

ζηξαηόο (strato-) = strategy strategic strategical

67 Translation Exercises

1 ἀγιαὰ ἄπνηλα θέξνπζηλ Ἀραηνὶ εἰο ζηξαηόλ 2 θέξνκελ ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 3 ζεὸο ηεύρεη

πνιινὺο Ἀραηνὺο ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζηλ 4 ἦζαλ Ἀραηνὶ θαθνί 5 νὐθ ἦζαλ θαθνί θᾱινὶ δέ λνῦζνο θαθὴ ὀιέθεη ιᾱὸλ

θᾱιόλ 6 Ἀραηνὶ πέκπνπζηλ ἄπνηλα κῡξίrsquo εἰο πάηξελ 7 ζεὸο βαίλεη ἐο ζηξαηόλ ὀιέθεη δὲ ιᾱὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 8 ηίο

ἀηῑκάδεη ζενὺο θᾱινύο 9 θαθνὶ ιᾱνὶ ἀηῑκάδνπζη ζενὺο πάηξεο 10 ζεὸο πέκπεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ

Ἀραηῶλ νὐ γὰξ ηειείνπζη βνπιὴλ ζεῶλ πάηξεο 11 βαίλεη ἐπὶ ζάιαζζαλ δεηλὴλ θαὶ ηεύρεη ππξὰο (ᾱ) πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἀλὰ

ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 12 ἔρνπζηλ ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα Ἀραηῶλ ἐλὶ ζηξαηῷ 13 βνπιὴ ζηξαηνῦ νὐρ ἁλδάλεη ζῡκῷ ζενῦ 14

ιᾱὸο Κίιιεο θίινο ἦλ ςῡρῇ ζεᾶο ζαιάζζεο 15 νὐθ ἀείδνκελ θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεῶλ ζηξαηῷ νὐ γὰξ ἁλδάλεη

Ἀραηνῖζη ζῡκῷ

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 The Achaeans bring countless splendid ransmoms into the camp 2 We carry boundless ransoms up through

the camp of the Achaeans 3 The god makes many Achaens spoils for the birds 4 Were the Achaeans evil 5 They

were not evil but good An evil pestilence destroyed the good host 6 The Achaeans send countless ransoms into

(their) fatherland 7 The god walks into the camp and destroys the host of the Achaeans 8 Who dishonors the noble

gods 9 The evil host dishonors the gods of (our) fatherlans 10 The god sends an evil plague up through the camp

of the Achaeans for they do not fulfill the will of the gods of (their) native country 11 He walks along the sea and

builds many funeral pyres throughout the camp of the Achaeans 12 They have boundless ransoms of the Achaeans

in the camp 13 The armyrsquos plan is not pleasing to the heart of the god 14 The host of Cilla was dear to the soul of

the goddess of the sea 15 We do not sing the brave plan of the goods of the camp for (that) is not pleasing to the

heart of the Achaeans

68 Composition Exercises

1 The terrible roar of the sea is pleasing to the goddess in (her) soul 2 We bring many splendid ransoms to the

army of the Achaeans 3 The god does not destroy the host of the Achaeans for they do not dishonor the gods of

(their) fatherland 4 The evil plague makes countless Achaeans a booty (use plural) for many birds 5 The people of

the Achaeans send countless shining ransoms to the goddess of the sea in Cilla 6 The Achaeans go to the sea and

sing but the noise is not pleasing to the goddess in (her) soul 7 The plague destroys the people for they dishonor

the god of Chrysa

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 θιαγγὴ δεηλὴ ἁλδάλεη ζεᾷ ςῡρῇ 2 θέξνκελ ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀγιαὰ ἐο ζηξαηῷ Ἀραηῶλ 3 ζεὸο νὐθ ὀιέθεη

ιᾱὸλ Ἀραηῶλ νὐ γὰξ ἀηῑκάδνπζη ζενὺο πάηξεο 4 θαθὴ λνῦζνο ηεύρεη κῡξίνπο Ἀραηνὺο ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζη πνιινῖζηλ

5 ιᾱὸο Ἀραηῶλ πέκπνπζη κῡξίrsquo ἄπνηλα ἀγιαὰ ζεᾷ ζαιάζζεο ἐλὶ Κίιιᾳ 6 Ἀραηνὶ βαίλνπζηλ εἰο ζάιαζζαλ θαὶ

ἀείδνπζηλ θιαγγὴ δὲ νὐρ ἁλδάλεη ζεᾷ ςῡρῇ 7 λνῦζνο ὀιέθεη ιᾱόλ ἀηῑκάδνπζη γὰξ ζεὸλ Υξύζεο (ῡ)

Lesson 7

Review

71 Review Vocabulary

ἀγιαόο ή όλ splendid ζῡκόο νῦ ὁ heart

ἀείδσ sing θαί and

ἀλ- ἀ- un- θαίσ burn

ἁλδάλσ is pleasing to θαθόο ή όλ evil

ἀπεξείζηνο ε νλ immeasurable θᾱιόο ή όλ good

ἄπνηλα σλ ηά ransom Κίιια εο ἡ Cilla

ἀηῑκάδσ dishonor θιαγγή ῆο ἡ roar

Ἀραηόο νῦ ὁ Achaean ιᾱόο νῦ ὁ host

βαίλσ go walk ιύσ loose

βνπιή ῆο ἡ plan κῡξίνη αη α countless

γάξ for λνῦζνο νπ ἡ plague

δέ but νἰσλόο νῦ ὁ bird

δεηλόο ή όλ terrible ὀιέθσ kill

εἰο (ἐο) into νὐ (νὐρ) not

εἰζί they are πάηξε εο ἡ fatherland

ἐθ (ἐμ) out of πέκπσ send

ἑιώξηνλ νπ ηό spoil πνιιόο ή όλ many

ἐλ(ί) εἰλ in ππξή ῆο ἡ funeral pyre

ἐπί upon ζηξαηόο νῦ ὁ army

ἐζηί it is ηειείσ accomplish

ἔρσ have ηεύρσ make

ἦλ it was ηίο ηί who what

ἦζαλ they were θέξσ carry

ζάιαζζα εο ἡ sea θίινο ε νλ beloved

ζεά (ᾱ) ᾶο ἡ goddess Υξύζε (ῡ) εο ἡ Chrysa

ςῡρή ῆο ἡ soul

72 Translation Exercises

1 ἀδείδνκελ ζεὰλ (ᾱ) ζαιάζζεο δεηλῆο θιαγγῇ πνιιῇ 2 νὐθ ἀηῑκάδνπζη ζενὺο 3 βνπιαὶ Ἀραηῶλ νὐρ

ἁλδάλνπζη ζεᾳ θᾱιῇ ζῡκῷ 4 βαίλεη ἐθ ζηξαηνῦ Ἀραηῶλ εἰο Κίιιαλ θαὶ θέξεη ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα ζεῷ 5 λνῦζνο θαθὴ

βαίλεη ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ θαὶ ηεύρεη πνιινὺο Ἀραηνὺο ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζηλ 6 θαὶ ζενὶ θαὶ ζεαὶ ὀιέθνπζη ιᾱὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 7 ηίο

Ἀραηῶλ ἔρεη ζῡκὸλ θαθόλ 8 ἦζαλ πνιιαὶ ζεαὶ ἐλὶ ζαιάζζῃ 9 θαίεη ππξὰο (ᾱ) ἐπὶ ζαιάζζῃ 10 ιύεηε ζηξαηὸλ

Ἀραηῶλ 11 πάηξε ἐζηὶ θίιε ςῡρῇ κῡξίσλ Ἀραηῶλ 12 ηίο πέκπεη ζηξαηὸλ ἐθ Κίιιεο εἰο Υξύζελ (ῡ) 13 βνπιὴ

θαθὴ ἐζηηλ ἁλδάλεη δὲ ζεᾷ ζῡκῷ 14 ηί ἀείδεηε

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 With a great noise we hymn the goodess of the terrible sea 2 We do not dishonor the gods 3 The will of the

Achaeans does not please the heart of the beautiful goddess 4 He goes from the Achaean camp to Cilla and delivers

countless ransoms to the god 5 An evil plague goes up through the camp and makes many Achaeans spoils for the

vultures 6 Both gods and goddesses destroy the host of the Achaeans 7 Who of the Achaeans has an evil heart 8

Were there many goddesses in the sea 9 He burns funeral pyres by the sea 10 You destroy the camp of the

Achaeans 11 The fatherland is dear to the soul of countless Achaeans 12 Who dispatches the army from Cilla to

Chrysa 13 It is an evil plan but it pleases the heart of the goddess 14 What do you sing

73 Composition Exercises

1 The Achaeans sing the beautiful goddess of the terrible sea 2 We do not dishonor the gods for they are dear

to (our) souls 3 The plans of the army are pleasing to the goddess in (her) noble soul 4 Many Achaeans are going

from the encampment and are bringing countless glorious ransoms to the gods 5 The evil plague destroys the

people and makes the army a booty for countless birds 6 We do not sing for it is not pleasing to the soul of the

goddess

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 Ἀραηνὶ ἀείδνπζη ζεὰλ (ᾱ) θᾱιὴλ δεηλῆο ζαιάζζεο 2 νὐθ ἀηῑκάδνκελ ζενὺο θίινη δὲ ζῡκνῖζηλ 3 βνπιαὶ

ζηξαηῷ ἁλδάλνπζη ζεᾷ ζῡκῷ 4 Ἀραηνὶ πνιινὶ βαίλνπζηλ ἐθ ζηξαηνῦ θαὶ θέξνπζηλ ἄπνηλα ἀπεξείζηα θαὶ ἀγιαὰ

ζενῖζηλ 5 θαθὴ λνῦζνο ὀιέθεη ιᾱὸλ θαὶ ηεύρεη ζηξαηὸλ ἄπνηλα νἰσλνῖζηλ ἀπεξείζηνῐζηλ 6 νὐθ ἀείδνκελ νὐθ γὰξ

ἁλδάλεη ςῡρῇ ζεᾶο

Lesson 8

(765-766 773-774)

81 The Second Declension (Continued)

Several words are declined like θᾱιόο ή όλ except that the nominative vocative and accusative singular of

the neuter ends in -o instead of -νλ Some of these words include ὅο ἥ ὅ (which) ὁ ἡ ηό (that) (ἐ)θεῖλνο ε ν

(that) αὐηόο ή ό (he she it) and ἄιινο ε ν (another)

The words ὅδε and νὗηνο are not introduced in this lesson but they are dleclined similarly and so are included

in the paradigms as reference

ὁ ἡ ηό (that hesheit whowhichwhat)

Masc Fem Neut

N ὁ ἡ ηό

G ηνῦ ηνῖν ηῆο ηνῦ ηνῖν

D ηῷ ηῇ ηῷ

A ηόλ ηήλ ηό

N A ηώ (ηώ) ηώ

G D ηνῖηλ (ηνῖηλ) ηνῖηλ

N νἱ αἱ ηά

G ηῶλ ηάσλ (ᾱ) [ηῶλ] ηῶλ

D ηνῖζη ηνῖο ηῇζη ηῇο ηνῖζη ηνῖο

A ηνύο ηάο (ᾱ) ηά

αὐηόο ή ό (hesheit self same)

Masc Fem Neut

N αὐηόο αὐηή αὐηό

G αὐηνῦ νῖν αὐηῆο αὐηνῦ νῖν

D αὐηῷ αὐηῇ αὐηῷ

A αὐηόλ αὐηήλ αὐηό

N A αὐηώ (αὐηώ) αὐηώ

G D αὐηνῖηλ (αὐηνῖηλ) αὐηνῖηλ

N αὐηνί αὐηαί αὐηά

G αὐηῶλ αὐηάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] αὐηῶλ

D αὐηνῖζη νῖο αὐηῇζη ῇο αὐηνῖζη νῖο

A αὐηνύο αὐηάο (ᾱ) αὐηά

ὅο ἥ ὅ (whowhichwhat)

Masc Fem Neut

N ὅο ἥ ὅ

G νὖ [ὅνπ ὅν] ἥο νὗ [ὅνπ ὅν]

D ᾧ ᾗ ᾧ

A ὅλ ἥλ ὅ

N A ὥ (ὥ) ὥ

G D νἷηλ (νἷηλ) νἶηλ

N νἵ αἵ ἅ

G ὧλ ὧλ ὧλ

D νἷζη νἷο ᾗζη ᾗο νἷζη νἷο

A νὕο ἅο (ᾱ) ἅ

(ἐ)θεῖλνο ε ν (that)

Masc Fem Neut

N (ἐ)θεῖλνο (ἐ)θείλε (ἐ)θεῖλν

G (ἐ)θείλνπ νην (ἐ)θείλεο (ἐ)θείλνπ νην

D (ἐ)θείλῳ (ἐ)θείλῃ (ἐ)θείλῳ

A (ἐ)θεῖλνλ (ἐ)θείλελ (ἐ)θεῖλν

N A (ἐ)θείλσ ((ἐ)θείλσ) (ἐ)θείλσ

G D (ἐ)θείλνηηλ ((ἐ)θείλνηηλ) (ἐ)θείλνηηλ

N (ἐ)θεῖλνη (ἐ)θεῖλαη (ἐ)θεῖλα

G (ἐ)θείλσλ (ἐ)θεηλάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] (ἐ)θείλσλ

D (ἐ)θείλνηζη νηο (ἐ)θείλῃζη ῃο (ἐ)θείλνηζη νηο

A (ἐ)θείλνπο (ἐ)θείλᾱο (ἐ)θεῖλα

ὅδε ἥδε ηόδε (this)

Masc Fem Neut

N ὅδε ἥδε ηόδε

G ηνύδε ηνῖνδε ηῆζδε ηνύδε ηνῖνδε

D ηῷδε ηῇδε ηῷδε

A ηόλδε ηήλδε ηόδε

N A ηώδε (ηώδε) ηώδε

G D ηνῖηλδε (ηνῖηλδε) ηνῖηλδε

N νἵδε (ηνίδε) αἵδε (ηαίδε) ηάδε

G ηῶλδε ηάσλδε (ᾱ) [ηῶλδε] ηῶλδε

D ηνῖζηδε ηνῖζδε ηῇζηδε ηῇζδε ηνῖζηδε ηνῖζδε

ηνίζδεζη ηνίζδεζη

ηνίζδεζζη ηνίζδεζζη

A ηνύζδε ηάζδε (ᾱ) ηάδε

νὗηνο αὕηε ηνῦην (this)

Masc Fem Neut

N νὗηνο αὕηε ηνῦην

G ηνύηνπ νην ηαύηεο ηνύηνπ νην

D ηνύηῳ ηαύηῃ ηνύηῳ

A ηνῦηνλ ηαύηελ ηνῦην

N A ηνύησ (ηνύησ) ηνύησ

G D ηνύηνηηλ (ηνύηνηηλ) ηνύηνηηλ

N νὗηνη αὗηαη ηαῦηα

G ηνύησλ ηαῡηάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] ηνύησλ

D ηνύηνηζη νηο ηαύηῃζη ῃο ηνύηνηζη νηο

A ηνύηνπο ηαύηᾱο ηαῦηα

82 Vocabulary

ἀιιά but moreover

ἄιινο ε νλ other another

αὐηόο ή ό self him himself her herself it itself same

δῖνο α νλ (declined like ζάιαζζα) divine heavenly glorious

(ἐ)θεῖλνο ε ν that (one) he she it

ἑθεβόινο νπ ὁ free-shooter sharpshooter (originally shoots-at-will a title for Apollo)

θαθῶο evilly wickedly harshly with evil consequences

ὁ ἡ ηό this that he she it who which what

νὕλεθα (νὗ-ἔλεθα) because

ζθῆπηξνλ νπ ηό scepter staff

ηέ and also both

ρξύζενο (ῡ) ε νλ gold golden of gold

83 Derivatives

ἄιινο (allo-) = allopathy

αὐηόο (auto-) = automaton autocracy autograph autonomy

ρξύζενο (ῡ) (chryse-) = chrysanthemum chrysalis chrysolite

84 Translation Excersis

1 δῖνο ἑθεβόινο αὐηὸο ἀείδεη ἀιιrsquo νὐρ ἁλδάλεη ἄιινηζη ζενῖζη ζῡκῷ 2 θεῖλνη Ἀραηνὶ ἀηῑκάδνπζη ηνὺο ζενύο

3 ὁ ἑθεβόινο πέκπεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ θαθῶο ὀιέθεη θεῖλνλ ιᾱόλ νὕλεθα ηὸλ ἀηῑκάδνπζηλ 4

νὐθ ἀηῑκάδνκελ ηνὺο ζενύο νἳ ἔρνπζη ζθῆπηξα ρξύζεα (ῡ) 5 ὁ ἑθεβόινο ηε θαὶ νἱ ἄιινη ζενὶ θέξνπζη ρξύζεα (ῡ)

ζθῆπηξα θᾱιά 6 ηίο ηεύρεη ηὰ ζθῆπηξα ρξύζεα (ῡ) ηνῖζη ζενῖο ζαιάζζεο 7 ἀείδεη ἑθεβόινο αὐηὸο βνπιὰο (ᾱ)

ἄιισλ ζεῶλ ηνῖζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ 8 εἰζὶλ νἱ Ἀραηνὶ θᾱινί νἱ ὀιέθνπζη ηὸλ ζηξαηὸλ θαίνπζί ηε ηὰο (ᾱ) ππξάο (ᾱ) 9 ἡ

ζεὰ (ᾱ) ηῆο δεηλῆο ζαιάζζεο ἔρεη ηὸ ζθῆηξνλ ρξύζενλ (ῡ) 10 ἐλὶ ηῇ πάηξε εἰζὶλ αἱ ππξαί 11 ηίο ηεύρεη ηὸλ

ζηξαηὸλ ἑιώξηα ηνῖζηλ νἰσλνῖζηλ

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 The divine free-shooter himself sings but it does not please the hearts of the other gods 2 Those Achaeans

dishonor these gods 3 This free-shooter sends an evil plague up through the camp of the Achaeans and wickedly

destroys that host because they dishonor him 4 We do not dishonor these gods who hold the golden scepters 5

Both this free-shooter and these other gods carry beautiful golden scepters 6 Who fashions the golden scepters for

these gods of the sea 7 Does the free-shooter himself sing the plans of the other gods to these Achaeans 8 Are

these Achaeans noble who destroy (our) camp and burn funeral pyres 9 This goddess of the terrible sea holds a

golden scepter 10 The funeral pyrers are in (our) fatherland 11 Who makes (our) camp a spoil for these vultures

85 Composition Exercises

1 ἑθεβόινο αὐηὸο ἀείδεη ηὰο (ᾱ) βνπιὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) ζεῶλ 2 ηί νὐρ ἁλδάλεη ηνῖο ἄιινηζη ζενῖζηλ νἳ ἐλὶ

ζαιάζζῃ 3 ἐθεῖλνο Ἀραηὸο ἀηῑκάδεη ηνὺο ζενὺο πάηξεο νἱ ἔρνπζη ηὰ ζθῆπηξα ρξύζεα (ῡ) 4 ὁ ἑθεβόινο πέκπεη

λνύζνπο πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θαθὰο (ᾱ) ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ ὀιέθεη κῡξίνπο ιᾱνύο νὕλεθα ηὸλ ἀηῑκάδνπζηλ 5 ηίο

θαίεη ηὰο (ᾱ) ππξὰο (ᾱ) Ἀραηῶλ ἐπὶ δεηλῇ ζαιάζζῃ 6 ὁ ἑθεβόινο ηεύρεη κῡξίνπο Ἀραίνπο ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζηλ νὕλεθα

ηὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) ζεὰο (ᾱ) ζαιάζζεο ἀηῑκάδνπζηλ

Lesson 9

(830-840 904)

91 The Verbal Augment

Greek verbs frequently add a prefix to a verb (in the secondary tenses of the idicative) to indicate action

occurring in the past This prefix is called an augment Verbal augments take one of two forms the syllabic

augment which consists of adding an extra syllable to the beginning of a word and the temporal augment which

consists of lengthening the first syllable of a word While the augment is consistently applied in later dialects of

Greek it was still optional in Homeric and is often omitted (the tense being determined solely from the suffixes)

The syllabic augment is applied to verbs that begin with a consonant (or rare verbs that originally began with a

consonant) and consists of the prefix ε- Thus ιύνκελ = we loose (present tense) but ἐιύνκελ = we were loosing

(past tense) Some Greek words originally began with a ϝ or an ζ that later disappeared (usually replace with the

rough breathing) In those cases the augment is sometimes syllabic reflecting the earlier practice The word ἁλδάλσ

for example was originally ζϝαλδάλσ (swandano) The original augmented form of the imperfect was ἐζϝάλδαλνλ

(eswandano) When the ζϝ- was dropped the syllabic augment was retained ἑάλδαλνλ (heandano)

When a verb has lost an initial ζ the syllabic augment frequently contracts with the initial vowel For example

the word ἔρσ was originally ζέρσ The original augmented imperfect was ἔζερνλ When the initial ζ disappeared

the result was ἔερνλ which contracted to εἶρνλ (because εε usually contracts to εη) This pattern is also sometimes

present in verbs that originally began with ϝ such as ϝίδνλ =gt ἐϝηδνλ = ἔηδνλ = εἶδνλ

The temporal augment consists of lengthening an initial vowel and occurs in most Greek verbs that begin with

an initial vowel In general initial α or ε becomes ε initial η ν or π becomes ῑ initial αη and ᾳ become ῃ and initial

νη becomes ῳ Thus ἄγνκελ (we lead) becomes ἤγνκελ (we were leading) If the verb already begins with a long

vowel (ε ῃ ῑ ῡ σ ῳ) there is usually no change

Verbs that begin with ξ usually double the ξ when adding the syllabic augment This feature also sometimes

occurs in verbs beginning with ι κ λ or ζ

Compound verbs are usually formed from a combination of preposition + verb such as ἀπό (away from) + ιύσ

(loosen) = ἀπνιύσ (set free turn loose) In compound verbs a temporal augment is inserted between the preposition

and the verb If the preposition ends in a vowel the vowel is usually elided Thus ἀπνιύνκελ (we set free) becomes

ἀπειύνκελ (elided from ἀπνειύνκελ we were setting free)

92 The Imperfect Tense

The imperfect denotes continuous action in past time and typically corresponds to the past participle in English

Thus ἔιπνλ (imperfect) = I was loosing Occasionally the Greek imperfect is best translated by the simple past tense

in English The imperfect tense is formed by adding the secondary tense endings (which will be described in a later

lesson) to the augmented stem of the verb

In the paradigm below the unaugmented form is shown in brackets

Imperfect Tense

S 1st Pers ἔιπνλ [ιύνλ] I was loosing

2nd

Pers ἔιπεο [ιύεο] you were loosing

3rd

Pers ἔιπε(λ) [ιύε(λ)] he she it was loosing

D 2nd

Pers ἐιύεηνλ [ιύεηνλ] you (two) were loosing the pair of you were loosing

3rd

Pers ἐιπέηελ [ιπέηελ] they (two) were loosing the pair of them were loosing

P 1st Pers ἐιύνκελ [ιύνκελ] we were loosing

2nd

Pers ἐιύεηε [ιύεηε] you (ye) were loosing

3rd

Pers ἐιύνλ [ιύνλ] they were loosing

93 Vocabulary

ἄιιῃ elsewhere

Ἀξγεῖνο νπ ὁ Argive

-δε (suffix + acc) to

δηά (adv) between among (+gen) through (+acc) through by means

of on account of during

δηίθηινο (ῑ) ε νλ dear to Zeus

εἴξσ speak say tell

ἐκόο ή όλ my mine

ἔξγνλ νπ ηό (ϝέξγνλ) work deed accomplishment

-ζελ (suffix gen ending) from

Κιπηαηκήζηξε εο ἡ Clytaemnestra

(also Κιπηαηκλήζηξε)

καληνζύλε εο ἡ gift of prophesy

νἶθνο νπ ὁ house home

ιύκπηνο ε νλ Olympian

Ὄιπκπνο νπ ὁ Olympus

Πξίακνο νπ ὁ Priam

ζόο ζή ζόλ your yours

εἶρνλ (imperfect of ἔρσ) I was having I had

94 Derivatives

95 Translation Exercises

1 ὁ ἑθεβόινο δηὰ καληνζύλελ εἴξεη βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ηῶλ ζεῶλ Ἀξγείνηζηλ 2 νἱ ιύκπηνη ζενὶ εἶρνλ νἴθνπο ἐλ

ιύκπῳ 3 ὁ ἑθεβόινο δηίθηινο (ῑ) ἔηεπρε ηνὺο Ἀξγείνπο Ἀραηνύο ηε ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζηλ 4 Ἀραηνὶ Ἀξγεῖνί ηrsquo

ἔηεπρνλ ἔξγα θαθὰ δηὰ βνπιὴλ ζεᾶο 5 Κιπηαηκήζηξε δηὰ ηὸλ ζῡκὸλ ἔηεπρελ ηὰ ἔξγα δεηλά 6 Πξίακνο ιᾱόο ηε

Πξηάκνπ ὤιεθνλ πνιινὺο Ἀξγείνπο 7 ηίο εἴξεη ηὰ ζὰ ἔξγα θαθὰ Πξηάκῳ 8 ηὰ ἔξγα ἐκά ἐζηη θᾱιά νὕλεθα ἔηεπρνλ

βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεῶλ θαὶ ζεάσλ (ᾱ) δηὰ ηὴλ καληνζύλελ 9 ἐπέκπνκελ ηὰ ρξύζεα (ῡ) ζθῆπηξα εἰο νἶθνλ Πξηάκῳ 10

ἐθαίεηε ηὰο (ᾱ) ππξὰο (ᾱ) δεηλῇ θιαγγῇ 11 νὐρ ἥλδαλε ἡ βνπιὴ ζεᾷ ζαιάζζεο ζῡκῷ 12 αἱ ζεαὶ ἀείδνπζη ηὰ θᾱιὰ

ἔξγα ηῶλ ζεῶλ ἑθεβόινο δὲ βαίλεη ἄιιῃ 13 εἶρε Πξίακνο ἀγιαὸλ θαὶ θᾱιὸλ νἶθνλ

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 This free-shooter relates the plans of the gods to the Argives through prophesy 2 These Olympian gods had

homes on Olympus 3 This free-shooter beloved of Zeus made both the Argives and the Achaeans prey for the

vultures 4 Both the Achaeans and the Argives committed evil deeds through the will of the goddess 5 Because of

her heart Clytaemnestra wrought these terrible deeds 6 Both Priam and the host of Priam killed many Argives 7

Who relates these evil deeds of yours to Priam 8 These works of mine are noble because through prophesy I

accomplished the of the gods and goddess 9 We sent the golden scepters to the house of Priam 10 Were you

burning the funeral pyres with a terrible uproar 11 Does the plan not please the heart of the goddess of the sea 12

The goddesses sing the noble deeds of the gods but the free-shooter walks elsewhere 13 Priam had a splendid and

beautiful home

96 Composition Exercises

1 Who brought these countless shining ransoms to the beautiful home of Priam 2 The Achaeans and the

Argives burned many funeral pyres in your beloved fatherland 3 Clytaemnestra was wicked and performed many

dreadful deeds 4 Through the gift of prophesy we tell many glorious deeds of the gods and goddesses who have

Olympian homes 5 My deeds are noble but yours are cowardly 6 The gods sent an evil plague up through the

camp and destroyed many Achaeans because they dishonored the free-shooter 7 It was not pleasing to

Clytaemnestra in (her) wicked soul

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 ηίο ἔθεξε ηὰο ἄπνηλα ἀγιαὰ εἰο νἶθνλ θᾱιὸλ Πξηάκνπ 2 Ἀραηνὶ θαὶ Ἀξγεῖνη ἔθαηνλ ππξὰο (ᾱ) πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἐλ

ζῇ πάηξῃ θᾱιῇ 3 Κιπηαηκλήζηξε θαθὴ ἦλ θαὶ ἔηεπρελ ἄξγα πνιιὰ θαὶ δεηλά 4 δηὰ καληνζύλελ εἴξνκελ ἔξγα

πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀγιαὰ ζεῶλ θαὶ ζεάσλ (ᾱ) νἳ ἔρνπζηλ νἴθνπο ιπκπίνπο 5 ἔξγα ἐκὰ θᾱιή εἰζηλ ζὰ δὲ θαθά 6 ζενὶ

ἔπεκπνλ λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ θαὶ ὤιεθνλ Ἀραίνπο πνιινύο νὕλεθα ἠηίκαδνλ (ῑ) ἑθεβόινλ 7 νὐρ ἥλδαλε

Κιπηαηκλήζηξῃ ζῡκῷ θαθῷ

Lesson 10

(841-857 904)

101 Formation of the Aorist and Future Tenses

The first aorist is a secondary tense formed by adding -ζ(ζ)α to the augmented verb stem followed by the

personal endings of the secondary tense If the verb stem ends in a consonant or a long vowel only a single ζ is

added If the stem ends in a short vowel either one or two sigmas may be added A few aorists (called ldquomixed

aoristsrdquo) are formed by adding -ζ followed by the thematic vowel and the personal endings for the secondary tenses

to the augmented stem

The future is formed by adding -ζ followed by the thematic vowel and the personal endings for the primary

tenses

If the verb stem ends in a long vowel the stem is not affected by the addition of the suffixes for the future or

aorist tenses If the stem ends in a short vowel it is regularly lengthened in all tenses except the present and the

imperfect There are however a few exceptions to this pattern In most cases these verbs add ζ before the personal

endings of the perfect middle and aorist passive

102 Classification of Verbs

Verbs are classified into four groups according to the final letter of the stem vowel verbs liquid verbs nasal

verbs and mute verbs

When -ζ is added to the end of a mute verb a labial combines with ζ to form ς a palatal combines with ζ to

form μ and a lingual is dropped (leaving only ζ)

When -ζ is added to the end of a liquid or nasal verb it is usually preceded by -ε and the ζ is dropped in

contraction Thus βαιισ = βαιέζσ = βαιέσ In rare cases the ε is dropped and the ζ retained In some vowel-stem

verbs where the final vowel is preceded by a liquid or nasal the verb behaves as a liquidnasal and adds -εζ to the

stem θαιέσ (present) = θαιέζσ (future) = θαιέσ (future contracted) The formations in which the ζ is dropped

after α or ε are sometimes called ldquoAttic futuresrdquo

Verbs with liquid and nasal stems regularly form the aorist by dropping the ζ and lengthening the stem vowel

A few verbs have active forms in the present tense but middle forms in the future tense ἀθνύσ (I hear) but

ἀθνύζνκαη (I will hear)

103 Paradigms Future and First Aorist of ιύσ

Future

S 1st Pers ιύζσ (ῡ) I shall loose

2nd

Pers ιύζεηο (ῡ) you will loose

3rd

Pers ιύζεη (ῡ) he she it will loose

D 2nd

Pers ιύζεηνλ (ῡ) you (two) will loose

3rd

Pers ιύζεηνλ (ῡ) they (two) will loose

P 1st Pers ιύζνκελ (ῡ) we shall loose

2nd

Pers ιύζεηε (ῡ) you (ye) will loose

3rd

Pers ιύζνπζη(λ) (ῡ) they will loose

First Aorist

S 1st Pers ἔιῡζα I loosed

2nd

Pers ἔιῡζαο you loosed

3rd

Pers ἔιῡζε(λ) he she it loosed

D 2nd

Pers ἐιύζαηνλ (ῡ) you (two) loosed

3rd

Pers ἔιῡζάηελ they (two) loosed

P 1st Pers ἐιύζακελ (ῡ) we loosed

2nd

Pers ἐιύζαηε (ῡ) you (ye) loosed

3rd

Pers ἔιῡζαλ they loosed

104 Vocabulary

ἄγσ ἄμσ ἤγαγνλ lead drive conduct bring carry

ἀλάζζσ (ϝαλαθ-) ἀλάμσ ἠλαμα (+gen) rule (over) guard protect

ἄξηζηνο ε νλ best noblest bravest fairest

αὖηηο (back) again anew

Γαλαόο νῦ ὁ Danaan

ἑθαηόκβε εο ἡ hecatomb sacrifice

ζάλαηνο νπ ὁ death

Ἴιηνο νπ ἡ Ilium Troy the region around Troy

κεγάζῡκνο ε νλ great-souled brave

ὄρα far much considerably

πέζσ (πεηζ- πνηζ- πηζ-) πείζσ ἔπεηζα (πέπηζνλ) persuade win over mislead

θηιέσ θηιήζσ ἐθίιεζα love cherish entertain hospitably

εἶπνλ εἶπεο εἶπε(λ) θηι 2nd

aor speak say tell etc

ἔβεζα ἔβεζαο ἔβεζε(λ) θηι 1st aor come go walk etc

105 Derivatives

ἄγσ (ag-) = pedagogue demagogue synagogue

ἄξηζηνο (arist-) = aristocracy

ζάλαηνο (thanat-) = thanatopsis euthanasia

106 Translation Exercises

1 ηίο ἦλ ὄρrsquo ἄξηζηνο Γαλαῶλ 2 Πξίακνο κεγάζῡκνο ἤλαζζελ Ἰιίνπ 3 νὐθ αὖηηο ἄμνπζη Γαλανὶ κεγάζῡκνη

ἑθαηόκβᾱο πνιιὰο (ᾱ) εἰο Υξύζελ (ῡ) 4 νὐθ ἔπεηζαλ ἑθεβόινλ πνιιῇο ἑθαηόβῃζη θᾱιῇζηλ 5 νὐ θηιήζνκελ ζενύο

νὕλεθα θᾱινὶ εἰζηλ 6 Γαλανὶ ηεύμνπζη ζάλαηνλ Πξηάκῳ ἐλ Ἰιίῳ 7 ἐθίιεζα ζεὰλ (ᾱ) ζαιάζζεο ἀιιrsquo νὐρ ἥλδαλε

ἑθεβόιῳ ζῡκῷ 8 ἀείζνκελ θαὶ πείζνκελ ζενύο 9 ὄρrsquo ἄξηζνη ἐλ Ἰιίῳ ηὰ εἶπνλ Πξηάκῳ ἀιιὰ ηνὺο ἠηῑκάζελ 10

Πξίακνο ἔπεκςε ηὸλ ζηξαηὸλ ἄξηζηνλ ἐπrsquo Ἀξγείνηζηλ 11 ἔβεζαλ αὖηηο Γαλανὶ εἰο Ἴιηνλ ἀιιrsquo νὐθ ἔπεηζαλ

Πξίακνλ 12 ἀείζνκελ ἑθεβόινλ ὄρrsquo ἄξηζηνλ ζεῶλ νὕλεθrsquo ἤγαγε Γαλανὺο εἰο Ἴιηνλ

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 Who was by far the noblest of the Danaans 2 Great-souled Priam ruled Ilium 3 Not agan will the great-

souled Danaans lead many sacrifices into Chrysa 4 They did not persuade the free-shooter with many goodly

sacrifices 5 Do we not love the gods because they are good 6 The Danaans will prepare death for Priam in Ilium

7 I loved the goddess of the sea but it was not pleasing to the heart of the free-shooter 8 We will sing and

persuade the gods 9 By far the noblest in Ilium this they say of Priam but he (is the one) he dishonored () 10

Priam sent the best army against the Argives 11 The Danaans went back to Ilium but they did not persuade Priam

12 We hymn the free-shooter greatest of the gods because he led the Danaans into Ilium

107 Composition Exercises

1 The great-souled Achaeans will not persuade the free-shooter with goodly hecatombs but he will prepare evil

death for the people 2 The noblest of the Achaeans went to Ilium but they did not persuade the soul of Priam 3

We shall sing because the gods have led (aor) the people into Troy 4 We shall have many shining golden scepters

5 Did you not love the gods who have Olympian homes 6 Priam shall not rule Ilium again for the Achaeans will

prepare evil death for him 7 Does he speak to the beautiful goddess of the sea 8 They will persuade the souls of

the gods with many hecatombs

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 Ἀραηνὶ κεγάζῡκνη νὐ πείζνπζηλ ἑθεβόινλ πνιιῇο ἑθαηόκβῆζηλ ἀιιὰ ηεύμεη ζάλαηνλ θαθὸλ ιᾱνῖζηλ 2

ἄξηζηνη Ἀραηῶλ ἔβεζαλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ ἀιιrsquo νὐθ ἔπεηζαλ ζῡκὸλ Πξηάκῳ 3 ἀείζνκελ νὕλεθα ζενὺο ἤγαγνλ ιᾱὸλ εἰο

Ἴιηνλ 4 ἕζρνκελ πνιιὰ ρξύζεα (ῡ) ἀγιαὰ ζθῆπηξα 5 νὐθ ἐθηιήζαηε ζενὺο νἳ ἔρνπζηλ νἴθνπο ιπκπίνπο 6 νὐθ

αὖηηο ἀλάζζεη Πξίακνο Ἰιίνπ Ἀραηνὶ γὰξ ηεύμνπζη ζάλαηνλ θαθὸλ αὐηῷ 7 εἴξεη ζεᾷ θᾱιᾷ ζαιάζζεο 8 πείζνπζη

ζῡκνὺο ζεῶλ πνιιῇο ἑθαηόκβῃζηλ

Lesson 11

(664-675 838-839)

111 First Declension Masculine Nouns

First declension masculines typically end in -εο -ᾱο or -ᾰο in the nominative and are declined exactly the same

as their feminine counterparts (with the exception of the nominative singular which adds -ο the genitive singular

which regularly ends in -ᾱν and the vocative singular which ends in -ε -ᾱ or -ᾰ) Those ending in -εο retain -ε

throughout the singular those ending in -ᾱο retain the -ᾱ throughout the singular and those ending in -ᾰο take the -ε

ending in the dative

Masculines ending in -δεο take -ε in the vocative singular while those ending in -ηεο (as well as compound

nouns and the names of nationalities) regularly take -ᾰ Those ending in -ᾱο take the the nominative singular in -ᾱ

A very few first declension adjectives take a masculine ending in -ᾰ (without the final -ο) Many of these also

have an alternative form that ends in the more common -εο Those that do not have an alternative form in -εο usually

have the recessive accent (a feature inherited from the Aeolic influence in Homer) The only masculine noun ending

in -ᾰ in the nominative is the name Θύεζηα (Thyestes)

First declension masculine nouns typically follow the paradigms for Ἀηξεΐδεο (Atreides son of Atreus) Αἰλείᾱο

(Aeneas) and αἰρκεηήο (spearman warrior)

Ἀηξεΐδεο ᾱν ὁ Αἰλείᾱο ᾱν ὁ αἰρκεηήο ᾱν ὁ

(Αηξεϝηδᾱ-) (Αἰλεηᾱ-) (αἰρκεηᾱ-)

N Ἀηξεΐδεο Αἰλείᾱο αἰρκεηήο [ά]

G Ἀηξεΐδᾱν [εσ] Αἰλείᾱν [σ] αἰρκεηᾶν [έσ]

D Ἀηξεΐδῃ Αἰλείᾳ αἰρκεηῇ

A Ἀηξεΐδελ Αἰλείαλ αἰρκεηήλ

V Ἀηξεΐδε Αἰλείᾱ αἰρκεηά

N A V Ἀηξεΐδᾱ αἰρκεηά (ᾱ)

G D Ἀηξεΐδῃηλ αἰρκεηῇηλ

N V Ἀηξεΐδαη αἰρκεηαί

G Ἀηξετδάσλ (ᾱ) αἰρκεηάσλ (ᾱ)

[έσλ ῶλ] [έσλ ῶλ]

D Ἀηξεΐδῃζη ῃο αἰρκεηῇζη ῇο

A Ἀηξεΐδᾱο αἰρκεηάο (ᾱ)

112 Compound Verbs

Compound verbs are formed from a preposition or adverb coupled with a verb such as ἀλαβαίλσ (ascend)

formed from ἀλα (up) and βαίλσ (go) If the preposition ends in a vowel and the verb begins with a vowel the vowel

of the preposition is usually elided as in δηίζηεκη (δηὰ ἰζηεκη) ἁθαηξέσ (ἀπὸ αἱξέσ)

The augment occurs between the preposition and the verb When two vowels are thus brought together the first

vowel is usually elided leaving the augment Thus ἀπνιύσ (I release present) ἀπέιπνλ (I was releasing

imperfect) ἀπέιῡζα (I released aorist)

113 Vocabulary

ἀλαβαίλσ ἀλαβήζσ ἀλέβεζα go up ascend embark

ἀπνιύσ ἀπνιύζσ (ῡ) ἀπέιῡζα loose set free release

Ἀηξεΐδεο -ᾱν ὁ Atreides son of Atreus (usually refers to Agamemnon)

θαηαθεύσ θαηαθαύζσ θαηέθεα burn consume

θειεύσ - ἔθιπνλ (+gen) hear hearken to

κεηέεηπνλ κεηεῖπνλ (2nd

aor of εἴξσ) spoke among addressed spoke to

ὅηε when whenever

Πειεηάδεο ᾱν (εσ) ὁ Peleiades son of Peleus (used in reference to Achilles)

πξνζέεηπνλ πξνζεῖπνλ (2nd

aor of εἴξσ) addressed spoke to

ηόηε then at that time

ρνιόσ ρνιώζσ ἐρόισζα anger enrage vex

Υξύζεο (ῡ) ᾱν (εσ) ὁ Chryses

Verbs

ἀλαβαίλσ

stem ἀλα + βαλ- βα-

future ἀλαβήζσ (rarely ἀλαβήζνκαη)

1st aorist ἀλέβεζα (rarely 2

nd aor ἀλέβελ)

ἀπνιύσ

stem ἀπό + ιύσ

future ἀπνιύζσ (ῡ)

1st aorist ἀπέιῡζα

θαηαθαίσ

stem θαηά + θαπ- θαϝ- θαη-

future θαηαθαύζσ (assumed form)

1st aorist θαηέθεα

θειεύσ (Attic)

stem θιεπ- θιεϝ- θιπ-

future none

2nd

aorist ἐθιπνλ

ρνιόσ

stem ρνιν-

future ρνιώζσ

1st aorist ἐρόισζα

Notes

In Homeric Greek the stem vowel is usually lengthened before -ζ hence ἀλαβαίλσ =gt ἀλαβήζσ =gt

ἀλέβεζα ἀπνιύσ =gt ἀπνιύζσ (ῡ) =gt ἀπέιῡζα

ἀλαβαίλσ also has a 2nd

aorist ἀλέβελ

A few verbs have active forms in the present but middle forms in the future ἀλαβαίλσ has two future

forms one active (ἀλαβήζσ) and one middle (ἀλαβήζνκαη)

Verbs with stems ending in -αηλσ originally had a consonantal η following the λ (ie ἀλαβαηλησ)

114 Translation

1 θᾱινὶ ζενὶ ἔηεπμαλ ζάλαηνλ θαθὸλ δίῳ (ῑ) Πειεηάδῃ ὁ δrsquo ἀλέβελ ππξήλ 2 ἑθεβόινο ὤιεθε ιᾱὸλ Ἀραηῶλ

νὕλεθα δῖνο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) 3 θαηέθεα ἑθαηόκβᾱο πνιιάο (ᾱ) 4 ἑθεβόινο νὐθ ἔθιπελ Ἀηξεΐδᾱν

νὕλεθα ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) 5 Υξύζεο (ῡ) κεηέεηπελ Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἀιιrsquo νὐθ Ἀηξεΐδῃ ἥλδαλε ζῡκῷ 6 ὅηε θαθῶο

πξνζέεηπελ Ἀηξεΐδεο Υξύζελ (ῡ) ηόηε ἐρόισζελ ἑθεβόινλ 7 ἀπειύζακελ (ῡ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) νὕλεθα ηὸλ

ἐθηιήζακελ 8 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἤλεηθελ ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα Ἀηξεΐδῃ 9 νἴζνκελ ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀπνιύζνκελ (ῡ)

Υξύζελ (ῡ) νὕλεθα ηὸλ ἐθηιήζακελ θαὶ θίινο ἐζηὶλ ἑθεβόιῳ 10 ηίο θέξεη ἄπνηλα Υξύζᾱν (ῡ) Ἀηξεΐδῃ 11 δῖνο

Πειεηάδεο ἐρόισζελ Ἀηξεΐδελ 12 ὅηε θαηεθήακελ πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἑθαηόκβᾱο θᾱιάο (ᾱ) ηόηε ἐπείζακελ ζῡκνὺο ζεῶλ

13 δηὰ καληνζύλελ Υξύζεο (ῡ) εἶπε βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεῶλ Ἀηξεΐδῃ Πειεηάδῃ ηε

KEY

1 The noble gods prepared evil death for the divine Peleiades and he ascended the funeral pyre 2 The free-

shooter destroyed the host of the Achaeans because the divine Atreides dishonored Chryses 3 I burned many

funeral pyres 4 The free-shooter did not hear the son of Atreus because he dishonored Chryses 5 Chryses spoke

among the Achaeans but but it did not please the heart of Atreides 6 It angered the free-shooter when the son of

Atreus spoke wickedly to Chryses 7 We released Chryses because we loved him 8 Chryses brought countless

glorious ransoms to the son of Atreus 9 We will bring many ransoms and release Chryses because we loved him

and he is dear to the free-shooter 10 Who brought the ransoms of Chryses to the son of Atreus 11 The divine

Peleiades angered the son of Atreus 12 We persuaded the hearts of the gods when we burned many good

hecatombs 13 Through prophesy Chryses spoke the will of the gods to both Atreides and Peleiades

115 Composition

1 The Achaeans ascended into Troy and killed the noble Priam 2 We burned many goodly hecatombs to the

Olympian gods 3 Chryses spoke among the Achaeans but the son of Atreus did not hearken to him 4 The

Achaeans addressed the son of Atreus but he did not free Chryses 5 The son of Atreus will bring many ransoms

into the camp of the Achaeans 6 Who will persuade the gods with many goodly hecatombs

KEY

1 Ἀραηνὶ ἀλέβεζαλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ θαὶ ὤιεμαλ θᾱιὸλ Πξηάκνλ 2 θαηέθεκελ πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) ἑθαηόκβὰο (ᾱ)

ζενῖο ιπκπίνηο 3 Υξύζεο (ῡ) κεηέεηπελ Ἀραηνῖο ἀιιrsquo Ἀηξεΐδεο ηὸλ νὐθ ἔθιπελ 4 Ἀραηνὶ πξνζέεηπνλ Ἀηξεΐδῃ

ἀιιrsquo νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε Υξύζελ (ῡ) 5 Ἀηξεΐδεο νἴζεη ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ εἰο ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 6 ηίο πείζεη ζενὺο πνιιῇο

ἑθαηόκβῃζηλ

Lesson 12

Review

121 Review Vocabulary

Lesson 13

(680-692 701-709)

(cf 897 874 886 619 841-843 576 1178 830-831 837 580 837)

131 Nouns of the Third Declension

Third declension nouns can be either masculine feminine or neuter The nominative endings can take many

forms but there are some conventions Masculine and feminine stems except those ending in λ ξ or ζ simply add

ζ to the stem and make the necessary euphonic changes Stems ending in ξ λ and ζ typically make no changes

except to lengthen the last vowel if it is short Stems ending in -λ(η) either drop the η and lengthen a short vowel or

drop the -λ(η) lengthen the vowel and add ζ Examples δαηκνλ- = δαηκσλ ζῑλ- = ζίο (ῑ) κειαλ- = κέιᾱο γεξνλη- =

γέξσλ etc Neuters typically consist of just the stem in the nominative and accusative except to drop a final -η

where it occurs

In general the stem of a third declension noun is found by dropping the -νο ending from the genitive singular

The dative singular regularly ends in -ῐ but occasionally in -ῑ

The accusative ending was originally -λ and this ending is common on stems ending in a vowel On stems

ending in a consonant the -λ was a sonant consonant which eventually came be pronounced as -ᾰ The result is that

the accusative singular usually ends in -λ for stems ending in a vowel and -ᾰ for stems ending in a consonant

Dental mute stems ending in -ηο and -πο in the nominative singular rarely drop the mute and typically adopt the -λ

accusative ending as if they were vowel stems

The dative plural is formed by adding either -εζζη (rarely -εζη) or -ζη (rarely -ζζη) and making the usual

euphonic changes Most third declension nouns thus have alternate dative plural forms as πνύο = πνζζί = πνζί =

πόδεζζη etc

The accusative plural originally ended in -λο (sonant λ) which gives -αο for stems ending in a consonant and -ῑο

and -ῡο for stems ending in a vowel A few vowel stems borrowed an -αο ending from the first declension by

analogy

The vocative singular is usually either identical to the nominative or identical to the stem alone Stems ending

in λ ξ or ο typically drop this final consonant in the vocative singular

Compensatory lengthening usually occurs in the dative plural when -λη is dropped as in γέξνληζη = γέξνπζη

132 Paradigms

Stems ending in -επ (επ) -νπ and σϝ follow the paradigms of βαζηιεύο (king βαζηιεϝ-) βνῦο (ox βνϝ-) λεῦο

(ship λᾱϝ-) and ἥξσο (hero ἡξσϝ- () or ἡξσ-)

N βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

G βαζηιῆνο [-ένο] βνόο λεόο ἥξσνο

D βαζηιῆη [-έη] βνΐ λεί ἥξση

A βαζηιῆα [-έα] βνῦλ [βῶλ] λῆα [λέα] ἥξσα

V βαζηιεῦ βνῦ λεῦ ἥξσο

N A V βαζηιῆε βόε λῆε ἥξσε

G D βαζηιήνηηλ βόνηηλ λήνηηλ ἡξώνηηλ

N V βαζηιεῆεο βόεο λῆεο ἥξσεο

G βαζηιήσλ βνῶλ λεῶλ [λεῶλ] ἡξώσλ

D βαζηιήεζζη βόεζζη λήεζζη [λέεζζἰ ἡξώεζζη

βαζηιεῦζη βνπζί λεπζί ἥξσζη

A βαζηιῆαο βόαο (βνῦο) λῆζαο (λέαο) ἥξσαο

A long vowel is typically shortened when it occurs before another vowel thus βαζηιῆνο or βαζηιένο This

convention was almost certainly consistent in pronunciation but is only occasionally represented in written form

The π in the stem of these words frequently became ϝ and subsequently disappeared as in βαζηιεπ- βαζηιεϝ-

βαζηιε-

Stems ending in η (εη) and π (επ εϝ) follow the paradigms of πόιηο (city πνιη-) πῆρπο (forearm περεϝ-) ἄζηπ

(city ἀζηεϝ-) λέθπο (corpse λεθῡ-) and δάθξπ (tear δαθξπ-)

N πόιηο πῆρπο ἄζηπ λέθῡο δάθξπ

G πόιηνο -ενο πήρενο ἄζηενο λέθπνο δάθξπνο

D πόιηη -ῑ -εη -εη πήρετ ἄζηετ λέθπτ δάθξπτ

A πόιηλ πῆρσλ ἄζηπ λέθῡλ δαθξπ

V πόιη πῆρπ ἄζηπ λέθῡ δάθξπ

N V πόιηε πήρεε ἄζηεε λέθπε δάθξπε

G D πνιίνηηλ περένηηλ ἄζηνηηλ λεθύνηηλ δαθξύνηηλ

N V πόιηεο -εεο πήρεεο ἄζηεα λέθπεο δάθξπα

G πνιίσλ περέσλ ἀζηέσλ λεθύσλ δαθξύσλ

D πνιίεζζη περέεζζη ἀζηέεζη λεθύεζζη δαθξύεζζη

πόιεζη -ηζη πήρεζη ἄζηεζη λέθῡζ(ζ)η δάθξπζη

A πόιηαο -εαο -ῑο πήρεαο ἄζηεα λέθπαο [-ῡο] δάθξπα

Nouns with stems in -ο (-εο -αο -νο) and -η are declined like ἔπνο (ϝεπεζ-) γέξαο (γεξαζ-) ἠώο (ἀϝζνζ-) δῶκα

(δσκαη-) and ἦκαξ (ἠκαξ- ἠκαη-) Note that -ζ- usually disappears when it occurs between two vowels

N ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο δῶκα ἧκαξ

G ἔπενο γέξανο ἠόνο δώκαηνο ἥκαηνο

D ἔπετ γέξατ ἠόη δώκαηη ἥκαηη

A ἔπνο γέξαο ἠόα δῶκα ἧκαξ

V ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο δῶκα ἧκαξ

N V ἔπεε γέξαε δώκαηε ἥκαηε

G D επένηηλ γεξάνηηλ δσκάηνηηλ ἡκάηνηηλ

N V ἔπεο γέξα(α) δώκαηα ἥκαηα

G ἐπέσλ γεξάσλ δσκάησλ ἡκάησλ

D ἐπέεζζη γεξάεζζη δσκάηεζζη ἡκάηεζζη

ἔπε(ζ)ζη γέξα(ζ)ζη δώκαζη ἥκαζη

A ἔπεα γέξα(α) δώκαηα ἥκαηα

Note that all nouns ening in -νο in the second declension are either masculine or feminine but all nouns ending in -

νο in the third declension are neuter All nouns ending in -κα in the nominative singular and all nouns with genitives

in -αηνο are neuter

133 Further Notes on the Third Declension

Nouns of the third declension can be any gender and consist of stems ending in -η -π or a consonant In

general the following endings are applied to the stem with the usual euphonic changes

N -ο

G -νο

D -η

A -λ

V -

N A V -ε

G D -νηηλ

N V -εο

G -σλ

D -εζζη

A -λο

Standard Euphonic Changes

Later forms of Greek such as Attic and Koine frequently contracted the forms found in Homer

The -λ in the accusative singular and plural is sonant meaning that it is pronounced as λ when

following a vowel but it is pronounced as ᾰ when following a consonant Thus πνιη-λ = πνιηλ and

πνιη-λο = πνιηο but δαηκνλ-λ = δαηκνλα and δαηκνλ-λο = δαηκνλαο

o In most cases a stem originally ending in ϝ is treated as if it ends in a consonant Thus

βαζηιεϝα = βαζηιεα εξσϝα = εξσα

o The word βνϝ- is an exception where ϝ becomes π (probably because νπ is such a common

diphthong) βνϝλ = βνπλ

Dentals are dropped before ζ Thus παηδο = παηο

o In cases where the stem ends in -λη the dental and the ζ are typically dropped with the last

vowel lengthened by compensation Thus γεξνληο = γεξσλ

Palatals combine with ζ to form μ Thus αηγο = αημ θεξπθο = θεξπμ etc

o Stems ending in -θη apply both the dental and palatal changes first dropping the η and then

combining the θζ to form μ Thus λπθηο = λπθο = λπμ

Labials combine with ζ to form ς Thus Αηζηνπο = Αηζηνς

The ζ is dropped when it follows a nasal or ξ and the last vowel is lengthened to compensate (if it

isnrsquot long already) Thus δαηκνλο = δαηκσλ θξελο = θξελ ρεηξο = ρεηξ παηεξο = παηεξ κεηεξο =

κεηεξ etc

Stems that originally ended in ϝ usually retain a π in its place in the nominative Thus βαζηιεϝο =

βαζηιεπο (originally βαζηιεπο) λεϝο = λεπο βνϝο = βνπο etc

o The same phenomenon sometimes occurs in the accusative singular as well where ϝ becomes

π and the final λ is retained Thus περεϝλ = περευλ = περπλ

o The word εξσο is an apparent exception where εξσϝο = εξσο This may be from analogy

with the relatively common -σο ending in Greek or it could be that the stem was originally

εξσ- witout the ϝ

o When the stem ends in -εϝ the ε is usually dropped in the nominative thus περεϝο = περεπο =

περπο (but the genitive and dative are περενο περετ)

Some confusion can occur at the apparent irregularity of stems ending in -π αζηπ αζηενο αζηεη etc

but δαθξπ δαθξπνο δαθξπτ etc The difference is that stems like αζηπ originally ended in a vowel + ϝ

(αζηεϝ) while stems like δαθξπ originally ended in π

Some neuters originally ended in -εο These are usually declined as -νο in the nominative and

accusative In the other cases the endings are simply applied to -εζ- and the sigma is dropped when it

occurs between two vowels επνο (nom acc from επεζο) επενο (gen from επεζνο) επετ (dat from

επεζη) etc

o Stems ending in -αο simple drop the extra sigma in the nominative singular and append the

case endings to -αζ- (dropping ζ when it occurs between two vowels) Thus γεξαο γεξανο

γεξατ etc

o Stems ending in -νο follow the same pattern as those ending in -αο except that the ν is

lengthened to σ in the nominative Thus εσο εννο εντ etc

Neuter stems ending in -καη usually drop the η in the nominative and accusative singular but retain it

in the plural Thus δσκα (nom and acc sing) δσκαηνο (gen sing) δσκαηη (dat sing) δσκαηα (nom and

acc plur) δσκαησλ (gen plur) δσκαηεζζη (dat plur) etc Neuter stems ending in -καξ usually behave

as if they ended in -καη in all cases except the nominative and accusative singular Thus εκαξ εκαηνο

εκαηη etc

The dative plural ending is given as -εζζη This could be shortened to -ζζη (before vowels) -εζη or -ζη

The -ζη ending is the most common in later dialects Thus Homeric θεξπθεζζη is typically θεξπμη in

Attic and Koine

The vocative singular in neuters is always identical to the nominative and accusative singulars

o In masculine and feminine nouns the vocative singular is usually just the stem without any

endings applied as long as the stem is capable of standing alone Thus δαηκνλ ρεηξ παηεξ

κεηεξ ζπγαηεξ αλεξ βνπ λεπ πνιη λεθῡ δαθξπ etc

o In some cases where the nominative singular has slightly modified the stem before adding -ο

the vocative is formed by simply dropping the ο Thus παη βαζηιεπ περπ

o In cases where the ο of the nominative singular has combined with the stem the vocative is

usually indentical to the nominative singular Thus αλαμ λπμ αημ θεξπμ Αηζηνς etc

o In rare cases the vocative is identical to the nominative singular even when dropping the ο

would have been convenient as in εξσο εσο

Alternate Endings The following are some alternate endings that could be applied instead of the usual

case endings listed above

o -ζη can be used to denote place where

o -ζελ can be used to denote source or separation or as an alternative ending for the genitive

case

o -δε can be added to the accusative ending to denote place to which or limit of motion

o -η can be added to denote place where

o -θη(λ) can be added as a substitute for several uses of the genitive and the dative cases

particularly in the instrumental sense

134 References

This lesson references several points in the grammar Note the following

Deponent verbs take middle or passive forms but denote active meanings

Some verbs reduplicate the initial syllable in the present tense by repeating the initial consonant

followed by -η Thus ἴζηεκη (orig ζηζηεκη) ηίζεκη δίδσκη πίκπιεκη γίγλνκαη γηγλώζθσ κηκλήζθσ

etc When futures and second aorists are reduplicated they usually follow the pattern of reduplication

found in the perfect tense If the initial consonant is aspirated the reduplicated consonant is typically

smooth Thus ηίζεκη rather than ζίζεκη

Note that ἴκη δίδσκη and ηίζεκη take the aorist in -θα rather than -ζα

When a word ends in a vowel and the following word begins with a vowel the result is called hiatus

In general hiatus is avoided in poetry through the use of elision crasis synizesis moveable

consonants etc However hiatus is allowed in some circumstances such as when elision has already

occurred when the first of the two vowels is long and occurs on the beat (or ictus) of the verse or

when a long vowel or diphthong has been shortened or when the two vowels were originally separated

by ϝ

Recall that the verbal augment is frequently omitted

135 Vocabulary

Ἄηο Ἄηδνο ὁ (nom not used) Hades

ἄιγνο ενο ηό grief pain woe trouble

Ἀρηιιεύο ῆνο ὁ Achilles

δαίο δαηηόο ἡ feast banquet portion

Εεύο Γηόο ὁ Zeus

ἥξσο ἥξσνο ὁ hero mighty warrior protector savior

ἴθζῑκνο ε νλ mighty valiant stout-hearted brave

θύσλ θπλόο ὁ ἡ dog

κῆληο ηνο ἡ wrath fury madness rage

νὐιόκελνο ε νλ accursed destructive deadly

πξντάπησ πξντάςσ πξνΐαςα hurl forward send forth

ηίζεκη (ζε- ζε-) ζήζσ ἔζεθα put place cause

Ἀρηιιεπο (Ἀρηιιεϝ-) Ἀρηιιενο Ἀρηιιεη Ἀρηιιεα

δαηο (δαηη-) δαηηνο δαηηη δαηηα δαηηεο δαηησλ δαηηεζζη δαηηαο

Εεπο Γηνο Γηη Γηα

ἡξσο ἡξσνο ἡξστ ἡξσα ἡξσεο ἡξσσλ ἡξσεζζη ἡξσαο

θπσλ θπλνο θπλη θπλα θπλεο θπλσλ θπλεζζη θπλαο

κεληο (κελη-) κεληνο κεληη κεληλ κεληεο κελησλ κεληεζζη κεληαο

136 Translation

1 κῆληο Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο ἦλ νὐινκέλε ἔζεθε γὰξ κῡξηrsquo ἄιγεα ηνῖζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ πξνΐαςε δὲ πνιιὰο (ᾱ)

ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἰθζίκνπο (ῑ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη ἔηεπρε δrsquo αὐηνὺο ἑιώξηα θαὶ δαῖηα θύλεζζηλ νἰσλνῖζί ηε ἐηέιεζε δὲ βνπιὴλ

Γηόο 2 ζεὰ (ᾱ) ἀείδεη κῆληλ νὐινκέλελ Ἀρηιῆνο ἣ ἔζεθελ κῡξίrsquo ἄιγεrsquo Ἀραηνῖζηλ 3 ζενὶ ὀιέθνπζη ηὸλ ζηξαηόλ θαὶ

πξντάπηνπζη πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη 4ηεύμνκελ κῡξίνπο Ἀραηνὺο ἑιώξηα θύλεζζηλ θαὶ δαῖηα ηνῖζηλ

νἰσλνῖζηλ νὕλεθα ἠηίκαζαλ (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) 5 θᾱιὴ ἦλ ἡ βνπιὴ Γηόο

KEY

1 The wrath of Achilles son of Peleus was destructive for it caused countless woes to the Achaeans and sent

forth many valiant souls of heros to Hades making them spoils and a banquet for the dogs and the vultures 2 The

goddess sings the accursed wrath of Achilles which brought countless woes to the Achaeans 3 The gods are

destroying the camp and sending forth many souls of the heros to Hades 4 We will make countless Achaeans spoils

for the dogs and a feast for these vultures because they dishonored Chryses 5 The will of Zeus was good

137 Iliad 1-5

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κπξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςπρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιήλ

Μῆληλ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse

ἄεηδε - present active imperative 2nd

person singular of ἀείδσ

ζεά - vocative case

Πειεηάδεσ = Πειεηάδᾱν (the verse may have originally read Πειεηάδᾱrsquo)

νὐινκέλελ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse as well as out of

the natural order and is placed directly opposite the word κῆληλ

κῡξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο - the hiatus is permited because elision has already occurred in κῡξίνηο

Ἄηδη was originally Ἄϝηδη and is still accented as it began with α instead of αη

ἡξώσλ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse and its deviation from

the natural order

δὲ ἑιώξηα - the hiatus is permitted because the original was δὲ ϝειώξηα

ηεῦρε - the augment is dropped (usually ἔηεπρε)

ἐηειείεην - imperfect passive indicative 3rd

person singular of ηειείσ

KEY

Sing O goddess of the accursed wrath of Achilles Peleiades

which brought countless woes to the Achaeans

and cast forth the souls of many valiant warriors to Hades

making them the spoils and feast of both dogs

and vultures But the will of Zeus was accomplished

138 Composition

1 The valiant Achaeans are singing the accursed wrath of Achilles 2 The wrath of Achilles caused many woes

to the Achaeans and sent many valiant souls of heroes to the god Hades 3 We shall make the army of the Achaeans

a booty for the dogs and a banquet for the birds 4 We are accomplishing the will of the goddess

KEY

1 ἴθζῑκνη Ἀραηνὶ ἀείδνπζηλ νὐινκέλελ κῆληλ Ἀρηιῆνο 2 κῆληο Ἀρηιῆνο ἔζεθε κῡξίrsquo ἄιγεrsquo Ἀραηνῖζη θαὶ

πξνΐαςε πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἰθζίκνπο ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη 3 ηεύμνκελ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ ἑιώξηα θύλεζζηλ θαὶ δαῖηα

νἰσλνῖζηλ 4 ηεύρνκελ βνπιὴλ ζεᾶο

Lesson 14

(519-526 1159-1192)

(cf 586)

141 Syllable Quantity

A syllable is long (by nature) when it contains a long vowel or a diphthong or (by position) when it ends in two

consecutive consonants (or a double consonant) A short vowel followed by a mute and a liquid κ or λ is common

and can be either long or short depending on the requirements of the verse Occasionally the letters ι κ λ ξ or ζ

are doubled in pronunciation when they follow a short vowel making the syllable long by position but this

convention is not always represented in writing And occasionally a lost ϝ will combine with another consonant to

make the preceding syllable long by position

Observe the following rules when determing the length of a syllable

Any vowel with the circumflex accent is long

The vowel of any ultmia whose penult bears the circumflex is short

If the penult has an acute then the vowel of the ultima must also be long

If the vowel of the ultima is short and the penult has the acute then the vowel of the penult must

be short as well

If the antepenult is accented the vowel of the ultima must be short

Occasionally these rules do not apply to certain compounds where one of the two words are

accented as if they were separate

If a short syllable stands where a long syllable is expected it is usually because the pause of the caesura or

diaresis fills out the foot or because the following word has lost a consonant (usually ϝ or ζ) And occasionally a

short syllable ending in a consonant is lengthened when it occurs on the ictus (beat) of the verse Such lengthening is

called thesis

142 Metrical Quantity

With the exception of pauses at the end of the verse caesura and diaresis all feet must consist of two long

syllables or a long syllable followed by two shorts Thus if a long syllable is followed by a short syllable then the

next syllable must be short as well Likewise if a short syllable is followed by a long syllable then the preceding

syllable must be short as well

When a word ends in a short vowel (and sometimes -νη and -αη) and the following word begins with a vowel

the short vowel is usually elided unless the following word originally began with ϝ When a word ends in a long

vowel or a diphthong and the following word begins with a vowel the long vowel is usually shortened This

phenomenon can also occur within the same word and again it is less common when the following word originally

began with ϝ Vowel shortening is also rare when the long vowel occurs on the ictus

The meter of Homer is called dactylic or heroic hexameter and is the most common meter in Greek verse Each

verse has six feet The first five feet can be dactyls (one long syllable followed by two short syllables) or spondees

(two long syllables) The final foot of the verse is always a spndee but keep in mind that the pause at the end of the

verse often combines with a final short syllable to form one long syllable The fifth foot of each verse is usually a

dactyl with only one in twenty (or so) verses containing a spondee in the fifth foot The verses that have a spndee in

the fifth foot are called spondaic and usually take slightly longer to recite In dactylic hexameter the ictus (beat) of

the verse always occurs on the first syllable of each foot producing six distinct beats per verse

Caesura occurs when a word ends within a foot (ie at the end of the first syllable of a foot or between the two

short syllables of the foot) When a caesura occurs at a natural pause in the verse this is said to be the caesura of the

verse A pause after the first syllable of a foot is called a masculine caesura and a pause after the second syllable of

the foot is called a feminine caesura

Diaresis occurs when the end of a word coincides with the end of a foot When this falls at a natural pause in

the verse it is said to be the diaresis of the verse When the diaresis occurs at the end of the fourth foot is it called

the bucolic diaresis (due to its common use in pastoral poetry)

143 Marking the Rhythm of the Iliad 1-5

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κπξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςπρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιήλ

ΜΖ ληλ α | ΔΗ δε ζε | Α ΠΖ | ΛΖ η α | ΓΔΧ α ρη | ΛΖ Ο-

dact dact spon dact dact spon

The pauses at the end of κῆληλ and ἄεηδε are feminine caesuras

The pauses at the end of ζεά Πειεηάδεσ and Ἀρηιῆνο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of ζεά is the caesura of the verse

The dash at the end of the verse indicates a pause that combines with a short vowel to fill out the

last foot

ΟΤ ιν κε | ΝΖΝ Ζ | ΜΤ ξη α | ΥΑΗ ΟΗ | ΑΛ γε ε | ΘΖ ΚΔΝ-

dact spon dact spon dact spon

The pauses at the end of κῡξίrsquo and ἄιγε are feminine caesuras

The pauses at the end of νὐινκέλελ and ἔζεθελ are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of νὐινκέλελ is the caesura of the verse

The pauses at the end of ἥ and Ἀραηνῖο are diareses

The diaresis at Ἀραηνῖο is a bucolic diaresis

κῡξία Ἀραηνῖο and ἄιγεα ἔζεθελ are examples of hiatus

The first syllable of ἄιγεrsquo is long because it is followed by two consecutive consonants

ΠΟΛ ΛΑ | ΓrsquoΗΦ ΘΗ | ΜΟΤ ΦΤ | ΥΑ ΑΗ | ΓΗ πξν τ | Α ΦΔΝ-

spon spon spon spon dact spon

The pauses at the end of ἰθζίκνπο and ςπράο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of πνιιάο is a diaresis

δὲ ἰθζίκνπο is hiatus

The first syllable of πνιιάο is long by position as is the first syllable of ἰθζίκνπο the last syllable

of Ἄηδη and the second syllable of πξνΐαςελ

Ζ ΡΧ | ΧΝ ΑΤ | ΣΟΤ δε ε | ΛΧ ξη α | ΣΔΤ ρε θπ | ΝΔ ΗΝ-

spon spon dact dact dact spon

The pause at the end of ηεῦρε is a feminine caesura

The pauses at the end of ἡξώσλ and αὐηνύο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of ἡξώσλ is the caesura of the verse

The pause at the end of ἑιώξηα is a diaresis

ΟΗ Χ | ΝΟΗ ζη ηε | ΓΑΗ ηα δη | Ο δrsquoε ηε | ΛΔΗ ε ην | ΒΟΤ ΛΖΝ

The pauses at the end of νἰσλνῖζη and δαῖηα are feminine caesuras

The pause at the end of Γηόο is a masculine caesura

The pauses at the end of ηε ἐηειείεην and βνπιήλ are diareses

The pause at the end of δαῖηα is the diaresis of the verse

Lesson 15

(693-694 697-700)

(cf 781-782 837 580 1009 996 584-585)

151 Third Declension Paradigms (continued)

Third declension nouns ending in a dental mute stem are exemplified by ἄλαμ (king ϝαλαθη-) λύμ (night λπθη-

) παῖο (child παηδ-) and γέξσλ (old man γεξνλη-)

N ἄλαμ λύμ παῖο γέξσλ

G ἄλαθηνο λπθηόο παηδόο γέξνληνο

D ἄλαθηη λπθηί παηδί γέξνληη

A ἄλαθηα λύθηα παίδα γέξνληα

V ἄλαμ [ἄλα] λύμ παῖ γέξσλ

N V A ἄλαθηε λύθηε παίδε γέξνληε

G D ἀλάθηνηηλ λύθηνηηλ παίδνηηλ γεξόληνηηλ

N ἄλαθηεο λύθηεο παίδεο γέξνληεο

G ἀλάθησλ λπθηῶλ παηδῶλ γεξόλησλ

D ἀλάθηεζζη λύθηεζζη παίδεζζη γεξόληεζζη

ἄλαμη λπμί παηζί γέξνπζη

A ἄλαθηαο λύθηνο παῖδαο γέξνληαο

Third declension nouns ending in labial and palatal stems are exemplified by αἴμ (goat αἰγ-) θῆξπμ (herald

θεξῡθ-) and Αἰζίνς (Ethipoian Αἰζηνπ-)

N αἴμ θῆξπμ Αἰζίνς

G αἰγόο θήξῡθνο Αἰζίνπνο

D αἰγί θήξῡθη Αἰζίνπη

A αἶγα θήξῡθα Αἰζίνπα

V αἴμ θῆξπμ Αἰζίνς

N V A αἶγε θήξῡθε Αἰζίνπε

G D αἴγνηηλ θεξύθνηηλ (ῡ) Αἰζηόπνηηλ

N αἶγεο θήξῡθεο Αἰζίνπεο

G αἰγῶλ θεξύθσλ (ῡ) Αἰζηόπσλ

D αἴγεζζη θεξύθεζζη (ῡ) Αἰζηόπεζζη

αἰμί θήξῡμ Αἰζίνςη

A αἶγαο θήξῡθαο Αἰζίνπαο

Nouns with stems ending in -εξ express different grades of ablaut in the stem (-εξ -εξ -ξ) with a recessive

accent in the vocative singular These are exemplified by παηήξ (father παηεξ-) κήηεξ (mother κεηεξ-) ζπγάηεξ

(daughter ζπγαηεξ-) and ἀλήξ (man ἀλεξ-)

N παηήξ κήηεξ ζπγάηεξ ἀλήξ

G παηέξνο -ηξόο κεηέξνο -ηξόο ζπγαηέξνο -ηξόο ἀλέξνο ἀλδξόο

D παηέξη -ηξί κεηέξη -ηξί ζπγαηέξη -ηξί ἀλέξη ἀλδξί

A παηέξα κεηέξα ζπγαηέξα ἀλέξα ἄλδξα

V πάηεξ κῆηεξ ζύγαηεξ ἄλεξ

N V A παηέξε κεηέξε ζπγαηέξε ἀλέξε ἄλδξε

G D παηέξνηηλ κεηέξνηηλ ζπγαηέξνηηλ ἀλέξνηηλ ἄλδξνηηλ

N παηέξεο κεηέξεο ζπγαηέξεο ζύγαηξεο ἀλέξεο ἄλδξεο

G παηέξσλ -ηξῶλ κεηέξσλ -ηξῶλ ζπγαηέξσλ ζπγαηξῶλ ἀλέξσλ ἀλδξῶλ

D παηξάζη κεηξάζη ζπγαηξάζη ζπγαηέξεζζη ἀλδξάζη ἄλδξεζζη

A παηέξαο κεηέξαο ζπγαηέξαο ζύγαηξαο ἀλέξαο ἄλδξαο

Note that δ is inserted into ἀλήξ between λ and ξ where they occur together The accent of the shorter forms of

ἀλέξ follow the pattern seen in παηήξ The alpha after ξ in the dative plural was added euphonically to strengthen

what was originally a sonant ξ

152 Vocabulary

ἄλαμ ἄλαθηνο ὁ king lord protector

ἀλήξ ἀλέξνο (ἀλδξόο) ὁ (real) man warrior hero

ἄξ(α) (ῥά) naturally of course as you know as you might expect that is

in effect (not always translatable)

βαζηιεύο ῆνο ὁ king ruler

δή indeed truly forsooth now

δηίζηεκη (ζηε- ζηα-) δηαζηήζσ stand apart separate

δηέζηεζα (δηέζηελ)

ἐμ νὗ from the time when

ἐξίδσ (ἐξηδ-) - ἤξηζ(ζ)α quarrel strive

ἠξηζάηελ (they) strove

ἔξηο ηδνο ἡ strife quarrel

Λεηώ Λεηόνο ἡ Leto

κάρνκαη fight battle

κάρεζζαη to fight

μπλίκη μπλήζσ μπλῆθα (μπλέεθα) bring together throw together hearken heed

ὄξλῡκη ὄξζσ ὦξζα (ὤξνξνλ) stir up kindle incite excite arouse

πξῶηνο ε νλ first foremost chief

ηὸ πξῶηνλ ηὰ πξῶηα (adv) at first firstly first

πἱόο νῦ ὁ son

ζθσε these two

153 Translation

1 ζεὰ (ᾱ) ἀείζεη κῆληλ Ἀρηιῆνο ἐμ νὗ δὴ ηὰ πξῶηα δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο θαὶ Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἀλδξῶλ ἠξηζάηελ θαὶ

δηεζηήηελ 2 ηίο ζεῶλ μπλέεθε δῖνλ Ἀρηιῆά ηε θαὶ Ἀηξεΐδελ ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 3 πἱὸο Λεηόνο θαὶ Γηὸο ἑθεβόινο

μπλέεθέ ζθσε ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη ηὸλ γὰξ βαζηιεὺο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἐρόισζελ ὁ δrsquo ὦξζε θαθὴλ λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ

ὤιεθε δὲ ιᾱνύο

KEY

1 The goddess sings the wrath of Achilles from the time when first the divine Achilles and Atreides king of

men strove and separated 2 Which of the gods brought together the divine Achilles and the son of Atreus to fight

in strife 3 The son of Leto and Zeus the Free-shooter brought these two together to fight in strife for Atreides the

king enraged him so he stirred up an evil plague through the camp of the Achaeans and destroyed their host

154 Iliad 1-10

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κῡξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςῡρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιή

ἐμ νὗ δὴ ηὰ πξῶηα δηαζηήηελ ἐξίζαληε

Ἀηξεΐδεο ηε ἄλαμ ἀλδξῶλ θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεύο

ηίο ηrsquo ἄξ ζθσε ζεῶλ ἔξηδη μπλέεθε κάρεζζαη

Λεηνῦο θαὶ Γηὸο πἱόο ὁ γὰξ βαζηιῆη ρνισζεὶο

λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ ὦξζε θαθήλ ὀιέθνλην δὲ ιᾱνί

δηαζηήηελ = δηεζηήηελ

ἐξίζαληε = aor act part nom dual masc (they two) having quarreled

ηε ἄλαμ originally ηε ϝάλαμ thus allowing the hiatus

ζθσε [ἕσ] = 3rd

pers pron acc dual these two

ἔξηδη is dative of means in strife

κάρεζζαη = pres act infinitive deponent to fight

ρνισζείο = aor pass part nom sing masc having been enraged

Λεηνῦο = contracted form of Λεηόνο

βαζηιῆη = Agamemnon instrumental case by the king

ὀιέθνλην = ὠιέθνλην imperf pass ind 3rd

pers plural were being destroyed or kept

perishing

KEY

Sing O goddess of the accursed wrath of Achilles Peleiades

which brought countless woes to the Achaeans

and cast forth the souls of many valiant warriors to Hades

making them the spoils and feast of both dogs

and vultures But the will of Zeus was accomplished

indeed from the time when at first having quarreled both

Atreides king of men and the divine Achilles separated

Which of the gods of course brought these two together to fight in strife

The son of Leto and Zeus For enraged by the king he

kindled an evil plague up through the camp and the people were destroyed

155 Composition

1 ἠείδνκελ κῆληλ νὐινκέλελ Ἀρηιιῆνο ἐμ νὗ ηὰ πξῶηα Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἀλέξσλ (ἀλδξῶλ) θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο

ἠξηζάηελ θαὶ δηεζηεζάηελ (δηεζηήηελ) 2 ηίο ζεῶλ μπλῆθε (μπλέεθα) Ἀραηνὺο θαὶ ιᾱὸλ Πξηάκνπ ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 3

μπλῆθε (μπλέεθα) ζθσε (ἕν) πἱὸο Λεηόνο (Λεηνῦο) θαὶ Γηὸο ἑθεβόινο ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 4 Αηξεΐδεο βαζηιεὺο

Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο ἐρόισζαλ ἄλαθηα ἑθεβόινλ θαὶ ὁ ὦξζα (ὤξνξε) λνῦζνπο πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θαθὰο (ᾱ) ἀλὰ

ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ θαθῶο ὤιεθελ ἀγαζὸλ ιᾱόλ

Lesson 16

(887-897 910 1065-1068 697-703 707 710 732)

161 Formation of Middle Passive and Deponent Verbs

The endings of the middle voice are different from the active voice The passive voice applies the same endings

as the middle voice except in the aorist passive which applies active endings Because the middle and passive voice

are identical (other than the aorist) the context determines whether a verb is used with middle or the passive

meaning The aorist middle is often used with a passive meaning (especially in athematic forms) and the aorist

passive is often used with a middle meaning

The perfect and pluperfect of the middlepassive are athematic with the personal endings attached directly to

the reduplicated stem

The future perfect passive is formed by adding -ζνε to the perfect middle passive lengthening the vowel that

precedes this ending

The first aorist passive is formed by adding -(ζ)ζεε to the stem Before ζ π and β become θ θ and γ become ρ

and η δ ζ become ζ Many verbs have a second aorist passive that drops the ζ altogether

Deponent verbs have no active form but use the middlepassive forms in an active sense

162 Paradigms Present and Future Indicative MiddlePassive of ιύσ

Present

S 1 ιύνκαη

2 ιύεαη [(ιύῃ)]

3 ιύεηαη

D 2 ιύεζζνλ

3 ιύεζζνλ

P 1 ιπόκε(ζ)ζα

2 ιύεζζα

3 ιύνληαη

Future

S 1 ιύζνκαη (ῡ)

2 ιύζεαη (ῡ) [(ιύζῃ (ῡ))]

3 ιύζεηαη (ῡ)

D 2 ιύζεζζνλ (ῡ)

3 ιύζεζζνλ (ῡ)

P 1 ιῡζόκεζα

2 ιύζεζζε (ῡ)

3 ιύζνληαη (ῡ)

163 The Use of Voice in Greek

The active voice indicates that the subject is acting λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ ὦξζε = he kindled a plague up

through the camp

The passive voice indicates that the subject is acted upon Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιή = but the will of Zeus was

being accomplished

The Middle voice denotes one of three meanings

1 The subject acting upon itself πείζνκαη (I convince myself) θαίλνκαη (I show myself)

2 The subject acting for itself θαιένκαη (I call for myself)

3 The subject acting upon something belonging to itself ιύνκαη (I loose my own I ransom)

When determing the difference between the middle and passive keep in mind that the middle voice always

conveys a direct or indirect reference to the subject and that the subject is effect by or has an interest in the action

164 Third Declension Stems in -επ -επ -νπ and -σϝ

Stems in -επ usually became -εϝ and the third declension endings are applied after the ϝ Thus βαζηιεϝνο =

βαζηιῆνο βαηιεϝη = βαζηιῆη βαζηιεϝα = βαζηιῆα etc Note that the ϝ explains why εη (εϝη) does not form an

improper diphthong as well as why the accusative singular ends in -εα (as if the stem ended in a consonant) instead

of -ελ (as if the stem ended in a vowel) Note that when the ending consists of a consonant the -εϝ is contracted to

the diphthong -επ Thus βαζηιεϝο = βαζηιεύο βαζηιεϝ = βαζηιεῦ βαζηιεϝζη = βαζηιεῦζη In rare cases the other

endings also contract the -ε to -ε (ie βαζηιῆνο = βαζηιένο)

In stems ending originally in -ᾱϝ the ᾱ becomes ε in the Ionic dialect These are declined the same as -εϝ

except that -εῡ is formed before consonants instead of -επ Thus λᾱϝο = λεϝο = λεῦο λᾱϝ = λεϝ = λεῦ But note the

exception in the shorter form of the dative plural where λᾱϝζη = λεϝζη = λεπζί (rather than λεῡζη) In contracted

forms the ε usually becomes ε

In stems ending in -σϝ the third declension endings are applied directly to the stem Thus ἡξσϝο = ἥξσο

ἡξσϝνο = ἥξσνο ἡξσϝη = ἥξση ἡξσϝα = ἥξσα etc

In stems ending originally in -ν or -νϝ the third declension endings are applied as usual But keep in mind that -

νϝ is contracted to the diphthong -νπ before a consonant thus βνϝο = βνῦο and βνϝζη = βνπζί But note the

exception that occurs in the accusative singular where βνϝλ = βνῦλ rather than βνϝα

βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

(βαζηιεϝ-) (βνϝ-) (λᾱϝ-) (ἡξσϝ-)

N βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

G βαζηιῆνο [ένο] βνόο λεόο [εόο] ἥξσνο

D βαζηιῆη [έη] βνΐ λεί ἥξση

A βαζηιῆα [έα] βνῦλ [βῶλ] λῆα [έα] ἥξσα

V βαζηιεῦ βνῦ λεῦ ἥξσο

N V A βαζηιῆε βόε λῆε ἥξσε

G D βαζηιήνηηλ βόνηηλ λήνηηλ ἡξώνηηλ

N V βαζηιῆεο βόεο λῆεο ἥξσεο

G βαζηιήσλ βνῶλ λεῶλ [εῶλ] ἡξώσλ

D βαζηιήεζζη βόεζζη λήεζζη [έεζζη] ἡξώεζζη

βαζηιεῦζη βνπζί λεπζί ἥξσζη

A βαζηιῆαο βόαο (βνῦο) λῆαο [έαο] ἥξσαο

165 Third Declension Stems in -εζ -αζ and -νζ

When a stem ends in a vowel plus -ζ the initial ζ is dropped between two vowels Thus γεξαζνο = γέξανο

ἠνζνο = ἠόνο etc

All third declension nouns with stems ending in -εο are neuters and follow the pattern of ἔπνο The third

declension endings are applied as usual except that the nominative vocative and accusative singulars end in -νο

Nouns with stems ending in -νο take -σο in the nominative and vocative singular but otherwise apply the third

declension endings as usual (dropping ζ between two vowels)

ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

(ϝεπεζ-) (γεξαζ-) (ἀϝζνζ- (ᾱ))

N ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

G ἔπενο γέξανο ἠόνο

D ἔπετ γέξατ ἠόη

A ἔπνο γέξαο ἠόα

V ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

N V A ἔπεε γέξαε

G D ἐπένηηλ γεξάνηηλ

N V ἔπεα γέξα(α)

G ἐπέσλ γεξάσλ

D ἐπέεζζη γεξάεζζη

ἔπε(ζ)ζη γέξα(ζ)ζη

A ἔπεα γέξα(α)

166 Third Declension Stems in -καη and -καξ

Stems ending in -καη and -καξ are neuters

Stems in -καη drop the -ηο in the nominative vocative and accusative singular δσκαηο = δῶκα Otherwise the

third declension endings are applied as usual

Stems ending in -καξ are declined like those ending in -καη except in the nominative vocative and accusative

singular (which end in -καξ)

δῶκα ἦκαξ

(δσκαη-) (ἠκαξ- ἠκαη-)

N δῶκα ἦκαξ

G δώκαηνο ἤκαηνο

D δώκαηη ἤκαηη

A δῶκα ἦκαξ

V δῶκα ἦκαξ

N V A δώκαηε ἤκαηε

G D δσκάηνηηλ ἠκάηνηηλ

N V δώκαηα ἤκαηα

G δσκάησλ ἠκάησλ

D δσκάηεζζη ἠκάηεζζη

δώκαζη ἤκαζη

A δώκαηα ἤκαηα

167 Third Declension Stems in -λη and -λ

Stems ending in -λη drop the -λη before ζ and lengthen the preceding vowel thus παληο = πᾶο παληζη = πᾶζη

Otherwise the third declension endings are applied as usual In neuters the -η is dropped at the end of the word thus

παλη = πᾶλ Stems in -λ drop the -λ before ζ and lengthen the preceding vowel in the masculine (but not in the

neuter)

πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

(παλη- παληα- παλη-)

Masc Fem Neut

N πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

G παληόο πάζεο (ᾱ) παληόο

D παληί πάζῃ (ᾱ) παληί

A πάληα πᾶζαλ πᾶλ

V πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

N V πάληεο πᾶζαη πάληα

G πάλησλ πᾱζάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] πάλησλ

D πάληεζ(ζ)η πάζῃζη (ᾱ) πάληεζ(ζ)η

πᾶζη πάζῃο (ᾱ) πᾶζη

A πάληνο πάζᾱο (ᾱ) πάληα

κέιᾱο κέιαηλα κέιαλ

(κειαλ- κειαηλα- κειαλ-)

N κέιᾱο κέιαηλα κέιαλ

G κέιαλνο κειαίλεο κέιαλνο

D κέιαλη κειαίλῃ κέιαλη

A κέιαλα κέιαηλαλ κέιαλ

V κέιαλ κέιαηλα κέιαλ

N V A κέιαλε κειαίλᾱ κέιαλε

G D κειάλνηηλ κειαίλῃηλ κειάλνηηλ

N V κέιαλεο κέιαηλαη κέιαλα

G κειάλσλ κειαηλάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] κειάλσλ

D κειάλεζ(ζ)η κειαίλῃζη κειάλεζ(ζ)η

κέιαζη κειαίλῃο κέιαζη

A κέιαλεο κειαίλᾱο κέιαλα

168 Vocabulary

Nouns

Ἀπόιισλ (ᾰ or ᾰ) σλνο ὁ Apollo

ἀξεηήξ (ᾱ) ῆξνο ὁ priest prayer

ζπγάηεξ ηέξνο (ηξόο) ἡ daughter

θνζκήησξ νξνο ὁ commander marshaller

λεῦο λεόο (λεόο) ἡ ship

ζηέκκα καηνο ηό fillet (of white cotton) wreath

ρείξ ρεηξόο ἡ hand arm

Verbs

ἔξρνκαη (ἐξρ- ἐιε- ἐιεπζ- ἐιπζ-) come go

ἐιεύζνκαη I will come I will go

ἦιζνλ (ἤιπζνλ) I came I went

ιίζζνκαη (ιηη-) I beg I entreat

---

ἐιιηζάκελ (ἐιηηόκελ) I begged I entreated

Adjectives Prepositions

ζνόο ή όλ swift speedy

πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ all every (the) whole

Indeclinable

δύν (δύσ) two

κάιηζηα most especially by all means

169 Translation

1 Ἀπόιισλ ἑθεβόινο ρνινῦηαη βαζηιῆη Αηξεΐδῃ θαὶ πέκπεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ ὀιέθνληαη δὲ

ιᾱνί νὕλεθα δῖνο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) 2 Υξύζεο (ῡ) γὰξ ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἑθεβόινπ ἔξρεηαη

ἐπὶ ζνὰο (ᾱ) λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ θέξεη δrsquo ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα ζπγαηξόο ἣλ Ἀηξεΐδεο ἔρεη ἐλ ζηξαηῷ 3 ὁ δrsquo ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἔρεη

ζηέκκαηα ἑθεβόινπ Ἀπόιισλνο ἐλ ρεξζὶλ ἀλὰ ρξῡζέῳ ζθήπηξῳ θαὶ ιίζζεηαη πάληαο Ἀραηνύο κάιηζηα δrsquo Ἀηξεΐδᾱ

δύσ θνζκήηνξε ιᾱῶλ 4 Ἀπόιισλ ρνιώζεηαη βαζηιῆη θαὶ ὄξζεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηόλ 5 ἐιεύζνληαη ἐπὶ ζνὰο

(ᾱ) λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ νἴζνπζη ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα βαζηιῆη 6 ιίζζνληαη πάληαο Ἀραηνύο 7 Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζελ (ῑ)

ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) θαὶ νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε ζύγαηξα

KEY

1 Apollo the free-shooter enraged by king Atreides sent an evil plague through the camp of the Achaeans and

the people were destroyed because the divine Atreides dishonored Chryses the priest 2 For Chryses the priest of

the free-shooter went upon the swift ships of the Achaeans bearing countless ransoms for his daughter whom

Atreides was holding in the camp 3 But the priest had a wreath of Apollo the free-shooter upon a staff in his hand

and was entreating all of the Achaeans but especially the sons of Atreus (who were) the commanders of the host 4

Apollo will be enraged by the king and will kindle an evil plague up through the camp 5 They will go upon the

swift ships of the Achaeans and bring countless ransoms to the king 6 They are entreating all of the Achaeans 7

Atreides dishonored the priest and would not release his daughter

1610 Iliad 11-16

hellipὀιέθνλην δὲ ιᾱνί

νὕλεθα ηὸλ Υξύζελ ἠηίκαζελ ἀξεηῆξα

Αηξεΐδεο ὁ γὰξ ἦιζε ζνὰο ἐπὶ λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ

ιπζόκελνο ηε ζύγαηξα θέξσλ ηrsquo ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα

ζηέκκαηrsquo ἔρσλ ἐλ ρεξζὶλ ἑθεβόινπ Ἀπόιισλνο

ρξπζέῳ ἀλὰ ζθήπηξῳ θαὶ ἐιίζζεην πάληαο Ἀραηνύο

Ἀηξεΐδα δὲ κάιηζηα δύσ θνζκήηνξε ιαῶλ

ηόλ Υξύζελ = that (well-known) Chryses

The first verse ends in two spondees making it a spondaic verse and emphasizing the fact that

Chryses was a priest

ιῡζόκελνο = fut mid part nom masc sing being about to ransom

θέξσλ = pres act part nom sing masc bearing bringing

ἔρσλ = pres act part nom sing masc having holding

ρεξζὶλ ἑθεβόινπ = ρεξζὶ ϝεθεβόινπ

ρξῡζέῳ = synizesis where -έῳ is pronounced as a single syllable

ἐιίζζεην = imperf act ind 3rd

pers sing dep (kept) entreating was entreating

Ἀηξεΐδᾱ = dual of Ἀηξεΐδεο refers to both Agamemnon and Menelaus

KEY

hellipand the people were being destroyed

because Atreides dishonored Chryses the priest

For he had gone upon the swift ships of the Achaeans

intending to ransom his daughter bearing countless gifts

and holding in his hand fillets of Apollo the free-shooter

upon a golden staff and was entreating all of the Achaeans

but especially the two sons of Atreus the commanders of the host

1611 Composition

1 Chryses the priest of Apollo is dishonored by the son of Atreus 2 The Achaeans will go from their swift

ships to Troy and ransom the beloved daughter of the priest 3 We shall bring many ransoms and shall hold in our

hands the fillets of Apollo 4 We do not have a golden scepter but we entreat Priam and all the people of Troy 5

The two sons of Atreus marshallers of the people are entreating Priam but he will slight them 6 The son of

Atreus king of men slighted the priest and did not release his daughter

KEY

1 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) Ἀπόιινπ ἀηῑκάδεηαη Ἀηξεΐδῃ 2 Ἀραηνὶ ἐιεύζνληαη ἐθ ζνάσλ (ᾱ) λήσλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ (ῑ)

θαὶ ἀπειύζνληαη (ῡ) θίιε ζπγάηεξα ἀξεηῆξη (ᾱ) 3 νἴζνκελ πνιιrsquo ἄπνηλα θαὶ ἕζρνκελ ἐλ ρείξεζζη ζηέκκαηα

Ἀπόιινπ 4 νὐθ ἔρνκελ ζθῆπηξνλ ρξύζενλ ἀιιὰ ιηζζόκεζα Πξίακνλ θαὶ πᾶληα ιᾱνλ Ἰιίνπ (ῑ) 5 δύrsquo Ἀηξεΐδᾱ

θνζκήηεξᾱ ιᾱσλ ιίζζεζζνλ Πξίακνλ αὐηνὺο δrsquo ἀηῑκάζεη 6 Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἄλδξσλ ἠηίκαζελ (ῑ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) θαὶ

νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε ζπγάηεξα

1612 Meter

ΟΤ λε θα | ΣΟΝ ΥΡΤ | ΖΝ Ζ | ΣΗ κα ζελ | Α ΡΖ | ΣΖ ΡΑ~

Α ηξε η | ΓΖ ν γαξ | ΖΛ ζε ζν | Α ε πη | ΝΖ αο α | ΥΑΗ ΧΝ

ΛΤ ζν κε | ΝΟ ηε ζπ | ΓΑΣ ξα θε | ΡΧΝ ηα πε | ΡΔΗ ζη α | ΠΟΗ ΝΑ~

ΣΔΜ καη ε | ΥΧΝ ΔΝ | ΥΔΡ ζηλ ε | ΚΖ βν ινπ | Α ΠΟΛ | ΛΧ ΝΟ~

ΥΡΤζεσα | ΝΑ ΚΖΠ | ΣΡΧ θαη ε | ΛΗ ζε ην | ΠΑΝ ηαο α | ΥΑΗ ΟΤ

ΑΣ ξε η | ΓΑ δε κα | ΛΗ ηα δπ | Χ ΚΟ | ΜΖ ην ξε | ΛΑ ΧΝ

Lesson 17

(910 - imperfect middle and passive aorist middle of ιύσ 648-658 - the table

of endings in 32)

171 Paradigms Imperfect MiddlePassive of ιύσ

S 1 ἐιπόκελ

2 ἐιύεν [(ἐιύεπ)]

3 ἐιύεην

D 2 ἐιύεζζνλ

3 ἐιπέζζελ

P 1 ἐιπόκε(ζ)ζα

2 ἐιύεζζε

3 ἐιύνλην

172 Paradigms Aorist Middle of ιύσ

Thematic Athematic (2nd

Aorist)

S 1 ἐιῡζάκελ ἐιύκελ

2 ἐιύζαν (ῡ) [(ἐιύζσ (ῡ))] ἔιπ(ζ)ν

3 ἐιύζαην (ῡ) ἔιπην

D 2 ἐιύζαζζνλ (ῡ) ἔιπζζνλ

3 ἐιῡζάζζελ ἐιύζζελ

P 1 ἐιῡζάκε(ζ)ζα ἐιύκε(ζ)ζα

2 ἐιύζαζζε (ῡ) ἔιπζζε

3 ἐιύζαλην (ῡ) ἔιπλην

173 Vocabulary

δῶκα αηνο ηό house home

παῖο παηδόο ὁ ἡ child son daughter

π(η)όιηο ηνο (ενο) ἡ city state

ἐπθλήκῑο ῑδνο well-greaved

ἐγώ(λ) κέν (κεῦ) I

ζύ ζέν (ζεῦ) you

κέλhellip δέ on the one handhellip trulyhellip on the one handhellip on the other hand

partlyhellip partly the onehellip the other

νἴθαδε home homeward to home home

Verbs

ἅδνκαη (ἁγ-) (defective) I reverence

δέρνκαη I accept I receive

δέμνκαη I will accept

ἐδεμάκελ (ἐδέγκελ) I accepted

δίδσκη (δσ- δν-) I give I grant

(δη)δώζσ I will give

ἔδσθα I gave

ἐθπέξζσ (πεξζ- πξαζ-) I sack (utterly) I plunder I pillage

ἐθπέξζσ I will sack

ἐμέπεξζα (ἐμέπξαζνλ) I sacked

ἱθλένκαη I arrive I reach (a destination)

ἵμνκαη I will arrive

ἱθόκελ (ῑ) I arrived

174 Translation

1 ζενὶ ἔρνπζηλ ιύκπηα δώκαηα ἔδσθαλ δrsquo Ἀηξεΐδεο θαὶ ἄιινηζηλ ἐπθλεκίδεζζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἐθπέξζαη

(infinitive) πόιηλ Πξηάκνπ ηόηε δrsquo ἵθνλην (ῑ) ἐὺ νἴθαδε νὕλεθα παῖδα θίιελ ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἔιῡζαλ 2 ἀπέιῡζαλ

ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνὶ ζύγαηξα θίιελ ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἐδέμαλην δrsquo ἀγιαὰ ἄπνηλα νὕλεθα ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλα Γηὸο πἱὸλ

ἅδνλην 3 ἅδεηαη ἑθεβόινλ 4 Ἀηξεΐδεο νὐθ ἐδέμαην ηὰ ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα 5 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἔδσθελ ἄπνηλα

πνιιὰ βαζηιῆη Ἀηξεΐδῃ 6 πάληεο ζενὶ θαὶ πᾶζαη ζεαὶ εἶρνλ ιύκπηα δώκαηα 7 Ἀραηνὶ ἐπθλήκῑδεο ἐθπέξζνπζη

Πξηάκνην πόιηλ ἵμνληαη δrsquo ἐπ νἴθαδε 8 παῖο θίιε ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἐιύζαην (ῡ) ἵθεην (ῑ) δrsquo ἐὺ νἴθαδε

KEY

1 The gods have Olympian homes but they gave the son of Atreus and the other well-greaved Achaeans to

utterly sack the city of Priam and then they returned safe at home because they released the dear child of the priest

2 The well-greaved Achaeans released the dear daughter of the priest and received glorious ransoms because they

reverenced the free-shooter Apollo son of Zeus 3 He reverences te free-shooter 4 The son of Atreus did not

receive the glorious ransoms 5 Chryses the priest gave many ransoms to king Atreides 6 All of the gods and all of

the goddesses had Olympian homes 7 The well-greved Achaeans will utterly sack Priamrsquos city and will return safe

to home 8 The dear child of the priest was released and arrived well to her home

175 Iliad 17-21

ltltἈηξεΐδαη ηε θαὶ ἄιινη ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνί

ὑκῖλ κὲλ ζενὶ δνῖελ ιύκπηα δώκαηrsquo ἔρνληεο

ἐθπέξζαη Πξηάκνην πόιηλ ἐὺ δrsquo νἴθαδrsquo ἱθέζζαη

παῖδα δrsquo ἐκνὶ ιῦζαί ηε θίιελ ηά ηrsquo ἄπνηλα δέρεζζαη

ἁδόκελνη Γηὸο πἱὸλ ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλαgtgt

Ἀηξεΐδαηhellip ἄιινη ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνί = vocative case

ὑκῖλ (ῡ) = dat plural of ζύ to you

ζενί = one syllable by synizesis

κέλ (v 18) = correlative of δέ (v 20)

δνῖελ = aor act optative 3rd

plural of δίδσκη may they grant

ἔρνληεο = pres act part nom masc plural of ἔρσ having possessing

ἐθπέξζαη = aor act inf of ἐθπέξζσ to sack utterly

ἱθέζζαη = aor act inf of ἱθένκαη to arrive (compare κάρεζζαη)

ιῦζαη δέρεζζαη = infinitives used as imperatives free and accept

ηά ηrsquo ἄπνηλα (ηά ηε ἄπνηλα) = thesehellip gifts

ἁδόκελνη = pres act part nom masc plural reverencing

KEY

ldquoSons of Atreus and you other well-greaved Achaeans

may the gods who have their homes on Olympus grant you

to utterly sack Priamrsquos city and return safe to home

but release my dear child to me and accept these gifts

reverencing Apollo who shoots at will the son of Zeusrdquo

176 Composition

1 The gods who have (ἔρνληεο) Olympian homes will grant to the sons of Atreus and to the other well-greaved

Achaeans to sack utterly (ἐθπέξζαη) the city of Priam 2 When they sacked the city of Priam they returned happily

home 3 They accepted the shining ransoms and freed the darling daughter of the priest Chryses 4 We reverenced

the free-shooter Apollo son of Leto and Zeus and escaped death 5 Will the son of Atreus accept the shining

ransoms 6 The child of the priest was freed when he gave many shining ransoms which the two sons of Atreus

accepted

KEY

1 ζενὶ ἔρνληεο ιύκπηα δώκαηα δώζνπζη Ἀηξεΐδῃζη θαὶ ἄιινηζηλ ἐπθλεκίδεζζηλ (ῑ) Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἐθπέξζαη πόιηλ

Πξηάκνπ 2 ηόηε ἐμέπεξζαλ πόιηλ Πξηάκνην ἵθνλην (ῑ) ἐὺ νἴθαδε 3 ἐδέμαλην ἀγιαrsquo ἄπνηλα θαὶ ἀπέιῡζαλ ζπγάηεξα

θίιε ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) Υξύζᾱν (ῡ) 4 ἡμάκεζα ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλα Λεηόνο θαὶ Γηὸο πἱόλ θαὶ ζάλαηνλ 5

Ἀηξεΐδεο δέμεηαη ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα 6 παῖο ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἀπειύζαην (ῡ) ηόηε ἔδσθελ ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀγιάα ηὰ

Ἀηξεΐδᾱ ἐδώθαζηλ

Lesson 18

(Perfect and Pluperfect Active of Verbs 904 922 Third Declension γέρων

αἴξ 693-695)

181 Formation of the Perfect and Pluperfect Active

The perfect and pluperfect in all modes experience reduplication of the initial syllable which denotes completed

action Verbs beginning with a single consonant (except ξ) prefix this consonant followed by -ε Thus ιύσ =

ιέιπθα The stem sometimes stands in ablaut relation to the stem of the present as in βαίλσ = βέβεθα A

reduplicated syllable beginning with an aspirated mute is changed to its corresponding voiceless mute in the

reduplicated syllable ie ζλήζθσ = ηέζλεθα In these cases the reduplicated pluperfect adds ἐ- to the reduplicated

syllable ie ιύσ = ιέιπθα = ἐιέιπθε

Vebs beginning with a double consonant two consonants (except a mute followed by a liquid or a nasal) ξ and

some beginning with κ simply augment the stem with the addition of ε-

Verbs beginning in a vowel typically take the temporal augment by lengthening the vowel ie νἴρνκαη =

ᾤρσθα However verbs beginning with a vowel in which an initial consonant has been lost may take the syllabic

augment

Compound verbs typically insert the reduplication and augment between the preposition and the verb ie

ἀπνιύσ = ἀπνιέιπθα = ἀπειειύθε

The first perfect active adds -θα- to the stem followed by the primary endings The first pluperfect active

similarly adds -θε- followed by the secondary endings In general a short final vowel is lengthened before the

addition of the -θα- or -θε- Second perfects and pluperfects active are the older form and are more common in

Homer These omit the θ and simply add -α- or -ε- respectively The second perfects are more common in stems

ending in a consonant

In general the singular perfect and pluperfect active stand in ablaut relation to the dual and plural forms

Perfects and pluperfects are rare in Homer and only occur in some twenty verbs

182 Paradigms λέλυκα and βέβηκα

ιέιπθα ἐιειύθε (ἐιειύθεα)

ιέιπθαο ἐιειύθο (ἐιειύθεαο)

ιέιπθε(λ) ἐιειύθεη (ἐιειύθεε)

ιειύθαηνλ ἐιειύθαηνλ

ιειύθαηνλ ἐιειπθάηελ

ιειύθακελ ἐιειύθεκελ

ιειύθαηε ἐιειύθεηε

ιειύθᾱζη ἐιειύθεζαλ

βέβεθα ἐβεβήθεα (ἐβεβήθε)

βέβεθαο ἐβεβήθεαο (ἐβεβήθεο)

βέβεθε(λ) ἐβεβήθεε (ἐβεβήθεη)

βέβαηνλ ἐβέβαηνλ

βέβαηνλ ἐβεβάηελ

βέβακελ ἐβέβακελ

βέβαηε ἐβέβαηε

βέβᾱζη ἐβέβαζαλ

183 Paradigms γέρων and αἴξ

γέξσλ αἴμ

γέξνληνο αἰγόο

γέξνληη αἰγί

γέξνληα αἶγα

γέξνλ αἴμ

γέξνληε αἶγε

γεξόληνηηλ αἴγνηηλ

γέξνληεο αἶγεο

γεξόλησλ αἰγῶλ

γεξόληεζ(ζ)η (γέξνπζη) αἴγεζ(ζ)η (αἰμί)

γέξνληαο αἶγαο

184 Vocabulary

ἀγνξή ῆο ἡ assembly meeting place gathering harrangue

αἴμ αἰγόο ὁ ἡ goat

Ἄξγνο ενο ηό Argos (both a country and a city in Greece)

γέξσλ νληνο ὁ old man

γῆξαο ανο ηό old age

ἱεξεύο ῆνο ὁ priest holy man

κεξίνλ νπ ηό thigh-bone thigh-piece

πνύο πνδόο ὁ foot

ηαῦξνο νπ ὁ bull

θξήλ θξελόο ἡ diaphragm mind heart soul spirit disposition

δέθαηνο ε νλ tenth

ἡκέηεξνο ε νλ our ours

θνῖινο ε νλ hollow

ὠθύο ὠθεῖα ὠθύ swift speedy

ζλήζθσ die perish

ζαλένκαη

ἔζαλνλ

ηέζλεθα

θεύγσ flee fly escape run (off away along)

θεύμνκαη

ἔθπγνλ

πέθεπγα

67 Translation Exercises

1 ἀγιαὰ ἄπνηλα θέξνπζηλ Ἀραηνὶ εἰο ζηξαηόλ 2 θέξνκελ ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 3 ζεὸο ηεύρεη

πνιινὺο Ἀραηνὺο ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζηλ 4 ἦζαλ Ἀραηνὶ θαθνί 5 νὐθ ἦζαλ θαθνί θᾱινὶ δέ λνῦζνο θαθὴ ὀιέθεη ιᾱὸλ

θᾱιόλ 6 Ἀραηνὶ πέκπνπζηλ ἄπνηλα κῡξίrsquo εἰο πάηξελ 7 ζεὸο βαίλεη ἐο ζηξαηόλ ὀιέθεη δὲ ιᾱὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 8 ηίο

ἀηῑκάδεη ζενὺο θᾱινύο 9 θαθνὶ ιᾱνὶ ἀηῑκάδνπζη ζενὺο πάηξεο 10 ζεὸο πέκπεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ

Ἀραηῶλ νὐ γὰξ ηειείνπζη βνπιὴλ ζεῶλ πάηξεο 11 βαίλεη ἐπὶ ζάιαζζαλ δεηλὴλ θαὶ ηεύρεη ππξὰο (ᾱ) πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἀλὰ

ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 12 ἔρνπζηλ ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα Ἀραηῶλ ἐλὶ ζηξαηῷ 13 βνπιὴ ζηξαηνῦ νὐρ ἁλδάλεη ζῡκῷ ζενῦ 14

ιᾱὸο Κίιιεο θίινο ἦλ ςῡρῇ ζεᾶο ζαιάζζεο 15 νὐθ ἀείδνκελ θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεῶλ ζηξαηῷ νὐ γὰξ ἁλδάλεη

Ἀραηνῖζη ζῡκῷ

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 The Achaeans bring countless splendid ransmoms into the camp 2 We carry boundless ransoms up through

the camp of the Achaeans 3 The god makes many Achaens spoils for the birds 4 Were the Achaeans evil 5 They

were not evil but good An evil pestilence destroyed the good host 6 The Achaeans send countless ransoms into

(their) fatherland 7 The god walks into the camp and destroys the host of the Achaeans 8 Who dishonors the noble

gods 9 The evil host dishonors the gods of (our) fatherlans 10 The god sends an evil plague up through the camp

of the Achaeans for they do not fulfill the will of the gods of (their) native country 11 He walks along the sea and

builds many funeral pyres throughout the camp of the Achaeans 12 They have boundless ransoms of the Achaeans

in the camp 13 The armyrsquos plan is not pleasing to the heart of the god 14 The host of Cilla was dear to the soul of

the goddess of the sea 15 We do not sing the brave plan of the goods of the camp for (that) is not pleasing to the

heart of the Achaeans

68 Composition Exercises

1 The terrible roar of the sea is pleasing to the goddess in (her) soul 2 We bring many splendid ransoms to the

army of the Achaeans 3 The god does not destroy the host of the Achaeans for they do not dishonor the gods of

(their) fatherland 4 The evil plague makes countless Achaeans a booty (use plural) for many birds 5 The people of

the Achaeans send countless shining ransoms to the goddess of the sea in Cilla 6 The Achaeans go to the sea and

sing but the noise is not pleasing to the goddess in (her) soul 7 The plague destroys the people for they dishonor

the god of Chrysa

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 θιαγγὴ δεηλὴ ἁλδάλεη ζεᾷ ςῡρῇ 2 θέξνκελ ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀγιαὰ ἐο ζηξαηῷ Ἀραηῶλ 3 ζεὸο νὐθ ὀιέθεη

ιᾱὸλ Ἀραηῶλ νὐ γὰξ ἀηῑκάδνπζη ζενὺο πάηξεο 4 θαθὴ λνῦζνο ηεύρεη κῡξίνπο Ἀραηνὺο ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζη πνιινῖζηλ

5 ιᾱὸο Ἀραηῶλ πέκπνπζη κῡξίrsquo ἄπνηλα ἀγιαὰ ζεᾷ ζαιάζζεο ἐλὶ Κίιιᾳ 6 Ἀραηνὶ βαίλνπζηλ εἰο ζάιαζζαλ θαὶ

ἀείδνπζηλ θιαγγὴ δὲ νὐρ ἁλδάλεη ζεᾷ ςῡρῇ 7 λνῦζνο ὀιέθεη ιᾱόλ ἀηῑκάδνπζη γὰξ ζεὸλ Υξύζεο (ῡ)

Lesson 7

Review

71 Review Vocabulary

ἀγιαόο ή όλ splendid ζῡκόο νῦ ὁ heart

ἀείδσ sing θαί and

ἀλ- ἀ- un- θαίσ burn

ἁλδάλσ is pleasing to θαθόο ή όλ evil

ἀπεξείζηνο ε νλ immeasurable θᾱιόο ή όλ good

ἄπνηλα σλ ηά ransom Κίιια εο ἡ Cilla

ἀηῑκάδσ dishonor θιαγγή ῆο ἡ roar

Ἀραηόο νῦ ὁ Achaean ιᾱόο νῦ ὁ host

βαίλσ go walk ιύσ loose

βνπιή ῆο ἡ plan κῡξίνη αη α countless

γάξ for λνῦζνο νπ ἡ plague

δέ but νἰσλόο νῦ ὁ bird

δεηλόο ή όλ terrible ὀιέθσ kill

εἰο (ἐο) into νὐ (νὐρ) not

εἰζί they are πάηξε εο ἡ fatherland

ἐθ (ἐμ) out of πέκπσ send

ἑιώξηνλ νπ ηό spoil πνιιόο ή όλ many

ἐλ(ί) εἰλ in ππξή ῆο ἡ funeral pyre

ἐπί upon ζηξαηόο νῦ ὁ army

ἐζηί it is ηειείσ accomplish

ἔρσ have ηεύρσ make

ἦλ it was ηίο ηί who what

ἦζαλ they were θέξσ carry

ζάιαζζα εο ἡ sea θίινο ε νλ beloved

ζεά (ᾱ) ᾶο ἡ goddess Υξύζε (ῡ) εο ἡ Chrysa

ςῡρή ῆο ἡ soul

72 Translation Exercises

1 ἀδείδνκελ ζεὰλ (ᾱ) ζαιάζζεο δεηλῆο θιαγγῇ πνιιῇ 2 νὐθ ἀηῑκάδνπζη ζενὺο 3 βνπιαὶ Ἀραηῶλ νὐρ

ἁλδάλνπζη ζεᾳ θᾱιῇ ζῡκῷ 4 βαίλεη ἐθ ζηξαηνῦ Ἀραηῶλ εἰο Κίιιαλ θαὶ θέξεη ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα ζεῷ 5 λνῦζνο θαθὴ

βαίλεη ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ θαὶ ηεύρεη πνιινὺο Ἀραηνὺο ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζηλ 6 θαὶ ζενὶ θαὶ ζεαὶ ὀιέθνπζη ιᾱὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 7 ηίο

Ἀραηῶλ ἔρεη ζῡκὸλ θαθόλ 8 ἦζαλ πνιιαὶ ζεαὶ ἐλὶ ζαιάζζῃ 9 θαίεη ππξὰο (ᾱ) ἐπὶ ζαιάζζῃ 10 ιύεηε ζηξαηὸλ

Ἀραηῶλ 11 πάηξε ἐζηὶ θίιε ςῡρῇ κῡξίσλ Ἀραηῶλ 12 ηίο πέκπεη ζηξαηὸλ ἐθ Κίιιεο εἰο Υξύζελ (ῡ) 13 βνπιὴ

θαθὴ ἐζηηλ ἁλδάλεη δὲ ζεᾷ ζῡκῷ 14 ηί ἀείδεηε

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 With a great noise we hymn the goodess of the terrible sea 2 We do not dishonor the gods 3 The will of the

Achaeans does not please the heart of the beautiful goddess 4 He goes from the Achaean camp to Cilla and delivers

countless ransoms to the god 5 An evil plague goes up through the camp and makes many Achaeans spoils for the

vultures 6 Both gods and goddesses destroy the host of the Achaeans 7 Who of the Achaeans has an evil heart 8

Were there many goddesses in the sea 9 He burns funeral pyres by the sea 10 You destroy the camp of the

Achaeans 11 The fatherland is dear to the soul of countless Achaeans 12 Who dispatches the army from Cilla to

Chrysa 13 It is an evil plan but it pleases the heart of the goddess 14 What do you sing

73 Composition Exercises

1 The Achaeans sing the beautiful goddess of the terrible sea 2 We do not dishonor the gods for they are dear

to (our) souls 3 The plans of the army are pleasing to the goddess in (her) noble soul 4 Many Achaeans are going

from the encampment and are bringing countless glorious ransoms to the gods 5 The evil plague destroys the

people and makes the army a booty for countless birds 6 We do not sing for it is not pleasing to the soul of the

goddess

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 Ἀραηνὶ ἀείδνπζη ζεὰλ (ᾱ) θᾱιὴλ δεηλῆο ζαιάζζεο 2 νὐθ ἀηῑκάδνκελ ζενὺο θίινη δὲ ζῡκνῖζηλ 3 βνπιαὶ

ζηξαηῷ ἁλδάλνπζη ζεᾷ ζῡκῷ 4 Ἀραηνὶ πνιινὶ βαίλνπζηλ ἐθ ζηξαηνῦ θαὶ θέξνπζηλ ἄπνηλα ἀπεξείζηα θαὶ ἀγιαὰ

ζενῖζηλ 5 θαθὴ λνῦζνο ὀιέθεη ιᾱὸλ θαὶ ηεύρεη ζηξαηὸλ ἄπνηλα νἰσλνῖζηλ ἀπεξείζηνῐζηλ 6 νὐθ ἀείδνκελ νὐθ γὰξ

ἁλδάλεη ςῡρῇ ζεᾶο

Lesson 8

(765-766 773-774)

81 The Second Declension (Continued)

Several words are declined like θᾱιόο ή όλ except that the nominative vocative and accusative singular of

the neuter ends in -o instead of -νλ Some of these words include ὅο ἥ ὅ (which) ὁ ἡ ηό (that) (ἐ)θεῖλνο ε ν

(that) αὐηόο ή ό (he she it) and ἄιινο ε ν (another)

The words ὅδε and νὗηνο are not introduced in this lesson but they are dleclined similarly and so are included

in the paradigms as reference

ὁ ἡ ηό (that hesheit whowhichwhat)

Masc Fem Neut

N ὁ ἡ ηό

G ηνῦ ηνῖν ηῆο ηνῦ ηνῖν

D ηῷ ηῇ ηῷ

A ηόλ ηήλ ηό

N A ηώ (ηώ) ηώ

G D ηνῖηλ (ηνῖηλ) ηνῖηλ

N νἱ αἱ ηά

G ηῶλ ηάσλ (ᾱ) [ηῶλ] ηῶλ

D ηνῖζη ηνῖο ηῇζη ηῇο ηνῖζη ηνῖο

A ηνύο ηάο (ᾱ) ηά

αὐηόο ή ό (hesheit self same)

Masc Fem Neut

N αὐηόο αὐηή αὐηό

G αὐηνῦ νῖν αὐηῆο αὐηνῦ νῖν

D αὐηῷ αὐηῇ αὐηῷ

A αὐηόλ αὐηήλ αὐηό

N A αὐηώ (αὐηώ) αὐηώ

G D αὐηνῖηλ (αὐηνῖηλ) αὐηνῖηλ

N αὐηνί αὐηαί αὐηά

G αὐηῶλ αὐηάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] αὐηῶλ

D αὐηνῖζη νῖο αὐηῇζη ῇο αὐηνῖζη νῖο

A αὐηνύο αὐηάο (ᾱ) αὐηά

ὅο ἥ ὅ (whowhichwhat)

Masc Fem Neut

N ὅο ἥ ὅ

G νὖ [ὅνπ ὅν] ἥο νὗ [ὅνπ ὅν]

D ᾧ ᾗ ᾧ

A ὅλ ἥλ ὅ

N A ὥ (ὥ) ὥ

G D νἷηλ (νἷηλ) νἶηλ

N νἵ αἵ ἅ

G ὧλ ὧλ ὧλ

D νἷζη νἷο ᾗζη ᾗο νἷζη νἷο

A νὕο ἅο (ᾱ) ἅ

(ἐ)θεῖλνο ε ν (that)

Masc Fem Neut

N (ἐ)θεῖλνο (ἐ)θείλε (ἐ)θεῖλν

G (ἐ)θείλνπ νην (ἐ)θείλεο (ἐ)θείλνπ νην

D (ἐ)θείλῳ (ἐ)θείλῃ (ἐ)θείλῳ

A (ἐ)θεῖλνλ (ἐ)θείλελ (ἐ)θεῖλν

N A (ἐ)θείλσ ((ἐ)θείλσ) (ἐ)θείλσ

G D (ἐ)θείλνηηλ ((ἐ)θείλνηηλ) (ἐ)θείλνηηλ

N (ἐ)θεῖλνη (ἐ)θεῖλαη (ἐ)θεῖλα

G (ἐ)θείλσλ (ἐ)θεηλάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] (ἐ)θείλσλ

D (ἐ)θείλνηζη νηο (ἐ)θείλῃζη ῃο (ἐ)θείλνηζη νηο

A (ἐ)θείλνπο (ἐ)θείλᾱο (ἐ)θεῖλα

ὅδε ἥδε ηόδε (this)

Masc Fem Neut

N ὅδε ἥδε ηόδε

G ηνύδε ηνῖνδε ηῆζδε ηνύδε ηνῖνδε

D ηῷδε ηῇδε ηῷδε

A ηόλδε ηήλδε ηόδε

N A ηώδε (ηώδε) ηώδε

G D ηνῖηλδε (ηνῖηλδε) ηνῖηλδε

N νἵδε (ηνίδε) αἵδε (ηαίδε) ηάδε

G ηῶλδε ηάσλδε (ᾱ) [ηῶλδε] ηῶλδε

D ηνῖζηδε ηνῖζδε ηῇζηδε ηῇζδε ηνῖζηδε ηνῖζδε

ηνίζδεζη ηνίζδεζη

ηνίζδεζζη ηνίζδεζζη

A ηνύζδε ηάζδε (ᾱ) ηάδε

νὗηνο αὕηε ηνῦην (this)

Masc Fem Neut

N νὗηνο αὕηε ηνῦην

G ηνύηνπ νην ηαύηεο ηνύηνπ νην

D ηνύηῳ ηαύηῃ ηνύηῳ

A ηνῦηνλ ηαύηελ ηνῦην

N A ηνύησ (ηνύησ) ηνύησ

G D ηνύηνηηλ (ηνύηνηηλ) ηνύηνηηλ

N νὗηνη αὗηαη ηαῦηα

G ηνύησλ ηαῡηάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] ηνύησλ

D ηνύηνηζη νηο ηαύηῃζη ῃο ηνύηνηζη νηο

A ηνύηνπο ηαύηᾱο ηαῦηα

82 Vocabulary

ἀιιά but moreover

ἄιινο ε νλ other another

αὐηόο ή ό self him himself her herself it itself same

δῖνο α νλ (declined like ζάιαζζα) divine heavenly glorious

(ἐ)θεῖλνο ε ν that (one) he she it

ἑθεβόινο νπ ὁ free-shooter sharpshooter (originally shoots-at-will a title for Apollo)

θαθῶο evilly wickedly harshly with evil consequences

ὁ ἡ ηό this that he she it who which what

νὕλεθα (νὗ-ἔλεθα) because

ζθῆπηξνλ νπ ηό scepter staff

ηέ and also both

ρξύζενο (ῡ) ε νλ gold golden of gold

83 Derivatives

ἄιινο (allo-) = allopathy

αὐηόο (auto-) = automaton autocracy autograph autonomy

ρξύζενο (ῡ) (chryse-) = chrysanthemum chrysalis chrysolite

84 Translation Excersis

1 δῖνο ἑθεβόινο αὐηὸο ἀείδεη ἀιιrsquo νὐρ ἁλδάλεη ἄιινηζη ζενῖζη ζῡκῷ 2 θεῖλνη Ἀραηνὶ ἀηῑκάδνπζη ηνὺο ζενύο

3 ὁ ἑθεβόινο πέκπεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ θαθῶο ὀιέθεη θεῖλνλ ιᾱόλ νὕλεθα ηὸλ ἀηῑκάδνπζηλ 4

νὐθ ἀηῑκάδνκελ ηνὺο ζενύο νἳ ἔρνπζη ζθῆπηξα ρξύζεα (ῡ) 5 ὁ ἑθεβόινο ηε θαὶ νἱ ἄιινη ζενὶ θέξνπζη ρξύζεα (ῡ)

ζθῆπηξα θᾱιά 6 ηίο ηεύρεη ηὰ ζθῆπηξα ρξύζεα (ῡ) ηνῖζη ζενῖο ζαιάζζεο 7 ἀείδεη ἑθεβόινο αὐηὸο βνπιὰο (ᾱ)

ἄιισλ ζεῶλ ηνῖζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ 8 εἰζὶλ νἱ Ἀραηνὶ θᾱινί νἱ ὀιέθνπζη ηὸλ ζηξαηὸλ θαίνπζί ηε ηὰο (ᾱ) ππξάο (ᾱ) 9 ἡ

ζεὰ (ᾱ) ηῆο δεηλῆο ζαιάζζεο ἔρεη ηὸ ζθῆηξνλ ρξύζενλ (ῡ) 10 ἐλὶ ηῇ πάηξε εἰζὶλ αἱ ππξαί 11 ηίο ηεύρεη ηὸλ

ζηξαηὸλ ἑιώξηα ηνῖζηλ νἰσλνῖζηλ

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 The divine free-shooter himself sings but it does not please the hearts of the other gods 2 Those Achaeans

dishonor these gods 3 This free-shooter sends an evil plague up through the camp of the Achaeans and wickedly

destroys that host because they dishonor him 4 We do not dishonor these gods who hold the golden scepters 5

Both this free-shooter and these other gods carry beautiful golden scepters 6 Who fashions the golden scepters for

these gods of the sea 7 Does the free-shooter himself sing the plans of the other gods to these Achaeans 8 Are

these Achaeans noble who destroy (our) camp and burn funeral pyres 9 This goddess of the terrible sea holds a

golden scepter 10 The funeral pyrers are in (our) fatherland 11 Who makes (our) camp a spoil for these vultures

85 Composition Exercises

1 ἑθεβόινο αὐηὸο ἀείδεη ηὰο (ᾱ) βνπιὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) ζεῶλ 2 ηί νὐρ ἁλδάλεη ηνῖο ἄιινηζη ζενῖζηλ νἳ ἐλὶ

ζαιάζζῃ 3 ἐθεῖλνο Ἀραηὸο ἀηῑκάδεη ηνὺο ζενὺο πάηξεο νἱ ἔρνπζη ηὰ ζθῆπηξα ρξύζεα (ῡ) 4 ὁ ἑθεβόινο πέκπεη

λνύζνπο πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θαθὰο (ᾱ) ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ ὀιέθεη κῡξίνπο ιᾱνύο νὕλεθα ηὸλ ἀηῑκάδνπζηλ 5 ηίο

θαίεη ηὰο (ᾱ) ππξὰο (ᾱ) Ἀραηῶλ ἐπὶ δεηλῇ ζαιάζζῃ 6 ὁ ἑθεβόινο ηεύρεη κῡξίνπο Ἀραίνπο ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζηλ νὕλεθα

ηὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) ζεὰο (ᾱ) ζαιάζζεο ἀηῑκάδνπζηλ

Lesson 9

(830-840 904)

91 The Verbal Augment

Greek verbs frequently add a prefix to a verb (in the secondary tenses of the idicative) to indicate action

occurring in the past This prefix is called an augment Verbal augments take one of two forms the syllabic

augment which consists of adding an extra syllable to the beginning of a word and the temporal augment which

consists of lengthening the first syllable of a word While the augment is consistently applied in later dialects of

Greek it was still optional in Homeric and is often omitted (the tense being determined solely from the suffixes)

The syllabic augment is applied to verbs that begin with a consonant (or rare verbs that originally began with a

consonant) and consists of the prefix ε- Thus ιύνκελ = we loose (present tense) but ἐιύνκελ = we were loosing

(past tense) Some Greek words originally began with a ϝ or an ζ that later disappeared (usually replace with the

rough breathing) In those cases the augment is sometimes syllabic reflecting the earlier practice The word ἁλδάλσ

for example was originally ζϝαλδάλσ (swandano) The original augmented form of the imperfect was ἐζϝάλδαλνλ

(eswandano) When the ζϝ- was dropped the syllabic augment was retained ἑάλδαλνλ (heandano)

When a verb has lost an initial ζ the syllabic augment frequently contracts with the initial vowel For example

the word ἔρσ was originally ζέρσ The original augmented imperfect was ἔζερνλ When the initial ζ disappeared

the result was ἔερνλ which contracted to εἶρνλ (because εε usually contracts to εη) This pattern is also sometimes

present in verbs that originally began with ϝ such as ϝίδνλ =gt ἐϝηδνλ = ἔηδνλ = εἶδνλ

The temporal augment consists of lengthening an initial vowel and occurs in most Greek verbs that begin with

an initial vowel In general initial α or ε becomes ε initial η ν or π becomes ῑ initial αη and ᾳ become ῃ and initial

νη becomes ῳ Thus ἄγνκελ (we lead) becomes ἤγνκελ (we were leading) If the verb already begins with a long

vowel (ε ῃ ῑ ῡ σ ῳ) there is usually no change

Verbs that begin with ξ usually double the ξ when adding the syllabic augment This feature also sometimes

occurs in verbs beginning with ι κ λ or ζ

Compound verbs are usually formed from a combination of preposition + verb such as ἀπό (away from) + ιύσ

(loosen) = ἀπνιύσ (set free turn loose) In compound verbs a temporal augment is inserted between the preposition

and the verb If the preposition ends in a vowel the vowel is usually elided Thus ἀπνιύνκελ (we set free) becomes

ἀπειύνκελ (elided from ἀπνειύνκελ we were setting free)

92 The Imperfect Tense

The imperfect denotes continuous action in past time and typically corresponds to the past participle in English

Thus ἔιπνλ (imperfect) = I was loosing Occasionally the Greek imperfect is best translated by the simple past tense

in English The imperfect tense is formed by adding the secondary tense endings (which will be described in a later

lesson) to the augmented stem of the verb

In the paradigm below the unaugmented form is shown in brackets

Imperfect Tense

S 1st Pers ἔιπνλ [ιύνλ] I was loosing

2nd

Pers ἔιπεο [ιύεο] you were loosing

3rd

Pers ἔιπε(λ) [ιύε(λ)] he she it was loosing

D 2nd

Pers ἐιύεηνλ [ιύεηνλ] you (two) were loosing the pair of you were loosing

3rd

Pers ἐιπέηελ [ιπέηελ] they (two) were loosing the pair of them were loosing

P 1st Pers ἐιύνκελ [ιύνκελ] we were loosing

2nd

Pers ἐιύεηε [ιύεηε] you (ye) were loosing

3rd

Pers ἐιύνλ [ιύνλ] they were loosing

93 Vocabulary

ἄιιῃ elsewhere

Ἀξγεῖνο νπ ὁ Argive

-δε (suffix + acc) to

δηά (adv) between among (+gen) through (+acc) through by means

of on account of during

δηίθηινο (ῑ) ε νλ dear to Zeus

εἴξσ speak say tell

ἐκόο ή όλ my mine

ἔξγνλ νπ ηό (ϝέξγνλ) work deed accomplishment

-ζελ (suffix gen ending) from

Κιπηαηκήζηξε εο ἡ Clytaemnestra

(also Κιπηαηκλήζηξε)

καληνζύλε εο ἡ gift of prophesy

νἶθνο νπ ὁ house home

ιύκπηνο ε νλ Olympian

Ὄιπκπνο νπ ὁ Olympus

Πξίακνο νπ ὁ Priam

ζόο ζή ζόλ your yours

εἶρνλ (imperfect of ἔρσ) I was having I had

94 Derivatives

95 Translation Exercises

1 ὁ ἑθεβόινο δηὰ καληνζύλελ εἴξεη βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ηῶλ ζεῶλ Ἀξγείνηζηλ 2 νἱ ιύκπηνη ζενὶ εἶρνλ νἴθνπο ἐλ

ιύκπῳ 3 ὁ ἑθεβόινο δηίθηινο (ῑ) ἔηεπρε ηνὺο Ἀξγείνπο Ἀραηνύο ηε ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζηλ 4 Ἀραηνὶ Ἀξγεῖνί ηrsquo

ἔηεπρνλ ἔξγα θαθὰ δηὰ βνπιὴλ ζεᾶο 5 Κιπηαηκήζηξε δηὰ ηὸλ ζῡκὸλ ἔηεπρελ ηὰ ἔξγα δεηλά 6 Πξίακνο ιᾱόο ηε

Πξηάκνπ ὤιεθνλ πνιινὺο Ἀξγείνπο 7 ηίο εἴξεη ηὰ ζὰ ἔξγα θαθὰ Πξηάκῳ 8 ηὰ ἔξγα ἐκά ἐζηη θᾱιά νὕλεθα ἔηεπρνλ

βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεῶλ θαὶ ζεάσλ (ᾱ) δηὰ ηὴλ καληνζύλελ 9 ἐπέκπνκελ ηὰ ρξύζεα (ῡ) ζθῆπηξα εἰο νἶθνλ Πξηάκῳ 10

ἐθαίεηε ηὰο (ᾱ) ππξὰο (ᾱ) δεηλῇ θιαγγῇ 11 νὐρ ἥλδαλε ἡ βνπιὴ ζεᾷ ζαιάζζεο ζῡκῷ 12 αἱ ζεαὶ ἀείδνπζη ηὰ θᾱιὰ

ἔξγα ηῶλ ζεῶλ ἑθεβόινο δὲ βαίλεη ἄιιῃ 13 εἶρε Πξίακνο ἀγιαὸλ θαὶ θᾱιὸλ νἶθνλ

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 This free-shooter relates the plans of the gods to the Argives through prophesy 2 These Olympian gods had

homes on Olympus 3 This free-shooter beloved of Zeus made both the Argives and the Achaeans prey for the

vultures 4 Both the Achaeans and the Argives committed evil deeds through the will of the goddess 5 Because of

her heart Clytaemnestra wrought these terrible deeds 6 Both Priam and the host of Priam killed many Argives 7

Who relates these evil deeds of yours to Priam 8 These works of mine are noble because through prophesy I

accomplished the of the gods and goddess 9 We sent the golden scepters to the house of Priam 10 Were you

burning the funeral pyres with a terrible uproar 11 Does the plan not please the heart of the goddess of the sea 12

The goddesses sing the noble deeds of the gods but the free-shooter walks elsewhere 13 Priam had a splendid and

beautiful home

96 Composition Exercises

1 Who brought these countless shining ransoms to the beautiful home of Priam 2 The Achaeans and the

Argives burned many funeral pyres in your beloved fatherland 3 Clytaemnestra was wicked and performed many

dreadful deeds 4 Through the gift of prophesy we tell many glorious deeds of the gods and goddesses who have

Olympian homes 5 My deeds are noble but yours are cowardly 6 The gods sent an evil plague up through the

camp and destroyed many Achaeans because they dishonored the free-shooter 7 It was not pleasing to

Clytaemnestra in (her) wicked soul

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 ηίο ἔθεξε ηὰο ἄπνηλα ἀγιαὰ εἰο νἶθνλ θᾱιὸλ Πξηάκνπ 2 Ἀραηνὶ θαὶ Ἀξγεῖνη ἔθαηνλ ππξὰο (ᾱ) πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἐλ

ζῇ πάηξῃ θᾱιῇ 3 Κιπηαηκλήζηξε θαθὴ ἦλ θαὶ ἔηεπρελ ἄξγα πνιιὰ θαὶ δεηλά 4 δηὰ καληνζύλελ εἴξνκελ ἔξγα

πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀγιαὰ ζεῶλ θαὶ ζεάσλ (ᾱ) νἳ ἔρνπζηλ νἴθνπο ιπκπίνπο 5 ἔξγα ἐκὰ θᾱιή εἰζηλ ζὰ δὲ θαθά 6 ζενὶ

ἔπεκπνλ λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ θαὶ ὤιεθνλ Ἀραίνπο πνιινύο νὕλεθα ἠηίκαδνλ (ῑ) ἑθεβόινλ 7 νὐρ ἥλδαλε

Κιπηαηκλήζηξῃ ζῡκῷ θαθῷ

Lesson 10

(841-857 904)

101 Formation of the Aorist and Future Tenses

The first aorist is a secondary tense formed by adding -ζ(ζ)α to the augmented verb stem followed by the

personal endings of the secondary tense If the verb stem ends in a consonant or a long vowel only a single ζ is

added If the stem ends in a short vowel either one or two sigmas may be added A few aorists (called ldquomixed

aoristsrdquo) are formed by adding -ζ followed by the thematic vowel and the personal endings for the secondary tenses

to the augmented stem

The future is formed by adding -ζ followed by the thematic vowel and the personal endings for the primary

tenses

If the verb stem ends in a long vowel the stem is not affected by the addition of the suffixes for the future or

aorist tenses If the stem ends in a short vowel it is regularly lengthened in all tenses except the present and the

imperfect There are however a few exceptions to this pattern In most cases these verbs add ζ before the personal

endings of the perfect middle and aorist passive

102 Classification of Verbs

Verbs are classified into four groups according to the final letter of the stem vowel verbs liquid verbs nasal

verbs and mute verbs

When -ζ is added to the end of a mute verb a labial combines with ζ to form ς a palatal combines with ζ to

form μ and a lingual is dropped (leaving only ζ)

When -ζ is added to the end of a liquid or nasal verb it is usually preceded by -ε and the ζ is dropped in

contraction Thus βαιισ = βαιέζσ = βαιέσ In rare cases the ε is dropped and the ζ retained In some vowel-stem

verbs where the final vowel is preceded by a liquid or nasal the verb behaves as a liquidnasal and adds -εζ to the

stem θαιέσ (present) = θαιέζσ (future) = θαιέσ (future contracted) The formations in which the ζ is dropped

after α or ε are sometimes called ldquoAttic futuresrdquo

Verbs with liquid and nasal stems regularly form the aorist by dropping the ζ and lengthening the stem vowel

A few verbs have active forms in the present tense but middle forms in the future tense ἀθνύσ (I hear) but

ἀθνύζνκαη (I will hear)

103 Paradigms Future and First Aorist of ιύσ

Future

S 1st Pers ιύζσ (ῡ) I shall loose

2nd

Pers ιύζεηο (ῡ) you will loose

3rd

Pers ιύζεη (ῡ) he she it will loose

D 2nd

Pers ιύζεηνλ (ῡ) you (two) will loose

3rd

Pers ιύζεηνλ (ῡ) they (two) will loose

P 1st Pers ιύζνκελ (ῡ) we shall loose

2nd

Pers ιύζεηε (ῡ) you (ye) will loose

3rd

Pers ιύζνπζη(λ) (ῡ) they will loose

First Aorist

S 1st Pers ἔιῡζα I loosed

2nd

Pers ἔιῡζαο you loosed

3rd

Pers ἔιῡζε(λ) he she it loosed

D 2nd

Pers ἐιύζαηνλ (ῡ) you (two) loosed

3rd

Pers ἔιῡζάηελ they (two) loosed

P 1st Pers ἐιύζακελ (ῡ) we loosed

2nd

Pers ἐιύζαηε (ῡ) you (ye) loosed

3rd

Pers ἔιῡζαλ they loosed

104 Vocabulary

ἄγσ ἄμσ ἤγαγνλ lead drive conduct bring carry

ἀλάζζσ (ϝαλαθ-) ἀλάμσ ἠλαμα (+gen) rule (over) guard protect

ἄξηζηνο ε νλ best noblest bravest fairest

αὖηηο (back) again anew

Γαλαόο νῦ ὁ Danaan

ἑθαηόκβε εο ἡ hecatomb sacrifice

ζάλαηνο νπ ὁ death

Ἴιηνο νπ ἡ Ilium Troy the region around Troy

κεγάζῡκνο ε νλ great-souled brave

ὄρα far much considerably

πέζσ (πεηζ- πνηζ- πηζ-) πείζσ ἔπεηζα (πέπηζνλ) persuade win over mislead

θηιέσ θηιήζσ ἐθίιεζα love cherish entertain hospitably

εἶπνλ εἶπεο εἶπε(λ) θηι 2nd

aor speak say tell etc

ἔβεζα ἔβεζαο ἔβεζε(λ) θηι 1st aor come go walk etc

105 Derivatives

ἄγσ (ag-) = pedagogue demagogue synagogue

ἄξηζηνο (arist-) = aristocracy

ζάλαηνο (thanat-) = thanatopsis euthanasia

106 Translation Exercises

1 ηίο ἦλ ὄρrsquo ἄξηζηνο Γαλαῶλ 2 Πξίακνο κεγάζῡκνο ἤλαζζελ Ἰιίνπ 3 νὐθ αὖηηο ἄμνπζη Γαλανὶ κεγάζῡκνη

ἑθαηόκβᾱο πνιιὰο (ᾱ) εἰο Υξύζελ (ῡ) 4 νὐθ ἔπεηζαλ ἑθεβόινλ πνιιῇο ἑθαηόβῃζη θᾱιῇζηλ 5 νὐ θηιήζνκελ ζενύο

νὕλεθα θᾱινὶ εἰζηλ 6 Γαλανὶ ηεύμνπζη ζάλαηνλ Πξηάκῳ ἐλ Ἰιίῳ 7 ἐθίιεζα ζεὰλ (ᾱ) ζαιάζζεο ἀιιrsquo νὐρ ἥλδαλε

ἑθεβόιῳ ζῡκῷ 8 ἀείζνκελ θαὶ πείζνκελ ζενύο 9 ὄρrsquo ἄξηζνη ἐλ Ἰιίῳ ηὰ εἶπνλ Πξηάκῳ ἀιιὰ ηνὺο ἠηῑκάζελ 10

Πξίακνο ἔπεκςε ηὸλ ζηξαηὸλ ἄξηζηνλ ἐπrsquo Ἀξγείνηζηλ 11 ἔβεζαλ αὖηηο Γαλανὶ εἰο Ἴιηνλ ἀιιrsquo νὐθ ἔπεηζαλ

Πξίακνλ 12 ἀείζνκελ ἑθεβόινλ ὄρrsquo ἄξηζηνλ ζεῶλ νὕλεθrsquo ἤγαγε Γαλανὺο εἰο Ἴιηνλ

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 Who was by far the noblest of the Danaans 2 Great-souled Priam ruled Ilium 3 Not agan will the great-

souled Danaans lead many sacrifices into Chrysa 4 They did not persuade the free-shooter with many goodly

sacrifices 5 Do we not love the gods because they are good 6 The Danaans will prepare death for Priam in Ilium

7 I loved the goddess of the sea but it was not pleasing to the heart of the free-shooter 8 We will sing and

persuade the gods 9 By far the noblest in Ilium this they say of Priam but he (is the one) he dishonored () 10

Priam sent the best army against the Argives 11 The Danaans went back to Ilium but they did not persuade Priam

12 We hymn the free-shooter greatest of the gods because he led the Danaans into Ilium

107 Composition Exercises

1 The great-souled Achaeans will not persuade the free-shooter with goodly hecatombs but he will prepare evil

death for the people 2 The noblest of the Achaeans went to Ilium but they did not persuade the soul of Priam 3

We shall sing because the gods have led (aor) the people into Troy 4 We shall have many shining golden scepters

5 Did you not love the gods who have Olympian homes 6 Priam shall not rule Ilium again for the Achaeans will

prepare evil death for him 7 Does he speak to the beautiful goddess of the sea 8 They will persuade the souls of

the gods with many hecatombs

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 Ἀραηνὶ κεγάζῡκνη νὐ πείζνπζηλ ἑθεβόινλ πνιιῇο ἑθαηόκβῆζηλ ἀιιὰ ηεύμεη ζάλαηνλ θαθὸλ ιᾱνῖζηλ 2

ἄξηζηνη Ἀραηῶλ ἔβεζαλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ ἀιιrsquo νὐθ ἔπεηζαλ ζῡκὸλ Πξηάκῳ 3 ἀείζνκελ νὕλεθα ζενὺο ἤγαγνλ ιᾱὸλ εἰο

Ἴιηνλ 4 ἕζρνκελ πνιιὰ ρξύζεα (ῡ) ἀγιαὰ ζθῆπηξα 5 νὐθ ἐθηιήζαηε ζενὺο νἳ ἔρνπζηλ νἴθνπο ιπκπίνπο 6 νὐθ

αὖηηο ἀλάζζεη Πξίακνο Ἰιίνπ Ἀραηνὶ γὰξ ηεύμνπζη ζάλαηνλ θαθὸλ αὐηῷ 7 εἴξεη ζεᾷ θᾱιᾷ ζαιάζζεο 8 πείζνπζη

ζῡκνὺο ζεῶλ πνιιῇο ἑθαηόκβῃζηλ

Lesson 11

(664-675 838-839)

111 First Declension Masculine Nouns

First declension masculines typically end in -εο -ᾱο or -ᾰο in the nominative and are declined exactly the same

as their feminine counterparts (with the exception of the nominative singular which adds -ο the genitive singular

which regularly ends in -ᾱν and the vocative singular which ends in -ε -ᾱ or -ᾰ) Those ending in -εο retain -ε

throughout the singular those ending in -ᾱο retain the -ᾱ throughout the singular and those ending in -ᾰο take the -ε

ending in the dative

Masculines ending in -δεο take -ε in the vocative singular while those ending in -ηεο (as well as compound

nouns and the names of nationalities) regularly take -ᾰ Those ending in -ᾱο take the the nominative singular in -ᾱ

A very few first declension adjectives take a masculine ending in -ᾰ (without the final -ο) Many of these also

have an alternative form that ends in the more common -εο Those that do not have an alternative form in -εο usually

have the recessive accent (a feature inherited from the Aeolic influence in Homer) The only masculine noun ending

in -ᾰ in the nominative is the name Θύεζηα (Thyestes)

First declension masculine nouns typically follow the paradigms for Ἀηξεΐδεο (Atreides son of Atreus) Αἰλείᾱο

(Aeneas) and αἰρκεηήο (spearman warrior)

Ἀηξεΐδεο ᾱν ὁ Αἰλείᾱο ᾱν ὁ αἰρκεηήο ᾱν ὁ

(Αηξεϝηδᾱ-) (Αἰλεηᾱ-) (αἰρκεηᾱ-)

N Ἀηξεΐδεο Αἰλείᾱο αἰρκεηήο [ά]

G Ἀηξεΐδᾱν [εσ] Αἰλείᾱν [σ] αἰρκεηᾶν [έσ]

D Ἀηξεΐδῃ Αἰλείᾳ αἰρκεηῇ

A Ἀηξεΐδελ Αἰλείαλ αἰρκεηήλ

V Ἀηξεΐδε Αἰλείᾱ αἰρκεηά

N A V Ἀηξεΐδᾱ αἰρκεηά (ᾱ)

G D Ἀηξεΐδῃηλ αἰρκεηῇηλ

N V Ἀηξεΐδαη αἰρκεηαί

G Ἀηξετδάσλ (ᾱ) αἰρκεηάσλ (ᾱ)

[έσλ ῶλ] [έσλ ῶλ]

D Ἀηξεΐδῃζη ῃο αἰρκεηῇζη ῇο

A Ἀηξεΐδᾱο αἰρκεηάο (ᾱ)

112 Compound Verbs

Compound verbs are formed from a preposition or adverb coupled with a verb such as ἀλαβαίλσ (ascend)

formed from ἀλα (up) and βαίλσ (go) If the preposition ends in a vowel and the verb begins with a vowel the vowel

of the preposition is usually elided as in δηίζηεκη (δηὰ ἰζηεκη) ἁθαηξέσ (ἀπὸ αἱξέσ)

The augment occurs between the preposition and the verb When two vowels are thus brought together the first

vowel is usually elided leaving the augment Thus ἀπνιύσ (I release present) ἀπέιπνλ (I was releasing

imperfect) ἀπέιῡζα (I released aorist)

113 Vocabulary

ἀλαβαίλσ ἀλαβήζσ ἀλέβεζα go up ascend embark

ἀπνιύσ ἀπνιύζσ (ῡ) ἀπέιῡζα loose set free release

Ἀηξεΐδεο -ᾱν ὁ Atreides son of Atreus (usually refers to Agamemnon)

θαηαθεύσ θαηαθαύζσ θαηέθεα burn consume

θειεύσ - ἔθιπνλ (+gen) hear hearken to

κεηέεηπνλ κεηεῖπνλ (2nd

aor of εἴξσ) spoke among addressed spoke to

ὅηε when whenever

Πειεηάδεο ᾱν (εσ) ὁ Peleiades son of Peleus (used in reference to Achilles)

πξνζέεηπνλ πξνζεῖπνλ (2nd

aor of εἴξσ) addressed spoke to

ηόηε then at that time

ρνιόσ ρνιώζσ ἐρόισζα anger enrage vex

Υξύζεο (ῡ) ᾱν (εσ) ὁ Chryses

Verbs

ἀλαβαίλσ

stem ἀλα + βαλ- βα-

future ἀλαβήζσ (rarely ἀλαβήζνκαη)

1st aorist ἀλέβεζα (rarely 2

nd aor ἀλέβελ)

ἀπνιύσ

stem ἀπό + ιύσ

future ἀπνιύζσ (ῡ)

1st aorist ἀπέιῡζα

θαηαθαίσ

stem θαηά + θαπ- θαϝ- θαη-

future θαηαθαύζσ (assumed form)

1st aorist θαηέθεα

θειεύσ (Attic)

stem θιεπ- θιεϝ- θιπ-

future none

2nd

aorist ἐθιπνλ

ρνιόσ

stem ρνιν-

future ρνιώζσ

1st aorist ἐρόισζα

Notes

In Homeric Greek the stem vowel is usually lengthened before -ζ hence ἀλαβαίλσ =gt ἀλαβήζσ =gt

ἀλέβεζα ἀπνιύσ =gt ἀπνιύζσ (ῡ) =gt ἀπέιῡζα

ἀλαβαίλσ also has a 2nd

aorist ἀλέβελ

A few verbs have active forms in the present but middle forms in the future ἀλαβαίλσ has two future

forms one active (ἀλαβήζσ) and one middle (ἀλαβήζνκαη)

Verbs with stems ending in -αηλσ originally had a consonantal η following the λ (ie ἀλαβαηλησ)

114 Translation

1 θᾱινὶ ζενὶ ἔηεπμαλ ζάλαηνλ θαθὸλ δίῳ (ῑ) Πειεηάδῃ ὁ δrsquo ἀλέβελ ππξήλ 2 ἑθεβόινο ὤιεθε ιᾱὸλ Ἀραηῶλ

νὕλεθα δῖνο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) 3 θαηέθεα ἑθαηόκβᾱο πνιιάο (ᾱ) 4 ἑθεβόινο νὐθ ἔθιπελ Ἀηξεΐδᾱν

νὕλεθα ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) 5 Υξύζεο (ῡ) κεηέεηπελ Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἀιιrsquo νὐθ Ἀηξεΐδῃ ἥλδαλε ζῡκῷ 6 ὅηε θαθῶο

πξνζέεηπελ Ἀηξεΐδεο Υξύζελ (ῡ) ηόηε ἐρόισζελ ἑθεβόινλ 7 ἀπειύζακελ (ῡ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) νὕλεθα ηὸλ

ἐθηιήζακελ 8 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἤλεηθελ ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα Ἀηξεΐδῃ 9 νἴζνκελ ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀπνιύζνκελ (ῡ)

Υξύζελ (ῡ) νὕλεθα ηὸλ ἐθηιήζακελ θαὶ θίινο ἐζηὶλ ἑθεβόιῳ 10 ηίο θέξεη ἄπνηλα Υξύζᾱν (ῡ) Ἀηξεΐδῃ 11 δῖνο

Πειεηάδεο ἐρόισζελ Ἀηξεΐδελ 12 ὅηε θαηεθήακελ πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἑθαηόκβᾱο θᾱιάο (ᾱ) ηόηε ἐπείζακελ ζῡκνὺο ζεῶλ

13 δηὰ καληνζύλελ Υξύζεο (ῡ) εἶπε βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεῶλ Ἀηξεΐδῃ Πειεηάδῃ ηε

KEY

1 The noble gods prepared evil death for the divine Peleiades and he ascended the funeral pyre 2 The free-

shooter destroyed the host of the Achaeans because the divine Atreides dishonored Chryses 3 I burned many

funeral pyres 4 The free-shooter did not hear the son of Atreus because he dishonored Chryses 5 Chryses spoke

among the Achaeans but but it did not please the heart of Atreides 6 It angered the free-shooter when the son of

Atreus spoke wickedly to Chryses 7 We released Chryses because we loved him 8 Chryses brought countless

glorious ransoms to the son of Atreus 9 We will bring many ransoms and release Chryses because we loved him

and he is dear to the free-shooter 10 Who brought the ransoms of Chryses to the son of Atreus 11 The divine

Peleiades angered the son of Atreus 12 We persuaded the hearts of the gods when we burned many good

hecatombs 13 Through prophesy Chryses spoke the will of the gods to both Atreides and Peleiades

115 Composition

1 The Achaeans ascended into Troy and killed the noble Priam 2 We burned many goodly hecatombs to the

Olympian gods 3 Chryses spoke among the Achaeans but the son of Atreus did not hearken to him 4 The

Achaeans addressed the son of Atreus but he did not free Chryses 5 The son of Atreus will bring many ransoms

into the camp of the Achaeans 6 Who will persuade the gods with many goodly hecatombs

KEY

1 Ἀραηνὶ ἀλέβεζαλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ θαὶ ὤιεμαλ θᾱιὸλ Πξηάκνλ 2 θαηέθεκελ πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) ἑθαηόκβὰο (ᾱ)

ζενῖο ιπκπίνηο 3 Υξύζεο (ῡ) κεηέεηπελ Ἀραηνῖο ἀιιrsquo Ἀηξεΐδεο ηὸλ νὐθ ἔθιπελ 4 Ἀραηνὶ πξνζέεηπνλ Ἀηξεΐδῃ

ἀιιrsquo νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε Υξύζελ (ῡ) 5 Ἀηξεΐδεο νἴζεη ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ εἰο ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 6 ηίο πείζεη ζενὺο πνιιῇο

ἑθαηόκβῃζηλ

Lesson 12

Review

121 Review Vocabulary

Lesson 13

(680-692 701-709)

(cf 897 874 886 619 841-843 576 1178 830-831 837 580 837)

131 Nouns of the Third Declension

Third declension nouns can be either masculine feminine or neuter The nominative endings can take many

forms but there are some conventions Masculine and feminine stems except those ending in λ ξ or ζ simply add

ζ to the stem and make the necessary euphonic changes Stems ending in ξ λ and ζ typically make no changes

except to lengthen the last vowel if it is short Stems ending in -λ(η) either drop the η and lengthen a short vowel or

drop the -λ(η) lengthen the vowel and add ζ Examples δαηκνλ- = δαηκσλ ζῑλ- = ζίο (ῑ) κειαλ- = κέιᾱο γεξνλη- =

γέξσλ etc Neuters typically consist of just the stem in the nominative and accusative except to drop a final -η

where it occurs

In general the stem of a third declension noun is found by dropping the -νο ending from the genitive singular

The dative singular regularly ends in -ῐ but occasionally in -ῑ

The accusative ending was originally -λ and this ending is common on stems ending in a vowel On stems

ending in a consonant the -λ was a sonant consonant which eventually came be pronounced as -ᾰ The result is that

the accusative singular usually ends in -λ for stems ending in a vowel and -ᾰ for stems ending in a consonant

Dental mute stems ending in -ηο and -πο in the nominative singular rarely drop the mute and typically adopt the -λ

accusative ending as if they were vowel stems

The dative plural is formed by adding either -εζζη (rarely -εζη) or -ζη (rarely -ζζη) and making the usual

euphonic changes Most third declension nouns thus have alternate dative plural forms as πνύο = πνζζί = πνζί =

πόδεζζη etc

The accusative plural originally ended in -λο (sonant λ) which gives -αο for stems ending in a consonant and -ῑο

and -ῡο for stems ending in a vowel A few vowel stems borrowed an -αο ending from the first declension by

analogy

The vocative singular is usually either identical to the nominative or identical to the stem alone Stems ending

in λ ξ or ο typically drop this final consonant in the vocative singular

Compensatory lengthening usually occurs in the dative plural when -λη is dropped as in γέξνληζη = γέξνπζη

132 Paradigms

Stems ending in -επ (επ) -νπ and σϝ follow the paradigms of βαζηιεύο (king βαζηιεϝ-) βνῦο (ox βνϝ-) λεῦο

(ship λᾱϝ-) and ἥξσο (hero ἡξσϝ- () or ἡξσ-)

N βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

G βαζηιῆνο [-ένο] βνόο λεόο ἥξσνο

D βαζηιῆη [-έη] βνΐ λεί ἥξση

A βαζηιῆα [-έα] βνῦλ [βῶλ] λῆα [λέα] ἥξσα

V βαζηιεῦ βνῦ λεῦ ἥξσο

N A V βαζηιῆε βόε λῆε ἥξσε

G D βαζηιήνηηλ βόνηηλ λήνηηλ ἡξώνηηλ

N V βαζηιεῆεο βόεο λῆεο ἥξσεο

G βαζηιήσλ βνῶλ λεῶλ [λεῶλ] ἡξώσλ

D βαζηιήεζζη βόεζζη λήεζζη [λέεζζἰ ἡξώεζζη

βαζηιεῦζη βνπζί λεπζί ἥξσζη

A βαζηιῆαο βόαο (βνῦο) λῆζαο (λέαο) ἥξσαο

A long vowel is typically shortened when it occurs before another vowel thus βαζηιῆνο or βαζηιένο This

convention was almost certainly consistent in pronunciation but is only occasionally represented in written form

The π in the stem of these words frequently became ϝ and subsequently disappeared as in βαζηιεπ- βαζηιεϝ-

βαζηιε-

Stems ending in η (εη) and π (επ εϝ) follow the paradigms of πόιηο (city πνιη-) πῆρπο (forearm περεϝ-) ἄζηπ

(city ἀζηεϝ-) λέθπο (corpse λεθῡ-) and δάθξπ (tear δαθξπ-)

N πόιηο πῆρπο ἄζηπ λέθῡο δάθξπ

G πόιηνο -ενο πήρενο ἄζηενο λέθπνο δάθξπνο

D πόιηη -ῑ -εη -εη πήρετ ἄζηετ λέθπτ δάθξπτ

A πόιηλ πῆρσλ ἄζηπ λέθῡλ δαθξπ

V πόιη πῆρπ ἄζηπ λέθῡ δάθξπ

N V πόιηε πήρεε ἄζηεε λέθπε δάθξπε

G D πνιίνηηλ περένηηλ ἄζηνηηλ λεθύνηηλ δαθξύνηηλ

N V πόιηεο -εεο πήρεεο ἄζηεα λέθπεο δάθξπα

G πνιίσλ περέσλ ἀζηέσλ λεθύσλ δαθξύσλ

D πνιίεζζη περέεζζη ἀζηέεζη λεθύεζζη δαθξύεζζη

πόιεζη -ηζη πήρεζη ἄζηεζη λέθῡζ(ζ)η δάθξπζη

A πόιηαο -εαο -ῑο πήρεαο ἄζηεα λέθπαο [-ῡο] δάθξπα

Nouns with stems in -ο (-εο -αο -νο) and -η are declined like ἔπνο (ϝεπεζ-) γέξαο (γεξαζ-) ἠώο (ἀϝζνζ-) δῶκα

(δσκαη-) and ἦκαξ (ἠκαξ- ἠκαη-) Note that -ζ- usually disappears when it occurs between two vowels

N ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο δῶκα ἧκαξ

G ἔπενο γέξανο ἠόνο δώκαηνο ἥκαηνο

D ἔπετ γέξατ ἠόη δώκαηη ἥκαηη

A ἔπνο γέξαο ἠόα δῶκα ἧκαξ

V ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο δῶκα ἧκαξ

N V ἔπεε γέξαε δώκαηε ἥκαηε

G D επένηηλ γεξάνηηλ δσκάηνηηλ ἡκάηνηηλ

N V ἔπεο γέξα(α) δώκαηα ἥκαηα

G ἐπέσλ γεξάσλ δσκάησλ ἡκάησλ

D ἐπέεζζη γεξάεζζη δσκάηεζζη ἡκάηεζζη

ἔπε(ζ)ζη γέξα(ζ)ζη δώκαζη ἥκαζη

A ἔπεα γέξα(α) δώκαηα ἥκαηα

Note that all nouns ening in -νο in the second declension are either masculine or feminine but all nouns ending in -

νο in the third declension are neuter All nouns ending in -κα in the nominative singular and all nouns with genitives

in -αηνο are neuter

133 Further Notes on the Third Declension

Nouns of the third declension can be any gender and consist of stems ending in -η -π or a consonant In

general the following endings are applied to the stem with the usual euphonic changes

N -ο

G -νο

D -η

A -λ

V -

N A V -ε

G D -νηηλ

N V -εο

G -σλ

D -εζζη

A -λο

Standard Euphonic Changes

Later forms of Greek such as Attic and Koine frequently contracted the forms found in Homer

The -λ in the accusative singular and plural is sonant meaning that it is pronounced as λ when

following a vowel but it is pronounced as ᾰ when following a consonant Thus πνιη-λ = πνιηλ and

πνιη-λο = πνιηο but δαηκνλ-λ = δαηκνλα and δαηκνλ-λο = δαηκνλαο

o In most cases a stem originally ending in ϝ is treated as if it ends in a consonant Thus

βαζηιεϝα = βαζηιεα εξσϝα = εξσα

o The word βνϝ- is an exception where ϝ becomes π (probably because νπ is such a common

diphthong) βνϝλ = βνπλ

Dentals are dropped before ζ Thus παηδο = παηο

o In cases where the stem ends in -λη the dental and the ζ are typically dropped with the last

vowel lengthened by compensation Thus γεξνληο = γεξσλ

Palatals combine with ζ to form μ Thus αηγο = αημ θεξπθο = θεξπμ etc

o Stems ending in -θη apply both the dental and palatal changes first dropping the η and then

combining the θζ to form μ Thus λπθηο = λπθο = λπμ

Labials combine with ζ to form ς Thus Αηζηνπο = Αηζηνς

The ζ is dropped when it follows a nasal or ξ and the last vowel is lengthened to compensate (if it

isnrsquot long already) Thus δαηκνλο = δαηκσλ θξελο = θξελ ρεηξο = ρεηξ παηεξο = παηεξ κεηεξο =

κεηεξ etc

Stems that originally ended in ϝ usually retain a π in its place in the nominative Thus βαζηιεϝο =

βαζηιεπο (originally βαζηιεπο) λεϝο = λεπο βνϝο = βνπο etc

o The same phenomenon sometimes occurs in the accusative singular as well where ϝ becomes

π and the final λ is retained Thus περεϝλ = περευλ = περπλ

o The word εξσο is an apparent exception where εξσϝο = εξσο This may be from analogy

with the relatively common -σο ending in Greek or it could be that the stem was originally

εξσ- witout the ϝ

o When the stem ends in -εϝ the ε is usually dropped in the nominative thus περεϝο = περεπο =

περπο (but the genitive and dative are περενο περετ)

Some confusion can occur at the apparent irregularity of stems ending in -π αζηπ αζηενο αζηεη etc

but δαθξπ δαθξπνο δαθξπτ etc The difference is that stems like αζηπ originally ended in a vowel + ϝ

(αζηεϝ) while stems like δαθξπ originally ended in π

Some neuters originally ended in -εο These are usually declined as -νο in the nominative and

accusative In the other cases the endings are simply applied to -εζ- and the sigma is dropped when it

occurs between two vowels επνο (nom acc from επεζο) επενο (gen from επεζνο) επετ (dat from

επεζη) etc

o Stems ending in -αο simple drop the extra sigma in the nominative singular and append the

case endings to -αζ- (dropping ζ when it occurs between two vowels) Thus γεξαο γεξανο

γεξατ etc

o Stems ending in -νο follow the same pattern as those ending in -αο except that the ν is

lengthened to σ in the nominative Thus εσο εννο εντ etc

Neuter stems ending in -καη usually drop the η in the nominative and accusative singular but retain it

in the plural Thus δσκα (nom and acc sing) δσκαηνο (gen sing) δσκαηη (dat sing) δσκαηα (nom and

acc plur) δσκαησλ (gen plur) δσκαηεζζη (dat plur) etc Neuter stems ending in -καξ usually behave

as if they ended in -καη in all cases except the nominative and accusative singular Thus εκαξ εκαηνο

εκαηη etc

The dative plural ending is given as -εζζη This could be shortened to -ζζη (before vowels) -εζη or -ζη

The -ζη ending is the most common in later dialects Thus Homeric θεξπθεζζη is typically θεξπμη in

Attic and Koine

The vocative singular in neuters is always identical to the nominative and accusative singulars

o In masculine and feminine nouns the vocative singular is usually just the stem without any

endings applied as long as the stem is capable of standing alone Thus δαηκνλ ρεηξ παηεξ

κεηεξ ζπγαηεξ αλεξ βνπ λεπ πνιη λεθῡ δαθξπ etc

o In some cases where the nominative singular has slightly modified the stem before adding -ο

the vocative is formed by simply dropping the ο Thus παη βαζηιεπ περπ

o In cases where the ο of the nominative singular has combined with the stem the vocative is

usually indentical to the nominative singular Thus αλαμ λπμ αημ θεξπμ Αηζηνς etc

o In rare cases the vocative is identical to the nominative singular even when dropping the ο

would have been convenient as in εξσο εσο

Alternate Endings The following are some alternate endings that could be applied instead of the usual

case endings listed above

o -ζη can be used to denote place where

o -ζελ can be used to denote source or separation or as an alternative ending for the genitive

case

o -δε can be added to the accusative ending to denote place to which or limit of motion

o -η can be added to denote place where

o -θη(λ) can be added as a substitute for several uses of the genitive and the dative cases

particularly in the instrumental sense

134 References

This lesson references several points in the grammar Note the following

Deponent verbs take middle or passive forms but denote active meanings

Some verbs reduplicate the initial syllable in the present tense by repeating the initial consonant

followed by -η Thus ἴζηεκη (orig ζηζηεκη) ηίζεκη δίδσκη πίκπιεκη γίγλνκαη γηγλώζθσ κηκλήζθσ

etc When futures and second aorists are reduplicated they usually follow the pattern of reduplication

found in the perfect tense If the initial consonant is aspirated the reduplicated consonant is typically

smooth Thus ηίζεκη rather than ζίζεκη

Note that ἴκη δίδσκη and ηίζεκη take the aorist in -θα rather than -ζα

When a word ends in a vowel and the following word begins with a vowel the result is called hiatus

In general hiatus is avoided in poetry through the use of elision crasis synizesis moveable

consonants etc However hiatus is allowed in some circumstances such as when elision has already

occurred when the first of the two vowels is long and occurs on the beat (or ictus) of the verse or

when a long vowel or diphthong has been shortened or when the two vowels were originally separated

by ϝ

Recall that the verbal augment is frequently omitted

135 Vocabulary

Ἄηο Ἄηδνο ὁ (nom not used) Hades

ἄιγνο ενο ηό grief pain woe trouble

Ἀρηιιεύο ῆνο ὁ Achilles

δαίο δαηηόο ἡ feast banquet portion

Εεύο Γηόο ὁ Zeus

ἥξσο ἥξσνο ὁ hero mighty warrior protector savior

ἴθζῑκνο ε νλ mighty valiant stout-hearted brave

θύσλ θπλόο ὁ ἡ dog

κῆληο ηνο ἡ wrath fury madness rage

νὐιόκελνο ε νλ accursed destructive deadly

πξντάπησ πξντάςσ πξνΐαςα hurl forward send forth

ηίζεκη (ζε- ζε-) ζήζσ ἔζεθα put place cause

Ἀρηιιεπο (Ἀρηιιεϝ-) Ἀρηιιενο Ἀρηιιεη Ἀρηιιεα

δαηο (δαηη-) δαηηνο δαηηη δαηηα δαηηεο δαηησλ δαηηεζζη δαηηαο

Εεπο Γηνο Γηη Γηα

ἡξσο ἡξσνο ἡξστ ἡξσα ἡξσεο ἡξσσλ ἡξσεζζη ἡξσαο

θπσλ θπλνο θπλη θπλα θπλεο θπλσλ θπλεζζη θπλαο

κεληο (κελη-) κεληνο κεληη κεληλ κεληεο κελησλ κεληεζζη κεληαο

136 Translation

1 κῆληο Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο ἦλ νὐινκέλε ἔζεθε γὰξ κῡξηrsquo ἄιγεα ηνῖζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ πξνΐαςε δὲ πνιιὰο (ᾱ)

ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἰθζίκνπο (ῑ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη ἔηεπρε δrsquo αὐηνὺο ἑιώξηα θαὶ δαῖηα θύλεζζηλ νἰσλνῖζί ηε ἐηέιεζε δὲ βνπιὴλ

Γηόο 2 ζεὰ (ᾱ) ἀείδεη κῆληλ νὐινκέλελ Ἀρηιῆνο ἣ ἔζεθελ κῡξίrsquo ἄιγεrsquo Ἀραηνῖζηλ 3 ζενὶ ὀιέθνπζη ηὸλ ζηξαηόλ θαὶ

πξντάπηνπζη πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη 4ηεύμνκελ κῡξίνπο Ἀραηνὺο ἑιώξηα θύλεζζηλ θαὶ δαῖηα ηνῖζηλ

νἰσλνῖζηλ νὕλεθα ἠηίκαζαλ (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) 5 θᾱιὴ ἦλ ἡ βνπιὴ Γηόο

KEY

1 The wrath of Achilles son of Peleus was destructive for it caused countless woes to the Achaeans and sent

forth many valiant souls of heros to Hades making them spoils and a banquet for the dogs and the vultures 2 The

goddess sings the accursed wrath of Achilles which brought countless woes to the Achaeans 3 The gods are

destroying the camp and sending forth many souls of the heros to Hades 4 We will make countless Achaeans spoils

for the dogs and a feast for these vultures because they dishonored Chryses 5 The will of Zeus was good

137 Iliad 1-5

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κπξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςπρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιήλ

Μῆληλ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse

ἄεηδε - present active imperative 2nd

person singular of ἀείδσ

ζεά - vocative case

Πειεηάδεσ = Πειεηάδᾱν (the verse may have originally read Πειεηάδᾱrsquo)

νὐινκέλελ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse as well as out of

the natural order and is placed directly opposite the word κῆληλ

κῡξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο - the hiatus is permited because elision has already occurred in κῡξίνηο

Ἄηδη was originally Ἄϝηδη and is still accented as it began with α instead of αη

ἡξώσλ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse and its deviation from

the natural order

δὲ ἑιώξηα - the hiatus is permitted because the original was δὲ ϝειώξηα

ηεῦρε - the augment is dropped (usually ἔηεπρε)

ἐηειείεην - imperfect passive indicative 3rd

person singular of ηειείσ

KEY

Sing O goddess of the accursed wrath of Achilles Peleiades

which brought countless woes to the Achaeans

and cast forth the souls of many valiant warriors to Hades

making them the spoils and feast of both dogs

and vultures But the will of Zeus was accomplished

138 Composition

1 The valiant Achaeans are singing the accursed wrath of Achilles 2 The wrath of Achilles caused many woes

to the Achaeans and sent many valiant souls of heroes to the god Hades 3 We shall make the army of the Achaeans

a booty for the dogs and a banquet for the birds 4 We are accomplishing the will of the goddess

KEY

1 ἴθζῑκνη Ἀραηνὶ ἀείδνπζηλ νὐινκέλελ κῆληλ Ἀρηιῆνο 2 κῆληο Ἀρηιῆνο ἔζεθε κῡξίrsquo ἄιγεrsquo Ἀραηνῖζη θαὶ

πξνΐαςε πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἰθζίκνπο ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη 3 ηεύμνκελ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ ἑιώξηα θύλεζζηλ θαὶ δαῖηα

νἰσλνῖζηλ 4 ηεύρνκελ βνπιὴλ ζεᾶο

Lesson 14

(519-526 1159-1192)

(cf 586)

141 Syllable Quantity

A syllable is long (by nature) when it contains a long vowel or a diphthong or (by position) when it ends in two

consecutive consonants (or a double consonant) A short vowel followed by a mute and a liquid κ or λ is common

and can be either long or short depending on the requirements of the verse Occasionally the letters ι κ λ ξ or ζ

are doubled in pronunciation when they follow a short vowel making the syllable long by position but this

convention is not always represented in writing And occasionally a lost ϝ will combine with another consonant to

make the preceding syllable long by position

Observe the following rules when determing the length of a syllable

Any vowel with the circumflex accent is long

The vowel of any ultmia whose penult bears the circumflex is short

If the penult has an acute then the vowel of the ultima must also be long

If the vowel of the ultima is short and the penult has the acute then the vowel of the penult must

be short as well

If the antepenult is accented the vowel of the ultima must be short

Occasionally these rules do not apply to certain compounds where one of the two words are

accented as if they were separate

If a short syllable stands where a long syllable is expected it is usually because the pause of the caesura or

diaresis fills out the foot or because the following word has lost a consonant (usually ϝ or ζ) And occasionally a

short syllable ending in a consonant is lengthened when it occurs on the ictus (beat) of the verse Such lengthening is

called thesis

142 Metrical Quantity

With the exception of pauses at the end of the verse caesura and diaresis all feet must consist of two long

syllables or a long syllable followed by two shorts Thus if a long syllable is followed by a short syllable then the

next syllable must be short as well Likewise if a short syllable is followed by a long syllable then the preceding

syllable must be short as well

When a word ends in a short vowel (and sometimes -νη and -αη) and the following word begins with a vowel

the short vowel is usually elided unless the following word originally began with ϝ When a word ends in a long

vowel or a diphthong and the following word begins with a vowel the long vowel is usually shortened This

phenomenon can also occur within the same word and again it is less common when the following word originally

began with ϝ Vowel shortening is also rare when the long vowel occurs on the ictus

The meter of Homer is called dactylic or heroic hexameter and is the most common meter in Greek verse Each

verse has six feet The first five feet can be dactyls (one long syllable followed by two short syllables) or spondees

(two long syllables) The final foot of the verse is always a spndee but keep in mind that the pause at the end of the

verse often combines with a final short syllable to form one long syllable The fifth foot of each verse is usually a

dactyl with only one in twenty (or so) verses containing a spondee in the fifth foot The verses that have a spndee in

the fifth foot are called spondaic and usually take slightly longer to recite In dactylic hexameter the ictus (beat) of

the verse always occurs on the first syllable of each foot producing six distinct beats per verse

Caesura occurs when a word ends within a foot (ie at the end of the first syllable of a foot or between the two

short syllables of the foot) When a caesura occurs at a natural pause in the verse this is said to be the caesura of the

verse A pause after the first syllable of a foot is called a masculine caesura and a pause after the second syllable of

the foot is called a feminine caesura

Diaresis occurs when the end of a word coincides with the end of a foot When this falls at a natural pause in

the verse it is said to be the diaresis of the verse When the diaresis occurs at the end of the fourth foot is it called

the bucolic diaresis (due to its common use in pastoral poetry)

143 Marking the Rhythm of the Iliad 1-5

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κπξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςπρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιήλ

ΜΖ ληλ α | ΔΗ δε ζε | Α ΠΖ | ΛΖ η α | ΓΔΧ α ρη | ΛΖ Ο-

dact dact spon dact dact spon

The pauses at the end of κῆληλ and ἄεηδε are feminine caesuras

The pauses at the end of ζεά Πειεηάδεσ and Ἀρηιῆνο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of ζεά is the caesura of the verse

The dash at the end of the verse indicates a pause that combines with a short vowel to fill out the

last foot

ΟΤ ιν κε | ΝΖΝ Ζ | ΜΤ ξη α | ΥΑΗ ΟΗ | ΑΛ γε ε | ΘΖ ΚΔΝ-

dact spon dact spon dact spon

The pauses at the end of κῡξίrsquo and ἄιγε are feminine caesuras

The pauses at the end of νὐινκέλελ and ἔζεθελ are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of νὐινκέλελ is the caesura of the verse

The pauses at the end of ἥ and Ἀραηνῖο are diareses

The diaresis at Ἀραηνῖο is a bucolic diaresis

κῡξία Ἀραηνῖο and ἄιγεα ἔζεθελ are examples of hiatus

The first syllable of ἄιγεrsquo is long because it is followed by two consecutive consonants

ΠΟΛ ΛΑ | ΓrsquoΗΦ ΘΗ | ΜΟΤ ΦΤ | ΥΑ ΑΗ | ΓΗ πξν τ | Α ΦΔΝ-

spon spon spon spon dact spon

The pauses at the end of ἰθζίκνπο and ςπράο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of πνιιάο is a diaresis

δὲ ἰθζίκνπο is hiatus

The first syllable of πνιιάο is long by position as is the first syllable of ἰθζίκνπο the last syllable

of Ἄηδη and the second syllable of πξνΐαςελ

Ζ ΡΧ | ΧΝ ΑΤ | ΣΟΤ δε ε | ΛΧ ξη α | ΣΔΤ ρε θπ | ΝΔ ΗΝ-

spon spon dact dact dact spon

The pause at the end of ηεῦρε is a feminine caesura

The pauses at the end of ἡξώσλ and αὐηνύο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of ἡξώσλ is the caesura of the verse

The pause at the end of ἑιώξηα is a diaresis

ΟΗ Χ | ΝΟΗ ζη ηε | ΓΑΗ ηα δη | Ο δrsquoε ηε | ΛΔΗ ε ην | ΒΟΤ ΛΖΝ

The pauses at the end of νἰσλνῖζη and δαῖηα are feminine caesuras

The pause at the end of Γηόο is a masculine caesura

The pauses at the end of ηε ἐηειείεην and βνπιήλ are diareses

The pause at the end of δαῖηα is the diaresis of the verse

Lesson 15

(693-694 697-700)

(cf 781-782 837 580 1009 996 584-585)

151 Third Declension Paradigms (continued)

Third declension nouns ending in a dental mute stem are exemplified by ἄλαμ (king ϝαλαθη-) λύμ (night λπθη-

) παῖο (child παηδ-) and γέξσλ (old man γεξνλη-)

N ἄλαμ λύμ παῖο γέξσλ

G ἄλαθηνο λπθηόο παηδόο γέξνληνο

D ἄλαθηη λπθηί παηδί γέξνληη

A ἄλαθηα λύθηα παίδα γέξνληα

V ἄλαμ [ἄλα] λύμ παῖ γέξσλ

N V A ἄλαθηε λύθηε παίδε γέξνληε

G D ἀλάθηνηηλ λύθηνηηλ παίδνηηλ γεξόληνηηλ

N ἄλαθηεο λύθηεο παίδεο γέξνληεο

G ἀλάθησλ λπθηῶλ παηδῶλ γεξόλησλ

D ἀλάθηεζζη λύθηεζζη παίδεζζη γεξόληεζζη

ἄλαμη λπμί παηζί γέξνπζη

A ἄλαθηαο λύθηνο παῖδαο γέξνληαο

Third declension nouns ending in labial and palatal stems are exemplified by αἴμ (goat αἰγ-) θῆξπμ (herald

θεξῡθ-) and Αἰζίνς (Ethipoian Αἰζηνπ-)

N αἴμ θῆξπμ Αἰζίνς

G αἰγόο θήξῡθνο Αἰζίνπνο

D αἰγί θήξῡθη Αἰζίνπη

A αἶγα θήξῡθα Αἰζίνπα

V αἴμ θῆξπμ Αἰζίνς

N V A αἶγε θήξῡθε Αἰζίνπε

G D αἴγνηηλ θεξύθνηηλ (ῡ) Αἰζηόπνηηλ

N αἶγεο θήξῡθεο Αἰζίνπεο

G αἰγῶλ θεξύθσλ (ῡ) Αἰζηόπσλ

D αἴγεζζη θεξύθεζζη (ῡ) Αἰζηόπεζζη

αἰμί θήξῡμ Αἰζίνςη

A αἶγαο θήξῡθαο Αἰζίνπαο

Nouns with stems ending in -εξ express different grades of ablaut in the stem (-εξ -εξ -ξ) with a recessive

accent in the vocative singular These are exemplified by παηήξ (father παηεξ-) κήηεξ (mother κεηεξ-) ζπγάηεξ

(daughter ζπγαηεξ-) and ἀλήξ (man ἀλεξ-)

N παηήξ κήηεξ ζπγάηεξ ἀλήξ

G παηέξνο -ηξόο κεηέξνο -ηξόο ζπγαηέξνο -ηξόο ἀλέξνο ἀλδξόο

D παηέξη -ηξί κεηέξη -ηξί ζπγαηέξη -ηξί ἀλέξη ἀλδξί

A παηέξα κεηέξα ζπγαηέξα ἀλέξα ἄλδξα

V πάηεξ κῆηεξ ζύγαηεξ ἄλεξ

N V A παηέξε κεηέξε ζπγαηέξε ἀλέξε ἄλδξε

G D παηέξνηηλ κεηέξνηηλ ζπγαηέξνηηλ ἀλέξνηηλ ἄλδξνηηλ

N παηέξεο κεηέξεο ζπγαηέξεο ζύγαηξεο ἀλέξεο ἄλδξεο

G παηέξσλ -ηξῶλ κεηέξσλ -ηξῶλ ζπγαηέξσλ ζπγαηξῶλ ἀλέξσλ ἀλδξῶλ

D παηξάζη κεηξάζη ζπγαηξάζη ζπγαηέξεζζη ἀλδξάζη ἄλδξεζζη

A παηέξαο κεηέξαο ζπγαηέξαο ζύγαηξαο ἀλέξαο ἄλδξαο

Note that δ is inserted into ἀλήξ between λ and ξ where they occur together The accent of the shorter forms of

ἀλέξ follow the pattern seen in παηήξ The alpha after ξ in the dative plural was added euphonically to strengthen

what was originally a sonant ξ

152 Vocabulary

ἄλαμ ἄλαθηνο ὁ king lord protector

ἀλήξ ἀλέξνο (ἀλδξόο) ὁ (real) man warrior hero

ἄξ(α) (ῥά) naturally of course as you know as you might expect that is

in effect (not always translatable)

βαζηιεύο ῆνο ὁ king ruler

δή indeed truly forsooth now

δηίζηεκη (ζηε- ζηα-) δηαζηήζσ stand apart separate

δηέζηεζα (δηέζηελ)

ἐμ νὗ from the time when

ἐξίδσ (ἐξηδ-) - ἤξηζ(ζ)α quarrel strive

ἠξηζάηελ (they) strove

ἔξηο ηδνο ἡ strife quarrel

Λεηώ Λεηόνο ἡ Leto

κάρνκαη fight battle

κάρεζζαη to fight

μπλίκη μπλήζσ μπλῆθα (μπλέεθα) bring together throw together hearken heed

ὄξλῡκη ὄξζσ ὦξζα (ὤξνξνλ) stir up kindle incite excite arouse

πξῶηνο ε νλ first foremost chief

ηὸ πξῶηνλ ηὰ πξῶηα (adv) at first firstly first

πἱόο νῦ ὁ son

ζθσε these two

153 Translation

1 ζεὰ (ᾱ) ἀείζεη κῆληλ Ἀρηιῆνο ἐμ νὗ δὴ ηὰ πξῶηα δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο θαὶ Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἀλδξῶλ ἠξηζάηελ θαὶ

δηεζηήηελ 2 ηίο ζεῶλ μπλέεθε δῖνλ Ἀρηιῆά ηε θαὶ Ἀηξεΐδελ ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 3 πἱὸο Λεηόνο θαὶ Γηὸο ἑθεβόινο

μπλέεθέ ζθσε ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη ηὸλ γὰξ βαζηιεὺο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἐρόισζελ ὁ δrsquo ὦξζε θαθὴλ λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ

ὤιεθε δὲ ιᾱνύο

KEY

1 The goddess sings the wrath of Achilles from the time when first the divine Achilles and Atreides king of

men strove and separated 2 Which of the gods brought together the divine Achilles and the son of Atreus to fight

in strife 3 The son of Leto and Zeus the Free-shooter brought these two together to fight in strife for Atreides the

king enraged him so he stirred up an evil plague through the camp of the Achaeans and destroyed their host

154 Iliad 1-10

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κῡξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςῡρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιή

ἐμ νὗ δὴ ηὰ πξῶηα δηαζηήηελ ἐξίζαληε

Ἀηξεΐδεο ηε ἄλαμ ἀλδξῶλ θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεύο

ηίο ηrsquo ἄξ ζθσε ζεῶλ ἔξηδη μπλέεθε κάρεζζαη

Λεηνῦο θαὶ Γηὸο πἱόο ὁ γὰξ βαζηιῆη ρνισζεὶο

λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ ὦξζε θαθήλ ὀιέθνλην δὲ ιᾱνί

δηαζηήηελ = δηεζηήηελ

ἐξίζαληε = aor act part nom dual masc (they two) having quarreled

ηε ἄλαμ originally ηε ϝάλαμ thus allowing the hiatus

ζθσε [ἕσ] = 3rd

pers pron acc dual these two

ἔξηδη is dative of means in strife

κάρεζζαη = pres act infinitive deponent to fight

ρνισζείο = aor pass part nom sing masc having been enraged

Λεηνῦο = contracted form of Λεηόνο

βαζηιῆη = Agamemnon instrumental case by the king

ὀιέθνλην = ὠιέθνλην imperf pass ind 3rd

pers plural were being destroyed or kept

perishing

KEY

Sing O goddess of the accursed wrath of Achilles Peleiades

which brought countless woes to the Achaeans

and cast forth the souls of many valiant warriors to Hades

making them the spoils and feast of both dogs

and vultures But the will of Zeus was accomplished

indeed from the time when at first having quarreled both

Atreides king of men and the divine Achilles separated

Which of the gods of course brought these two together to fight in strife

The son of Leto and Zeus For enraged by the king he

kindled an evil plague up through the camp and the people were destroyed

155 Composition

1 ἠείδνκελ κῆληλ νὐινκέλελ Ἀρηιιῆνο ἐμ νὗ ηὰ πξῶηα Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἀλέξσλ (ἀλδξῶλ) θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο

ἠξηζάηελ θαὶ δηεζηεζάηελ (δηεζηήηελ) 2 ηίο ζεῶλ μπλῆθε (μπλέεθα) Ἀραηνὺο θαὶ ιᾱὸλ Πξηάκνπ ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 3

μπλῆθε (μπλέεθα) ζθσε (ἕν) πἱὸο Λεηόνο (Λεηνῦο) θαὶ Γηὸο ἑθεβόινο ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 4 Αηξεΐδεο βαζηιεὺο

Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο ἐρόισζαλ ἄλαθηα ἑθεβόινλ θαὶ ὁ ὦξζα (ὤξνξε) λνῦζνπο πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θαθὰο (ᾱ) ἀλὰ

ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ θαθῶο ὤιεθελ ἀγαζὸλ ιᾱόλ

Lesson 16

(887-897 910 1065-1068 697-703 707 710 732)

161 Formation of Middle Passive and Deponent Verbs

The endings of the middle voice are different from the active voice The passive voice applies the same endings

as the middle voice except in the aorist passive which applies active endings Because the middle and passive voice

are identical (other than the aorist) the context determines whether a verb is used with middle or the passive

meaning The aorist middle is often used with a passive meaning (especially in athematic forms) and the aorist

passive is often used with a middle meaning

The perfect and pluperfect of the middlepassive are athematic with the personal endings attached directly to

the reduplicated stem

The future perfect passive is formed by adding -ζνε to the perfect middle passive lengthening the vowel that

precedes this ending

The first aorist passive is formed by adding -(ζ)ζεε to the stem Before ζ π and β become θ θ and γ become ρ

and η δ ζ become ζ Many verbs have a second aorist passive that drops the ζ altogether

Deponent verbs have no active form but use the middlepassive forms in an active sense

162 Paradigms Present and Future Indicative MiddlePassive of ιύσ

Present

S 1 ιύνκαη

2 ιύεαη [(ιύῃ)]

3 ιύεηαη

D 2 ιύεζζνλ

3 ιύεζζνλ

P 1 ιπόκε(ζ)ζα

2 ιύεζζα

3 ιύνληαη

Future

S 1 ιύζνκαη (ῡ)

2 ιύζεαη (ῡ) [(ιύζῃ (ῡ))]

3 ιύζεηαη (ῡ)

D 2 ιύζεζζνλ (ῡ)

3 ιύζεζζνλ (ῡ)

P 1 ιῡζόκεζα

2 ιύζεζζε (ῡ)

3 ιύζνληαη (ῡ)

163 The Use of Voice in Greek

The active voice indicates that the subject is acting λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ ὦξζε = he kindled a plague up

through the camp

The passive voice indicates that the subject is acted upon Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιή = but the will of Zeus was

being accomplished

The Middle voice denotes one of three meanings

1 The subject acting upon itself πείζνκαη (I convince myself) θαίλνκαη (I show myself)

2 The subject acting for itself θαιένκαη (I call for myself)

3 The subject acting upon something belonging to itself ιύνκαη (I loose my own I ransom)

When determing the difference between the middle and passive keep in mind that the middle voice always

conveys a direct or indirect reference to the subject and that the subject is effect by or has an interest in the action

164 Third Declension Stems in -επ -επ -νπ and -σϝ

Stems in -επ usually became -εϝ and the third declension endings are applied after the ϝ Thus βαζηιεϝνο =

βαζηιῆνο βαηιεϝη = βαζηιῆη βαζηιεϝα = βαζηιῆα etc Note that the ϝ explains why εη (εϝη) does not form an

improper diphthong as well as why the accusative singular ends in -εα (as if the stem ended in a consonant) instead

of -ελ (as if the stem ended in a vowel) Note that when the ending consists of a consonant the -εϝ is contracted to

the diphthong -επ Thus βαζηιεϝο = βαζηιεύο βαζηιεϝ = βαζηιεῦ βαζηιεϝζη = βαζηιεῦζη In rare cases the other

endings also contract the -ε to -ε (ie βαζηιῆνο = βαζηιένο)

In stems ending originally in -ᾱϝ the ᾱ becomes ε in the Ionic dialect These are declined the same as -εϝ

except that -εῡ is formed before consonants instead of -επ Thus λᾱϝο = λεϝο = λεῦο λᾱϝ = λεϝ = λεῦ But note the

exception in the shorter form of the dative plural where λᾱϝζη = λεϝζη = λεπζί (rather than λεῡζη) In contracted

forms the ε usually becomes ε

In stems ending in -σϝ the third declension endings are applied directly to the stem Thus ἡξσϝο = ἥξσο

ἡξσϝνο = ἥξσνο ἡξσϝη = ἥξση ἡξσϝα = ἥξσα etc

In stems ending originally in -ν or -νϝ the third declension endings are applied as usual But keep in mind that -

νϝ is contracted to the diphthong -νπ before a consonant thus βνϝο = βνῦο and βνϝζη = βνπζί But note the

exception that occurs in the accusative singular where βνϝλ = βνῦλ rather than βνϝα

βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

(βαζηιεϝ-) (βνϝ-) (λᾱϝ-) (ἡξσϝ-)

N βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

G βαζηιῆνο [ένο] βνόο λεόο [εόο] ἥξσνο

D βαζηιῆη [έη] βνΐ λεί ἥξση

A βαζηιῆα [έα] βνῦλ [βῶλ] λῆα [έα] ἥξσα

V βαζηιεῦ βνῦ λεῦ ἥξσο

N V A βαζηιῆε βόε λῆε ἥξσε

G D βαζηιήνηηλ βόνηηλ λήνηηλ ἡξώνηηλ

N V βαζηιῆεο βόεο λῆεο ἥξσεο

G βαζηιήσλ βνῶλ λεῶλ [εῶλ] ἡξώσλ

D βαζηιήεζζη βόεζζη λήεζζη [έεζζη] ἡξώεζζη

βαζηιεῦζη βνπζί λεπζί ἥξσζη

A βαζηιῆαο βόαο (βνῦο) λῆαο [έαο] ἥξσαο

165 Third Declension Stems in -εζ -αζ and -νζ

When a stem ends in a vowel plus -ζ the initial ζ is dropped between two vowels Thus γεξαζνο = γέξανο

ἠνζνο = ἠόνο etc

All third declension nouns with stems ending in -εο are neuters and follow the pattern of ἔπνο The third

declension endings are applied as usual except that the nominative vocative and accusative singulars end in -νο

Nouns with stems ending in -νο take -σο in the nominative and vocative singular but otherwise apply the third

declension endings as usual (dropping ζ between two vowels)

ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

(ϝεπεζ-) (γεξαζ-) (ἀϝζνζ- (ᾱ))

N ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

G ἔπενο γέξανο ἠόνο

D ἔπετ γέξατ ἠόη

A ἔπνο γέξαο ἠόα

V ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

N V A ἔπεε γέξαε

G D ἐπένηηλ γεξάνηηλ

N V ἔπεα γέξα(α)

G ἐπέσλ γεξάσλ

D ἐπέεζζη γεξάεζζη

ἔπε(ζ)ζη γέξα(ζ)ζη

A ἔπεα γέξα(α)

166 Third Declension Stems in -καη and -καξ

Stems ending in -καη and -καξ are neuters

Stems in -καη drop the -ηο in the nominative vocative and accusative singular δσκαηο = δῶκα Otherwise the

third declension endings are applied as usual

Stems ending in -καξ are declined like those ending in -καη except in the nominative vocative and accusative

singular (which end in -καξ)

δῶκα ἦκαξ

(δσκαη-) (ἠκαξ- ἠκαη-)

N δῶκα ἦκαξ

G δώκαηνο ἤκαηνο

D δώκαηη ἤκαηη

A δῶκα ἦκαξ

V δῶκα ἦκαξ

N V A δώκαηε ἤκαηε

G D δσκάηνηηλ ἠκάηνηηλ

N V δώκαηα ἤκαηα

G δσκάησλ ἠκάησλ

D δσκάηεζζη ἠκάηεζζη

δώκαζη ἤκαζη

A δώκαηα ἤκαηα

167 Third Declension Stems in -λη and -λ

Stems ending in -λη drop the -λη before ζ and lengthen the preceding vowel thus παληο = πᾶο παληζη = πᾶζη

Otherwise the third declension endings are applied as usual In neuters the -η is dropped at the end of the word thus

παλη = πᾶλ Stems in -λ drop the -λ before ζ and lengthen the preceding vowel in the masculine (but not in the

neuter)

πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

(παλη- παληα- παλη-)

Masc Fem Neut

N πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

G παληόο πάζεο (ᾱ) παληόο

D παληί πάζῃ (ᾱ) παληί

A πάληα πᾶζαλ πᾶλ

V πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

N V πάληεο πᾶζαη πάληα

G πάλησλ πᾱζάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] πάλησλ

D πάληεζ(ζ)η πάζῃζη (ᾱ) πάληεζ(ζ)η

πᾶζη πάζῃο (ᾱ) πᾶζη

A πάληνο πάζᾱο (ᾱ) πάληα

κέιᾱο κέιαηλα κέιαλ

(κειαλ- κειαηλα- κειαλ-)

N κέιᾱο κέιαηλα κέιαλ

G κέιαλνο κειαίλεο κέιαλνο

D κέιαλη κειαίλῃ κέιαλη

A κέιαλα κέιαηλαλ κέιαλ

V κέιαλ κέιαηλα κέιαλ

N V A κέιαλε κειαίλᾱ κέιαλε

G D κειάλνηηλ κειαίλῃηλ κειάλνηηλ

N V κέιαλεο κέιαηλαη κέιαλα

G κειάλσλ κειαηλάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] κειάλσλ

D κειάλεζ(ζ)η κειαίλῃζη κειάλεζ(ζ)η

κέιαζη κειαίλῃο κέιαζη

A κέιαλεο κειαίλᾱο κέιαλα

168 Vocabulary

Nouns

Ἀπόιισλ (ᾰ or ᾰ) σλνο ὁ Apollo

ἀξεηήξ (ᾱ) ῆξνο ὁ priest prayer

ζπγάηεξ ηέξνο (ηξόο) ἡ daughter

θνζκήησξ νξνο ὁ commander marshaller

λεῦο λεόο (λεόο) ἡ ship

ζηέκκα καηνο ηό fillet (of white cotton) wreath

ρείξ ρεηξόο ἡ hand arm

Verbs

ἔξρνκαη (ἐξρ- ἐιε- ἐιεπζ- ἐιπζ-) come go

ἐιεύζνκαη I will come I will go

ἦιζνλ (ἤιπζνλ) I came I went

ιίζζνκαη (ιηη-) I beg I entreat

---

ἐιιηζάκελ (ἐιηηόκελ) I begged I entreated

Adjectives Prepositions

ζνόο ή όλ swift speedy

πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ all every (the) whole

Indeclinable

δύν (δύσ) two

κάιηζηα most especially by all means

169 Translation

1 Ἀπόιισλ ἑθεβόινο ρνινῦηαη βαζηιῆη Αηξεΐδῃ θαὶ πέκπεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ ὀιέθνληαη δὲ

ιᾱνί νὕλεθα δῖνο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) 2 Υξύζεο (ῡ) γὰξ ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἑθεβόινπ ἔξρεηαη

ἐπὶ ζνὰο (ᾱ) λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ θέξεη δrsquo ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα ζπγαηξόο ἣλ Ἀηξεΐδεο ἔρεη ἐλ ζηξαηῷ 3 ὁ δrsquo ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἔρεη

ζηέκκαηα ἑθεβόινπ Ἀπόιισλνο ἐλ ρεξζὶλ ἀλὰ ρξῡζέῳ ζθήπηξῳ θαὶ ιίζζεηαη πάληαο Ἀραηνύο κάιηζηα δrsquo Ἀηξεΐδᾱ

δύσ θνζκήηνξε ιᾱῶλ 4 Ἀπόιισλ ρνιώζεηαη βαζηιῆη θαὶ ὄξζεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηόλ 5 ἐιεύζνληαη ἐπὶ ζνὰο

(ᾱ) λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ νἴζνπζη ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα βαζηιῆη 6 ιίζζνληαη πάληαο Ἀραηνύο 7 Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζελ (ῑ)

ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) θαὶ νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε ζύγαηξα

KEY

1 Apollo the free-shooter enraged by king Atreides sent an evil plague through the camp of the Achaeans and

the people were destroyed because the divine Atreides dishonored Chryses the priest 2 For Chryses the priest of

the free-shooter went upon the swift ships of the Achaeans bearing countless ransoms for his daughter whom

Atreides was holding in the camp 3 But the priest had a wreath of Apollo the free-shooter upon a staff in his hand

and was entreating all of the Achaeans but especially the sons of Atreus (who were) the commanders of the host 4

Apollo will be enraged by the king and will kindle an evil plague up through the camp 5 They will go upon the

swift ships of the Achaeans and bring countless ransoms to the king 6 They are entreating all of the Achaeans 7

Atreides dishonored the priest and would not release his daughter

1610 Iliad 11-16

hellipὀιέθνλην δὲ ιᾱνί

νὕλεθα ηὸλ Υξύζελ ἠηίκαζελ ἀξεηῆξα

Αηξεΐδεο ὁ γὰξ ἦιζε ζνὰο ἐπὶ λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ

ιπζόκελνο ηε ζύγαηξα θέξσλ ηrsquo ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα

ζηέκκαηrsquo ἔρσλ ἐλ ρεξζὶλ ἑθεβόινπ Ἀπόιισλνο

ρξπζέῳ ἀλὰ ζθήπηξῳ θαὶ ἐιίζζεην πάληαο Ἀραηνύο

Ἀηξεΐδα δὲ κάιηζηα δύσ θνζκήηνξε ιαῶλ

ηόλ Υξύζελ = that (well-known) Chryses

The first verse ends in two spondees making it a spondaic verse and emphasizing the fact that

Chryses was a priest

ιῡζόκελνο = fut mid part nom masc sing being about to ransom

θέξσλ = pres act part nom sing masc bearing bringing

ἔρσλ = pres act part nom sing masc having holding

ρεξζὶλ ἑθεβόινπ = ρεξζὶ ϝεθεβόινπ

ρξῡζέῳ = synizesis where -έῳ is pronounced as a single syllable

ἐιίζζεην = imperf act ind 3rd

pers sing dep (kept) entreating was entreating

Ἀηξεΐδᾱ = dual of Ἀηξεΐδεο refers to both Agamemnon and Menelaus

KEY

hellipand the people were being destroyed

because Atreides dishonored Chryses the priest

For he had gone upon the swift ships of the Achaeans

intending to ransom his daughter bearing countless gifts

and holding in his hand fillets of Apollo the free-shooter

upon a golden staff and was entreating all of the Achaeans

but especially the two sons of Atreus the commanders of the host

1611 Composition

1 Chryses the priest of Apollo is dishonored by the son of Atreus 2 The Achaeans will go from their swift

ships to Troy and ransom the beloved daughter of the priest 3 We shall bring many ransoms and shall hold in our

hands the fillets of Apollo 4 We do not have a golden scepter but we entreat Priam and all the people of Troy 5

The two sons of Atreus marshallers of the people are entreating Priam but he will slight them 6 The son of

Atreus king of men slighted the priest and did not release his daughter

KEY

1 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) Ἀπόιινπ ἀηῑκάδεηαη Ἀηξεΐδῃ 2 Ἀραηνὶ ἐιεύζνληαη ἐθ ζνάσλ (ᾱ) λήσλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ (ῑ)

θαὶ ἀπειύζνληαη (ῡ) θίιε ζπγάηεξα ἀξεηῆξη (ᾱ) 3 νἴζνκελ πνιιrsquo ἄπνηλα θαὶ ἕζρνκελ ἐλ ρείξεζζη ζηέκκαηα

Ἀπόιινπ 4 νὐθ ἔρνκελ ζθῆπηξνλ ρξύζενλ ἀιιὰ ιηζζόκεζα Πξίακνλ θαὶ πᾶληα ιᾱνλ Ἰιίνπ (ῑ) 5 δύrsquo Ἀηξεΐδᾱ

θνζκήηεξᾱ ιᾱσλ ιίζζεζζνλ Πξίακνλ αὐηνὺο δrsquo ἀηῑκάζεη 6 Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἄλδξσλ ἠηίκαζελ (ῑ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) θαὶ

νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε ζπγάηεξα

1612 Meter

ΟΤ λε θα | ΣΟΝ ΥΡΤ | ΖΝ Ζ | ΣΗ κα ζελ | Α ΡΖ | ΣΖ ΡΑ~

Α ηξε η | ΓΖ ν γαξ | ΖΛ ζε ζν | Α ε πη | ΝΖ αο α | ΥΑΗ ΧΝ

ΛΤ ζν κε | ΝΟ ηε ζπ | ΓΑΣ ξα θε | ΡΧΝ ηα πε | ΡΔΗ ζη α | ΠΟΗ ΝΑ~

ΣΔΜ καη ε | ΥΧΝ ΔΝ | ΥΔΡ ζηλ ε | ΚΖ βν ινπ | Α ΠΟΛ | ΛΧ ΝΟ~

ΥΡΤζεσα | ΝΑ ΚΖΠ | ΣΡΧ θαη ε | ΛΗ ζε ην | ΠΑΝ ηαο α | ΥΑΗ ΟΤ

ΑΣ ξε η | ΓΑ δε κα | ΛΗ ηα δπ | Χ ΚΟ | ΜΖ ην ξε | ΛΑ ΧΝ

Lesson 17

(910 - imperfect middle and passive aorist middle of ιύσ 648-658 - the table

of endings in 32)

171 Paradigms Imperfect MiddlePassive of ιύσ

S 1 ἐιπόκελ

2 ἐιύεν [(ἐιύεπ)]

3 ἐιύεην

D 2 ἐιύεζζνλ

3 ἐιπέζζελ

P 1 ἐιπόκε(ζ)ζα

2 ἐιύεζζε

3 ἐιύνλην

172 Paradigms Aorist Middle of ιύσ

Thematic Athematic (2nd

Aorist)

S 1 ἐιῡζάκελ ἐιύκελ

2 ἐιύζαν (ῡ) [(ἐιύζσ (ῡ))] ἔιπ(ζ)ν

3 ἐιύζαην (ῡ) ἔιπην

D 2 ἐιύζαζζνλ (ῡ) ἔιπζζνλ

3 ἐιῡζάζζελ ἐιύζζελ

P 1 ἐιῡζάκε(ζ)ζα ἐιύκε(ζ)ζα

2 ἐιύζαζζε (ῡ) ἔιπζζε

3 ἐιύζαλην (ῡ) ἔιπλην

173 Vocabulary

δῶκα αηνο ηό house home

παῖο παηδόο ὁ ἡ child son daughter

π(η)όιηο ηνο (ενο) ἡ city state

ἐπθλήκῑο ῑδνο well-greaved

ἐγώ(λ) κέν (κεῦ) I

ζύ ζέν (ζεῦ) you

κέλhellip δέ on the one handhellip trulyhellip on the one handhellip on the other hand

partlyhellip partly the onehellip the other

νἴθαδε home homeward to home home

Verbs

ἅδνκαη (ἁγ-) (defective) I reverence

δέρνκαη I accept I receive

δέμνκαη I will accept

ἐδεμάκελ (ἐδέγκελ) I accepted

δίδσκη (δσ- δν-) I give I grant

(δη)δώζσ I will give

ἔδσθα I gave

ἐθπέξζσ (πεξζ- πξαζ-) I sack (utterly) I plunder I pillage

ἐθπέξζσ I will sack

ἐμέπεξζα (ἐμέπξαζνλ) I sacked

ἱθλένκαη I arrive I reach (a destination)

ἵμνκαη I will arrive

ἱθόκελ (ῑ) I arrived

174 Translation

1 ζενὶ ἔρνπζηλ ιύκπηα δώκαηα ἔδσθαλ δrsquo Ἀηξεΐδεο θαὶ ἄιινηζηλ ἐπθλεκίδεζζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἐθπέξζαη

(infinitive) πόιηλ Πξηάκνπ ηόηε δrsquo ἵθνλην (ῑ) ἐὺ νἴθαδε νὕλεθα παῖδα θίιελ ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἔιῡζαλ 2 ἀπέιῡζαλ

ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνὶ ζύγαηξα θίιελ ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἐδέμαλην δrsquo ἀγιαὰ ἄπνηλα νὕλεθα ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλα Γηὸο πἱὸλ

ἅδνλην 3 ἅδεηαη ἑθεβόινλ 4 Ἀηξεΐδεο νὐθ ἐδέμαην ηὰ ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα 5 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἔδσθελ ἄπνηλα

πνιιὰ βαζηιῆη Ἀηξεΐδῃ 6 πάληεο ζενὶ θαὶ πᾶζαη ζεαὶ εἶρνλ ιύκπηα δώκαηα 7 Ἀραηνὶ ἐπθλήκῑδεο ἐθπέξζνπζη

Πξηάκνην πόιηλ ἵμνληαη δrsquo ἐπ νἴθαδε 8 παῖο θίιε ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἐιύζαην (ῡ) ἵθεην (ῑ) δrsquo ἐὺ νἴθαδε

KEY

1 The gods have Olympian homes but they gave the son of Atreus and the other well-greaved Achaeans to

utterly sack the city of Priam and then they returned safe at home because they released the dear child of the priest

2 The well-greaved Achaeans released the dear daughter of the priest and received glorious ransoms because they

reverenced the free-shooter Apollo son of Zeus 3 He reverences te free-shooter 4 The son of Atreus did not

receive the glorious ransoms 5 Chryses the priest gave many ransoms to king Atreides 6 All of the gods and all of

the goddesses had Olympian homes 7 The well-greved Achaeans will utterly sack Priamrsquos city and will return safe

to home 8 The dear child of the priest was released and arrived well to her home

175 Iliad 17-21

ltltἈηξεΐδαη ηε θαὶ ἄιινη ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνί

ὑκῖλ κὲλ ζενὶ δνῖελ ιύκπηα δώκαηrsquo ἔρνληεο

ἐθπέξζαη Πξηάκνην πόιηλ ἐὺ δrsquo νἴθαδrsquo ἱθέζζαη

παῖδα δrsquo ἐκνὶ ιῦζαί ηε θίιελ ηά ηrsquo ἄπνηλα δέρεζζαη

ἁδόκελνη Γηὸο πἱὸλ ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλαgtgt

Ἀηξεΐδαηhellip ἄιινη ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνί = vocative case

ὑκῖλ (ῡ) = dat plural of ζύ to you

ζενί = one syllable by synizesis

κέλ (v 18) = correlative of δέ (v 20)

δνῖελ = aor act optative 3rd

plural of δίδσκη may they grant

ἔρνληεο = pres act part nom masc plural of ἔρσ having possessing

ἐθπέξζαη = aor act inf of ἐθπέξζσ to sack utterly

ἱθέζζαη = aor act inf of ἱθένκαη to arrive (compare κάρεζζαη)

ιῦζαη δέρεζζαη = infinitives used as imperatives free and accept

ηά ηrsquo ἄπνηλα (ηά ηε ἄπνηλα) = thesehellip gifts

ἁδόκελνη = pres act part nom masc plural reverencing

KEY

ldquoSons of Atreus and you other well-greaved Achaeans

may the gods who have their homes on Olympus grant you

to utterly sack Priamrsquos city and return safe to home

but release my dear child to me and accept these gifts

reverencing Apollo who shoots at will the son of Zeusrdquo

176 Composition

1 The gods who have (ἔρνληεο) Olympian homes will grant to the sons of Atreus and to the other well-greaved

Achaeans to sack utterly (ἐθπέξζαη) the city of Priam 2 When they sacked the city of Priam they returned happily

home 3 They accepted the shining ransoms and freed the darling daughter of the priest Chryses 4 We reverenced

the free-shooter Apollo son of Leto and Zeus and escaped death 5 Will the son of Atreus accept the shining

ransoms 6 The child of the priest was freed when he gave many shining ransoms which the two sons of Atreus

accepted

KEY

1 ζενὶ ἔρνληεο ιύκπηα δώκαηα δώζνπζη Ἀηξεΐδῃζη θαὶ ἄιινηζηλ ἐπθλεκίδεζζηλ (ῑ) Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἐθπέξζαη πόιηλ

Πξηάκνπ 2 ηόηε ἐμέπεξζαλ πόιηλ Πξηάκνην ἵθνλην (ῑ) ἐὺ νἴθαδε 3 ἐδέμαλην ἀγιαrsquo ἄπνηλα θαὶ ἀπέιῡζαλ ζπγάηεξα

θίιε ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) Υξύζᾱν (ῡ) 4 ἡμάκεζα ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλα Λεηόνο θαὶ Γηὸο πἱόλ θαὶ ζάλαηνλ 5

Ἀηξεΐδεο δέμεηαη ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα 6 παῖο ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἀπειύζαην (ῡ) ηόηε ἔδσθελ ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀγιάα ηὰ

Ἀηξεΐδᾱ ἐδώθαζηλ

Lesson 18

(Perfect and Pluperfect Active of Verbs 904 922 Third Declension γέρων

αἴξ 693-695)

181 Formation of the Perfect and Pluperfect Active

The perfect and pluperfect in all modes experience reduplication of the initial syllable which denotes completed

action Verbs beginning with a single consonant (except ξ) prefix this consonant followed by -ε Thus ιύσ =

ιέιπθα The stem sometimes stands in ablaut relation to the stem of the present as in βαίλσ = βέβεθα A

reduplicated syllable beginning with an aspirated mute is changed to its corresponding voiceless mute in the

reduplicated syllable ie ζλήζθσ = ηέζλεθα In these cases the reduplicated pluperfect adds ἐ- to the reduplicated

syllable ie ιύσ = ιέιπθα = ἐιέιπθε

Vebs beginning with a double consonant two consonants (except a mute followed by a liquid or a nasal) ξ and

some beginning with κ simply augment the stem with the addition of ε-

Verbs beginning in a vowel typically take the temporal augment by lengthening the vowel ie νἴρνκαη =

ᾤρσθα However verbs beginning with a vowel in which an initial consonant has been lost may take the syllabic

augment

Compound verbs typically insert the reduplication and augment between the preposition and the verb ie

ἀπνιύσ = ἀπνιέιπθα = ἀπειειύθε

The first perfect active adds -θα- to the stem followed by the primary endings The first pluperfect active

similarly adds -θε- followed by the secondary endings In general a short final vowel is lengthened before the

addition of the -θα- or -θε- Second perfects and pluperfects active are the older form and are more common in

Homer These omit the θ and simply add -α- or -ε- respectively The second perfects are more common in stems

ending in a consonant

In general the singular perfect and pluperfect active stand in ablaut relation to the dual and plural forms

Perfects and pluperfects are rare in Homer and only occur in some twenty verbs

182 Paradigms λέλυκα and βέβηκα

ιέιπθα ἐιειύθε (ἐιειύθεα)

ιέιπθαο ἐιειύθο (ἐιειύθεαο)

ιέιπθε(λ) ἐιειύθεη (ἐιειύθεε)

ιειύθαηνλ ἐιειύθαηνλ

ιειύθαηνλ ἐιειπθάηελ

ιειύθακελ ἐιειύθεκελ

ιειύθαηε ἐιειύθεηε

ιειύθᾱζη ἐιειύθεζαλ

βέβεθα ἐβεβήθεα (ἐβεβήθε)

βέβεθαο ἐβεβήθεαο (ἐβεβήθεο)

βέβεθε(λ) ἐβεβήθεε (ἐβεβήθεη)

βέβαηνλ ἐβέβαηνλ

βέβαηνλ ἐβεβάηελ

βέβακελ ἐβέβακελ

βέβαηε ἐβέβαηε

βέβᾱζη ἐβέβαζαλ

183 Paradigms γέρων and αἴξ

γέξσλ αἴμ

γέξνληνο αἰγόο

γέξνληη αἰγί

γέξνληα αἶγα

γέξνλ αἴμ

γέξνληε αἶγε

γεξόληνηηλ αἴγνηηλ

γέξνληεο αἶγεο

γεξόλησλ αἰγῶλ

γεξόληεζ(ζ)η (γέξνπζη) αἴγεζ(ζ)η (αἰμί)

γέξνληαο αἶγαο

184 Vocabulary

ἀγνξή ῆο ἡ assembly meeting place gathering harrangue

αἴμ αἰγόο ὁ ἡ goat

Ἄξγνο ενο ηό Argos (both a country and a city in Greece)

γέξσλ νληνο ὁ old man

γῆξαο ανο ηό old age

ἱεξεύο ῆνο ὁ priest holy man

κεξίνλ νπ ηό thigh-bone thigh-piece

πνύο πνδόο ὁ foot

ηαῦξνο νπ ὁ bull

θξήλ θξελόο ἡ diaphragm mind heart soul spirit disposition

δέθαηνο ε νλ tenth

ἡκέηεξνο ε νλ our ours

θνῖινο ε νλ hollow

ὠθύο ὠθεῖα ὠθύ swift speedy

ζλήζθσ die perish

ζαλένκαη

ἔζαλνλ

ηέζλεθα

θεύγσ flee fly escape run (off away along)

θεύμνκαη

ἔθπγνλ

πέθεπγα

Lesson 7

Review

71 Review Vocabulary

ἀγιαόο ή όλ splendid ζῡκόο νῦ ὁ heart

ἀείδσ sing θαί and

ἀλ- ἀ- un- θαίσ burn

ἁλδάλσ is pleasing to θαθόο ή όλ evil

ἀπεξείζηνο ε νλ immeasurable θᾱιόο ή όλ good

ἄπνηλα σλ ηά ransom Κίιια εο ἡ Cilla

ἀηῑκάδσ dishonor θιαγγή ῆο ἡ roar

Ἀραηόο νῦ ὁ Achaean ιᾱόο νῦ ὁ host

βαίλσ go walk ιύσ loose

βνπιή ῆο ἡ plan κῡξίνη αη α countless

γάξ for λνῦζνο νπ ἡ plague

δέ but νἰσλόο νῦ ὁ bird

δεηλόο ή όλ terrible ὀιέθσ kill

εἰο (ἐο) into νὐ (νὐρ) not

εἰζί they are πάηξε εο ἡ fatherland

ἐθ (ἐμ) out of πέκπσ send

ἑιώξηνλ νπ ηό spoil πνιιόο ή όλ many

ἐλ(ί) εἰλ in ππξή ῆο ἡ funeral pyre

ἐπί upon ζηξαηόο νῦ ὁ army

ἐζηί it is ηειείσ accomplish

ἔρσ have ηεύρσ make

ἦλ it was ηίο ηί who what

ἦζαλ they were θέξσ carry

ζάιαζζα εο ἡ sea θίινο ε νλ beloved

ζεά (ᾱ) ᾶο ἡ goddess Υξύζε (ῡ) εο ἡ Chrysa

ςῡρή ῆο ἡ soul

72 Translation Exercises

1 ἀδείδνκελ ζεὰλ (ᾱ) ζαιάζζεο δεηλῆο θιαγγῇ πνιιῇ 2 νὐθ ἀηῑκάδνπζη ζενὺο 3 βνπιαὶ Ἀραηῶλ νὐρ

ἁλδάλνπζη ζεᾳ θᾱιῇ ζῡκῷ 4 βαίλεη ἐθ ζηξαηνῦ Ἀραηῶλ εἰο Κίιιαλ θαὶ θέξεη ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα ζεῷ 5 λνῦζνο θαθὴ

βαίλεη ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ θαὶ ηεύρεη πνιινὺο Ἀραηνὺο ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζηλ 6 θαὶ ζενὶ θαὶ ζεαὶ ὀιέθνπζη ιᾱὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 7 ηίο

Ἀραηῶλ ἔρεη ζῡκὸλ θαθόλ 8 ἦζαλ πνιιαὶ ζεαὶ ἐλὶ ζαιάζζῃ 9 θαίεη ππξὰο (ᾱ) ἐπὶ ζαιάζζῃ 10 ιύεηε ζηξαηὸλ

Ἀραηῶλ 11 πάηξε ἐζηὶ θίιε ςῡρῇ κῡξίσλ Ἀραηῶλ 12 ηίο πέκπεη ζηξαηὸλ ἐθ Κίιιεο εἰο Υξύζελ (ῡ) 13 βνπιὴ

θαθὴ ἐζηηλ ἁλδάλεη δὲ ζεᾷ ζῡκῷ 14 ηί ἀείδεηε

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 With a great noise we hymn the goodess of the terrible sea 2 We do not dishonor the gods 3 The will of the

Achaeans does not please the heart of the beautiful goddess 4 He goes from the Achaean camp to Cilla and delivers

countless ransoms to the god 5 An evil plague goes up through the camp and makes many Achaeans spoils for the

vultures 6 Both gods and goddesses destroy the host of the Achaeans 7 Who of the Achaeans has an evil heart 8

Were there many goddesses in the sea 9 He burns funeral pyres by the sea 10 You destroy the camp of the

Achaeans 11 The fatherland is dear to the soul of countless Achaeans 12 Who dispatches the army from Cilla to

Chrysa 13 It is an evil plan but it pleases the heart of the goddess 14 What do you sing

73 Composition Exercises

1 The Achaeans sing the beautiful goddess of the terrible sea 2 We do not dishonor the gods for they are dear

to (our) souls 3 The plans of the army are pleasing to the goddess in (her) noble soul 4 Many Achaeans are going

from the encampment and are bringing countless glorious ransoms to the gods 5 The evil plague destroys the

people and makes the army a booty for countless birds 6 We do not sing for it is not pleasing to the soul of the

goddess

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 Ἀραηνὶ ἀείδνπζη ζεὰλ (ᾱ) θᾱιὴλ δεηλῆο ζαιάζζεο 2 νὐθ ἀηῑκάδνκελ ζενὺο θίινη δὲ ζῡκνῖζηλ 3 βνπιαὶ

ζηξαηῷ ἁλδάλνπζη ζεᾷ ζῡκῷ 4 Ἀραηνὶ πνιινὶ βαίλνπζηλ ἐθ ζηξαηνῦ θαὶ θέξνπζηλ ἄπνηλα ἀπεξείζηα θαὶ ἀγιαὰ

ζενῖζηλ 5 θαθὴ λνῦζνο ὀιέθεη ιᾱὸλ θαὶ ηεύρεη ζηξαηὸλ ἄπνηλα νἰσλνῖζηλ ἀπεξείζηνῐζηλ 6 νὐθ ἀείδνκελ νὐθ γὰξ

ἁλδάλεη ςῡρῇ ζεᾶο

Lesson 8

(765-766 773-774)

81 The Second Declension (Continued)

Several words are declined like θᾱιόο ή όλ except that the nominative vocative and accusative singular of

the neuter ends in -o instead of -νλ Some of these words include ὅο ἥ ὅ (which) ὁ ἡ ηό (that) (ἐ)θεῖλνο ε ν

(that) αὐηόο ή ό (he she it) and ἄιινο ε ν (another)

The words ὅδε and νὗηνο are not introduced in this lesson but they are dleclined similarly and so are included

in the paradigms as reference

ὁ ἡ ηό (that hesheit whowhichwhat)

Masc Fem Neut

N ὁ ἡ ηό

G ηνῦ ηνῖν ηῆο ηνῦ ηνῖν

D ηῷ ηῇ ηῷ

A ηόλ ηήλ ηό

N A ηώ (ηώ) ηώ

G D ηνῖηλ (ηνῖηλ) ηνῖηλ

N νἱ αἱ ηά

G ηῶλ ηάσλ (ᾱ) [ηῶλ] ηῶλ

D ηνῖζη ηνῖο ηῇζη ηῇο ηνῖζη ηνῖο

A ηνύο ηάο (ᾱ) ηά

αὐηόο ή ό (hesheit self same)

Masc Fem Neut

N αὐηόο αὐηή αὐηό

G αὐηνῦ νῖν αὐηῆο αὐηνῦ νῖν

D αὐηῷ αὐηῇ αὐηῷ

A αὐηόλ αὐηήλ αὐηό

N A αὐηώ (αὐηώ) αὐηώ

G D αὐηνῖηλ (αὐηνῖηλ) αὐηνῖηλ

N αὐηνί αὐηαί αὐηά

G αὐηῶλ αὐηάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] αὐηῶλ

D αὐηνῖζη νῖο αὐηῇζη ῇο αὐηνῖζη νῖο

A αὐηνύο αὐηάο (ᾱ) αὐηά

ὅο ἥ ὅ (whowhichwhat)

Masc Fem Neut

N ὅο ἥ ὅ

G νὖ [ὅνπ ὅν] ἥο νὗ [ὅνπ ὅν]

D ᾧ ᾗ ᾧ

A ὅλ ἥλ ὅ

N A ὥ (ὥ) ὥ

G D νἷηλ (νἷηλ) νἶηλ

N νἵ αἵ ἅ

G ὧλ ὧλ ὧλ

D νἷζη νἷο ᾗζη ᾗο νἷζη νἷο

A νὕο ἅο (ᾱ) ἅ

(ἐ)θεῖλνο ε ν (that)

Masc Fem Neut

N (ἐ)θεῖλνο (ἐ)θείλε (ἐ)θεῖλν

G (ἐ)θείλνπ νην (ἐ)θείλεο (ἐ)θείλνπ νην

D (ἐ)θείλῳ (ἐ)θείλῃ (ἐ)θείλῳ

A (ἐ)θεῖλνλ (ἐ)θείλελ (ἐ)θεῖλν

N A (ἐ)θείλσ ((ἐ)θείλσ) (ἐ)θείλσ

G D (ἐ)θείλνηηλ ((ἐ)θείλνηηλ) (ἐ)θείλνηηλ

N (ἐ)θεῖλνη (ἐ)θεῖλαη (ἐ)θεῖλα

G (ἐ)θείλσλ (ἐ)θεηλάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] (ἐ)θείλσλ

D (ἐ)θείλνηζη νηο (ἐ)θείλῃζη ῃο (ἐ)θείλνηζη νηο

A (ἐ)θείλνπο (ἐ)θείλᾱο (ἐ)θεῖλα

ὅδε ἥδε ηόδε (this)

Masc Fem Neut

N ὅδε ἥδε ηόδε

G ηνύδε ηνῖνδε ηῆζδε ηνύδε ηνῖνδε

D ηῷδε ηῇδε ηῷδε

A ηόλδε ηήλδε ηόδε

N A ηώδε (ηώδε) ηώδε

G D ηνῖηλδε (ηνῖηλδε) ηνῖηλδε

N νἵδε (ηνίδε) αἵδε (ηαίδε) ηάδε

G ηῶλδε ηάσλδε (ᾱ) [ηῶλδε] ηῶλδε

D ηνῖζηδε ηνῖζδε ηῇζηδε ηῇζδε ηνῖζηδε ηνῖζδε

ηνίζδεζη ηνίζδεζη

ηνίζδεζζη ηνίζδεζζη

A ηνύζδε ηάζδε (ᾱ) ηάδε

νὗηνο αὕηε ηνῦην (this)

Masc Fem Neut

N νὗηνο αὕηε ηνῦην

G ηνύηνπ νην ηαύηεο ηνύηνπ νην

D ηνύηῳ ηαύηῃ ηνύηῳ

A ηνῦηνλ ηαύηελ ηνῦην

N A ηνύησ (ηνύησ) ηνύησ

G D ηνύηνηηλ (ηνύηνηηλ) ηνύηνηηλ

N νὗηνη αὗηαη ηαῦηα

G ηνύησλ ηαῡηάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] ηνύησλ

D ηνύηνηζη νηο ηαύηῃζη ῃο ηνύηνηζη νηο

A ηνύηνπο ηαύηᾱο ηαῦηα

82 Vocabulary

ἀιιά but moreover

ἄιινο ε νλ other another

αὐηόο ή ό self him himself her herself it itself same

δῖνο α νλ (declined like ζάιαζζα) divine heavenly glorious

(ἐ)θεῖλνο ε ν that (one) he she it

ἑθεβόινο νπ ὁ free-shooter sharpshooter (originally shoots-at-will a title for Apollo)

θαθῶο evilly wickedly harshly with evil consequences

ὁ ἡ ηό this that he she it who which what

νὕλεθα (νὗ-ἔλεθα) because

ζθῆπηξνλ νπ ηό scepter staff

ηέ and also both

ρξύζενο (ῡ) ε νλ gold golden of gold

83 Derivatives

ἄιινο (allo-) = allopathy

αὐηόο (auto-) = automaton autocracy autograph autonomy

ρξύζενο (ῡ) (chryse-) = chrysanthemum chrysalis chrysolite

84 Translation Excersis

1 δῖνο ἑθεβόινο αὐηὸο ἀείδεη ἀιιrsquo νὐρ ἁλδάλεη ἄιινηζη ζενῖζη ζῡκῷ 2 θεῖλνη Ἀραηνὶ ἀηῑκάδνπζη ηνὺο ζενύο

3 ὁ ἑθεβόινο πέκπεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ θαθῶο ὀιέθεη θεῖλνλ ιᾱόλ νὕλεθα ηὸλ ἀηῑκάδνπζηλ 4

νὐθ ἀηῑκάδνκελ ηνὺο ζενύο νἳ ἔρνπζη ζθῆπηξα ρξύζεα (ῡ) 5 ὁ ἑθεβόινο ηε θαὶ νἱ ἄιινη ζενὶ θέξνπζη ρξύζεα (ῡ)

ζθῆπηξα θᾱιά 6 ηίο ηεύρεη ηὰ ζθῆπηξα ρξύζεα (ῡ) ηνῖζη ζενῖο ζαιάζζεο 7 ἀείδεη ἑθεβόινο αὐηὸο βνπιὰο (ᾱ)

ἄιισλ ζεῶλ ηνῖζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ 8 εἰζὶλ νἱ Ἀραηνὶ θᾱινί νἱ ὀιέθνπζη ηὸλ ζηξαηὸλ θαίνπζί ηε ηὰο (ᾱ) ππξάο (ᾱ) 9 ἡ

ζεὰ (ᾱ) ηῆο δεηλῆο ζαιάζζεο ἔρεη ηὸ ζθῆηξνλ ρξύζενλ (ῡ) 10 ἐλὶ ηῇ πάηξε εἰζὶλ αἱ ππξαί 11 ηίο ηεύρεη ηὸλ

ζηξαηὸλ ἑιώξηα ηνῖζηλ νἰσλνῖζηλ

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 The divine free-shooter himself sings but it does not please the hearts of the other gods 2 Those Achaeans

dishonor these gods 3 This free-shooter sends an evil plague up through the camp of the Achaeans and wickedly

destroys that host because they dishonor him 4 We do not dishonor these gods who hold the golden scepters 5

Both this free-shooter and these other gods carry beautiful golden scepters 6 Who fashions the golden scepters for

these gods of the sea 7 Does the free-shooter himself sing the plans of the other gods to these Achaeans 8 Are

these Achaeans noble who destroy (our) camp and burn funeral pyres 9 This goddess of the terrible sea holds a

golden scepter 10 The funeral pyrers are in (our) fatherland 11 Who makes (our) camp a spoil for these vultures

85 Composition Exercises

1 ἑθεβόινο αὐηὸο ἀείδεη ηὰο (ᾱ) βνπιὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) ζεῶλ 2 ηί νὐρ ἁλδάλεη ηνῖο ἄιινηζη ζενῖζηλ νἳ ἐλὶ

ζαιάζζῃ 3 ἐθεῖλνο Ἀραηὸο ἀηῑκάδεη ηνὺο ζενὺο πάηξεο νἱ ἔρνπζη ηὰ ζθῆπηξα ρξύζεα (ῡ) 4 ὁ ἑθεβόινο πέκπεη

λνύζνπο πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θαθὰο (ᾱ) ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ ὀιέθεη κῡξίνπο ιᾱνύο νὕλεθα ηὸλ ἀηῑκάδνπζηλ 5 ηίο

θαίεη ηὰο (ᾱ) ππξὰο (ᾱ) Ἀραηῶλ ἐπὶ δεηλῇ ζαιάζζῃ 6 ὁ ἑθεβόινο ηεύρεη κῡξίνπο Ἀραίνπο ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζηλ νὕλεθα

ηὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) ζεὰο (ᾱ) ζαιάζζεο ἀηῑκάδνπζηλ

Lesson 9

(830-840 904)

91 The Verbal Augment

Greek verbs frequently add a prefix to a verb (in the secondary tenses of the idicative) to indicate action

occurring in the past This prefix is called an augment Verbal augments take one of two forms the syllabic

augment which consists of adding an extra syllable to the beginning of a word and the temporal augment which

consists of lengthening the first syllable of a word While the augment is consistently applied in later dialects of

Greek it was still optional in Homeric and is often omitted (the tense being determined solely from the suffixes)

The syllabic augment is applied to verbs that begin with a consonant (or rare verbs that originally began with a

consonant) and consists of the prefix ε- Thus ιύνκελ = we loose (present tense) but ἐιύνκελ = we were loosing

(past tense) Some Greek words originally began with a ϝ or an ζ that later disappeared (usually replace with the

rough breathing) In those cases the augment is sometimes syllabic reflecting the earlier practice The word ἁλδάλσ

for example was originally ζϝαλδάλσ (swandano) The original augmented form of the imperfect was ἐζϝάλδαλνλ

(eswandano) When the ζϝ- was dropped the syllabic augment was retained ἑάλδαλνλ (heandano)

When a verb has lost an initial ζ the syllabic augment frequently contracts with the initial vowel For example

the word ἔρσ was originally ζέρσ The original augmented imperfect was ἔζερνλ When the initial ζ disappeared

the result was ἔερνλ which contracted to εἶρνλ (because εε usually contracts to εη) This pattern is also sometimes

present in verbs that originally began with ϝ such as ϝίδνλ =gt ἐϝηδνλ = ἔηδνλ = εἶδνλ

The temporal augment consists of lengthening an initial vowel and occurs in most Greek verbs that begin with

an initial vowel In general initial α or ε becomes ε initial η ν or π becomes ῑ initial αη and ᾳ become ῃ and initial

νη becomes ῳ Thus ἄγνκελ (we lead) becomes ἤγνκελ (we were leading) If the verb already begins with a long

vowel (ε ῃ ῑ ῡ σ ῳ) there is usually no change

Verbs that begin with ξ usually double the ξ when adding the syllabic augment This feature also sometimes

occurs in verbs beginning with ι κ λ or ζ

Compound verbs are usually formed from a combination of preposition + verb such as ἀπό (away from) + ιύσ

(loosen) = ἀπνιύσ (set free turn loose) In compound verbs a temporal augment is inserted between the preposition

and the verb If the preposition ends in a vowel the vowel is usually elided Thus ἀπνιύνκελ (we set free) becomes

ἀπειύνκελ (elided from ἀπνειύνκελ we were setting free)

92 The Imperfect Tense

The imperfect denotes continuous action in past time and typically corresponds to the past participle in English

Thus ἔιπνλ (imperfect) = I was loosing Occasionally the Greek imperfect is best translated by the simple past tense

in English The imperfect tense is formed by adding the secondary tense endings (which will be described in a later

lesson) to the augmented stem of the verb

In the paradigm below the unaugmented form is shown in brackets

Imperfect Tense

S 1st Pers ἔιπνλ [ιύνλ] I was loosing

2nd

Pers ἔιπεο [ιύεο] you were loosing

3rd

Pers ἔιπε(λ) [ιύε(λ)] he she it was loosing

D 2nd

Pers ἐιύεηνλ [ιύεηνλ] you (two) were loosing the pair of you were loosing

3rd

Pers ἐιπέηελ [ιπέηελ] they (two) were loosing the pair of them were loosing

P 1st Pers ἐιύνκελ [ιύνκελ] we were loosing

2nd

Pers ἐιύεηε [ιύεηε] you (ye) were loosing

3rd

Pers ἐιύνλ [ιύνλ] they were loosing

93 Vocabulary

ἄιιῃ elsewhere

Ἀξγεῖνο νπ ὁ Argive

-δε (suffix + acc) to

δηά (adv) between among (+gen) through (+acc) through by means

of on account of during

δηίθηινο (ῑ) ε νλ dear to Zeus

εἴξσ speak say tell

ἐκόο ή όλ my mine

ἔξγνλ νπ ηό (ϝέξγνλ) work deed accomplishment

-ζελ (suffix gen ending) from

Κιπηαηκήζηξε εο ἡ Clytaemnestra

(also Κιπηαηκλήζηξε)

καληνζύλε εο ἡ gift of prophesy

νἶθνο νπ ὁ house home

ιύκπηνο ε νλ Olympian

Ὄιπκπνο νπ ὁ Olympus

Πξίακνο νπ ὁ Priam

ζόο ζή ζόλ your yours

εἶρνλ (imperfect of ἔρσ) I was having I had

94 Derivatives

95 Translation Exercises

1 ὁ ἑθεβόινο δηὰ καληνζύλελ εἴξεη βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ηῶλ ζεῶλ Ἀξγείνηζηλ 2 νἱ ιύκπηνη ζενὶ εἶρνλ νἴθνπο ἐλ

ιύκπῳ 3 ὁ ἑθεβόινο δηίθηινο (ῑ) ἔηεπρε ηνὺο Ἀξγείνπο Ἀραηνύο ηε ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζηλ 4 Ἀραηνὶ Ἀξγεῖνί ηrsquo

ἔηεπρνλ ἔξγα θαθὰ δηὰ βνπιὴλ ζεᾶο 5 Κιπηαηκήζηξε δηὰ ηὸλ ζῡκὸλ ἔηεπρελ ηὰ ἔξγα δεηλά 6 Πξίακνο ιᾱόο ηε

Πξηάκνπ ὤιεθνλ πνιινὺο Ἀξγείνπο 7 ηίο εἴξεη ηὰ ζὰ ἔξγα θαθὰ Πξηάκῳ 8 ηὰ ἔξγα ἐκά ἐζηη θᾱιά νὕλεθα ἔηεπρνλ

βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεῶλ θαὶ ζεάσλ (ᾱ) δηὰ ηὴλ καληνζύλελ 9 ἐπέκπνκελ ηὰ ρξύζεα (ῡ) ζθῆπηξα εἰο νἶθνλ Πξηάκῳ 10

ἐθαίεηε ηὰο (ᾱ) ππξὰο (ᾱ) δεηλῇ θιαγγῇ 11 νὐρ ἥλδαλε ἡ βνπιὴ ζεᾷ ζαιάζζεο ζῡκῷ 12 αἱ ζεαὶ ἀείδνπζη ηὰ θᾱιὰ

ἔξγα ηῶλ ζεῶλ ἑθεβόινο δὲ βαίλεη ἄιιῃ 13 εἶρε Πξίακνο ἀγιαὸλ θαὶ θᾱιὸλ νἶθνλ

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 This free-shooter relates the plans of the gods to the Argives through prophesy 2 These Olympian gods had

homes on Olympus 3 This free-shooter beloved of Zeus made both the Argives and the Achaeans prey for the

vultures 4 Both the Achaeans and the Argives committed evil deeds through the will of the goddess 5 Because of

her heart Clytaemnestra wrought these terrible deeds 6 Both Priam and the host of Priam killed many Argives 7

Who relates these evil deeds of yours to Priam 8 These works of mine are noble because through prophesy I

accomplished the of the gods and goddess 9 We sent the golden scepters to the house of Priam 10 Were you

burning the funeral pyres with a terrible uproar 11 Does the plan not please the heart of the goddess of the sea 12

The goddesses sing the noble deeds of the gods but the free-shooter walks elsewhere 13 Priam had a splendid and

beautiful home

96 Composition Exercises

1 Who brought these countless shining ransoms to the beautiful home of Priam 2 The Achaeans and the

Argives burned many funeral pyres in your beloved fatherland 3 Clytaemnestra was wicked and performed many

dreadful deeds 4 Through the gift of prophesy we tell many glorious deeds of the gods and goddesses who have

Olympian homes 5 My deeds are noble but yours are cowardly 6 The gods sent an evil plague up through the

camp and destroyed many Achaeans because they dishonored the free-shooter 7 It was not pleasing to

Clytaemnestra in (her) wicked soul

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 ηίο ἔθεξε ηὰο ἄπνηλα ἀγιαὰ εἰο νἶθνλ θᾱιὸλ Πξηάκνπ 2 Ἀραηνὶ θαὶ Ἀξγεῖνη ἔθαηνλ ππξὰο (ᾱ) πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἐλ

ζῇ πάηξῃ θᾱιῇ 3 Κιπηαηκλήζηξε θαθὴ ἦλ θαὶ ἔηεπρελ ἄξγα πνιιὰ θαὶ δεηλά 4 δηὰ καληνζύλελ εἴξνκελ ἔξγα

πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀγιαὰ ζεῶλ θαὶ ζεάσλ (ᾱ) νἳ ἔρνπζηλ νἴθνπο ιπκπίνπο 5 ἔξγα ἐκὰ θᾱιή εἰζηλ ζὰ δὲ θαθά 6 ζενὶ

ἔπεκπνλ λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ θαὶ ὤιεθνλ Ἀραίνπο πνιινύο νὕλεθα ἠηίκαδνλ (ῑ) ἑθεβόινλ 7 νὐρ ἥλδαλε

Κιπηαηκλήζηξῃ ζῡκῷ θαθῷ

Lesson 10

(841-857 904)

101 Formation of the Aorist and Future Tenses

The first aorist is a secondary tense formed by adding -ζ(ζ)α to the augmented verb stem followed by the

personal endings of the secondary tense If the verb stem ends in a consonant or a long vowel only a single ζ is

added If the stem ends in a short vowel either one or two sigmas may be added A few aorists (called ldquomixed

aoristsrdquo) are formed by adding -ζ followed by the thematic vowel and the personal endings for the secondary tenses

to the augmented stem

The future is formed by adding -ζ followed by the thematic vowel and the personal endings for the primary

tenses

If the verb stem ends in a long vowel the stem is not affected by the addition of the suffixes for the future or

aorist tenses If the stem ends in a short vowel it is regularly lengthened in all tenses except the present and the

imperfect There are however a few exceptions to this pattern In most cases these verbs add ζ before the personal

endings of the perfect middle and aorist passive

102 Classification of Verbs

Verbs are classified into four groups according to the final letter of the stem vowel verbs liquid verbs nasal

verbs and mute verbs

When -ζ is added to the end of a mute verb a labial combines with ζ to form ς a palatal combines with ζ to

form μ and a lingual is dropped (leaving only ζ)

When -ζ is added to the end of a liquid or nasal verb it is usually preceded by -ε and the ζ is dropped in

contraction Thus βαιισ = βαιέζσ = βαιέσ In rare cases the ε is dropped and the ζ retained In some vowel-stem

verbs where the final vowel is preceded by a liquid or nasal the verb behaves as a liquidnasal and adds -εζ to the

stem θαιέσ (present) = θαιέζσ (future) = θαιέσ (future contracted) The formations in which the ζ is dropped

after α or ε are sometimes called ldquoAttic futuresrdquo

Verbs with liquid and nasal stems regularly form the aorist by dropping the ζ and lengthening the stem vowel

A few verbs have active forms in the present tense but middle forms in the future tense ἀθνύσ (I hear) but

ἀθνύζνκαη (I will hear)

103 Paradigms Future and First Aorist of ιύσ

Future

S 1st Pers ιύζσ (ῡ) I shall loose

2nd

Pers ιύζεηο (ῡ) you will loose

3rd

Pers ιύζεη (ῡ) he she it will loose

D 2nd

Pers ιύζεηνλ (ῡ) you (two) will loose

3rd

Pers ιύζεηνλ (ῡ) they (two) will loose

P 1st Pers ιύζνκελ (ῡ) we shall loose

2nd

Pers ιύζεηε (ῡ) you (ye) will loose

3rd

Pers ιύζνπζη(λ) (ῡ) they will loose

First Aorist

S 1st Pers ἔιῡζα I loosed

2nd

Pers ἔιῡζαο you loosed

3rd

Pers ἔιῡζε(λ) he she it loosed

D 2nd

Pers ἐιύζαηνλ (ῡ) you (two) loosed

3rd

Pers ἔιῡζάηελ they (two) loosed

P 1st Pers ἐιύζακελ (ῡ) we loosed

2nd

Pers ἐιύζαηε (ῡ) you (ye) loosed

3rd

Pers ἔιῡζαλ they loosed

104 Vocabulary

ἄγσ ἄμσ ἤγαγνλ lead drive conduct bring carry

ἀλάζζσ (ϝαλαθ-) ἀλάμσ ἠλαμα (+gen) rule (over) guard protect

ἄξηζηνο ε νλ best noblest bravest fairest

αὖηηο (back) again anew

Γαλαόο νῦ ὁ Danaan

ἑθαηόκβε εο ἡ hecatomb sacrifice

ζάλαηνο νπ ὁ death

Ἴιηνο νπ ἡ Ilium Troy the region around Troy

κεγάζῡκνο ε νλ great-souled brave

ὄρα far much considerably

πέζσ (πεηζ- πνηζ- πηζ-) πείζσ ἔπεηζα (πέπηζνλ) persuade win over mislead

θηιέσ θηιήζσ ἐθίιεζα love cherish entertain hospitably

εἶπνλ εἶπεο εἶπε(λ) θηι 2nd

aor speak say tell etc

ἔβεζα ἔβεζαο ἔβεζε(λ) θηι 1st aor come go walk etc

105 Derivatives

ἄγσ (ag-) = pedagogue demagogue synagogue

ἄξηζηνο (arist-) = aristocracy

ζάλαηνο (thanat-) = thanatopsis euthanasia

106 Translation Exercises

1 ηίο ἦλ ὄρrsquo ἄξηζηνο Γαλαῶλ 2 Πξίακνο κεγάζῡκνο ἤλαζζελ Ἰιίνπ 3 νὐθ αὖηηο ἄμνπζη Γαλανὶ κεγάζῡκνη

ἑθαηόκβᾱο πνιιὰο (ᾱ) εἰο Υξύζελ (ῡ) 4 νὐθ ἔπεηζαλ ἑθεβόινλ πνιιῇο ἑθαηόβῃζη θᾱιῇζηλ 5 νὐ θηιήζνκελ ζενύο

νὕλεθα θᾱινὶ εἰζηλ 6 Γαλανὶ ηεύμνπζη ζάλαηνλ Πξηάκῳ ἐλ Ἰιίῳ 7 ἐθίιεζα ζεὰλ (ᾱ) ζαιάζζεο ἀιιrsquo νὐρ ἥλδαλε

ἑθεβόιῳ ζῡκῷ 8 ἀείζνκελ θαὶ πείζνκελ ζενύο 9 ὄρrsquo ἄξηζνη ἐλ Ἰιίῳ ηὰ εἶπνλ Πξηάκῳ ἀιιὰ ηνὺο ἠηῑκάζελ 10

Πξίακνο ἔπεκςε ηὸλ ζηξαηὸλ ἄξηζηνλ ἐπrsquo Ἀξγείνηζηλ 11 ἔβεζαλ αὖηηο Γαλανὶ εἰο Ἴιηνλ ἀιιrsquo νὐθ ἔπεηζαλ

Πξίακνλ 12 ἀείζνκελ ἑθεβόινλ ὄρrsquo ἄξηζηνλ ζεῶλ νὕλεθrsquo ἤγαγε Γαλανὺο εἰο Ἴιηνλ

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 Who was by far the noblest of the Danaans 2 Great-souled Priam ruled Ilium 3 Not agan will the great-

souled Danaans lead many sacrifices into Chrysa 4 They did not persuade the free-shooter with many goodly

sacrifices 5 Do we not love the gods because they are good 6 The Danaans will prepare death for Priam in Ilium

7 I loved the goddess of the sea but it was not pleasing to the heart of the free-shooter 8 We will sing and

persuade the gods 9 By far the noblest in Ilium this they say of Priam but he (is the one) he dishonored () 10

Priam sent the best army against the Argives 11 The Danaans went back to Ilium but they did not persuade Priam

12 We hymn the free-shooter greatest of the gods because he led the Danaans into Ilium

107 Composition Exercises

1 The great-souled Achaeans will not persuade the free-shooter with goodly hecatombs but he will prepare evil

death for the people 2 The noblest of the Achaeans went to Ilium but they did not persuade the soul of Priam 3

We shall sing because the gods have led (aor) the people into Troy 4 We shall have many shining golden scepters

5 Did you not love the gods who have Olympian homes 6 Priam shall not rule Ilium again for the Achaeans will

prepare evil death for him 7 Does he speak to the beautiful goddess of the sea 8 They will persuade the souls of

the gods with many hecatombs

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 Ἀραηνὶ κεγάζῡκνη νὐ πείζνπζηλ ἑθεβόινλ πνιιῇο ἑθαηόκβῆζηλ ἀιιὰ ηεύμεη ζάλαηνλ θαθὸλ ιᾱνῖζηλ 2

ἄξηζηνη Ἀραηῶλ ἔβεζαλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ ἀιιrsquo νὐθ ἔπεηζαλ ζῡκὸλ Πξηάκῳ 3 ἀείζνκελ νὕλεθα ζενὺο ἤγαγνλ ιᾱὸλ εἰο

Ἴιηνλ 4 ἕζρνκελ πνιιὰ ρξύζεα (ῡ) ἀγιαὰ ζθῆπηξα 5 νὐθ ἐθηιήζαηε ζενὺο νἳ ἔρνπζηλ νἴθνπο ιπκπίνπο 6 νὐθ

αὖηηο ἀλάζζεη Πξίακνο Ἰιίνπ Ἀραηνὶ γὰξ ηεύμνπζη ζάλαηνλ θαθὸλ αὐηῷ 7 εἴξεη ζεᾷ θᾱιᾷ ζαιάζζεο 8 πείζνπζη

ζῡκνὺο ζεῶλ πνιιῇο ἑθαηόκβῃζηλ

Lesson 11

(664-675 838-839)

111 First Declension Masculine Nouns

First declension masculines typically end in -εο -ᾱο or -ᾰο in the nominative and are declined exactly the same

as their feminine counterparts (with the exception of the nominative singular which adds -ο the genitive singular

which regularly ends in -ᾱν and the vocative singular which ends in -ε -ᾱ or -ᾰ) Those ending in -εο retain -ε

throughout the singular those ending in -ᾱο retain the -ᾱ throughout the singular and those ending in -ᾰο take the -ε

ending in the dative

Masculines ending in -δεο take -ε in the vocative singular while those ending in -ηεο (as well as compound

nouns and the names of nationalities) regularly take -ᾰ Those ending in -ᾱο take the the nominative singular in -ᾱ

A very few first declension adjectives take a masculine ending in -ᾰ (without the final -ο) Many of these also

have an alternative form that ends in the more common -εο Those that do not have an alternative form in -εο usually

have the recessive accent (a feature inherited from the Aeolic influence in Homer) The only masculine noun ending

in -ᾰ in the nominative is the name Θύεζηα (Thyestes)

First declension masculine nouns typically follow the paradigms for Ἀηξεΐδεο (Atreides son of Atreus) Αἰλείᾱο

(Aeneas) and αἰρκεηήο (spearman warrior)

Ἀηξεΐδεο ᾱν ὁ Αἰλείᾱο ᾱν ὁ αἰρκεηήο ᾱν ὁ

(Αηξεϝηδᾱ-) (Αἰλεηᾱ-) (αἰρκεηᾱ-)

N Ἀηξεΐδεο Αἰλείᾱο αἰρκεηήο [ά]

G Ἀηξεΐδᾱν [εσ] Αἰλείᾱν [σ] αἰρκεηᾶν [έσ]

D Ἀηξεΐδῃ Αἰλείᾳ αἰρκεηῇ

A Ἀηξεΐδελ Αἰλείαλ αἰρκεηήλ

V Ἀηξεΐδε Αἰλείᾱ αἰρκεηά

N A V Ἀηξεΐδᾱ αἰρκεηά (ᾱ)

G D Ἀηξεΐδῃηλ αἰρκεηῇηλ

N V Ἀηξεΐδαη αἰρκεηαί

G Ἀηξετδάσλ (ᾱ) αἰρκεηάσλ (ᾱ)

[έσλ ῶλ] [έσλ ῶλ]

D Ἀηξεΐδῃζη ῃο αἰρκεηῇζη ῇο

A Ἀηξεΐδᾱο αἰρκεηάο (ᾱ)

112 Compound Verbs

Compound verbs are formed from a preposition or adverb coupled with a verb such as ἀλαβαίλσ (ascend)

formed from ἀλα (up) and βαίλσ (go) If the preposition ends in a vowel and the verb begins with a vowel the vowel

of the preposition is usually elided as in δηίζηεκη (δηὰ ἰζηεκη) ἁθαηξέσ (ἀπὸ αἱξέσ)

The augment occurs between the preposition and the verb When two vowels are thus brought together the first

vowel is usually elided leaving the augment Thus ἀπνιύσ (I release present) ἀπέιπνλ (I was releasing

imperfect) ἀπέιῡζα (I released aorist)

113 Vocabulary

ἀλαβαίλσ ἀλαβήζσ ἀλέβεζα go up ascend embark

ἀπνιύσ ἀπνιύζσ (ῡ) ἀπέιῡζα loose set free release

Ἀηξεΐδεο -ᾱν ὁ Atreides son of Atreus (usually refers to Agamemnon)

θαηαθεύσ θαηαθαύζσ θαηέθεα burn consume

θειεύσ - ἔθιπνλ (+gen) hear hearken to

κεηέεηπνλ κεηεῖπνλ (2nd

aor of εἴξσ) spoke among addressed spoke to

ὅηε when whenever

Πειεηάδεο ᾱν (εσ) ὁ Peleiades son of Peleus (used in reference to Achilles)

πξνζέεηπνλ πξνζεῖπνλ (2nd

aor of εἴξσ) addressed spoke to

ηόηε then at that time

ρνιόσ ρνιώζσ ἐρόισζα anger enrage vex

Υξύζεο (ῡ) ᾱν (εσ) ὁ Chryses

Verbs

ἀλαβαίλσ

stem ἀλα + βαλ- βα-

future ἀλαβήζσ (rarely ἀλαβήζνκαη)

1st aorist ἀλέβεζα (rarely 2

nd aor ἀλέβελ)

ἀπνιύσ

stem ἀπό + ιύσ

future ἀπνιύζσ (ῡ)

1st aorist ἀπέιῡζα

θαηαθαίσ

stem θαηά + θαπ- θαϝ- θαη-

future θαηαθαύζσ (assumed form)

1st aorist θαηέθεα

θειεύσ (Attic)

stem θιεπ- θιεϝ- θιπ-

future none

2nd

aorist ἐθιπνλ

ρνιόσ

stem ρνιν-

future ρνιώζσ

1st aorist ἐρόισζα

Notes

In Homeric Greek the stem vowel is usually lengthened before -ζ hence ἀλαβαίλσ =gt ἀλαβήζσ =gt

ἀλέβεζα ἀπνιύσ =gt ἀπνιύζσ (ῡ) =gt ἀπέιῡζα

ἀλαβαίλσ also has a 2nd

aorist ἀλέβελ

A few verbs have active forms in the present but middle forms in the future ἀλαβαίλσ has two future

forms one active (ἀλαβήζσ) and one middle (ἀλαβήζνκαη)

Verbs with stems ending in -αηλσ originally had a consonantal η following the λ (ie ἀλαβαηλησ)

114 Translation

1 θᾱινὶ ζενὶ ἔηεπμαλ ζάλαηνλ θαθὸλ δίῳ (ῑ) Πειεηάδῃ ὁ δrsquo ἀλέβελ ππξήλ 2 ἑθεβόινο ὤιεθε ιᾱὸλ Ἀραηῶλ

νὕλεθα δῖνο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) 3 θαηέθεα ἑθαηόκβᾱο πνιιάο (ᾱ) 4 ἑθεβόινο νὐθ ἔθιπελ Ἀηξεΐδᾱν

νὕλεθα ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) 5 Υξύζεο (ῡ) κεηέεηπελ Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἀιιrsquo νὐθ Ἀηξεΐδῃ ἥλδαλε ζῡκῷ 6 ὅηε θαθῶο

πξνζέεηπελ Ἀηξεΐδεο Υξύζελ (ῡ) ηόηε ἐρόισζελ ἑθεβόινλ 7 ἀπειύζακελ (ῡ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) νὕλεθα ηὸλ

ἐθηιήζακελ 8 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἤλεηθελ ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα Ἀηξεΐδῃ 9 νἴζνκελ ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀπνιύζνκελ (ῡ)

Υξύζελ (ῡ) νὕλεθα ηὸλ ἐθηιήζακελ θαὶ θίινο ἐζηὶλ ἑθεβόιῳ 10 ηίο θέξεη ἄπνηλα Υξύζᾱν (ῡ) Ἀηξεΐδῃ 11 δῖνο

Πειεηάδεο ἐρόισζελ Ἀηξεΐδελ 12 ὅηε θαηεθήακελ πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἑθαηόκβᾱο θᾱιάο (ᾱ) ηόηε ἐπείζακελ ζῡκνὺο ζεῶλ

13 δηὰ καληνζύλελ Υξύζεο (ῡ) εἶπε βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεῶλ Ἀηξεΐδῃ Πειεηάδῃ ηε

KEY

1 The noble gods prepared evil death for the divine Peleiades and he ascended the funeral pyre 2 The free-

shooter destroyed the host of the Achaeans because the divine Atreides dishonored Chryses 3 I burned many

funeral pyres 4 The free-shooter did not hear the son of Atreus because he dishonored Chryses 5 Chryses spoke

among the Achaeans but but it did not please the heart of Atreides 6 It angered the free-shooter when the son of

Atreus spoke wickedly to Chryses 7 We released Chryses because we loved him 8 Chryses brought countless

glorious ransoms to the son of Atreus 9 We will bring many ransoms and release Chryses because we loved him

and he is dear to the free-shooter 10 Who brought the ransoms of Chryses to the son of Atreus 11 The divine

Peleiades angered the son of Atreus 12 We persuaded the hearts of the gods when we burned many good

hecatombs 13 Through prophesy Chryses spoke the will of the gods to both Atreides and Peleiades

115 Composition

1 The Achaeans ascended into Troy and killed the noble Priam 2 We burned many goodly hecatombs to the

Olympian gods 3 Chryses spoke among the Achaeans but the son of Atreus did not hearken to him 4 The

Achaeans addressed the son of Atreus but he did not free Chryses 5 The son of Atreus will bring many ransoms

into the camp of the Achaeans 6 Who will persuade the gods with many goodly hecatombs

KEY

1 Ἀραηνὶ ἀλέβεζαλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ θαὶ ὤιεμαλ θᾱιὸλ Πξηάκνλ 2 θαηέθεκελ πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) ἑθαηόκβὰο (ᾱ)

ζενῖο ιπκπίνηο 3 Υξύζεο (ῡ) κεηέεηπελ Ἀραηνῖο ἀιιrsquo Ἀηξεΐδεο ηὸλ νὐθ ἔθιπελ 4 Ἀραηνὶ πξνζέεηπνλ Ἀηξεΐδῃ

ἀιιrsquo νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε Υξύζελ (ῡ) 5 Ἀηξεΐδεο νἴζεη ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ εἰο ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 6 ηίο πείζεη ζενὺο πνιιῇο

ἑθαηόκβῃζηλ

Lesson 12

Review

121 Review Vocabulary

Lesson 13

(680-692 701-709)

(cf 897 874 886 619 841-843 576 1178 830-831 837 580 837)

131 Nouns of the Third Declension

Third declension nouns can be either masculine feminine or neuter The nominative endings can take many

forms but there are some conventions Masculine and feminine stems except those ending in λ ξ or ζ simply add

ζ to the stem and make the necessary euphonic changes Stems ending in ξ λ and ζ typically make no changes

except to lengthen the last vowel if it is short Stems ending in -λ(η) either drop the η and lengthen a short vowel or

drop the -λ(η) lengthen the vowel and add ζ Examples δαηκνλ- = δαηκσλ ζῑλ- = ζίο (ῑ) κειαλ- = κέιᾱο γεξνλη- =

γέξσλ etc Neuters typically consist of just the stem in the nominative and accusative except to drop a final -η

where it occurs

In general the stem of a third declension noun is found by dropping the -νο ending from the genitive singular

The dative singular regularly ends in -ῐ but occasionally in -ῑ

The accusative ending was originally -λ and this ending is common on stems ending in a vowel On stems

ending in a consonant the -λ was a sonant consonant which eventually came be pronounced as -ᾰ The result is that

the accusative singular usually ends in -λ for stems ending in a vowel and -ᾰ for stems ending in a consonant

Dental mute stems ending in -ηο and -πο in the nominative singular rarely drop the mute and typically adopt the -λ

accusative ending as if they were vowel stems

The dative plural is formed by adding either -εζζη (rarely -εζη) or -ζη (rarely -ζζη) and making the usual

euphonic changes Most third declension nouns thus have alternate dative plural forms as πνύο = πνζζί = πνζί =

πόδεζζη etc

The accusative plural originally ended in -λο (sonant λ) which gives -αο for stems ending in a consonant and -ῑο

and -ῡο for stems ending in a vowel A few vowel stems borrowed an -αο ending from the first declension by

analogy

The vocative singular is usually either identical to the nominative or identical to the stem alone Stems ending

in λ ξ or ο typically drop this final consonant in the vocative singular

Compensatory lengthening usually occurs in the dative plural when -λη is dropped as in γέξνληζη = γέξνπζη

132 Paradigms

Stems ending in -επ (επ) -νπ and σϝ follow the paradigms of βαζηιεύο (king βαζηιεϝ-) βνῦο (ox βνϝ-) λεῦο

(ship λᾱϝ-) and ἥξσο (hero ἡξσϝ- () or ἡξσ-)

N βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

G βαζηιῆνο [-ένο] βνόο λεόο ἥξσνο

D βαζηιῆη [-έη] βνΐ λεί ἥξση

A βαζηιῆα [-έα] βνῦλ [βῶλ] λῆα [λέα] ἥξσα

V βαζηιεῦ βνῦ λεῦ ἥξσο

N A V βαζηιῆε βόε λῆε ἥξσε

G D βαζηιήνηηλ βόνηηλ λήνηηλ ἡξώνηηλ

N V βαζηιεῆεο βόεο λῆεο ἥξσεο

G βαζηιήσλ βνῶλ λεῶλ [λεῶλ] ἡξώσλ

D βαζηιήεζζη βόεζζη λήεζζη [λέεζζἰ ἡξώεζζη

βαζηιεῦζη βνπζί λεπζί ἥξσζη

A βαζηιῆαο βόαο (βνῦο) λῆζαο (λέαο) ἥξσαο

A long vowel is typically shortened when it occurs before another vowel thus βαζηιῆνο or βαζηιένο This

convention was almost certainly consistent in pronunciation but is only occasionally represented in written form

The π in the stem of these words frequently became ϝ and subsequently disappeared as in βαζηιεπ- βαζηιεϝ-

βαζηιε-

Stems ending in η (εη) and π (επ εϝ) follow the paradigms of πόιηο (city πνιη-) πῆρπο (forearm περεϝ-) ἄζηπ

(city ἀζηεϝ-) λέθπο (corpse λεθῡ-) and δάθξπ (tear δαθξπ-)

N πόιηο πῆρπο ἄζηπ λέθῡο δάθξπ

G πόιηνο -ενο πήρενο ἄζηενο λέθπνο δάθξπνο

D πόιηη -ῑ -εη -εη πήρετ ἄζηετ λέθπτ δάθξπτ

A πόιηλ πῆρσλ ἄζηπ λέθῡλ δαθξπ

V πόιη πῆρπ ἄζηπ λέθῡ δάθξπ

N V πόιηε πήρεε ἄζηεε λέθπε δάθξπε

G D πνιίνηηλ περένηηλ ἄζηνηηλ λεθύνηηλ δαθξύνηηλ

N V πόιηεο -εεο πήρεεο ἄζηεα λέθπεο δάθξπα

G πνιίσλ περέσλ ἀζηέσλ λεθύσλ δαθξύσλ

D πνιίεζζη περέεζζη ἀζηέεζη λεθύεζζη δαθξύεζζη

πόιεζη -ηζη πήρεζη ἄζηεζη λέθῡζ(ζ)η δάθξπζη

A πόιηαο -εαο -ῑο πήρεαο ἄζηεα λέθπαο [-ῡο] δάθξπα

Nouns with stems in -ο (-εο -αο -νο) and -η are declined like ἔπνο (ϝεπεζ-) γέξαο (γεξαζ-) ἠώο (ἀϝζνζ-) δῶκα

(δσκαη-) and ἦκαξ (ἠκαξ- ἠκαη-) Note that -ζ- usually disappears when it occurs between two vowels

N ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο δῶκα ἧκαξ

G ἔπενο γέξανο ἠόνο δώκαηνο ἥκαηνο

D ἔπετ γέξατ ἠόη δώκαηη ἥκαηη

A ἔπνο γέξαο ἠόα δῶκα ἧκαξ

V ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο δῶκα ἧκαξ

N V ἔπεε γέξαε δώκαηε ἥκαηε

G D επένηηλ γεξάνηηλ δσκάηνηηλ ἡκάηνηηλ

N V ἔπεο γέξα(α) δώκαηα ἥκαηα

G ἐπέσλ γεξάσλ δσκάησλ ἡκάησλ

D ἐπέεζζη γεξάεζζη δσκάηεζζη ἡκάηεζζη

ἔπε(ζ)ζη γέξα(ζ)ζη δώκαζη ἥκαζη

A ἔπεα γέξα(α) δώκαηα ἥκαηα

Note that all nouns ening in -νο in the second declension are either masculine or feminine but all nouns ending in -

νο in the third declension are neuter All nouns ending in -κα in the nominative singular and all nouns with genitives

in -αηνο are neuter

133 Further Notes on the Third Declension

Nouns of the third declension can be any gender and consist of stems ending in -η -π or a consonant In

general the following endings are applied to the stem with the usual euphonic changes

N -ο

G -νο

D -η

A -λ

V -

N A V -ε

G D -νηηλ

N V -εο

G -σλ

D -εζζη

A -λο

Standard Euphonic Changes

Later forms of Greek such as Attic and Koine frequently contracted the forms found in Homer

The -λ in the accusative singular and plural is sonant meaning that it is pronounced as λ when

following a vowel but it is pronounced as ᾰ when following a consonant Thus πνιη-λ = πνιηλ and

πνιη-λο = πνιηο but δαηκνλ-λ = δαηκνλα and δαηκνλ-λο = δαηκνλαο

o In most cases a stem originally ending in ϝ is treated as if it ends in a consonant Thus

βαζηιεϝα = βαζηιεα εξσϝα = εξσα

o The word βνϝ- is an exception where ϝ becomes π (probably because νπ is such a common

diphthong) βνϝλ = βνπλ

Dentals are dropped before ζ Thus παηδο = παηο

o In cases where the stem ends in -λη the dental and the ζ are typically dropped with the last

vowel lengthened by compensation Thus γεξνληο = γεξσλ

Palatals combine with ζ to form μ Thus αηγο = αημ θεξπθο = θεξπμ etc

o Stems ending in -θη apply both the dental and palatal changes first dropping the η and then

combining the θζ to form μ Thus λπθηο = λπθο = λπμ

Labials combine with ζ to form ς Thus Αηζηνπο = Αηζηνς

The ζ is dropped when it follows a nasal or ξ and the last vowel is lengthened to compensate (if it

isnrsquot long already) Thus δαηκνλο = δαηκσλ θξελο = θξελ ρεηξο = ρεηξ παηεξο = παηεξ κεηεξο =

κεηεξ etc

Stems that originally ended in ϝ usually retain a π in its place in the nominative Thus βαζηιεϝο =

βαζηιεπο (originally βαζηιεπο) λεϝο = λεπο βνϝο = βνπο etc

o The same phenomenon sometimes occurs in the accusative singular as well where ϝ becomes

π and the final λ is retained Thus περεϝλ = περευλ = περπλ

o The word εξσο is an apparent exception where εξσϝο = εξσο This may be from analogy

with the relatively common -σο ending in Greek or it could be that the stem was originally

εξσ- witout the ϝ

o When the stem ends in -εϝ the ε is usually dropped in the nominative thus περεϝο = περεπο =

περπο (but the genitive and dative are περενο περετ)

Some confusion can occur at the apparent irregularity of stems ending in -π αζηπ αζηενο αζηεη etc

but δαθξπ δαθξπνο δαθξπτ etc The difference is that stems like αζηπ originally ended in a vowel + ϝ

(αζηεϝ) while stems like δαθξπ originally ended in π

Some neuters originally ended in -εο These are usually declined as -νο in the nominative and

accusative In the other cases the endings are simply applied to -εζ- and the sigma is dropped when it

occurs between two vowels επνο (nom acc from επεζο) επενο (gen from επεζνο) επετ (dat from

επεζη) etc

o Stems ending in -αο simple drop the extra sigma in the nominative singular and append the

case endings to -αζ- (dropping ζ when it occurs between two vowels) Thus γεξαο γεξανο

γεξατ etc

o Stems ending in -νο follow the same pattern as those ending in -αο except that the ν is

lengthened to σ in the nominative Thus εσο εννο εντ etc

Neuter stems ending in -καη usually drop the η in the nominative and accusative singular but retain it

in the plural Thus δσκα (nom and acc sing) δσκαηνο (gen sing) δσκαηη (dat sing) δσκαηα (nom and

acc plur) δσκαησλ (gen plur) δσκαηεζζη (dat plur) etc Neuter stems ending in -καξ usually behave

as if they ended in -καη in all cases except the nominative and accusative singular Thus εκαξ εκαηνο

εκαηη etc

The dative plural ending is given as -εζζη This could be shortened to -ζζη (before vowels) -εζη or -ζη

The -ζη ending is the most common in later dialects Thus Homeric θεξπθεζζη is typically θεξπμη in

Attic and Koine

The vocative singular in neuters is always identical to the nominative and accusative singulars

o In masculine and feminine nouns the vocative singular is usually just the stem without any

endings applied as long as the stem is capable of standing alone Thus δαηκνλ ρεηξ παηεξ

κεηεξ ζπγαηεξ αλεξ βνπ λεπ πνιη λεθῡ δαθξπ etc

o In some cases where the nominative singular has slightly modified the stem before adding -ο

the vocative is formed by simply dropping the ο Thus παη βαζηιεπ περπ

o In cases where the ο of the nominative singular has combined with the stem the vocative is

usually indentical to the nominative singular Thus αλαμ λπμ αημ θεξπμ Αηζηνς etc

o In rare cases the vocative is identical to the nominative singular even when dropping the ο

would have been convenient as in εξσο εσο

Alternate Endings The following are some alternate endings that could be applied instead of the usual

case endings listed above

o -ζη can be used to denote place where

o -ζελ can be used to denote source or separation or as an alternative ending for the genitive

case

o -δε can be added to the accusative ending to denote place to which or limit of motion

o -η can be added to denote place where

o -θη(λ) can be added as a substitute for several uses of the genitive and the dative cases

particularly in the instrumental sense

134 References

This lesson references several points in the grammar Note the following

Deponent verbs take middle or passive forms but denote active meanings

Some verbs reduplicate the initial syllable in the present tense by repeating the initial consonant

followed by -η Thus ἴζηεκη (orig ζηζηεκη) ηίζεκη δίδσκη πίκπιεκη γίγλνκαη γηγλώζθσ κηκλήζθσ

etc When futures and second aorists are reduplicated they usually follow the pattern of reduplication

found in the perfect tense If the initial consonant is aspirated the reduplicated consonant is typically

smooth Thus ηίζεκη rather than ζίζεκη

Note that ἴκη δίδσκη and ηίζεκη take the aorist in -θα rather than -ζα

When a word ends in a vowel and the following word begins with a vowel the result is called hiatus

In general hiatus is avoided in poetry through the use of elision crasis synizesis moveable

consonants etc However hiatus is allowed in some circumstances such as when elision has already

occurred when the first of the two vowels is long and occurs on the beat (or ictus) of the verse or

when a long vowel or diphthong has been shortened or when the two vowels were originally separated

by ϝ

Recall that the verbal augment is frequently omitted

135 Vocabulary

Ἄηο Ἄηδνο ὁ (nom not used) Hades

ἄιγνο ενο ηό grief pain woe trouble

Ἀρηιιεύο ῆνο ὁ Achilles

δαίο δαηηόο ἡ feast banquet portion

Εεύο Γηόο ὁ Zeus

ἥξσο ἥξσνο ὁ hero mighty warrior protector savior

ἴθζῑκνο ε νλ mighty valiant stout-hearted brave

θύσλ θπλόο ὁ ἡ dog

κῆληο ηνο ἡ wrath fury madness rage

νὐιόκελνο ε νλ accursed destructive deadly

πξντάπησ πξντάςσ πξνΐαςα hurl forward send forth

ηίζεκη (ζε- ζε-) ζήζσ ἔζεθα put place cause

Ἀρηιιεπο (Ἀρηιιεϝ-) Ἀρηιιενο Ἀρηιιεη Ἀρηιιεα

δαηο (δαηη-) δαηηνο δαηηη δαηηα δαηηεο δαηησλ δαηηεζζη δαηηαο

Εεπο Γηνο Γηη Γηα

ἡξσο ἡξσνο ἡξστ ἡξσα ἡξσεο ἡξσσλ ἡξσεζζη ἡξσαο

θπσλ θπλνο θπλη θπλα θπλεο θπλσλ θπλεζζη θπλαο

κεληο (κελη-) κεληνο κεληη κεληλ κεληεο κελησλ κεληεζζη κεληαο

136 Translation

1 κῆληο Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο ἦλ νὐινκέλε ἔζεθε γὰξ κῡξηrsquo ἄιγεα ηνῖζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ πξνΐαςε δὲ πνιιὰο (ᾱ)

ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἰθζίκνπο (ῑ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη ἔηεπρε δrsquo αὐηνὺο ἑιώξηα θαὶ δαῖηα θύλεζζηλ νἰσλνῖζί ηε ἐηέιεζε δὲ βνπιὴλ

Γηόο 2 ζεὰ (ᾱ) ἀείδεη κῆληλ νὐινκέλελ Ἀρηιῆνο ἣ ἔζεθελ κῡξίrsquo ἄιγεrsquo Ἀραηνῖζηλ 3 ζενὶ ὀιέθνπζη ηὸλ ζηξαηόλ θαὶ

πξντάπηνπζη πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη 4ηεύμνκελ κῡξίνπο Ἀραηνὺο ἑιώξηα θύλεζζηλ θαὶ δαῖηα ηνῖζηλ

νἰσλνῖζηλ νὕλεθα ἠηίκαζαλ (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) 5 θᾱιὴ ἦλ ἡ βνπιὴ Γηόο

KEY

1 The wrath of Achilles son of Peleus was destructive for it caused countless woes to the Achaeans and sent

forth many valiant souls of heros to Hades making them spoils and a banquet for the dogs and the vultures 2 The

goddess sings the accursed wrath of Achilles which brought countless woes to the Achaeans 3 The gods are

destroying the camp and sending forth many souls of the heros to Hades 4 We will make countless Achaeans spoils

for the dogs and a feast for these vultures because they dishonored Chryses 5 The will of Zeus was good

137 Iliad 1-5

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κπξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςπρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιήλ

Μῆληλ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse

ἄεηδε - present active imperative 2nd

person singular of ἀείδσ

ζεά - vocative case

Πειεηάδεσ = Πειεηάδᾱν (the verse may have originally read Πειεηάδᾱrsquo)

νὐινκέλελ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse as well as out of

the natural order and is placed directly opposite the word κῆληλ

κῡξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο - the hiatus is permited because elision has already occurred in κῡξίνηο

Ἄηδη was originally Ἄϝηδη and is still accented as it began with α instead of αη

ἡξώσλ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse and its deviation from

the natural order

δὲ ἑιώξηα - the hiatus is permitted because the original was δὲ ϝειώξηα

ηεῦρε - the augment is dropped (usually ἔηεπρε)

ἐηειείεην - imperfect passive indicative 3rd

person singular of ηειείσ

KEY

Sing O goddess of the accursed wrath of Achilles Peleiades

which brought countless woes to the Achaeans

and cast forth the souls of many valiant warriors to Hades

making them the spoils and feast of both dogs

and vultures But the will of Zeus was accomplished

138 Composition

1 The valiant Achaeans are singing the accursed wrath of Achilles 2 The wrath of Achilles caused many woes

to the Achaeans and sent many valiant souls of heroes to the god Hades 3 We shall make the army of the Achaeans

a booty for the dogs and a banquet for the birds 4 We are accomplishing the will of the goddess

KEY

1 ἴθζῑκνη Ἀραηνὶ ἀείδνπζηλ νὐινκέλελ κῆληλ Ἀρηιῆνο 2 κῆληο Ἀρηιῆνο ἔζεθε κῡξίrsquo ἄιγεrsquo Ἀραηνῖζη θαὶ

πξνΐαςε πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἰθζίκνπο ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη 3 ηεύμνκελ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ ἑιώξηα θύλεζζηλ θαὶ δαῖηα

νἰσλνῖζηλ 4 ηεύρνκελ βνπιὴλ ζεᾶο

Lesson 14

(519-526 1159-1192)

(cf 586)

141 Syllable Quantity

A syllable is long (by nature) when it contains a long vowel or a diphthong or (by position) when it ends in two

consecutive consonants (or a double consonant) A short vowel followed by a mute and a liquid κ or λ is common

and can be either long or short depending on the requirements of the verse Occasionally the letters ι κ λ ξ or ζ

are doubled in pronunciation when they follow a short vowel making the syllable long by position but this

convention is not always represented in writing And occasionally a lost ϝ will combine with another consonant to

make the preceding syllable long by position

Observe the following rules when determing the length of a syllable

Any vowel with the circumflex accent is long

The vowel of any ultmia whose penult bears the circumflex is short

If the penult has an acute then the vowel of the ultima must also be long

If the vowel of the ultima is short and the penult has the acute then the vowel of the penult must

be short as well

If the antepenult is accented the vowel of the ultima must be short

Occasionally these rules do not apply to certain compounds where one of the two words are

accented as if they were separate

If a short syllable stands where a long syllable is expected it is usually because the pause of the caesura or

diaresis fills out the foot or because the following word has lost a consonant (usually ϝ or ζ) And occasionally a

short syllable ending in a consonant is lengthened when it occurs on the ictus (beat) of the verse Such lengthening is

called thesis

142 Metrical Quantity

With the exception of pauses at the end of the verse caesura and diaresis all feet must consist of two long

syllables or a long syllable followed by two shorts Thus if a long syllable is followed by a short syllable then the

next syllable must be short as well Likewise if a short syllable is followed by a long syllable then the preceding

syllable must be short as well

When a word ends in a short vowel (and sometimes -νη and -αη) and the following word begins with a vowel

the short vowel is usually elided unless the following word originally began with ϝ When a word ends in a long

vowel or a diphthong and the following word begins with a vowel the long vowel is usually shortened This

phenomenon can also occur within the same word and again it is less common when the following word originally

began with ϝ Vowel shortening is also rare when the long vowel occurs on the ictus

The meter of Homer is called dactylic or heroic hexameter and is the most common meter in Greek verse Each

verse has six feet The first five feet can be dactyls (one long syllable followed by two short syllables) or spondees

(two long syllables) The final foot of the verse is always a spndee but keep in mind that the pause at the end of the

verse often combines with a final short syllable to form one long syllable The fifth foot of each verse is usually a

dactyl with only one in twenty (or so) verses containing a spondee in the fifth foot The verses that have a spndee in

the fifth foot are called spondaic and usually take slightly longer to recite In dactylic hexameter the ictus (beat) of

the verse always occurs on the first syllable of each foot producing six distinct beats per verse

Caesura occurs when a word ends within a foot (ie at the end of the first syllable of a foot or between the two

short syllables of the foot) When a caesura occurs at a natural pause in the verse this is said to be the caesura of the

verse A pause after the first syllable of a foot is called a masculine caesura and a pause after the second syllable of

the foot is called a feminine caesura

Diaresis occurs when the end of a word coincides with the end of a foot When this falls at a natural pause in

the verse it is said to be the diaresis of the verse When the diaresis occurs at the end of the fourth foot is it called

the bucolic diaresis (due to its common use in pastoral poetry)

143 Marking the Rhythm of the Iliad 1-5

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κπξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςπρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιήλ

ΜΖ ληλ α | ΔΗ δε ζε | Α ΠΖ | ΛΖ η α | ΓΔΧ α ρη | ΛΖ Ο-

dact dact spon dact dact spon

The pauses at the end of κῆληλ and ἄεηδε are feminine caesuras

The pauses at the end of ζεά Πειεηάδεσ and Ἀρηιῆνο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of ζεά is the caesura of the verse

The dash at the end of the verse indicates a pause that combines with a short vowel to fill out the

last foot

ΟΤ ιν κε | ΝΖΝ Ζ | ΜΤ ξη α | ΥΑΗ ΟΗ | ΑΛ γε ε | ΘΖ ΚΔΝ-

dact spon dact spon dact spon

The pauses at the end of κῡξίrsquo and ἄιγε are feminine caesuras

The pauses at the end of νὐινκέλελ and ἔζεθελ are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of νὐινκέλελ is the caesura of the verse

The pauses at the end of ἥ and Ἀραηνῖο are diareses

The diaresis at Ἀραηνῖο is a bucolic diaresis

κῡξία Ἀραηνῖο and ἄιγεα ἔζεθελ are examples of hiatus

The first syllable of ἄιγεrsquo is long because it is followed by two consecutive consonants

ΠΟΛ ΛΑ | ΓrsquoΗΦ ΘΗ | ΜΟΤ ΦΤ | ΥΑ ΑΗ | ΓΗ πξν τ | Α ΦΔΝ-

spon spon spon spon dact spon

The pauses at the end of ἰθζίκνπο and ςπράο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of πνιιάο is a diaresis

δὲ ἰθζίκνπο is hiatus

The first syllable of πνιιάο is long by position as is the first syllable of ἰθζίκνπο the last syllable

of Ἄηδη and the second syllable of πξνΐαςελ

Ζ ΡΧ | ΧΝ ΑΤ | ΣΟΤ δε ε | ΛΧ ξη α | ΣΔΤ ρε θπ | ΝΔ ΗΝ-

spon spon dact dact dact spon

The pause at the end of ηεῦρε is a feminine caesura

The pauses at the end of ἡξώσλ and αὐηνύο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of ἡξώσλ is the caesura of the verse

The pause at the end of ἑιώξηα is a diaresis

ΟΗ Χ | ΝΟΗ ζη ηε | ΓΑΗ ηα δη | Ο δrsquoε ηε | ΛΔΗ ε ην | ΒΟΤ ΛΖΝ

The pauses at the end of νἰσλνῖζη and δαῖηα are feminine caesuras

The pause at the end of Γηόο is a masculine caesura

The pauses at the end of ηε ἐηειείεην and βνπιήλ are diareses

The pause at the end of δαῖηα is the diaresis of the verse

Lesson 15

(693-694 697-700)

(cf 781-782 837 580 1009 996 584-585)

151 Third Declension Paradigms (continued)

Third declension nouns ending in a dental mute stem are exemplified by ἄλαμ (king ϝαλαθη-) λύμ (night λπθη-

) παῖο (child παηδ-) and γέξσλ (old man γεξνλη-)

N ἄλαμ λύμ παῖο γέξσλ

G ἄλαθηνο λπθηόο παηδόο γέξνληνο

D ἄλαθηη λπθηί παηδί γέξνληη

A ἄλαθηα λύθηα παίδα γέξνληα

V ἄλαμ [ἄλα] λύμ παῖ γέξσλ

N V A ἄλαθηε λύθηε παίδε γέξνληε

G D ἀλάθηνηηλ λύθηνηηλ παίδνηηλ γεξόληνηηλ

N ἄλαθηεο λύθηεο παίδεο γέξνληεο

G ἀλάθησλ λπθηῶλ παηδῶλ γεξόλησλ

D ἀλάθηεζζη λύθηεζζη παίδεζζη γεξόληεζζη

ἄλαμη λπμί παηζί γέξνπζη

A ἄλαθηαο λύθηνο παῖδαο γέξνληαο

Third declension nouns ending in labial and palatal stems are exemplified by αἴμ (goat αἰγ-) θῆξπμ (herald

θεξῡθ-) and Αἰζίνς (Ethipoian Αἰζηνπ-)

N αἴμ θῆξπμ Αἰζίνς

G αἰγόο θήξῡθνο Αἰζίνπνο

D αἰγί θήξῡθη Αἰζίνπη

A αἶγα θήξῡθα Αἰζίνπα

V αἴμ θῆξπμ Αἰζίνς

N V A αἶγε θήξῡθε Αἰζίνπε

G D αἴγνηηλ θεξύθνηηλ (ῡ) Αἰζηόπνηηλ

N αἶγεο θήξῡθεο Αἰζίνπεο

G αἰγῶλ θεξύθσλ (ῡ) Αἰζηόπσλ

D αἴγεζζη θεξύθεζζη (ῡ) Αἰζηόπεζζη

αἰμί θήξῡμ Αἰζίνςη

A αἶγαο θήξῡθαο Αἰζίνπαο

Nouns with stems ending in -εξ express different grades of ablaut in the stem (-εξ -εξ -ξ) with a recessive

accent in the vocative singular These are exemplified by παηήξ (father παηεξ-) κήηεξ (mother κεηεξ-) ζπγάηεξ

(daughter ζπγαηεξ-) and ἀλήξ (man ἀλεξ-)

N παηήξ κήηεξ ζπγάηεξ ἀλήξ

G παηέξνο -ηξόο κεηέξνο -ηξόο ζπγαηέξνο -ηξόο ἀλέξνο ἀλδξόο

D παηέξη -ηξί κεηέξη -ηξί ζπγαηέξη -ηξί ἀλέξη ἀλδξί

A παηέξα κεηέξα ζπγαηέξα ἀλέξα ἄλδξα

V πάηεξ κῆηεξ ζύγαηεξ ἄλεξ

N V A παηέξε κεηέξε ζπγαηέξε ἀλέξε ἄλδξε

G D παηέξνηηλ κεηέξνηηλ ζπγαηέξνηηλ ἀλέξνηηλ ἄλδξνηηλ

N παηέξεο κεηέξεο ζπγαηέξεο ζύγαηξεο ἀλέξεο ἄλδξεο

G παηέξσλ -ηξῶλ κεηέξσλ -ηξῶλ ζπγαηέξσλ ζπγαηξῶλ ἀλέξσλ ἀλδξῶλ

D παηξάζη κεηξάζη ζπγαηξάζη ζπγαηέξεζζη ἀλδξάζη ἄλδξεζζη

A παηέξαο κεηέξαο ζπγαηέξαο ζύγαηξαο ἀλέξαο ἄλδξαο

Note that δ is inserted into ἀλήξ between λ and ξ where they occur together The accent of the shorter forms of

ἀλέξ follow the pattern seen in παηήξ The alpha after ξ in the dative plural was added euphonically to strengthen

what was originally a sonant ξ

152 Vocabulary

ἄλαμ ἄλαθηνο ὁ king lord protector

ἀλήξ ἀλέξνο (ἀλδξόο) ὁ (real) man warrior hero

ἄξ(α) (ῥά) naturally of course as you know as you might expect that is

in effect (not always translatable)

βαζηιεύο ῆνο ὁ king ruler

δή indeed truly forsooth now

δηίζηεκη (ζηε- ζηα-) δηαζηήζσ stand apart separate

δηέζηεζα (δηέζηελ)

ἐμ νὗ from the time when

ἐξίδσ (ἐξηδ-) - ἤξηζ(ζ)α quarrel strive

ἠξηζάηελ (they) strove

ἔξηο ηδνο ἡ strife quarrel

Λεηώ Λεηόνο ἡ Leto

κάρνκαη fight battle

κάρεζζαη to fight

μπλίκη μπλήζσ μπλῆθα (μπλέεθα) bring together throw together hearken heed

ὄξλῡκη ὄξζσ ὦξζα (ὤξνξνλ) stir up kindle incite excite arouse

πξῶηνο ε νλ first foremost chief

ηὸ πξῶηνλ ηὰ πξῶηα (adv) at first firstly first

πἱόο νῦ ὁ son

ζθσε these two

153 Translation

1 ζεὰ (ᾱ) ἀείζεη κῆληλ Ἀρηιῆνο ἐμ νὗ δὴ ηὰ πξῶηα δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο θαὶ Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἀλδξῶλ ἠξηζάηελ θαὶ

δηεζηήηελ 2 ηίο ζεῶλ μπλέεθε δῖνλ Ἀρηιῆά ηε θαὶ Ἀηξεΐδελ ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 3 πἱὸο Λεηόνο θαὶ Γηὸο ἑθεβόινο

μπλέεθέ ζθσε ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη ηὸλ γὰξ βαζηιεὺο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἐρόισζελ ὁ δrsquo ὦξζε θαθὴλ λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ

ὤιεθε δὲ ιᾱνύο

KEY

1 The goddess sings the wrath of Achilles from the time when first the divine Achilles and Atreides king of

men strove and separated 2 Which of the gods brought together the divine Achilles and the son of Atreus to fight

in strife 3 The son of Leto and Zeus the Free-shooter brought these two together to fight in strife for Atreides the

king enraged him so he stirred up an evil plague through the camp of the Achaeans and destroyed their host

154 Iliad 1-10

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κῡξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςῡρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιή

ἐμ νὗ δὴ ηὰ πξῶηα δηαζηήηελ ἐξίζαληε

Ἀηξεΐδεο ηε ἄλαμ ἀλδξῶλ θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεύο

ηίο ηrsquo ἄξ ζθσε ζεῶλ ἔξηδη μπλέεθε κάρεζζαη

Λεηνῦο θαὶ Γηὸο πἱόο ὁ γὰξ βαζηιῆη ρνισζεὶο

λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ ὦξζε θαθήλ ὀιέθνλην δὲ ιᾱνί

δηαζηήηελ = δηεζηήηελ

ἐξίζαληε = aor act part nom dual masc (they two) having quarreled

ηε ἄλαμ originally ηε ϝάλαμ thus allowing the hiatus

ζθσε [ἕσ] = 3rd

pers pron acc dual these two

ἔξηδη is dative of means in strife

κάρεζζαη = pres act infinitive deponent to fight

ρνισζείο = aor pass part nom sing masc having been enraged

Λεηνῦο = contracted form of Λεηόνο

βαζηιῆη = Agamemnon instrumental case by the king

ὀιέθνλην = ὠιέθνλην imperf pass ind 3rd

pers plural were being destroyed or kept

perishing

KEY

Sing O goddess of the accursed wrath of Achilles Peleiades

which brought countless woes to the Achaeans

and cast forth the souls of many valiant warriors to Hades

making them the spoils and feast of both dogs

and vultures But the will of Zeus was accomplished

indeed from the time when at first having quarreled both

Atreides king of men and the divine Achilles separated

Which of the gods of course brought these two together to fight in strife

The son of Leto and Zeus For enraged by the king he

kindled an evil plague up through the camp and the people were destroyed

155 Composition

1 ἠείδνκελ κῆληλ νὐινκέλελ Ἀρηιιῆνο ἐμ νὗ ηὰ πξῶηα Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἀλέξσλ (ἀλδξῶλ) θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο

ἠξηζάηελ θαὶ δηεζηεζάηελ (δηεζηήηελ) 2 ηίο ζεῶλ μπλῆθε (μπλέεθα) Ἀραηνὺο θαὶ ιᾱὸλ Πξηάκνπ ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 3

μπλῆθε (μπλέεθα) ζθσε (ἕν) πἱὸο Λεηόνο (Λεηνῦο) θαὶ Γηὸο ἑθεβόινο ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 4 Αηξεΐδεο βαζηιεὺο

Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο ἐρόισζαλ ἄλαθηα ἑθεβόινλ θαὶ ὁ ὦξζα (ὤξνξε) λνῦζνπο πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θαθὰο (ᾱ) ἀλὰ

ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ θαθῶο ὤιεθελ ἀγαζὸλ ιᾱόλ

Lesson 16

(887-897 910 1065-1068 697-703 707 710 732)

161 Formation of Middle Passive and Deponent Verbs

The endings of the middle voice are different from the active voice The passive voice applies the same endings

as the middle voice except in the aorist passive which applies active endings Because the middle and passive voice

are identical (other than the aorist) the context determines whether a verb is used with middle or the passive

meaning The aorist middle is often used with a passive meaning (especially in athematic forms) and the aorist

passive is often used with a middle meaning

The perfect and pluperfect of the middlepassive are athematic with the personal endings attached directly to

the reduplicated stem

The future perfect passive is formed by adding -ζνε to the perfect middle passive lengthening the vowel that

precedes this ending

The first aorist passive is formed by adding -(ζ)ζεε to the stem Before ζ π and β become θ θ and γ become ρ

and η δ ζ become ζ Many verbs have a second aorist passive that drops the ζ altogether

Deponent verbs have no active form but use the middlepassive forms in an active sense

162 Paradigms Present and Future Indicative MiddlePassive of ιύσ

Present

S 1 ιύνκαη

2 ιύεαη [(ιύῃ)]

3 ιύεηαη

D 2 ιύεζζνλ

3 ιύεζζνλ

P 1 ιπόκε(ζ)ζα

2 ιύεζζα

3 ιύνληαη

Future

S 1 ιύζνκαη (ῡ)

2 ιύζεαη (ῡ) [(ιύζῃ (ῡ))]

3 ιύζεηαη (ῡ)

D 2 ιύζεζζνλ (ῡ)

3 ιύζεζζνλ (ῡ)

P 1 ιῡζόκεζα

2 ιύζεζζε (ῡ)

3 ιύζνληαη (ῡ)

163 The Use of Voice in Greek

The active voice indicates that the subject is acting λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ ὦξζε = he kindled a plague up

through the camp

The passive voice indicates that the subject is acted upon Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιή = but the will of Zeus was

being accomplished

The Middle voice denotes one of three meanings

1 The subject acting upon itself πείζνκαη (I convince myself) θαίλνκαη (I show myself)

2 The subject acting for itself θαιένκαη (I call for myself)

3 The subject acting upon something belonging to itself ιύνκαη (I loose my own I ransom)

When determing the difference between the middle and passive keep in mind that the middle voice always

conveys a direct or indirect reference to the subject and that the subject is effect by or has an interest in the action

164 Third Declension Stems in -επ -επ -νπ and -σϝ

Stems in -επ usually became -εϝ and the third declension endings are applied after the ϝ Thus βαζηιεϝνο =

βαζηιῆνο βαηιεϝη = βαζηιῆη βαζηιεϝα = βαζηιῆα etc Note that the ϝ explains why εη (εϝη) does not form an

improper diphthong as well as why the accusative singular ends in -εα (as if the stem ended in a consonant) instead

of -ελ (as if the stem ended in a vowel) Note that when the ending consists of a consonant the -εϝ is contracted to

the diphthong -επ Thus βαζηιεϝο = βαζηιεύο βαζηιεϝ = βαζηιεῦ βαζηιεϝζη = βαζηιεῦζη In rare cases the other

endings also contract the -ε to -ε (ie βαζηιῆνο = βαζηιένο)

In stems ending originally in -ᾱϝ the ᾱ becomes ε in the Ionic dialect These are declined the same as -εϝ

except that -εῡ is formed before consonants instead of -επ Thus λᾱϝο = λεϝο = λεῦο λᾱϝ = λεϝ = λεῦ But note the

exception in the shorter form of the dative plural where λᾱϝζη = λεϝζη = λεπζί (rather than λεῡζη) In contracted

forms the ε usually becomes ε

In stems ending in -σϝ the third declension endings are applied directly to the stem Thus ἡξσϝο = ἥξσο

ἡξσϝνο = ἥξσνο ἡξσϝη = ἥξση ἡξσϝα = ἥξσα etc

In stems ending originally in -ν or -νϝ the third declension endings are applied as usual But keep in mind that -

νϝ is contracted to the diphthong -νπ before a consonant thus βνϝο = βνῦο and βνϝζη = βνπζί But note the

exception that occurs in the accusative singular where βνϝλ = βνῦλ rather than βνϝα

βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

(βαζηιεϝ-) (βνϝ-) (λᾱϝ-) (ἡξσϝ-)

N βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

G βαζηιῆνο [ένο] βνόο λεόο [εόο] ἥξσνο

D βαζηιῆη [έη] βνΐ λεί ἥξση

A βαζηιῆα [έα] βνῦλ [βῶλ] λῆα [έα] ἥξσα

V βαζηιεῦ βνῦ λεῦ ἥξσο

N V A βαζηιῆε βόε λῆε ἥξσε

G D βαζηιήνηηλ βόνηηλ λήνηηλ ἡξώνηηλ

N V βαζηιῆεο βόεο λῆεο ἥξσεο

G βαζηιήσλ βνῶλ λεῶλ [εῶλ] ἡξώσλ

D βαζηιήεζζη βόεζζη λήεζζη [έεζζη] ἡξώεζζη

βαζηιεῦζη βνπζί λεπζί ἥξσζη

A βαζηιῆαο βόαο (βνῦο) λῆαο [έαο] ἥξσαο

165 Third Declension Stems in -εζ -αζ and -νζ

When a stem ends in a vowel plus -ζ the initial ζ is dropped between two vowels Thus γεξαζνο = γέξανο

ἠνζνο = ἠόνο etc

All third declension nouns with stems ending in -εο are neuters and follow the pattern of ἔπνο The third

declension endings are applied as usual except that the nominative vocative and accusative singulars end in -νο

Nouns with stems ending in -νο take -σο in the nominative and vocative singular but otherwise apply the third

declension endings as usual (dropping ζ between two vowels)

ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

(ϝεπεζ-) (γεξαζ-) (ἀϝζνζ- (ᾱ))

N ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

G ἔπενο γέξανο ἠόνο

D ἔπετ γέξατ ἠόη

A ἔπνο γέξαο ἠόα

V ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

N V A ἔπεε γέξαε

G D ἐπένηηλ γεξάνηηλ

N V ἔπεα γέξα(α)

G ἐπέσλ γεξάσλ

D ἐπέεζζη γεξάεζζη

ἔπε(ζ)ζη γέξα(ζ)ζη

A ἔπεα γέξα(α)

166 Third Declension Stems in -καη and -καξ

Stems ending in -καη and -καξ are neuters

Stems in -καη drop the -ηο in the nominative vocative and accusative singular δσκαηο = δῶκα Otherwise the

third declension endings are applied as usual

Stems ending in -καξ are declined like those ending in -καη except in the nominative vocative and accusative

singular (which end in -καξ)

δῶκα ἦκαξ

(δσκαη-) (ἠκαξ- ἠκαη-)

N δῶκα ἦκαξ

G δώκαηνο ἤκαηνο

D δώκαηη ἤκαηη

A δῶκα ἦκαξ

V δῶκα ἦκαξ

N V A δώκαηε ἤκαηε

G D δσκάηνηηλ ἠκάηνηηλ

N V δώκαηα ἤκαηα

G δσκάησλ ἠκάησλ

D δσκάηεζζη ἠκάηεζζη

δώκαζη ἤκαζη

A δώκαηα ἤκαηα

167 Third Declension Stems in -λη and -λ

Stems ending in -λη drop the -λη before ζ and lengthen the preceding vowel thus παληο = πᾶο παληζη = πᾶζη

Otherwise the third declension endings are applied as usual In neuters the -η is dropped at the end of the word thus

παλη = πᾶλ Stems in -λ drop the -λ before ζ and lengthen the preceding vowel in the masculine (but not in the

neuter)

πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

(παλη- παληα- παλη-)

Masc Fem Neut

N πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

G παληόο πάζεο (ᾱ) παληόο

D παληί πάζῃ (ᾱ) παληί

A πάληα πᾶζαλ πᾶλ

V πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

N V πάληεο πᾶζαη πάληα

G πάλησλ πᾱζάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] πάλησλ

D πάληεζ(ζ)η πάζῃζη (ᾱ) πάληεζ(ζ)η

πᾶζη πάζῃο (ᾱ) πᾶζη

A πάληνο πάζᾱο (ᾱ) πάληα

κέιᾱο κέιαηλα κέιαλ

(κειαλ- κειαηλα- κειαλ-)

N κέιᾱο κέιαηλα κέιαλ

G κέιαλνο κειαίλεο κέιαλνο

D κέιαλη κειαίλῃ κέιαλη

A κέιαλα κέιαηλαλ κέιαλ

V κέιαλ κέιαηλα κέιαλ

N V A κέιαλε κειαίλᾱ κέιαλε

G D κειάλνηηλ κειαίλῃηλ κειάλνηηλ

N V κέιαλεο κέιαηλαη κέιαλα

G κειάλσλ κειαηλάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] κειάλσλ

D κειάλεζ(ζ)η κειαίλῃζη κειάλεζ(ζ)η

κέιαζη κειαίλῃο κέιαζη

A κέιαλεο κειαίλᾱο κέιαλα

168 Vocabulary

Nouns

Ἀπόιισλ (ᾰ or ᾰ) σλνο ὁ Apollo

ἀξεηήξ (ᾱ) ῆξνο ὁ priest prayer

ζπγάηεξ ηέξνο (ηξόο) ἡ daughter

θνζκήησξ νξνο ὁ commander marshaller

λεῦο λεόο (λεόο) ἡ ship

ζηέκκα καηνο ηό fillet (of white cotton) wreath

ρείξ ρεηξόο ἡ hand arm

Verbs

ἔξρνκαη (ἐξρ- ἐιε- ἐιεπζ- ἐιπζ-) come go

ἐιεύζνκαη I will come I will go

ἦιζνλ (ἤιπζνλ) I came I went

ιίζζνκαη (ιηη-) I beg I entreat

---

ἐιιηζάκελ (ἐιηηόκελ) I begged I entreated

Adjectives Prepositions

ζνόο ή όλ swift speedy

πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ all every (the) whole

Indeclinable

δύν (δύσ) two

κάιηζηα most especially by all means

169 Translation

1 Ἀπόιισλ ἑθεβόινο ρνινῦηαη βαζηιῆη Αηξεΐδῃ θαὶ πέκπεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ ὀιέθνληαη δὲ

ιᾱνί νὕλεθα δῖνο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) 2 Υξύζεο (ῡ) γὰξ ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἑθεβόινπ ἔξρεηαη

ἐπὶ ζνὰο (ᾱ) λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ θέξεη δrsquo ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα ζπγαηξόο ἣλ Ἀηξεΐδεο ἔρεη ἐλ ζηξαηῷ 3 ὁ δrsquo ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἔρεη

ζηέκκαηα ἑθεβόινπ Ἀπόιισλνο ἐλ ρεξζὶλ ἀλὰ ρξῡζέῳ ζθήπηξῳ θαὶ ιίζζεηαη πάληαο Ἀραηνύο κάιηζηα δrsquo Ἀηξεΐδᾱ

δύσ θνζκήηνξε ιᾱῶλ 4 Ἀπόιισλ ρνιώζεηαη βαζηιῆη θαὶ ὄξζεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηόλ 5 ἐιεύζνληαη ἐπὶ ζνὰο

(ᾱ) λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ νἴζνπζη ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα βαζηιῆη 6 ιίζζνληαη πάληαο Ἀραηνύο 7 Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζελ (ῑ)

ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) θαὶ νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε ζύγαηξα

KEY

1 Apollo the free-shooter enraged by king Atreides sent an evil plague through the camp of the Achaeans and

the people were destroyed because the divine Atreides dishonored Chryses the priest 2 For Chryses the priest of

the free-shooter went upon the swift ships of the Achaeans bearing countless ransoms for his daughter whom

Atreides was holding in the camp 3 But the priest had a wreath of Apollo the free-shooter upon a staff in his hand

and was entreating all of the Achaeans but especially the sons of Atreus (who were) the commanders of the host 4

Apollo will be enraged by the king and will kindle an evil plague up through the camp 5 They will go upon the

swift ships of the Achaeans and bring countless ransoms to the king 6 They are entreating all of the Achaeans 7

Atreides dishonored the priest and would not release his daughter

1610 Iliad 11-16

hellipὀιέθνλην δὲ ιᾱνί

νὕλεθα ηὸλ Υξύζελ ἠηίκαζελ ἀξεηῆξα

Αηξεΐδεο ὁ γὰξ ἦιζε ζνὰο ἐπὶ λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ

ιπζόκελνο ηε ζύγαηξα θέξσλ ηrsquo ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα

ζηέκκαηrsquo ἔρσλ ἐλ ρεξζὶλ ἑθεβόινπ Ἀπόιισλνο

ρξπζέῳ ἀλὰ ζθήπηξῳ θαὶ ἐιίζζεην πάληαο Ἀραηνύο

Ἀηξεΐδα δὲ κάιηζηα δύσ θνζκήηνξε ιαῶλ

ηόλ Υξύζελ = that (well-known) Chryses

The first verse ends in two spondees making it a spondaic verse and emphasizing the fact that

Chryses was a priest

ιῡζόκελνο = fut mid part nom masc sing being about to ransom

θέξσλ = pres act part nom sing masc bearing bringing

ἔρσλ = pres act part nom sing masc having holding

ρεξζὶλ ἑθεβόινπ = ρεξζὶ ϝεθεβόινπ

ρξῡζέῳ = synizesis where -έῳ is pronounced as a single syllable

ἐιίζζεην = imperf act ind 3rd

pers sing dep (kept) entreating was entreating

Ἀηξεΐδᾱ = dual of Ἀηξεΐδεο refers to both Agamemnon and Menelaus

KEY

hellipand the people were being destroyed

because Atreides dishonored Chryses the priest

For he had gone upon the swift ships of the Achaeans

intending to ransom his daughter bearing countless gifts

and holding in his hand fillets of Apollo the free-shooter

upon a golden staff and was entreating all of the Achaeans

but especially the two sons of Atreus the commanders of the host

1611 Composition

1 Chryses the priest of Apollo is dishonored by the son of Atreus 2 The Achaeans will go from their swift

ships to Troy and ransom the beloved daughter of the priest 3 We shall bring many ransoms and shall hold in our

hands the fillets of Apollo 4 We do not have a golden scepter but we entreat Priam and all the people of Troy 5

The two sons of Atreus marshallers of the people are entreating Priam but he will slight them 6 The son of

Atreus king of men slighted the priest and did not release his daughter

KEY

1 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) Ἀπόιινπ ἀηῑκάδεηαη Ἀηξεΐδῃ 2 Ἀραηνὶ ἐιεύζνληαη ἐθ ζνάσλ (ᾱ) λήσλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ (ῑ)

θαὶ ἀπειύζνληαη (ῡ) θίιε ζπγάηεξα ἀξεηῆξη (ᾱ) 3 νἴζνκελ πνιιrsquo ἄπνηλα θαὶ ἕζρνκελ ἐλ ρείξεζζη ζηέκκαηα

Ἀπόιινπ 4 νὐθ ἔρνκελ ζθῆπηξνλ ρξύζενλ ἀιιὰ ιηζζόκεζα Πξίακνλ θαὶ πᾶληα ιᾱνλ Ἰιίνπ (ῑ) 5 δύrsquo Ἀηξεΐδᾱ

θνζκήηεξᾱ ιᾱσλ ιίζζεζζνλ Πξίακνλ αὐηνὺο δrsquo ἀηῑκάζεη 6 Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἄλδξσλ ἠηίκαζελ (ῑ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) θαὶ

νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε ζπγάηεξα

1612 Meter

ΟΤ λε θα | ΣΟΝ ΥΡΤ | ΖΝ Ζ | ΣΗ κα ζελ | Α ΡΖ | ΣΖ ΡΑ~

Α ηξε η | ΓΖ ν γαξ | ΖΛ ζε ζν | Α ε πη | ΝΖ αο α | ΥΑΗ ΧΝ

ΛΤ ζν κε | ΝΟ ηε ζπ | ΓΑΣ ξα θε | ΡΧΝ ηα πε | ΡΔΗ ζη α | ΠΟΗ ΝΑ~

ΣΔΜ καη ε | ΥΧΝ ΔΝ | ΥΔΡ ζηλ ε | ΚΖ βν ινπ | Α ΠΟΛ | ΛΧ ΝΟ~

ΥΡΤζεσα | ΝΑ ΚΖΠ | ΣΡΧ θαη ε | ΛΗ ζε ην | ΠΑΝ ηαο α | ΥΑΗ ΟΤ

ΑΣ ξε η | ΓΑ δε κα | ΛΗ ηα δπ | Χ ΚΟ | ΜΖ ην ξε | ΛΑ ΧΝ

Lesson 17

(910 - imperfect middle and passive aorist middle of ιύσ 648-658 - the table

of endings in 32)

171 Paradigms Imperfect MiddlePassive of ιύσ

S 1 ἐιπόκελ

2 ἐιύεν [(ἐιύεπ)]

3 ἐιύεην

D 2 ἐιύεζζνλ

3 ἐιπέζζελ

P 1 ἐιπόκε(ζ)ζα

2 ἐιύεζζε

3 ἐιύνλην

172 Paradigms Aorist Middle of ιύσ

Thematic Athematic (2nd

Aorist)

S 1 ἐιῡζάκελ ἐιύκελ

2 ἐιύζαν (ῡ) [(ἐιύζσ (ῡ))] ἔιπ(ζ)ν

3 ἐιύζαην (ῡ) ἔιπην

D 2 ἐιύζαζζνλ (ῡ) ἔιπζζνλ

3 ἐιῡζάζζελ ἐιύζζελ

P 1 ἐιῡζάκε(ζ)ζα ἐιύκε(ζ)ζα

2 ἐιύζαζζε (ῡ) ἔιπζζε

3 ἐιύζαλην (ῡ) ἔιπλην

173 Vocabulary

δῶκα αηνο ηό house home

παῖο παηδόο ὁ ἡ child son daughter

π(η)όιηο ηνο (ενο) ἡ city state

ἐπθλήκῑο ῑδνο well-greaved

ἐγώ(λ) κέν (κεῦ) I

ζύ ζέν (ζεῦ) you

κέλhellip δέ on the one handhellip trulyhellip on the one handhellip on the other hand

partlyhellip partly the onehellip the other

νἴθαδε home homeward to home home

Verbs

ἅδνκαη (ἁγ-) (defective) I reverence

δέρνκαη I accept I receive

δέμνκαη I will accept

ἐδεμάκελ (ἐδέγκελ) I accepted

δίδσκη (δσ- δν-) I give I grant

(δη)δώζσ I will give

ἔδσθα I gave

ἐθπέξζσ (πεξζ- πξαζ-) I sack (utterly) I plunder I pillage

ἐθπέξζσ I will sack

ἐμέπεξζα (ἐμέπξαζνλ) I sacked

ἱθλένκαη I arrive I reach (a destination)

ἵμνκαη I will arrive

ἱθόκελ (ῑ) I arrived

174 Translation

1 ζενὶ ἔρνπζηλ ιύκπηα δώκαηα ἔδσθαλ δrsquo Ἀηξεΐδεο θαὶ ἄιινηζηλ ἐπθλεκίδεζζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἐθπέξζαη

(infinitive) πόιηλ Πξηάκνπ ηόηε δrsquo ἵθνλην (ῑ) ἐὺ νἴθαδε νὕλεθα παῖδα θίιελ ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἔιῡζαλ 2 ἀπέιῡζαλ

ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνὶ ζύγαηξα θίιελ ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἐδέμαλην δrsquo ἀγιαὰ ἄπνηλα νὕλεθα ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλα Γηὸο πἱὸλ

ἅδνλην 3 ἅδεηαη ἑθεβόινλ 4 Ἀηξεΐδεο νὐθ ἐδέμαην ηὰ ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα 5 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἔδσθελ ἄπνηλα

πνιιὰ βαζηιῆη Ἀηξεΐδῃ 6 πάληεο ζενὶ θαὶ πᾶζαη ζεαὶ εἶρνλ ιύκπηα δώκαηα 7 Ἀραηνὶ ἐπθλήκῑδεο ἐθπέξζνπζη

Πξηάκνην πόιηλ ἵμνληαη δrsquo ἐπ νἴθαδε 8 παῖο θίιε ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἐιύζαην (ῡ) ἵθεην (ῑ) δrsquo ἐὺ νἴθαδε

KEY

1 The gods have Olympian homes but they gave the son of Atreus and the other well-greaved Achaeans to

utterly sack the city of Priam and then they returned safe at home because they released the dear child of the priest

2 The well-greaved Achaeans released the dear daughter of the priest and received glorious ransoms because they

reverenced the free-shooter Apollo son of Zeus 3 He reverences te free-shooter 4 The son of Atreus did not

receive the glorious ransoms 5 Chryses the priest gave many ransoms to king Atreides 6 All of the gods and all of

the goddesses had Olympian homes 7 The well-greved Achaeans will utterly sack Priamrsquos city and will return safe

to home 8 The dear child of the priest was released and arrived well to her home

175 Iliad 17-21

ltltἈηξεΐδαη ηε θαὶ ἄιινη ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνί

ὑκῖλ κὲλ ζενὶ δνῖελ ιύκπηα δώκαηrsquo ἔρνληεο

ἐθπέξζαη Πξηάκνην πόιηλ ἐὺ δrsquo νἴθαδrsquo ἱθέζζαη

παῖδα δrsquo ἐκνὶ ιῦζαί ηε θίιελ ηά ηrsquo ἄπνηλα δέρεζζαη

ἁδόκελνη Γηὸο πἱὸλ ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλαgtgt

Ἀηξεΐδαηhellip ἄιινη ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνί = vocative case

ὑκῖλ (ῡ) = dat plural of ζύ to you

ζενί = one syllable by synizesis

κέλ (v 18) = correlative of δέ (v 20)

δνῖελ = aor act optative 3rd

plural of δίδσκη may they grant

ἔρνληεο = pres act part nom masc plural of ἔρσ having possessing

ἐθπέξζαη = aor act inf of ἐθπέξζσ to sack utterly

ἱθέζζαη = aor act inf of ἱθένκαη to arrive (compare κάρεζζαη)

ιῦζαη δέρεζζαη = infinitives used as imperatives free and accept

ηά ηrsquo ἄπνηλα (ηά ηε ἄπνηλα) = thesehellip gifts

ἁδόκελνη = pres act part nom masc plural reverencing

KEY

ldquoSons of Atreus and you other well-greaved Achaeans

may the gods who have their homes on Olympus grant you

to utterly sack Priamrsquos city and return safe to home

but release my dear child to me and accept these gifts

reverencing Apollo who shoots at will the son of Zeusrdquo

176 Composition

1 The gods who have (ἔρνληεο) Olympian homes will grant to the sons of Atreus and to the other well-greaved

Achaeans to sack utterly (ἐθπέξζαη) the city of Priam 2 When they sacked the city of Priam they returned happily

home 3 They accepted the shining ransoms and freed the darling daughter of the priest Chryses 4 We reverenced

the free-shooter Apollo son of Leto and Zeus and escaped death 5 Will the son of Atreus accept the shining

ransoms 6 The child of the priest was freed when he gave many shining ransoms which the two sons of Atreus

accepted

KEY

1 ζενὶ ἔρνληεο ιύκπηα δώκαηα δώζνπζη Ἀηξεΐδῃζη θαὶ ἄιινηζηλ ἐπθλεκίδεζζηλ (ῑ) Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἐθπέξζαη πόιηλ

Πξηάκνπ 2 ηόηε ἐμέπεξζαλ πόιηλ Πξηάκνην ἵθνλην (ῑ) ἐὺ νἴθαδε 3 ἐδέμαλην ἀγιαrsquo ἄπνηλα θαὶ ἀπέιῡζαλ ζπγάηεξα

θίιε ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) Υξύζᾱν (ῡ) 4 ἡμάκεζα ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλα Λεηόνο θαὶ Γηὸο πἱόλ θαὶ ζάλαηνλ 5

Ἀηξεΐδεο δέμεηαη ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα 6 παῖο ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἀπειύζαην (ῡ) ηόηε ἔδσθελ ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀγιάα ηὰ

Ἀηξεΐδᾱ ἐδώθαζηλ

Lesson 18

(Perfect and Pluperfect Active of Verbs 904 922 Third Declension γέρων

αἴξ 693-695)

181 Formation of the Perfect and Pluperfect Active

The perfect and pluperfect in all modes experience reduplication of the initial syllable which denotes completed

action Verbs beginning with a single consonant (except ξ) prefix this consonant followed by -ε Thus ιύσ =

ιέιπθα The stem sometimes stands in ablaut relation to the stem of the present as in βαίλσ = βέβεθα A

reduplicated syllable beginning with an aspirated mute is changed to its corresponding voiceless mute in the

reduplicated syllable ie ζλήζθσ = ηέζλεθα In these cases the reduplicated pluperfect adds ἐ- to the reduplicated

syllable ie ιύσ = ιέιπθα = ἐιέιπθε

Vebs beginning with a double consonant two consonants (except a mute followed by a liquid or a nasal) ξ and

some beginning with κ simply augment the stem with the addition of ε-

Verbs beginning in a vowel typically take the temporal augment by lengthening the vowel ie νἴρνκαη =

ᾤρσθα However verbs beginning with a vowel in which an initial consonant has been lost may take the syllabic

augment

Compound verbs typically insert the reduplication and augment between the preposition and the verb ie

ἀπνιύσ = ἀπνιέιπθα = ἀπειειύθε

The first perfect active adds -θα- to the stem followed by the primary endings The first pluperfect active

similarly adds -θε- followed by the secondary endings In general a short final vowel is lengthened before the

addition of the -θα- or -θε- Second perfects and pluperfects active are the older form and are more common in

Homer These omit the θ and simply add -α- or -ε- respectively The second perfects are more common in stems

ending in a consonant

In general the singular perfect and pluperfect active stand in ablaut relation to the dual and plural forms

Perfects and pluperfects are rare in Homer and only occur in some twenty verbs

182 Paradigms λέλυκα and βέβηκα

ιέιπθα ἐιειύθε (ἐιειύθεα)

ιέιπθαο ἐιειύθο (ἐιειύθεαο)

ιέιπθε(λ) ἐιειύθεη (ἐιειύθεε)

ιειύθαηνλ ἐιειύθαηνλ

ιειύθαηνλ ἐιειπθάηελ

ιειύθακελ ἐιειύθεκελ

ιειύθαηε ἐιειύθεηε

ιειύθᾱζη ἐιειύθεζαλ

βέβεθα ἐβεβήθεα (ἐβεβήθε)

βέβεθαο ἐβεβήθεαο (ἐβεβήθεο)

βέβεθε(λ) ἐβεβήθεε (ἐβεβήθεη)

βέβαηνλ ἐβέβαηνλ

βέβαηνλ ἐβεβάηελ

βέβακελ ἐβέβακελ

βέβαηε ἐβέβαηε

βέβᾱζη ἐβέβαζαλ

183 Paradigms γέρων and αἴξ

γέξσλ αἴμ

γέξνληνο αἰγόο

γέξνληη αἰγί

γέξνληα αἶγα

γέξνλ αἴμ

γέξνληε αἶγε

γεξόληνηηλ αἴγνηηλ

γέξνληεο αἶγεο

γεξόλησλ αἰγῶλ

γεξόληεζ(ζ)η (γέξνπζη) αἴγεζ(ζ)η (αἰμί)

γέξνληαο αἶγαο

184 Vocabulary

ἀγνξή ῆο ἡ assembly meeting place gathering harrangue

αἴμ αἰγόο ὁ ἡ goat

Ἄξγνο ενο ηό Argos (both a country and a city in Greece)

γέξσλ νληνο ὁ old man

γῆξαο ανο ηό old age

ἱεξεύο ῆνο ὁ priest holy man

κεξίνλ νπ ηό thigh-bone thigh-piece

πνύο πνδόο ὁ foot

ηαῦξνο νπ ὁ bull

θξήλ θξελόο ἡ diaphragm mind heart soul spirit disposition

δέθαηνο ε νλ tenth

ἡκέηεξνο ε νλ our ours

θνῖινο ε νλ hollow

ὠθύο ὠθεῖα ὠθύ swift speedy

ζλήζθσ die perish

ζαλένκαη

ἔζαλνλ

ηέζλεθα

θεύγσ flee fly escape run (off away along)

θεύμνκαη

ἔθπγνλ

πέθεπγα

73 Composition Exercises

1 The Achaeans sing the beautiful goddess of the terrible sea 2 We do not dishonor the gods for they are dear

to (our) souls 3 The plans of the army are pleasing to the goddess in (her) noble soul 4 Many Achaeans are going

from the encampment and are bringing countless glorious ransoms to the gods 5 The evil plague destroys the

people and makes the army a booty for countless birds 6 We do not sing for it is not pleasing to the soul of the

goddess

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 Ἀραηνὶ ἀείδνπζη ζεὰλ (ᾱ) θᾱιὴλ δεηλῆο ζαιάζζεο 2 νὐθ ἀηῑκάδνκελ ζενὺο θίινη δὲ ζῡκνῖζηλ 3 βνπιαὶ

ζηξαηῷ ἁλδάλνπζη ζεᾷ ζῡκῷ 4 Ἀραηνὶ πνιινὶ βαίλνπζηλ ἐθ ζηξαηνῦ θαὶ θέξνπζηλ ἄπνηλα ἀπεξείζηα θαὶ ἀγιαὰ

ζενῖζηλ 5 θαθὴ λνῦζνο ὀιέθεη ιᾱὸλ θαὶ ηεύρεη ζηξαηὸλ ἄπνηλα νἰσλνῖζηλ ἀπεξείζηνῐζηλ 6 νὐθ ἀείδνκελ νὐθ γὰξ

ἁλδάλεη ςῡρῇ ζεᾶο

Lesson 8

(765-766 773-774)

81 The Second Declension (Continued)

Several words are declined like θᾱιόο ή όλ except that the nominative vocative and accusative singular of

the neuter ends in -o instead of -νλ Some of these words include ὅο ἥ ὅ (which) ὁ ἡ ηό (that) (ἐ)θεῖλνο ε ν

(that) αὐηόο ή ό (he she it) and ἄιινο ε ν (another)

The words ὅδε and νὗηνο are not introduced in this lesson but they are dleclined similarly and so are included

in the paradigms as reference

ὁ ἡ ηό (that hesheit whowhichwhat)

Masc Fem Neut

N ὁ ἡ ηό

G ηνῦ ηνῖν ηῆο ηνῦ ηνῖν

D ηῷ ηῇ ηῷ

A ηόλ ηήλ ηό

N A ηώ (ηώ) ηώ

G D ηνῖηλ (ηνῖηλ) ηνῖηλ

N νἱ αἱ ηά

G ηῶλ ηάσλ (ᾱ) [ηῶλ] ηῶλ

D ηνῖζη ηνῖο ηῇζη ηῇο ηνῖζη ηνῖο

A ηνύο ηάο (ᾱ) ηά

αὐηόο ή ό (hesheit self same)

Masc Fem Neut

N αὐηόο αὐηή αὐηό

G αὐηνῦ νῖν αὐηῆο αὐηνῦ νῖν

D αὐηῷ αὐηῇ αὐηῷ

A αὐηόλ αὐηήλ αὐηό

N A αὐηώ (αὐηώ) αὐηώ

G D αὐηνῖηλ (αὐηνῖηλ) αὐηνῖηλ

N αὐηνί αὐηαί αὐηά

G αὐηῶλ αὐηάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] αὐηῶλ

D αὐηνῖζη νῖο αὐηῇζη ῇο αὐηνῖζη νῖο

A αὐηνύο αὐηάο (ᾱ) αὐηά

ὅο ἥ ὅ (whowhichwhat)

Masc Fem Neut

N ὅο ἥ ὅ

G νὖ [ὅνπ ὅν] ἥο νὗ [ὅνπ ὅν]

D ᾧ ᾗ ᾧ

A ὅλ ἥλ ὅ

N A ὥ (ὥ) ὥ

G D νἷηλ (νἷηλ) νἶηλ

N νἵ αἵ ἅ

G ὧλ ὧλ ὧλ

D νἷζη νἷο ᾗζη ᾗο νἷζη νἷο

A νὕο ἅο (ᾱ) ἅ

(ἐ)θεῖλνο ε ν (that)

Masc Fem Neut

N (ἐ)θεῖλνο (ἐ)θείλε (ἐ)θεῖλν

G (ἐ)θείλνπ νην (ἐ)θείλεο (ἐ)θείλνπ νην

D (ἐ)θείλῳ (ἐ)θείλῃ (ἐ)θείλῳ

A (ἐ)θεῖλνλ (ἐ)θείλελ (ἐ)θεῖλν

N A (ἐ)θείλσ ((ἐ)θείλσ) (ἐ)θείλσ

G D (ἐ)θείλνηηλ ((ἐ)θείλνηηλ) (ἐ)θείλνηηλ

N (ἐ)θεῖλνη (ἐ)θεῖλαη (ἐ)θεῖλα

G (ἐ)θείλσλ (ἐ)θεηλάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] (ἐ)θείλσλ

D (ἐ)θείλνηζη νηο (ἐ)θείλῃζη ῃο (ἐ)θείλνηζη νηο

A (ἐ)θείλνπο (ἐ)θείλᾱο (ἐ)θεῖλα

ὅδε ἥδε ηόδε (this)

Masc Fem Neut

N ὅδε ἥδε ηόδε

G ηνύδε ηνῖνδε ηῆζδε ηνύδε ηνῖνδε

D ηῷδε ηῇδε ηῷδε

A ηόλδε ηήλδε ηόδε

N A ηώδε (ηώδε) ηώδε

G D ηνῖηλδε (ηνῖηλδε) ηνῖηλδε

N νἵδε (ηνίδε) αἵδε (ηαίδε) ηάδε

G ηῶλδε ηάσλδε (ᾱ) [ηῶλδε] ηῶλδε

D ηνῖζηδε ηνῖζδε ηῇζηδε ηῇζδε ηνῖζηδε ηνῖζδε

ηνίζδεζη ηνίζδεζη

ηνίζδεζζη ηνίζδεζζη

A ηνύζδε ηάζδε (ᾱ) ηάδε

νὗηνο αὕηε ηνῦην (this)

Masc Fem Neut

N νὗηνο αὕηε ηνῦην

G ηνύηνπ νην ηαύηεο ηνύηνπ νην

D ηνύηῳ ηαύηῃ ηνύηῳ

A ηνῦηνλ ηαύηελ ηνῦην

N A ηνύησ (ηνύησ) ηνύησ

G D ηνύηνηηλ (ηνύηνηηλ) ηνύηνηηλ

N νὗηνη αὗηαη ηαῦηα

G ηνύησλ ηαῡηάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] ηνύησλ

D ηνύηνηζη νηο ηαύηῃζη ῃο ηνύηνηζη νηο

A ηνύηνπο ηαύηᾱο ηαῦηα

82 Vocabulary

ἀιιά but moreover

ἄιινο ε νλ other another

αὐηόο ή ό self him himself her herself it itself same

δῖνο α νλ (declined like ζάιαζζα) divine heavenly glorious

(ἐ)θεῖλνο ε ν that (one) he she it

ἑθεβόινο νπ ὁ free-shooter sharpshooter (originally shoots-at-will a title for Apollo)

θαθῶο evilly wickedly harshly with evil consequences

ὁ ἡ ηό this that he she it who which what

νὕλεθα (νὗ-ἔλεθα) because

ζθῆπηξνλ νπ ηό scepter staff

ηέ and also both

ρξύζενο (ῡ) ε νλ gold golden of gold

83 Derivatives

ἄιινο (allo-) = allopathy

αὐηόο (auto-) = automaton autocracy autograph autonomy

ρξύζενο (ῡ) (chryse-) = chrysanthemum chrysalis chrysolite

84 Translation Excersis

1 δῖνο ἑθεβόινο αὐηὸο ἀείδεη ἀιιrsquo νὐρ ἁλδάλεη ἄιινηζη ζενῖζη ζῡκῷ 2 θεῖλνη Ἀραηνὶ ἀηῑκάδνπζη ηνὺο ζενύο

3 ὁ ἑθεβόινο πέκπεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ θαθῶο ὀιέθεη θεῖλνλ ιᾱόλ νὕλεθα ηὸλ ἀηῑκάδνπζηλ 4

νὐθ ἀηῑκάδνκελ ηνὺο ζενύο νἳ ἔρνπζη ζθῆπηξα ρξύζεα (ῡ) 5 ὁ ἑθεβόινο ηε θαὶ νἱ ἄιινη ζενὶ θέξνπζη ρξύζεα (ῡ)

ζθῆπηξα θᾱιά 6 ηίο ηεύρεη ηὰ ζθῆπηξα ρξύζεα (ῡ) ηνῖζη ζενῖο ζαιάζζεο 7 ἀείδεη ἑθεβόινο αὐηὸο βνπιὰο (ᾱ)

ἄιισλ ζεῶλ ηνῖζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ 8 εἰζὶλ νἱ Ἀραηνὶ θᾱινί νἱ ὀιέθνπζη ηὸλ ζηξαηὸλ θαίνπζί ηε ηὰο (ᾱ) ππξάο (ᾱ) 9 ἡ

ζεὰ (ᾱ) ηῆο δεηλῆο ζαιάζζεο ἔρεη ηὸ ζθῆηξνλ ρξύζενλ (ῡ) 10 ἐλὶ ηῇ πάηξε εἰζὶλ αἱ ππξαί 11 ηίο ηεύρεη ηὸλ

ζηξαηὸλ ἑιώξηα ηνῖζηλ νἰσλνῖζηλ

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 The divine free-shooter himself sings but it does not please the hearts of the other gods 2 Those Achaeans

dishonor these gods 3 This free-shooter sends an evil plague up through the camp of the Achaeans and wickedly

destroys that host because they dishonor him 4 We do not dishonor these gods who hold the golden scepters 5

Both this free-shooter and these other gods carry beautiful golden scepters 6 Who fashions the golden scepters for

these gods of the sea 7 Does the free-shooter himself sing the plans of the other gods to these Achaeans 8 Are

these Achaeans noble who destroy (our) camp and burn funeral pyres 9 This goddess of the terrible sea holds a

golden scepter 10 The funeral pyrers are in (our) fatherland 11 Who makes (our) camp a spoil for these vultures

85 Composition Exercises

1 ἑθεβόινο αὐηὸο ἀείδεη ηὰο (ᾱ) βνπιὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) ζεῶλ 2 ηί νὐρ ἁλδάλεη ηνῖο ἄιινηζη ζενῖζηλ νἳ ἐλὶ

ζαιάζζῃ 3 ἐθεῖλνο Ἀραηὸο ἀηῑκάδεη ηνὺο ζενὺο πάηξεο νἱ ἔρνπζη ηὰ ζθῆπηξα ρξύζεα (ῡ) 4 ὁ ἑθεβόινο πέκπεη

λνύζνπο πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θαθὰο (ᾱ) ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ ὀιέθεη κῡξίνπο ιᾱνύο νὕλεθα ηὸλ ἀηῑκάδνπζηλ 5 ηίο

θαίεη ηὰο (ᾱ) ππξὰο (ᾱ) Ἀραηῶλ ἐπὶ δεηλῇ ζαιάζζῃ 6 ὁ ἑθεβόινο ηεύρεη κῡξίνπο Ἀραίνπο ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζηλ νὕλεθα

ηὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) ζεὰο (ᾱ) ζαιάζζεο ἀηῑκάδνπζηλ

Lesson 9

(830-840 904)

91 The Verbal Augment

Greek verbs frequently add a prefix to a verb (in the secondary tenses of the idicative) to indicate action

occurring in the past This prefix is called an augment Verbal augments take one of two forms the syllabic

augment which consists of adding an extra syllable to the beginning of a word and the temporal augment which

consists of lengthening the first syllable of a word While the augment is consistently applied in later dialects of

Greek it was still optional in Homeric and is often omitted (the tense being determined solely from the suffixes)

The syllabic augment is applied to verbs that begin with a consonant (or rare verbs that originally began with a

consonant) and consists of the prefix ε- Thus ιύνκελ = we loose (present tense) but ἐιύνκελ = we were loosing

(past tense) Some Greek words originally began with a ϝ or an ζ that later disappeared (usually replace with the

rough breathing) In those cases the augment is sometimes syllabic reflecting the earlier practice The word ἁλδάλσ

for example was originally ζϝαλδάλσ (swandano) The original augmented form of the imperfect was ἐζϝάλδαλνλ

(eswandano) When the ζϝ- was dropped the syllabic augment was retained ἑάλδαλνλ (heandano)

When a verb has lost an initial ζ the syllabic augment frequently contracts with the initial vowel For example

the word ἔρσ was originally ζέρσ The original augmented imperfect was ἔζερνλ When the initial ζ disappeared

the result was ἔερνλ which contracted to εἶρνλ (because εε usually contracts to εη) This pattern is also sometimes

present in verbs that originally began with ϝ such as ϝίδνλ =gt ἐϝηδνλ = ἔηδνλ = εἶδνλ

The temporal augment consists of lengthening an initial vowel and occurs in most Greek verbs that begin with

an initial vowel In general initial α or ε becomes ε initial η ν or π becomes ῑ initial αη and ᾳ become ῃ and initial

νη becomes ῳ Thus ἄγνκελ (we lead) becomes ἤγνκελ (we were leading) If the verb already begins with a long

vowel (ε ῃ ῑ ῡ σ ῳ) there is usually no change

Verbs that begin with ξ usually double the ξ when adding the syllabic augment This feature also sometimes

occurs in verbs beginning with ι κ λ or ζ

Compound verbs are usually formed from a combination of preposition + verb such as ἀπό (away from) + ιύσ

(loosen) = ἀπνιύσ (set free turn loose) In compound verbs a temporal augment is inserted between the preposition

and the verb If the preposition ends in a vowel the vowel is usually elided Thus ἀπνιύνκελ (we set free) becomes

ἀπειύνκελ (elided from ἀπνειύνκελ we were setting free)

92 The Imperfect Tense

The imperfect denotes continuous action in past time and typically corresponds to the past participle in English

Thus ἔιπνλ (imperfect) = I was loosing Occasionally the Greek imperfect is best translated by the simple past tense

in English The imperfect tense is formed by adding the secondary tense endings (which will be described in a later

lesson) to the augmented stem of the verb

In the paradigm below the unaugmented form is shown in brackets

Imperfect Tense

S 1st Pers ἔιπνλ [ιύνλ] I was loosing

2nd

Pers ἔιπεο [ιύεο] you were loosing

3rd

Pers ἔιπε(λ) [ιύε(λ)] he she it was loosing

D 2nd

Pers ἐιύεηνλ [ιύεηνλ] you (two) were loosing the pair of you were loosing

3rd

Pers ἐιπέηελ [ιπέηελ] they (two) were loosing the pair of them were loosing

P 1st Pers ἐιύνκελ [ιύνκελ] we were loosing

2nd

Pers ἐιύεηε [ιύεηε] you (ye) were loosing

3rd

Pers ἐιύνλ [ιύνλ] they were loosing

93 Vocabulary

ἄιιῃ elsewhere

Ἀξγεῖνο νπ ὁ Argive

-δε (suffix + acc) to

δηά (adv) between among (+gen) through (+acc) through by means

of on account of during

δηίθηινο (ῑ) ε νλ dear to Zeus

εἴξσ speak say tell

ἐκόο ή όλ my mine

ἔξγνλ νπ ηό (ϝέξγνλ) work deed accomplishment

-ζελ (suffix gen ending) from

Κιπηαηκήζηξε εο ἡ Clytaemnestra

(also Κιπηαηκλήζηξε)

καληνζύλε εο ἡ gift of prophesy

νἶθνο νπ ὁ house home

ιύκπηνο ε νλ Olympian

Ὄιπκπνο νπ ὁ Olympus

Πξίακνο νπ ὁ Priam

ζόο ζή ζόλ your yours

εἶρνλ (imperfect of ἔρσ) I was having I had

94 Derivatives

95 Translation Exercises

1 ὁ ἑθεβόινο δηὰ καληνζύλελ εἴξεη βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ηῶλ ζεῶλ Ἀξγείνηζηλ 2 νἱ ιύκπηνη ζενὶ εἶρνλ νἴθνπο ἐλ

ιύκπῳ 3 ὁ ἑθεβόινο δηίθηινο (ῑ) ἔηεπρε ηνὺο Ἀξγείνπο Ἀραηνύο ηε ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζηλ 4 Ἀραηνὶ Ἀξγεῖνί ηrsquo

ἔηεπρνλ ἔξγα θαθὰ δηὰ βνπιὴλ ζεᾶο 5 Κιπηαηκήζηξε δηὰ ηὸλ ζῡκὸλ ἔηεπρελ ηὰ ἔξγα δεηλά 6 Πξίακνο ιᾱόο ηε

Πξηάκνπ ὤιεθνλ πνιινὺο Ἀξγείνπο 7 ηίο εἴξεη ηὰ ζὰ ἔξγα θαθὰ Πξηάκῳ 8 ηὰ ἔξγα ἐκά ἐζηη θᾱιά νὕλεθα ἔηεπρνλ

βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεῶλ θαὶ ζεάσλ (ᾱ) δηὰ ηὴλ καληνζύλελ 9 ἐπέκπνκελ ηὰ ρξύζεα (ῡ) ζθῆπηξα εἰο νἶθνλ Πξηάκῳ 10

ἐθαίεηε ηὰο (ᾱ) ππξὰο (ᾱ) δεηλῇ θιαγγῇ 11 νὐρ ἥλδαλε ἡ βνπιὴ ζεᾷ ζαιάζζεο ζῡκῷ 12 αἱ ζεαὶ ἀείδνπζη ηὰ θᾱιὰ

ἔξγα ηῶλ ζεῶλ ἑθεβόινο δὲ βαίλεη ἄιιῃ 13 εἶρε Πξίακνο ἀγιαὸλ θαὶ θᾱιὸλ νἶθνλ

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 This free-shooter relates the plans of the gods to the Argives through prophesy 2 These Olympian gods had

homes on Olympus 3 This free-shooter beloved of Zeus made both the Argives and the Achaeans prey for the

vultures 4 Both the Achaeans and the Argives committed evil deeds through the will of the goddess 5 Because of

her heart Clytaemnestra wrought these terrible deeds 6 Both Priam and the host of Priam killed many Argives 7

Who relates these evil deeds of yours to Priam 8 These works of mine are noble because through prophesy I

accomplished the of the gods and goddess 9 We sent the golden scepters to the house of Priam 10 Were you

burning the funeral pyres with a terrible uproar 11 Does the plan not please the heart of the goddess of the sea 12

The goddesses sing the noble deeds of the gods but the free-shooter walks elsewhere 13 Priam had a splendid and

beautiful home

96 Composition Exercises

1 Who brought these countless shining ransoms to the beautiful home of Priam 2 The Achaeans and the

Argives burned many funeral pyres in your beloved fatherland 3 Clytaemnestra was wicked and performed many

dreadful deeds 4 Through the gift of prophesy we tell many glorious deeds of the gods and goddesses who have

Olympian homes 5 My deeds are noble but yours are cowardly 6 The gods sent an evil plague up through the

camp and destroyed many Achaeans because they dishonored the free-shooter 7 It was not pleasing to

Clytaemnestra in (her) wicked soul

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 ηίο ἔθεξε ηὰο ἄπνηλα ἀγιαὰ εἰο νἶθνλ θᾱιὸλ Πξηάκνπ 2 Ἀραηνὶ θαὶ Ἀξγεῖνη ἔθαηνλ ππξὰο (ᾱ) πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἐλ

ζῇ πάηξῃ θᾱιῇ 3 Κιπηαηκλήζηξε θαθὴ ἦλ θαὶ ἔηεπρελ ἄξγα πνιιὰ θαὶ δεηλά 4 δηὰ καληνζύλελ εἴξνκελ ἔξγα

πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀγιαὰ ζεῶλ θαὶ ζεάσλ (ᾱ) νἳ ἔρνπζηλ νἴθνπο ιπκπίνπο 5 ἔξγα ἐκὰ θᾱιή εἰζηλ ζὰ δὲ θαθά 6 ζενὶ

ἔπεκπνλ λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ θαὶ ὤιεθνλ Ἀραίνπο πνιινύο νὕλεθα ἠηίκαδνλ (ῑ) ἑθεβόινλ 7 νὐρ ἥλδαλε

Κιπηαηκλήζηξῃ ζῡκῷ θαθῷ

Lesson 10

(841-857 904)

101 Formation of the Aorist and Future Tenses

The first aorist is a secondary tense formed by adding -ζ(ζ)α to the augmented verb stem followed by the

personal endings of the secondary tense If the verb stem ends in a consonant or a long vowel only a single ζ is

added If the stem ends in a short vowel either one or two sigmas may be added A few aorists (called ldquomixed

aoristsrdquo) are formed by adding -ζ followed by the thematic vowel and the personal endings for the secondary tenses

to the augmented stem

The future is formed by adding -ζ followed by the thematic vowel and the personal endings for the primary

tenses

If the verb stem ends in a long vowel the stem is not affected by the addition of the suffixes for the future or

aorist tenses If the stem ends in a short vowel it is regularly lengthened in all tenses except the present and the

imperfect There are however a few exceptions to this pattern In most cases these verbs add ζ before the personal

endings of the perfect middle and aorist passive

102 Classification of Verbs

Verbs are classified into four groups according to the final letter of the stem vowel verbs liquid verbs nasal

verbs and mute verbs

When -ζ is added to the end of a mute verb a labial combines with ζ to form ς a palatal combines with ζ to

form μ and a lingual is dropped (leaving only ζ)

When -ζ is added to the end of a liquid or nasal verb it is usually preceded by -ε and the ζ is dropped in

contraction Thus βαιισ = βαιέζσ = βαιέσ In rare cases the ε is dropped and the ζ retained In some vowel-stem

verbs where the final vowel is preceded by a liquid or nasal the verb behaves as a liquidnasal and adds -εζ to the

stem θαιέσ (present) = θαιέζσ (future) = θαιέσ (future contracted) The formations in which the ζ is dropped

after α or ε are sometimes called ldquoAttic futuresrdquo

Verbs with liquid and nasal stems regularly form the aorist by dropping the ζ and lengthening the stem vowel

A few verbs have active forms in the present tense but middle forms in the future tense ἀθνύσ (I hear) but

ἀθνύζνκαη (I will hear)

103 Paradigms Future and First Aorist of ιύσ

Future

S 1st Pers ιύζσ (ῡ) I shall loose

2nd

Pers ιύζεηο (ῡ) you will loose

3rd

Pers ιύζεη (ῡ) he she it will loose

D 2nd

Pers ιύζεηνλ (ῡ) you (two) will loose

3rd

Pers ιύζεηνλ (ῡ) they (two) will loose

P 1st Pers ιύζνκελ (ῡ) we shall loose

2nd

Pers ιύζεηε (ῡ) you (ye) will loose

3rd

Pers ιύζνπζη(λ) (ῡ) they will loose

First Aorist

S 1st Pers ἔιῡζα I loosed

2nd

Pers ἔιῡζαο you loosed

3rd

Pers ἔιῡζε(λ) he she it loosed

D 2nd

Pers ἐιύζαηνλ (ῡ) you (two) loosed

3rd

Pers ἔιῡζάηελ they (two) loosed

P 1st Pers ἐιύζακελ (ῡ) we loosed

2nd

Pers ἐιύζαηε (ῡ) you (ye) loosed

3rd

Pers ἔιῡζαλ they loosed

104 Vocabulary

ἄγσ ἄμσ ἤγαγνλ lead drive conduct bring carry

ἀλάζζσ (ϝαλαθ-) ἀλάμσ ἠλαμα (+gen) rule (over) guard protect

ἄξηζηνο ε νλ best noblest bravest fairest

αὖηηο (back) again anew

Γαλαόο νῦ ὁ Danaan

ἑθαηόκβε εο ἡ hecatomb sacrifice

ζάλαηνο νπ ὁ death

Ἴιηνο νπ ἡ Ilium Troy the region around Troy

κεγάζῡκνο ε νλ great-souled brave

ὄρα far much considerably

πέζσ (πεηζ- πνηζ- πηζ-) πείζσ ἔπεηζα (πέπηζνλ) persuade win over mislead

θηιέσ θηιήζσ ἐθίιεζα love cherish entertain hospitably

εἶπνλ εἶπεο εἶπε(λ) θηι 2nd

aor speak say tell etc

ἔβεζα ἔβεζαο ἔβεζε(λ) θηι 1st aor come go walk etc

105 Derivatives

ἄγσ (ag-) = pedagogue demagogue synagogue

ἄξηζηνο (arist-) = aristocracy

ζάλαηνο (thanat-) = thanatopsis euthanasia

106 Translation Exercises

1 ηίο ἦλ ὄρrsquo ἄξηζηνο Γαλαῶλ 2 Πξίακνο κεγάζῡκνο ἤλαζζελ Ἰιίνπ 3 νὐθ αὖηηο ἄμνπζη Γαλανὶ κεγάζῡκνη

ἑθαηόκβᾱο πνιιὰο (ᾱ) εἰο Υξύζελ (ῡ) 4 νὐθ ἔπεηζαλ ἑθεβόινλ πνιιῇο ἑθαηόβῃζη θᾱιῇζηλ 5 νὐ θηιήζνκελ ζενύο

νὕλεθα θᾱινὶ εἰζηλ 6 Γαλανὶ ηεύμνπζη ζάλαηνλ Πξηάκῳ ἐλ Ἰιίῳ 7 ἐθίιεζα ζεὰλ (ᾱ) ζαιάζζεο ἀιιrsquo νὐρ ἥλδαλε

ἑθεβόιῳ ζῡκῷ 8 ἀείζνκελ θαὶ πείζνκελ ζενύο 9 ὄρrsquo ἄξηζνη ἐλ Ἰιίῳ ηὰ εἶπνλ Πξηάκῳ ἀιιὰ ηνὺο ἠηῑκάζελ 10

Πξίακνο ἔπεκςε ηὸλ ζηξαηὸλ ἄξηζηνλ ἐπrsquo Ἀξγείνηζηλ 11 ἔβεζαλ αὖηηο Γαλανὶ εἰο Ἴιηνλ ἀιιrsquo νὐθ ἔπεηζαλ

Πξίακνλ 12 ἀείζνκελ ἑθεβόινλ ὄρrsquo ἄξηζηνλ ζεῶλ νὕλεθrsquo ἤγαγε Γαλανὺο εἰο Ἴιηνλ

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 Who was by far the noblest of the Danaans 2 Great-souled Priam ruled Ilium 3 Not agan will the great-

souled Danaans lead many sacrifices into Chrysa 4 They did not persuade the free-shooter with many goodly

sacrifices 5 Do we not love the gods because they are good 6 The Danaans will prepare death for Priam in Ilium

7 I loved the goddess of the sea but it was not pleasing to the heart of the free-shooter 8 We will sing and

persuade the gods 9 By far the noblest in Ilium this they say of Priam but he (is the one) he dishonored () 10

Priam sent the best army against the Argives 11 The Danaans went back to Ilium but they did not persuade Priam

12 We hymn the free-shooter greatest of the gods because he led the Danaans into Ilium

107 Composition Exercises

1 The great-souled Achaeans will not persuade the free-shooter with goodly hecatombs but he will prepare evil

death for the people 2 The noblest of the Achaeans went to Ilium but they did not persuade the soul of Priam 3

We shall sing because the gods have led (aor) the people into Troy 4 We shall have many shining golden scepters

5 Did you not love the gods who have Olympian homes 6 Priam shall not rule Ilium again for the Achaeans will

prepare evil death for him 7 Does he speak to the beautiful goddess of the sea 8 They will persuade the souls of

the gods with many hecatombs

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 Ἀραηνὶ κεγάζῡκνη νὐ πείζνπζηλ ἑθεβόινλ πνιιῇο ἑθαηόκβῆζηλ ἀιιὰ ηεύμεη ζάλαηνλ θαθὸλ ιᾱνῖζηλ 2

ἄξηζηνη Ἀραηῶλ ἔβεζαλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ ἀιιrsquo νὐθ ἔπεηζαλ ζῡκὸλ Πξηάκῳ 3 ἀείζνκελ νὕλεθα ζενὺο ἤγαγνλ ιᾱὸλ εἰο

Ἴιηνλ 4 ἕζρνκελ πνιιὰ ρξύζεα (ῡ) ἀγιαὰ ζθῆπηξα 5 νὐθ ἐθηιήζαηε ζενὺο νἳ ἔρνπζηλ νἴθνπο ιπκπίνπο 6 νὐθ

αὖηηο ἀλάζζεη Πξίακνο Ἰιίνπ Ἀραηνὶ γὰξ ηεύμνπζη ζάλαηνλ θαθὸλ αὐηῷ 7 εἴξεη ζεᾷ θᾱιᾷ ζαιάζζεο 8 πείζνπζη

ζῡκνὺο ζεῶλ πνιιῇο ἑθαηόκβῃζηλ

Lesson 11

(664-675 838-839)

111 First Declension Masculine Nouns

First declension masculines typically end in -εο -ᾱο or -ᾰο in the nominative and are declined exactly the same

as their feminine counterparts (with the exception of the nominative singular which adds -ο the genitive singular

which regularly ends in -ᾱν and the vocative singular which ends in -ε -ᾱ or -ᾰ) Those ending in -εο retain -ε

throughout the singular those ending in -ᾱο retain the -ᾱ throughout the singular and those ending in -ᾰο take the -ε

ending in the dative

Masculines ending in -δεο take -ε in the vocative singular while those ending in -ηεο (as well as compound

nouns and the names of nationalities) regularly take -ᾰ Those ending in -ᾱο take the the nominative singular in -ᾱ

A very few first declension adjectives take a masculine ending in -ᾰ (without the final -ο) Many of these also

have an alternative form that ends in the more common -εο Those that do not have an alternative form in -εο usually

have the recessive accent (a feature inherited from the Aeolic influence in Homer) The only masculine noun ending

in -ᾰ in the nominative is the name Θύεζηα (Thyestes)

First declension masculine nouns typically follow the paradigms for Ἀηξεΐδεο (Atreides son of Atreus) Αἰλείᾱο

(Aeneas) and αἰρκεηήο (spearman warrior)

Ἀηξεΐδεο ᾱν ὁ Αἰλείᾱο ᾱν ὁ αἰρκεηήο ᾱν ὁ

(Αηξεϝηδᾱ-) (Αἰλεηᾱ-) (αἰρκεηᾱ-)

N Ἀηξεΐδεο Αἰλείᾱο αἰρκεηήο [ά]

G Ἀηξεΐδᾱν [εσ] Αἰλείᾱν [σ] αἰρκεηᾶν [έσ]

D Ἀηξεΐδῃ Αἰλείᾳ αἰρκεηῇ

A Ἀηξεΐδελ Αἰλείαλ αἰρκεηήλ

V Ἀηξεΐδε Αἰλείᾱ αἰρκεηά

N A V Ἀηξεΐδᾱ αἰρκεηά (ᾱ)

G D Ἀηξεΐδῃηλ αἰρκεηῇηλ

N V Ἀηξεΐδαη αἰρκεηαί

G Ἀηξετδάσλ (ᾱ) αἰρκεηάσλ (ᾱ)

[έσλ ῶλ] [έσλ ῶλ]

D Ἀηξεΐδῃζη ῃο αἰρκεηῇζη ῇο

A Ἀηξεΐδᾱο αἰρκεηάο (ᾱ)

112 Compound Verbs

Compound verbs are formed from a preposition or adverb coupled with a verb such as ἀλαβαίλσ (ascend)

formed from ἀλα (up) and βαίλσ (go) If the preposition ends in a vowel and the verb begins with a vowel the vowel

of the preposition is usually elided as in δηίζηεκη (δηὰ ἰζηεκη) ἁθαηξέσ (ἀπὸ αἱξέσ)

The augment occurs between the preposition and the verb When two vowels are thus brought together the first

vowel is usually elided leaving the augment Thus ἀπνιύσ (I release present) ἀπέιπνλ (I was releasing

imperfect) ἀπέιῡζα (I released aorist)

113 Vocabulary

ἀλαβαίλσ ἀλαβήζσ ἀλέβεζα go up ascend embark

ἀπνιύσ ἀπνιύζσ (ῡ) ἀπέιῡζα loose set free release

Ἀηξεΐδεο -ᾱν ὁ Atreides son of Atreus (usually refers to Agamemnon)

θαηαθεύσ θαηαθαύζσ θαηέθεα burn consume

θειεύσ - ἔθιπνλ (+gen) hear hearken to

κεηέεηπνλ κεηεῖπνλ (2nd

aor of εἴξσ) spoke among addressed spoke to

ὅηε when whenever

Πειεηάδεο ᾱν (εσ) ὁ Peleiades son of Peleus (used in reference to Achilles)

πξνζέεηπνλ πξνζεῖπνλ (2nd

aor of εἴξσ) addressed spoke to

ηόηε then at that time

ρνιόσ ρνιώζσ ἐρόισζα anger enrage vex

Υξύζεο (ῡ) ᾱν (εσ) ὁ Chryses

Verbs

ἀλαβαίλσ

stem ἀλα + βαλ- βα-

future ἀλαβήζσ (rarely ἀλαβήζνκαη)

1st aorist ἀλέβεζα (rarely 2

nd aor ἀλέβελ)

ἀπνιύσ

stem ἀπό + ιύσ

future ἀπνιύζσ (ῡ)

1st aorist ἀπέιῡζα

θαηαθαίσ

stem θαηά + θαπ- θαϝ- θαη-

future θαηαθαύζσ (assumed form)

1st aorist θαηέθεα

θειεύσ (Attic)

stem θιεπ- θιεϝ- θιπ-

future none

2nd

aorist ἐθιπνλ

ρνιόσ

stem ρνιν-

future ρνιώζσ

1st aorist ἐρόισζα

Notes

In Homeric Greek the stem vowel is usually lengthened before -ζ hence ἀλαβαίλσ =gt ἀλαβήζσ =gt

ἀλέβεζα ἀπνιύσ =gt ἀπνιύζσ (ῡ) =gt ἀπέιῡζα

ἀλαβαίλσ also has a 2nd

aorist ἀλέβελ

A few verbs have active forms in the present but middle forms in the future ἀλαβαίλσ has two future

forms one active (ἀλαβήζσ) and one middle (ἀλαβήζνκαη)

Verbs with stems ending in -αηλσ originally had a consonantal η following the λ (ie ἀλαβαηλησ)

114 Translation

1 θᾱινὶ ζενὶ ἔηεπμαλ ζάλαηνλ θαθὸλ δίῳ (ῑ) Πειεηάδῃ ὁ δrsquo ἀλέβελ ππξήλ 2 ἑθεβόινο ὤιεθε ιᾱὸλ Ἀραηῶλ

νὕλεθα δῖνο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) 3 θαηέθεα ἑθαηόκβᾱο πνιιάο (ᾱ) 4 ἑθεβόινο νὐθ ἔθιπελ Ἀηξεΐδᾱν

νὕλεθα ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) 5 Υξύζεο (ῡ) κεηέεηπελ Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἀιιrsquo νὐθ Ἀηξεΐδῃ ἥλδαλε ζῡκῷ 6 ὅηε θαθῶο

πξνζέεηπελ Ἀηξεΐδεο Υξύζελ (ῡ) ηόηε ἐρόισζελ ἑθεβόινλ 7 ἀπειύζακελ (ῡ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) νὕλεθα ηὸλ

ἐθηιήζακελ 8 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἤλεηθελ ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα Ἀηξεΐδῃ 9 νἴζνκελ ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀπνιύζνκελ (ῡ)

Υξύζελ (ῡ) νὕλεθα ηὸλ ἐθηιήζακελ θαὶ θίινο ἐζηὶλ ἑθεβόιῳ 10 ηίο θέξεη ἄπνηλα Υξύζᾱν (ῡ) Ἀηξεΐδῃ 11 δῖνο

Πειεηάδεο ἐρόισζελ Ἀηξεΐδελ 12 ὅηε θαηεθήακελ πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἑθαηόκβᾱο θᾱιάο (ᾱ) ηόηε ἐπείζακελ ζῡκνὺο ζεῶλ

13 δηὰ καληνζύλελ Υξύζεο (ῡ) εἶπε βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεῶλ Ἀηξεΐδῃ Πειεηάδῃ ηε

KEY

1 The noble gods prepared evil death for the divine Peleiades and he ascended the funeral pyre 2 The free-

shooter destroyed the host of the Achaeans because the divine Atreides dishonored Chryses 3 I burned many

funeral pyres 4 The free-shooter did not hear the son of Atreus because he dishonored Chryses 5 Chryses spoke

among the Achaeans but but it did not please the heart of Atreides 6 It angered the free-shooter when the son of

Atreus spoke wickedly to Chryses 7 We released Chryses because we loved him 8 Chryses brought countless

glorious ransoms to the son of Atreus 9 We will bring many ransoms and release Chryses because we loved him

and he is dear to the free-shooter 10 Who brought the ransoms of Chryses to the son of Atreus 11 The divine

Peleiades angered the son of Atreus 12 We persuaded the hearts of the gods when we burned many good

hecatombs 13 Through prophesy Chryses spoke the will of the gods to both Atreides and Peleiades

115 Composition

1 The Achaeans ascended into Troy and killed the noble Priam 2 We burned many goodly hecatombs to the

Olympian gods 3 Chryses spoke among the Achaeans but the son of Atreus did not hearken to him 4 The

Achaeans addressed the son of Atreus but he did not free Chryses 5 The son of Atreus will bring many ransoms

into the camp of the Achaeans 6 Who will persuade the gods with many goodly hecatombs

KEY

1 Ἀραηνὶ ἀλέβεζαλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ θαὶ ὤιεμαλ θᾱιὸλ Πξηάκνλ 2 θαηέθεκελ πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) ἑθαηόκβὰο (ᾱ)

ζενῖο ιπκπίνηο 3 Υξύζεο (ῡ) κεηέεηπελ Ἀραηνῖο ἀιιrsquo Ἀηξεΐδεο ηὸλ νὐθ ἔθιπελ 4 Ἀραηνὶ πξνζέεηπνλ Ἀηξεΐδῃ

ἀιιrsquo νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε Υξύζελ (ῡ) 5 Ἀηξεΐδεο νἴζεη ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ εἰο ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 6 ηίο πείζεη ζενὺο πνιιῇο

ἑθαηόκβῃζηλ

Lesson 12

Review

121 Review Vocabulary

Lesson 13

(680-692 701-709)

(cf 897 874 886 619 841-843 576 1178 830-831 837 580 837)

131 Nouns of the Third Declension

Third declension nouns can be either masculine feminine or neuter The nominative endings can take many

forms but there are some conventions Masculine and feminine stems except those ending in λ ξ or ζ simply add

ζ to the stem and make the necessary euphonic changes Stems ending in ξ λ and ζ typically make no changes

except to lengthen the last vowel if it is short Stems ending in -λ(η) either drop the η and lengthen a short vowel or

drop the -λ(η) lengthen the vowel and add ζ Examples δαηκνλ- = δαηκσλ ζῑλ- = ζίο (ῑ) κειαλ- = κέιᾱο γεξνλη- =

γέξσλ etc Neuters typically consist of just the stem in the nominative and accusative except to drop a final -η

where it occurs

In general the stem of a third declension noun is found by dropping the -νο ending from the genitive singular

The dative singular regularly ends in -ῐ but occasionally in -ῑ

The accusative ending was originally -λ and this ending is common on stems ending in a vowel On stems

ending in a consonant the -λ was a sonant consonant which eventually came be pronounced as -ᾰ The result is that

the accusative singular usually ends in -λ for stems ending in a vowel and -ᾰ for stems ending in a consonant

Dental mute stems ending in -ηο and -πο in the nominative singular rarely drop the mute and typically adopt the -λ

accusative ending as if they were vowel stems

The dative plural is formed by adding either -εζζη (rarely -εζη) or -ζη (rarely -ζζη) and making the usual

euphonic changes Most third declension nouns thus have alternate dative plural forms as πνύο = πνζζί = πνζί =

πόδεζζη etc

The accusative plural originally ended in -λο (sonant λ) which gives -αο for stems ending in a consonant and -ῑο

and -ῡο for stems ending in a vowel A few vowel stems borrowed an -αο ending from the first declension by

analogy

The vocative singular is usually either identical to the nominative or identical to the stem alone Stems ending

in λ ξ or ο typically drop this final consonant in the vocative singular

Compensatory lengthening usually occurs in the dative plural when -λη is dropped as in γέξνληζη = γέξνπζη

132 Paradigms

Stems ending in -επ (επ) -νπ and σϝ follow the paradigms of βαζηιεύο (king βαζηιεϝ-) βνῦο (ox βνϝ-) λεῦο

(ship λᾱϝ-) and ἥξσο (hero ἡξσϝ- () or ἡξσ-)

N βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

G βαζηιῆνο [-ένο] βνόο λεόο ἥξσνο

D βαζηιῆη [-έη] βνΐ λεί ἥξση

A βαζηιῆα [-έα] βνῦλ [βῶλ] λῆα [λέα] ἥξσα

V βαζηιεῦ βνῦ λεῦ ἥξσο

N A V βαζηιῆε βόε λῆε ἥξσε

G D βαζηιήνηηλ βόνηηλ λήνηηλ ἡξώνηηλ

N V βαζηιεῆεο βόεο λῆεο ἥξσεο

G βαζηιήσλ βνῶλ λεῶλ [λεῶλ] ἡξώσλ

D βαζηιήεζζη βόεζζη λήεζζη [λέεζζἰ ἡξώεζζη

βαζηιεῦζη βνπζί λεπζί ἥξσζη

A βαζηιῆαο βόαο (βνῦο) λῆζαο (λέαο) ἥξσαο

A long vowel is typically shortened when it occurs before another vowel thus βαζηιῆνο or βαζηιένο This

convention was almost certainly consistent in pronunciation but is only occasionally represented in written form

The π in the stem of these words frequently became ϝ and subsequently disappeared as in βαζηιεπ- βαζηιεϝ-

βαζηιε-

Stems ending in η (εη) and π (επ εϝ) follow the paradigms of πόιηο (city πνιη-) πῆρπο (forearm περεϝ-) ἄζηπ

(city ἀζηεϝ-) λέθπο (corpse λεθῡ-) and δάθξπ (tear δαθξπ-)

N πόιηο πῆρπο ἄζηπ λέθῡο δάθξπ

G πόιηνο -ενο πήρενο ἄζηενο λέθπνο δάθξπνο

D πόιηη -ῑ -εη -εη πήρετ ἄζηετ λέθπτ δάθξπτ

A πόιηλ πῆρσλ ἄζηπ λέθῡλ δαθξπ

V πόιη πῆρπ ἄζηπ λέθῡ δάθξπ

N V πόιηε πήρεε ἄζηεε λέθπε δάθξπε

G D πνιίνηηλ περένηηλ ἄζηνηηλ λεθύνηηλ δαθξύνηηλ

N V πόιηεο -εεο πήρεεο ἄζηεα λέθπεο δάθξπα

G πνιίσλ περέσλ ἀζηέσλ λεθύσλ δαθξύσλ

D πνιίεζζη περέεζζη ἀζηέεζη λεθύεζζη δαθξύεζζη

πόιεζη -ηζη πήρεζη ἄζηεζη λέθῡζ(ζ)η δάθξπζη

A πόιηαο -εαο -ῑο πήρεαο ἄζηεα λέθπαο [-ῡο] δάθξπα

Nouns with stems in -ο (-εο -αο -νο) and -η are declined like ἔπνο (ϝεπεζ-) γέξαο (γεξαζ-) ἠώο (ἀϝζνζ-) δῶκα

(δσκαη-) and ἦκαξ (ἠκαξ- ἠκαη-) Note that -ζ- usually disappears when it occurs between two vowels

N ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο δῶκα ἧκαξ

G ἔπενο γέξανο ἠόνο δώκαηνο ἥκαηνο

D ἔπετ γέξατ ἠόη δώκαηη ἥκαηη

A ἔπνο γέξαο ἠόα δῶκα ἧκαξ

V ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο δῶκα ἧκαξ

N V ἔπεε γέξαε δώκαηε ἥκαηε

G D επένηηλ γεξάνηηλ δσκάηνηηλ ἡκάηνηηλ

N V ἔπεο γέξα(α) δώκαηα ἥκαηα

G ἐπέσλ γεξάσλ δσκάησλ ἡκάησλ

D ἐπέεζζη γεξάεζζη δσκάηεζζη ἡκάηεζζη

ἔπε(ζ)ζη γέξα(ζ)ζη δώκαζη ἥκαζη

A ἔπεα γέξα(α) δώκαηα ἥκαηα

Note that all nouns ening in -νο in the second declension are either masculine or feminine but all nouns ending in -

νο in the third declension are neuter All nouns ending in -κα in the nominative singular and all nouns with genitives

in -αηνο are neuter

133 Further Notes on the Third Declension

Nouns of the third declension can be any gender and consist of stems ending in -η -π or a consonant In

general the following endings are applied to the stem with the usual euphonic changes

N -ο

G -νο

D -η

A -λ

V -

N A V -ε

G D -νηηλ

N V -εο

G -σλ

D -εζζη

A -λο

Standard Euphonic Changes

Later forms of Greek such as Attic and Koine frequently contracted the forms found in Homer

The -λ in the accusative singular and plural is sonant meaning that it is pronounced as λ when

following a vowel but it is pronounced as ᾰ when following a consonant Thus πνιη-λ = πνιηλ and

πνιη-λο = πνιηο but δαηκνλ-λ = δαηκνλα and δαηκνλ-λο = δαηκνλαο

o In most cases a stem originally ending in ϝ is treated as if it ends in a consonant Thus

βαζηιεϝα = βαζηιεα εξσϝα = εξσα

o The word βνϝ- is an exception where ϝ becomes π (probably because νπ is such a common

diphthong) βνϝλ = βνπλ

Dentals are dropped before ζ Thus παηδο = παηο

o In cases where the stem ends in -λη the dental and the ζ are typically dropped with the last

vowel lengthened by compensation Thus γεξνληο = γεξσλ

Palatals combine with ζ to form μ Thus αηγο = αημ θεξπθο = θεξπμ etc

o Stems ending in -θη apply both the dental and palatal changes first dropping the η and then

combining the θζ to form μ Thus λπθηο = λπθο = λπμ

Labials combine with ζ to form ς Thus Αηζηνπο = Αηζηνς

The ζ is dropped when it follows a nasal or ξ and the last vowel is lengthened to compensate (if it

isnrsquot long already) Thus δαηκνλο = δαηκσλ θξελο = θξελ ρεηξο = ρεηξ παηεξο = παηεξ κεηεξο =

κεηεξ etc

Stems that originally ended in ϝ usually retain a π in its place in the nominative Thus βαζηιεϝο =

βαζηιεπο (originally βαζηιεπο) λεϝο = λεπο βνϝο = βνπο etc

o The same phenomenon sometimes occurs in the accusative singular as well where ϝ becomes

π and the final λ is retained Thus περεϝλ = περευλ = περπλ

o The word εξσο is an apparent exception where εξσϝο = εξσο This may be from analogy

with the relatively common -σο ending in Greek or it could be that the stem was originally

εξσ- witout the ϝ

o When the stem ends in -εϝ the ε is usually dropped in the nominative thus περεϝο = περεπο =

περπο (but the genitive and dative are περενο περετ)

Some confusion can occur at the apparent irregularity of stems ending in -π αζηπ αζηενο αζηεη etc

but δαθξπ δαθξπνο δαθξπτ etc The difference is that stems like αζηπ originally ended in a vowel + ϝ

(αζηεϝ) while stems like δαθξπ originally ended in π

Some neuters originally ended in -εο These are usually declined as -νο in the nominative and

accusative In the other cases the endings are simply applied to -εζ- and the sigma is dropped when it

occurs between two vowels επνο (nom acc from επεζο) επενο (gen from επεζνο) επετ (dat from

επεζη) etc

o Stems ending in -αο simple drop the extra sigma in the nominative singular and append the

case endings to -αζ- (dropping ζ when it occurs between two vowels) Thus γεξαο γεξανο

γεξατ etc

o Stems ending in -νο follow the same pattern as those ending in -αο except that the ν is

lengthened to σ in the nominative Thus εσο εννο εντ etc

Neuter stems ending in -καη usually drop the η in the nominative and accusative singular but retain it

in the plural Thus δσκα (nom and acc sing) δσκαηνο (gen sing) δσκαηη (dat sing) δσκαηα (nom and

acc plur) δσκαησλ (gen plur) δσκαηεζζη (dat plur) etc Neuter stems ending in -καξ usually behave

as if they ended in -καη in all cases except the nominative and accusative singular Thus εκαξ εκαηνο

εκαηη etc

The dative plural ending is given as -εζζη This could be shortened to -ζζη (before vowels) -εζη or -ζη

The -ζη ending is the most common in later dialects Thus Homeric θεξπθεζζη is typically θεξπμη in

Attic and Koine

The vocative singular in neuters is always identical to the nominative and accusative singulars

o In masculine and feminine nouns the vocative singular is usually just the stem without any

endings applied as long as the stem is capable of standing alone Thus δαηκνλ ρεηξ παηεξ

κεηεξ ζπγαηεξ αλεξ βνπ λεπ πνιη λεθῡ δαθξπ etc

o In some cases where the nominative singular has slightly modified the stem before adding -ο

the vocative is formed by simply dropping the ο Thus παη βαζηιεπ περπ

o In cases where the ο of the nominative singular has combined with the stem the vocative is

usually indentical to the nominative singular Thus αλαμ λπμ αημ θεξπμ Αηζηνς etc

o In rare cases the vocative is identical to the nominative singular even when dropping the ο

would have been convenient as in εξσο εσο

Alternate Endings The following are some alternate endings that could be applied instead of the usual

case endings listed above

o -ζη can be used to denote place where

o -ζελ can be used to denote source or separation or as an alternative ending for the genitive

case

o -δε can be added to the accusative ending to denote place to which or limit of motion

o -η can be added to denote place where

o -θη(λ) can be added as a substitute for several uses of the genitive and the dative cases

particularly in the instrumental sense

134 References

This lesson references several points in the grammar Note the following

Deponent verbs take middle or passive forms but denote active meanings

Some verbs reduplicate the initial syllable in the present tense by repeating the initial consonant

followed by -η Thus ἴζηεκη (orig ζηζηεκη) ηίζεκη δίδσκη πίκπιεκη γίγλνκαη γηγλώζθσ κηκλήζθσ

etc When futures and second aorists are reduplicated they usually follow the pattern of reduplication

found in the perfect tense If the initial consonant is aspirated the reduplicated consonant is typically

smooth Thus ηίζεκη rather than ζίζεκη

Note that ἴκη δίδσκη and ηίζεκη take the aorist in -θα rather than -ζα

When a word ends in a vowel and the following word begins with a vowel the result is called hiatus

In general hiatus is avoided in poetry through the use of elision crasis synizesis moveable

consonants etc However hiatus is allowed in some circumstances such as when elision has already

occurred when the first of the two vowels is long and occurs on the beat (or ictus) of the verse or

when a long vowel or diphthong has been shortened or when the two vowels were originally separated

by ϝ

Recall that the verbal augment is frequently omitted

135 Vocabulary

Ἄηο Ἄηδνο ὁ (nom not used) Hades

ἄιγνο ενο ηό grief pain woe trouble

Ἀρηιιεύο ῆνο ὁ Achilles

δαίο δαηηόο ἡ feast banquet portion

Εεύο Γηόο ὁ Zeus

ἥξσο ἥξσνο ὁ hero mighty warrior protector savior

ἴθζῑκνο ε νλ mighty valiant stout-hearted brave

θύσλ θπλόο ὁ ἡ dog

κῆληο ηνο ἡ wrath fury madness rage

νὐιόκελνο ε νλ accursed destructive deadly

πξντάπησ πξντάςσ πξνΐαςα hurl forward send forth

ηίζεκη (ζε- ζε-) ζήζσ ἔζεθα put place cause

Ἀρηιιεπο (Ἀρηιιεϝ-) Ἀρηιιενο Ἀρηιιεη Ἀρηιιεα

δαηο (δαηη-) δαηηνο δαηηη δαηηα δαηηεο δαηησλ δαηηεζζη δαηηαο

Εεπο Γηνο Γηη Γηα

ἡξσο ἡξσνο ἡξστ ἡξσα ἡξσεο ἡξσσλ ἡξσεζζη ἡξσαο

θπσλ θπλνο θπλη θπλα θπλεο θπλσλ θπλεζζη θπλαο

κεληο (κελη-) κεληνο κεληη κεληλ κεληεο κελησλ κεληεζζη κεληαο

136 Translation

1 κῆληο Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο ἦλ νὐινκέλε ἔζεθε γὰξ κῡξηrsquo ἄιγεα ηνῖζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ πξνΐαςε δὲ πνιιὰο (ᾱ)

ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἰθζίκνπο (ῑ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη ἔηεπρε δrsquo αὐηνὺο ἑιώξηα θαὶ δαῖηα θύλεζζηλ νἰσλνῖζί ηε ἐηέιεζε δὲ βνπιὴλ

Γηόο 2 ζεὰ (ᾱ) ἀείδεη κῆληλ νὐινκέλελ Ἀρηιῆνο ἣ ἔζεθελ κῡξίrsquo ἄιγεrsquo Ἀραηνῖζηλ 3 ζενὶ ὀιέθνπζη ηὸλ ζηξαηόλ θαὶ

πξντάπηνπζη πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη 4ηεύμνκελ κῡξίνπο Ἀραηνὺο ἑιώξηα θύλεζζηλ θαὶ δαῖηα ηνῖζηλ

νἰσλνῖζηλ νὕλεθα ἠηίκαζαλ (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) 5 θᾱιὴ ἦλ ἡ βνπιὴ Γηόο

KEY

1 The wrath of Achilles son of Peleus was destructive for it caused countless woes to the Achaeans and sent

forth many valiant souls of heros to Hades making them spoils and a banquet for the dogs and the vultures 2 The

goddess sings the accursed wrath of Achilles which brought countless woes to the Achaeans 3 The gods are

destroying the camp and sending forth many souls of the heros to Hades 4 We will make countless Achaeans spoils

for the dogs and a feast for these vultures because they dishonored Chryses 5 The will of Zeus was good

137 Iliad 1-5

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κπξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςπρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιήλ

Μῆληλ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse

ἄεηδε - present active imperative 2nd

person singular of ἀείδσ

ζεά - vocative case

Πειεηάδεσ = Πειεηάδᾱν (the verse may have originally read Πειεηάδᾱrsquo)

νὐινκέλελ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse as well as out of

the natural order and is placed directly opposite the word κῆληλ

κῡξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο - the hiatus is permited because elision has already occurred in κῡξίνηο

Ἄηδη was originally Ἄϝηδη and is still accented as it began with α instead of αη

ἡξώσλ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse and its deviation from

the natural order

δὲ ἑιώξηα - the hiatus is permitted because the original was δὲ ϝειώξηα

ηεῦρε - the augment is dropped (usually ἔηεπρε)

ἐηειείεην - imperfect passive indicative 3rd

person singular of ηειείσ

KEY

Sing O goddess of the accursed wrath of Achilles Peleiades

which brought countless woes to the Achaeans

and cast forth the souls of many valiant warriors to Hades

making them the spoils and feast of both dogs

and vultures But the will of Zeus was accomplished

138 Composition

1 The valiant Achaeans are singing the accursed wrath of Achilles 2 The wrath of Achilles caused many woes

to the Achaeans and sent many valiant souls of heroes to the god Hades 3 We shall make the army of the Achaeans

a booty for the dogs and a banquet for the birds 4 We are accomplishing the will of the goddess

KEY

1 ἴθζῑκνη Ἀραηνὶ ἀείδνπζηλ νὐινκέλελ κῆληλ Ἀρηιῆνο 2 κῆληο Ἀρηιῆνο ἔζεθε κῡξίrsquo ἄιγεrsquo Ἀραηνῖζη θαὶ

πξνΐαςε πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἰθζίκνπο ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη 3 ηεύμνκελ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ ἑιώξηα θύλεζζηλ θαὶ δαῖηα

νἰσλνῖζηλ 4 ηεύρνκελ βνπιὴλ ζεᾶο

Lesson 14

(519-526 1159-1192)

(cf 586)

141 Syllable Quantity

A syllable is long (by nature) when it contains a long vowel or a diphthong or (by position) when it ends in two

consecutive consonants (or a double consonant) A short vowel followed by a mute and a liquid κ or λ is common

and can be either long or short depending on the requirements of the verse Occasionally the letters ι κ λ ξ or ζ

are doubled in pronunciation when they follow a short vowel making the syllable long by position but this

convention is not always represented in writing And occasionally a lost ϝ will combine with another consonant to

make the preceding syllable long by position

Observe the following rules when determing the length of a syllable

Any vowel with the circumflex accent is long

The vowel of any ultmia whose penult bears the circumflex is short

If the penult has an acute then the vowel of the ultima must also be long

If the vowel of the ultima is short and the penult has the acute then the vowel of the penult must

be short as well

If the antepenult is accented the vowel of the ultima must be short

Occasionally these rules do not apply to certain compounds where one of the two words are

accented as if they were separate

If a short syllable stands where a long syllable is expected it is usually because the pause of the caesura or

diaresis fills out the foot or because the following word has lost a consonant (usually ϝ or ζ) And occasionally a

short syllable ending in a consonant is lengthened when it occurs on the ictus (beat) of the verse Such lengthening is

called thesis

142 Metrical Quantity

With the exception of pauses at the end of the verse caesura and diaresis all feet must consist of two long

syllables or a long syllable followed by two shorts Thus if a long syllable is followed by a short syllable then the

next syllable must be short as well Likewise if a short syllable is followed by a long syllable then the preceding

syllable must be short as well

When a word ends in a short vowel (and sometimes -νη and -αη) and the following word begins with a vowel

the short vowel is usually elided unless the following word originally began with ϝ When a word ends in a long

vowel or a diphthong and the following word begins with a vowel the long vowel is usually shortened This

phenomenon can also occur within the same word and again it is less common when the following word originally

began with ϝ Vowel shortening is also rare when the long vowel occurs on the ictus

The meter of Homer is called dactylic or heroic hexameter and is the most common meter in Greek verse Each

verse has six feet The first five feet can be dactyls (one long syllable followed by two short syllables) or spondees

(two long syllables) The final foot of the verse is always a spndee but keep in mind that the pause at the end of the

verse often combines with a final short syllable to form one long syllable The fifth foot of each verse is usually a

dactyl with only one in twenty (or so) verses containing a spondee in the fifth foot The verses that have a spndee in

the fifth foot are called spondaic and usually take slightly longer to recite In dactylic hexameter the ictus (beat) of

the verse always occurs on the first syllable of each foot producing six distinct beats per verse

Caesura occurs when a word ends within a foot (ie at the end of the first syllable of a foot or between the two

short syllables of the foot) When a caesura occurs at a natural pause in the verse this is said to be the caesura of the

verse A pause after the first syllable of a foot is called a masculine caesura and a pause after the second syllable of

the foot is called a feminine caesura

Diaresis occurs when the end of a word coincides with the end of a foot When this falls at a natural pause in

the verse it is said to be the diaresis of the verse When the diaresis occurs at the end of the fourth foot is it called

the bucolic diaresis (due to its common use in pastoral poetry)

143 Marking the Rhythm of the Iliad 1-5

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κπξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςπρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιήλ

ΜΖ ληλ α | ΔΗ δε ζε | Α ΠΖ | ΛΖ η α | ΓΔΧ α ρη | ΛΖ Ο-

dact dact spon dact dact spon

The pauses at the end of κῆληλ and ἄεηδε are feminine caesuras

The pauses at the end of ζεά Πειεηάδεσ and Ἀρηιῆνο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of ζεά is the caesura of the verse

The dash at the end of the verse indicates a pause that combines with a short vowel to fill out the

last foot

ΟΤ ιν κε | ΝΖΝ Ζ | ΜΤ ξη α | ΥΑΗ ΟΗ | ΑΛ γε ε | ΘΖ ΚΔΝ-

dact spon dact spon dact spon

The pauses at the end of κῡξίrsquo and ἄιγε are feminine caesuras

The pauses at the end of νὐινκέλελ and ἔζεθελ are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of νὐινκέλελ is the caesura of the verse

The pauses at the end of ἥ and Ἀραηνῖο are diareses

The diaresis at Ἀραηνῖο is a bucolic diaresis

κῡξία Ἀραηνῖο and ἄιγεα ἔζεθελ are examples of hiatus

The first syllable of ἄιγεrsquo is long because it is followed by two consecutive consonants

ΠΟΛ ΛΑ | ΓrsquoΗΦ ΘΗ | ΜΟΤ ΦΤ | ΥΑ ΑΗ | ΓΗ πξν τ | Α ΦΔΝ-

spon spon spon spon dact spon

The pauses at the end of ἰθζίκνπο and ςπράο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of πνιιάο is a diaresis

δὲ ἰθζίκνπο is hiatus

The first syllable of πνιιάο is long by position as is the first syllable of ἰθζίκνπο the last syllable

of Ἄηδη and the second syllable of πξνΐαςελ

Ζ ΡΧ | ΧΝ ΑΤ | ΣΟΤ δε ε | ΛΧ ξη α | ΣΔΤ ρε θπ | ΝΔ ΗΝ-

spon spon dact dact dact spon

The pause at the end of ηεῦρε is a feminine caesura

The pauses at the end of ἡξώσλ and αὐηνύο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of ἡξώσλ is the caesura of the verse

The pause at the end of ἑιώξηα is a diaresis

ΟΗ Χ | ΝΟΗ ζη ηε | ΓΑΗ ηα δη | Ο δrsquoε ηε | ΛΔΗ ε ην | ΒΟΤ ΛΖΝ

The pauses at the end of νἰσλνῖζη and δαῖηα are feminine caesuras

The pause at the end of Γηόο is a masculine caesura

The pauses at the end of ηε ἐηειείεην and βνπιήλ are diareses

The pause at the end of δαῖηα is the diaresis of the verse

Lesson 15

(693-694 697-700)

(cf 781-782 837 580 1009 996 584-585)

151 Third Declension Paradigms (continued)

Third declension nouns ending in a dental mute stem are exemplified by ἄλαμ (king ϝαλαθη-) λύμ (night λπθη-

) παῖο (child παηδ-) and γέξσλ (old man γεξνλη-)

N ἄλαμ λύμ παῖο γέξσλ

G ἄλαθηνο λπθηόο παηδόο γέξνληνο

D ἄλαθηη λπθηί παηδί γέξνληη

A ἄλαθηα λύθηα παίδα γέξνληα

V ἄλαμ [ἄλα] λύμ παῖ γέξσλ

N V A ἄλαθηε λύθηε παίδε γέξνληε

G D ἀλάθηνηηλ λύθηνηηλ παίδνηηλ γεξόληνηηλ

N ἄλαθηεο λύθηεο παίδεο γέξνληεο

G ἀλάθησλ λπθηῶλ παηδῶλ γεξόλησλ

D ἀλάθηεζζη λύθηεζζη παίδεζζη γεξόληεζζη

ἄλαμη λπμί παηζί γέξνπζη

A ἄλαθηαο λύθηνο παῖδαο γέξνληαο

Third declension nouns ending in labial and palatal stems are exemplified by αἴμ (goat αἰγ-) θῆξπμ (herald

θεξῡθ-) and Αἰζίνς (Ethipoian Αἰζηνπ-)

N αἴμ θῆξπμ Αἰζίνς

G αἰγόο θήξῡθνο Αἰζίνπνο

D αἰγί θήξῡθη Αἰζίνπη

A αἶγα θήξῡθα Αἰζίνπα

V αἴμ θῆξπμ Αἰζίνς

N V A αἶγε θήξῡθε Αἰζίνπε

G D αἴγνηηλ θεξύθνηηλ (ῡ) Αἰζηόπνηηλ

N αἶγεο θήξῡθεο Αἰζίνπεο

G αἰγῶλ θεξύθσλ (ῡ) Αἰζηόπσλ

D αἴγεζζη θεξύθεζζη (ῡ) Αἰζηόπεζζη

αἰμί θήξῡμ Αἰζίνςη

A αἶγαο θήξῡθαο Αἰζίνπαο

Nouns with stems ending in -εξ express different grades of ablaut in the stem (-εξ -εξ -ξ) with a recessive

accent in the vocative singular These are exemplified by παηήξ (father παηεξ-) κήηεξ (mother κεηεξ-) ζπγάηεξ

(daughter ζπγαηεξ-) and ἀλήξ (man ἀλεξ-)

N παηήξ κήηεξ ζπγάηεξ ἀλήξ

G παηέξνο -ηξόο κεηέξνο -ηξόο ζπγαηέξνο -ηξόο ἀλέξνο ἀλδξόο

D παηέξη -ηξί κεηέξη -ηξί ζπγαηέξη -ηξί ἀλέξη ἀλδξί

A παηέξα κεηέξα ζπγαηέξα ἀλέξα ἄλδξα

V πάηεξ κῆηεξ ζύγαηεξ ἄλεξ

N V A παηέξε κεηέξε ζπγαηέξε ἀλέξε ἄλδξε

G D παηέξνηηλ κεηέξνηηλ ζπγαηέξνηηλ ἀλέξνηηλ ἄλδξνηηλ

N παηέξεο κεηέξεο ζπγαηέξεο ζύγαηξεο ἀλέξεο ἄλδξεο

G παηέξσλ -ηξῶλ κεηέξσλ -ηξῶλ ζπγαηέξσλ ζπγαηξῶλ ἀλέξσλ ἀλδξῶλ

D παηξάζη κεηξάζη ζπγαηξάζη ζπγαηέξεζζη ἀλδξάζη ἄλδξεζζη

A παηέξαο κεηέξαο ζπγαηέξαο ζύγαηξαο ἀλέξαο ἄλδξαο

Note that δ is inserted into ἀλήξ between λ and ξ where they occur together The accent of the shorter forms of

ἀλέξ follow the pattern seen in παηήξ The alpha after ξ in the dative plural was added euphonically to strengthen

what was originally a sonant ξ

152 Vocabulary

ἄλαμ ἄλαθηνο ὁ king lord protector

ἀλήξ ἀλέξνο (ἀλδξόο) ὁ (real) man warrior hero

ἄξ(α) (ῥά) naturally of course as you know as you might expect that is

in effect (not always translatable)

βαζηιεύο ῆνο ὁ king ruler

δή indeed truly forsooth now

δηίζηεκη (ζηε- ζηα-) δηαζηήζσ stand apart separate

δηέζηεζα (δηέζηελ)

ἐμ νὗ from the time when

ἐξίδσ (ἐξηδ-) - ἤξηζ(ζ)α quarrel strive

ἠξηζάηελ (they) strove

ἔξηο ηδνο ἡ strife quarrel

Λεηώ Λεηόνο ἡ Leto

κάρνκαη fight battle

κάρεζζαη to fight

μπλίκη μπλήζσ μπλῆθα (μπλέεθα) bring together throw together hearken heed

ὄξλῡκη ὄξζσ ὦξζα (ὤξνξνλ) stir up kindle incite excite arouse

πξῶηνο ε νλ first foremost chief

ηὸ πξῶηνλ ηὰ πξῶηα (adv) at first firstly first

πἱόο νῦ ὁ son

ζθσε these two

153 Translation

1 ζεὰ (ᾱ) ἀείζεη κῆληλ Ἀρηιῆνο ἐμ νὗ δὴ ηὰ πξῶηα δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο θαὶ Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἀλδξῶλ ἠξηζάηελ θαὶ

δηεζηήηελ 2 ηίο ζεῶλ μπλέεθε δῖνλ Ἀρηιῆά ηε θαὶ Ἀηξεΐδελ ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 3 πἱὸο Λεηόνο θαὶ Γηὸο ἑθεβόινο

μπλέεθέ ζθσε ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη ηὸλ γὰξ βαζηιεὺο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἐρόισζελ ὁ δrsquo ὦξζε θαθὴλ λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ

ὤιεθε δὲ ιᾱνύο

KEY

1 The goddess sings the wrath of Achilles from the time when first the divine Achilles and Atreides king of

men strove and separated 2 Which of the gods brought together the divine Achilles and the son of Atreus to fight

in strife 3 The son of Leto and Zeus the Free-shooter brought these two together to fight in strife for Atreides the

king enraged him so he stirred up an evil plague through the camp of the Achaeans and destroyed their host

154 Iliad 1-10

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κῡξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςῡρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιή

ἐμ νὗ δὴ ηὰ πξῶηα δηαζηήηελ ἐξίζαληε

Ἀηξεΐδεο ηε ἄλαμ ἀλδξῶλ θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεύο

ηίο ηrsquo ἄξ ζθσε ζεῶλ ἔξηδη μπλέεθε κάρεζζαη

Λεηνῦο θαὶ Γηὸο πἱόο ὁ γὰξ βαζηιῆη ρνισζεὶο

λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ ὦξζε θαθήλ ὀιέθνλην δὲ ιᾱνί

δηαζηήηελ = δηεζηήηελ

ἐξίζαληε = aor act part nom dual masc (they two) having quarreled

ηε ἄλαμ originally ηε ϝάλαμ thus allowing the hiatus

ζθσε [ἕσ] = 3rd

pers pron acc dual these two

ἔξηδη is dative of means in strife

κάρεζζαη = pres act infinitive deponent to fight

ρνισζείο = aor pass part nom sing masc having been enraged

Λεηνῦο = contracted form of Λεηόνο

βαζηιῆη = Agamemnon instrumental case by the king

ὀιέθνλην = ὠιέθνλην imperf pass ind 3rd

pers plural were being destroyed or kept

perishing

KEY

Sing O goddess of the accursed wrath of Achilles Peleiades

which brought countless woes to the Achaeans

and cast forth the souls of many valiant warriors to Hades

making them the spoils and feast of both dogs

and vultures But the will of Zeus was accomplished

indeed from the time when at first having quarreled both

Atreides king of men and the divine Achilles separated

Which of the gods of course brought these two together to fight in strife

The son of Leto and Zeus For enraged by the king he

kindled an evil plague up through the camp and the people were destroyed

155 Composition

1 ἠείδνκελ κῆληλ νὐινκέλελ Ἀρηιιῆνο ἐμ νὗ ηὰ πξῶηα Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἀλέξσλ (ἀλδξῶλ) θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο

ἠξηζάηελ θαὶ δηεζηεζάηελ (δηεζηήηελ) 2 ηίο ζεῶλ μπλῆθε (μπλέεθα) Ἀραηνὺο θαὶ ιᾱὸλ Πξηάκνπ ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 3

μπλῆθε (μπλέεθα) ζθσε (ἕν) πἱὸο Λεηόνο (Λεηνῦο) θαὶ Γηὸο ἑθεβόινο ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 4 Αηξεΐδεο βαζηιεὺο

Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο ἐρόισζαλ ἄλαθηα ἑθεβόινλ θαὶ ὁ ὦξζα (ὤξνξε) λνῦζνπο πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θαθὰο (ᾱ) ἀλὰ

ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ θαθῶο ὤιεθελ ἀγαζὸλ ιᾱόλ

Lesson 16

(887-897 910 1065-1068 697-703 707 710 732)

161 Formation of Middle Passive and Deponent Verbs

The endings of the middle voice are different from the active voice The passive voice applies the same endings

as the middle voice except in the aorist passive which applies active endings Because the middle and passive voice

are identical (other than the aorist) the context determines whether a verb is used with middle or the passive

meaning The aorist middle is often used with a passive meaning (especially in athematic forms) and the aorist

passive is often used with a middle meaning

The perfect and pluperfect of the middlepassive are athematic with the personal endings attached directly to

the reduplicated stem

The future perfect passive is formed by adding -ζνε to the perfect middle passive lengthening the vowel that

precedes this ending

The first aorist passive is formed by adding -(ζ)ζεε to the stem Before ζ π and β become θ θ and γ become ρ

and η δ ζ become ζ Many verbs have a second aorist passive that drops the ζ altogether

Deponent verbs have no active form but use the middlepassive forms in an active sense

162 Paradigms Present and Future Indicative MiddlePassive of ιύσ

Present

S 1 ιύνκαη

2 ιύεαη [(ιύῃ)]

3 ιύεηαη

D 2 ιύεζζνλ

3 ιύεζζνλ

P 1 ιπόκε(ζ)ζα

2 ιύεζζα

3 ιύνληαη

Future

S 1 ιύζνκαη (ῡ)

2 ιύζεαη (ῡ) [(ιύζῃ (ῡ))]

3 ιύζεηαη (ῡ)

D 2 ιύζεζζνλ (ῡ)

3 ιύζεζζνλ (ῡ)

P 1 ιῡζόκεζα

2 ιύζεζζε (ῡ)

3 ιύζνληαη (ῡ)

163 The Use of Voice in Greek

The active voice indicates that the subject is acting λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ ὦξζε = he kindled a plague up

through the camp

The passive voice indicates that the subject is acted upon Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιή = but the will of Zeus was

being accomplished

The Middle voice denotes one of three meanings

1 The subject acting upon itself πείζνκαη (I convince myself) θαίλνκαη (I show myself)

2 The subject acting for itself θαιένκαη (I call for myself)

3 The subject acting upon something belonging to itself ιύνκαη (I loose my own I ransom)

When determing the difference between the middle and passive keep in mind that the middle voice always

conveys a direct or indirect reference to the subject and that the subject is effect by or has an interest in the action

164 Third Declension Stems in -επ -επ -νπ and -σϝ

Stems in -επ usually became -εϝ and the third declension endings are applied after the ϝ Thus βαζηιεϝνο =

βαζηιῆνο βαηιεϝη = βαζηιῆη βαζηιεϝα = βαζηιῆα etc Note that the ϝ explains why εη (εϝη) does not form an

improper diphthong as well as why the accusative singular ends in -εα (as if the stem ended in a consonant) instead

of -ελ (as if the stem ended in a vowel) Note that when the ending consists of a consonant the -εϝ is contracted to

the diphthong -επ Thus βαζηιεϝο = βαζηιεύο βαζηιεϝ = βαζηιεῦ βαζηιεϝζη = βαζηιεῦζη In rare cases the other

endings also contract the -ε to -ε (ie βαζηιῆνο = βαζηιένο)

In stems ending originally in -ᾱϝ the ᾱ becomes ε in the Ionic dialect These are declined the same as -εϝ

except that -εῡ is formed before consonants instead of -επ Thus λᾱϝο = λεϝο = λεῦο λᾱϝ = λεϝ = λεῦ But note the

exception in the shorter form of the dative plural where λᾱϝζη = λεϝζη = λεπζί (rather than λεῡζη) In contracted

forms the ε usually becomes ε

In stems ending in -σϝ the third declension endings are applied directly to the stem Thus ἡξσϝο = ἥξσο

ἡξσϝνο = ἥξσνο ἡξσϝη = ἥξση ἡξσϝα = ἥξσα etc

In stems ending originally in -ν or -νϝ the third declension endings are applied as usual But keep in mind that -

νϝ is contracted to the diphthong -νπ before a consonant thus βνϝο = βνῦο and βνϝζη = βνπζί But note the

exception that occurs in the accusative singular where βνϝλ = βνῦλ rather than βνϝα

βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

(βαζηιεϝ-) (βνϝ-) (λᾱϝ-) (ἡξσϝ-)

N βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

G βαζηιῆνο [ένο] βνόο λεόο [εόο] ἥξσνο

D βαζηιῆη [έη] βνΐ λεί ἥξση

A βαζηιῆα [έα] βνῦλ [βῶλ] λῆα [έα] ἥξσα

V βαζηιεῦ βνῦ λεῦ ἥξσο

N V A βαζηιῆε βόε λῆε ἥξσε

G D βαζηιήνηηλ βόνηηλ λήνηηλ ἡξώνηηλ

N V βαζηιῆεο βόεο λῆεο ἥξσεο

G βαζηιήσλ βνῶλ λεῶλ [εῶλ] ἡξώσλ

D βαζηιήεζζη βόεζζη λήεζζη [έεζζη] ἡξώεζζη

βαζηιεῦζη βνπζί λεπζί ἥξσζη

A βαζηιῆαο βόαο (βνῦο) λῆαο [έαο] ἥξσαο

165 Third Declension Stems in -εζ -αζ and -νζ

When a stem ends in a vowel plus -ζ the initial ζ is dropped between two vowels Thus γεξαζνο = γέξανο

ἠνζνο = ἠόνο etc

All third declension nouns with stems ending in -εο are neuters and follow the pattern of ἔπνο The third

declension endings are applied as usual except that the nominative vocative and accusative singulars end in -νο

Nouns with stems ending in -νο take -σο in the nominative and vocative singular but otherwise apply the third

declension endings as usual (dropping ζ between two vowels)

ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

(ϝεπεζ-) (γεξαζ-) (ἀϝζνζ- (ᾱ))

N ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

G ἔπενο γέξανο ἠόνο

D ἔπετ γέξατ ἠόη

A ἔπνο γέξαο ἠόα

V ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

N V A ἔπεε γέξαε

G D ἐπένηηλ γεξάνηηλ

N V ἔπεα γέξα(α)

G ἐπέσλ γεξάσλ

D ἐπέεζζη γεξάεζζη

ἔπε(ζ)ζη γέξα(ζ)ζη

A ἔπεα γέξα(α)

166 Third Declension Stems in -καη and -καξ

Stems ending in -καη and -καξ are neuters

Stems in -καη drop the -ηο in the nominative vocative and accusative singular δσκαηο = δῶκα Otherwise the

third declension endings are applied as usual

Stems ending in -καξ are declined like those ending in -καη except in the nominative vocative and accusative

singular (which end in -καξ)

δῶκα ἦκαξ

(δσκαη-) (ἠκαξ- ἠκαη-)

N δῶκα ἦκαξ

G δώκαηνο ἤκαηνο

D δώκαηη ἤκαηη

A δῶκα ἦκαξ

V δῶκα ἦκαξ

N V A δώκαηε ἤκαηε

G D δσκάηνηηλ ἠκάηνηηλ

N V δώκαηα ἤκαηα

G δσκάησλ ἠκάησλ

D δσκάηεζζη ἠκάηεζζη

δώκαζη ἤκαζη

A δώκαηα ἤκαηα

167 Third Declension Stems in -λη and -λ

Stems ending in -λη drop the -λη before ζ and lengthen the preceding vowel thus παληο = πᾶο παληζη = πᾶζη

Otherwise the third declension endings are applied as usual In neuters the -η is dropped at the end of the word thus

παλη = πᾶλ Stems in -λ drop the -λ before ζ and lengthen the preceding vowel in the masculine (but not in the

neuter)

πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

(παλη- παληα- παλη-)

Masc Fem Neut

N πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

G παληόο πάζεο (ᾱ) παληόο

D παληί πάζῃ (ᾱ) παληί

A πάληα πᾶζαλ πᾶλ

V πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

N V πάληεο πᾶζαη πάληα

G πάλησλ πᾱζάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] πάλησλ

D πάληεζ(ζ)η πάζῃζη (ᾱ) πάληεζ(ζ)η

πᾶζη πάζῃο (ᾱ) πᾶζη

A πάληνο πάζᾱο (ᾱ) πάληα

κέιᾱο κέιαηλα κέιαλ

(κειαλ- κειαηλα- κειαλ-)

N κέιᾱο κέιαηλα κέιαλ

G κέιαλνο κειαίλεο κέιαλνο

D κέιαλη κειαίλῃ κέιαλη

A κέιαλα κέιαηλαλ κέιαλ

V κέιαλ κέιαηλα κέιαλ

N V A κέιαλε κειαίλᾱ κέιαλε

G D κειάλνηηλ κειαίλῃηλ κειάλνηηλ

N V κέιαλεο κέιαηλαη κέιαλα

G κειάλσλ κειαηλάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] κειάλσλ

D κειάλεζ(ζ)η κειαίλῃζη κειάλεζ(ζ)η

κέιαζη κειαίλῃο κέιαζη

A κέιαλεο κειαίλᾱο κέιαλα

168 Vocabulary

Nouns

Ἀπόιισλ (ᾰ or ᾰ) σλνο ὁ Apollo

ἀξεηήξ (ᾱ) ῆξνο ὁ priest prayer

ζπγάηεξ ηέξνο (ηξόο) ἡ daughter

θνζκήησξ νξνο ὁ commander marshaller

λεῦο λεόο (λεόο) ἡ ship

ζηέκκα καηνο ηό fillet (of white cotton) wreath

ρείξ ρεηξόο ἡ hand arm

Verbs

ἔξρνκαη (ἐξρ- ἐιε- ἐιεπζ- ἐιπζ-) come go

ἐιεύζνκαη I will come I will go

ἦιζνλ (ἤιπζνλ) I came I went

ιίζζνκαη (ιηη-) I beg I entreat

---

ἐιιηζάκελ (ἐιηηόκελ) I begged I entreated

Adjectives Prepositions

ζνόο ή όλ swift speedy

πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ all every (the) whole

Indeclinable

δύν (δύσ) two

κάιηζηα most especially by all means

169 Translation

1 Ἀπόιισλ ἑθεβόινο ρνινῦηαη βαζηιῆη Αηξεΐδῃ θαὶ πέκπεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ ὀιέθνληαη δὲ

ιᾱνί νὕλεθα δῖνο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) 2 Υξύζεο (ῡ) γὰξ ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἑθεβόινπ ἔξρεηαη

ἐπὶ ζνὰο (ᾱ) λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ θέξεη δrsquo ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα ζπγαηξόο ἣλ Ἀηξεΐδεο ἔρεη ἐλ ζηξαηῷ 3 ὁ δrsquo ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἔρεη

ζηέκκαηα ἑθεβόινπ Ἀπόιισλνο ἐλ ρεξζὶλ ἀλὰ ρξῡζέῳ ζθήπηξῳ θαὶ ιίζζεηαη πάληαο Ἀραηνύο κάιηζηα δrsquo Ἀηξεΐδᾱ

δύσ θνζκήηνξε ιᾱῶλ 4 Ἀπόιισλ ρνιώζεηαη βαζηιῆη θαὶ ὄξζεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηόλ 5 ἐιεύζνληαη ἐπὶ ζνὰο

(ᾱ) λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ νἴζνπζη ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα βαζηιῆη 6 ιίζζνληαη πάληαο Ἀραηνύο 7 Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζελ (ῑ)

ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) θαὶ νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε ζύγαηξα

KEY

1 Apollo the free-shooter enraged by king Atreides sent an evil plague through the camp of the Achaeans and

the people were destroyed because the divine Atreides dishonored Chryses the priest 2 For Chryses the priest of

the free-shooter went upon the swift ships of the Achaeans bearing countless ransoms for his daughter whom

Atreides was holding in the camp 3 But the priest had a wreath of Apollo the free-shooter upon a staff in his hand

and was entreating all of the Achaeans but especially the sons of Atreus (who were) the commanders of the host 4

Apollo will be enraged by the king and will kindle an evil plague up through the camp 5 They will go upon the

swift ships of the Achaeans and bring countless ransoms to the king 6 They are entreating all of the Achaeans 7

Atreides dishonored the priest and would not release his daughter

1610 Iliad 11-16

hellipὀιέθνλην δὲ ιᾱνί

νὕλεθα ηὸλ Υξύζελ ἠηίκαζελ ἀξεηῆξα

Αηξεΐδεο ὁ γὰξ ἦιζε ζνὰο ἐπὶ λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ

ιπζόκελνο ηε ζύγαηξα θέξσλ ηrsquo ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα

ζηέκκαηrsquo ἔρσλ ἐλ ρεξζὶλ ἑθεβόινπ Ἀπόιισλνο

ρξπζέῳ ἀλὰ ζθήπηξῳ θαὶ ἐιίζζεην πάληαο Ἀραηνύο

Ἀηξεΐδα δὲ κάιηζηα δύσ θνζκήηνξε ιαῶλ

ηόλ Υξύζελ = that (well-known) Chryses

The first verse ends in two spondees making it a spondaic verse and emphasizing the fact that

Chryses was a priest

ιῡζόκελνο = fut mid part nom masc sing being about to ransom

θέξσλ = pres act part nom sing masc bearing bringing

ἔρσλ = pres act part nom sing masc having holding

ρεξζὶλ ἑθεβόινπ = ρεξζὶ ϝεθεβόινπ

ρξῡζέῳ = synizesis where -έῳ is pronounced as a single syllable

ἐιίζζεην = imperf act ind 3rd

pers sing dep (kept) entreating was entreating

Ἀηξεΐδᾱ = dual of Ἀηξεΐδεο refers to both Agamemnon and Menelaus

KEY

hellipand the people were being destroyed

because Atreides dishonored Chryses the priest

For he had gone upon the swift ships of the Achaeans

intending to ransom his daughter bearing countless gifts

and holding in his hand fillets of Apollo the free-shooter

upon a golden staff and was entreating all of the Achaeans

but especially the two sons of Atreus the commanders of the host

1611 Composition

1 Chryses the priest of Apollo is dishonored by the son of Atreus 2 The Achaeans will go from their swift

ships to Troy and ransom the beloved daughter of the priest 3 We shall bring many ransoms and shall hold in our

hands the fillets of Apollo 4 We do not have a golden scepter but we entreat Priam and all the people of Troy 5

The two sons of Atreus marshallers of the people are entreating Priam but he will slight them 6 The son of

Atreus king of men slighted the priest and did not release his daughter

KEY

1 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) Ἀπόιινπ ἀηῑκάδεηαη Ἀηξεΐδῃ 2 Ἀραηνὶ ἐιεύζνληαη ἐθ ζνάσλ (ᾱ) λήσλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ (ῑ)

θαὶ ἀπειύζνληαη (ῡ) θίιε ζπγάηεξα ἀξεηῆξη (ᾱ) 3 νἴζνκελ πνιιrsquo ἄπνηλα θαὶ ἕζρνκελ ἐλ ρείξεζζη ζηέκκαηα

Ἀπόιινπ 4 νὐθ ἔρνκελ ζθῆπηξνλ ρξύζενλ ἀιιὰ ιηζζόκεζα Πξίακνλ θαὶ πᾶληα ιᾱνλ Ἰιίνπ (ῑ) 5 δύrsquo Ἀηξεΐδᾱ

θνζκήηεξᾱ ιᾱσλ ιίζζεζζνλ Πξίακνλ αὐηνὺο δrsquo ἀηῑκάζεη 6 Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἄλδξσλ ἠηίκαζελ (ῑ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) θαὶ

νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε ζπγάηεξα

1612 Meter

ΟΤ λε θα | ΣΟΝ ΥΡΤ | ΖΝ Ζ | ΣΗ κα ζελ | Α ΡΖ | ΣΖ ΡΑ~

Α ηξε η | ΓΖ ν γαξ | ΖΛ ζε ζν | Α ε πη | ΝΖ αο α | ΥΑΗ ΧΝ

ΛΤ ζν κε | ΝΟ ηε ζπ | ΓΑΣ ξα θε | ΡΧΝ ηα πε | ΡΔΗ ζη α | ΠΟΗ ΝΑ~

ΣΔΜ καη ε | ΥΧΝ ΔΝ | ΥΔΡ ζηλ ε | ΚΖ βν ινπ | Α ΠΟΛ | ΛΧ ΝΟ~

ΥΡΤζεσα | ΝΑ ΚΖΠ | ΣΡΧ θαη ε | ΛΗ ζε ην | ΠΑΝ ηαο α | ΥΑΗ ΟΤ

ΑΣ ξε η | ΓΑ δε κα | ΛΗ ηα δπ | Χ ΚΟ | ΜΖ ην ξε | ΛΑ ΧΝ

Lesson 17

(910 - imperfect middle and passive aorist middle of ιύσ 648-658 - the table

of endings in 32)

171 Paradigms Imperfect MiddlePassive of ιύσ

S 1 ἐιπόκελ

2 ἐιύεν [(ἐιύεπ)]

3 ἐιύεην

D 2 ἐιύεζζνλ

3 ἐιπέζζελ

P 1 ἐιπόκε(ζ)ζα

2 ἐιύεζζε

3 ἐιύνλην

172 Paradigms Aorist Middle of ιύσ

Thematic Athematic (2nd

Aorist)

S 1 ἐιῡζάκελ ἐιύκελ

2 ἐιύζαν (ῡ) [(ἐιύζσ (ῡ))] ἔιπ(ζ)ν

3 ἐιύζαην (ῡ) ἔιπην

D 2 ἐιύζαζζνλ (ῡ) ἔιπζζνλ

3 ἐιῡζάζζελ ἐιύζζελ

P 1 ἐιῡζάκε(ζ)ζα ἐιύκε(ζ)ζα

2 ἐιύζαζζε (ῡ) ἔιπζζε

3 ἐιύζαλην (ῡ) ἔιπλην

173 Vocabulary

δῶκα αηνο ηό house home

παῖο παηδόο ὁ ἡ child son daughter

π(η)όιηο ηνο (ενο) ἡ city state

ἐπθλήκῑο ῑδνο well-greaved

ἐγώ(λ) κέν (κεῦ) I

ζύ ζέν (ζεῦ) you

κέλhellip δέ on the one handhellip trulyhellip on the one handhellip on the other hand

partlyhellip partly the onehellip the other

νἴθαδε home homeward to home home

Verbs

ἅδνκαη (ἁγ-) (defective) I reverence

δέρνκαη I accept I receive

δέμνκαη I will accept

ἐδεμάκελ (ἐδέγκελ) I accepted

δίδσκη (δσ- δν-) I give I grant

(δη)δώζσ I will give

ἔδσθα I gave

ἐθπέξζσ (πεξζ- πξαζ-) I sack (utterly) I plunder I pillage

ἐθπέξζσ I will sack

ἐμέπεξζα (ἐμέπξαζνλ) I sacked

ἱθλένκαη I arrive I reach (a destination)

ἵμνκαη I will arrive

ἱθόκελ (ῑ) I arrived

174 Translation

1 ζενὶ ἔρνπζηλ ιύκπηα δώκαηα ἔδσθαλ δrsquo Ἀηξεΐδεο θαὶ ἄιινηζηλ ἐπθλεκίδεζζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἐθπέξζαη

(infinitive) πόιηλ Πξηάκνπ ηόηε δrsquo ἵθνλην (ῑ) ἐὺ νἴθαδε νὕλεθα παῖδα θίιελ ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἔιῡζαλ 2 ἀπέιῡζαλ

ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνὶ ζύγαηξα θίιελ ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἐδέμαλην δrsquo ἀγιαὰ ἄπνηλα νὕλεθα ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλα Γηὸο πἱὸλ

ἅδνλην 3 ἅδεηαη ἑθεβόινλ 4 Ἀηξεΐδεο νὐθ ἐδέμαην ηὰ ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα 5 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἔδσθελ ἄπνηλα

πνιιὰ βαζηιῆη Ἀηξεΐδῃ 6 πάληεο ζενὶ θαὶ πᾶζαη ζεαὶ εἶρνλ ιύκπηα δώκαηα 7 Ἀραηνὶ ἐπθλήκῑδεο ἐθπέξζνπζη

Πξηάκνην πόιηλ ἵμνληαη δrsquo ἐπ νἴθαδε 8 παῖο θίιε ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἐιύζαην (ῡ) ἵθεην (ῑ) δrsquo ἐὺ νἴθαδε

KEY

1 The gods have Olympian homes but they gave the son of Atreus and the other well-greaved Achaeans to

utterly sack the city of Priam and then they returned safe at home because they released the dear child of the priest

2 The well-greaved Achaeans released the dear daughter of the priest and received glorious ransoms because they

reverenced the free-shooter Apollo son of Zeus 3 He reverences te free-shooter 4 The son of Atreus did not

receive the glorious ransoms 5 Chryses the priest gave many ransoms to king Atreides 6 All of the gods and all of

the goddesses had Olympian homes 7 The well-greved Achaeans will utterly sack Priamrsquos city and will return safe

to home 8 The dear child of the priest was released and arrived well to her home

175 Iliad 17-21

ltltἈηξεΐδαη ηε θαὶ ἄιινη ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνί

ὑκῖλ κὲλ ζενὶ δνῖελ ιύκπηα δώκαηrsquo ἔρνληεο

ἐθπέξζαη Πξηάκνην πόιηλ ἐὺ δrsquo νἴθαδrsquo ἱθέζζαη

παῖδα δrsquo ἐκνὶ ιῦζαί ηε θίιελ ηά ηrsquo ἄπνηλα δέρεζζαη

ἁδόκελνη Γηὸο πἱὸλ ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλαgtgt

Ἀηξεΐδαηhellip ἄιινη ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνί = vocative case

ὑκῖλ (ῡ) = dat plural of ζύ to you

ζενί = one syllable by synizesis

κέλ (v 18) = correlative of δέ (v 20)

δνῖελ = aor act optative 3rd

plural of δίδσκη may they grant

ἔρνληεο = pres act part nom masc plural of ἔρσ having possessing

ἐθπέξζαη = aor act inf of ἐθπέξζσ to sack utterly

ἱθέζζαη = aor act inf of ἱθένκαη to arrive (compare κάρεζζαη)

ιῦζαη δέρεζζαη = infinitives used as imperatives free and accept

ηά ηrsquo ἄπνηλα (ηά ηε ἄπνηλα) = thesehellip gifts

ἁδόκελνη = pres act part nom masc plural reverencing

KEY

ldquoSons of Atreus and you other well-greaved Achaeans

may the gods who have their homes on Olympus grant you

to utterly sack Priamrsquos city and return safe to home

but release my dear child to me and accept these gifts

reverencing Apollo who shoots at will the son of Zeusrdquo

176 Composition

1 The gods who have (ἔρνληεο) Olympian homes will grant to the sons of Atreus and to the other well-greaved

Achaeans to sack utterly (ἐθπέξζαη) the city of Priam 2 When they sacked the city of Priam they returned happily

home 3 They accepted the shining ransoms and freed the darling daughter of the priest Chryses 4 We reverenced

the free-shooter Apollo son of Leto and Zeus and escaped death 5 Will the son of Atreus accept the shining

ransoms 6 The child of the priest was freed when he gave many shining ransoms which the two sons of Atreus

accepted

KEY

1 ζενὶ ἔρνληεο ιύκπηα δώκαηα δώζνπζη Ἀηξεΐδῃζη θαὶ ἄιινηζηλ ἐπθλεκίδεζζηλ (ῑ) Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἐθπέξζαη πόιηλ

Πξηάκνπ 2 ηόηε ἐμέπεξζαλ πόιηλ Πξηάκνην ἵθνλην (ῑ) ἐὺ νἴθαδε 3 ἐδέμαλην ἀγιαrsquo ἄπνηλα θαὶ ἀπέιῡζαλ ζπγάηεξα

θίιε ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) Υξύζᾱν (ῡ) 4 ἡμάκεζα ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλα Λεηόνο θαὶ Γηὸο πἱόλ θαὶ ζάλαηνλ 5

Ἀηξεΐδεο δέμεηαη ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα 6 παῖο ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἀπειύζαην (ῡ) ηόηε ἔδσθελ ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀγιάα ηὰ

Ἀηξεΐδᾱ ἐδώθαζηλ

Lesson 18

(Perfect and Pluperfect Active of Verbs 904 922 Third Declension γέρων

αἴξ 693-695)

181 Formation of the Perfect and Pluperfect Active

The perfect and pluperfect in all modes experience reduplication of the initial syllable which denotes completed

action Verbs beginning with a single consonant (except ξ) prefix this consonant followed by -ε Thus ιύσ =

ιέιπθα The stem sometimes stands in ablaut relation to the stem of the present as in βαίλσ = βέβεθα A

reduplicated syllable beginning with an aspirated mute is changed to its corresponding voiceless mute in the

reduplicated syllable ie ζλήζθσ = ηέζλεθα In these cases the reduplicated pluperfect adds ἐ- to the reduplicated

syllable ie ιύσ = ιέιπθα = ἐιέιπθε

Vebs beginning with a double consonant two consonants (except a mute followed by a liquid or a nasal) ξ and

some beginning with κ simply augment the stem with the addition of ε-

Verbs beginning in a vowel typically take the temporal augment by lengthening the vowel ie νἴρνκαη =

ᾤρσθα However verbs beginning with a vowel in which an initial consonant has been lost may take the syllabic

augment

Compound verbs typically insert the reduplication and augment between the preposition and the verb ie

ἀπνιύσ = ἀπνιέιπθα = ἀπειειύθε

The first perfect active adds -θα- to the stem followed by the primary endings The first pluperfect active

similarly adds -θε- followed by the secondary endings In general a short final vowel is lengthened before the

addition of the -θα- or -θε- Second perfects and pluperfects active are the older form and are more common in

Homer These omit the θ and simply add -α- or -ε- respectively The second perfects are more common in stems

ending in a consonant

In general the singular perfect and pluperfect active stand in ablaut relation to the dual and plural forms

Perfects and pluperfects are rare in Homer and only occur in some twenty verbs

182 Paradigms λέλυκα and βέβηκα

ιέιπθα ἐιειύθε (ἐιειύθεα)

ιέιπθαο ἐιειύθο (ἐιειύθεαο)

ιέιπθε(λ) ἐιειύθεη (ἐιειύθεε)

ιειύθαηνλ ἐιειύθαηνλ

ιειύθαηνλ ἐιειπθάηελ

ιειύθακελ ἐιειύθεκελ

ιειύθαηε ἐιειύθεηε

ιειύθᾱζη ἐιειύθεζαλ

βέβεθα ἐβεβήθεα (ἐβεβήθε)

βέβεθαο ἐβεβήθεαο (ἐβεβήθεο)

βέβεθε(λ) ἐβεβήθεε (ἐβεβήθεη)

βέβαηνλ ἐβέβαηνλ

βέβαηνλ ἐβεβάηελ

βέβακελ ἐβέβακελ

βέβαηε ἐβέβαηε

βέβᾱζη ἐβέβαζαλ

183 Paradigms γέρων and αἴξ

γέξσλ αἴμ

γέξνληνο αἰγόο

γέξνληη αἰγί

γέξνληα αἶγα

γέξνλ αἴμ

γέξνληε αἶγε

γεξόληνηηλ αἴγνηηλ

γέξνληεο αἶγεο

γεξόλησλ αἰγῶλ

γεξόληεζ(ζ)η (γέξνπζη) αἴγεζ(ζ)η (αἰμί)

γέξνληαο αἶγαο

184 Vocabulary

ἀγνξή ῆο ἡ assembly meeting place gathering harrangue

αἴμ αἰγόο ὁ ἡ goat

Ἄξγνο ενο ηό Argos (both a country and a city in Greece)

γέξσλ νληνο ὁ old man

γῆξαο ανο ηό old age

ἱεξεύο ῆνο ὁ priest holy man

κεξίνλ νπ ηό thigh-bone thigh-piece

πνύο πνδόο ὁ foot

ηαῦξνο νπ ὁ bull

θξήλ θξελόο ἡ diaphragm mind heart soul spirit disposition

δέθαηνο ε νλ tenth

ἡκέηεξνο ε νλ our ours

θνῖινο ε νλ hollow

ὠθύο ὠθεῖα ὠθύ swift speedy

ζλήζθσ die perish

ζαλένκαη

ἔζαλνλ

ηέζλεθα

θεύγσ flee fly escape run (off away along)

θεύμνκαη

ἔθπγνλ

πέθεπγα

Lesson 8

(765-766 773-774)

81 The Second Declension (Continued)

Several words are declined like θᾱιόο ή όλ except that the nominative vocative and accusative singular of

the neuter ends in -o instead of -νλ Some of these words include ὅο ἥ ὅ (which) ὁ ἡ ηό (that) (ἐ)θεῖλνο ε ν

(that) αὐηόο ή ό (he she it) and ἄιινο ε ν (another)

The words ὅδε and νὗηνο are not introduced in this lesson but they are dleclined similarly and so are included

in the paradigms as reference

ὁ ἡ ηό (that hesheit whowhichwhat)

Masc Fem Neut

N ὁ ἡ ηό

G ηνῦ ηνῖν ηῆο ηνῦ ηνῖν

D ηῷ ηῇ ηῷ

A ηόλ ηήλ ηό

N A ηώ (ηώ) ηώ

G D ηνῖηλ (ηνῖηλ) ηνῖηλ

N νἱ αἱ ηά

G ηῶλ ηάσλ (ᾱ) [ηῶλ] ηῶλ

D ηνῖζη ηνῖο ηῇζη ηῇο ηνῖζη ηνῖο

A ηνύο ηάο (ᾱ) ηά

αὐηόο ή ό (hesheit self same)

Masc Fem Neut

N αὐηόο αὐηή αὐηό

G αὐηνῦ νῖν αὐηῆο αὐηνῦ νῖν

D αὐηῷ αὐηῇ αὐηῷ

A αὐηόλ αὐηήλ αὐηό

N A αὐηώ (αὐηώ) αὐηώ

G D αὐηνῖηλ (αὐηνῖηλ) αὐηνῖηλ

N αὐηνί αὐηαί αὐηά

G αὐηῶλ αὐηάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] αὐηῶλ

D αὐηνῖζη νῖο αὐηῇζη ῇο αὐηνῖζη νῖο

A αὐηνύο αὐηάο (ᾱ) αὐηά

ὅο ἥ ὅ (whowhichwhat)

Masc Fem Neut

N ὅο ἥ ὅ

G νὖ [ὅνπ ὅν] ἥο νὗ [ὅνπ ὅν]

D ᾧ ᾗ ᾧ

A ὅλ ἥλ ὅ

N A ὥ (ὥ) ὥ

G D νἷηλ (νἷηλ) νἶηλ

N νἵ αἵ ἅ

G ὧλ ὧλ ὧλ

D νἷζη νἷο ᾗζη ᾗο νἷζη νἷο

A νὕο ἅο (ᾱ) ἅ

(ἐ)θεῖλνο ε ν (that)

Masc Fem Neut

N (ἐ)θεῖλνο (ἐ)θείλε (ἐ)θεῖλν

G (ἐ)θείλνπ νην (ἐ)θείλεο (ἐ)θείλνπ νην

D (ἐ)θείλῳ (ἐ)θείλῃ (ἐ)θείλῳ

A (ἐ)θεῖλνλ (ἐ)θείλελ (ἐ)θεῖλν

N A (ἐ)θείλσ ((ἐ)θείλσ) (ἐ)θείλσ

G D (ἐ)θείλνηηλ ((ἐ)θείλνηηλ) (ἐ)θείλνηηλ

N (ἐ)θεῖλνη (ἐ)θεῖλαη (ἐ)θεῖλα

G (ἐ)θείλσλ (ἐ)θεηλάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] (ἐ)θείλσλ

D (ἐ)θείλνηζη νηο (ἐ)θείλῃζη ῃο (ἐ)θείλνηζη νηο

A (ἐ)θείλνπο (ἐ)θείλᾱο (ἐ)θεῖλα

ὅδε ἥδε ηόδε (this)

Masc Fem Neut

N ὅδε ἥδε ηόδε

G ηνύδε ηνῖνδε ηῆζδε ηνύδε ηνῖνδε

D ηῷδε ηῇδε ηῷδε

A ηόλδε ηήλδε ηόδε

N A ηώδε (ηώδε) ηώδε

G D ηνῖηλδε (ηνῖηλδε) ηνῖηλδε

N νἵδε (ηνίδε) αἵδε (ηαίδε) ηάδε

G ηῶλδε ηάσλδε (ᾱ) [ηῶλδε] ηῶλδε

D ηνῖζηδε ηνῖζδε ηῇζηδε ηῇζδε ηνῖζηδε ηνῖζδε

ηνίζδεζη ηνίζδεζη

ηνίζδεζζη ηνίζδεζζη

A ηνύζδε ηάζδε (ᾱ) ηάδε

νὗηνο αὕηε ηνῦην (this)

Masc Fem Neut

N νὗηνο αὕηε ηνῦην

G ηνύηνπ νην ηαύηεο ηνύηνπ νην

D ηνύηῳ ηαύηῃ ηνύηῳ

A ηνῦηνλ ηαύηελ ηνῦην

N A ηνύησ (ηνύησ) ηνύησ

G D ηνύηνηηλ (ηνύηνηηλ) ηνύηνηηλ

N νὗηνη αὗηαη ηαῦηα

G ηνύησλ ηαῡηάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] ηνύησλ

D ηνύηνηζη νηο ηαύηῃζη ῃο ηνύηνηζη νηο

A ηνύηνπο ηαύηᾱο ηαῦηα

82 Vocabulary

ἀιιά but moreover

ἄιινο ε νλ other another

αὐηόο ή ό self him himself her herself it itself same

δῖνο α νλ (declined like ζάιαζζα) divine heavenly glorious

(ἐ)θεῖλνο ε ν that (one) he she it

ἑθεβόινο νπ ὁ free-shooter sharpshooter (originally shoots-at-will a title for Apollo)

θαθῶο evilly wickedly harshly with evil consequences

ὁ ἡ ηό this that he she it who which what

νὕλεθα (νὗ-ἔλεθα) because

ζθῆπηξνλ νπ ηό scepter staff

ηέ and also both

ρξύζενο (ῡ) ε νλ gold golden of gold

83 Derivatives

ἄιινο (allo-) = allopathy

αὐηόο (auto-) = automaton autocracy autograph autonomy

ρξύζενο (ῡ) (chryse-) = chrysanthemum chrysalis chrysolite

84 Translation Excersis

1 δῖνο ἑθεβόινο αὐηὸο ἀείδεη ἀιιrsquo νὐρ ἁλδάλεη ἄιινηζη ζενῖζη ζῡκῷ 2 θεῖλνη Ἀραηνὶ ἀηῑκάδνπζη ηνὺο ζενύο

3 ὁ ἑθεβόινο πέκπεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ θαθῶο ὀιέθεη θεῖλνλ ιᾱόλ νὕλεθα ηὸλ ἀηῑκάδνπζηλ 4

νὐθ ἀηῑκάδνκελ ηνὺο ζενύο νἳ ἔρνπζη ζθῆπηξα ρξύζεα (ῡ) 5 ὁ ἑθεβόινο ηε θαὶ νἱ ἄιινη ζενὶ θέξνπζη ρξύζεα (ῡ)

ζθῆπηξα θᾱιά 6 ηίο ηεύρεη ηὰ ζθῆπηξα ρξύζεα (ῡ) ηνῖζη ζενῖο ζαιάζζεο 7 ἀείδεη ἑθεβόινο αὐηὸο βνπιὰο (ᾱ)

ἄιισλ ζεῶλ ηνῖζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ 8 εἰζὶλ νἱ Ἀραηνὶ θᾱινί νἱ ὀιέθνπζη ηὸλ ζηξαηὸλ θαίνπζί ηε ηὰο (ᾱ) ππξάο (ᾱ) 9 ἡ

ζεὰ (ᾱ) ηῆο δεηλῆο ζαιάζζεο ἔρεη ηὸ ζθῆηξνλ ρξύζενλ (ῡ) 10 ἐλὶ ηῇ πάηξε εἰζὶλ αἱ ππξαί 11 ηίο ηεύρεη ηὸλ

ζηξαηὸλ ἑιώξηα ηνῖζηλ νἰσλνῖζηλ

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 The divine free-shooter himself sings but it does not please the hearts of the other gods 2 Those Achaeans

dishonor these gods 3 This free-shooter sends an evil plague up through the camp of the Achaeans and wickedly

destroys that host because they dishonor him 4 We do not dishonor these gods who hold the golden scepters 5

Both this free-shooter and these other gods carry beautiful golden scepters 6 Who fashions the golden scepters for

these gods of the sea 7 Does the free-shooter himself sing the plans of the other gods to these Achaeans 8 Are

these Achaeans noble who destroy (our) camp and burn funeral pyres 9 This goddess of the terrible sea holds a

golden scepter 10 The funeral pyrers are in (our) fatherland 11 Who makes (our) camp a spoil for these vultures

85 Composition Exercises

1 ἑθεβόινο αὐηὸο ἀείδεη ηὰο (ᾱ) βνπιὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) ζεῶλ 2 ηί νὐρ ἁλδάλεη ηνῖο ἄιινηζη ζενῖζηλ νἳ ἐλὶ

ζαιάζζῃ 3 ἐθεῖλνο Ἀραηὸο ἀηῑκάδεη ηνὺο ζενὺο πάηξεο νἱ ἔρνπζη ηὰ ζθῆπηξα ρξύζεα (ῡ) 4 ὁ ἑθεβόινο πέκπεη

λνύζνπο πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θαθὰο (ᾱ) ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ ὀιέθεη κῡξίνπο ιᾱνύο νὕλεθα ηὸλ ἀηῑκάδνπζηλ 5 ηίο

θαίεη ηὰο (ᾱ) ππξὰο (ᾱ) Ἀραηῶλ ἐπὶ δεηλῇ ζαιάζζῃ 6 ὁ ἑθεβόινο ηεύρεη κῡξίνπο Ἀραίνπο ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζηλ νὕλεθα

ηὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) ζεὰο (ᾱ) ζαιάζζεο ἀηῑκάδνπζηλ

Lesson 9

(830-840 904)

91 The Verbal Augment

Greek verbs frequently add a prefix to a verb (in the secondary tenses of the idicative) to indicate action

occurring in the past This prefix is called an augment Verbal augments take one of two forms the syllabic

augment which consists of adding an extra syllable to the beginning of a word and the temporal augment which

consists of lengthening the first syllable of a word While the augment is consistently applied in later dialects of

Greek it was still optional in Homeric and is often omitted (the tense being determined solely from the suffixes)

The syllabic augment is applied to verbs that begin with a consonant (or rare verbs that originally began with a

consonant) and consists of the prefix ε- Thus ιύνκελ = we loose (present tense) but ἐιύνκελ = we were loosing

(past tense) Some Greek words originally began with a ϝ or an ζ that later disappeared (usually replace with the

rough breathing) In those cases the augment is sometimes syllabic reflecting the earlier practice The word ἁλδάλσ

for example was originally ζϝαλδάλσ (swandano) The original augmented form of the imperfect was ἐζϝάλδαλνλ

(eswandano) When the ζϝ- was dropped the syllabic augment was retained ἑάλδαλνλ (heandano)

When a verb has lost an initial ζ the syllabic augment frequently contracts with the initial vowel For example

the word ἔρσ was originally ζέρσ The original augmented imperfect was ἔζερνλ When the initial ζ disappeared

the result was ἔερνλ which contracted to εἶρνλ (because εε usually contracts to εη) This pattern is also sometimes

present in verbs that originally began with ϝ such as ϝίδνλ =gt ἐϝηδνλ = ἔηδνλ = εἶδνλ

The temporal augment consists of lengthening an initial vowel and occurs in most Greek verbs that begin with

an initial vowel In general initial α or ε becomes ε initial η ν or π becomes ῑ initial αη and ᾳ become ῃ and initial

νη becomes ῳ Thus ἄγνκελ (we lead) becomes ἤγνκελ (we were leading) If the verb already begins with a long

vowel (ε ῃ ῑ ῡ σ ῳ) there is usually no change

Verbs that begin with ξ usually double the ξ when adding the syllabic augment This feature also sometimes

occurs in verbs beginning with ι κ λ or ζ

Compound verbs are usually formed from a combination of preposition + verb such as ἀπό (away from) + ιύσ

(loosen) = ἀπνιύσ (set free turn loose) In compound verbs a temporal augment is inserted between the preposition

and the verb If the preposition ends in a vowel the vowel is usually elided Thus ἀπνιύνκελ (we set free) becomes

ἀπειύνκελ (elided from ἀπνειύνκελ we were setting free)

92 The Imperfect Tense

The imperfect denotes continuous action in past time and typically corresponds to the past participle in English

Thus ἔιπνλ (imperfect) = I was loosing Occasionally the Greek imperfect is best translated by the simple past tense

in English The imperfect tense is formed by adding the secondary tense endings (which will be described in a later

lesson) to the augmented stem of the verb

In the paradigm below the unaugmented form is shown in brackets

Imperfect Tense

S 1st Pers ἔιπνλ [ιύνλ] I was loosing

2nd

Pers ἔιπεο [ιύεο] you were loosing

3rd

Pers ἔιπε(λ) [ιύε(λ)] he she it was loosing

D 2nd

Pers ἐιύεηνλ [ιύεηνλ] you (two) were loosing the pair of you were loosing

3rd

Pers ἐιπέηελ [ιπέηελ] they (two) were loosing the pair of them were loosing

P 1st Pers ἐιύνκελ [ιύνκελ] we were loosing

2nd

Pers ἐιύεηε [ιύεηε] you (ye) were loosing

3rd

Pers ἐιύνλ [ιύνλ] they were loosing

93 Vocabulary

ἄιιῃ elsewhere

Ἀξγεῖνο νπ ὁ Argive

-δε (suffix + acc) to

δηά (adv) between among (+gen) through (+acc) through by means

of on account of during

δηίθηινο (ῑ) ε νλ dear to Zeus

εἴξσ speak say tell

ἐκόο ή όλ my mine

ἔξγνλ νπ ηό (ϝέξγνλ) work deed accomplishment

-ζελ (suffix gen ending) from

Κιπηαηκήζηξε εο ἡ Clytaemnestra

(also Κιπηαηκλήζηξε)

καληνζύλε εο ἡ gift of prophesy

νἶθνο νπ ὁ house home

ιύκπηνο ε νλ Olympian

Ὄιπκπνο νπ ὁ Olympus

Πξίακνο νπ ὁ Priam

ζόο ζή ζόλ your yours

εἶρνλ (imperfect of ἔρσ) I was having I had

94 Derivatives

95 Translation Exercises

1 ὁ ἑθεβόινο δηὰ καληνζύλελ εἴξεη βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ηῶλ ζεῶλ Ἀξγείνηζηλ 2 νἱ ιύκπηνη ζενὶ εἶρνλ νἴθνπο ἐλ

ιύκπῳ 3 ὁ ἑθεβόινο δηίθηινο (ῑ) ἔηεπρε ηνὺο Ἀξγείνπο Ἀραηνύο ηε ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζηλ 4 Ἀραηνὶ Ἀξγεῖνί ηrsquo

ἔηεπρνλ ἔξγα θαθὰ δηὰ βνπιὴλ ζεᾶο 5 Κιπηαηκήζηξε δηὰ ηὸλ ζῡκὸλ ἔηεπρελ ηὰ ἔξγα δεηλά 6 Πξίακνο ιᾱόο ηε

Πξηάκνπ ὤιεθνλ πνιινὺο Ἀξγείνπο 7 ηίο εἴξεη ηὰ ζὰ ἔξγα θαθὰ Πξηάκῳ 8 ηὰ ἔξγα ἐκά ἐζηη θᾱιά νὕλεθα ἔηεπρνλ

βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεῶλ θαὶ ζεάσλ (ᾱ) δηὰ ηὴλ καληνζύλελ 9 ἐπέκπνκελ ηὰ ρξύζεα (ῡ) ζθῆπηξα εἰο νἶθνλ Πξηάκῳ 10

ἐθαίεηε ηὰο (ᾱ) ππξὰο (ᾱ) δεηλῇ θιαγγῇ 11 νὐρ ἥλδαλε ἡ βνπιὴ ζεᾷ ζαιάζζεο ζῡκῷ 12 αἱ ζεαὶ ἀείδνπζη ηὰ θᾱιὰ

ἔξγα ηῶλ ζεῶλ ἑθεβόινο δὲ βαίλεη ἄιιῃ 13 εἶρε Πξίακνο ἀγιαὸλ θαὶ θᾱιὸλ νἶθνλ

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 This free-shooter relates the plans of the gods to the Argives through prophesy 2 These Olympian gods had

homes on Olympus 3 This free-shooter beloved of Zeus made both the Argives and the Achaeans prey for the

vultures 4 Both the Achaeans and the Argives committed evil deeds through the will of the goddess 5 Because of

her heart Clytaemnestra wrought these terrible deeds 6 Both Priam and the host of Priam killed many Argives 7

Who relates these evil deeds of yours to Priam 8 These works of mine are noble because through prophesy I

accomplished the of the gods and goddess 9 We sent the golden scepters to the house of Priam 10 Were you

burning the funeral pyres with a terrible uproar 11 Does the plan not please the heart of the goddess of the sea 12

The goddesses sing the noble deeds of the gods but the free-shooter walks elsewhere 13 Priam had a splendid and

beautiful home

96 Composition Exercises

1 Who brought these countless shining ransoms to the beautiful home of Priam 2 The Achaeans and the

Argives burned many funeral pyres in your beloved fatherland 3 Clytaemnestra was wicked and performed many

dreadful deeds 4 Through the gift of prophesy we tell many glorious deeds of the gods and goddesses who have

Olympian homes 5 My deeds are noble but yours are cowardly 6 The gods sent an evil plague up through the

camp and destroyed many Achaeans because they dishonored the free-shooter 7 It was not pleasing to

Clytaemnestra in (her) wicked soul

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 ηίο ἔθεξε ηὰο ἄπνηλα ἀγιαὰ εἰο νἶθνλ θᾱιὸλ Πξηάκνπ 2 Ἀραηνὶ θαὶ Ἀξγεῖνη ἔθαηνλ ππξὰο (ᾱ) πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἐλ

ζῇ πάηξῃ θᾱιῇ 3 Κιπηαηκλήζηξε θαθὴ ἦλ θαὶ ἔηεπρελ ἄξγα πνιιὰ θαὶ δεηλά 4 δηὰ καληνζύλελ εἴξνκελ ἔξγα

πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀγιαὰ ζεῶλ θαὶ ζεάσλ (ᾱ) νἳ ἔρνπζηλ νἴθνπο ιπκπίνπο 5 ἔξγα ἐκὰ θᾱιή εἰζηλ ζὰ δὲ θαθά 6 ζενὶ

ἔπεκπνλ λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ θαὶ ὤιεθνλ Ἀραίνπο πνιινύο νὕλεθα ἠηίκαδνλ (ῑ) ἑθεβόινλ 7 νὐρ ἥλδαλε

Κιπηαηκλήζηξῃ ζῡκῷ θαθῷ

Lesson 10

(841-857 904)

101 Formation of the Aorist and Future Tenses

The first aorist is a secondary tense formed by adding -ζ(ζ)α to the augmented verb stem followed by the

personal endings of the secondary tense If the verb stem ends in a consonant or a long vowel only a single ζ is

added If the stem ends in a short vowel either one or two sigmas may be added A few aorists (called ldquomixed

aoristsrdquo) are formed by adding -ζ followed by the thematic vowel and the personal endings for the secondary tenses

to the augmented stem

The future is formed by adding -ζ followed by the thematic vowel and the personal endings for the primary

tenses

If the verb stem ends in a long vowel the stem is not affected by the addition of the suffixes for the future or

aorist tenses If the stem ends in a short vowel it is regularly lengthened in all tenses except the present and the

imperfect There are however a few exceptions to this pattern In most cases these verbs add ζ before the personal

endings of the perfect middle and aorist passive

102 Classification of Verbs

Verbs are classified into four groups according to the final letter of the stem vowel verbs liquid verbs nasal

verbs and mute verbs

When -ζ is added to the end of a mute verb a labial combines with ζ to form ς a palatal combines with ζ to

form μ and a lingual is dropped (leaving only ζ)

When -ζ is added to the end of a liquid or nasal verb it is usually preceded by -ε and the ζ is dropped in

contraction Thus βαιισ = βαιέζσ = βαιέσ In rare cases the ε is dropped and the ζ retained In some vowel-stem

verbs where the final vowel is preceded by a liquid or nasal the verb behaves as a liquidnasal and adds -εζ to the

stem θαιέσ (present) = θαιέζσ (future) = θαιέσ (future contracted) The formations in which the ζ is dropped

after α or ε are sometimes called ldquoAttic futuresrdquo

Verbs with liquid and nasal stems regularly form the aorist by dropping the ζ and lengthening the stem vowel

A few verbs have active forms in the present tense but middle forms in the future tense ἀθνύσ (I hear) but

ἀθνύζνκαη (I will hear)

103 Paradigms Future and First Aorist of ιύσ

Future

S 1st Pers ιύζσ (ῡ) I shall loose

2nd

Pers ιύζεηο (ῡ) you will loose

3rd

Pers ιύζεη (ῡ) he she it will loose

D 2nd

Pers ιύζεηνλ (ῡ) you (two) will loose

3rd

Pers ιύζεηνλ (ῡ) they (two) will loose

P 1st Pers ιύζνκελ (ῡ) we shall loose

2nd

Pers ιύζεηε (ῡ) you (ye) will loose

3rd

Pers ιύζνπζη(λ) (ῡ) they will loose

First Aorist

S 1st Pers ἔιῡζα I loosed

2nd

Pers ἔιῡζαο you loosed

3rd

Pers ἔιῡζε(λ) he she it loosed

D 2nd

Pers ἐιύζαηνλ (ῡ) you (two) loosed

3rd

Pers ἔιῡζάηελ they (two) loosed

P 1st Pers ἐιύζακελ (ῡ) we loosed

2nd

Pers ἐιύζαηε (ῡ) you (ye) loosed

3rd

Pers ἔιῡζαλ they loosed

104 Vocabulary

ἄγσ ἄμσ ἤγαγνλ lead drive conduct bring carry

ἀλάζζσ (ϝαλαθ-) ἀλάμσ ἠλαμα (+gen) rule (over) guard protect

ἄξηζηνο ε νλ best noblest bravest fairest

αὖηηο (back) again anew

Γαλαόο νῦ ὁ Danaan

ἑθαηόκβε εο ἡ hecatomb sacrifice

ζάλαηνο νπ ὁ death

Ἴιηνο νπ ἡ Ilium Troy the region around Troy

κεγάζῡκνο ε νλ great-souled brave

ὄρα far much considerably

πέζσ (πεηζ- πνηζ- πηζ-) πείζσ ἔπεηζα (πέπηζνλ) persuade win over mislead

θηιέσ θηιήζσ ἐθίιεζα love cherish entertain hospitably

εἶπνλ εἶπεο εἶπε(λ) θηι 2nd

aor speak say tell etc

ἔβεζα ἔβεζαο ἔβεζε(λ) θηι 1st aor come go walk etc

105 Derivatives

ἄγσ (ag-) = pedagogue demagogue synagogue

ἄξηζηνο (arist-) = aristocracy

ζάλαηνο (thanat-) = thanatopsis euthanasia

106 Translation Exercises

1 ηίο ἦλ ὄρrsquo ἄξηζηνο Γαλαῶλ 2 Πξίακνο κεγάζῡκνο ἤλαζζελ Ἰιίνπ 3 νὐθ αὖηηο ἄμνπζη Γαλανὶ κεγάζῡκνη

ἑθαηόκβᾱο πνιιὰο (ᾱ) εἰο Υξύζελ (ῡ) 4 νὐθ ἔπεηζαλ ἑθεβόινλ πνιιῇο ἑθαηόβῃζη θᾱιῇζηλ 5 νὐ θηιήζνκελ ζενύο

νὕλεθα θᾱινὶ εἰζηλ 6 Γαλανὶ ηεύμνπζη ζάλαηνλ Πξηάκῳ ἐλ Ἰιίῳ 7 ἐθίιεζα ζεὰλ (ᾱ) ζαιάζζεο ἀιιrsquo νὐρ ἥλδαλε

ἑθεβόιῳ ζῡκῷ 8 ἀείζνκελ θαὶ πείζνκελ ζενύο 9 ὄρrsquo ἄξηζνη ἐλ Ἰιίῳ ηὰ εἶπνλ Πξηάκῳ ἀιιὰ ηνὺο ἠηῑκάζελ 10

Πξίακνο ἔπεκςε ηὸλ ζηξαηὸλ ἄξηζηνλ ἐπrsquo Ἀξγείνηζηλ 11 ἔβεζαλ αὖηηο Γαλανὶ εἰο Ἴιηνλ ἀιιrsquo νὐθ ἔπεηζαλ

Πξίακνλ 12 ἀείζνκελ ἑθεβόινλ ὄρrsquo ἄξηζηνλ ζεῶλ νὕλεθrsquo ἤγαγε Γαλανὺο εἰο Ἴιηνλ

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 Who was by far the noblest of the Danaans 2 Great-souled Priam ruled Ilium 3 Not agan will the great-

souled Danaans lead many sacrifices into Chrysa 4 They did not persuade the free-shooter with many goodly

sacrifices 5 Do we not love the gods because they are good 6 The Danaans will prepare death for Priam in Ilium

7 I loved the goddess of the sea but it was not pleasing to the heart of the free-shooter 8 We will sing and

persuade the gods 9 By far the noblest in Ilium this they say of Priam but he (is the one) he dishonored () 10

Priam sent the best army against the Argives 11 The Danaans went back to Ilium but they did not persuade Priam

12 We hymn the free-shooter greatest of the gods because he led the Danaans into Ilium

107 Composition Exercises

1 The great-souled Achaeans will not persuade the free-shooter with goodly hecatombs but he will prepare evil

death for the people 2 The noblest of the Achaeans went to Ilium but they did not persuade the soul of Priam 3

We shall sing because the gods have led (aor) the people into Troy 4 We shall have many shining golden scepters

5 Did you not love the gods who have Olympian homes 6 Priam shall not rule Ilium again for the Achaeans will

prepare evil death for him 7 Does he speak to the beautiful goddess of the sea 8 They will persuade the souls of

the gods with many hecatombs

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 Ἀραηνὶ κεγάζῡκνη νὐ πείζνπζηλ ἑθεβόινλ πνιιῇο ἑθαηόκβῆζηλ ἀιιὰ ηεύμεη ζάλαηνλ θαθὸλ ιᾱνῖζηλ 2

ἄξηζηνη Ἀραηῶλ ἔβεζαλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ ἀιιrsquo νὐθ ἔπεηζαλ ζῡκὸλ Πξηάκῳ 3 ἀείζνκελ νὕλεθα ζενὺο ἤγαγνλ ιᾱὸλ εἰο

Ἴιηνλ 4 ἕζρνκελ πνιιὰ ρξύζεα (ῡ) ἀγιαὰ ζθῆπηξα 5 νὐθ ἐθηιήζαηε ζενὺο νἳ ἔρνπζηλ νἴθνπο ιπκπίνπο 6 νὐθ

αὖηηο ἀλάζζεη Πξίακνο Ἰιίνπ Ἀραηνὶ γὰξ ηεύμνπζη ζάλαηνλ θαθὸλ αὐηῷ 7 εἴξεη ζεᾷ θᾱιᾷ ζαιάζζεο 8 πείζνπζη

ζῡκνὺο ζεῶλ πνιιῇο ἑθαηόκβῃζηλ

Lesson 11

(664-675 838-839)

111 First Declension Masculine Nouns

First declension masculines typically end in -εο -ᾱο or -ᾰο in the nominative and are declined exactly the same

as their feminine counterparts (with the exception of the nominative singular which adds -ο the genitive singular

which regularly ends in -ᾱν and the vocative singular which ends in -ε -ᾱ or -ᾰ) Those ending in -εο retain -ε

throughout the singular those ending in -ᾱο retain the -ᾱ throughout the singular and those ending in -ᾰο take the -ε

ending in the dative

Masculines ending in -δεο take -ε in the vocative singular while those ending in -ηεο (as well as compound

nouns and the names of nationalities) regularly take -ᾰ Those ending in -ᾱο take the the nominative singular in -ᾱ

A very few first declension adjectives take a masculine ending in -ᾰ (without the final -ο) Many of these also

have an alternative form that ends in the more common -εο Those that do not have an alternative form in -εο usually

have the recessive accent (a feature inherited from the Aeolic influence in Homer) The only masculine noun ending

in -ᾰ in the nominative is the name Θύεζηα (Thyestes)

First declension masculine nouns typically follow the paradigms for Ἀηξεΐδεο (Atreides son of Atreus) Αἰλείᾱο

(Aeneas) and αἰρκεηήο (spearman warrior)

Ἀηξεΐδεο ᾱν ὁ Αἰλείᾱο ᾱν ὁ αἰρκεηήο ᾱν ὁ

(Αηξεϝηδᾱ-) (Αἰλεηᾱ-) (αἰρκεηᾱ-)

N Ἀηξεΐδεο Αἰλείᾱο αἰρκεηήο [ά]

G Ἀηξεΐδᾱν [εσ] Αἰλείᾱν [σ] αἰρκεηᾶν [έσ]

D Ἀηξεΐδῃ Αἰλείᾳ αἰρκεηῇ

A Ἀηξεΐδελ Αἰλείαλ αἰρκεηήλ

V Ἀηξεΐδε Αἰλείᾱ αἰρκεηά

N A V Ἀηξεΐδᾱ αἰρκεηά (ᾱ)

G D Ἀηξεΐδῃηλ αἰρκεηῇηλ

N V Ἀηξεΐδαη αἰρκεηαί

G Ἀηξετδάσλ (ᾱ) αἰρκεηάσλ (ᾱ)

[έσλ ῶλ] [έσλ ῶλ]

D Ἀηξεΐδῃζη ῃο αἰρκεηῇζη ῇο

A Ἀηξεΐδᾱο αἰρκεηάο (ᾱ)

112 Compound Verbs

Compound verbs are formed from a preposition or adverb coupled with a verb such as ἀλαβαίλσ (ascend)

formed from ἀλα (up) and βαίλσ (go) If the preposition ends in a vowel and the verb begins with a vowel the vowel

of the preposition is usually elided as in δηίζηεκη (δηὰ ἰζηεκη) ἁθαηξέσ (ἀπὸ αἱξέσ)

The augment occurs between the preposition and the verb When two vowels are thus brought together the first

vowel is usually elided leaving the augment Thus ἀπνιύσ (I release present) ἀπέιπνλ (I was releasing

imperfect) ἀπέιῡζα (I released aorist)

113 Vocabulary

ἀλαβαίλσ ἀλαβήζσ ἀλέβεζα go up ascend embark

ἀπνιύσ ἀπνιύζσ (ῡ) ἀπέιῡζα loose set free release

Ἀηξεΐδεο -ᾱν ὁ Atreides son of Atreus (usually refers to Agamemnon)

θαηαθεύσ θαηαθαύζσ θαηέθεα burn consume

θειεύσ - ἔθιπνλ (+gen) hear hearken to

κεηέεηπνλ κεηεῖπνλ (2nd

aor of εἴξσ) spoke among addressed spoke to

ὅηε when whenever

Πειεηάδεο ᾱν (εσ) ὁ Peleiades son of Peleus (used in reference to Achilles)

πξνζέεηπνλ πξνζεῖπνλ (2nd

aor of εἴξσ) addressed spoke to

ηόηε then at that time

ρνιόσ ρνιώζσ ἐρόισζα anger enrage vex

Υξύζεο (ῡ) ᾱν (εσ) ὁ Chryses

Verbs

ἀλαβαίλσ

stem ἀλα + βαλ- βα-

future ἀλαβήζσ (rarely ἀλαβήζνκαη)

1st aorist ἀλέβεζα (rarely 2

nd aor ἀλέβελ)

ἀπνιύσ

stem ἀπό + ιύσ

future ἀπνιύζσ (ῡ)

1st aorist ἀπέιῡζα

θαηαθαίσ

stem θαηά + θαπ- θαϝ- θαη-

future θαηαθαύζσ (assumed form)

1st aorist θαηέθεα

θειεύσ (Attic)

stem θιεπ- θιεϝ- θιπ-

future none

2nd

aorist ἐθιπνλ

ρνιόσ

stem ρνιν-

future ρνιώζσ

1st aorist ἐρόισζα

Notes

In Homeric Greek the stem vowel is usually lengthened before -ζ hence ἀλαβαίλσ =gt ἀλαβήζσ =gt

ἀλέβεζα ἀπνιύσ =gt ἀπνιύζσ (ῡ) =gt ἀπέιῡζα

ἀλαβαίλσ also has a 2nd

aorist ἀλέβελ

A few verbs have active forms in the present but middle forms in the future ἀλαβαίλσ has two future

forms one active (ἀλαβήζσ) and one middle (ἀλαβήζνκαη)

Verbs with stems ending in -αηλσ originally had a consonantal η following the λ (ie ἀλαβαηλησ)

114 Translation

1 θᾱινὶ ζενὶ ἔηεπμαλ ζάλαηνλ θαθὸλ δίῳ (ῑ) Πειεηάδῃ ὁ δrsquo ἀλέβελ ππξήλ 2 ἑθεβόινο ὤιεθε ιᾱὸλ Ἀραηῶλ

νὕλεθα δῖνο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) 3 θαηέθεα ἑθαηόκβᾱο πνιιάο (ᾱ) 4 ἑθεβόινο νὐθ ἔθιπελ Ἀηξεΐδᾱν

νὕλεθα ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) 5 Υξύζεο (ῡ) κεηέεηπελ Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἀιιrsquo νὐθ Ἀηξεΐδῃ ἥλδαλε ζῡκῷ 6 ὅηε θαθῶο

πξνζέεηπελ Ἀηξεΐδεο Υξύζελ (ῡ) ηόηε ἐρόισζελ ἑθεβόινλ 7 ἀπειύζακελ (ῡ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) νὕλεθα ηὸλ

ἐθηιήζακελ 8 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἤλεηθελ ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα Ἀηξεΐδῃ 9 νἴζνκελ ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀπνιύζνκελ (ῡ)

Υξύζελ (ῡ) νὕλεθα ηὸλ ἐθηιήζακελ θαὶ θίινο ἐζηὶλ ἑθεβόιῳ 10 ηίο θέξεη ἄπνηλα Υξύζᾱν (ῡ) Ἀηξεΐδῃ 11 δῖνο

Πειεηάδεο ἐρόισζελ Ἀηξεΐδελ 12 ὅηε θαηεθήακελ πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἑθαηόκβᾱο θᾱιάο (ᾱ) ηόηε ἐπείζακελ ζῡκνὺο ζεῶλ

13 δηὰ καληνζύλελ Υξύζεο (ῡ) εἶπε βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεῶλ Ἀηξεΐδῃ Πειεηάδῃ ηε

KEY

1 The noble gods prepared evil death for the divine Peleiades and he ascended the funeral pyre 2 The free-

shooter destroyed the host of the Achaeans because the divine Atreides dishonored Chryses 3 I burned many

funeral pyres 4 The free-shooter did not hear the son of Atreus because he dishonored Chryses 5 Chryses spoke

among the Achaeans but but it did not please the heart of Atreides 6 It angered the free-shooter when the son of

Atreus spoke wickedly to Chryses 7 We released Chryses because we loved him 8 Chryses brought countless

glorious ransoms to the son of Atreus 9 We will bring many ransoms and release Chryses because we loved him

and he is dear to the free-shooter 10 Who brought the ransoms of Chryses to the son of Atreus 11 The divine

Peleiades angered the son of Atreus 12 We persuaded the hearts of the gods when we burned many good

hecatombs 13 Through prophesy Chryses spoke the will of the gods to both Atreides and Peleiades

115 Composition

1 The Achaeans ascended into Troy and killed the noble Priam 2 We burned many goodly hecatombs to the

Olympian gods 3 Chryses spoke among the Achaeans but the son of Atreus did not hearken to him 4 The

Achaeans addressed the son of Atreus but he did not free Chryses 5 The son of Atreus will bring many ransoms

into the camp of the Achaeans 6 Who will persuade the gods with many goodly hecatombs

KEY

1 Ἀραηνὶ ἀλέβεζαλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ θαὶ ὤιεμαλ θᾱιὸλ Πξηάκνλ 2 θαηέθεκελ πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) ἑθαηόκβὰο (ᾱ)

ζενῖο ιπκπίνηο 3 Υξύζεο (ῡ) κεηέεηπελ Ἀραηνῖο ἀιιrsquo Ἀηξεΐδεο ηὸλ νὐθ ἔθιπελ 4 Ἀραηνὶ πξνζέεηπνλ Ἀηξεΐδῃ

ἀιιrsquo νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε Υξύζελ (ῡ) 5 Ἀηξεΐδεο νἴζεη ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ εἰο ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 6 ηίο πείζεη ζενὺο πνιιῇο

ἑθαηόκβῃζηλ

Lesson 12

Review

121 Review Vocabulary

Lesson 13

(680-692 701-709)

(cf 897 874 886 619 841-843 576 1178 830-831 837 580 837)

131 Nouns of the Third Declension

Third declension nouns can be either masculine feminine or neuter The nominative endings can take many

forms but there are some conventions Masculine and feminine stems except those ending in λ ξ or ζ simply add

ζ to the stem and make the necessary euphonic changes Stems ending in ξ λ and ζ typically make no changes

except to lengthen the last vowel if it is short Stems ending in -λ(η) either drop the η and lengthen a short vowel or

drop the -λ(η) lengthen the vowel and add ζ Examples δαηκνλ- = δαηκσλ ζῑλ- = ζίο (ῑ) κειαλ- = κέιᾱο γεξνλη- =

γέξσλ etc Neuters typically consist of just the stem in the nominative and accusative except to drop a final -η

where it occurs

In general the stem of a third declension noun is found by dropping the -νο ending from the genitive singular

The dative singular regularly ends in -ῐ but occasionally in -ῑ

The accusative ending was originally -λ and this ending is common on stems ending in a vowel On stems

ending in a consonant the -λ was a sonant consonant which eventually came be pronounced as -ᾰ The result is that

the accusative singular usually ends in -λ for stems ending in a vowel and -ᾰ for stems ending in a consonant

Dental mute stems ending in -ηο and -πο in the nominative singular rarely drop the mute and typically adopt the -λ

accusative ending as if they were vowel stems

The dative plural is formed by adding either -εζζη (rarely -εζη) or -ζη (rarely -ζζη) and making the usual

euphonic changes Most third declension nouns thus have alternate dative plural forms as πνύο = πνζζί = πνζί =

πόδεζζη etc

The accusative plural originally ended in -λο (sonant λ) which gives -αο for stems ending in a consonant and -ῑο

and -ῡο for stems ending in a vowel A few vowel stems borrowed an -αο ending from the first declension by

analogy

The vocative singular is usually either identical to the nominative or identical to the stem alone Stems ending

in λ ξ or ο typically drop this final consonant in the vocative singular

Compensatory lengthening usually occurs in the dative plural when -λη is dropped as in γέξνληζη = γέξνπζη

132 Paradigms

Stems ending in -επ (επ) -νπ and σϝ follow the paradigms of βαζηιεύο (king βαζηιεϝ-) βνῦο (ox βνϝ-) λεῦο

(ship λᾱϝ-) and ἥξσο (hero ἡξσϝ- () or ἡξσ-)

N βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

G βαζηιῆνο [-ένο] βνόο λεόο ἥξσνο

D βαζηιῆη [-έη] βνΐ λεί ἥξση

A βαζηιῆα [-έα] βνῦλ [βῶλ] λῆα [λέα] ἥξσα

V βαζηιεῦ βνῦ λεῦ ἥξσο

N A V βαζηιῆε βόε λῆε ἥξσε

G D βαζηιήνηηλ βόνηηλ λήνηηλ ἡξώνηηλ

N V βαζηιεῆεο βόεο λῆεο ἥξσεο

G βαζηιήσλ βνῶλ λεῶλ [λεῶλ] ἡξώσλ

D βαζηιήεζζη βόεζζη λήεζζη [λέεζζἰ ἡξώεζζη

βαζηιεῦζη βνπζί λεπζί ἥξσζη

A βαζηιῆαο βόαο (βνῦο) λῆζαο (λέαο) ἥξσαο

A long vowel is typically shortened when it occurs before another vowel thus βαζηιῆνο or βαζηιένο This

convention was almost certainly consistent in pronunciation but is only occasionally represented in written form

The π in the stem of these words frequently became ϝ and subsequently disappeared as in βαζηιεπ- βαζηιεϝ-

βαζηιε-

Stems ending in η (εη) and π (επ εϝ) follow the paradigms of πόιηο (city πνιη-) πῆρπο (forearm περεϝ-) ἄζηπ

(city ἀζηεϝ-) λέθπο (corpse λεθῡ-) and δάθξπ (tear δαθξπ-)

N πόιηο πῆρπο ἄζηπ λέθῡο δάθξπ

G πόιηνο -ενο πήρενο ἄζηενο λέθπνο δάθξπνο

D πόιηη -ῑ -εη -εη πήρετ ἄζηετ λέθπτ δάθξπτ

A πόιηλ πῆρσλ ἄζηπ λέθῡλ δαθξπ

V πόιη πῆρπ ἄζηπ λέθῡ δάθξπ

N V πόιηε πήρεε ἄζηεε λέθπε δάθξπε

G D πνιίνηηλ περένηηλ ἄζηνηηλ λεθύνηηλ δαθξύνηηλ

N V πόιηεο -εεο πήρεεο ἄζηεα λέθπεο δάθξπα

G πνιίσλ περέσλ ἀζηέσλ λεθύσλ δαθξύσλ

D πνιίεζζη περέεζζη ἀζηέεζη λεθύεζζη δαθξύεζζη

πόιεζη -ηζη πήρεζη ἄζηεζη λέθῡζ(ζ)η δάθξπζη

A πόιηαο -εαο -ῑο πήρεαο ἄζηεα λέθπαο [-ῡο] δάθξπα

Nouns with stems in -ο (-εο -αο -νο) and -η are declined like ἔπνο (ϝεπεζ-) γέξαο (γεξαζ-) ἠώο (ἀϝζνζ-) δῶκα

(δσκαη-) and ἦκαξ (ἠκαξ- ἠκαη-) Note that -ζ- usually disappears when it occurs between two vowels

N ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο δῶκα ἧκαξ

G ἔπενο γέξανο ἠόνο δώκαηνο ἥκαηνο

D ἔπετ γέξατ ἠόη δώκαηη ἥκαηη

A ἔπνο γέξαο ἠόα δῶκα ἧκαξ

V ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο δῶκα ἧκαξ

N V ἔπεε γέξαε δώκαηε ἥκαηε

G D επένηηλ γεξάνηηλ δσκάηνηηλ ἡκάηνηηλ

N V ἔπεο γέξα(α) δώκαηα ἥκαηα

G ἐπέσλ γεξάσλ δσκάησλ ἡκάησλ

D ἐπέεζζη γεξάεζζη δσκάηεζζη ἡκάηεζζη

ἔπε(ζ)ζη γέξα(ζ)ζη δώκαζη ἥκαζη

A ἔπεα γέξα(α) δώκαηα ἥκαηα

Note that all nouns ening in -νο in the second declension are either masculine or feminine but all nouns ending in -

νο in the third declension are neuter All nouns ending in -κα in the nominative singular and all nouns with genitives

in -αηνο are neuter

133 Further Notes on the Third Declension

Nouns of the third declension can be any gender and consist of stems ending in -η -π or a consonant In

general the following endings are applied to the stem with the usual euphonic changes

N -ο

G -νο

D -η

A -λ

V -

N A V -ε

G D -νηηλ

N V -εο

G -σλ

D -εζζη

A -λο

Standard Euphonic Changes

Later forms of Greek such as Attic and Koine frequently contracted the forms found in Homer

The -λ in the accusative singular and plural is sonant meaning that it is pronounced as λ when

following a vowel but it is pronounced as ᾰ when following a consonant Thus πνιη-λ = πνιηλ and

πνιη-λο = πνιηο but δαηκνλ-λ = δαηκνλα and δαηκνλ-λο = δαηκνλαο

o In most cases a stem originally ending in ϝ is treated as if it ends in a consonant Thus

βαζηιεϝα = βαζηιεα εξσϝα = εξσα

o The word βνϝ- is an exception where ϝ becomes π (probably because νπ is such a common

diphthong) βνϝλ = βνπλ

Dentals are dropped before ζ Thus παηδο = παηο

o In cases where the stem ends in -λη the dental and the ζ are typically dropped with the last

vowel lengthened by compensation Thus γεξνληο = γεξσλ

Palatals combine with ζ to form μ Thus αηγο = αημ θεξπθο = θεξπμ etc

o Stems ending in -θη apply both the dental and palatal changes first dropping the η and then

combining the θζ to form μ Thus λπθηο = λπθο = λπμ

Labials combine with ζ to form ς Thus Αηζηνπο = Αηζηνς

The ζ is dropped when it follows a nasal or ξ and the last vowel is lengthened to compensate (if it

isnrsquot long already) Thus δαηκνλο = δαηκσλ θξελο = θξελ ρεηξο = ρεηξ παηεξο = παηεξ κεηεξο =

κεηεξ etc

Stems that originally ended in ϝ usually retain a π in its place in the nominative Thus βαζηιεϝο =

βαζηιεπο (originally βαζηιεπο) λεϝο = λεπο βνϝο = βνπο etc

o The same phenomenon sometimes occurs in the accusative singular as well where ϝ becomes

π and the final λ is retained Thus περεϝλ = περευλ = περπλ

o The word εξσο is an apparent exception where εξσϝο = εξσο This may be from analogy

with the relatively common -σο ending in Greek or it could be that the stem was originally

εξσ- witout the ϝ

o When the stem ends in -εϝ the ε is usually dropped in the nominative thus περεϝο = περεπο =

περπο (but the genitive and dative are περενο περετ)

Some confusion can occur at the apparent irregularity of stems ending in -π αζηπ αζηενο αζηεη etc

but δαθξπ δαθξπνο δαθξπτ etc The difference is that stems like αζηπ originally ended in a vowel + ϝ

(αζηεϝ) while stems like δαθξπ originally ended in π

Some neuters originally ended in -εο These are usually declined as -νο in the nominative and

accusative In the other cases the endings are simply applied to -εζ- and the sigma is dropped when it

occurs between two vowels επνο (nom acc from επεζο) επενο (gen from επεζνο) επετ (dat from

επεζη) etc

o Stems ending in -αο simple drop the extra sigma in the nominative singular and append the

case endings to -αζ- (dropping ζ when it occurs between two vowels) Thus γεξαο γεξανο

γεξατ etc

o Stems ending in -νο follow the same pattern as those ending in -αο except that the ν is

lengthened to σ in the nominative Thus εσο εννο εντ etc

Neuter stems ending in -καη usually drop the η in the nominative and accusative singular but retain it

in the plural Thus δσκα (nom and acc sing) δσκαηνο (gen sing) δσκαηη (dat sing) δσκαηα (nom and

acc plur) δσκαησλ (gen plur) δσκαηεζζη (dat plur) etc Neuter stems ending in -καξ usually behave

as if they ended in -καη in all cases except the nominative and accusative singular Thus εκαξ εκαηνο

εκαηη etc

The dative plural ending is given as -εζζη This could be shortened to -ζζη (before vowels) -εζη or -ζη

The -ζη ending is the most common in later dialects Thus Homeric θεξπθεζζη is typically θεξπμη in

Attic and Koine

The vocative singular in neuters is always identical to the nominative and accusative singulars

o In masculine and feminine nouns the vocative singular is usually just the stem without any

endings applied as long as the stem is capable of standing alone Thus δαηκνλ ρεηξ παηεξ

κεηεξ ζπγαηεξ αλεξ βνπ λεπ πνιη λεθῡ δαθξπ etc

o In some cases where the nominative singular has slightly modified the stem before adding -ο

the vocative is formed by simply dropping the ο Thus παη βαζηιεπ περπ

o In cases where the ο of the nominative singular has combined with the stem the vocative is

usually indentical to the nominative singular Thus αλαμ λπμ αημ θεξπμ Αηζηνς etc

o In rare cases the vocative is identical to the nominative singular even when dropping the ο

would have been convenient as in εξσο εσο

Alternate Endings The following are some alternate endings that could be applied instead of the usual

case endings listed above

o -ζη can be used to denote place where

o -ζελ can be used to denote source or separation or as an alternative ending for the genitive

case

o -δε can be added to the accusative ending to denote place to which or limit of motion

o -η can be added to denote place where

o -θη(λ) can be added as a substitute for several uses of the genitive and the dative cases

particularly in the instrumental sense

134 References

This lesson references several points in the grammar Note the following

Deponent verbs take middle or passive forms but denote active meanings

Some verbs reduplicate the initial syllable in the present tense by repeating the initial consonant

followed by -η Thus ἴζηεκη (orig ζηζηεκη) ηίζεκη δίδσκη πίκπιεκη γίγλνκαη γηγλώζθσ κηκλήζθσ

etc When futures and second aorists are reduplicated they usually follow the pattern of reduplication

found in the perfect tense If the initial consonant is aspirated the reduplicated consonant is typically

smooth Thus ηίζεκη rather than ζίζεκη

Note that ἴκη δίδσκη and ηίζεκη take the aorist in -θα rather than -ζα

When a word ends in a vowel and the following word begins with a vowel the result is called hiatus

In general hiatus is avoided in poetry through the use of elision crasis synizesis moveable

consonants etc However hiatus is allowed in some circumstances such as when elision has already

occurred when the first of the two vowels is long and occurs on the beat (or ictus) of the verse or

when a long vowel or diphthong has been shortened or when the two vowels were originally separated

by ϝ

Recall that the verbal augment is frequently omitted

135 Vocabulary

Ἄηο Ἄηδνο ὁ (nom not used) Hades

ἄιγνο ενο ηό grief pain woe trouble

Ἀρηιιεύο ῆνο ὁ Achilles

δαίο δαηηόο ἡ feast banquet portion

Εεύο Γηόο ὁ Zeus

ἥξσο ἥξσνο ὁ hero mighty warrior protector savior

ἴθζῑκνο ε νλ mighty valiant stout-hearted brave

θύσλ θπλόο ὁ ἡ dog

κῆληο ηνο ἡ wrath fury madness rage

νὐιόκελνο ε νλ accursed destructive deadly

πξντάπησ πξντάςσ πξνΐαςα hurl forward send forth

ηίζεκη (ζε- ζε-) ζήζσ ἔζεθα put place cause

Ἀρηιιεπο (Ἀρηιιεϝ-) Ἀρηιιενο Ἀρηιιεη Ἀρηιιεα

δαηο (δαηη-) δαηηνο δαηηη δαηηα δαηηεο δαηησλ δαηηεζζη δαηηαο

Εεπο Γηνο Γηη Γηα

ἡξσο ἡξσνο ἡξστ ἡξσα ἡξσεο ἡξσσλ ἡξσεζζη ἡξσαο

θπσλ θπλνο θπλη θπλα θπλεο θπλσλ θπλεζζη θπλαο

κεληο (κελη-) κεληνο κεληη κεληλ κεληεο κελησλ κεληεζζη κεληαο

136 Translation

1 κῆληο Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο ἦλ νὐινκέλε ἔζεθε γὰξ κῡξηrsquo ἄιγεα ηνῖζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ πξνΐαςε δὲ πνιιὰο (ᾱ)

ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἰθζίκνπο (ῑ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη ἔηεπρε δrsquo αὐηνὺο ἑιώξηα θαὶ δαῖηα θύλεζζηλ νἰσλνῖζί ηε ἐηέιεζε δὲ βνπιὴλ

Γηόο 2 ζεὰ (ᾱ) ἀείδεη κῆληλ νὐινκέλελ Ἀρηιῆνο ἣ ἔζεθελ κῡξίrsquo ἄιγεrsquo Ἀραηνῖζηλ 3 ζενὶ ὀιέθνπζη ηὸλ ζηξαηόλ θαὶ

πξντάπηνπζη πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη 4ηεύμνκελ κῡξίνπο Ἀραηνὺο ἑιώξηα θύλεζζηλ θαὶ δαῖηα ηνῖζηλ

νἰσλνῖζηλ νὕλεθα ἠηίκαζαλ (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) 5 θᾱιὴ ἦλ ἡ βνπιὴ Γηόο

KEY

1 The wrath of Achilles son of Peleus was destructive for it caused countless woes to the Achaeans and sent

forth many valiant souls of heros to Hades making them spoils and a banquet for the dogs and the vultures 2 The

goddess sings the accursed wrath of Achilles which brought countless woes to the Achaeans 3 The gods are

destroying the camp and sending forth many souls of the heros to Hades 4 We will make countless Achaeans spoils

for the dogs and a feast for these vultures because they dishonored Chryses 5 The will of Zeus was good

137 Iliad 1-5

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κπξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςπρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιήλ

Μῆληλ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse

ἄεηδε - present active imperative 2nd

person singular of ἀείδσ

ζεά - vocative case

Πειεηάδεσ = Πειεηάδᾱν (the verse may have originally read Πειεηάδᾱrsquo)

νὐινκέλελ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse as well as out of

the natural order and is placed directly opposite the word κῆληλ

κῡξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο - the hiatus is permited because elision has already occurred in κῡξίνηο

Ἄηδη was originally Ἄϝηδη and is still accented as it began with α instead of αη

ἡξώσλ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse and its deviation from

the natural order

δὲ ἑιώξηα - the hiatus is permitted because the original was δὲ ϝειώξηα

ηεῦρε - the augment is dropped (usually ἔηεπρε)

ἐηειείεην - imperfect passive indicative 3rd

person singular of ηειείσ

KEY

Sing O goddess of the accursed wrath of Achilles Peleiades

which brought countless woes to the Achaeans

and cast forth the souls of many valiant warriors to Hades

making them the spoils and feast of both dogs

and vultures But the will of Zeus was accomplished

138 Composition

1 The valiant Achaeans are singing the accursed wrath of Achilles 2 The wrath of Achilles caused many woes

to the Achaeans and sent many valiant souls of heroes to the god Hades 3 We shall make the army of the Achaeans

a booty for the dogs and a banquet for the birds 4 We are accomplishing the will of the goddess

KEY

1 ἴθζῑκνη Ἀραηνὶ ἀείδνπζηλ νὐινκέλελ κῆληλ Ἀρηιῆνο 2 κῆληο Ἀρηιῆνο ἔζεθε κῡξίrsquo ἄιγεrsquo Ἀραηνῖζη θαὶ

πξνΐαςε πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἰθζίκνπο ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη 3 ηεύμνκελ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ ἑιώξηα θύλεζζηλ θαὶ δαῖηα

νἰσλνῖζηλ 4 ηεύρνκελ βνπιὴλ ζεᾶο

Lesson 14

(519-526 1159-1192)

(cf 586)

141 Syllable Quantity

A syllable is long (by nature) when it contains a long vowel or a diphthong or (by position) when it ends in two

consecutive consonants (or a double consonant) A short vowel followed by a mute and a liquid κ or λ is common

and can be either long or short depending on the requirements of the verse Occasionally the letters ι κ λ ξ or ζ

are doubled in pronunciation when they follow a short vowel making the syllable long by position but this

convention is not always represented in writing And occasionally a lost ϝ will combine with another consonant to

make the preceding syllable long by position

Observe the following rules when determing the length of a syllable

Any vowel with the circumflex accent is long

The vowel of any ultmia whose penult bears the circumflex is short

If the penult has an acute then the vowel of the ultima must also be long

If the vowel of the ultima is short and the penult has the acute then the vowel of the penult must

be short as well

If the antepenult is accented the vowel of the ultima must be short

Occasionally these rules do not apply to certain compounds where one of the two words are

accented as if they were separate

If a short syllable stands where a long syllable is expected it is usually because the pause of the caesura or

diaresis fills out the foot or because the following word has lost a consonant (usually ϝ or ζ) And occasionally a

short syllable ending in a consonant is lengthened when it occurs on the ictus (beat) of the verse Such lengthening is

called thesis

142 Metrical Quantity

With the exception of pauses at the end of the verse caesura and diaresis all feet must consist of two long

syllables or a long syllable followed by two shorts Thus if a long syllable is followed by a short syllable then the

next syllable must be short as well Likewise if a short syllable is followed by a long syllable then the preceding

syllable must be short as well

When a word ends in a short vowel (and sometimes -νη and -αη) and the following word begins with a vowel

the short vowel is usually elided unless the following word originally began with ϝ When a word ends in a long

vowel or a diphthong and the following word begins with a vowel the long vowel is usually shortened This

phenomenon can also occur within the same word and again it is less common when the following word originally

began with ϝ Vowel shortening is also rare when the long vowel occurs on the ictus

The meter of Homer is called dactylic or heroic hexameter and is the most common meter in Greek verse Each

verse has six feet The first five feet can be dactyls (one long syllable followed by two short syllables) or spondees

(two long syllables) The final foot of the verse is always a spndee but keep in mind that the pause at the end of the

verse often combines with a final short syllable to form one long syllable The fifth foot of each verse is usually a

dactyl with only one in twenty (or so) verses containing a spondee in the fifth foot The verses that have a spndee in

the fifth foot are called spondaic and usually take slightly longer to recite In dactylic hexameter the ictus (beat) of

the verse always occurs on the first syllable of each foot producing six distinct beats per verse

Caesura occurs when a word ends within a foot (ie at the end of the first syllable of a foot or between the two

short syllables of the foot) When a caesura occurs at a natural pause in the verse this is said to be the caesura of the

verse A pause after the first syllable of a foot is called a masculine caesura and a pause after the second syllable of

the foot is called a feminine caesura

Diaresis occurs when the end of a word coincides with the end of a foot When this falls at a natural pause in

the verse it is said to be the diaresis of the verse When the diaresis occurs at the end of the fourth foot is it called

the bucolic diaresis (due to its common use in pastoral poetry)

143 Marking the Rhythm of the Iliad 1-5

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κπξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςπρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιήλ

ΜΖ ληλ α | ΔΗ δε ζε | Α ΠΖ | ΛΖ η α | ΓΔΧ α ρη | ΛΖ Ο-

dact dact spon dact dact spon

The pauses at the end of κῆληλ and ἄεηδε are feminine caesuras

The pauses at the end of ζεά Πειεηάδεσ and Ἀρηιῆνο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of ζεά is the caesura of the verse

The dash at the end of the verse indicates a pause that combines with a short vowel to fill out the

last foot

ΟΤ ιν κε | ΝΖΝ Ζ | ΜΤ ξη α | ΥΑΗ ΟΗ | ΑΛ γε ε | ΘΖ ΚΔΝ-

dact spon dact spon dact spon

The pauses at the end of κῡξίrsquo and ἄιγε are feminine caesuras

The pauses at the end of νὐινκέλελ and ἔζεθελ are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of νὐινκέλελ is the caesura of the verse

The pauses at the end of ἥ and Ἀραηνῖο are diareses

The diaresis at Ἀραηνῖο is a bucolic diaresis

κῡξία Ἀραηνῖο and ἄιγεα ἔζεθελ are examples of hiatus

The first syllable of ἄιγεrsquo is long because it is followed by two consecutive consonants

ΠΟΛ ΛΑ | ΓrsquoΗΦ ΘΗ | ΜΟΤ ΦΤ | ΥΑ ΑΗ | ΓΗ πξν τ | Α ΦΔΝ-

spon spon spon spon dact spon

The pauses at the end of ἰθζίκνπο and ςπράο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of πνιιάο is a diaresis

δὲ ἰθζίκνπο is hiatus

The first syllable of πνιιάο is long by position as is the first syllable of ἰθζίκνπο the last syllable

of Ἄηδη and the second syllable of πξνΐαςελ

Ζ ΡΧ | ΧΝ ΑΤ | ΣΟΤ δε ε | ΛΧ ξη α | ΣΔΤ ρε θπ | ΝΔ ΗΝ-

spon spon dact dact dact spon

The pause at the end of ηεῦρε is a feminine caesura

The pauses at the end of ἡξώσλ and αὐηνύο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of ἡξώσλ is the caesura of the verse

The pause at the end of ἑιώξηα is a diaresis

ΟΗ Χ | ΝΟΗ ζη ηε | ΓΑΗ ηα δη | Ο δrsquoε ηε | ΛΔΗ ε ην | ΒΟΤ ΛΖΝ

The pauses at the end of νἰσλνῖζη and δαῖηα are feminine caesuras

The pause at the end of Γηόο is a masculine caesura

The pauses at the end of ηε ἐηειείεην and βνπιήλ are diareses

The pause at the end of δαῖηα is the diaresis of the verse

Lesson 15

(693-694 697-700)

(cf 781-782 837 580 1009 996 584-585)

151 Third Declension Paradigms (continued)

Third declension nouns ending in a dental mute stem are exemplified by ἄλαμ (king ϝαλαθη-) λύμ (night λπθη-

) παῖο (child παηδ-) and γέξσλ (old man γεξνλη-)

N ἄλαμ λύμ παῖο γέξσλ

G ἄλαθηνο λπθηόο παηδόο γέξνληνο

D ἄλαθηη λπθηί παηδί γέξνληη

A ἄλαθηα λύθηα παίδα γέξνληα

V ἄλαμ [ἄλα] λύμ παῖ γέξσλ

N V A ἄλαθηε λύθηε παίδε γέξνληε

G D ἀλάθηνηηλ λύθηνηηλ παίδνηηλ γεξόληνηηλ

N ἄλαθηεο λύθηεο παίδεο γέξνληεο

G ἀλάθησλ λπθηῶλ παηδῶλ γεξόλησλ

D ἀλάθηεζζη λύθηεζζη παίδεζζη γεξόληεζζη

ἄλαμη λπμί παηζί γέξνπζη

A ἄλαθηαο λύθηνο παῖδαο γέξνληαο

Third declension nouns ending in labial and palatal stems are exemplified by αἴμ (goat αἰγ-) θῆξπμ (herald

θεξῡθ-) and Αἰζίνς (Ethipoian Αἰζηνπ-)

N αἴμ θῆξπμ Αἰζίνς

G αἰγόο θήξῡθνο Αἰζίνπνο

D αἰγί θήξῡθη Αἰζίνπη

A αἶγα θήξῡθα Αἰζίνπα

V αἴμ θῆξπμ Αἰζίνς

N V A αἶγε θήξῡθε Αἰζίνπε

G D αἴγνηηλ θεξύθνηηλ (ῡ) Αἰζηόπνηηλ

N αἶγεο θήξῡθεο Αἰζίνπεο

G αἰγῶλ θεξύθσλ (ῡ) Αἰζηόπσλ

D αἴγεζζη θεξύθεζζη (ῡ) Αἰζηόπεζζη

αἰμί θήξῡμ Αἰζίνςη

A αἶγαο θήξῡθαο Αἰζίνπαο

Nouns with stems ending in -εξ express different grades of ablaut in the stem (-εξ -εξ -ξ) with a recessive

accent in the vocative singular These are exemplified by παηήξ (father παηεξ-) κήηεξ (mother κεηεξ-) ζπγάηεξ

(daughter ζπγαηεξ-) and ἀλήξ (man ἀλεξ-)

N παηήξ κήηεξ ζπγάηεξ ἀλήξ

G παηέξνο -ηξόο κεηέξνο -ηξόο ζπγαηέξνο -ηξόο ἀλέξνο ἀλδξόο

D παηέξη -ηξί κεηέξη -ηξί ζπγαηέξη -ηξί ἀλέξη ἀλδξί

A παηέξα κεηέξα ζπγαηέξα ἀλέξα ἄλδξα

V πάηεξ κῆηεξ ζύγαηεξ ἄλεξ

N V A παηέξε κεηέξε ζπγαηέξε ἀλέξε ἄλδξε

G D παηέξνηηλ κεηέξνηηλ ζπγαηέξνηηλ ἀλέξνηηλ ἄλδξνηηλ

N παηέξεο κεηέξεο ζπγαηέξεο ζύγαηξεο ἀλέξεο ἄλδξεο

G παηέξσλ -ηξῶλ κεηέξσλ -ηξῶλ ζπγαηέξσλ ζπγαηξῶλ ἀλέξσλ ἀλδξῶλ

D παηξάζη κεηξάζη ζπγαηξάζη ζπγαηέξεζζη ἀλδξάζη ἄλδξεζζη

A παηέξαο κεηέξαο ζπγαηέξαο ζύγαηξαο ἀλέξαο ἄλδξαο

Note that δ is inserted into ἀλήξ between λ and ξ where they occur together The accent of the shorter forms of

ἀλέξ follow the pattern seen in παηήξ The alpha after ξ in the dative plural was added euphonically to strengthen

what was originally a sonant ξ

152 Vocabulary

ἄλαμ ἄλαθηνο ὁ king lord protector

ἀλήξ ἀλέξνο (ἀλδξόο) ὁ (real) man warrior hero

ἄξ(α) (ῥά) naturally of course as you know as you might expect that is

in effect (not always translatable)

βαζηιεύο ῆνο ὁ king ruler

δή indeed truly forsooth now

δηίζηεκη (ζηε- ζηα-) δηαζηήζσ stand apart separate

δηέζηεζα (δηέζηελ)

ἐμ νὗ from the time when

ἐξίδσ (ἐξηδ-) - ἤξηζ(ζ)α quarrel strive

ἠξηζάηελ (they) strove

ἔξηο ηδνο ἡ strife quarrel

Λεηώ Λεηόνο ἡ Leto

κάρνκαη fight battle

κάρεζζαη to fight

μπλίκη μπλήζσ μπλῆθα (μπλέεθα) bring together throw together hearken heed

ὄξλῡκη ὄξζσ ὦξζα (ὤξνξνλ) stir up kindle incite excite arouse

πξῶηνο ε νλ first foremost chief

ηὸ πξῶηνλ ηὰ πξῶηα (adv) at first firstly first

πἱόο νῦ ὁ son

ζθσε these two

153 Translation

1 ζεὰ (ᾱ) ἀείζεη κῆληλ Ἀρηιῆνο ἐμ νὗ δὴ ηὰ πξῶηα δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο θαὶ Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἀλδξῶλ ἠξηζάηελ θαὶ

δηεζηήηελ 2 ηίο ζεῶλ μπλέεθε δῖνλ Ἀρηιῆά ηε θαὶ Ἀηξεΐδελ ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 3 πἱὸο Λεηόνο θαὶ Γηὸο ἑθεβόινο

μπλέεθέ ζθσε ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη ηὸλ γὰξ βαζηιεὺο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἐρόισζελ ὁ δrsquo ὦξζε θαθὴλ λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ

ὤιεθε δὲ ιᾱνύο

KEY

1 The goddess sings the wrath of Achilles from the time when first the divine Achilles and Atreides king of

men strove and separated 2 Which of the gods brought together the divine Achilles and the son of Atreus to fight

in strife 3 The son of Leto and Zeus the Free-shooter brought these two together to fight in strife for Atreides the

king enraged him so he stirred up an evil plague through the camp of the Achaeans and destroyed their host

154 Iliad 1-10

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κῡξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςῡρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιή

ἐμ νὗ δὴ ηὰ πξῶηα δηαζηήηελ ἐξίζαληε

Ἀηξεΐδεο ηε ἄλαμ ἀλδξῶλ θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεύο

ηίο ηrsquo ἄξ ζθσε ζεῶλ ἔξηδη μπλέεθε κάρεζζαη

Λεηνῦο θαὶ Γηὸο πἱόο ὁ γὰξ βαζηιῆη ρνισζεὶο

λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ ὦξζε θαθήλ ὀιέθνλην δὲ ιᾱνί

δηαζηήηελ = δηεζηήηελ

ἐξίζαληε = aor act part nom dual masc (they two) having quarreled

ηε ἄλαμ originally ηε ϝάλαμ thus allowing the hiatus

ζθσε [ἕσ] = 3rd

pers pron acc dual these two

ἔξηδη is dative of means in strife

κάρεζζαη = pres act infinitive deponent to fight

ρνισζείο = aor pass part nom sing masc having been enraged

Λεηνῦο = contracted form of Λεηόνο

βαζηιῆη = Agamemnon instrumental case by the king

ὀιέθνλην = ὠιέθνλην imperf pass ind 3rd

pers plural were being destroyed or kept

perishing

KEY

Sing O goddess of the accursed wrath of Achilles Peleiades

which brought countless woes to the Achaeans

and cast forth the souls of many valiant warriors to Hades

making them the spoils and feast of both dogs

and vultures But the will of Zeus was accomplished

indeed from the time when at first having quarreled both

Atreides king of men and the divine Achilles separated

Which of the gods of course brought these two together to fight in strife

The son of Leto and Zeus For enraged by the king he

kindled an evil plague up through the camp and the people were destroyed

155 Composition

1 ἠείδνκελ κῆληλ νὐινκέλελ Ἀρηιιῆνο ἐμ νὗ ηὰ πξῶηα Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἀλέξσλ (ἀλδξῶλ) θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο

ἠξηζάηελ θαὶ δηεζηεζάηελ (δηεζηήηελ) 2 ηίο ζεῶλ μπλῆθε (μπλέεθα) Ἀραηνὺο θαὶ ιᾱὸλ Πξηάκνπ ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 3

μπλῆθε (μπλέεθα) ζθσε (ἕν) πἱὸο Λεηόνο (Λεηνῦο) θαὶ Γηὸο ἑθεβόινο ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 4 Αηξεΐδεο βαζηιεὺο

Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο ἐρόισζαλ ἄλαθηα ἑθεβόινλ θαὶ ὁ ὦξζα (ὤξνξε) λνῦζνπο πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θαθὰο (ᾱ) ἀλὰ

ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ θαθῶο ὤιεθελ ἀγαζὸλ ιᾱόλ

Lesson 16

(887-897 910 1065-1068 697-703 707 710 732)

161 Formation of Middle Passive and Deponent Verbs

The endings of the middle voice are different from the active voice The passive voice applies the same endings

as the middle voice except in the aorist passive which applies active endings Because the middle and passive voice

are identical (other than the aorist) the context determines whether a verb is used with middle or the passive

meaning The aorist middle is often used with a passive meaning (especially in athematic forms) and the aorist

passive is often used with a middle meaning

The perfect and pluperfect of the middlepassive are athematic with the personal endings attached directly to

the reduplicated stem

The future perfect passive is formed by adding -ζνε to the perfect middle passive lengthening the vowel that

precedes this ending

The first aorist passive is formed by adding -(ζ)ζεε to the stem Before ζ π and β become θ θ and γ become ρ

and η δ ζ become ζ Many verbs have a second aorist passive that drops the ζ altogether

Deponent verbs have no active form but use the middlepassive forms in an active sense

162 Paradigms Present and Future Indicative MiddlePassive of ιύσ

Present

S 1 ιύνκαη

2 ιύεαη [(ιύῃ)]

3 ιύεηαη

D 2 ιύεζζνλ

3 ιύεζζνλ

P 1 ιπόκε(ζ)ζα

2 ιύεζζα

3 ιύνληαη

Future

S 1 ιύζνκαη (ῡ)

2 ιύζεαη (ῡ) [(ιύζῃ (ῡ))]

3 ιύζεηαη (ῡ)

D 2 ιύζεζζνλ (ῡ)

3 ιύζεζζνλ (ῡ)

P 1 ιῡζόκεζα

2 ιύζεζζε (ῡ)

3 ιύζνληαη (ῡ)

163 The Use of Voice in Greek

The active voice indicates that the subject is acting λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ ὦξζε = he kindled a plague up

through the camp

The passive voice indicates that the subject is acted upon Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιή = but the will of Zeus was

being accomplished

The Middle voice denotes one of three meanings

1 The subject acting upon itself πείζνκαη (I convince myself) θαίλνκαη (I show myself)

2 The subject acting for itself θαιένκαη (I call for myself)

3 The subject acting upon something belonging to itself ιύνκαη (I loose my own I ransom)

When determing the difference between the middle and passive keep in mind that the middle voice always

conveys a direct or indirect reference to the subject and that the subject is effect by or has an interest in the action

164 Third Declension Stems in -επ -επ -νπ and -σϝ

Stems in -επ usually became -εϝ and the third declension endings are applied after the ϝ Thus βαζηιεϝνο =

βαζηιῆνο βαηιεϝη = βαζηιῆη βαζηιεϝα = βαζηιῆα etc Note that the ϝ explains why εη (εϝη) does not form an

improper diphthong as well as why the accusative singular ends in -εα (as if the stem ended in a consonant) instead

of -ελ (as if the stem ended in a vowel) Note that when the ending consists of a consonant the -εϝ is contracted to

the diphthong -επ Thus βαζηιεϝο = βαζηιεύο βαζηιεϝ = βαζηιεῦ βαζηιεϝζη = βαζηιεῦζη In rare cases the other

endings also contract the -ε to -ε (ie βαζηιῆνο = βαζηιένο)

In stems ending originally in -ᾱϝ the ᾱ becomes ε in the Ionic dialect These are declined the same as -εϝ

except that -εῡ is formed before consonants instead of -επ Thus λᾱϝο = λεϝο = λεῦο λᾱϝ = λεϝ = λεῦ But note the

exception in the shorter form of the dative plural where λᾱϝζη = λεϝζη = λεπζί (rather than λεῡζη) In contracted

forms the ε usually becomes ε

In stems ending in -σϝ the third declension endings are applied directly to the stem Thus ἡξσϝο = ἥξσο

ἡξσϝνο = ἥξσνο ἡξσϝη = ἥξση ἡξσϝα = ἥξσα etc

In stems ending originally in -ν or -νϝ the third declension endings are applied as usual But keep in mind that -

νϝ is contracted to the diphthong -νπ before a consonant thus βνϝο = βνῦο and βνϝζη = βνπζί But note the

exception that occurs in the accusative singular where βνϝλ = βνῦλ rather than βνϝα

βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

(βαζηιεϝ-) (βνϝ-) (λᾱϝ-) (ἡξσϝ-)

N βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

G βαζηιῆνο [ένο] βνόο λεόο [εόο] ἥξσνο

D βαζηιῆη [έη] βνΐ λεί ἥξση

A βαζηιῆα [έα] βνῦλ [βῶλ] λῆα [έα] ἥξσα

V βαζηιεῦ βνῦ λεῦ ἥξσο

N V A βαζηιῆε βόε λῆε ἥξσε

G D βαζηιήνηηλ βόνηηλ λήνηηλ ἡξώνηηλ

N V βαζηιῆεο βόεο λῆεο ἥξσεο

G βαζηιήσλ βνῶλ λεῶλ [εῶλ] ἡξώσλ

D βαζηιήεζζη βόεζζη λήεζζη [έεζζη] ἡξώεζζη

βαζηιεῦζη βνπζί λεπζί ἥξσζη

A βαζηιῆαο βόαο (βνῦο) λῆαο [έαο] ἥξσαο

165 Third Declension Stems in -εζ -αζ and -νζ

When a stem ends in a vowel plus -ζ the initial ζ is dropped between two vowels Thus γεξαζνο = γέξανο

ἠνζνο = ἠόνο etc

All third declension nouns with stems ending in -εο are neuters and follow the pattern of ἔπνο The third

declension endings are applied as usual except that the nominative vocative and accusative singulars end in -νο

Nouns with stems ending in -νο take -σο in the nominative and vocative singular but otherwise apply the third

declension endings as usual (dropping ζ between two vowels)

ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

(ϝεπεζ-) (γεξαζ-) (ἀϝζνζ- (ᾱ))

N ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

G ἔπενο γέξανο ἠόνο

D ἔπετ γέξατ ἠόη

A ἔπνο γέξαο ἠόα

V ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

N V A ἔπεε γέξαε

G D ἐπένηηλ γεξάνηηλ

N V ἔπεα γέξα(α)

G ἐπέσλ γεξάσλ

D ἐπέεζζη γεξάεζζη

ἔπε(ζ)ζη γέξα(ζ)ζη

A ἔπεα γέξα(α)

166 Third Declension Stems in -καη and -καξ

Stems ending in -καη and -καξ are neuters

Stems in -καη drop the -ηο in the nominative vocative and accusative singular δσκαηο = δῶκα Otherwise the

third declension endings are applied as usual

Stems ending in -καξ are declined like those ending in -καη except in the nominative vocative and accusative

singular (which end in -καξ)

δῶκα ἦκαξ

(δσκαη-) (ἠκαξ- ἠκαη-)

N δῶκα ἦκαξ

G δώκαηνο ἤκαηνο

D δώκαηη ἤκαηη

A δῶκα ἦκαξ

V δῶκα ἦκαξ

N V A δώκαηε ἤκαηε

G D δσκάηνηηλ ἠκάηνηηλ

N V δώκαηα ἤκαηα

G δσκάησλ ἠκάησλ

D δσκάηεζζη ἠκάηεζζη

δώκαζη ἤκαζη

A δώκαηα ἤκαηα

167 Third Declension Stems in -λη and -λ

Stems ending in -λη drop the -λη before ζ and lengthen the preceding vowel thus παληο = πᾶο παληζη = πᾶζη

Otherwise the third declension endings are applied as usual In neuters the -η is dropped at the end of the word thus

παλη = πᾶλ Stems in -λ drop the -λ before ζ and lengthen the preceding vowel in the masculine (but not in the

neuter)

πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

(παλη- παληα- παλη-)

Masc Fem Neut

N πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

G παληόο πάζεο (ᾱ) παληόο

D παληί πάζῃ (ᾱ) παληί

A πάληα πᾶζαλ πᾶλ

V πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

N V πάληεο πᾶζαη πάληα

G πάλησλ πᾱζάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] πάλησλ

D πάληεζ(ζ)η πάζῃζη (ᾱ) πάληεζ(ζ)η

πᾶζη πάζῃο (ᾱ) πᾶζη

A πάληνο πάζᾱο (ᾱ) πάληα

κέιᾱο κέιαηλα κέιαλ

(κειαλ- κειαηλα- κειαλ-)

N κέιᾱο κέιαηλα κέιαλ

G κέιαλνο κειαίλεο κέιαλνο

D κέιαλη κειαίλῃ κέιαλη

A κέιαλα κέιαηλαλ κέιαλ

V κέιαλ κέιαηλα κέιαλ

N V A κέιαλε κειαίλᾱ κέιαλε

G D κειάλνηηλ κειαίλῃηλ κειάλνηηλ

N V κέιαλεο κέιαηλαη κέιαλα

G κειάλσλ κειαηλάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] κειάλσλ

D κειάλεζ(ζ)η κειαίλῃζη κειάλεζ(ζ)η

κέιαζη κειαίλῃο κέιαζη

A κέιαλεο κειαίλᾱο κέιαλα

168 Vocabulary

Nouns

Ἀπόιισλ (ᾰ or ᾰ) σλνο ὁ Apollo

ἀξεηήξ (ᾱ) ῆξνο ὁ priest prayer

ζπγάηεξ ηέξνο (ηξόο) ἡ daughter

θνζκήησξ νξνο ὁ commander marshaller

λεῦο λεόο (λεόο) ἡ ship

ζηέκκα καηνο ηό fillet (of white cotton) wreath

ρείξ ρεηξόο ἡ hand arm

Verbs

ἔξρνκαη (ἐξρ- ἐιε- ἐιεπζ- ἐιπζ-) come go

ἐιεύζνκαη I will come I will go

ἦιζνλ (ἤιπζνλ) I came I went

ιίζζνκαη (ιηη-) I beg I entreat

---

ἐιιηζάκελ (ἐιηηόκελ) I begged I entreated

Adjectives Prepositions

ζνόο ή όλ swift speedy

πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ all every (the) whole

Indeclinable

δύν (δύσ) two

κάιηζηα most especially by all means

169 Translation

1 Ἀπόιισλ ἑθεβόινο ρνινῦηαη βαζηιῆη Αηξεΐδῃ θαὶ πέκπεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ ὀιέθνληαη δὲ

ιᾱνί νὕλεθα δῖνο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) 2 Υξύζεο (ῡ) γὰξ ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἑθεβόινπ ἔξρεηαη

ἐπὶ ζνὰο (ᾱ) λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ θέξεη δrsquo ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα ζπγαηξόο ἣλ Ἀηξεΐδεο ἔρεη ἐλ ζηξαηῷ 3 ὁ δrsquo ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἔρεη

ζηέκκαηα ἑθεβόινπ Ἀπόιισλνο ἐλ ρεξζὶλ ἀλὰ ρξῡζέῳ ζθήπηξῳ θαὶ ιίζζεηαη πάληαο Ἀραηνύο κάιηζηα δrsquo Ἀηξεΐδᾱ

δύσ θνζκήηνξε ιᾱῶλ 4 Ἀπόιισλ ρνιώζεηαη βαζηιῆη θαὶ ὄξζεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηόλ 5 ἐιεύζνληαη ἐπὶ ζνὰο

(ᾱ) λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ νἴζνπζη ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα βαζηιῆη 6 ιίζζνληαη πάληαο Ἀραηνύο 7 Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζελ (ῑ)

ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) θαὶ νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε ζύγαηξα

KEY

1 Apollo the free-shooter enraged by king Atreides sent an evil plague through the camp of the Achaeans and

the people were destroyed because the divine Atreides dishonored Chryses the priest 2 For Chryses the priest of

the free-shooter went upon the swift ships of the Achaeans bearing countless ransoms for his daughter whom

Atreides was holding in the camp 3 But the priest had a wreath of Apollo the free-shooter upon a staff in his hand

and was entreating all of the Achaeans but especially the sons of Atreus (who were) the commanders of the host 4

Apollo will be enraged by the king and will kindle an evil plague up through the camp 5 They will go upon the

swift ships of the Achaeans and bring countless ransoms to the king 6 They are entreating all of the Achaeans 7

Atreides dishonored the priest and would not release his daughter

1610 Iliad 11-16

hellipὀιέθνλην δὲ ιᾱνί

νὕλεθα ηὸλ Υξύζελ ἠηίκαζελ ἀξεηῆξα

Αηξεΐδεο ὁ γὰξ ἦιζε ζνὰο ἐπὶ λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ

ιπζόκελνο ηε ζύγαηξα θέξσλ ηrsquo ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα

ζηέκκαηrsquo ἔρσλ ἐλ ρεξζὶλ ἑθεβόινπ Ἀπόιισλνο

ρξπζέῳ ἀλὰ ζθήπηξῳ θαὶ ἐιίζζεην πάληαο Ἀραηνύο

Ἀηξεΐδα δὲ κάιηζηα δύσ θνζκήηνξε ιαῶλ

ηόλ Υξύζελ = that (well-known) Chryses

The first verse ends in two spondees making it a spondaic verse and emphasizing the fact that

Chryses was a priest

ιῡζόκελνο = fut mid part nom masc sing being about to ransom

θέξσλ = pres act part nom sing masc bearing bringing

ἔρσλ = pres act part nom sing masc having holding

ρεξζὶλ ἑθεβόινπ = ρεξζὶ ϝεθεβόινπ

ρξῡζέῳ = synizesis where -έῳ is pronounced as a single syllable

ἐιίζζεην = imperf act ind 3rd

pers sing dep (kept) entreating was entreating

Ἀηξεΐδᾱ = dual of Ἀηξεΐδεο refers to both Agamemnon and Menelaus

KEY

hellipand the people were being destroyed

because Atreides dishonored Chryses the priest

For he had gone upon the swift ships of the Achaeans

intending to ransom his daughter bearing countless gifts

and holding in his hand fillets of Apollo the free-shooter

upon a golden staff and was entreating all of the Achaeans

but especially the two sons of Atreus the commanders of the host

1611 Composition

1 Chryses the priest of Apollo is dishonored by the son of Atreus 2 The Achaeans will go from their swift

ships to Troy and ransom the beloved daughter of the priest 3 We shall bring many ransoms and shall hold in our

hands the fillets of Apollo 4 We do not have a golden scepter but we entreat Priam and all the people of Troy 5

The two sons of Atreus marshallers of the people are entreating Priam but he will slight them 6 The son of

Atreus king of men slighted the priest and did not release his daughter

KEY

1 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) Ἀπόιινπ ἀηῑκάδεηαη Ἀηξεΐδῃ 2 Ἀραηνὶ ἐιεύζνληαη ἐθ ζνάσλ (ᾱ) λήσλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ (ῑ)

θαὶ ἀπειύζνληαη (ῡ) θίιε ζπγάηεξα ἀξεηῆξη (ᾱ) 3 νἴζνκελ πνιιrsquo ἄπνηλα θαὶ ἕζρνκελ ἐλ ρείξεζζη ζηέκκαηα

Ἀπόιινπ 4 νὐθ ἔρνκελ ζθῆπηξνλ ρξύζενλ ἀιιὰ ιηζζόκεζα Πξίακνλ θαὶ πᾶληα ιᾱνλ Ἰιίνπ (ῑ) 5 δύrsquo Ἀηξεΐδᾱ

θνζκήηεξᾱ ιᾱσλ ιίζζεζζνλ Πξίακνλ αὐηνὺο δrsquo ἀηῑκάζεη 6 Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἄλδξσλ ἠηίκαζελ (ῑ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) θαὶ

νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε ζπγάηεξα

1612 Meter

ΟΤ λε θα | ΣΟΝ ΥΡΤ | ΖΝ Ζ | ΣΗ κα ζελ | Α ΡΖ | ΣΖ ΡΑ~

Α ηξε η | ΓΖ ν γαξ | ΖΛ ζε ζν | Α ε πη | ΝΖ αο α | ΥΑΗ ΧΝ

ΛΤ ζν κε | ΝΟ ηε ζπ | ΓΑΣ ξα θε | ΡΧΝ ηα πε | ΡΔΗ ζη α | ΠΟΗ ΝΑ~

ΣΔΜ καη ε | ΥΧΝ ΔΝ | ΥΔΡ ζηλ ε | ΚΖ βν ινπ | Α ΠΟΛ | ΛΧ ΝΟ~

ΥΡΤζεσα | ΝΑ ΚΖΠ | ΣΡΧ θαη ε | ΛΗ ζε ην | ΠΑΝ ηαο α | ΥΑΗ ΟΤ

ΑΣ ξε η | ΓΑ δε κα | ΛΗ ηα δπ | Χ ΚΟ | ΜΖ ην ξε | ΛΑ ΧΝ

Lesson 17

(910 - imperfect middle and passive aorist middle of ιύσ 648-658 - the table

of endings in 32)

171 Paradigms Imperfect MiddlePassive of ιύσ

S 1 ἐιπόκελ

2 ἐιύεν [(ἐιύεπ)]

3 ἐιύεην

D 2 ἐιύεζζνλ

3 ἐιπέζζελ

P 1 ἐιπόκε(ζ)ζα

2 ἐιύεζζε

3 ἐιύνλην

172 Paradigms Aorist Middle of ιύσ

Thematic Athematic (2nd

Aorist)

S 1 ἐιῡζάκελ ἐιύκελ

2 ἐιύζαν (ῡ) [(ἐιύζσ (ῡ))] ἔιπ(ζ)ν

3 ἐιύζαην (ῡ) ἔιπην

D 2 ἐιύζαζζνλ (ῡ) ἔιπζζνλ

3 ἐιῡζάζζελ ἐιύζζελ

P 1 ἐιῡζάκε(ζ)ζα ἐιύκε(ζ)ζα

2 ἐιύζαζζε (ῡ) ἔιπζζε

3 ἐιύζαλην (ῡ) ἔιπλην

173 Vocabulary

δῶκα αηνο ηό house home

παῖο παηδόο ὁ ἡ child son daughter

π(η)όιηο ηνο (ενο) ἡ city state

ἐπθλήκῑο ῑδνο well-greaved

ἐγώ(λ) κέν (κεῦ) I

ζύ ζέν (ζεῦ) you

κέλhellip δέ on the one handhellip trulyhellip on the one handhellip on the other hand

partlyhellip partly the onehellip the other

νἴθαδε home homeward to home home

Verbs

ἅδνκαη (ἁγ-) (defective) I reverence

δέρνκαη I accept I receive

δέμνκαη I will accept

ἐδεμάκελ (ἐδέγκελ) I accepted

δίδσκη (δσ- δν-) I give I grant

(δη)δώζσ I will give

ἔδσθα I gave

ἐθπέξζσ (πεξζ- πξαζ-) I sack (utterly) I plunder I pillage

ἐθπέξζσ I will sack

ἐμέπεξζα (ἐμέπξαζνλ) I sacked

ἱθλένκαη I arrive I reach (a destination)

ἵμνκαη I will arrive

ἱθόκελ (ῑ) I arrived

174 Translation

1 ζενὶ ἔρνπζηλ ιύκπηα δώκαηα ἔδσθαλ δrsquo Ἀηξεΐδεο θαὶ ἄιινηζηλ ἐπθλεκίδεζζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἐθπέξζαη

(infinitive) πόιηλ Πξηάκνπ ηόηε δrsquo ἵθνλην (ῑ) ἐὺ νἴθαδε νὕλεθα παῖδα θίιελ ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἔιῡζαλ 2 ἀπέιῡζαλ

ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνὶ ζύγαηξα θίιελ ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἐδέμαλην δrsquo ἀγιαὰ ἄπνηλα νὕλεθα ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλα Γηὸο πἱὸλ

ἅδνλην 3 ἅδεηαη ἑθεβόινλ 4 Ἀηξεΐδεο νὐθ ἐδέμαην ηὰ ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα 5 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἔδσθελ ἄπνηλα

πνιιὰ βαζηιῆη Ἀηξεΐδῃ 6 πάληεο ζενὶ θαὶ πᾶζαη ζεαὶ εἶρνλ ιύκπηα δώκαηα 7 Ἀραηνὶ ἐπθλήκῑδεο ἐθπέξζνπζη

Πξηάκνην πόιηλ ἵμνληαη δrsquo ἐπ νἴθαδε 8 παῖο θίιε ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἐιύζαην (ῡ) ἵθεην (ῑ) δrsquo ἐὺ νἴθαδε

KEY

1 The gods have Olympian homes but they gave the son of Atreus and the other well-greaved Achaeans to

utterly sack the city of Priam and then they returned safe at home because they released the dear child of the priest

2 The well-greaved Achaeans released the dear daughter of the priest and received glorious ransoms because they

reverenced the free-shooter Apollo son of Zeus 3 He reverences te free-shooter 4 The son of Atreus did not

receive the glorious ransoms 5 Chryses the priest gave many ransoms to king Atreides 6 All of the gods and all of

the goddesses had Olympian homes 7 The well-greved Achaeans will utterly sack Priamrsquos city and will return safe

to home 8 The dear child of the priest was released and arrived well to her home

175 Iliad 17-21

ltltἈηξεΐδαη ηε θαὶ ἄιινη ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνί

ὑκῖλ κὲλ ζενὶ δνῖελ ιύκπηα δώκαηrsquo ἔρνληεο

ἐθπέξζαη Πξηάκνην πόιηλ ἐὺ δrsquo νἴθαδrsquo ἱθέζζαη

παῖδα δrsquo ἐκνὶ ιῦζαί ηε θίιελ ηά ηrsquo ἄπνηλα δέρεζζαη

ἁδόκελνη Γηὸο πἱὸλ ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλαgtgt

Ἀηξεΐδαηhellip ἄιινη ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνί = vocative case

ὑκῖλ (ῡ) = dat plural of ζύ to you

ζενί = one syllable by synizesis

κέλ (v 18) = correlative of δέ (v 20)

δνῖελ = aor act optative 3rd

plural of δίδσκη may they grant

ἔρνληεο = pres act part nom masc plural of ἔρσ having possessing

ἐθπέξζαη = aor act inf of ἐθπέξζσ to sack utterly

ἱθέζζαη = aor act inf of ἱθένκαη to arrive (compare κάρεζζαη)

ιῦζαη δέρεζζαη = infinitives used as imperatives free and accept

ηά ηrsquo ἄπνηλα (ηά ηε ἄπνηλα) = thesehellip gifts

ἁδόκελνη = pres act part nom masc plural reverencing

KEY

ldquoSons of Atreus and you other well-greaved Achaeans

may the gods who have their homes on Olympus grant you

to utterly sack Priamrsquos city and return safe to home

but release my dear child to me and accept these gifts

reverencing Apollo who shoots at will the son of Zeusrdquo

176 Composition

1 The gods who have (ἔρνληεο) Olympian homes will grant to the sons of Atreus and to the other well-greaved

Achaeans to sack utterly (ἐθπέξζαη) the city of Priam 2 When they sacked the city of Priam they returned happily

home 3 They accepted the shining ransoms and freed the darling daughter of the priest Chryses 4 We reverenced

the free-shooter Apollo son of Leto and Zeus and escaped death 5 Will the son of Atreus accept the shining

ransoms 6 The child of the priest was freed when he gave many shining ransoms which the two sons of Atreus

accepted

KEY

1 ζενὶ ἔρνληεο ιύκπηα δώκαηα δώζνπζη Ἀηξεΐδῃζη θαὶ ἄιινηζηλ ἐπθλεκίδεζζηλ (ῑ) Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἐθπέξζαη πόιηλ

Πξηάκνπ 2 ηόηε ἐμέπεξζαλ πόιηλ Πξηάκνην ἵθνλην (ῑ) ἐὺ νἴθαδε 3 ἐδέμαλην ἀγιαrsquo ἄπνηλα θαὶ ἀπέιῡζαλ ζπγάηεξα

θίιε ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) Υξύζᾱν (ῡ) 4 ἡμάκεζα ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλα Λεηόνο θαὶ Γηὸο πἱόλ θαὶ ζάλαηνλ 5

Ἀηξεΐδεο δέμεηαη ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα 6 παῖο ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἀπειύζαην (ῡ) ηόηε ἔδσθελ ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀγιάα ηὰ

Ἀηξεΐδᾱ ἐδώθαζηλ

Lesson 18

(Perfect and Pluperfect Active of Verbs 904 922 Third Declension γέρων

αἴξ 693-695)

181 Formation of the Perfect and Pluperfect Active

The perfect and pluperfect in all modes experience reduplication of the initial syllable which denotes completed

action Verbs beginning with a single consonant (except ξ) prefix this consonant followed by -ε Thus ιύσ =

ιέιπθα The stem sometimes stands in ablaut relation to the stem of the present as in βαίλσ = βέβεθα A

reduplicated syllable beginning with an aspirated mute is changed to its corresponding voiceless mute in the

reduplicated syllable ie ζλήζθσ = ηέζλεθα In these cases the reduplicated pluperfect adds ἐ- to the reduplicated

syllable ie ιύσ = ιέιπθα = ἐιέιπθε

Vebs beginning with a double consonant two consonants (except a mute followed by a liquid or a nasal) ξ and

some beginning with κ simply augment the stem with the addition of ε-

Verbs beginning in a vowel typically take the temporal augment by lengthening the vowel ie νἴρνκαη =

ᾤρσθα However verbs beginning with a vowel in which an initial consonant has been lost may take the syllabic

augment

Compound verbs typically insert the reduplication and augment between the preposition and the verb ie

ἀπνιύσ = ἀπνιέιπθα = ἀπειειύθε

The first perfect active adds -θα- to the stem followed by the primary endings The first pluperfect active

similarly adds -θε- followed by the secondary endings In general a short final vowel is lengthened before the

addition of the -θα- or -θε- Second perfects and pluperfects active are the older form and are more common in

Homer These omit the θ and simply add -α- or -ε- respectively The second perfects are more common in stems

ending in a consonant

In general the singular perfect and pluperfect active stand in ablaut relation to the dual and plural forms

Perfects and pluperfects are rare in Homer and only occur in some twenty verbs

182 Paradigms λέλυκα and βέβηκα

ιέιπθα ἐιειύθε (ἐιειύθεα)

ιέιπθαο ἐιειύθο (ἐιειύθεαο)

ιέιπθε(λ) ἐιειύθεη (ἐιειύθεε)

ιειύθαηνλ ἐιειύθαηνλ

ιειύθαηνλ ἐιειπθάηελ

ιειύθακελ ἐιειύθεκελ

ιειύθαηε ἐιειύθεηε

ιειύθᾱζη ἐιειύθεζαλ

βέβεθα ἐβεβήθεα (ἐβεβήθε)

βέβεθαο ἐβεβήθεαο (ἐβεβήθεο)

βέβεθε(λ) ἐβεβήθεε (ἐβεβήθεη)

βέβαηνλ ἐβέβαηνλ

βέβαηνλ ἐβεβάηελ

βέβακελ ἐβέβακελ

βέβαηε ἐβέβαηε

βέβᾱζη ἐβέβαζαλ

183 Paradigms γέρων and αἴξ

γέξσλ αἴμ

γέξνληνο αἰγόο

γέξνληη αἰγί

γέξνληα αἶγα

γέξνλ αἴμ

γέξνληε αἶγε

γεξόληνηηλ αἴγνηηλ

γέξνληεο αἶγεο

γεξόλησλ αἰγῶλ

γεξόληεζ(ζ)η (γέξνπζη) αἴγεζ(ζ)η (αἰμί)

γέξνληαο αἶγαο

184 Vocabulary

ἀγνξή ῆο ἡ assembly meeting place gathering harrangue

αἴμ αἰγόο ὁ ἡ goat

Ἄξγνο ενο ηό Argos (both a country and a city in Greece)

γέξσλ νληνο ὁ old man

γῆξαο ανο ηό old age

ἱεξεύο ῆνο ὁ priest holy man

κεξίνλ νπ ηό thigh-bone thigh-piece

πνύο πνδόο ὁ foot

ηαῦξνο νπ ὁ bull

θξήλ θξελόο ἡ diaphragm mind heart soul spirit disposition

δέθαηνο ε νλ tenth

ἡκέηεξνο ε νλ our ours

θνῖινο ε νλ hollow

ὠθύο ὠθεῖα ὠθύ swift speedy

ζλήζθσ die perish

ζαλένκαη

ἔζαλνλ

ηέζλεθα

θεύγσ flee fly escape run (off away along)

θεύμνκαη

ἔθπγνλ

πέθεπγα

ὅο ἥ ὅ (whowhichwhat)

Masc Fem Neut

N ὅο ἥ ὅ

G νὖ [ὅνπ ὅν] ἥο νὗ [ὅνπ ὅν]

D ᾧ ᾗ ᾧ

A ὅλ ἥλ ὅ

N A ὥ (ὥ) ὥ

G D νἷηλ (νἷηλ) νἶηλ

N νἵ αἵ ἅ

G ὧλ ὧλ ὧλ

D νἷζη νἷο ᾗζη ᾗο νἷζη νἷο

A νὕο ἅο (ᾱ) ἅ

(ἐ)θεῖλνο ε ν (that)

Masc Fem Neut

N (ἐ)θεῖλνο (ἐ)θείλε (ἐ)θεῖλν

G (ἐ)θείλνπ νην (ἐ)θείλεο (ἐ)θείλνπ νην

D (ἐ)θείλῳ (ἐ)θείλῃ (ἐ)θείλῳ

A (ἐ)θεῖλνλ (ἐ)θείλελ (ἐ)θεῖλν

N A (ἐ)θείλσ ((ἐ)θείλσ) (ἐ)θείλσ

G D (ἐ)θείλνηηλ ((ἐ)θείλνηηλ) (ἐ)θείλνηηλ

N (ἐ)θεῖλνη (ἐ)θεῖλαη (ἐ)θεῖλα

G (ἐ)θείλσλ (ἐ)θεηλάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] (ἐ)θείλσλ

D (ἐ)θείλνηζη νηο (ἐ)θείλῃζη ῃο (ἐ)θείλνηζη νηο

A (ἐ)θείλνπο (ἐ)θείλᾱο (ἐ)θεῖλα

ὅδε ἥδε ηόδε (this)

Masc Fem Neut

N ὅδε ἥδε ηόδε

G ηνύδε ηνῖνδε ηῆζδε ηνύδε ηνῖνδε

D ηῷδε ηῇδε ηῷδε

A ηόλδε ηήλδε ηόδε

N A ηώδε (ηώδε) ηώδε

G D ηνῖηλδε (ηνῖηλδε) ηνῖηλδε

N νἵδε (ηνίδε) αἵδε (ηαίδε) ηάδε

G ηῶλδε ηάσλδε (ᾱ) [ηῶλδε] ηῶλδε

D ηνῖζηδε ηνῖζδε ηῇζηδε ηῇζδε ηνῖζηδε ηνῖζδε

ηνίζδεζη ηνίζδεζη

ηνίζδεζζη ηνίζδεζζη

A ηνύζδε ηάζδε (ᾱ) ηάδε

νὗηνο αὕηε ηνῦην (this)

Masc Fem Neut

N νὗηνο αὕηε ηνῦην

G ηνύηνπ νην ηαύηεο ηνύηνπ νην

D ηνύηῳ ηαύηῃ ηνύηῳ

A ηνῦηνλ ηαύηελ ηνῦην

N A ηνύησ (ηνύησ) ηνύησ

G D ηνύηνηηλ (ηνύηνηηλ) ηνύηνηηλ

N νὗηνη αὗηαη ηαῦηα

G ηνύησλ ηαῡηάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] ηνύησλ

D ηνύηνηζη νηο ηαύηῃζη ῃο ηνύηνηζη νηο

A ηνύηνπο ηαύηᾱο ηαῦηα

82 Vocabulary

ἀιιά but moreover

ἄιινο ε νλ other another

αὐηόο ή ό self him himself her herself it itself same

δῖνο α νλ (declined like ζάιαζζα) divine heavenly glorious

(ἐ)θεῖλνο ε ν that (one) he she it

ἑθεβόινο νπ ὁ free-shooter sharpshooter (originally shoots-at-will a title for Apollo)

θαθῶο evilly wickedly harshly with evil consequences

ὁ ἡ ηό this that he she it who which what

νὕλεθα (νὗ-ἔλεθα) because

ζθῆπηξνλ νπ ηό scepter staff

ηέ and also both

ρξύζενο (ῡ) ε νλ gold golden of gold

83 Derivatives

ἄιινο (allo-) = allopathy

αὐηόο (auto-) = automaton autocracy autograph autonomy

ρξύζενο (ῡ) (chryse-) = chrysanthemum chrysalis chrysolite

84 Translation Excersis

1 δῖνο ἑθεβόινο αὐηὸο ἀείδεη ἀιιrsquo νὐρ ἁλδάλεη ἄιινηζη ζενῖζη ζῡκῷ 2 θεῖλνη Ἀραηνὶ ἀηῑκάδνπζη ηνὺο ζενύο

3 ὁ ἑθεβόινο πέκπεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ θαθῶο ὀιέθεη θεῖλνλ ιᾱόλ νὕλεθα ηὸλ ἀηῑκάδνπζηλ 4

νὐθ ἀηῑκάδνκελ ηνὺο ζενύο νἳ ἔρνπζη ζθῆπηξα ρξύζεα (ῡ) 5 ὁ ἑθεβόινο ηε θαὶ νἱ ἄιινη ζενὶ θέξνπζη ρξύζεα (ῡ)

ζθῆπηξα θᾱιά 6 ηίο ηεύρεη ηὰ ζθῆπηξα ρξύζεα (ῡ) ηνῖζη ζενῖο ζαιάζζεο 7 ἀείδεη ἑθεβόινο αὐηὸο βνπιὰο (ᾱ)

ἄιισλ ζεῶλ ηνῖζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ 8 εἰζὶλ νἱ Ἀραηνὶ θᾱινί νἱ ὀιέθνπζη ηὸλ ζηξαηὸλ θαίνπζί ηε ηὰο (ᾱ) ππξάο (ᾱ) 9 ἡ

ζεὰ (ᾱ) ηῆο δεηλῆο ζαιάζζεο ἔρεη ηὸ ζθῆηξνλ ρξύζενλ (ῡ) 10 ἐλὶ ηῇ πάηξε εἰζὶλ αἱ ππξαί 11 ηίο ηεύρεη ηὸλ

ζηξαηὸλ ἑιώξηα ηνῖζηλ νἰσλνῖζηλ

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 The divine free-shooter himself sings but it does not please the hearts of the other gods 2 Those Achaeans

dishonor these gods 3 This free-shooter sends an evil plague up through the camp of the Achaeans and wickedly

destroys that host because they dishonor him 4 We do not dishonor these gods who hold the golden scepters 5

Both this free-shooter and these other gods carry beautiful golden scepters 6 Who fashions the golden scepters for

these gods of the sea 7 Does the free-shooter himself sing the plans of the other gods to these Achaeans 8 Are

these Achaeans noble who destroy (our) camp and burn funeral pyres 9 This goddess of the terrible sea holds a

golden scepter 10 The funeral pyrers are in (our) fatherland 11 Who makes (our) camp a spoil for these vultures

85 Composition Exercises

1 ἑθεβόινο αὐηὸο ἀείδεη ηὰο (ᾱ) βνπιὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) ζεῶλ 2 ηί νὐρ ἁλδάλεη ηνῖο ἄιινηζη ζενῖζηλ νἳ ἐλὶ

ζαιάζζῃ 3 ἐθεῖλνο Ἀραηὸο ἀηῑκάδεη ηνὺο ζενὺο πάηξεο νἱ ἔρνπζη ηὰ ζθῆπηξα ρξύζεα (ῡ) 4 ὁ ἑθεβόινο πέκπεη

λνύζνπο πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θαθὰο (ᾱ) ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ ὀιέθεη κῡξίνπο ιᾱνύο νὕλεθα ηὸλ ἀηῑκάδνπζηλ 5 ηίο

θαίεη ηὰο (ᾱ) ππξὰο (ᾱ) Ἀραηῶλ ἐπὶ δεηλῇ ζαιάζζῃ 6 ὁ ἑθεβόινο ηεύρεη κῡξίνπο Ἀραίνπο ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζηλ νὕλεθα

ηὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) ζεὰο (ᾱ) ζαιάζζεο ἀηῑκάδνπζηλ

Lesson 9

(830-840 904)

91 The Verbal Augment

Greek verbs frequently add a prefix to a verb (in the secondary tenses of the idicative) to indicate action

occurring in the past This prefix is called an augment Verbal augments take one of two forms the syllabic

augment which consists of adding an extra syllable to the beginning of a word and the temporal augment which

consists of lengthening the first syllable of a word While the augment is consistently applied in later dialects of

Greek it was still optional in Homeric and is often omitted (the tense being determined solely from the suffixes)

The syllabic augment is applied to verbs that begin with a consonant (or rare verbs that originally began with a

consonant) and consists of the prefix ε- Thus ιύνκελ = we loose (present tense) but ἐιύνκελ = we were loosing

(past tense) Some Greek words originally began with a ϝ or an ζ that later disappeared (usually replace with the

rough breathing) In those cases the augment is sometimes syllabic reflecting the earlier practice The word ἁλδάλσ

for example was originally ζϝαλδάλσ (swandano) The original augmented form of the imperfect was ἐζϝάλδαλνλ

(eswandano) When the ζϝ- was dropped the syllabic augment was retained ἑάλδαλνλ (heandano)

When a verb has lost an initial ζ the syllabic augment frequently contracts with the initial vowel For example

the word ἔρσ was originally ζέρσ The original augmented imperfect was ἔζερνλ When the initial ζ disappeared

the result was ἔερνλ which contracted to εἶρνλ (because εε usually contracts to εη) This pattern is also sometimes

present in verbs that originally began with ϝ such as ϝίδνλ =gt ἐϝηδνλ = ἔηδνλ = εἶδνλ

The temporal augment consists of lengthening an initial vowel and occurs in most Greek verbs that begin with

an initial vowel In general initial α or ε becomes ε initial η ν or π becomes ῑ initial αη and ᾳ become ῃ and initial

νη becomes ῳ Thus ἄγνκελ (we lead) becomes ἤγνκελ (we were leading) If the verb already begins with a long

vowel (ε ῃ ῑ ῡ σ ῳ) there is usually no change

Verbs that begin with ξ usually double the ξ when adding the syllabic augment This feature also sometimes

occurs in verbs beginning with ι κ λ or ζ

Compound verbs are usually formed from a combination of preposition + verb such as ἀπό (away from) + ιύσ

(loosen) = ἀπνιύσ (set free turn loose) In compound verbs a temporal augment is inserted between the preposition

and the verb If the preposition ends in a vowel the vowel is usually elided Thus ἀπνιύνκελ (we set free) becomes

ἀπειύνκελ (elided from ἀπνειύνκελ we were setting free)

92 The Imperfect Tense

The imperfect denotes continuous action in past time and typically corresponds to the past participle in English

Thus ἔιπνλ (imperfect) = I was loosing Occasionally the Greek imperfect is best translated by the simple past tense

in English The imperfect tense is formed by adding the secondary tense endings (which will be described in a later

lesson) to the augmented stem of the verb

In the paradigm below the unaugmented form is shown in brackets

Imperfect Tense

S 1st Pers ἔιπνλ [ιύνλ] I was loosing

2nd

Pers ἔιπεο [ιύεο] you were loosing

3rd

Pers ἔιπε(λ) [ιύε(λ)] he she it was loosing

D 2nd

Pers ἐιύεηνλ [ιύεηνλ] you (two) were loosing the pair of you were loosing

3rd

Pers ἐιπέηελ [ιπέηελ] they (two) were loosing the pair of them were loosing

P 1st Pers ἐιύνκελ [ιύνκελ] we were loosing

2nd

Pers ἐιύεηε [ιύεηε] you (ye) were loosing

3rd

Pers ἐιύνλ [ιύνλ] they were loosing

93 Vocabulary

ἄιιῃ elsewhere

Ἀξγεῖνο νπ ὁ Argive

-δε (suffix + acc) to

δηά (adv) between among (+gen) through (+acc) through by means

of on account of during

δηίθηινο (ῑ) ε νλ dear to Zeus

εἴξσ speak say tell

ἐκόο ή όλ my mine

ἔξγνλ νπ ηό (ϝέξγνλ) work deed accomplishment

-ζελ (suffix gen ending) from

Κιπηαηκήζηξε εο ἡ Clytaemnestra

(also Κιπηαηκλήζηξε)

καληνζύλε εο ἡ gift of prophesy

νἶθνο νπ ὁ house home

ιύκπηνο ε νλ Olympian

Ὄιπκπνο νπ ὁ Olympus

Πξίακνο νπ ὁ Priam

ζόο ζή ζόλ your yours

εἶρνλ (imperfect of ἔρσ) I was having I had

94 Derivatives

95 Translation Exercises

1 ὁ ἑθεβόινο δηὰ καληνζύλελ εἴξεη βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ηῶλ ζεῶλ Ἀξγείνηζηλ 2 νἱ ιύκπηνη ζενὶ εἶρνλ νἴθνπο ἐλ

ιύκπῳ 3 ὁ ἑθεβόινο δηίθηινο (ῑ) ἔηεπρε ηνὺο Ἀξγείνπο Ἀραηνύο ηε ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζηλ 4 Ἀραηνὶ Ἀξγεῖνί ηrsquo

ἔηεπρνλ ἔξγα θαθὰ δηὰ βνπιὴλ ζεᾶο 5 Κιπηαηκήζηξε δηὰ ηὸλ ζῡκὸλ ἔηεπρελ ηὰ ἔξγα δεηλά 6 Πξίακνο ιᾱόο ηε

Πξηάκνπ ὤιεθνλ πνιινὺο Ἀξγείνπο 7 ηίο εἴξεη ηὰ ζὰ ἔξγα θαθὰ Πξηάκῳ 8 ηὰ ἔξγα ἐκά ἐζηη θᾱιά νὕλεθα ἔηεπρνλ

βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεῶλ θαὶ ζεάσλ (ᾱ) δηὰ ηὴλ καληνζύλελ 9 ἐπέκπνκελ ηὰ ρξύζεα (ῡ) ζθῆπηξα εἰο νἶθνλ Πξηάκῳ 10

ἐθαίεηε ηὰο (ᾱ) ππξὰο (ᾱ) δεηλῇ θιαγγῇ 11 νὐρ ἥλδαλε ἡ βνπιὴ ζεᾷ ζαιάζζεο ζῡκῷ 12 αἱ ζεαὶ ἀείδνπζη ηὰ θᾱιὰ

ἔξγα ηῶλ ζεῶλ ἑθεβόινο δὲ βαίλεη ἄιιῃ 13 εἶρε Πξίακνο ἀγιαὸλ θαὶ θᾱιὸλ νἶθνλ

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 This free-shooter relates the plans of the gods to the Argives through prophesy 2 These Olympian gods had

homes on Olympus 3 This free-shooter beloved of Zeus made both the Argives and the Achaeans prey for the

vultures 4 Both the Achaeans and the Argives committed evil deeds through the will of the goddess 5 Because of

her heart Clytaemnestra wrought these terrible deeds 6 Both Priam and the host of Priam killed many Argives 7

Who relates these evil deeds of yours to Priam 8 These works of mine are noble because through prophesy I

accomplished the of the gods and goddess 9 We sent the golden scepters to the house of Priam 10 Were you

burning the funeral pyres with a terrible uproar 11 Does the plan not please the heart of the goddess of the sea 12

The goddesses sing the noble deeds of the gods but the free-shooter walks elsewhere 13 Priam had a splendid and

beautiful home

96 Composition Exercises

1 Who brought these countless shining ransoms to the beautiful home of Priam 2 The Achaeans and the

Argives burned many funeral pyres in your beloved fatherland 3 Clytaemnestra was wicked and performed many

dreadful deeds 4 Through the gift of prophesy we tell many glorious deeds of the gods and goddesses who have

Olympian homes 5 My deeds are noble but yours are cowardly 6 The gods sent an evil plague up through the

camp and destroyed many Achaeans because they dishonored the free-shooter 7 It was not pleasing to

Clytaemnestra in (her) wicked soul

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 ηίο ἔθεξε ηὰο ἄπνηλα ἀγιαὰ εἰο νἶθνλ θᾱιὸλ Πξηάκνπ 2 Ἀραηνὶ θαὶ Ἀξγεῖνη ἔθαηνλ ππξὰο (ᾱ) πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἐλ

ζῇ πάηξῃ θᾱιῇ 3 Κιπηαηκλήζηξε θαθὴ ἦλ θαὶ ἔηεπρελ ἄξγα πνιιὰ θαὶ δεηλά 4 δηὰ καληνζύλελ εἴξνκελ ἔξγα

πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀγιαὰ ζεῶλ θαὶ ζεάσλ (ᾱ) νἳ ἔρνπζηλ νἴθνπο ιπκπίνπο 5 ἔξγα ἐκὰ θᾱιή εἰζηλ ζὰ δὲ θαθά 6 ζενὶ

ἔπεκπνλ λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ θαὶ ὤιεθνλ Ἀραίνπο πνιινύο νὕλεθα ἠηίκαδνλ (ῑ) ἑθεβόινλ 7 νὐρ ἥλδαλε

Κιπηαηκλήζηξῃ ζῡκῷ θαθῷ

Lesson 10

(841-857 904)

101 Formation of the Aorist and Future Tenses

The first aorist is a secondary tense formed by adding -ζ(ζ)α to the augmented verb stem followed by the

personal endings of the secondary tense If the verb stem ends in a consonant or a long vowel only a single ζ is

added If the stem ends in a short vowel either one or two sigmas may be added A few aorists (called ldquomixed

aoristsrdquo) are formed by adding -ζ followed by the thematic vowel and the personal endings for the secondary tenses

to the augmented stem

The future is formed by adding -ζ followed by the thematic vowel and the personal endings for the primary

tenses

If the verb stem ends in a long vowel the stem is not affected by the addition of the suffixes for the future or

aorist tenses If the stem ends in a short vowel it is regularly lengthened in all tenses except the present and the

imperfect There are however a few exceptions to this pattern In most cases these verbs add ζ before the personal

endings of the perfect middle and aorist passive

102 Classification of Verbs

Verbs are classified into four groups according to the final letter of the stem vowel verbs liquid verbs nasal

verbs and mute verbs

When -ζ is added to the end of a mute verb a labial combines with ζ to form ς a palatal combines with ζ to

form μ and a lingual is dropped (leaving only ζ)

When -ζ is added to the end of a liquid or nasal verb it is usually preceded by -ε and the ζ is dropped in

contraction Thus βαιισ = βαιέζσ = βαιέσ In rare cases the ε is dropped and the ζ retained In some vowel-stem

verbs where the final vowel is preceded by a liquid or nasal the verb behaves as a liquidnasal and adds -εζ to the

stem θαιέσ (present) = θαιέζσ (future) = θαιέσ (future contracted) The formations in which the ζ is dropped

after α or ε are sometimes called ldquoAttic futuresrdquo

Verbs with liquid and nasal stems regularly form the aorist by dropping the ζ and lengthening the stem vowel

A few verbs have active forms in the present tense but middle forms in the future tense ἀθνύσ (I hear) but

ἀθνύζνκαη (I will hear)

103 Paradigms Future and First Aorist of ιύσ

Future

S 1st Pers ιύζσ (ῡ) I shall loose

2nd

Pers ιύζεηο (ῡ) you will loose

3rd

Pers ιύζεη (ῡ) he she it will loose

D 2nd

Pers ιύζεηνλ (ῡ) you (two) will loose

3rd

Pers ιύζεηνλ (ῡ) they (two) will loose

P 1st Pers ιύζνκελ (ῡ) we shall loose

2nd

Pers ιύζεηε (ῡ) you (ye) will loose

3rd

Pers ιύζνπζη(λ) (ῡ) they will loose

First Aorist

S 1st Pers ἔιῡζα I loosed

2nd

Pers ἔιῡζαο you loosed

3rd

Pers ἔιῡζε(λ) he she it loosed

D 2nd

Pers ἐιύζαηνλ (ῡ) you (two) loosed

3rd

Pers ἔιῡζάηελ they (two) loosed

P 1st Pers ἐιύζακελ (ῡ) we loosed

2nd

Pers ἐιύζαηε (ῡ) you (ye) loosed

3rd

Pers ἔιῡζαλ they loosed

104 Vocabulary

ἄγσ ἄμσ ἤγαγνλ lead drive conduct bring carry

ἀλάζζσ (ϝαλαθ-) ἀλάμσ ἠλαμα (+gen) rule (over) guard protect

ἄξηζηνο ε νλ best noblest bravest fairest

αὖηηο (back) again anew

Γαλαόο νῦ ὁ Danaan

ἑθαηόκβε εο ἡ hecatomb sacrifice

ζάλαηνο νπ ὁ death

Ἴιηνο νπ ἡ Ilium Troy the region around Troy

κεγάζῡκνο ε νλ great-souled brave

ὄρα far much considerably

πέζσ (πεηζ- πνηζ- πηζ-) πείζσ ἔπεηζα (πέπηζνλ) persuade win over mislead

θηιέσ θηιήζσ ἐθίιεζα love cherish entertain hospitably

εἶπνλ εἶπεο εἶπε(λ) θηι 2nd

aor speak say tell etc

ἔβεζα ἔβεζαο ἔβεζε(λ) θηι 1st aor come go walk etc

105 Derivatives

ἄγσ (ag-) = pedagogue demagogue synagogue

ἄξηζηνο (arist-) = aristocracy

ζάλαηνο (thanat-) = thanatopsis euthanasia

106 Translation Exercises

1 ηίο ἦλ ὄρrsquo ἄξηζηνο Γαλαῶλ 2 Πξίακνο κεγάζῡκνο ἤλαζζελ Ἰιίνπ 3 νὐθ αὖηηο ἄμνπζη Γαλανὶ κεγάζῡκνη

ἑθαηόκβᾱο πνιιὰο (ᾱ) εἰο Υξύζελ (ῡ) 4 νὐθ ἔπεηζαλ ἑθεβόινλ πνιιῇο ἑθαηόβῃζη θᾱιῇζηλ 5 νὐ θηιήζνκελ ζενύο

νὕλεθα θᾱινὶ εἰζηλ 6 Γαλανὶ ηεύμνπζη ζάλαηνλ Πξηάκῳ ἐλ Ἰιίῳ 7 ἐθίιεζα ζεὰλ (ᾱ) ζαιάζζεο ἀιιrsquo νὐρ ἥλδαλε

ἑθεβόιῳ ζῡκῷ 8 ἀείζνκελ θαὶ πείζνκελ ζενύο 9 ὄρrsquo ἄξηζνη ἐλ Ἰιίῳ ηὰ εἶπνλ Πξηάκῳ ἀιιὰ ηνὺο ἠηῑκάζελ 10

Πξίακνο ἔπεκςε ηὸλ ζηξαηὸλ ἄξηζηνλ ἐπrsquo Ἀξγείνηζηλ 11 ἔβεζαλ αὖηηο Γαλανὶ εἰο Ἴιηνλ ἀιιrsquo νὐθ ἔπεηζαλ

Πξίακνλ 12 ἀείζνκελ ἑθεβόινλ ὄρrsquo ἄξηζηνλ ζεῶλ νὕλεθrsquo ἤγαγε Γαλανὺο εἰο Ἴιηνλ

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 Who was by far the noblest of the Danaans 2 Great-souled Priam ruled Ilium 3 Not agan will the great-

souled Danaans lead many sacrifices into Chrysa 4 They did not persuade the free-shooter with many goodly

sacrifices 5 Do we not love the gods because they are good 6 The Danaans will prepare death for Priam in Ilium

7 I loved the goddess of the sea but it was not pleasing to the heart of the free-shooter 8 We will sing and

persuade the gods 9 By far the noblest in Ilium this they say of Priam but he (is the one) he dishonored () 10

Priam sent the best army against the Argives 11 The Danaans went back to Ilium but they did not persuade Priam

12 We hymn the free-shooter greatest of the gods because he led the Danaans into Ilium

107 Composition Exercises

1 The great-souled Achaeans will not persuade the free-shooter with goodly hecatombs but he will prepare evil

death for the people 2 The noblest of the Achaeans went to Ilium but they did not persuade the soul of Priam 3

We shall sing because the gods have led (aor) the people into Troy 4 We shall have many shining golden scepters

5 Did you not love the gods who have Olympian homes 6 Priam shall not rule Ilium again for the Achaeans will

prepare evil death for him 7 Does he speak to the beautiful goddess of the sea 8 They will persuade the souls of

the gods with many hecatombs

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 Ἀραηνὶ κεγάζῡκνη νὐ πείζνπζηλ ἑθεβόινλ πνιιῇο ἑθαηόκβῆζηλ ἀιιὰ ηεύμεη ζάλαηνλ θαθὸλ ιᾱνῖζηλ 2

ἄξηζηνη Ἀραηῶλ ἔβεζαλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ ἀιιrsquo νὐθ ἔπεηζαλ ζῡκὸλ Πξηάκῳ 3 ἀείζνκελ νὕλεθα ζενὺο ἤγαγνλ ιᾱὸλ εἰο

Ἴιηνλ 4 ἕζρνκελ πνιιὰ ρξύζεα (ῡ) ἀγιαὰ ζθῆπηξα 5 νὐθ ἐθηιήζαηε ζενὺο νἳ ἔρνπζηλ νἴθνπο ιπκπίνπο 6 νὐθ

αὖηηο ἀλάζζεη Πξίακνο Ἰιίνπ Ἀραηνὶ γὰξ ηεύμνπζη ζάλαηνλ θαθὸλ αὐηῷ 7 εἴξεη ζεᾷ θᾱιᾷ ζαιάζζεο 8 πείζνπζη

ζῡκνὺο ζεῶλ πνιιῇο ἑθαηόκβῃζηλ

Lesson 11

(664-675 838-839)

111 First Declension Masculine Nouns

First declension masculines typically end in -εο -ᾱο or -ᾰο in the nominative and are declined exactly the same

as their feminine counterparts (with the exception of the nominative singular which adds -ο the genitive singular

which regularly ends in -ᾱν and the vocative singular which ends in -ε -ᾱ or -ᾰ) Those ending in -εο retain -ε

throughout the singular those ending in -ᾱο retain the -ᾱ throughout the singular and those ending in -ᾰο take the -ε

ending in the dative

Masculines ending in -δεο take -ε in the vocative singular while those ending in -ηεο (as well as compound

nouns and the names of nationalities) regularly take -ᾰ Those ending in -ᾱο take the the nominative singular in -ᾱ

A very few first declension adjectives take a masculine ending in -ᾰ (without the final -ο) Many of these also

have an alternative form that ends in the more common -εο Those that do not have an alternative form in -εο usually

have the recessive accent (a feature inherited from the Aeolic influence in Homer) The only masculine noun ending

in -ᾰ in the nominative is the name Θύεζηα (Thyestes)

First declension masculine nouns typically follow the paradigms for Ἀηξεΐδεο (Atreides son of Atreus) Αἰλείᾱο

(Aeneas) and αἰρκεηήο (spearman warrior)

Ἀηξεΐδεο ᾱν ὁ Αἰλείᾱο ᾱν ὁ αἰρκεηήο ᾱν ὁ

(Αηξεϝηδᾱ-) (Αἰλεηᾱ-) (αἰρκεηᾱ-)

N Ἀηξεΐδεο Αἰλείᾱο αἰρκεηήο [ά]

G Ἀηξεΐδᾱν [εσ] Αἰλείᾱν [σ] αἰρκεηᾶν [έσ]

D Ἀηξεΐδῃ Αἰλείᾳ αἰρκεηῇ

A Ἀηξεΐδελ Αἰλείαλ αἰρκεηήλ

V Ἀηξεΐδε Αἰλείᾱ αἰρκεηά

N A V Ἀηξεΐδᾱ αἰρκεηά (ᾱ)

G D Ἀηξεΐδῃηλ αἰρκεηῇηλ

N V Ἀηξεΐδαη αἰρκεηαί

G Ἀηξετδάσλ (ᾱ) αἰρκεηάσλ (ᾱ)

[έσλ ῶλ] [έσλ ῶλ]

D Ἀηξεΐδῃζη ῃο αἰρκεηῇζη ῇο

A Ἀηξεΐδᾱο αἰρκεηάο (ᾱ)

112 Compound Verbs

Compound verbs are formed from a preposition or adverb coupled with a verb such as ἀλαβαίλσ (ascend)

formed from ἀλα (up) and βαίλσ (go) If the preposition ends in a vowel and the verb begins with a vowel the vowel

of the preposition is usually elided as in δηίζηεκη (δηὰ ἰζηεκη) ἁθαηξέσ (ἀπὸ αἱξέσ)

The augment occurs between the preposition and the verb When two vowels are thus brought together the first

vowel is usually elided leaving the augment Thus ἀπνιύσ (I release present) ἀπέιπνλ (I was releasing

imperfect) ἀπέιῡζα (I released aorist)

113 Vocabulary

ἀλαβαίλσ ἀλαβήζσ ἀλέβεζα go up ascend embark

ἀπνιύσ ἀπνιύζσ (ῡ) ἀπέιῡζα loose set free release

Ἀηξεΐδεο -ᾱν ὁ Atreides son of Atreus (usually refers to Agamemnon)

θαηαθεύσ θαηαθαύζσ θαηέθεα burn consume

θειεύσ - ἔθιπνλ (+gen) hear hearken to

κεηέεηπνλ κεηεῖπνλ (2nd

aor of εἴξσ) spoke among addressed spoke to

ὅηε when whenever

Πειεηάδεο ᾱν (εσ) ὁ Peleiades son of Peleus (used in reference to Achilles)

πξνζέεηπνλ πξνζεῖπνλ (2nd

aor of εἴξσ) addressed spoke to

ηόηε then at that time

ρνιόσ ρνιώζσ ἐρόισζα anger enrage vex

Υξύζεο (ῡ) ᾱν (εσ) ὁ Chryses

Verbs

ἀλαβαίλσ

stem ἀλα + βαλ- βα-

future ἀλαβήζσ (rarely ἀλαβήζνκαη)

1st aorist ἀλέβεζα (rarely 2

nd aor ἀλέβελ)

ἀπνιύσ

stem ἀπό + ιύσ

future ἀπνιύζσ (ῡ)

1st aorist ἀπέιῡζα

θαηαθαίσ

stem θαηά + θαπ- θαϝ- θαη-

future θαηαθαύζσ (assumed form)

1st aorist θαηέθεα

θειεύσ (Attic)

stem θιεπ- θιεϝ- θιπ-

future none

2nd

aorist ἐθιπνλ

ρνιόσ

stem ρνιν-

future ρνιώζσ

1st aorist ἐρόισζα

Notes

In Homeric Greek the stem vowel is usually lengthened before -ζ hence ἀλαβαίλσ =gt ἀλαβήζσ =gt

ἀλέβεζα ἀπνιύσ =gt ἀπνιύζσ (ῡ) =gt ἀπέιῡζα

ἀλαβαίλσ also has a 2nd

aorist ἀλέβελ

A few verbs have active forms in the present but middle forms in the future ἀλαβαίλσ has two future

forms one active (ἀλαβήζσ) and one middle (ἀλαβήζνκαη)

Verbs with stems ending in -αηλσ originally had a consonantal η following the λ (ie ἀλαβαηλησ)

114 Translation

1 θᾱινὶ ζενὶ ἔηεπμαλ ζάλαηνλ θαθὸλ δίῳ (ῑ) Πειεηάδῃ ὁ δrsquo ἀλέβελ ππξήλ 2 ἑθεβόινο ὤιεθε ιᾱὸλ Ἀραηῶλ

νὕλεθα δῖνο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) 3 θαηέθεα ἑθαηόκβᾱο πνιιάο (ᾱ) 4 ἑθεβόινο νὐθ ἔθιπελ Ἀηξεΐδᾱν

νὕλεθα ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) 5 Υξύζεο (ῡ) κεηέεηπελ Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἀιιrsquo νὐθ Ἀηξεΐδῃ ἥλδαλε ζῡκῷ 6 ὅηε θαθῶο

πξνζέεηπελ Ἀηξεΐδεο Υξύζελ (ῡ) ηόηε ἐρόισζελ ἑθεβόινλ 7 ἀπειύζακελ (ῡ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) νὕλεθα ηὸλ

ἐθηιήζακελ 8 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἤλεηθελ ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα Ἀηξεΐδῃ 9 νἴζνκελ ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀπνιύζνκελ (ῡ)

Υξύζελ (ῡ) νὕλεθα ηὸλ ἐθηιήζακελ θαὶ θίινο ἐζηὶλ ἑθεβόιῳ 10 ηίο θέξεη ἄπνηλα Υξύζᾱν (ῡ) Ἀηξεΐδῃ 11 δῖνο

Πειεηάδεο ἐρόισζελ Ἀηξεΐδελ 12 ὅηε θαηεθήακελ πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἑθαηόκβᾱο θᾱιάο (ᾱ) ηόηε ἐπείζακελ ζῡκνὺο ζεῶλ

13 δηὰ καληνζύλελ Υξύζεο (ῡ) εἶπε βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεῶλ Ἀηξεΐδῃ Πειεηάδῃ ηε

KEY

1 The noble gods prepared evil death for the divine Peleiades and he ascended the funeral pyre 2 The free-

shooter destroyed the host of the Achaeans because the divine Atreides dishonored Chryses 3 I burned many

funeral pyres 4 The free-shooter did not hear the son of Atreus because he dishonored Chryses 5 Chryses spoke

among the Achaeans but but it did not please the heart of Atreides 6 It angered the free-shooter when the son of

Atreus spoke wickedly to Chryses 7 We released Chryses because we loved him 8 Chryses brought countless

glorious ransoms to the son of Atreus 9 We will bring many ransoms and release Chryses because we loved him

and he is dear to the free-shooter 10 Who brought the ransoms of Chryses to the son of Atreus 11 The divine

Peleiades angered the son of Atreus 12 We persuaded the hearts of the gods when we burned many good

hecatombs 13 Through prophesy Chryses spoke the will of the gods to both Atreides and Peleiades

115 Composition

1 The Achaeans ascended into Troy and killed the noble Priam 2 We burned many goodly hecatombs to the

Olympian gods 3 Chryses spoke among the Achaeans but the son of Atreus did not hearken to him 4 The

Achaeans addressed the son of Atreus but he did not free Chryses 5 The son of Atreus will bring many ransoms

into the camp of the Achaeans 6 Who will persuade the gods with many goodly hecatombs

KEY

1 Ἀραηνὶ ἀλέβεζαλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ θαὶ ὤιεμαλ θᾱιὸλ Πξηάκνλ 2 θαηέθεκελ πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) ἑθαηόκβὰο (ᾱ)

ζενῖο ιπκπίνηο 3 Υξύζεο (ῡ) κεηέεηπελ Ἀραηνῖο ἀιιrsquo Ἀηξεΐδεο ηὸλ νὐθ ἔθιπελ 4 Ἀραηνὶ πξνζέεηπνλ Ἀηξεΐδῃ

ἀιιrsquo νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε Υξύζελ (ῡ) 5 Ἀηξεΐδεο νἴζεη ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ εἰο ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 6 ηίο πείζεη ζενὺο πνιιῇο

ἑθαηόκβῃζηλ

Lesson 12

Review

121 Review Vocabulary

Lesson 13

(680-692 701-709)

(cf 897 874 886 619 841-843 576 1178 830-831 837 580 837)

131 Nouns of the Third Declension

Third declension nouns can be either masculine feminine or neuter The nominative endings can take many

forms but there are some conventions Masculine and feminine stems except those ending in λ ξ or ζ simply add

ζ to the stem and make the necessary euphonic changes Stems ending in ξ λ and ζ typically make no changes

except to lengthen the last vowel if it is short Stems ending in -λ(η) either drop the η and lengthen a short vowel or

drop the -λ(η) lengthen the vowel and add ζ Examples δαηκνλ- = δαηκσλ ζῑλ- = ζίο (ῑ) κειαλ- = κέιᾱο γεξνλη- =

γέξσλ etc Neuters typically consist of just the stem in the nominative and accusative except to drop a final -η

where it occurs

In general the stem of a third declension noun is found by dropping the -νο ending from the genitive singular

The dative singular regularly ends in -ῐ but occasionally in -ῑ

The accusative ending was originally -λ and this ending is common on stems ending in a vowel On stems

ending in a consonant the -λ was a sonant consonant which eventually came be pronounced as -ᾰ The result is that

the accusative singular usually ends in -λ for stems ending in a vowel and -ᾰ for stems ending in a consonant

Dental mute stems ending in -ηο and -πο in the nominative singular rarely drop the mute and typically adopt the -λ

accusative ending as if they were vowel stems

The dative plural is formed by adding either -εζζη (rarely -εζη) or -ζη (rarely -ζζη) and making the usual

euphonic changes Most third declension nouns thus have alternate dative plural forms as πνύο = πνζζί = πνζί =

πόδεζζη etc

The accusative plural originally ended in -λο (sonant λ) which gives -αο for stems ending in a consonant and -ῑο

and -ῡο for stems ending in a vowel A few vowel stems borrowed an -αο ending from the first declension by

analogy

The vocative singular is usually either identical to the nominative or identical to the stem alone Stems ending

in λ ξ or ο typically drop this final consonant in the vocative singular

Compensatory lengthening usually occurs in the dative plural when -λη is dropped as in γέξνληζη = γέξνπζη

132 Paradigms

Stems ending in -επ (επ) -νπ and σϝ follow the paradigms of βαζηιεύο (king βαζηιεϝ-) βνῦο (ox βνϝ-) λεῦο

(ship λᾱϝ-) and ἥξσο (hero ἡξσϝ- () or ἡξσ-)

N βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

G βαζηιῆνο [-ένο] βνόο λεόο ἥξσνο

D βαζηιῆη [-έη] βνΐ λεί ἥξση

A βαζηιῆα [-έα] βνῦλ [βῶλ] λῆα [λέα] ἥξσα

V βαζηιεῦ βνῦ λεῦ ἥξσο

N A V βαζηιῆε βόε λῆε ἥξσε

G D βαζηιήνηηλ βόνηηλ λήνηηλ ἡξώνηηλ

N V βαζηιεῆεο βόεο λῆεο ἥξσεο

G βαζηιήσλ βνῶλ λεῶλ [λεῶλ] ἡξώσλ

D βαζηιήεζζη βόεζζη λήεζζη [λέεζζἰ ἡξώεζζη

βαζηιεῦζη βνπζί λεπζί ἥξσζη

A βαζηιῆαο βόαο (βνῦο) λῆζαο (λέαο) ἥξσαο

A long vowel is typically shortened when it occurs before another vowel thus βαζηιῆνο or βαζηιένο This

convention was almost certainly consistent in pronunciation but is only occasionally represented in written form

The π in the stem of these words frequently became ϝ and subsequently disappeared as in βαζηιεπ- βαζηιεϝ-

βαζηιε-

Stems ending in η (εη) and π (επ εϝ) follow the paradigms of πόιηο (city πνιη-) πῆρπο (forearm περεϝ-) ἄζηπ

(city ἀζηεϝ-) λέθπο (corpse λεθῡ-) and δάθξπ (tear δαθξπ-)

N πόιηο πῆρπο ἄζηπ λέθῡο δάθξπ

G πόιηνο -ενο πήρενο ἄζηενο λέθπνο δάθξπνο

D πόιηη -ῑ -εη -εη πήρετ ἄζηετ λέθπτ δάθξπτ

A πόιηλ πῆρσλ ἄζηπ λέθῡλ δαθξπ

V πόιη πῆρπ ἄζηπ λέθῡ δάθξπ

N V πόιηε πήρεε ἄζηεε λέθπε δάθξπε

G D πνιίνηηλ περένηηλ ἄζηνηηλ λεθύνηηλ δαθξύνηηλ

N V πόιηεο -εεο πήρεεο ἄζηεα λέθπεο δάθξπα

G πνιίσλ περέσλ ἀζηέσλ λεθύσλ δαθξύσλ

D πνιίεζζη περέεζζη ἀζηέεζη λεθύεζζη δαθξύεζζη

πόιεζη -ηζη πήρεζη ἄζηεζη λέθῡζ(ζ)η δάθξπζη

A πόιηαο -εαο -ῑο πήρεαο ἄζηεα λέθπαο [-ῡο] δάθξπα

Nouns with stems in -ο (-εο -αο -νο) and -η are declined like ἔπνο (ϝεπεζ-) γέξαο (γεξαζ-) ἠώο (ἀϝζνζ-) δῶκα

(δσκαη-) and ἦκαξ (ἠκαξ- ἠκαη-) Note that -ζ- usually disappears when it occurs between two vowels

N ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο δῶκα ἧκαξ

G ἔπενο γέξανο ἠόνο δώκαηνο ἥκαηνο

D ἔπετ γέξατ ἠόη δώκαηη ἥκαηη

A ἔπνο γέξαο ἠόα δῶκα ἧκαξ

V ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο δῶκα ἧκαξ

N V ἔπεε γέξαε δώκαηε ἥκαηε

G D επένηηλ γεξάνηηλ δσκάηνηηλ ἡκάηνηηλ

N V ἔπεο γέξα(α) δώκαηα ἥκαηα

G ἐπέσλ γεξάσλ δσκάησλ ἡκάησλ

D ἐπέεζζη γεξάεζζη δσκάηεζζη ἡκάηεζζη

ἔπε(ζ)ζη γέξα(ζ)ζη δώκαζη ἥκαζη

A ἔπεα γέξα(α) δώκαηα ἥκαηα

Note that all nouns ening in -νο in the second declension are either masculine or feminine but all nouns ending in -

νο in the third declension are neuter All nouns ending in -κα in the nominative singular and all nouns with genitives

in -αηνο are neuter

133 Further Notes on the Third Declension

Nouns of the third declension can be any gender and consist of stems ending in -η -π or a consonant In

general the following endings are applied to the stem with the usual euphonic changes

N -ο

G -νο

D -η

A -λ

V -

N A V -ε

G D -νηηλ

N V -εο

G -σλ

D -εζζη

A -λο

Standard Euphonic Changes

Later forms of Greek such as Attic and Koine frequently contracted the forms found in Homer

The -λ in the accusative singular and plural is sonant meaning that it is pronounced as λ when

following a vowel but it is pronounced as ᾰ when following a consonant Thus πνιη-λ = πνιηλ and

πνιη-λο = πνιηο but δαηκνλ-λ = δαηκνλα and δαηκνλ-λο = δαηκνλαο

o In most cases a stem originally ending in ϝ is treated as if it ends in a consonant Thus

βαζηιεϝα = βαζηιεα εξσϝα = εξσα

o The word βνϝ- is an exception where ϝ becomes π (probably because νπ is such a common

diphthong) βνϝλ = βνπλ

Dentals are dropped before ζ Thus παηδο = παηο

o In cases where the stem ends in -λη the dental and the ζ are typically dropped with the last

vowel lengthened by compensation Thus γεξνληο = γεξσλ

Palatals combine with ζ to form μ Thus αηγο = αημ θεξπθο = θεξπμ etc

o Stems ending in -θη apply both the dental and palatal changes first dropping the η and then

combining the θζ to form μ Thus λπθηο = λπθο = λπμ

Labials combine with ζ to form ς Thus Αηζηνπο = Αηζηνς

The ζ is dropped when it follows a nasal or ξ and the last vowel is lengthened to compensate (if it

isnrsquot long already) Thus δαηκνλο = δαηκσλ θξελο = θξελ ρεηξο = ρεηξ παηεξο = παηεξ κεηεξο =

κεηεξ etc

Stems that originally ended in ϝ usually retain a π in its place in the nominative Thus βαζηιεϝο =

βαζηιεπο (originally βαζηιεπο) λεϝο = λεπο βνϝο = βνπο etc

o The same phenomenon sometimes occurs in the accusative singular as well where ϝ becomes

π and the final λ is retained Thus περεϝλ = περευλ = περπλ

o The word εξσο is an apparent exception where εξσϝο = εξσο This may be from analogy

with the relatively common -σο ending in Greek or it could be that the stem was originally

εξσ- witout the ϝ

o When the stem ends in -εϝ the ε is usually dropped in the nominative thus περεϝο = περεπο =

περπο (but the genitive and dative are περενο περετ)

Some confusion can occur at the apparent irregularity of stems ending in -π αζηπ αζηενο αζηεη etc

but δαθξπ δαθξπνο δαθξπτ etc The difference is that stems like αζηπ originally ended in a vowel + ϝ

(αζηεϝ) while stems like δαθξπ originally ended in π

Some neuters originally ended in -εο These are usually declined as -νο in the nominative and

accusative In the other cases the endings are simply applied to -εζ- and the sigma is dropped when it

occurs between two vowels επνο (nom acc from επεζο) επενο (gen from επεζνο) επετ (dat from

επεζη) etc

o Stems ending in -αο simple drop the extra sigma in the nominative singular and append the

case endings to -αζ- (dropping ζ when it occurs between two vowels) Thus γεξαο γεξανο

γεξατ etc

o Stems ending in -νο follow the same pattern as those ending in -αο except that the ν is

lengthened to σ in the nominative Thus εσο εννο εντ etc

Neuter stems ending in -καη usually drop the η in the nominative and accusative singular but retain it

in the plural Thus δσκα (nom and acc sing) δσκαηνο (gen sing) δσκαηη (dat sing) δσκαηα (nom and

acc plur) δσκαησλ (gen plur) δσκαηεζζη (dat plur) etc Neuter stems ending in -καξ usually behave

as if they ended in -καη in all cases except the nominative and accusative singular Thus εκαξ εκαηνο

εκαηη etc

The dative plural ending is given as -εζζη This could be shortened to -ζζη (before vowels) -εζη or -ζη

The -ζη ending is the most common in later dialects Thus Homeric θεξπθεζζη is typically θεξπμη in

Attic and Koine

The vocative singular in neuters is always identical to the nominative and accusative singulars

o In masculine and feminine nouns the vocative singular is usually just the stem without any

endings applied as long as the stem is capable of standing alone Thus δαηκνλ ρεηξ παηεξ

κεηεξ ζπγαηεξ αλεξ βνπ λεπ πνιη λεθῡ δαθξπ etc

o In some cases where the nominative singular has slightly modified the stem before adding -ο

the vocative is formed by simply dropping the ο Thus παη βαζηιεπ περπ

o In cases where the ο of the nominative singular has combined with the stem the vocative is

usually indentical to the nominative singular Thus αλαμ λπμ αημ θεξπμ Αηζηνς etc

o In rare cases the vocative is identical to the nominative singular even when dropping the ο

would have been convenient as in εξσο εσο

Alternate Endings The following are some alternate endings that could be applied instead of the usual

case endings listed above

o -ζη can be used to denote place where

o -ζελ can be used to denote source or separation or as an alternative ending for the genitive

case

o -δε can be added to the accusative ending to denote place to which or limit of motion

o -η can be added to denote place where

o -θη(λ) can be added as a substitute for several uses of the genitive and the dative cases

particularly in the instrumental sense

134 References

This lesson references several points in the grammar Note the following

Deponent verbs take middle or passive forms but denote active meanings

Some verbs reduplicate the initial syllable in the present tense by repeating the initial consonant

followed by -η Thus ἴζηεκη (orig ζηζηεκη) ηίζεκη δίδσκη πίκπιεκη γίγλνκαη γηγλώζθσ κηκλήζθσ

etc When futures and second aorists are reduplicated they usually follow the pattern of reduplication

found in the perfect tense If the initial consonant is aspirated the reduplicated consonant is typically

smooth Thus ηίζεκη rather than ζίζεκη

Note that ἴκη δίδσκη and ηίζεκη take the aorist in -θα rather than -ζα

When a word ends in a vowel and the following word begins with a vowel the result is called hiatus

In general hiatus is avoided in poetry through the use of elision crasis synizesis moveable

consonants etc However hiatus is allowed in some circumstances such as when elision has already

occurred when the first of the two vowels is long and occurs on the beat (or ictus) of the verse or

when a long vowel or diphthong has been shortened or when the two vowels were originally separated

by ϝ

Recall that the verbal augment is frequently omitted

135 Vocabulary

Ἄηο Ἄηδνο ὁ (nom not used) Hades

ἄιγνο ενο ηό grief pain woe trouble

Ἀρηιιεύο ῆνο ὁ Achilles

δαίο δαηηόο ἡ feast banquet portion

Εεύο Γηόο ὁ Zeus

ἥξσο ἥξσνο ὁ hero mighty warrior protector savior

ἴθζῑκνο ε νλ mighty valiant stout-hearted brave

θύσλ θπλόο ὁ ἡ dog

κῆληο ηνο ἡ wrath fury madness rage

νὐιόκελνο ε νλ accursed destructive deadly

πξντάπησ πξντάςσ πξνΐαςα hurl forward send forth

ηίζεκη (ζε- ζε-) ζήζσ ἔζεθα put place cause

Ἀρηιιεπο (Ἀρηιιεϝ-) Ἀρηιιενο Ἀρηιιεη Ἀρηιιεα

δαηο (δαηη-) δαηηνο δαηηη δαηηα δαηηεο δαηησλ δαηηεζζη δαηηαο

Εεπο Γηνο Γηη Γηα

ἡξσο ἡξσνο ἡξστ ἡξσα ἡξσεο ἡξσσλ ἡξσεζζη ἡξσαο

θπσλ θπλνο θπλη θπλα θπλεο θπλσλ θπλεζζη θπλαο

κεληο (κελη-) κεληνο κεληη κεληλ κεληεο κελησλ κεληεζζη κεληαο

136 Translation

1 κῆληο Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο ἦλ νὐινκέλε ἔζεθε γὰξ κῡξηrsquo ἄιγεα ηνῖζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ πξνΐαςε δὲ πνιιὰο (ᾱ)

ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἰθζίκνπο (ῑ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη ἔηεπρε δrsquo αὐηνὺο ἑιώξηα θαὶ δαῖηα θύλεζζηλ νἰσλνῖζί ηε ἐηέιεζε δὲ βνπιὴλ

Γηόο 2 ζεὰ (ᾱ) ἀείδεη κῆληλ νὐινκέλελ Ἀρηιῆνο ἣ ἔζεθελ κῡξίrsquo ἄιγεrsquo Ἀραηνῖζηλ 3 ζενὶ ὀιέθνπζη ηὸλ ζηξαηόλ θαὶ

πξντάπηνπζη πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη 4ηεύμνκελ κῡξίνπο Ἀραηνὺο ἑιώξηα θύλεζζηλ θαὶ δαῖηα ηνῖζηλ

νἰσλνῖζηλ νὕλεθα ἠηίκαζαλ (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) 5 θᾱιὴ ἦλ ἡ βνπιὴ Γηόο

KEY

1 The wrath of Achilles son of Peleus was destructive for it caused countless woes to the Achaeans and sent

forth many valiant souls of heros to Hades making them spoils and a banquet for the dogs and the vultures 2 The

goddess sings the accursed wrath of Achilles which brought countless woes to the Achaeans 3 The gods are

destroying the camp and sending forth many souls of the heros to Hades 4 We will make countless Achaeans spoils

for the dogs and a feast for these vultures because they dishonored Chryses 5 The will of Zeus was good

137 Iliad 1-5

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κπξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςπρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιήλ

Μῆληλ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse

ἄεηδε - present active imperative 2nd

person singular of ἀείδσ

ζεά - vocative case

Πειεηάδεσ = Πειεηάδᾱν (the verse may have originally read Πειεηάδᾱrsquo)

νὐινκέλελ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse as well as out of

the natural order and is placed directly opposite the word κῆληλ

κῡξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο - the hiatus is permited because elision has already occurred in κῡξίνηο

Ἄηδη was originally Ἄϝηδη and is still accented as it began with α instead of αη

ἡξώσλ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse and its deviation from

the natural order

δὲ ἑιώξηα - the hiatus is permitted because the original was δὲ ϝειώξηα

ηεῦρε - the augment is dropped (usually ἔηεπρε)

ἐηειείεην - imperfect passive indicative 3rd

person singular of ηειείσ

KEY

Sing O goddess of the accursed wrath of Achilles Peleiades

which brought countless woes to the Achaeans

and cast forth the souls of many valiant warriors to Hades

making them the spoils and feast of both dogs

and vultures But the will of Zeus was accomplished

138 Composition

1 The valiant Achaeans are singing the accursed wrath of Achilles 2 The wrath of Achilles caused many woes

to the Achaeans and sent many valiant souls of heroes to the god Hades 3 We shall make the army of the Achaeans

a booty for the dogs and a banquet for the birds 4 We are accomplishing the will of the goddess

KEY

1 ἴθζῑκνη Ἀραηνὶ ἀείδνπζηλ νὐινκέλελ κῆληλ Ἀρηιῆνο 2 κῆληο Ἀρηιῆνο ἔζεθε κῡξίrsquo ἄιγεrsquo Ἀραηνῖζη θαὶ

πξνΐαςε πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἰθζίκνπο ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη 3 ηεύμνκελ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ ἑιώξηα θύλεζζηλ θαὶ δαῖηα

νἰσλνῖζηλ 4 ηεύρνκελ βνπιὴλ ζεᾶο

Lesson 14

(519-526 1159-1192)

(cf 586)

141 Syllable Quantity

A syllable is long (by nature) when it contains a long vowel or a diphthong or (by position) when it ends in two

consecutive consonants (or a double consonant) A short vowel followed by a mute and a liquid κ or λ is common

and can be either long or short depending on the requirements of the verse Occasionally the letters ι κ λ ξ or ζ

are doubled in pronunciation when they follow a short vowel making the syllable long by position but this

convention is not always represented in writing And occasionally a lost ϝ will combine with another consonant to

make the preceding syllable long by position

Observe the following rules when determing the length of a syllable

Any vowel with the circumflex accent is long

The vowel of any ultmia whose penult bears the circumflex is short

If the penult has an acute then the vowel of the ultima must also be long

If the vowel of the ultima is short and the penult has the acute then the vowel of the penult must

be short as well

If the antepenult is accented the vowel of the ultima must be short

Occasionally these rules do not apply to certain compounds where one of the two words are

accented as if they were separate

If a short syllable stands where a long syllable is expected it is usually because the pause of the caesura or

diaresis fills out the foot or because the following word has lost a consonant (usually ϝ or ζ) And occasionally a

short syllable ending in a consonant is lengthened when it occurs on the ictus (beat) of the verse Such lengthening is

called thesis

142 Metrical Quantity

With the exception of pauses at the end of the verse caesura and diaresis all feet must consist of two long

syllables or a long syllable followed by two shorts Thus if a long syllable is followed by a short syllable then the

next syllable must be short as well Likewise if a short syllable is followed by a long syllable then the preceding

syllable must be short as well

When a word ends in a short vowel (and sometimes -νη and -αη) and the following word begins with a vowel

the short vowel is usually elided unless the following word originally began with ϝ When a word ends in a long

vowel or a diphthong and the following word begins with a vowel the long vowel is usually shortened This

phenomenon can also occur within the same word and again it is less common when the following word originally

began with ϝ Vowel shortening is also rare when the long vowel occurs on the ictus

The meter of Homer is called dactylic or heroic hexameter and is the most common meter in Greek verse Each

verse has six feet The first five feet can be dactyls (one long syllable followed by two short syllables) or spondees

(two long syllables) The final foot of the verse is always a spndee but keep in mind that the pause at the end of the

verse often combines with a final short syllable to form one long syllable The fifth foot of each verse is usually a

dactyl with only one in twenty (or so) verses containing a spondee in the fifth foot The verses that have a spndee in

the fifth foot are called spondaic and usually take slightly longer to recite In dactylic hexameter the ictus (beat) of

the verse always occurs on the first syllable of each foot producing six distinct beats per verse

Caesura occurs when a word ends within a foot (ie at the end of the first syllable of a foot or between the two

short syllables of the foot) When a caesura occurs at a natural pause in the verse this is said to be the caesura of the

verse A pause after the first syllable of a foot is called a masculine caesura and a pause after the second syllable of

the foot is called a feminine caesura

Diaresis occurs when the end of a word coincides with the end of a foot When this falls at a natural pause in

the verse it is said to be the diaresis of the verse When the diaresis occurs at the end of the fourth foot is it called

the bucolic diaresis (due to its common use in pastoral poetry)

143 Marking the Rhythm of the Iliad 1-5

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κπξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςπρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιήλ

ΜΖ ληλ α | ΔΗ δε ζε | Α ΠΖ | ΛΖ η α | ΓΔΧ α ρη | ΛΖ Ο-

dact dact spon dact dact spon

The pauses at the end of κῆληλ and ἄεηδε are feminine caesuras

The pauses at the end of ζεά Πειεηάδεσ and Ἀρηιῆνο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of ζεά is the caesura of the verse

The dash at the end of the verse indicates a pause that combines with a short vowel to fill out the

last foot

ΟΤ ιν κε | ΝΖΝ Ζ | ΜΤ ξη α | ΥΑΗ ΟΗ | ΑΛ γε ε | ΘΖ ΚΔΝ-

dact spon dact spon dact spon

The pauses at the end of κῡξίrsquo and ἄιγε are feminine caesuras

The pauses at the end of νὐινκέλελ and ἔζεθελ are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of νὐινκέλελ is the caesura of the verse

The pauses at the end of ἥ and Ἀραηνῖο are diareses

The diaresis at Ἀραηνῖο is a bucolic diaresis

κῡξία Ἀραηνῖο and ἄιγεα ἔζεθελ are examples of hiatus

The first syllable of ἄιγεrsquo is long because it is followed by two consecutive consonants

ΠΟΛ ΛΑ | ΓrsquoΗΦ ΘΗ | ΜΟΤ ΦΤ | ΥΑ ΑΗ | ΓΗ πξν τ | Α ΦΔΝ-

spon spon spon spon dact spon

The pauses at the end of ἰθζίκνπο and ςπράο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of πνιιάο is a diaresis

δὲ ἰθζίκνπο is hiatus

The first syllable of πνιιάο is long by position as is the first syllable of ἰθζίκνπο the last syllable

of Ἄηδη and the second syllable of πξνΐαςελ

Ζ ΡΧ | ΧΝ ΑΤ | ΣΟΤ δε ε | ΛΧ ξη α | ΣΔΤ ρε θπ | ΝΔ ΗΝ-

spon spon dact dact dact spon

The pause at the end of ηεῦρε is a feminine caesura

The pauses at the end of ἡξώσλ and αὐηνύο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of ἡξώσλ is the caesura of the verse

The pause at the end of ἑιώξηα is a diaresis

ΟΗ Χ | ΝΟΗ ζη ηε | ΓΑΗ ηα δη | Ο δrsquoε ηε | ΛΔΗ ε ην | ΒΟΤ ΛΖΝ

The pauses at the end of νἰσλνῖζη and δαῖηα are feminine caesuras

The pause at the end of Γηόο is a masculine caesura

The pauses at the end of ηε ἐηειείεην and βνπιήλ are diareses

The pause at the end of δαῖηα is the diaresis of the verse

Lesson 15

(693-694 697-700)

(cf 781-782 837 580 1009 996 584-585)

151 Third Declension Paradigms (continued)

Third declension nouns ending in a dental mute stem are exemplified by ἄλαμ (king ϝαλαθη-) λύμ (night λπθη-

) παῖο (child παηδ-) and γέξσλ (old man γεξνλη-)

N ἄλαμ λύμ παῖο γέξσλ

G ἄλαθηνο λπθηόο παηδόο γέξνληνο

D ἄλαθηη λπθηί παηδί γέξνληη

A ἄλαθηα λύθηα παίδα γέξνληα

V ἄλαμ [ἄλα] λύμ παῖ γέξσλ

N V A ἄλαθηε λύθηε παίδε γέξνληε

G D ἀλάθηνηηλ λύθηνηηλ παίδνηηλ γεξόληνηηλ

N ἄλαθηεο λύθηεο παίδεο γέξνληεο

G ἀλάθησλ λπθηῶλ παηδῶλ γεξόλησλ

D ἀλάθηεζζη λύθηεζζη παίδεζζη γεξόληεζζη

ἄλαμη λπμί παηζί γέξνπζη

A ἄλαθηαο λύθηνο παῖδαο γέξνληαο

Third declension nouns ending in labial and palatal stems are exemplified by αἴμ (goat αἰγ-) θῆξπμ (herald

θεξῡθ-) and Αἰζίνς (Ethipoian Αἰζηνπ-)

N αἴμ θῆξπμ Αἰζίνς

G αἰγόο θήξῡθνο Αἰζίνπνο

D αἰγί θήξῡθη Αἰζίνπη

A αἶγα θήξῡθα Αἰζίνπα

V αἴμ θῆξπμ Αἰζίνς

N V A αἶγε θήξῡθε Αἰζίνπε

G D αἴγνηηλ θεξύθνηηλ (ῡ) Αἰζηόπνηηλ

N αἶγεο θήξῡθεο Αἰζίνπεο

G αἰγῶλ θεξύθσλ (ῡ) Αἰζηόπσλ

D αἴγεζζη θεξύθεζζη (ῡ) Αἰζηόπεζζη

αἰμί θήξῡμ Αἰζίνςη

A αἶγαο θήξῡθαο Αἰζίνπαο

Nouns with stems ending in -εξ express different grades of ablaut in the stem (-εξ -εξ -ξ) with a recessive

accent in the vocative singular These are exemplified by παηήξ (father παηεξ-) κήηεξ (mother κεηεξ-) ζπγάηεξ

(daughter ζπγαηεξ-) and ἀλήξ (man ἀλεξ-)

N παηήξ κήηεξ ζπγάηεξ ἀλήξ

G παηέξνο -ηξόο κεηέξνο -ηξόο ζπγαηέξνο -ηξόο ἀλέξνο ἀλδξόο

D παηέξη -ηξί κεηέξη -ηξί ζπγαηέξη -ηξί ἀλέξη ἀλδξί

A παηέξα κεηέξα ζπγαηέξα ἀλέξα ἄλδξα

V πάηεξ κῆηεξ ζύγαηεξ ἄλεξ

N V A παηέξε κεηέξε ζπγαηέξε ἀλέξε ἄλδξε

G D παηέξνηηλ κεηέξνηηλ ζπγαηέξνηηλ ἀλέξνηηλ ἄλδξνηηλ

N παηέξεο κεηέξεο ζπγαηέξεο ζύγαηξεο ἀλέξεο ἄλδξεο

G παηέξσλ -ηξῶλ κεηέξσλ -ηξῶλ ζπγαηέξσλ ζπγαηξῶλ ἀλέξσλ ἀλδξῶλ

D παηξάζη κεηξάζη ζπγαηξάζη ζπγαηέξεζζη ἀλδξάζη ἄλδξεζζη

A παηέξαο κεηέξαο ζπγαηέξαο ζύγαηξαο ἀλέξαο ἄλδξαο

Note that δ is inserted into ἀλήξ between λ and ξ where they occur together The accent of the shorter forms of

ἀλέξ follow the pattern seen in παηήξ The alpha after ξ in the dative plural was added euphonically to strengthen

what was originally a sonant ξ

152 Vocabulary

ἄλαμ ἄλαθηνο ὁ king lord protector

ἀλήξ ἀλέξνο (ἀλδξόο) ὁ (real) man warrior hero

ἄξ(α) (ῥά) naturally of course as you know as you might expect that is

in effect (not always translatable)

βαζηιεύο ῆνο ὁ king ruler

δή indeed truly forsooth now

δηίζηεκη (ζηε- ζηα-) δηαζηήζσ stand apart separate

δηέζηεζα (δηέζηελ)

ἐμ νὗ from the time when

ἐξίδσ (ἐξηδ-) - ἤξηζ(ζ)α quarrel strive

ἠξηζάηελ (they) strove

ἔξηο ηδνο ἡ strife quarrel

Λεηώ Λεηόνο ἡ Leto

κάρνκαη fight battle

κάρεζζαη to fight

μπλίκη μπλήζσ μπλῆθα (μπλέεθα) bring together throw together hearken heed

ὄξλῡκη ὄξζσ ὦξζα (ὤξνξνλ) stir up kindle incite excite arouse

πξῶηνο ε νλ first foremost chief

ηὸ πξῶηνλ ηὰ πξῶηα (adv) at first firstly first

πἱόο νῦ ὁ son

ζθσε these two

153 Translation

1 ζεὰ (ᾱ) ἀείζεη κῆληλ Ἀρηιῆνο ἐμ νὗ δὴ ηὰ πξῶηα δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο θαὶ Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἀλδξῶλ ἠξηζάηελ θαὶ

δηεζηήηελ 2 ηίο ζεῶλ μπλέεθε δῖνλ Ἀρηιῆά ηε θαὶ Ἀηξεΐδελ ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 3 πἱὸο Λεηόνο θαὶ Γηὸο ἑθεβόινο

μπλέεθέ ζθσε ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη ηὸλ γὰξ βαζηιεὺο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἐρόισζελ ὁ δrsquo ὦξζε θαθὴλ λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ

ὤιεθε δὲ ιᾱνύο

KEY

1 The goddess sings the wrath of Achilles from the time when first the divine Achilles and Atreides king of

men strove and separated 2 Which of the gods brought together the divine Achilles and the son of Atreus to fight

in strife 3 The son of Leto and Zeus the Free-shooter brought these two together to fight in strife for Atreides the

king enraged him so he stirred up an evil plague through the camp of the Achaeans and destroyed their host

154 Iliad 1-10

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κῡξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςῡρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιή

ἐμ νὗ δὴ ηὰ πξῶηα δηαζηήηελ ἐξίζαληε

Ἀηξεΐδεο ηε ἄλαμ ἀλδξῶλ θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεύο

ηίο ηrsquo ἄξ ζθσε ζεῶλ ἔξηδη μπλέεθε κάρεζζαη

Λεηνῦο θαὶ Γηὸο πἱόο ὁ γὰξ βαζηιῆη ρνισζεὶο

λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ ὦξζε θαθήλ ὀιέθνλην δὲ ιᾱνί

δηαζηήηελ = δηεζηήηελ

ἐξίζαληε = aor act part nom dual masc (they two) having quarreled

ηε ἄλαμ originally ηε ϝάλαμ thus allowing the hiatus

ζθσε [ἕσ] = 3rd

pers pron acc dual these two

ἔξηδη is dative of means in strife

κάρεζζαη = pres act infinitive deponent to fight

ρνισζείο = aor pass part nom sing masc having been enraged

Λεηνῦο = contracted form of Λεηόνο

βαζηιῆη = Agamemnon instrumental case by the king

ὀιέθνλην = ὠιέθνλην imperf pass ind 3rd

pers plural were being destroyed or kept

perishing

KEY

Sing O goddess of the accursed wrath of Achilles Peleiades

which brought countless woes to the Achaeans

and cast forth the souls of many valiant warriors to Hades

making them the spoils and feast of both dogs

and vultures But the will of Zeus was accomplished

indeed from the time when at first having quarreled both

Atreides king of men and the divine Achilles separated

Which of the gods of course brought these two together to fight in strife

The son of Leto and Zeus For enraged by the king he

kindled an evil plague up through the camp and the people were destroyed

155 Composition

1 ἠείδνκελ κῆληλ νὐινκέλελ Ἀρηιιῆνο ἐμ νὗ ηὰ πξῶηα Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἀλέξσλ (ἀλδξῶλ) θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο

ἠξηζάηελ θαὶ δηεζηεζάηελ (δηεζηήηελ) 2 ηίο ζεῶλ μπλῆθε (μπλέεθα) Ἀραηνὺο θαὶ ιᾱὸλ Πξηάκνπ ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 3

μπλῆθε (μπλέεθα) ζθσε (ἕν) πἱὸο Λεηόνο (Λεηνῦο) θαὶ Γηὸο ἑθεβόινο ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 4 Αηξεΐδεο βαζηιεὺο

Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο ἐρόισζαλ ἄλαθηα ἑθεβόινλ θαὶ ὁ ὦξζα (ὤξνξε) λνῦζνπο πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θαθὰο (ᾱ) ἀλὰ

ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ θαθῶο ὤιεθελ ἀγαζὸλ ιᾱόλ

Lesson 16

(887-897 910 1065-1068 697-703 707 710 732)

161 Formation of Middle Passive and Deponent Verbs

The endings of the middle voice are different from the active voice The passive voice applies the same endings

as the middle voice except in the aorist passive which applies active endings Because the middle and passive voice

are identical (other than the aorist) the context determines whether a verb is used with middle or the passive

meaning The aorist middle is often used with a passive meaning (especially in athematic forms) and the aorist

passive is often used with a middle meaning

The perfect and pluperfect of the middlepassive are athematic with the personal endings attached directly to

the reduplicated stem

The future perfect passive is formed by adding -ζνε to the perfect middle passive lengthening the vowel that

precedes this ending

The first aorist passive is formed by adding -(ζ)ζεε to the stem Before ζ π and β become θ θ and γ become ρ

and η δ ζ become ζ Many verbs have a second aorist passive that drops the ζ altogether

Deponent verbs have no active form but use the middlepassive forms in an active sense

162 Paradigms Present and Future Indicative MiddlePassive of ιύσ

Present

S 1 ιύνκαη

2 ιύεαη [(ιύῃ)]

3 ιύεηαη

D 2 ιύεζζνλ

3 ιύεζζνλ

P 1 ιπόκε(ζ)ζα

2 ιύεζζα

3 ιύνληαη

Future

S 1 ιύζνκαη (ῡ)

2 ιύζεαη (ῡ) [(ιύζῃ (ῡ))]

3 ιύζεηαη (ῡ)

D 2 ιύζεζζνλ (ῡ)

3 ιύζεζζνλ (ῡ)

P 1 ιῡζόκεζα

2 ιύζεζζε (ῡ)

3 ιύζνληαη (ῡ)

163 The Use of Voice in Greek

The active voice indicates that the subject is acting λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ ὦξζε = he kindled a plague up

through the camp

The passive voice indicates that the subject is acted upon Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιή = but the will of Zeus was

being accomplished

The Middle voice denotes one of three meanings

1 The subject acting upon itself πείζνκαη (I convince myself) θαίλνκαη (I show myself)

2 The subject acting for itself θαιένκαη (I call for myself)

3 The subject acting upon something belonging to itself ιύνκαη (I loose my own I ransom)

When determing the difference between the middle and passive keep in mind that the middle voice always

conveys a direct or indirect reference to the subject and that the subject is effect by or has an interest in the action

164 Third Declension Stems in -επ -επ -νπ and -σϝ

Stems in -επ usually became -εϝ and the third declension endings are applied after the ϝ Thus βαζηιεϝνο =

βαζηιῆνο βαηιεϝη = βαζηιῆη βαζηιεϝα = βαζηιῆα etc Note that the ϝ explains why εη (εϝη) does not form an

improper diphthong as well as why the accusative singular ends in -εα (as if the stem ended in a consonant) instead

of -ελ (as if the stem ended in a vowel) Note that when the ending consists of a consonant the -εϝ is contracted to

the diphthong -επ Thus βαζηιεϝο = βαζηιεύο βαζηιεϝ = βαζηιεῦ βαζηιεϝζη = βαζηιεῦζη In rare cases the other

endings also contract the -ε to -ε (ie βαζηιῆνο = βαζηιένο)

In stems ending originally in -ᾱϝ the ᾱ becomes ε in the Ionic dialect These are declined the same as -εϝ

except that -εῡ is formed before consonants instead of -επ Thus λᾱϝο = λεϝο = λεῦο λᾱϝ = λεϝ = λεῦ But note the

exception in the shorter form of the dative plural where λᾱϝζη = λεϝζη = λεπζί (rather than λεῡζη) In contracted

forms the ε usually becomes ε

In stems ending in -σϝ the third declension endings are applied directly to the stem Thus ἡξσϝο = ἥξσο

ἡξσϝνο = ἥξσνο ἡξσϝη = ἥξση ἡξσϝα = ἥξσα etc

In stems ending originally in -ν or -νϝ the third declension endings are applied as usual But keep in mind that -

νϝ is contracted to the diphthong -νπ before a consonant thus βνϝο = βνῦο and βνϝζη = βνπζί But note the

exception that occurs in the accusative singular where βνϝλ = βνῦλ rather than βνϝα

βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

(βαζηιεϝ-) (βνϝ-) (λᾱϝ-) (ἡξσϝ-)

N βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

G βαζηιῆνο [ένο] βνόο λεόο [εόο] ἥξσνο

D βαζηιῆη [έη] βνΐ λεί ἥξση

A βαζηιῆα [έα] βνῦλ [βῶλ] λῆα [έα] ἥξσα

V βαζηιεῦ βνῦ λεῦ ἥξσο

N V A βαζηιῆε βόε λῆε ἥξσε

G D βαζηιήνηηλ βόνηηλ λήνηηλ ἡξώνηηλ

N V βαζηιῆεο βόεο λῆεο ἥξσεο

G βαζηιήσλ βνῶλ λεῶλ [εῶλ] ἡξώσλ

D βαζηιήεζζη βόεζζη λήεζζη [έεζζη] ἡξώεζζη

βαζηιεῦζη βνπζί λεπζί ἥξσζη

A βαζηιῆαο βόαο (βνῦο) λῆαο [έαο] ἥξσαο

165 Third Declension Stems in -εζ -αζ and -νζ

When a stem ends in a vowel plus -ζ the initial ζ is dropped between two vowels Thus γεξαζνο = γέξανο

ἠνζνο = ἠόνο etc

All third declension nouns with stems ending in -εο are neuters and follow the pattern of ἔπνο The third

declension endings are applied as usual except that the nominative vocative and accusative singulars end in -νο

Nouns with stems ending in -νο take -σο in the nominative and vocative singular but otherwise apply the third

declension endings as usual (dropping ζ between two vowels)

ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

(ϝεπεζ-) (γεξαζ-) (ἀϝζνζ- (ᾱ))

N ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

G ἔπενο γέξανο ἠόνο

D ἔπετ γέξατ ἠόη

A ἔπνο γέξαο ἠόα

V ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

N V A ἔπεε γέξαε

G D ἐπένηηλ γεξάνηηλ

N V ἔπεα γέξα(α)

G ἐπέσλ γεξάσλ

D ἐπέεζζη γεξάεζζη

ἔπε(ζ)ζη γέξα(ζ)ζη

A ἔπεα γέξα(α)

166 Third Declension Stems in -καη and -καξ

Stems ending in -καη and -καξ are neuters

Stems in -καη drop the -ηο in the nominative vocative and accusative singular δσκαηο = δῶκα Otherwise the

third declension endings are applied as usual

Stems ending in -καξ are declined like those ending in -καη except in the nominative vocative and accusative

singular (which end in -καξ)

δῶκα ἦκαξ

(δσκαη-) (ἠκαξ- ἠκαη-)

N δῶκα ἦκαξ

G δώκαηνο ἤκαηνο

D δώκαηη ἤκαηη

A δῶκα ἦκαξ

V δῶκα ἦκαξ

N V A δώκαηε ἤκαηε

G D δσκάηνηηλ ἠκάηνηηλ

N V δώκαηα ἤκαηα

G δσκάησλ ἠκάησλ

D δσκάηεζζη ἠκάηεζζη

δώκαζη ἤκαζη

A δώκαηα ἤκαηα

167 Third Declension Stems in -λη and -λ

Stems ending in -λη drop the -λη before ζ and lengthen the preceding vowel thus παληο = πᾶο παληζη = πᾶζη

Otherwise the third declension endings are applied as usual In neuters the -η is dropped at the end of the word thus

παλη = πᾶλ Stems in -λ drop the -λ before ζ and lengthen the preceding vowel in the masculine (but not in the

neuter)

πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

(παλη- παληα- παλη-)

Masc Fem Neut

N πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

G παληόο πάζεο (ᾱ) παληόο

D παληί πάζῃ (ᾱ) παληί

A πάληα πᾶζαλ πᾶλ

V πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

N V πάληεο πᾶζαη πάληα

G πάλησλ πᾱζάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] πάλησλ

D πάληεζ(ζ)η πάζῃζη (ᾱ) πάληεζ(ζ)η

πᾶζη πάζῃο (ᾱ) πᾶζη

A πάληνο πάζᾱο (ᾱ) πάληα

κέιᾱο κέιαηλα κέιαλ

(κειαλ- κειαηλα- κειαλ-)

N κέιᾱο κέιαηλα κέιαλ

G κέιαλνο κειαίλεο κέιαλνο

D κέιαλη κειαίλῃ κέιαλη

A κέιαλα κέιαηλαλ κέιαλ

V κέιαλ κέιαηλα κέιαλ

N V A κέιαλε κειαίλᾱ κέιαλε

G D κειάλνηηλ κειαίλῃηλ κειάλνηηλ

N V κέιαλεο κέιαηλαη κέιαλα

G κειάλσλ κειαηλάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] κειάλσλ

D κειάλεζ(ζ)η κειαίλῃζη κειάλεζ(ζ)η

κέιαζη κειαίλῃο κέιαζη

A κέιαλεο κειαίλᾱο κέιαλα

168 Vocabulary

Nouns

Ἀπόιισλ (ᾰ or ᾰ) σλνο ὁ Apollo

ἀξεηήξ (ᾱ) ῆξνο ὁ priest prayer

ζπγάηεξ ηέξνο (ηξόο) ἡ daughter

θνζκήησξ νξνο ὁ commander marshaller

λεῦο λεόο (λεόο) ἡ ship

ζηέκκα καηνο ηό fillet (of white cotton) wreath

ρείξ ρεηξόο ἡ hand arm

Verbs

ἔξρνκαη (ἐξρ- ἐιε- ἐιεπζ- ἐιπζ-) come go

ἐιεύζνκαη I will come I will go

ἦιζνλ (ἤιπζνλ) I came I went

ιίζζνκαη (ιηη-) I beg I entreat

---

ἐιιηζάκελ (ἐιηηόκελ) I begged I entreated

Adjectives Prepositions

ζνόο ή όλ swift speedy

πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ all every (the) whole

Indeclinable

δύν (δύσ) two

κάιηζηα most especially by all means

169 Translation

1 Ἀπόιισλ ἑθεβόινο ρνινῦηαη βαζηιῆη Αηξεΐδῃ θαὶ πέκπεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ ὀιέθνληαη δὲ

ιᾱνί νὕλεθα δῖνο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) 2 Υξύζεο (ῡ) γὰξ ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἑθεβόινπ ἔξρεηαη

ἐπὶ ζνὰο (ᾱ) λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ θέξεη δrsquo ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα ζπγαηξόο ἣλ Ἀηξεΐδεο ἔρεη ἐλ ζηξαηῷ 3 ὁ δrsquo ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἔρεη

ζηέκκαηα ἑθεβόινπ Ἀπόιισλνο ἐλ ρεξζὶλ ἀλὰ ρξῡζέῳ ζθήπηξῳ θαὶ ιίζζεηαη πάληαο Ἀραηνύο κάιηζηα δrsquo Ἀηξεΐδᾱ

δύσ θνζκήηνξε ιᾱῶλ 4 Ἀπόιισλ ρνιώζεηαη βαζηιῆη θαὶ ὄξζεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηόλ 5 ἐιεύζνληαη ἐπὶ ζνὰο

(ᾱ) λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ νἴζνπζη ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα βαζηιῆη 6 ιίζζνληαη πάληαο Ἀραηνύο 7 Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζελ (ῑ)

ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) θαὶ νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε ζύγαηξα

KEY

1 Apollo the free-shooter enraged by king Atreides sent an evil plague through the camp of the Achaeans and

the people were destroyed because the divine Atreides dishonored Chryses the priest 2 For Chryses the priest of

the free-shooter went upon the swift ships of the Achaeans bearing countless ransoms for his daughter whom

Atreides was holding in the camp 3 But the priest had a wreath of Apollo the free-shooter upon a staff in his hand

and was entreating all of the Achaeans but especially the sons of Atreus (who were) the commanders of the host 4

Apollo will be enraged by the king and will kindle an evil plague up through the camp 5 They will go upon the

swift ships of the Achaeans and bring countless ransoms to the king 6 They are entreating all of the Achaeans 7

Atreides dishonored the priest and would not release his daughter

1610 Iliad 11-16

hellipὀιέθνλην δὲ ιᾱνί

νὕλεθα ηὸλ Υξύζελ ἠηίκαζελ ἀξεηῆξα

Αηξεΐδεο ὁ γὰξ ἦιζε ζνὰο ἐπὶ λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ

ιπζόκελνο ηε ζύγαηξα θέξσλ ηrsquo ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα

ζηέκκαηrsquo ἔρσλ ἐλ ρεξζὶλ ἑθεβόινπ Ἀπόιισλνο

ρξπζέῳ ἀλὰ ζθήπηξῳ θαὶ ἐιίζζεην πάληαο Ἀραηνύο

Ἀηξεΐδα δὲ κάιηζηα δύσ θνζκήηνξε ιαῶλ

ηόλ Υξύζελ = that (well-known) Chryses

The first verse ends in two spondees making it a spondaic verse and emphasizing the fact that

Chryses was a priest

ιῡζόκελνο = fut mid part nom masc sing being about to ransom

θέξσλ = pres act part nom sing masc bearing bringing

ἔρσλ = pres act part nom sing masc having holding

ρεξζὶλ ἑθεβόινπ = ρεξζὶ ϝεθεβόινπ

ρξῡζέῳ = synizesis where -έῳ is pronounced as a single syllable

ἐιίζζεην = imperf act ind 3rd

pers sing dep (kept) entreating was entreating

Ἀηξεΐδᾱ = dual of Ἀηξεΐδεο refers to both Agamemnon and Menelaus

KEY

hellipand the people were being destroyed

because Atreides dishonored Chryses the priest

For he had gone upon the swift ships of the Achaeans

intending to ransom his daughter bearing countless gifts

and holding in his hand fillets of Apollo the free-shooter

upon a golden staff and was entreating all of the Achaeans

but especially the two sons of Atreus the commanders of the host

1611 Composition

1 Chryses the priest of Apollo is dishonored by the son of Atreus 2 The Achaeans will go from their swift

ships to Troy and ransom the beloved daughter of the priest 3 We shall bring many ransoms and shall hold in our

hands the fillets of Apollo 4 We do not have a golden scepter but we entreat Priam and all the people of Troy 5

The two sons of Atreus marshallers of the people are entreating Priam but he will slight them 6 The son of

Atreus king of men slighted the priest and did not release his daughter

KEY

1 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) Ἀπόιινπ ἀηῑκάδεηαη Ἀηξεΐδῃ 2 Ἀραηνὶ ἐιεύζνληαη ἐθ ζνάσλ (ᾱ) λήσλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ (ῑ)

θαὶ ἀπειύζνληαη (ῡ) θίιε ζπγάηεξα ἀξεηῆξη (ᾱ) 3 νἴζνκελ πνιιrsquo ἄπνηλα θαὶ ἕζρνκελ ἐλ ρείξεζζη ζηέκκαηα

Ἀπόιινπ 4 νὐθ ἔρνκελ ζθῆπηξνλ ρξύζενλ ἀιιὰ ιηζζόκεζα Πξίακνλ θαὶ πᾶληα ιᾱνλ Ἰιίνπ (ῑ) 5 δύrsquo Ἀηξεΐδᾱ

θνζκήηεξᾱ ιᾱσλ ιίζζεζζνλ Πξίακνλ αὐηνὺο δrsquo ἀηῑκάζεη 6 Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἄλδξσλ ἠηίκαζελ (ῑ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) θαὶ

νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε ζπγάηεξα

1612 Meter

ΟΤ λε θα | ΣΟΝ ΥΡΤ | ΖΝ Ζ | ΣΗ κα ζελ | Α ΡΖ | ΣΖ ΡΑ~

Α ηξε η | ΓΖ ν γαξ | ΖΛ ζε ζν | Α ε πη | ΝΖ αο α | ΥΑΗ ΧΝ

ΛΤ ζν κε | ΝΟ ηε ζπ | ΓΑΣ ξα θε | ΡΧΝ ηα πε | ΡΔΗ ζη α | ΠΟΗ ΝΑ~

ΣΔΜ καη ε | ΥΧΝ ΔΝ | ΥΔΡ ζηλ ε | ΚΖ βν ινπ | Α ΠΟΛ | ΛΧ ΝΟ~

ΥΡΤζεσα | ΝΑ ΚΖΠ | ΣΡΧ θαη ε | ΛΗ ζε ην | ΠΑΝ ηαο α | ΥΑΗ ΟΤ

ΑΣ ξε η | ΓΑ δε κα | ΛΗ ηα δπ | Χ ΚΟ | ΜΖ ην ξε | ΛΑ ΧΝ

Lesson 17

(910 - imperfect middle and passive aorist middle of ιύσ 648-658 - the table

of endings in 32)

171 Paradigms Imperfect MiddlePassive of ιύσ

S 1 ἐιπόκελ

2 ἐιύεν [(ἐιύεπ)]

3 ἐιύεην

D 2 ἐιύεζζνλ

3 ἐιπέζζελ

P 1 ἐιπόκε(ζ)ζα

2 ἐιύεζζε

3 ἐιύνλην

172 Paradigms Aorist Middle of ιύσ

Thematic Athematic (2nd

Aorist)

S 1 ἐιῡζάκελ ἐιύκελ

2 ἐιύζαν (ῡ) [(ἐιύζσ (ῡ))] ἔιπ(ζ)ν

3 ἐιύζαην (ῡ) ἔιπην

D 2 ἐιύζαζζνλ (ῡ) ἔιπζζνλ

3 ἐιῡζάζζελ ἐιύζζελ

P 1 ἐιῡζάκε(ζ)ζα ἐιύκε(ζ)ζα

2 ἐιύζαζζε (ῡ) ἔιπζζε

3 ἐιύζαλην (ῡ) ἔιπλην

173 Vocabulary

δῶκα αηνο ηό house home

παῖο παηδόο ὁ ἡ child son daughter

π(η)όιηο ηνο (ενο) ἡ city state

ἐπθλήκῑο ῑδνο well-greaved

ἐγώ(λ) κέν (κεῦ) I

ζύ ζέν (ζεῦ) you

κέλhellip δέ on the one handhellip trulyhellip on the one handhellip on the other hand

partlyhellip partly the onehellip the other

νἴθαδε home homeward to home home

Verbs

ἅδνκαη (ἁγ-) (defective) I reverence

δέρνκαη I accept I receive

δέμνκαη I will accept

ἐδεμάκελ (ἐδέγκελ) I accepted

δίδσκη (δσ- δν-) I give I grant

(δη)δώζσ I will give

ἔδσθα I gave

ἐθπέξζσ (πεξζ- πξαζ-) I sack (utterly) I plunder I pillage

ἐθπέξζσ I will sack

ἐμέπεξζα (ἐμέπξαζνλ) I sacked

ἱθλένκαη I arrive I reach (a destination)

ἵμνκαη I will arrive

ἱθόκελ (ῑ) I arrived

174 Translation

1 ζενὶ ἔρνπζηλ ιύκπηα δώκαηα ἔδσθαλ δrsquo Ἀηξεΐδεο θαὶ ἄιινηζηλ ἐπθλεκίδεζζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἐθπέξζαη

(infinitive) πόιηλ Πξηάκνπ ηόηε δrsquo ἵθνλην (ῑ) ἐὺ νἴθαδε νὕλεθα παῖδα θίιελ ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἔιῡζαλ 2 ἀπέιῡζαλ

ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνὶ ζύγαηξα θίιελ ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἐδέμαλην δrsquo ἀγιαὰ ἄπνηλα νὕλεθα ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλα Γηὸο πἱὸλ

ἅδνλην 3 ἅδεηαη ἑθεβόινλ 4 Ἀηξεΐδεο νὐθ ἐδέμαην ηὰ ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα 5 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἔδσθελ ἄπνηλα

πνιιὰ βαζηιῆη Ἀηξεΐδῃ 6 πάληεο ζενὶ θαὶ πᾶζαη ζεαὶ εἶρνλ ιύκπηα δώκαηα 7 Ἀραηνὶ ἐπθλήκῑδεο ἐθπέξζνπζη

Πξηάκνην πόιηλ ἵμνληαη δrsquo ἐπ νἴθαδε 8 παῖο θίιε ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἐιύζαην (ῡ) ἵθεην (ῑ) δrsquo ἐὺ νἴθαδε

KEY

1 The gods have Olympian homes but they gave the son of Atreus and the other well-greaved Achaeans to

utterly sack the city of Priam and then they returned safe at home because they released the dear child of the priest

2 The well-greaved Achaeans released the dear daughter of the priest and received glorious ransoms because they

reverenced the free-shooter Apollo son of Zeus 3 He reverences te free-shooter 4 The son of Atreus did not

receive the glorious ransoms 5 Chryses the priest gave many ransoms to king Atreides 6 All of the gods and all of

the goddesses had Olympian homes 7 The well-greved Achaeans will utterly sack Priamrsquos city and will return safe

to home 8 The dear child of the priest was released and arrived well to her home

175 Iliad 17-21

ltltἈηξεΐδαη ηε θαὶ ἄιινη ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνί

ὑκῖλ κὲλ ζενὶ δνῖελ ιύκπηα δώκαηrsquo ἔρνληεο

ἐθπέξζαη Πξηάκνην πόιηλ ἐὺ δrsquo νἴθαδrsquo ἱθέζζαη

παῖδα δrsquo ἐκνὶ ιῦζαί ηε θίιελ ηά ηrsquo ἄπνηλα δέρεζζαη

ἁδόκελνη Γηὸο πἱὸλ ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλαgtgt

Ἀηξεΐδαηhellip ἄιινη ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνί = vocative case

ὑκῖλ (ῡ) = dat plural of ζύ to you

ζενί = one syllable by synizesis

κέλ (v 18) = correlative of δέ (v 20)

δνῖελ = aor act optative 3rd

plural of δίδσκη may they grant

ἔρνληεο = pres act part nom masc plural of ἔρσ having possessing

ἐθπέξζαη = aor act inf of ἐθπέξζσ to sack utterly

ἱθέζζαη = aor act inf of ἱθένκαη to arrive (compare κάρεζζαη)

ιῦζαη δέρεζζαη = infinitives used as imperatives free and accept

ηά ηrsquo ἄπνηλα (ηά ηε ἄπνηλα) = thesehellip gifts

ἁδόκελνη = pres act part nom masc plural reverencing

KEY

ldquoSons of Atreus and you other well-greaved Achaeans

may the gods who have their homes on Olympus grant you

to utterly sack Priamrsquos city and return safe to home

but release my dear child to me and accept these gifts

reverencing Apollo who shoots at will the son of Zeusrdquo

176 Composition

1 The gods who have (ἔρνληεο) Olympian homes will grant to the sons of Atreus and to the other well-greaved

Achaeans to sack utterly (ἐθπέξζαη) the city of Priam 2 When they sacked the city of Priam they returned happily

home 3 They accepted the shining ransoms and freed the darling daughter of the priest Chryses 4 We reverenced

the free-shooter Apollo son of Leto and Zeus and escaped death 5 Will the son of Atreus accept the shining

ransoms 6 The child of the priest was freed when he gave many shining ransoms which the two sons of Atreus

accepted

KEY

1 ζενὶ ἔρνληεο ιύκπηα δώκαηα δώζνπζη Ἀηξεΐδῃζη θαὶ ἄιινηζηλ ἐπθλεκίδεζζηλ (ῑ) Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἐθπέξζαη πόιηλ

Πξηάκνπ 2 ηόηε ἐμέπεξζαλ πόιηλ Πξηάκνην ἵθνλην (ῑ) ἐὺ νἴθαδε 3 ἐδέμαλην ἀγιαrsquo ἄπνηλα θαὶ ἀπέιῡζαλ ζπγάηεξα

θίιε ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) Υξύζᾱν (ῡ) 4 ἡμάκεζα ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλα Λεηόνο θαὶ Γηὸο πἱόλ θαὶ ζάλαηνλ 5

Ἀηξεΐδεο δέμεηαη ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα 6 παῖο ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἀπειύζαην (ῡ) ηόηε ἔδσθελ ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀγιάα ηὰ

Ἀηξεΐδᾱ ἐδώθαζηλ

Lesson 18

(Perfect and Pluperfect Active of Verbs 904 922 Third Declension γέρων

αἴξ 693-695)

181 Formation of the Perfect and Pluperfect Active

The perfect and pluperfect in all modes experience reduplication of the initial syllable which denotes completed

action Verbs beginning with a single consonant (except ξ) prefix this consonant followed by -ε Thus ιύσ =

ιέιπθα The stem sometimes stands in ablaut relation to the stem of the present as in βαίλσ = βέβεθα A

reduplicated syllable beginning with an aspirated mute is changed to its corresponding voiceless mute in the

reduplicated syllable ie ζλήζθσ = ηέζλεθα In these cases the reduplicated pluperfect adds ἐ- to the reduplicated

syllable ie ιύσ = ιέιπθα = ἐιέιπθε

Vebs beginning with a double consonant two consonants (except a mute followed by a liquid or a nasal) ξ and

some beginning with κ simply augment the stem with the addition of ε-

Verbs beginning in a vowel typically take the temporal augment by lengthening the vowel ie νἴρνκαη =

ᾤρσθα However verbs beginning with a vowel in which an initial consonant has been lost may take the syllabic

augment

Compound verbs typically insert the reduplication and augment between the preposition and the verb ie

ἀπνιύσ = ἀπνιέιπθα = ἀπειειύθε

The first perfect active adds -θα- to the stem followed by the primary endings The first pluperfect active

similarly adds -θε- followed by the secondary endings In general a short final vowel is lengthened before the

addition of the -θα- or -θε- Second perfects and pluperfects active are the older form and are more common in

Homer These omit the θ and simply add -α- or -ε- respectively The second perfects are more common in stems

ending in a consonant

In general the singular perfect and pluperfect active stand in ablaut relation to the dual and plural forms

Perfects and pluperfects are rare in Homer and only occur in some twenty verbs

182 Paradigms λέλυκα and βέβηκα

ιέιπθα ἐιειύθε (ἐιειύθεα)

ιέιπθαο ἐιειύθο (ἐιειύθεαο)

ιέιπθε(λ) ἐιειύθεη (ἐιειύθεε)

ιειύθαηνλ ἐιειύθαηνλ

ιειύθαηνλ ἐιειπθάηελ

ιειύθακελ ἐιειύθεκελ

ιειύθαηε ἐιειύθεηε

ιειύθᾱζη ἐιειύθεζαλ

βέβεθα ἐβεβήθεα (ἐβεβήθε)

βέβεθαο ἐβεβήθεαο (ἐβεβήθεο)

βέβεθε(λ) ἐβεβήθεε (ἐβεβήθεη)

βέβαηνλ ἐβέβαηνλ

βέβαηνλ ἐβεβάηελ

βέβακελ ἐβέβακελ

βέβαηε ἐβέβαηε

βέβᾱζη ἐβέβαζαλ

183 Paradigms γέρων and αἴξ

γέξσλ αἴμ

γέξνληνο αἰγόο

γέξνληη αἰγί

γέξνληα αἶγα

γέξνλ αἴμ

γέξνληε αἶγε

γεξόληνηηλ αἴγνηηλ

γέξνληεο αἶγεο

γεξόλησλ αἰγῶλ

γεξόληεζ(ζ)η (γέξνπζη) αἴγεζ(ζ)η (αἰμί)

γέξνληαο αἶγαο

184 Vocabulary

ἀγνξή ῆο ἡ assembly meeting place gathering harrangue

αἴμ αἰγόο ὁ ἡ goat

Ἄξγνο ενο ηό Argos (both a country and a city in Greece)

γέξσλ νληνο ὁ old man

γῆξαο ανο ηό old age

ἱεξεύο ῆνο ὁ priest holy man

κεξίνλ νπ ηό thigh-bone thigh-piece

πνύο πνδόο ὁ foot

ηαῦξνο νπ ὁ bull

θξήλ θξελόο ἡ diaphragm mind heart soul spirit disposition

δέθαηνο ε νλ tenth

ἡκέηεξνο ε νλ our ours

θνῖινο ε νλ hollow

ὠθύο ὠθεῖα ὠθύ swift speedy

ζλήζθσ die perish

ζαλένκαη

ἔζαλνλ

ηέζλεθα

θεύγσ flee fly escape run (off away along)

θεύμνκαη

ἔθπγνλ

πέθεπγα

νὗηνο αὕηε ηνῦην (this)

Masc Fem Neut

N νὗηνο αὕηε ηνῦην

G ηνύηνπ νην ηαύηεο ηνύηνπ νην

D ηνύηῳ ηαύηῃ ηνύηῳ

A ηνῦηνλ ηαύηελ ηνῦην

N A ηνύησ (ηνύησ) ηνύησ

G D ηνύηνηηλ (ηνύηνηηλ) ηνύηνηηλ

N νὗηνη αὗηαη ηαῦηα

G ηνύησλ ηαῡηάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] ηνύησλ

D ηνύηνηζη νηο ηαύηῃζη ῃο ηνύηνηζη νηο

A ηνύηνπο ηαύηᾱο ηαῦηα

82 Vocabulary

ἀιιά but moreover

ἄιινο ε νλ other another

αὐηόο ή ό self him himself her herself it itself same

δῖνο α νλ (declined like ζάιαζζα) divine heavenly glorious

(ἐ)θεῖλνο ε ν that (one) he she it

ἑθεβόινο νπ ὁ free-shooter sharpshooter (originally shoots-at-will a title for Apollo)

θαθῶο evilly wickedly harshly with evil consequences

ὁ ἡ ηό this that he she it who which what

νὕλεθα (νὗ-ἔλεθα) because

ζθῆπηξνλ νπ ηό scepter staff

ηέ and also both

ρξύζενο (ῡ) ε νλ gold golden of gold

83 Derivatives

ἄιινο (allo-) = allopathy

αὐηόο (auto-) = automaton autocracy autograph autonomy

ρξύζενο (ῡ) (chryse-) = chrysanthemum chrysalis chrysolite

84 Translation Excersis

1 δῖνο ἑθεβόινο αὐηὸο ἀείδεη ἀιιrsquo νὐρ ἁλδάλεη ἄιινηζη ζενῖζη ζῡκῷ 2 θεῖλνη Ἀραηνὶ ἀηῑκάδνπζη ηνὺο ζενύο

3 ὁ ἑθεβόινο πέκπεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ θαθῶο ὀιέθεη θεῖλνλ ιᾱόλ νὕλεθα ηὸλ ἀηῑκάδνπζηλ 4

νὐθ ἀηῑκάδνκελ ηνὺο ζενύο νἳ ἔρνπζη ζθῆπηξα ρξύζεα (ῡ) 5 ὁ ἑθεβόινο ηε θαὶ νἱ ἄιινη ζενὶ θέξνπζη ρξύζεα (ῡ)

ζθῆπηξα θᾱιά 6 ηίο ηεύρεη ηὰ ζθῆπηξα ρξύζεα (ῡ) ηνῖζη ζενῖο ζαιάζζεο 7 ἀείδεη ἑθεβόινο αὐηὸο βνπιὰο (ᾱ)

ἄιισλ ζεῶλ ηνῖζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ 8 εἰζὶλ νἱ Ἀραηνὶ θᾱινί νἱ ὀιέθνπζη ηὸλ ζηξαηὸλ θαίνπζί ηε ηὰο (ᾱ) ππξάο (ᾱ) 9 ἡ

ζεὰ (ᾱ) ηῆο δεηλῆο ζαιάζζεο ἔρεη ηὸ ζθῆηξνλ ρξύζενλ (ῡ) 10 ἐλὶ ηῇ πάηξε εἰζὶλ αἱ ππξαί 11 ηίο ηεύρεη ηὸλ

ζηξαηὸλ ἑιώξηα ηνῖζηλ νἰσλνῖζηλ

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 The divine free-shooter himself sings but it does not please the hearts of the other gods 2 Those Achaeans

dishonor these gods 3 This free-shooter sends an evil plague up through the camp of the Achaeans and wickedly

destroys that host because they dishonor him 4 We do not dishonor these gods who hold the golden scepters 5

Both this free-shooter and these other gods carry beautiful golden scepters 6 Who fashions the golden scepters for

these gods of the sea 7 Does the free-shooter himself sing the plans of the other gods to these Achaeans 8 Are

these Achaeans noble who destroy (our) camp and burn funeral pyres 9 This goddess of the terrible sea holds a

golden scepter 10 The funeral pyrers are in (our) fatherland 11 Who makes (our) camp a spoil for these vultures

85 Composition Exercises

1 ἑθεβόινο αὐηὸο ἀείδεη ηὰο (ᾱ) βνπιὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) ζεῶλ 2 ηί νὐρ ἁλδάλεη ηνῖο ἄιινηζη ζενῖζηλ νἳ ἐλὶ

ζαιάζζῃ 3 ἐθεῖλνο Ἀραηὸο ἀηῑκάδεη ηνὺο ζενὺο πάηξεο νἱ ἔρνπζη ηὰ ζθῆπηξα ρξύζεα (ῡ) 4 ὁ ἑθεβόινο πέκπεη

λνύζνπο πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θαθὰο (ᾱ) ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ ὀιέθεη κῡξίνπο ιᾱνύο νὕλεθα ηὸλ ἀηῑκάδνπζηλ 5 ηίο

θαίεη ηὰο (ᾱ) ππξὰο (ᾱ) Ἀραηῶλ ἐπὶ δεηλῇ ζαιάζζῃ 6 ὁ ἑθεβόινο ηεύρεη κῡξίνπο Ἀραίνπο ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζηλ νὕλεθα

ηὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) ζεὰο (ᾱ) ζαιάζζεο ἀηῑκάδνπζηλ

Lesson 9

(830-840 904)

91 The Verbal Augment

Greek verbs frequently add a prefix to a verb (in the secondary tenses of the idicative) to indicate action

occurring in the past This prefix is called an augment Verbal augments take one of two forms the syllabic

augment which consists of adding an extra syllable to the beginning of a word and the temporal augment which

consists of lengthening the first syllable of a word While the augment is consistently applied in later dialects of

Greek it was still optional in Homeric and is often omitted (the tense being determined solely from the suffixes)

The syllabic augment is applied to verbs that begin with a consonant (or rare verbs that originally began with a

consonant) and consists of the prefix ε- Thus ιύνκελ = we loose (present tense) but ἐιύνκελ = we were loosing

(past tense) Some Greek words originally began with a ϝ or an ζ that later disappeared (usually replace with the

rough breathing) In those cases the augment is sometimes syllabic reflecting the earlier practice The word ἁλδάλσ

for example was originally ζϝαλδάλσ (swandano) The original augmented form of the imperfect was ἐζϝάλδαλνλ

(eswandano) When the ζϝ- was dropped the syllabic augment was retained ἑάλδαλνλ (heandano)

When a verb has lost an initial ζ the syllabic augment frequently contracts with the initial vowel For example

the word ἔρσ was originally ζέρσ The original augmented imperfect was ἔζερνλ When the initial ζ disappeared

the result was ἔερνλ which contracted to εἶρνλ (because εε usually contracts to εη) This pattern is also sometimes

present in verbs that originally began with ϝ such as ϝίδνλ =gt ἐϝηδνλ = ἔηδνλ = εἶδνλ

The temporal augment consists of lengthening an initial vowel and occurs in most Greek verbs that begin with

an initial vowel In general initial α or ε becomes ε initial η ν or π becomes ῑ initial αη and ᾳ become ῃ and initial

νη becomes ῳ Thus ἄγνκελ (we lead) becomes ἤγνκελ (we were leading) If the verb already begins with a long

vowel (ε ῃ ῑ ῡ σ ῳ) there is usually no change

Verbs that begin with ξ usually double the ξ when adding the syllabic augment This feature also sometimes

occurs in verbs beginning with ι κ λ or ζ

Compound verbs are usually formed from a combination of preposition + verb such as ἀπό (away from) + ιύσ

(loosen) = ἀπνιύσ (set free turn loose) In compound verbs a temporal augment is inserted between the preposition

and the verb If the preposition ends in a vowel the vowel is usually elided Thus ἀπνιύνκελ (we set free) becomes

ἀπειύνκελ (elided from ἀπνειύνκελ we were setting free)

92 The Imperfect Tense

The imperfect denotes continuous action in past time and typically corresponds to the past participle in English

Thus ἔιπνλ (imperfect) = I was loosing Occasionally the Greek imperfect is best translated by the simple past tense

in English The imperfect tense is formed by adding the secondary tense endings (which will be described in a later

lesson) to the augmented stem of the verb

In the paradigm below the unaugmented form is shown in brackets

Imperfect Tense

S 1st Pers ἔιπνλ [ιύνλ] I was loosing

2nd

Pers ἔιπεο [ιύεο] you were loosing

3rd

Pers ἔιπε(λ) [ιύε(λ)] he she it was loosing

D 2nd

Pers ἐιύεηνλ [ιύεηνλ] you (two) were loosing the pair of you were loosing

3rd

Pers ἐιπέηελ [ιπέηελ] they (two) were loosing the pair of them were loosing

P 1st Pers ἐιύνκελ [ιύνκελ] we were loosing

2nd

Pers ἐιύεηε [ιύεηε] you (ye) were loosing

3rd

Pers ἐιύνλ [ιύνλ] they were loosing

93 Vocabulary

ἄιιῃ elsewhere

Ἀξγεῖνο νπ ὁ Argive

-δε (suffix + acc) to

δηά (adv) between among (+gen) through (+acc) through by means

of on account of during

δηίθηινο (ῑ) ε νλ dear to Zeus

εἴξσ speak say tell

ἐκόο ή όλ my mine

ἔξγνλ νπ ηό (ϝέξγνλ) work deed accomplishment

-ζελ (suffix gen ending) from

Κιπηαηκήζηξε εο ἡ Clytaemnestra

(also Κιπηαηκλήζηξε)

καληνζύλε εο ἡ gift of prophesy

νἶθνο νπ ὁ house home

ιύκπηνο ε νλ Olympian

Ὄιπκπνο νπ ὁ Olympus

Πξίακνο νπ ὁ Priam

ζόο ζή ζόλ your yours

εἶρνλ (imperfect of ἔρσ) I was having I had

94 Derivatives

95 Translation Exercises

1 ὁ ἑθεβόινο δηὰ καληνζύλελ εἴξεη βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ηῶλ ζεῶλ Ἀξγείνηζηλ 2 νἱ ιύκπηνη ζενὶ εἶρνλ νἴθνπο ἐλ

ιύκπῳ 3 ὁ ἑθεβόινο δηίθηινο (ῑ) ἔηεπρε ηνὺο Ἀξγείνπο Ἀραηνύο ηε ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζηλ 4 Ἀραηνὶ Ἀξγεῖνί ηrsquo

ἔηεπρνλ ἔξγα θαθὰ δηὰ βνπιὴλ ζεᾶο 5 Κιπηαηκήζηξε δηὰ ηὸλ ζῡκὸλ ἔηεπρελ ηὰ ἔξγα δεηλά 6 Πξίακνο ιᾱόο ηε

Πξηάκνπ ὤιεθνλ πνιινὺο Ἀξγείνπο 7 ηίο εἴξεη ηὰ ζὰ ἔξγα θαθὰ Πξηάκῳ 8 ηὰ ἔξγα ἐκά ἐζηη θᾱιά νὕλεθα ἔηεπρνλ

βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεῶλ θαὶ ζεάσλ (ᾱ) δηὰ ηὴλ καληνζύλελ 9 ἐπέκπνκελ ηὰ ρξύζεα (ῡ) ζθῆπηξα εἰο νἶθνλ Πξηάκῳ 10

ἐθαίεηε ηὰο (ᾱ) ππξὰο (ᾱ) δεηλῇ θιαγγῇ 11 νὐρ ἥλδαλε ἡ βνπιὴ ζεᾷ ζαιάζζεο ζῡκῷ 12 αἱ ζεαὶ ἀείδνπζη ηὰ θᾱιὰ

ἔξγα ηῶλ ζεῶλ ἑθεβόινο δὲ βαίλεη ἄιιῃ 13 εἶρε Πξίακνο ἀγιαὸλ θαὶ θᾱιὸλ νἶθνλ

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 This free-shooter relates the plans of the gods to the Argives through prophesy 2 These Olympian gods had

homes on Olympus 3 This free-shooter beloved of Zeus made both the Argives and the Achaeans prey for the

vultures 4 Both the Achaeans and the Argives committed evil deeds through the will of the goddess 5 Because of

her heart Clytaemnestra wrought these terrible deeds 6 Both Priam and the host of Priam killed many Argives 7

Who relates these evil deeds of yours to Priam 8 These works of mine are noble because through prophesy I

accomplished the of the gods and goddess 9 We sent the golden scepters to the house of Priam 10 Were you

burning the funeral pyres with a terrible uproar 11 Does the plan not please the heart of the goddess of the sea 12

The goddesses sing the noble deeds of the gods but the free-shooter walks elsewhere 13 Priam had a splendid and

beautiful home

96 Composition Exercises

1 Who brought these countless shining ransoms to the beautiful home of Priam 2 The Achaeans and the

Argives burned many funeral pyres in your beloved fatherland 3 Clytaemnestra was wicked and performed many

dreadful deeds 4 Through the gift of prophesy we tell many glorious deeds of the gods and goddesses who have

Olympian homes 5 My deeds are noble but yours are cowardly 6 The gods sent an evil plague up through the

camp and destroyed many Achaeans because they dishonored the free-shooter 7 It was not pleasing to

Clytaemnestra in (her) wicked soul

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 ηίο ἔθεξε ηὰο ἄπνηλα ἀγιαὰ εἰο νἶθνλ θᾱιὸλ Πξηάκνπ 2 Ἀραηνὶ θαὶ Ἀξγεῖνη ἔθαηνλ ππξὰο (ᾱ) πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἐλ

ζῇ πάηξῃ θᾱιῇ 3 Κιπηαηκλήζηξε θαθὴ ἦλ θαὶ ἔηεπρελ ἄξγα πνιιὰ θαὶ δεηλά 4 δηὰ καληνζύλελ εἴξνκελ ἔξγα

πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀγιαὰ ζεῶλ θαὶ ζεάσλ (ᾱ) νἳ ἔρνπζηλ νἴθνπο ιπκπίνπο 5 ἔξγα ἐκὰ θᾱιή εἰζηλ ζὰ δὲ θαθά 6 ζενὶ

ἔπεκπνλ λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ θαὶ ὤιεθνλ Ἀραίνπο πνιινύο νὕλεθα ἠηίκαδνλ (ῑ) ἑθεβόινλ 7 νὐρ ἥλδαλε

Κιπηαηκλήζηξῃ ζῡκῷ θαθῷ

Lesson 10

(841-857 904)

101 Formation of the Aorist and Future Tenses

The first aorist is a secondary tense formed by adding -ζ(ζ)α to the augmented verb stem followed by the

personal endings of the secondary tense If the verb stem ends in a consonant or a long vowel only a single ζ is

added If the stem ends in a short vowel either one or two sigmas may be added A few aorists (called ldquomixed

aoristsrdquo) are formed by adding -ζ followed by the thematic vowel and the personal endings for the secondary tenses

to the augmented stem

The future is formed by adding -ζ followed by the thematic vowel and the personal endings for the primary

tenses

If the verb stem ends in a long vowel the stem is not affected by the addition of the suffixes for the future or

aorist tenses If the stem ends in a short vowel it is regularly lengthened in all tenses except the present and the

imperfect There are however a few exceptions to this pattern In most cases these verbs add ζ before the personal

endings of the perfect middle and aorist passive

102 Classification of Verbs

Verbs are classified into four groups according to the final letter of the stem vowel verbs liquid verbs nasal

verbs and mute verbs

When -ζ is added to the end of a mute verb a labial combines with ζ to form ς a palatal combines with ζ to

form μ and a lingual is dropped (leaving only ζ)

When -ζ is added to the end of a liquid or nasal verb it is usually preceded by -ε and the ζ is dropped in

contraction Thus βαιισ = βαιέζσ = βαιέσ In rare cases the ε is dropped and the ζ retained In some vowel-stem

verbs where the final vowel is preceded by a liquid or nasal the verb behaves as a liquidnasal and adds -εζ to the

stem θαιέσ (present) = θαιέζσ (future) = θαιέσ (future contracted) The formations in which the ζ is dropped

after α or ε are sometimes called ldquoAttic futuresrdquo

Verbs with liquid and nasal stems regularly form the aorist by dropping the ζ and lengthening the stem vowel

A few verbs have active forms in the present tense but middle forms in the future tense ἀθνύσ (I hear) but

ἀθνύζνκαη (I will hear)

103 Paradigms Future and First Aorist of ιύσ

Future

S 1st Pers ιύζσ (ῡ) I shall loose

2nd

Pers ιύζεηο (ῡ) you will loose

3rd

Pers ιύζεη (ῡ) he she it will loose

D 2nd

Pers ιύζεηνλ (ῡ) you (two) will loose

3rd

Pers ιύζεηνλ (ῡ) they (two) will loose

P 1st Pers ιύζνκελ (ῡ) we shall loose

2nd

Pers ιύζεηε (ῡ) you (ye) will loose

3rd

Pers ιύζνπζη(λ) (ῡ) they will loose

First Aorist

S 1st Pers ἔιῡζα I loosed

2nd

Pers ἔιῡζαο you loosed

3rd

Pers ἔιῡζε(λ) he she it loosed

D 2nd

Pers ἐιύζαηνλ (ῡ) you (two) loosed

3rd

Pers ἔιῡζάηελ they (two) loosed

P 1st Pers ἐιύζακελ (ῡ) we loosed

2nd

Pers ἐιύζαηε (ῡ) you (ye) loosed

3rd

Pers ἔιῡζαλ they loosed

104 Vocabulary

ἄγσ ἄμσ ἤγαγνλ lead drive conduct bring carry

ἀλάζζσ (ϝαλαθ-) ἀλάμσ ἠλαμα (+gen) rule (over) guard protect

ἄξηζηνο ε νλ best noblest bravest fairest

αὖηηο (back) again anew

Γαλαόο νῦ ὁ Danaan

ἑθαηόκβε εο ἡ hecatomb sacrifice

ζάλαηνο νπ ὁ death

Ἴιηνο νπ ἡ Ilium Troy the region around Troy

κεγάζῡκνο ε νλ great-souled brave

ὄρα far much considerably

πέζσ (πεηζ- πνηζ- πηζ-) πείζσ ἔπεηζα (πέπηζνλ) persuade win over mislead

θηιέσ θηιήζσ ἐθίιεζα love cherish entertain hospitably

εἶπνλ εἶπεο εἶπε(λ) θηι 2nd

aor speak say tell etc

ἔβεζα ἔβεζαο ἔβεζε(λ) θηι 1st aor come go walk etc

105 Derivatives

ἄγσ (ag-) = pedagogue demagogue synagogue

ἄξηζηνο (arist-) = aristocracy

ζάλαηνο (thanat-) = thanatopsis euthanasia

106 Translation Exercises

1 ηίο ἦλ ὄρrsquo ἄξηζηνο Γαλαῶλ 2 Πξίακνο κεγάζῡκνο ἤλαζζελ Ἰιίνπ 3 νὐθ αὖηηο ἄμνπζη Γαλανὶ κεγάζῡκνη

ἑθαηόκβᾱο πνιιὰο (ᾱ) εἰο Υξύζελ (ῡ) 4 νὐθ ἔπεηζαλ ἑθεβόινλ πνιιῇο ἑθαηόβῃζη θᾱιῇζηλ 5 νὐ θηιήζνκελ ζενύο

νὕλεθα θᾱινὶ εἰζηλ 6 Γαλανὶ ηεύμνπζη ζάλαηνλ Πξηάκῳ ἐλ Ἰιίῳ 7 ἐθίιεζα ζεὰλ (ᾱ) ζαιάζζεο ἀιιrsquo νὐρ ἥλδαλε

ἑθεβόιῳ ζῡκῷ 8 ἀείζνκελ θαὶ πείζνκελ ζενύο 9 ὄρrsquo ἄξηζνη ἐλ Ἰιίῳ ηὰ εἶπνλ Πξηάκῳ ἀιιὰ ηνὺο ἠηῑκάζελ 10

Πξίακνο ἔπεκςε ηὸλ ζηξαηὸλ ἄξηζηνλ ἐπrsquo Ἀξγείνηζηλ 11 ἔβεζαλ αὖηηο Γαλανὶ εἰο Ἴιηνλ ἀιιrsquo νὐθ ἔπεηζαλ

Πξίακνλ 12 ἀείζνκελ ἑθεβόινλ ὄρrsquo ἄξηζηνλ ζεῶλ νὕλεθrsquo ἤγαγε Γαλανὺο εἰο Ἴιηνλ

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 Who was by far the noblest of the Danaans 2 Great-souled Priam ruled Ilium 3 Not agan will the great-

souled Danaans lead many sacrifices into Chrysa 4 They did not persuade the free-shooter with many goodly

sacrifices 5 Do we not love the gods because they are good 6 The Danaans will prepare death for Priam in Ilium

7 I loved the goddess of the sea but it was not pleasing to the heart of the free-shooter 8 We will sing and

persuade the gods 9 By far the noblest in Ilium this they say of Priam but he (is the one) he dishonored () 10

Priam sent the best army against the Argives 11 The Danaans went back to Ilium but they did not persuade Priam

12 We hymn the free-shooter greatest of the gods because he led the Danaans into Ilium

107 Composition Exercises

1 The great-souled Achaeans will not persuade the free-shooter with goodly hecatombs but he will prepare evil

death for the people 2 The noblest of the Achaeans went to Ilium but they did not persuade the soul of Priam 3

We shall sing because the gods have led (aor) the people into Troy 4 We shall have many shining golden scepters

5 Did you not love the gods who have Olympian homes 6 Priam shall not rule Ilium again for the Achaeans will

prepare evil death for him 7 Does he speak to the beautiful goddess of the sea 8 They will persuade the souls of

the gods with many hecatombs

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 Ἀραηνὶ κεγάζῡκνη νὐ πείζνπζηλ ἑθεβόινλ πνιιῇο ἑθαηόκβῆζηλ ἀιιὰ ηεύμεη ζάλαηνλ θαθὸλ ιᾱνῖζηλ 2

ἄξηζηνη Ἀραηῶλ ἔβεζαλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ ἀιιrsquo νὐθ ἔπεηζαλ ζῡκὸλ Πξηάκῳ 3 ἀείζνκελ νὕλεθα ζενὺο ἤγαγνλ ιᾱὸλ εἰο

Ἴιηνλ 4 ἕζρνκελ πνιιὰ ρξύζεα (ῡ) ἀγιαὰ ζθῆπηξα 5 νὐθ ἐθηιήζαηε ζενὺο νἳ ἔρνπζηλ νἴθνπο ιπκπίνπο 6 νὐθ

αὖηηο ἀλάζζεη Πξίακνο Ἰιίνπ Ἀραηνὶ γὰξ ηεύμνπζη ζάλαηνλ θαθὸλ αὐηῷ 7 εἴξεη ζεᾷ θᾱιᾷ ζαιάζζεο 8 πείζνπζη

ζῡκνὺο ζεῶλ πνιιῇο ἑθαηόκβῃζηλ

Lesson 11

(664-675 838-839)

111 First Declension Masculine Nouns

First declension masculines typically end in -εο -ᾱο or -ᾰο in the nominative and are declined exactly the same

as their feminine counterparts (with the exception of the nominative singular which adds -ο the genitive singular

which regularly ends in -ᾱν and the vocative singular which ends in -ε -ᾱ or -ᾰ) Those ending in -εο retain -ε

throughout the singular those ending in -ᾱο retain the -ᾱ throughout the singular and those ending in -ᾰο take the -ε

ending in the dative

Masculines ending in -δεο take -ε in the vocative singular while those ending in -ηεο (as well as compound

nouns and the names of nationalities) regularly take -ᾰ Those ending in -ᾱο take the the nominative singular in -ᾱ

A very few first declension adjectives take a masculine ending in -ᾰ (without the final -ο) Many of these also

have an alternative form that ends in the more common -εο Those that do not have an alternative form in -εο usually

have the recessive accent (a feature inherited from the Aeolic influence in Homer) The only masculine noun ending

in -ᾰ in the nominative is the name Θύεζηα (Thyestes)

First declension masculine nouns typically follow the paradigms for Ἀηξεΐδεο (Atreides son of Atreus) Αἰλείᾱο

(Aeneas) and αἰρκεηήο (spearman warrior)

Ἀηξεΐδεο ᾱν ὁ Αἰλείᾱο ᾱν ὁ αἰρκεηήο ᾱν ὁ

(Αηξεϝηδᾱ-) (Αἰλεηᾱ-) (αἰρκεηᾱ-)

N Ἀηξεΐδεο Αἰλείᾱο αἰρκεηήο [ά]

G Ἀηξεΐδᾱν [εσ] Αἰλείᾱν [σ] αἰρκεηᾶν [έσ]

D Ἀηξεΐδῃ Αἰλείᾳ αἰρκεηῇ

A Ἀηξεΐδελ Αἰλείαλ αἰρκεηήλ

V Ἀηξεΐδε Αἰλείᾱ αἰρκεηά

N A V Ἀηξεΐδᾱ αἰρκεηά (ᾱ)

G D Ἀηξεΐδῃηλ αἰρκεηῇηλ

N V Ἀηξεΐδαη αἰρκεηαί

G Ἀηξετδάσλ (ᾱ) αἰρκεηάσλ (ᾱ)

[έσλ ῶλ] [έσλ ῶλ]

D Ἀηξεΐδῃζη ῃο αἰρκεηῇζη ῇο

A Ἀηξεΐδᾱο αἰρκεηάο (ᾱ)

112 Compound Verbs

Compound verbs are formed from a preposition or adverb coupled with a verb such as ἀλαβαίλσ (ascend)

formed from ἀλα (up) and βαίλσ (go) If the preposition ends in a vowel and the verb begins with a vowel the vowel

of the preposition is usually elided as in δηίζηεκη (δηὰ ἰζηεκη) ἁθαηξέσ (ἀπὸ αἱξέσ)

The augment occurs between the preposition and the verb When two vowels are thus brought together the first

vowel is usually elided leaving the augment Thus ἀπνιύσ (I release present) ἀπέιπνλ (I was releasing

imperfect) ἀπέιῡζα (I released aorist)

113 Vocabulary

ἀλαβαίλσ ἀλαβήζσ ἀλέβεζα go up ascend embark

ἀπνιύσ ἀπνιύζσ (ῡ) ἀπέιῡζα loose set free release

Ἀηξεΐδεο -ᾱν ὁ Atreides son of Atreus (usually refers to Agamemnon)

θαηαθεύσ θαηαθαύζσ θαηέθεα burn consume

θειεύσ - ἔθιπνλ (+gen) hear hearken to

κεηέεηπνλ κεηεῖπνλ (2nd

aor of εἴξσ) spoke among addressed spoke to

ὅηε when whenever

Πειεηάδεο ᾱν (εσ) ὁ Peleiades son of Peleus (used in reference to Achilles)

πξνζέεηπνλ πξνζεῖπνλ (2nd

aor of εἴξσ) addressed spoke to

ηόηε then at that time

ρνιόσ ρνιώζσ ἐρόισζα anger enrage vex

Υξύζεο (ῡ) ᾱν (εσ) ὁ Chryses

Verbs

ἀλαβαίλσ

stem ἀλα + βαλ- βα-

future ἀλαβήζσ (rarely ἀλαβήζνκαη)

1st aorist ἀλέβεζα (rarely 2

nd aor ἀλέβελ)

ἀπνιύσ

stem ἀπό + ιύσ

future ἀπνιύζσ (ῡ)

1st aorist ἀπέιῡζα

θαηαθαίσ

stem θαηά + θαπ- θαϝ- θαη-

future θαηαθαύζσ (assumed form)

1st aorist θαηέθεα

θειεύσ (Attic)

stem θιεπ- θιεϝ- θιπ-

future none

2nd

aorist ἐθιπνλ

ρνιόσ

stem ρνιν-

future ρνιώζσ

1st aorist ἐρόισζα

Notes

In Homeric Greek the stem vowel is usually lengthened before -ζ hence ἀλαβαίλσ =gt ἀλαβήζσ =gt

ἀλέβεζα ἀπνιύσ =gt ἀπνιύζσ (ῡ) =gt ἀπέιῡζα

ἀλαβαίλσ also has a 2nd

aorist ἀλέβελ

A few verbs have active forms in the present but middle forms in the future ἀλαβαίλσ has two future

forms one active (ἀλαβήζσ) and one middle (ἀλαβήζνκαη)

Verbs with stems ending in -αηλσ originally had a consonantal η following the λ (ie ἀλαβαηλησ)

114 Translation

1 θᾱινὶ ζενὶ ἔηεπμαλ ζάλαηνλ θαθὸλ δίῳ (ῑ) Πειεηάδῃ ὁ δrsquo ἀλέβελ ππξήλ 2 ἑθεβόινο ὤιεθε ιᾱὸλ Ἀραηῶλ

νὕλεθα δῖνο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) 3 θαηέθεα ἑθαηόκβᾱο πνιιάο (ᾱ) 4 ἑθεβόινο νὐθ ἔθιπελ Ἀηξεΐδᾱν

νὕλεθα ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) 5 Υξύζεο (ῡ) κεηέεηπελ Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἀιιrsquo νὐθ Ἀηξεΐδῃ ἥλδαλε ζῡκῷ 6 ὅηε θαθῶο

πξνζέεηπελ Ἀηξεΐδεο Υξύζελ (ῡ) ηόηε ἐρόισζελ ἑθεβόινλ 7 ἀπειύζακελ (ῡ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) νὕλεθα ηὸλ

ἐθηιήζακελ 8 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἤλεηθελ ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα Ἀηξεΐδῃ 9 νἴζνκελ ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀπνιύζνκελ (ῡ)

Υξύζελ (ῡ) νὕλεθα ηὸλ ἐθηιήζακελ θαὶ θίινο ἐζηὶλ ἑθεβόιῳ 10 ηίο θέξεη ἄπνηλα Υξύζᾱν (ῡ) Ἀηξεΐδῃ 11 δῖνο

Πειεηάδεο ἐρόισζελ Ἀηξεΐδελ 12 ὅηε θαηεθήακελ πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἑθαηόκβᾱο θᾱιάο (ᾱ) ηόηε ἐπείζακελ ζῡκνὺο ζεῶλ

13 δηὰ καληνζύλελ Υξύζεο (ῡ) εἶπε βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεῶλ Ἀηξεΐδῃ Πειεηάδῃ ηε

KEY

1 The noble gods prepared evil death for the divine Peleiades and he ascended the funeral pyre 2 The free-

shooter destroyed the host of the Achaeans because the divine Atreides dishonored Chryses 3 I burned many

funeral pyres 4 The free-shooter did not hear the son of Atreus because he dishonored Chryses 5 Chryses spoke

among the Achaeans but but it did not please the heart of Atreides 6 It angered the free-shooter when the son of

Atreus spoke wickedly to Chryses 7 We released Chryses because we loved him 8 Chryses brought countless

glorious ransoms to the son of Atreus 9 We will bring many ransoms and release Chryses because we loved him

and he is dear to the free-shooter 10 Who brought the ransoms of Chryses to the son of Atreus 11 The divine

Peleiades angered the son of Atreus 12 We persuaded the hearts of the gods when we burned many good

hecatombs 13 Through prophesy Chryses spoke the will of the gods to both Atreides and Peleiades

115 Composition

1 The Achaeans ascended into Troy and killed the noble Priam 2 We burned many goodly hecatombs to the

Olympian gods 3 Chryses spoke among the Achaeans but the son of Atreus did not hearken to him 4 The

Achaeans addressed the son of Atreus but he did not free Chryses 5 The son of Atreus will bring many ransoms

into the camp of the Achaeans 6 Who will persuade the gods with many goodly hecatombs

KEY

1 Ἀραηνὶ ἀλέβεζαλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ θαὶ ὤιεμαλ θᾱιὸλ Πξηάκνλ 2 θαηέθεκελ πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) ἑθαηόκβὰο (ᾱ)

ζενῖο ιπκπίνηο 3 Υξύζεο (ῡ) κεηέεηπελ Ἀραηνῖο ἀιιrsquo Ἀηξεΐδεο ηὸλ νὐθ ἔθιπελ 4 Ἀραηνὶ πξνζέεηπνλ Ἀηξεΐδῃ

ἀιιrsquo νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε Υξύζελ (ῡ) 5 Ἀηξεΐδεο νἴζεη ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ εἰο ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 6 ηίο πείζεη ζενὺο πνιιῇο

ἑθαηόκβῃζηλ

Lesson 12

Review

121 Review Vocabulary

Lesson 13

(680-692 701-709)

(cf 897 874 886 619 841-843 576 1178 830-831 837 580 837)

131 Nouns of the Third Declension

Third declension nouns can be either masculine feminine or neuter The nominative endings can take many

forms but there are some conventions Masculine and feminine stems except those ending in λ ξ or ζ simply add

ζ to the stem and make the necessary euphonic changes Stems ending in ξ λ and ζ typically make no changes

except to lengthen the last vowel if it is short Stems ending in -λ(η) either drop the η and lengthen a short vowel or

drop the -λ(η) lengthen the vowel and add ζ Examples δαηκνλ- = δαηκσλ ζῑλ- = ζίο (ῑ) κειαλ- = κέιᾱο γεξνλη- =

γέξσλ etc Neuters typically consist of just the stem in the nominative and accusative except to drop a final -η

where it occurs

In general the stem of a third declension noun is found by dropping the -νο ending from the genitive singular

The dative singular regularly ends in -ῐ but occasionally in -ῑ

The accusative ending was originally -λ and this ending is common on stems ending in a vowel On stems

ending in a consonant the -λ was a sonant consonant which eventually came be pronounced as -ᾰ The result is that

the accusative singular usually ends in -λ for stems ending in a vowel and -ᾰ for stems ending in a consonant

Dental mute stems ending in -ηο and -πο in the nominative singular rarely drop the mute and typically adopt the -λ

accusative ending as if they were vowel stems

The dative plural is formed by adding either -εζζη (rarely -εζη) or -ζη (rarely -ζζη) and making the usual

euphonic changes Most third declension nouns thus have alternate dative plural forms as πνύο = πνζζί = πνζί =

πόδεζζη etc

The accusative plural originally ended in -λο (sonant λ) which gives -αο for stems ending in a consonant and -ῑο

and -ῡο for stems ending in a vowel A few vowel stems borrowed an -αο ending from the first declension by

analogy

The vocative singular is usually either identical to the nominative or identical to the stem alone Stems ending

in λ ξ or ο typically drop this final consonant in the vocative singular

Compensatory lengthening usually occurs in the dative plural when -λη is dropped as in γέξνληζη = γέξνπζη

132 Paradigms

Stems ending in -επ (επ) -νπ and σϝ follow the paradigms of βαζηιεύο (king βαζηιεϝ-) βνῦο (ox βνϝ-) λεῦο

(ship λᾱϝ-) and ἥξσο (hero ἡξσϝ- () or ἡξσ-)

N βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

G βαζηιῆνο [-ένο] βνόο λεόο ἥξσνο

D βαζηιῆη [-έη] βνΐ λεί ἥξση

A βαζηιῆα [-έα] βνῦλ [βῶλ] λῆα [λέα] ἥξσα

V βαζηιεῦ βνῦ λεῦ ἥξσο

N A V βαζηιῆε βόε λῆε ἥξσε

G D βαζηιήνηηλ βόνηηλ λήνηηλ ἡξώνηηλ

N V βαζηιεῆεο βόεο λῆεο ἥξσεο

G βαζηιήσλ βνῶλ λεῶλ [λεῶλ] ἡξώσλ

D βαζηιήεζζη βόεζζη λήεζζη [λέεζζἰ ἡξώεζζη

βαζηιεῦζη βνπζί λεπζί ἥξσζη

A βαζηιῆαο βόαο (βνῦο) λῆζαο (λέαο) ἥξσαο

A long vowel is typically shortened when it occurs before another vowel thus βαζηιῆνο or βαζηιένο This

convention was almost certainly consistent in pronunciation but is only occasionally represented in written form

The π in the stem of these words frequently became ϝ and subsequently disappeared as in βαζηιεπ- βαζηιεϝ-

βαζηιε-

Stems ending in η (εη) and π (επ εϝ) follow the paradigms of πόιηο (city πνιη-) πῆρπο (forearm περεϝ-) ἄζηπ

(city ἀζηεϝ-) λέθπο (corpse λεθῡ-) and δάθξπ (tear δαθξπ-)

N πόιηο πῆρπο ἄζηπ λέθῡο δάθξπ

G πόιηνο -ενο πήρενο ἄζηενο λέθπνο δάθξπνο

D πόιηη -ῑ -εη -εη πήρετ ἄζηετ λέθπτ δάθξπτ

A πόιηλ πῆρσλ ἄζηπ λέθῡλ δαθξπ

V πόιη πῆρπ ἄζηπ λέθῡ δάθξπ

N V πόιηε πήρεε ἄζηεε λέθπε δάθξπε

G D πνιίνηηλ περένηηλ ἄζηνηηλ λεθύνηηλ δαθξύνηηλ

N V πόιηεο -εεο πήρεεο ἄζηεα λέθπεο δάθξπα

G πνιίσλ περέσλ ἀζηέσλ λεθύσλ δαθξύσλ

D πνιίεζζη περέεζζη ἀζηέεζη λεθύεζζη δαθξύεζζη

πόιεζη -ηζη πήρεζη ἄζηεζη λέθῡζ(ζ)η δάθξπζη

A πόιηαο -εαο -ῑο πήρεαο ἄζηεα λέθπαο [-ῡο] δάθξπα

Nouns with stems in -ο (-εο -αο -νο) and -η are declined like ἔπνο (ϝεπεζ-) γέξαο (γεξαζ-) ἠώο (ἀϝζνζ-) δῶκα

(δσκαη-) and ἦκαξ (ἠκαξ- ἠκαη-) Note that -ζ- usually disappears when it occurs between two vowels

N ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο δῶκα ἧκαξ

G ἔπενο γέξανο ἠόνο δώκαηνο ἥκαηνο

D ἔπετ γέξατ ἠόη δώκαηη ἥκαηη

A ἔπνο γέξαο ἠόα δῶκα ἧκαξ

V ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο δῶκα ἧκαξ

N V ἔπεε γέξαε δώκαηε ἥκαηε

G D επένηηλ γεξάνηηλ δσκάηνηηλ ἡκάηνηηλ

N V ἔπεο γέξα(α) δώκαηα ἥκαηα

G ἐπέσλ γεξάσλ δσκάησλ ἡκάησλ

D ἐπέεζζη γεξάεζζη δσκάηεζζη ἡκάηεζζη

ἔπε(ζ)ζη γέξα(ζ)ζη δώκαζη ἥκαζη

A ἔπεα γέξα(α) δώκαηα ἥκαηα

Note that all nouns ening in -νο in the second declension are either masculine or feminine but all nouns ending in -

νο in the third declension are neuter All nouns ending in -κα in the nominative singular and all nouns with genitives

in -αηνο are neuter

133 Further Notes on the Third Declension

Nouns of the third declension can be any gender and consist of stems ending in -η -π or a consonant In

general the following endings are applied to the stem with the usual euphonic changes

N -ο

G -νο

D -η

A -λ

V -

N A V -ε

G D -νηηλ

N V -εο

G -σλ

D -εζζη

A -λο

Standard Euphonic Changes

Later forms of Greek such as Attic and Koine frequently contracted the forms found in Homer

The -λ in the accusative singular and plural is sonant meaning that it is pronounced as λ when

following a vowel but it is pronounced as ᾰ when following a consonant Thus πνιη-λ = πνιηλ and

πνιη-λο = πνιηο but δαηκνλ-λ = δαηκνλα and δαηκνλ-λο = δαηκνλαο

o In most cases a stem originally ending in ϝ is treated as if it ends in a consonant Thus

βαζηιεϝα = βαζηιεα εξσϝα = εξσα

o The word βνϝ- is an exception where ϝ becomes π (probably because νπ is such a common

diphthong) βνϝλ = βνπλ

Dentals are dropped before ζ Thus παηδο = παηο

o In cases where the stem ends in -λη the dental and the ζ are typically dropped with the last

vowel lengthened by compensation Thus γεξνληο = γεξσλ

Palatals combine with ζ to form μ Thus αηγο = αημ θεξπθο = θεξπμ etc

o Stems ending in -θη apply both the dental and palatal changes first dropping the η and then

combining the θζ to form μ Thus λπθηο = λπθο = λπμ

Labials combine with ζ to form ς Thus Αηζηνπο = Αηζηνς

The ζ is dropped when it follows a nasal or ξ and the last vowel is lengthened to compensate (if it

isnrsquot long already) Thus δαηκνλο = δαηκσλ θξελο = θξελ ρεηξο = ρεηξ παηεξο = παηεξ κεηεξο =

κεηεξ etc

Stems that originally ended in ϝ usually retain a π in its place in the nominative Thus βαζηιεϝο =

βαζηιεπο (originally βαζηιεπο) λεϝο = λεπο βνϝο = βνπο etc

o The same phenomenon sometimes occurs in the accusative singular as well where ϝ becomes

π and the final λ is retained Thus περεϝλ = περευλ = περπλ

o The word εξσο is an apparent exception where εξσϝο = εξσο This may be from analogy

with the relatively common -σο ending in Greek or it could be that the stem was originally

εξσ- witout the ϝ

o When the stem ends in -εϝ the ε is usually dropped in the nominative thus περεϝο = περεπο =

περπο (but the genitive and dative are περενο περετ)

Some confusion can occur at the apparent irregularity of stems ending in -π αζηπ αζηενο αζηεη etc

but δαθξπ δαθξπνο δαθξπτ etc The difference is that stems like αζηπ originally ended in a vowel + ϝ

(αζηεϝ) while stems like δαθξπ originally ended in π

Some neuters originally ended in -εο These are usually declined as -νο in the nominative and

accusative In the other cases the endings are simply applied to -εζ- and the sigma is dropped when it

occurs between two vowels επνο (nom acc from επεζο) επενο (gen from επεζνο) επετ (dat from

επεζη) etc

o Stems ending in -αο simple drop the extra sigma in the nominative singular and append the

case endings to -αζ- (dropping ζ when it occurs between two vowels) Thus γεξαο γεξανο

γεξατ etc

o Stems ending in -νο follow the same pattern as those ending in -αο except that the ν is

lengthened to σ in the nominative Thus εσο εννο εντ etc

Neuter stems ending in -καη usually drop the η in the nominative and accusative singular but retain it

in the plural Thus δσκα (nom and acc sing) δσκαηνο (gen sing) δσκαηη (dat sing) δσκαηα (nom and

acc plur) δσκαησλ (gen plur) δσκαηεζζη (dat plur) etc Neuter stems ending in -καξ usually behave

as if they ended in -καη in all cases except the nominative and accusative singular Thus εκαξ εκαηνο

εκαηη etc

The dative plural ending is given as -εζζη This could be shortened to -ζζη (before vowels) -εζη or -ζη

The -ζη ending is the most common in later dialects Thus Homeric θεξπθεζζη is typically θεξπμη in

Attic and Koine

The vocative singular in neuters is always identical to the nominative and accusative singulars

o In masculine and feminine nouns the vocative singular is usually just the stem without any

endings applied as long as the stem is capable of standing alone Thus δαηκνλ ρεηξ παηεξ

κεηεξ ζπγαηεξ αλεξ βνπ λεπ πνιη λεθῡ δαθξπ etc

o In some cases where the nominative singular has slightly modified the stem before adding -ο

the vocative is formed by simply dropping the ο Thus παη βαζηιεπ περπ

o In cases where the ο of the nominative singular has combined with the stem the vocative is

usually indentical to the nominative singular Thus αλαμ λπμ αημ θεξπμ Αηζηνς etc

o In rare cases the vocative is identical to the nominative singular even when dropping the ο

would have been convenient as in εξσο εσο

Alternate Endings The following are some alternate endings that could be applied instead of the usual

case endings listed above

o -ζη can be used to denote place where

o -ζελ can be used to denote source or separation or as an alternative ending for the genitive

case

o -δε can be added to the accusative ending to denote place to which or limit of motion

o -η can be added to denote place where

o -θη(λ) can be added as a substitute for several uses of the genitive and the dative cases

particularly in the instrumental sense

134 References

This lesson references several points in the grammar Note the following

Deponent verbs take middle or passive forms but denote active meanings

Some verbs reduplicate the initial syllable in the present tense by repeating the initial consonant

followed by -η Thus ἴζηεκη (orig ζηζηεκη) ηίζεκη δίδσκη πίκπιεκη γίγλνκαη γηγλώζθσ κηκλήζθσ

etc When futures and second aorists are reduplicated they usually follow the pattern of reduplication

found in the perfect tense If the initial consonant is aspirated the reduplicated consonant is typically

smooth Thus ηίζεκη rather than ζίζεκη

Note that ἴκη δίδσκη and ηίζεκη take the aorist in -θα rather than -ζα

When a word ends in a vowel and the following word begins with a vowel the result is called hiatus

In general hiatus is avoided in poetry through the use of elision crasis synizesis moveable

consonants etc However hiatus is allowed in some circumstances such as when elision has already

occurred when the first of the two vowels is long and occurs on the beat (or ictus) of the verse or

when a long vowel or diphthong has been shortened or when the two vowels were originally separated

by ϝ

Recall that the verbal augment is frequently omitted

135 Vocabulary

Ἄηο Ἄηδνο ὁ (nom not used) Hades

ἄιγνο ενο ηό grief pain woe trouble

Ἀρηιιεύο ῆνο ὁ Achilles

δαίο δαηηόο ἡ feast banquet portion

Εεύο Γηόο ὁ Zeus

ἥξσο ἥξσνο ὁ hero mighty warrior protector savior

ἴθζῑκνο ε νλ mighty valiant stout-hearted brave

θύσλ θπλόο ὁ ἡ dog

κῆληο ηνο ἡ wrath fury madness rage

νὐιόκελνο ε νλ accursed destructive deadly

πξντάπησ πξντάςσ πξνΐαςα hurl forward send forth

ηίζεκη (ζε- ζε-) ζήζσ ἔζεθα put place cause

Ἀρηιιεπο (Ἀρηιιεϝ-) Ἀρηιιενο Ἀρηιιεη Ἀρηιιεα

δαηο (δαηη-) δαηηνο δαηηη δαηηα δαηηεο δαηησλ δαηηεζζη δαηηαο

Εεπο Γηνο Γηη Γηα

ἡξσο ἡξσνο ἡξστ ἡξσα ἡξσεο ἡξσσλ ἡξσεζζη ἡξσαο

θπσλ θπλνο θπλη θπλα θπλεο θπλσλ θπλεζζη θπλαο

κεληο (κελη-) κεληνο κεληη κεληλ κεληεο κελησλ κεληεζζη κεληαο

136 Translation

1 κῆληο Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο ἦλ νὐινκέλε ἔζεθε γὰξ κῡξηrsquo ἄιγεα ηνῖζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ πξνΐαςε δὲ πνιιὰο (ᾱ)

ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἰθζίκνπο (ῑ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη ἔηεπρε δrsquo αὐηνὺο ἑιώξηα θαὶ δαῖηα θύλεζζηλ νἰσλνῖζί ηε ἐηέιεζε δὲ βνπιὴλ

Γηόο 2 ζεὰ (ᾱ) ἀείδεη κῆληλ νὐινκέλελ Ἀρηιῆνο ἣ ἔζεθελ κῡξίrsquo ἄιγεrsquo Ἀραηνῖζηλ 3 ζενὶ ὀιέθνπζη ηὸλ ζηξαηόλ θαὶ

πξντάπηνπζη πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη 4ηεύμνκελ κῡξίνπο Ἀραηνὺο ἑιώξηα θύλεζζηλ θαὶ δαῖηα ηνῖζηλ

νἰσλνῖζηλ νὕλεθα ἠηίκαζαλ (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) 5 θᾱιὴ ἦλ ἡ βνπιὴ Γηόο

KEY

1 The wrath of Achilles son of Peleus was destructive for it caused countless woes to the Achaeans and sent

forth many valiant souls of heros to Hades making them spoils and a banquet for the dogs and the vultures 2 The

goddess sings the accursed wrath of Achilles which brought countless woes to the Achaeans 3 The gods are

destroying the camp and sending forth many souls of the heros to Hades 4 We will make countless Achaeans spoils

for the dogs and a feast for these vultures because they dishonored Chryses 5 The will of Zeus was good

137 Iliad 1-5

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κπξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςπρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιήλ

Μῆληλ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse

ἄεηδε - present active imperative 2nd

person singular of ἀείδσ

ζεά - vocative case

Πειεηάδεσ = Πειεηάδᾱν (the verse may have originally read Πειεηάδᾱrsquo)

νὐινκέλελ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse as well as out of

the natural order and is placed directly opposite the word κῆληλ

κῡξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο - the hiatus is permited because elision has already occurred in κῡξίνηο

Ἄηδη was originally Ἄϝηδη and is still accented as it began with α instead of αη

ἡξώσλ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse and its deviation from

the natural order

δὲ ἑιώξηα - the hiatus is permitted because the original was δὲ ϝειώξηα

ηεῦρε - the augment is dropped (usually ἔηεπρε)

ἐηειείεην - imperfect passive indicative 3rd

person singular of ηειείσ

KEY

Sing O goddess of the accursed wrath of Achilles Peleiades

which brought countless woes to the Achaeans

and cast forth the souls of many valiant warriors to Hades

making them the spoils and feast of both dogs

and vultures But the will of Zeus was accomplished

138 Composition

1 The valiant Achaeans are singing the accursed wrath of Achilles 2 The wrath of Achilles caused many woes

to the Achaeans and sent many valiant souls of heroes to the god Hades 3 We shall make the army of the Achaeans

a booty for the dogs and a banquet for the birds 4 We are accomplishing the will of the goddess

KEY

1 ἴθζῑκνη Ἀραηνὶ ἀείδνπζηλ νὐινκέλελ κῆληλ Ἀρηιῆνο 2 κῆληο Ἀρηιῆνο ἔζεθε κῡξίrsquo ἄιγεrsquo Ἀραηνῖζη θαὶ

πξνΐαςε πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἰθζίκνπο ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη 3 ηεύμνκελ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ ἑιώξηα θύλεζζηλ θαὶ δαῖηα

νἰσλνῖζηλ 4 ηεύρνκελ βνπιὴλ ζεᾶο

Lesson 14

(519-526 1159-1192)

(cf 586)

141 Syllable Quantity

A syllable is long (by nature) when it contains a long vowel or a diphthong or (by position) when it ends in two

consecutive consonants (or a double consonant) A short vowel followed by a mute and a liquid κ or λ is common

and can be either long or short depending on the requirements of the verse Occasionally the letters ι κ λ ξ or ζ

are doubled in pronunciation when they follow a short vowel making the syllable long by position but this

convention is not always represented in writing And occasionally a lost ϝ will combine with another consonant to

make the preceding syllable long by position

Observe the following rules when determing the length of a syllable

Any vowel with the circumflex accent is long

The vowel of any ultmia whose penult bears the circumflex is short

If the penult has an acute then the vowel of the ultima must also be long

If the vowel of the ultima is short and the penult has the acute then the vowel of the penult must

be short as well

If the antepenult is accented the vowel of the ultima must be short

Occasionally these rules do not apply to certain compounds where one of the two words are

accented as if they were separate

If a short syllable stands where a long syllable is expected it is usually because the pause of the caesura or

diaresis fills out the foot or because the following word has lost a consonant (usually ϝ or ζ) And occasionally a

short syllable ending in a consonant is lengthened when it occurs on the ictus (beat) of the verse Such lengthening is

called thesis

142 Metrical Quantity

With the exception of pauses at the end of the verse caesura and diaresis all feet must consist of two long

syllables or a long syllable followed by two shorts Thus if a long syllable is followed by a short syllable then the

next syllable must be short as well Likewise if a short syllable is followed by a long syllable then the preceding

syllable must be short as well

When a word ends in a short vowel (and sometimes -νη and -αη) and the following word begins with a vowel

the short vowel is usually elided unless the following word originally began with ϝ When a word ends in a long

vowel or a diphthong and the following word begins with a vowel the long vowel is usually shortened This

phenomenon can also occur within the same word and again it is less common when the following word originally

began with ϝ Vowel shortening is also rare when the long vowel occurs on the ictus

The meter of Homer is called dactylic or heroic hexameter and is the most common meter in Greek verse Each

verse has six feet The first five feet can be dactyls (one long syllable followed by two short syllables) or spondees

(two long syllables) The final foot of the verse is always a spndee but keep in mind that the pause at the end of the

verse often combines with a final short syllable to form one long syllable The fifth foot of each verse is usually a

dactyl with only one in twenty (or so) verses containing a spondee in the fifth foot The verses that have a spndee in

the fifth foot are called spondaic and usually take slightly longer to recite In dactylic hexameter the ictus (beat) of

the verse always occurs on the first syllable of each foot producing six distinct beats per verse

Caesura occurs when a word ends within a foot (ie at the end of the first syllable of a foot or between the two

short syllables of the foot) When a caesura occurs at a natural pause in the verse this is said to be the caesura of the

verse A pause after the first syllable of a foot is called a masculine caesura and a pause after the second syllable of

the foot is called a feminine caesura

Diaresis occurs when the end of a word coincides with the end of a foot When this falls at a natural pause in

the verse it is said to be the diaresis of the verse When the diaresis occurs at the end of the fourth foot is it called

the bucolic diaresis (due to its common use in pastoral poetry)

143 Marking the Rhythm of the Iliad 1-5

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κπξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςπρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιήλ

ΜΖ ληλ α | ΔΗ δε ζε | Α ΠΖ | ΛΖ η α | ΓΔΧ α ρη | ΛΖ Ο-

dact dact spon dact dact spon

The pauses at the end of κῆληλ and ἄεηδε are feminine caesuras

The pauses at the end of ζεά Πειεηάδεσ and Ἀρηιῆνο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of ζεά is the caesura of the verse

The dash at the end of the verse indicates a pause that combines with a short vowel to fill out the

last foot

ΟΤ ιν κε | ΝΖΝ Ζ | ΜΤ ξη α | ΥΑΗ ΟΗ | ΑΛ γε ε | ΘΖ ΚΔΝ-

dact spon dact spon dact spon

The pauses at the end of κῡξίrsquo and ἄιγε are feminine caesuras

The pauses at the end of νὐινκέλελ and ἔζεθελ are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of νὐινκέλελ is the caesura of the verse

The pauses at the end of ἥ and Ἀραηνῖο are diareses

The diaresis at Ἀραηνῖο is a bucolic diaresis

κῡξία Ἀραηνῖο and ἄιγεα ἔζεθελ are examples of hiatus

The first syllable of ἄιγεrsquo is long because it is followed by two consecutive consonants

ΠΟΛ ΛΑ | ΓrsquoΗΦ ΘΗ | ΜΟΤ ΦΤ | ΥΑ ΑΗ | ΓΗ πξν τ | Α ΦΔΝ-

spon spon spon spon dact spon

The pauses at the end of ἰθζίκνπο and ςπράο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of πνιιάο is a diaresis

δὲ ἰθζίκνπο is hiatus

The first syllable of πνιιάο is long by position as is the first syllable of ἰθζίκνπο the last syllable

of Ἄηδη and the second syllable of πξνΐαςελ

Ζ ΡΧ | ΧΝ ΑΤ | ΣΟΤ δε ε | ΛΧ ξη α | ΣΔΤ ρε θπ | ΝΔ ΗΝ-

spon spon dact dact dact spon

The pause at the end of ηεῦρε is a feminine caesura

The pauses at the end of ἡξώσλ and αὐηνύο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of ἡξώσλ is the caesura of the verse

The pause at the end of ἑιώξηα is a diaresis

ΟΗ Χ | ΝΟΗ ζη ηε | ΓΑΗ ηα δη | Ο δrsquoε ηε | ΛΔΗ ε ην | ΒΟΤ ΛΖΝ

The pauses at the end of νἰσλνῖζη and δαῖηα are feminine caesuras

The pause at the end of Γηόο is a masculine caesura

The pauses at the end of ηε ἐηειείεην and βνπιήλ are diareses

The pause at the end of δαῖηα is the diaresis of the verse

Lesson 15

(693-694 697-700)

(cf 781-782 837 580 1009 996 584-585)

151 Third Declension Paradigms (continued)

Third declension nouns ending in a dental mute stem are exemplified by ἄλαμ (king ϝαλαθη-) λύμ (night λπθη-

) παῖο (child παηδ-) and γέξσλ (old man γεξνλη-)

N ἄλαμ λύμ παῖο γέξσλ

G ἄλαθηνο λπθηόο παηδόο γέξνληνο

D ἄλαθηη λπθηί παηδί γέξνληη

A ἄλαθηα λύθηα παίδα γέξνληα

V ἄλαμ [ἄλα] λύμ παῖ γέξσλ

N V A ἄλαθηε λύθηε παίδε γέξνληε

G D ἀλάθηνηηλ λύθηνηηλ παίδνηηλ γεξόληνηηλ

N ἄλαθηεο λύθηεο παίδεο γέξνληεο

G ἀλάθησλ λπθηῶλ παηδῶλ γεξόλησλ

D ἀλάθηεζζη λύθηεζζη παίδεζζη γεξόληεζζη

ἄλαμη λπμί παηζί γέξνπζη

A ἄλαθηαο λύθηνο παῖδαο γέξνληαο

Third declension nouns ending in labial and palatal stems are exemplified by αἴμ (goat αἰγ-) θῆξπμ (herald

θεξῡθ-) and Αἰζίνς (Ethipoian Αἰζηνπ-)

N αἴμ θῆξπμ Αἰζίνς

G αἰγόο θήξῡθνο Αἰζίνπνο

D αἰγί θήξῡθη Αἰζίνπη

A αἶγα θήξῡθα Αἰζίνπα

V αἴμ θῆξπμ Αἰζίνς

N V A αἶγε θήξῡθε Αἰζίνπε

G D αἴγνηηλ θεξύθνηηλ (ῡ) Αἰζηόπνηηλ

N αἶγεο θήξῡθεο Αἰζίνπεο

G αἰγῶλ θεξύθσλ (ῡ) Αἰζηόπσλ

D αἴγεζζη θεξύθεζζη (ῡ) Αἰζηόπεζζη

αἰμί θήξῡμ Αἰζίνςη

A αἶγαο θήξῡθαο Αἰζίνπαο

Nouns with stems ending in -εξ express different grades of ablaut in the stem (-εξ -εξ -ξ) with a recessive

accent in the vocative singular These are exemplified by παηήξ (father παηεξ-) κήηεξ (mother κεηεξ-) ζπγάηεξ

(daughter ζπγαηεξ-) and ἀλήξ (man ἀλεξ-)

N παηήξ κήηεξ ζπγάηεξ ἀλήξ

G παηέξνο -ηξόο κεηέξνο -ηξόο ζπγαηέξνο -ηξόο ἀλέξνο ἀλδξόο

D παηέξη -ηξί κεηέξη -ηξί ζπγαηέξη -ηξί ἀλέξη ἀλδξί

A παηέξα κεηέξα ζπγαηέξα ἀλέξα ἄλδξα

V πάηεξ κῆηεξ ζύγαηεξ ἄλεξ

N V A παηέξε κεηέξε ζπγαηέξε ἀλέξε ἄλδξε

G D παηέξνηηλ κεηέξνηηλ ζπγαηέξνηηλ ἀλέξνηηλ ἄλδξνηηλ

N παηέξεο κεηέξεο ζπγαηέξεο ζύγαηξεο ἀλέξεο ἄλδξεο

G παηέξσλ -ηξῶλ κεηέξσλ -ηξῶλ ζπγαηέξσλ ζπγαηξῶλ ἀλέξσλ ἀλδξῶλ

D παηξάζη κεηξάζη ζπγαηξάζη ζπγαηέξεζζη ἀλδξάζη ἄλδξεζζη

A παηέξαο κεηέξαο ζπγαηέξαο ζύγαηξαο ἀλέξαο ἄλδξαο

Note that δ is inserted into ἀλήξ between λ and ξ where they occur together The accent of the shorter forms of

ἀλέξ follow the pattern seen in παηήξ The alpha after ξ in the dative plural was added euphonically to strengthen

what was originally a sonant ξ

152 Vocabulary

ἄλαμ ἄλαθηνο ὁ king lord protector

ἀλήξ ἀλέξνο (ἀλδξόο) ὁ (real) man warrior hero

ἄξ(α) (ῥά) naturally of course as you know as you might expect that is

in effect (not always translatable)

βαζηιεύο ῆνο ὁ king ruler

δή indeed truly forsooth now

δηίζηεκη (ζηε- ζηα-) δηαζηήζσ stand apart separate

δηέζηεζα (δηέζηελ)

ἐμ νὗ from the time when

ἐξίδσ (ἐξηδ-) - ἤξηζ(ζ)α quarrel strive

ἠξηζάηελ (they) strove

ἔξηο ηδνο ἡ strife quarrel

Λεηώ Λεηόνο ἡ Leto

κάρνκαη fight battle

κάρεζζαη to fight

μπλίκη μπλήζσ μπλῆθα (μπλέεθα) bring together throw together hearken heed

ὄξλῡκη ὄξζσ ὦξζα (ὤξνξνλ) stir up kindle incite excite arouse

πξῶηνο ε νλ first foremost chief

ηὸ πξῶηνλ ηὰ πξῶηα (adv) at first firstly first

πἱόο νῦ ὁ son

ζθσε these two

153 Translation

1 ζεὰ (ᾱ) ἀείζεη κῆληλ Ἀρηιῆνο ἐμ νὗ δὴ ηὰ πξῶηα δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο θαὶ Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἀλδξῶλ ἠξηζάηελ θαὶ

δηεζηήηελ 2 ηίο ζεῶλ μπλέεθε δῖνλ Ἀρηιῆά ηε θαὶ Ἀηξεΐδελ ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 3 πἱὸο Λεηόνο θαὶ Γηὸο ἑθεβόινο

μπλέεθέ ζθσε ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη ηὸλ γὰξ βαζηιεὺο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἐρόισζελ ὁ δrsquo ὦξζε θαθὴλ λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ

ὤιεθε δὲ ιᾱνύο

KEY

1 The goddess sings the wrath of Achilles from the time when first the divine Achilles and Atreides king of

men strove and separated 2 Which of the gods brought together the divine Achilles and the son of Atreus to fight

in strife 3 The son of Leto and Zeus the Free-shooter brought these two together to fight in strife for Atreides the

king enraged him so he stirred up an evil plague through the camp of the Achaeans and destroyed their host

154 Iliad 1-10

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κῡξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςῡρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιή

ἐμ νὗ δὴ ηὰ πξῶηα δηαζηήηελ ἐξίζαληε

Ἀηξεΐδεο ηε ἄλαμ ἀλδξῶλ θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεύο

ηίο ηrsquo ἄξ ζθσε ζεῶλ ἔξηδη μπλέεθε κάρεζζαη

Λεηνῦο θαὶ Γηὸο πἱόο ὁ γὰξ βαζηιῆη ρνισζεὶο

λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ ὦξζε θαθήλ ὀιέθνλην δὲ ιᾱνί

δηαζηήηελ = δηεζηήηελ

ἐξίζαληε = aor act part nom dual masc (they two) having quarreled

ηε ἄλαμ originally ηε ϝάλαμ thus allowing the hiatus

ζθσε [ἕσ] = 3rd

pers pron acc dual these two

ἔξηδη is dative of means in strife

κάρεζζαη = pres act infinitive deponent to fight

ρνισζείο = aor pass part nom sing masc having been enraged

Λεηνῦο = contracted form of Λεηόνο

βαζηιῆη = Agamemnon instrumental case by the king

ὀιέθνλην = ὠιέθνλην imperf pass ind 3rd

pers plural were being destroyed or kept

perishing

KEY

Sing O goddess of the accursed wrath of Achilles Peleiades

which brought countless woes to the Achaeans

and cast forth the souls of many valiant warriors to Hades

making them the spoils and feast of both dogs

and vultures But the will of Zeus was accomplished

indeed from the time when at first having quarreled both

Atreides king of men and the divine Achilles separated

Which of the gods of course brought these two together to fight in strife

The son of Leto and Zeus For enraged by the king he

kindled an evil plague up through the camp and the people were destroyed

155 Composition

1 ἠείδνκελ κῆληλ νὐινκέλελ Ἀρηιιῆνο ἐμ νὗ ηὰ πξῶηα Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἀλέξσλ (ἀλδξῶλ) θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο

ἠξηζάηελ θαὶ δηεζηεζάηελ (δηεζηήηελ) 2 ηίο ζεῶλ μπλῆθε (μπλέεθα) Ἀραηνὺο θαὶ ιᾱὸλ Πξηάκνπ ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 3

μπλῆθε (μπλέεθα) ζθσε (ἕν) πἱὸο Λεηόνο (Λεηνῦο) θαὶ Γηὸο ἑθεβόινο ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 4 Αηξεΐδεο βαζηιεὺο

Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο ἐρόισζαλ ἄλαθηα ἑθεβόινλ θαὶ ὁ ὦξζα (ὤξνξε) λνῦζνπο πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θαθὰο (ᾱ) ἀλὰ

ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ θαθῶο ὤιεθελ ἀγαζὸλ ιᾱόλ

Lesson 16

(887-897 910 1065-1068 697-703 707 710 732)

161 Formation of Middle Passive and Deponent Verbs

The endings of the middle voice are different from the active voice The passive voice applies the same endings

as the middle voice except in the aorist passive which applies active endings Because the middle and passive voice

are identical (other than the aorist) the context determines whether a verb is used with middle or the passive

meaning The aorist middle is often used with a passive meaning (especially in athematic forms) and the aorist

passive is often used with a middle meaning

The perfect and pluperfect of the middlepassive are athematic with the personal endings attached directly to

the reduplicated stem

The future perfect passive is formed by adding -ζνε to the perfect middle passive lengthening the vowel that

precedes this ending

The first aorist passive is formed by adding -(ζ)ζεε to the stem Before ζ π and β become θ θ and γ become ρ

and η δ ζ become ζ Many verbs have a second aorist passive that drops the ζ altogether

Deponent verbs have no active form but use the middlepassive forms in an active sense

162 Paradigms Present and Future Indicative MiddlePassive of ιύσ

Present

S 1 ιύνκαη

2 ιύεαη [(ιύῃ)]

3 ιύεηαη

D 2 ιύεζζνλ

3 ιύεζζνλ

P 1 ιπόκε(ζ)ζα

2 ιύεζζα

3 ιύνληαη

Future

S 1 ιύζνκαη (ῡ)

2 ιύζεαη (ῡ) [(ιύζῃ (ῡ))]

3 ιύζεηαη (ῡ)

D 2 ιύζεζζνλ (ῡ)

3 ιύζεζζνλ (ῡ)

P 1 ιῡζόκεζα

2 ιύζεζζε (ῡ)

3 ιύζνληαη (ῡ)

163 The Use of Voice in Greek

The active voice indicates that the subject is acting λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ ὦξζε = he kindled a plague up

through the camp

The passive voice indicates that the subject is acted upon Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιή = but the will of Zeus was

being accomplished

The Middle voice denotes one of three meanings

1 The subject acting upon itself πείζνκαη (I convince myself) θαίλνκαη (I show myself)

2 The subject acting for itself θαιένκαη (I call for myself)

3 The subject acting upon something belonging to itself ιύνκαη (I loose my own I ransom)

When determing the difference between the middle and passive keep in mind that the middle voice always

conveys a direct or indirect reference to the subject and that the subject is effect by or has an interest in the action

164 Third Declension Stems in -επ -επ -νπ and -σϝ

Stems in -επ usually became -εϝ and the third declension endings are applied after the ϝ Thus βαζηιεϝνο =

βαζηιῆνο βαηιεϝη = βαζηιῆη βαζηιεϝα = βαζηιῆα etc Note that the ϝ explains why εη (εϝη) does not form an

improper diphthong as well as why the accusative singular ends in -εα (as if the stem ended in a consonant) instead

of -ελ (as if the stem ended in a vowel) Note that when the ending consists of a consonant the -εϝ is contracted to

the diphthong -επ Thus βαζηιεϝο = βαζηιεύο βαζηιεϝ = βαζηιεῦ βαζηιεϝζη = βαζηιεῦζη In rare cases the other

endings also contract the -ε to -ε (ie βαζηιῆνο = βαζηιένο)

In stems ending originally in -ᾱϝ the ᾱ becomes ε in the Ionic dialect These are declined the same as -εϝ

except that -εῡ is formed before consonants instead of -επ Thus λᾱϝο = λεϝο = λεῦο λᾱϝ = λεϝ = λεῦ But note the

exception in the shorter form of the dative plural where λᾱϝζη = λεϝζη = λεπζί (rather than λεῡζη) In contracted

forms the ε usually becomes ε

In stems ending in -σϝ the third declension endings are applied directly to the stem Thus ἡξσϝο = ἥξσο

ἡξσϝνο = ἥξσνο ἡξσϝη = ἥξση ἡξσϝα = ἥξσα etc

In stems ending originally in -ν or -νϝ the third declension endings are applied as usual But keep in mind that -

νϝ is contracted to the diphthong -νπ before a consonant thus βνϝο = βνῦο and βνϝζη = βνπζί But note the

exception that occurs in the accusative singular where βνϝλ = βνῦλ rather than βνϝα

βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

(βαζηιεϝ-) (βνϝ-) (λᾱϝ-) (ἡξσϝ-)

N βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

G βαζηιῆνο [ένο] βνόο λεόο [εόο] ἥξσνο

D βαζηιῆη [έη] βνΐ λεί ἥξση

A βαζηιῆα [έα] βνῦλ [βῶλ] λῆα [έα] ἥξσα

V βαζηιεῦ βνῦ λεῦ ἥξσο

N V A βαζηιῆε βόε λῆε ἥξσε

G D βαζηιήνηηλ βόνηηλ λήνηηλ ἡξώνηηλ

N V βαζηιῆεο βόεο λῆεο ἥξσεο

G βαζηιήσλ βνῶλ λεῶλ [εῶλ] ἡξώσλ

D βαζηιήεζζη βόεζζη λήεζζη [έεζζη] ἡξώεζζη

βαζηιεῦζη βνπζί λεπζί ἥξσζη

A βαζηιῆαο βόαο (βνῦο) λῆαο [έαο] ἥξσαο

165 Third Declension Stems in -εζ -αζ and -νζ

When a stem ends in a vowel plus -ζ the initial ζ is dropped between two vowels Thus γεξαζνο = γέξανο

ἠνζνο = ἠόνο etc

All third declension nouns with stems ending in -εο are neuters and follow the pattern of ἔπνο The third

declension endings are applied as usual except that the nominative vocative and accusative singulars end in -νο

Nouns with stems ending in -νο take -σο in the nominative and vocative singular but otherwise apply the third

declension endings as usual (dropping ζ between two vowels)

ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

(ϝεπεζ-) (γεξαζ-) (ἀϝζνζ- (ᾱ))

N ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

G ἔπενο γέξανο ἠόνο

D ἔπετ γέξατ ἠόη

A ἔπνο γέξαο ἠόα

V ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

N V A ἔπεε γέξαε

G D ἐπένηηλ γεξάνηηλ

N V ἔπεα γέξα(α)

G ἐπέσλ γεξάσλ

D ἐπέεζζη γεξάεζζη

ἔπε(ζ)ζη γέξα(ζ)ζη

A ἔπεα γέξα(α)

166 Third Declension Stems in -καη and -καξ

Stems ending in -καη and -καξ are neuters

Stems in -καη drop the -ηο in the nominative vocative and accusative singular δσκαηο = δῶκα Otherwise the

third declension endings are applied as usual

Stems ending in -καξ are declined like those ending in -καη except in the nominative vocative and accusative

singular (which end in -καξ)

δῶκα ἦκαξ

(δσκαη-) (ἠκαξ- ἠκαη-)

N δῶκα ἦκαξ

G δώκαηνο ἤκαηνο

D δώκαηη ἤκαηη

A δῶκα ἦκαξ

V δῶκα ἦκαξ

N V A δώκαηε ἤκαηε

G D δσκάηνηηλ ἠκάηνηηλ

N V δώκαηα ἤκαηα

G δσκάησλ ἠκάησλ

D δσκάηεζζη ἠκάηεζζη

δώκαζη ἤκαζη

A δώκαηα ἤκαηα

167 Third Declension Stems in -λη and -λ

Stems ending in -λη drop the -λη before ζ and lengthen the preceding vowel thus παληο = πᾶο παληζη = πᾶζη

Otherwise the third declension endings are applied as usual In neuters the -η is dropped at the end of the word thus

παλη = πᾶλ Stems in -λ drop the -λ before ζ and lengthen the preceding vowel in the masculine (but not in the

neuter)

πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

(παλη- παληα- παλη-)

Masc Fem Neut

N πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

G παληόο πάζεο (ᾱ) παληόο

D παληί πάζῃ (ᾱ) παληί

A πάληα πᾶζαλ πᾶλ

V πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

N V πάληεο πᾶζαη πάληα

G πάλησλ πᾱζάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] πάλησλ

D πάληεζ(ζ)η πάζῃζη (ᾱ) πάληεζ(ζ)η

πᾶζη πάζῃο (ᾱ) πᾶζη

A πάληνο πάζᾱο (ᾱ) πάληα

κέιᾱο κέιαηλα κέιαλ

(κειαλ- κειαηλα- κειαλ-)

N κέιᾱο κέιαηλα κέιαλ

G κέιαλνο κειαίλεο κέιαλνο

D κέιαλη κειαίλῃ κέιαλη

A κέιαλα κέιαηλαλ κέιαλ

V κέιαλ κέιαηλα κέιαλ

N V A κέιαλε κειαίλᾱ κέιαλε

G D κειάλνηηλ κειαίλῃηλ κειάλνηηλ

N V κέιαλεο κέιαηλαη κέιαλα

G κειάλσλ κειαηλάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] κειάλσλ

D κειάλεζ(ζ)η κειαίλῃζη κειάλεζ(ζ)η

κέιαζη κειαίλῃο κέιαζη

A κέιαλεο κειαίλᾱο κέιαλα

168 Vocabulary

Nouns

Ἀπόιισλ (ᾰ or ᾰ) σλνο ὁ Apollo

ἀξεηήξ (ᾱ) ῆξνο ὁ priest prayer

ζπγάηεξ ηέξνο (ηξόο) ἡ daughter

θνζκήησξ νξνο ὁ commander marshaller

λεῦο λεόο (λεόο) ἡ ship

ζηέκκα καηνο ηό fillet (of white cotton) wreath

ρείξ ρεηξόο ἡ hand arm

Verbs

ἔξρνκαη (ἐξρ- ἐιε- ἐιεπζ- ἐιπζ-) come go

ἐιεύζνκαη I will come I will go

ἦιζνλ (ἤιπζνλ) I came I went

ιίζζνκαη (ιηη-) I beg I entreat

---

ἐιιηζάκελ (ἐιηηόκελ) I begged I entreated

Adjectives Prepositions

ζνόο ή όλ swift speedy

πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ all every (the) whole

Indeclinable

δύν (δύσ) two

κάιηζηα most especially by all means

169 Translation

1 Ἀπόιισλ ἑθεβόινο ρνινῦηαη βαζηιῆη Αηξεΐδῃ θαὶ πέκπεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ ὀιέθνληαη δὲ

ιᾱνί νὕλεθα δῖνο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) 2 Υξύζεο (ῡ) γὰξ ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἑθεβόινπ ἔξρεηαη

ἐπὶ ζνὰο (ᾱ) λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ θέξεη δrsquo ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα ζπγαηξόο ἣλ Ἀηξεΐδεο ἔρεη ἐλ ζηξαηῷ 3 ὁ δrsquo ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἔρεη

ζηέκκαηα ἑθεβόινπ Ἀπόιισλνο ἐλ ρεξζὶλ ἀλὰ ρξῡζέῳ ζθήπηξῳ θαὶ ιίζζεηαη πάληαο Ἀραηνύο κάιηζηα δrsquo Ἀηξεΐδᾱ

δύσ θνζκήηνξε ιᾱῶλ 4 Ἀπόιισλ ρνιώζεηαη βαζηιῆη θαὶ ὄξζεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηόλ 5 ἐιεύζνληαη ἐπὶ ζνὰο

(ᾱ) λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ νἴζνπζη ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα βαζηιῆη 6 ιίζζνληαη πάληαο Ἀραηνύο 7 Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζελ (ῑ)

ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) θαὶ νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε ζύγαηξα

KEY

1 Apollo the free-shooter enraged by king Atreides sent an evil plague through the camp of the Achaeans and

the people were destroyed because the divine Atreides dishonored Chryses the priest 2 For Chryses the priest of

the free-shooter went upon the swift ships of the Achaeans bearing countless ransoms for his daughter whom

Atreides was holding in the camp 3 But the priest had a wreath of Apollo the free-shooter upon a staff in his hand

and was entreating all of the Achaeans but especially the sons of Atreus (who were) the commanders of the host 4

Apollo will be enraged by the king and will kindle an evil plague up through the camp 5 They will go upon the

swift ships of the Achaeans and bring countless ransoms to the king 6 They are entreating all of the Achaeans 7

Atreides dishonored the priest and would not release his daughter

1610 Iliad 11-16

hellipὀιέθνλην δὲ ιᾱνί

νὕλεθα ηὸλ Υξύζελ ἠηίκαζελ ἀξεηῆξα

Αηξεΐδεο ὁ γὰξ ἦιζε ζνὰο ἐπὶ λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ

ιπζόκελνο ηε ζύγαηξα θέξσλ ηrsquo ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα

ζηέκκαηrsquo ἔρσλ ἐλ ρεξζὶλ ἑθεβόινπ Ἀπόιισλνο

ρξπζέῳ ἀλὰ ζθήπηξῳ θαὶ ἐιίζζεην πάληαο Ἀραηνύο

Ἀηξεΐδα δὲ κάιηζηα δύσ θνζκήηνξε ιαῶλ

ηόλ Υξύζελ = that (well-known) Chryses

The first verse ends in two spondees making it a spondaic verse and emphasizing the fact that

Chryses was a priest

ιῡζόκελνο = fut mid part nom masc sing being about to ransom

θέξσλ = pres act part nom sing masc bearing bringing

ἔρσλ = pres act part nom sing masc having holding

ρεξζὶλ ἑθεβόινπ = ρεξζὶ ϝεθεβόινπ

ρξῡζέῳ = synizesis where -έῳ is pronounced as a single syllable

ἐιίζζεην = imperf act ind 3rd

pers sing dep (kept) entreating was entreating

Ἀηξεΐδᾱ = dual of Ἀηξεΐδεο refers to both Agamemnon and Menelaus

KEY

hellipand the people were being destroyed

because Atreides dishonored Chryses the priest

For he had gone upon the swift ships of the Achaeans

intending to ransom his daughter bearing countless gifts

and holding in his hand fillets of Apollo the free-shooter

upon a golden staff and was entreating all of the Achaeans

but especially the two sons of Atreus the commanders of the host

1611 Composition

1 Chryses the priest of Apollo is dishonored by the son of Atreus 2 The Achaeans will go from their swift

ships to Troy and ransom the beloved daughter of the priest 3 We shall bring many ransoms and shall hold in our

hands the fillets of Apollo 4 We do not have a golden scepter but we entreat Priam and all the people of Troy 5

The two sons of Atreus marshallers of the people are entreating Priam but he will slight them 6 The son of

Atreus king of men slighted the priest and did not release his daughter

KEY

1 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) Ἀπόιινπ ἀηῑκάδεηαη Ἀηξεΐδῃ 2 Ἀραηνὶ ἐιεύζνληαη ἐθ ζνάσλ (ᾱ) λήσλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ (ῑ)

θαὶ ἀπειύζνληαη (ῡ) θίιε ζπγάηεξα ἀξεηῆξη (ᾱ) 3 νἴζνκελ πνιιrsquo ἄπνηλα θαὶ ἕζρνκελ ἐλ ρείξεζζη ζηέκκαηα

Ἀπόιινπ 4 νὐθ ἔρνκελ ζθῆπηξνλ ρξύζενλ ἀιιὰ ιηζζόκεζα Πξίακνλ θαὶ πᾶληα ιᾱνλ Ἰιίνπ (ῑ) 5 δύrsquo Ἀηξεΐδᾱ

θνζκήηεξᾱ ιᾱσλ ιίζζεζζνλ Πξίακνλ αὐηνὺο δrsquo ἀηῑκάζεη 6 Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἄλδξσλ ἠηίκαζελ (ῑ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) θαὶ

νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε ζπγάηεξα

1612 Meter

ΟΤ λε θα | ΣΟΝ ΥΡΤ | ΖΝ Ζ | ΣΗ κα ζελ | Α ΡΖ | ΣΖ ΡΑ~

Α ηξε η | ΓΖ ν γαξ | ΖΛ ζε ζν | Α ε πη | ΝΖ αο α | ΥΑΗ ΧΝ

ΛΤ ζν κε | ΝΟ ηε ζπ | ΓΑΣ ξα θε | ΡΧΝ ηα πε | ΡΔΗ ζη α | ΠΟΗ ΝΑ~

ΣΔΜ καη ε | ΥΧΝ ΔΝ | ΥΔΡ ζηλ ε | ΚΖ βν ινπ | Α ΠΟΛ | ΛΧ ΝΟ~

ΥΡΤζεσα | ΝΑ ΚΖΠ | ΣΡΧ θαη ε | ΛΗ ζε ην | ΠΑΝ ηαο α | ΥΑΗ ΟΤ

ΑΣ ξε η | ΓΑ δε κα | ΛΗ ηα δπ | Χ ΚΟ | ΜΖ ην ξε | ΛΑ ΧΝ

Lesson 17

(910 - imperfect middle and passive aorist middle of ιύσ 648-658 - the table

of endings in 32)

171 Paradigms Imperfect MiddlePassive of ιύσ

S 1 ἐιπόκελ

2 ἐιύεν [(ἐιύεπ)]

3 ἐιύεην

D 2 ἐιύεζζνλ

3 ἐιπέζζελ

P 1 ἐιπόκε(ζ)ζα

2 ἐιύεζζε

3 ἐιύνλην

172 Paradigms Aorist Middle of ιύσ

Thematic Athematic (2nd

Aorist)

S 1 ἐιῡζάκελ ἐιύκελ

2 ἐιύζαν (ῡ) [(ἐιύζσ (ῡ))] ἔιπ(ζ)ν

3 ἐιύζαην (ῡ) ἔιπην

D 2 ἐιύζαζζνλ (ῡ) ἔιπζζνλ

3 ἐιῡζάζζελ ἐιύζζελ

P 1 ἐιῡζάκε(ζ)ζα ἐιύκε(ζ)ζα

2 ἐιύζαζζε (ῡ) ἔιπζζε

3 ἐιύζαλην (ῡ) ἔιπλην

173 Vocabulary

δῶκα αηνο ηό house home

παῖο παηδόο ὁ ἡ child son daughter

π(η)όιηο ηνο (ενο) ἡ city state

ἐπθλήκῑο ῑδνο well-greaved

ἐγώ(λ) κέν (κεῦ) I

ζύ ζέν (ζεῦ) you

κέλhellip δέ on the one handhellip trulyhellip on the one handhellip on the other hand

partlyhellip partly the onehellip the other

νἴθαδε home homeward to home home

Verbs

ἅδνκαη (ἁγ-) (defective) I reverence

δέρνκαη I accept I receive

δέμνκαη I will accept

ἐδεμάκελ (ἐδέγκελ) I accepted

δίδσκη (δσ- δν-) I give I grant

(δη)δώζσ I will give

ἔδσθα I gave

ἐθπέξζσ (πεξζ- πξαζ-) I sack (utterly) I plunder I pillage

ἐθπέξζσ I will sack

ἐμέπεξζα (ἐμέπξαζνλ) I sacked

ἱθλένκαη I arrive I reach (a destination)

ἵμνκαη I will arrive

ἱθόκελ (ῑ) I arrived

174 Translation

1 ζενὶ ἔρνπζηλ ιύκπηα δώκαηα ἔδσθαλ δrsquo Ἀηξεΐδεο θαὶ ἄιινηζηλ ἐπθλεκίδεζζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἐθπέξζαη

(infinitive) πόιηλ Πξηάκνπ ηόηε δrsquo ἵθνλην (ῑ) ἐὺ νἴθαδε νὕλεθα παῖδα θίιελ ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἔιῡζαλ 2 ἀπέιῡζαλ

ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνὶ ζύγαηξα θίιελ ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἐδέμαλην δrsquo ἀγιαὰ ἄπνηλα νὕλεθα ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλα Γηὸο πἱὸλ

ἅδνλην 3 ἅδεηαη ἑθεβόινλ 4 Ἀηξεΐδεο νὐθ ἐδέμαην ηὰ ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα 5 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἔδσθελ ἄπνηλα

πνιιὰ βαζηιῆη Ἀηξεΐδῃ 6 πάληεο ζενὶ θαὶ πᾶζαη ζεαὶ εἶρνλ ιύκπηα δώκαηα 7 Ἀραηνὶ ἐπθλήκῑδεο ἐθπέξζνπζη

Πξηάκνην πόιηλ ἵμνληαη δrsquo ἐπ νἴθαδε 8 παῖο θίιε ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἐιύζαην (ῡ) ἵθεην (ῑ) δrsquo ἐὺ νἴθαδε

KEY

1 The gods have Olympian homes but they gave the son of Atreus and the other well-greaved Achaeans to

utterly sack the city of Priam and then they returned safe at home because they released the dear child of the priest

2 The well-greaved Achaeans released the dear daughter of the priest and received glorious ransoms because they

reverenced the free-shooter Apollo son of Zeus 3 He reverences te free-shooter 4 The son of Atreus did not

receive the glorious ransoms 5 Chryses the priest gave many ransoms to king Atreides 6 All of the gods and all of

the goddesses had Olympian homes 7 The well-greved Achaeans will utterly sack Priamrsquos city and will return safe

to home 8 The dear child of the priest was released and arrived well to her home

175 Iliad 17-21

ltltἈηξεΐδαη ηε θαὶ ἄιινη ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνί

ὑκῖλ κὲλ ζενὶ δνῖελ ιύκπηα δώκαηrsquo ἔρνληεο

ἐθπέξζαη Πξηάκνην πόιηλ ἐὺ δrsquo νἴθαδrsquo ἱθέζζαη

παῖδα δrsquo ἐκνὶ ιῦζαί ηε θίιελ ηά ηrsquo ἄπνηλα δέρεζζαη

ἁδόκελνη Γηὸο πἱὸλ ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλαgtgt

Ἀηξεΐδαηhellip ἄιινη ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνί = vocative case

ὑκῖλ (ῡ) = dat plural of ζύ to you

ζενί = one syllable by synizesis

κέλ (v 18) = correlative of δέ (v 20)

δνῖελ = aor act optative 3rd

plural of δίδσκη may they grant

ἔρνληεο = pres act part nom masc plural of ἔρσ having possessing

ἐθπέξζαη = aor act inf of ἐθπέξζσ to sack utterly

ἱθέζζαη = aor act inf of ἱθένκαη to arrive (compare κάρεζζαη)

ιῦζαη δέρεζζαη = infinitives used as imperatives free and accept

ηά ηrsquo ἄπνηλα (ηά ηε ἄπνηλα) = thesehellip gifts

ἁδόκελνη = pres act part nom masc plural reverencing

KEY

ldquoSons of Atreus and you other well-greaved Achaeans

may the gods who have their homes on Olympus grant you

to utterly sack Priamrsquos city and return safe to home

but release my dear child to me and accept these gifts

reverencing Apollo who shoots at will the son of Zeusrdquo

176 Composition

1 The gods who have (ἔρνληεο) Olympian homes will grant to the sons of Atreus and to the other well-greaved

Achaeans to sack utterly (ἐθπέξζαη) the city of Priam 2 When they sacked the city of Priam they returned happily

home 3 They accepted the shining ransoms and freed the darling daughter of the priest Chryses 4 We reverenced

the free-shooter Apollo son of Leto and Zeus and escaped death 5 Will the son of Atreus accept the shining

ransoms 6 The child of the priest was freed when he gave many shining ransoms which the two sons of Atreus

accepted

KEY

1 ζενὶ ἔρνληεο ιύκπηα δώκαηα δώζνπζη Ἀηξεΐδῃζη θαὶ ἄιινηζηλ ἐπθλεκίδεζζηλ (ῑ) Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἐθπέξζαη πόιηλ

Πξηάκνπ 2 ηόηε ἐμέπεξζαλ πόιηλ Πξηάκνην ἵθνλην (ῑ) ἐὺ νἴθαδε 3 ἐδέμαλην ἀγιαrsquo ἄπνηλα θαὶ ἀπέιῡζαλ ζπγάηεξα

θίιε ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) Υξύζᾱν (ῡ) 4 ἡμάκεζα ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλα Λεηόνο θαὶ Γηὸο πἱόλ θαὶ ζάλαηνλ 5

Ἀηξεΐδεο δέμεηαη ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα 6 παῖο ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἀπειύζαην (ῡ) ηόηε ἔδσθελ ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀγιάα ηὰ

Ἀηξεΐδᾱ ἐδώθαζηλ

Lesson 18

(Perfect and Pluperfect Active of Verbs 904 922 Third Declension γέρων

αἴξ 693-695)

181 Formation of the Perfect and Pluperfect Active

The perfect and pluperfect in all modes experience reduplication of the initial syllable which denotes completed

action Verbs beginning with a single consonant (except ξ) prefix this consonant followed by -ε Thus ιύσ =

ιέιπθα The stem sometimes stands in ablaut relation to the stem of the present as in βαίλσ = βέβεθα A

reduplicated syllable beginning with an aspirated mute is changed to its corresponding voiceless mute in the

reduplicated syllable ie ζλήζθσ = ηέζλεθα In these cases the reduplicated pluperfect adds ἐ- to the reduplicated

syllable ie ιύσ = ιέιπθα = ἐιέιπθε

Vebs beginning with a double consonant two consonants (except a mute followed by a liquid or a nasal) ξ and

some beginning with κ simply augment the stem with the addition of ε-

Verbs beginning in a vowel typically take the temporal augment by lengthening the vowel ie νἴρνκαη =

ᾤρσθα However verbs beginning with a vowel in which an initial consonant has been lost may take the syllabic

augment

Compound verbs typically insert the reduplication and augment between the preposition and the verb ie

ἀπνιύσ = ἀπνιέιπθα = ἀπειειύθε

The first perfect active adds -θα- to the stem followed by the primary endings The first pluperfect active

similarly adds -θε- followed by the secondary endings In general a short final vowel is lengthened before the

addition of the -θα- or -θε- Second perfects and pluperfects active are the older form and are more common in

Homer These omit the θ and simply add -α- or -ε- respectively The second perfects are more common in stems

ending in a consonant

In general the singular perfect and pluperfect active stand in ablaut relation to the dual and plural forms

Perfects and pluperfects are rare in Homer and only occur in some twenty verbs

182 Paradigms λέλυκα and βέβηκα

ιέιπθα ἐιειύθε (ἐιειύθεα)

ιέιπθαο ἐιειύθο (ἐιειύθεαο)

ιέιπθε(λ) ἐιειύθεη (ἐιειύθεε)

ιειύθαηνλ ἐιειύθαηνλ

ιειύθαηνλ ἐιειπθάηελ

ιειύθακελ ἐιειύθεκελ

ιειύθαηε ἐιειύθεηε

ιειύθᾱζη ἐιειύθεζαλ

βέβεθα ἐβεβήθεα (ἐβεβήθε)

βέβεθαο ἐβεβήθεαο (ἐβεβήθεο)

βέβεθε(λ) ἐβεβήθεε (ἐβεβήθεη)

βέβαηνλ ἐβέβαηνλ

βέβαηνλ ἐβεβάηελ

βέβακελ ἐβέβακελ

βέβαηε ἐβέβαηε

βέβᾱζη ἐβέβαζαλ

183 Paradigms γέρων and αἴξ

γέξσλ αἴμ

γέξνληνο αἰγόο

γέξνληη αἰγί

γέξνληα αἶγα

γέξνλ αἴμ

γέξνληε αἶγε

γεξόληνηηλ αἴγνηηλ

γέξνληεο αἶγεο

γεξόλησλ αἰγῶλ

γεξόληεζ(ζ)η (γέξνπζη) αἴγεζ(ζ)η (αἰμί)

γέξνληαο αἶγαο

184 Vocabulary

ἀγνξή ῆο ἡ assembly meeting place gathering harrangue

αἴμ αἰγόο ὁ ἡ goat

Ἄξγνο ενο ηό Argos (both a country and a city in Greece)

γέξσλ νληνο ὁ old man

γῆξαο ανο ηό old age

ἱεξεύο ῆνο ὁ priest holy man

κεξίνλ νπ ηό thigh-bone thigh-piece

πνύο πνδόο ὁ foot

ηαῦξνο νπ ὁ bull

θξήλ θξελόο ἡ diaphragm mind heart soul spirit disposition

δέθαηνο ε νλ tenth

ἡκέηεξνο ε νλ our ours

θνῖινο ε νλ hollow

ὠθύο ὠθεῖα ὠθύ swift speedy

ζλήζθσ die perish

ζαλένκαη

ἔζαλνλ

ηέζλεθα

θεύγσ flee fly escape run (off away along)

θεύμνκαη

ἔθπγνλ

πέθεπγα

Both this free-shooter and these other gods carry beautiful golden scepters 6 Who fashions the golden scepters for

these gods of the sea 7 Does the free-shooter himself sing the plans of the other gods to these Achaeans 8 Are

these Achaeans noble who destroy (our) camp and burn funeral pyres 9 This goddess of the terrible sea holds a

golden scepter 10 The funeral pyrers are in (our) fatherland 11 Who makes (our) camp a spoil for these vultures

85 Composition Exercises

1 ἑθεβόινο αὐηὸο ἀείδεη ηὰο (ᾱ) βνπιὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) ζεῶλ 2 ηί νὐρ ἁλδάλεη ηνῖο ἄιινηζη ζενῖζηλ νἳ ἐλὶ

ζαιάζζῃ 3 ἐθεῖλνο Ἀραηὸο ἀηῑκάδεη ηνὺο ζενὺο πάηξεο νἱ ἔρνπζη ηὰ ζθῆπηξα ρξύζεα (ῡ) 4 ὁ ἑθεβόινο πέκπεη

λνύζνπο πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θαθὰο (ᾱ) ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ ὀιέθεη κῡξίνπο ιᾱνύο νὕλεθα ηὸλ ἀηῑκάδνπζηλ 5 ηίο

θαίεη ηὰο (ᾱ) ππξὰο (ᾱ) Ἀραηῶλ ἐπὶ δεηλῇ ζαιάζζῃ 6 ὁ ἑθεβόινο ηεύρεη κῡξίνπο Ἀραίνπο ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζηλ νὕλεθα

ηὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) ζεὰο (ᾱ) ζαιάζζεο ἀηῑκάδνπζηλ

Lesson 9

(830-840 904)

91 The Verbal Augment

Greek verbs frequently add a prefix to a verb (in the secondary tenses of the idicative) to indicate action

occurring in the past This prefix is called an augment Verbal augments take one of two forms the syllabic

augment which consists of adding an extra syllable to the beginning of a word and the temporal augment which

consists of lengthening the first syllable of a word While the augment is consistently applied in later dialects of

Greek it was still optional in Homeric and is often omitted (the tense being determined solely from the suffixes)

The syllabic augment is applied to verbs that begin with a consonant (or rare verbs that originally began with a

consonant) and consists of the prefix ε- Thus ιύνκελ = we loose (present tense) but ἐιύνκελ = we were loosing

(past tense) Some Greek words originally began with a ϝ or an ζ that later disappeared (usually replace with the

rough breathing) In those cases the augment is sometimes syllabic reflecting the earlier practice The word ἁλδάλσ

for example was originally ζϝαλδάλσ (swandano) The original augmented form of the imperfect was ἐζϝάλδαλνλ

(eswandano) When the ζϝ- was dropped the syllabic augment was retained ἑάλδαλνλ (heandano)

When a verb has lost an initial ζ the syllabic augment frequently contracts with the initial vowel For example

the word ἔρσ was originally ζέρσ The original augmented imperfect was ἔζερνλ When the initial ζ disappeared

the result was ἔερνλ which contracted to εἶρνλ (because εε usually contracts to εη) This pattern is also sometimes

present in verbs that originally began with ϝ such as ϝίδνλ =gt ἐϝηδνλ = ἔηδνλ = εἶδνλ

The temporal augment consists of lengthening an initial vowel and occurs in most Greek verbs that begin with

an initial vowel In general initial α or ε becomes ε initial η ν or π becomes ῑ initial αη and ᾳ become ῃ and initial

νη becomes ῳ Thus ἄγνκελ (we lead) becomes ἤγνκελ (we were leading) If the verb already begins with a long

vowel (ε ῃ ῑ ῡ σ ῳ) there is usually no change

Verbs that begin with ξ usually double the ξ when adding the syllabic augment This feature also sometimes

occurs in verbs beginning with ι κ λ or ζ

Compound verbs are usually formed from a combination of preposition + verb such as ἀπό (away from) + ιύσ

(loosen) = ἀπνιύσ (set free turn loose) In compound verbs a temporal augment is inserted between the preposition

and the verb If the preposition ends in a vowel the vowel is usually elided Thus ἀπνιύνκελ (we set free) becomes

ἀπειύνκελ (elided from ἀπνειύνκελ we were setting free)

92 The Imperfect Tense

The imperfect denotes continuous action in past time and typically corresponds to the past participle in English

Thus ἔιπνλ (imperfect) = I was loosing Occasionally the Greek imperfect is best translated by the simple past tense

in English The imperfect tense is formed by adding the secondary tense endings (which will be described in a later

lesson) to the augmented stem of the verb

In the paradigm below the unaugmented form is shown in brackets

Imperfect Tense

S 1st Pers ἔιπνλ [ιύνλ] I was loosing

2nd

Pers ἔιπεο [ιύεο] you were loosing

3rd

Pers ἔιπε(λ) [ιύε(λ)] he she it was loosing

D 2nd

Pers ἐιύεηνλ [ιύεηνλ] you (two) were loosing the pair of you were loosing

3rd

Pers ἐιπέηελ [ιπέηελ] they (two) were loosing the pair of them were loosing

P 1st Pers ἐιύνκελ [ιύνκελ] we were loosing

2nd

Pers ἐιύεηε [ιύεηε] you (ye) were loosing

3rd

Pers ἐιύνλ [ιύνλ] they were loosing

93 Vocabulary

ἄιιῃ elsewhere

Ἀξγεῖνο νπ ὁ Argive

-δε (suffix + acc) to

δηά (adv) between among (+gen) through (+acc) through by means

of on account of during

δηίθηινο (ῑ) ε νλ dear to Zeus

εἴξσ speak say tell

ἐκόο ή όλ my mine

ἔξγνλ νπ ηό (ϝέξγνλ) work deed accomplishment

-ζελ (suffix gen ending) from

Κιπηαηκήζηξε εο ἡ Clytaemnestra

(also Κιπηαηκλήζηξε)

καληνζύλε εο ἡ gift of prophesy

νἶθνο νπ ὁ house home

ιύκπηνο ε νλ Olympian

Ὄιπκπνο νπ ὁ Olympus

Πξίακνο νπ ὁ Priam

ζόο ζή ζόλ your yours

εἶρνλ (imperfect of ἔρσ) I was having I had

94 Derivatives

95 Translation Exercises

1 ὁ ἑθεβόινο δηὰ καληνζύλελ εἴξεη βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ηῶλ ζεῶλ Ἀξγείνηζηλ 2 νἱ ιύκπηνη ζενὶ εἶρνλ νἴθνπο ἐλ

ιύκπῳ 3 ὁ ἑθεβόινο δηίθηινο (ῑ) ἔηεπρε ηνὺο Ἀξγείνπο Ἀραηνύο ηε ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζηλ 4 Ἀραηνὶ Ἀξγεῖνί ηrsquo

ἔηεπρνλ ἔξγα θαθὰ δηὰ βνπιὴλ ζεᾶο 5 Κιπηαηκήζηξε δηὰ ηὸλ ζῡκὸλ ἔηεπρελ ηὰ ἔξγα δεηλά 6 Πξίακνο ιᾱόο ηε

Πξηάκνπ ὤιεθνλ πνιινὺο Ἀξγείνπο 7 ηίο εἴξεη ηὰ ζὰ ἔξγα θαθὰ Πξηάκῳ 8 ηὰ ἔξγα ἐκά ἐζηη θᾱιά νὕλεθα ἔηεπρνλ

βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεῶλ θαὶ ζεάσλ (ᾱ) δηὰ ηὴλ καληνζύλελ 9 ἐπέκπνκελ ηὰ ρξύζεα (ῡ) ζθῆπηξα εἰο νἶθνλ Πξηάκῳ 10

ἐθαίεηε ηὰο (ᾱ) ππξὰο (ᾱ) δεηλῇ θιαγγῇ 11 νὐρ ἥλδαλε ἡ βνπιὴ ζεᾷ ζαιάζζεο ζῡκῷ 12 αἱ ζεαὶ ἀείδνπζη ηὰ θᾱιὰ

ἔξγα ηῶλ ζεῶλ ἑθεβόινο δὲ βαίλεη ἄιιῃ 13 εἶρε Πξίακνο ἀγιαὸλ θαὶ θᾱιὸλ νἶθνλ

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 This free-shooter relates the plans of the gods to the Argives through prophesy 2 These Olympian gods had

homes on Olympus 3 This free-shooter beloved of Zeus made both the Argives and the Achaeans prey for the

vultures 4 Both the Achaeans and the Argives committed evil deeds through the will of the goddess 5 Because of

her heart Clytaemnestra wrought these terrible deeds 6 Both Priam and the host of Priam killed many Argives 7

Who relates these evil deeds of yours to Priam 8 These works of mine are noble because through prophesy I

accomplished the of the gods and goddess 9 We sent the golden scepters to the house of Priam 10 Were you

burning the funeral pyres with a terrible uproar 11 Does the plan not please the heart of the goddess of the sea 12

The goddesses sing the noble deeds of the gods but the free-shooter walks elsewhere 13 Priam had a splendid and

beautiful home

96 Composition Exercises

1 Who brought these countless shining ransoms to the beautiful home of Priam 2 The Achaeans and the

Argives burned many funeral pyres in your beloved fatherland 3 Clytaemnestra was wicked and performed many

dreadful deeds 4 Through the gift of prophesy we tell many glorious deeds of the gods and goddesses who have

Olympian homes 5 My deeds are noble but yours are cowardly 6 The gods sent an evil plague up through the

camp and destroyed many Achaeans because they dishonored the free-shooter 7 It was not pleasing to

Clytaemnestra in (her) wicked soul

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 ηίο ἔθεξε ηὰο ἄπνηλα ἀγιαὰ εἰο νἶθνλ θᾱιὸλ Πξηάκνπ 2 Ἀραηνὶ θαὶ Ἀξγεῖνη ἔθαηνλ ππξὰο (ᾱ) πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἐλ

ζῇ πάηξῃ θᾱιῇ 3 Κιπηαηκλήζηξε θαθὴ ἦλ θαὶ ἔηεπρελ ἄξγα πνιιὰ θαὶ δεηλά 4 δηὰ καληνζύλελ εἴξνκελ ἔξγα

πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀγιαὰ ζεῶλ θαὶ ζεάσλ (ᾱ) νἳ ἔρνπζηλ νἴθνπο ιπκπίνπο 5 ἔξγα ἐκὰ θᾱιή εἰζηλ ζὰ δὲ θαθά 6 ζενὶ

ἔπεκπνλ λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ θαὶ ὤιεθνλ Ἀραίνπο πνιινύο νὕλεθα ἠηίκαδνλ (ῑ) ἑθεβόινλ 7 νὐρ ἥλδαλε

Κιπηαηκλήζηξῃ ζῡκῷ θαθῷ

Lesson 10

(841-857 904)

101 Formation of the Aorist and Future Tenses

The first aorist is a secondary tense formed by adding -ζ(ζ)α to the augmented verb stem followed by the

personal endings of the secondary tense If the verb stem ends in a consonant or a long vowel only a single ζ is

added If the stem ends in a short vowel either one or two sigmas may be added A few aorists (called ldquomixed

aoristsrdquo) are formed by adding -ζ followed by the thematic vowel and the personal endings for the secondary tenses

to the augmented stem

The future is formed by adding -ζ followed by the thematic vowel and the personal endings for the primary

tenses

If the verb stem ends in a long vowel the stem is not affected by the addition of the suffixes for the future or

aorist tenses If the stem ends in a short vowel it is regularly lengthened in all tenses except the present and the

imperfect There are however a few exceptions to this pattern In most cases these verbs add ζ before the personal

endings of the perfect middle and aorist passive

102 Classification of Verbs

Verbs are classified into four groups according to the final letter of the stem vowel verbs liquid verbs nasal

verbs and mute verbs

When -ζ is added to the end of a mute verb a labial combines with ζ to form ς a palatal combines with ζ to

form μ and a lingual is dropped (leaving only ζ)

When -ζ is added to the end of a liquid or nasal verb it is usually preceded by -ε and the ζ is dropped in

contraction Thus βαιισ = βαιέζσ = βαιέσ In rare cases the ε is dropped and the ζ retained In some vowel-stem

verbs where the final vowel is preceded by a liquid or nasal the verb behaves as a liquidnasal and adds -εζ to the

stem θαιέσ (present) = θαιέζσ (future) = θαιέσ (future contracted) The formations in which the ζ is dropped

after α or ε are sometimes called ldquoAttic futuresrdquo

Verbs with liquid and nasal stems regularly form the aorist by dropping the ζ and lengthening the stem vowel

A few verbs have active forms in the present tense but middle forms in the future tense ἀθνύσ (I hear) but

ἀθνύζνκαη (I will hear)

103 Paradigms Future and First Aorist of ιύσ

Future

S 1st Pers ιύζσ (ῡ) I shall loose

2nd

Pers ιύζεηο (ῡ) you will loose

3rd

Pers ιύζεη (ῡ) he she it will loose

D 2nd

Pers ιύζεηνλ (ῡ) you (two) will loose

3rd

Pers ιύζεηνλ (ῡ) they (two) will loose

P 1st Pers ιύζνκελ (ῡ) we shall loose

2nd

Pers ιύζεηε (ῡ) you (ye) will loose

3rd

Pers ιύζνπζη(λ) (ῡ) they will loose

First Aorist

S 1st Pers ἔιῡζα I loosed

2nd

Pers ἔιῡζαο you loosed

3rd

Pers ἔιῡζε(λ) he she it loosed

D 2nd

Pers ἐιύζαηνλ (ῡ) you (two) loosed

3rd

Pers ἔιῡζάηελ they (two) loosed

P 1st Pers ἐιύζακελ (ῡ) we loosed

2nd

Pers ἐιύζαηε (ῡ) you (ye) loosed

3rd

Pers ἔιῡζαλ they loosed

104 Vocabulary

ἄγσ ἄμσ ἤγαγνλ lead drive conduct bring carry

ἀλάζζσ (ϝαλαθ-) ἀλάμσ ἠλαμα (+gen) rule (over) guard protect

ἄξηζηνο ε νλ best noblest bravest fairest

αὖηηο (back) again anew

Γαλαόο νῦ ὁ Danaan

ἑθαηόκβε εο ἡ hecatomb sacrifice

ζάλαηνο νπ ὁ death

Ἴιηνο νπ ἡ Ilium Troy the region around Troy

κεγάζῡκνο ε νλ great-souled brave

ὄρα far much considerably

πέζσ (πεηζ- πνηζ- πηζ-) πείζσ ἔπεηζα (πέπηζνλ) persuade win over mislead

θηιέσ θηιήζσ ἐθίιεζα love cherish entertain hospitably

εἶπνλ εἶπεο εἶπε(λ) θηι 2nd

aor speak say tell etc

ἔβεζα ἔβεζαο ἔβεζε(λ) θηι 1st aor come go walk etc

105 Derivatives

ἄγσ (ag-) = pedagogue demagogue synagogue

ἄξηζηνο (arist-) = aristocracy

ζάλαηνο (thanat-) = thanatopsis euthanasia

106 Translation Exercises

1 ηίο ἦλ ὄρrsquo ἄξηζηνο Γαλαῶλ 2 Πξίακνο κεγάζῡκνο ἤλαζζελ Ἰιίνπ 3 νὐθ αὖηηο ἄμνπζη Γαλανὶ κεγάζῡκνη

ἑθαηόκβᾱο πνιιὰο (ᾱ) εἰο Υξύζελ (ῡ) 4 νὐθ ἔπεηζαλ ἑθεβόινλ πνιιῇο ἑθαηόβῃζη θᾱιῇζηλ 5 νὐ θηιήζνκελ ζενύο

νὕλεθα θᾱινὶ εἰζηλ 6 Γαλανὶ ηεύμνπζη ζάλαηνλ Πξηάκῳ ἐλ Ἰιίῳ 7 ἐθίιεζα ζεὰλ (ᾱ) ζαιάζζεο ἀιιrsquo νὐρ ἥλδαλε

ἑθεβόιῳ ζῡκῷ 8 ἀείζνκελ θαὶ πείζνκελ ζενύο 9 ὄρrsquo ἄξηζνη ἐλ Ἰιίῳ ηὰ εἶπνλ Πξηάκῳ ἀιιὰ ηνὺο ἠηῑκάζελ 10

Πξίακνο ἔπεκςε ηὸλ ζηξαηὸλ ἄξηζηνλ ἐπrsquo Ἀξγείνηζηλ 11 ἔβεζαλ αὖηηο Γαλανὶ εἰο Ἴιηνλ ἀιιrsquo νὐθ ἔπεηζαλ

Πξίακνλ 12 ἀείζνκελ ἑθεβόινλ ὄρrsquo ἄξηζηνλ ζεῶλ νὕλεθrsquo ἤγαγε Γαλανὺο εἰο Ἴιηνλ

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 Who was by far the noblest of the Danaans 2 Great-souled Priam ruled Ilium 3 Not agan will the great-

souled Danaans lead many sacrifices into Chrysa 4 They did not persuade the free-shooter with many goodly

sacrifices 5 Do we not love the gods because they are good 6 The Danaans will prepare death for Priam in Ilium

7 I loved the goddess of the sea but it was not pleasing to the heart of the free-shooter 8 We will sing and

persuade the gods 9 By far the noblest in Ilium this they say of Priam but he (is the one) he dishonored () 10

Priam sent the best army against the Argives 11 The Danaans went back to Ilium but they did not persuade Priam

12 We hymn the free-shooter greatest of the gods because he led the Danaans into Ilium

107 Composition Exercises

1 The great-souled Achaeans will not persuade the free-shooter with goodly hecatombs but he will prepare evil

death for the people 2 The noblest of the Achaeans went to Ilium but they did not persuade the soul of Priam 3

We shall sing because the gods have led (aor) the people into Troy 4 We shall have many shining golden scepters

5 Did you not love the gods who have Olympian homes 6 Priam shall not rule Ilium again for the Achaeans will

prepare evil death for him 7 Does he speak to the beautiful goddess of the sea 8 They will persuade the souls of

the gods with many hecatombs

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 Ἀραηνὶ κεγάζῡκνη νὐ πείζνπζηλ ἑθεβόινλ πνιιῇο ἑθαηόκβῆζηλ ἀιιὰ ηεύμεη ζάλαηνλ θαθὸλ ιᾱνῖζηλ 2

ἄξηζηνη Ἀραηῶλ ἔβεζαλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ ἀιιrsquo νὐθ ἔπεηζαλ ζῡκὸλ Πξηάκῳ 3 ἀείζνκελ νὕλεθα ζενὺο ἤγαγνλ ιᾱὸλ εἰο

Ἴιηνλ 4 ἕζρνκελ πνιιὰ ρξύζεα (ῡ) ἀγιαὰ ζθῆπηξα 5 νὐθ ἐθηιήζαηε ζενὺο νἳ ἔρνπζηλ νἴθνπο ιπκπίνπο 6 νὐθ

αὖηηο ἀλάζζεη Πξίακνο Ἰιίνπ Ἀραηνὶ γὰξ ηεύμνπζη ζάλαηνλ θαθὸλ αὐηῷ 7 εἴξεη ζεᾷ θᾱιᾷ ζαιάζζεο 8 πείζνπζη

ζῡκνὺο ζεῶλ πνιιῇο ἑθαηόκβῃζηλ

Lesson 11

(664-675 838-839)

111 First Declension Masculine Nouns

First declension masculines typically end in -εο -ᾱο or -ᾰο in the nominative and are declined exactly the same

as their feminine counterparts (with the exception of the nominative singular which adds -ο the genitive singular

which regularly ends in -ᾱν and the vocative singular which ends in -ε -ᾱ or -ᾰ) Those ending in -εο retain -ε

throughout the singular those ending in -ᾱο retain the -ᾱ throughout the singular and those ending in -ᾰο take the -ε

ending in the dative

Masculines ending in -δεο take -ε in the vocative singular while those ending in -ηεο (as well as compound

nouns and the names of nationalities) regularly take -ᾰ Those ending in -ᾱο take the the nominative singular in -ᾱ

A very few first declension adjectives take a masculine ending in -ᾰ (without the final -ο) Many of these also

have an alternative form that ends in the more common -εο Those that do not have an alternative form in -εο usually

have the recessive accent (a feature inherited from the Aeolic influence in Homer) The only masculine noun ending

in -ᾰ in the nominative is the name Θύεζηα (Thyestes)

First declension masculine nouns typically follow the paradigms for Ἀηξεΐδεο (Atreides son of Atreus) Αἰλείᾱο

(Aeneas) and αἰρκεηήο (spearman warrior)

Ἀηξεΐδεο ᾱν ὁ Αἰλείᾱο ᾱν ὁ αἰρκεηήο ᾱν ὁ

(Αηξεϝηδᾱ-) (Αἰλεηᾱ-) (αἰρκεηᾱ-)

N Ἀηξεΐδεο Αἰλείᾱο αἰρκεηήο [ά]

G Ἀηξεΐδᾱν [εσ] Αἰλείᾱν [σ] αἰρκεηᾶν [έσ]

D Ἀηξεΐδῃ Αἰλείᾳ αἰρκεηῇ

A Ἀηξεΐδελ Αἰλείαλ αἰρκεηήλ

V Ἀηξεΐδε Αἰλείᾱ αἰρκεηά

N A V Ἀηξεΐδᾱ αἰρκεηά (ᾱ)

G D Ἀηξεΐδῃηλ αἰρκεηῇηλ

N V Ἀηξεΐδαη αἰρκεηαί

G Ἀηξετδάσλ (ᾱ) αἰρκεηάσλ (ᾱ)

[έσλ ῶλ] [έσλ ῶλ]

D Ἀηξεΐδῃζη ῃο αἰρκεηῇζη ῇο

A Ἀηξεΐδᾱο αἰρκεηάο (ᾱ)

112 Compound Verbs

Compound verbs are formed from a preposition or adverb coupled with a verb such as ἀλαβαίλσ (ascend)

formed from ἀλα (up) and βαίλσ (go) If the preposition ends in a vowel and the verb begins with a vowel the vowel

of the preposition is usually elided as in δηίζηεκη (δηὰ ἰζηεκη) ἁθαηξέσ (ἀπὸ αἱξέσ)

The augment occurs between the preposition and the verb When two vowels are thus brought together the first

vowel is usually elided leaving the augment Thus ἀπνιύσ (I release present) ἀπέιπνλ (I was releasing

imperfect) ἀπέιῡζα (I released aorist)

113 Vocabulary

ἀλαβαίλσ ἀλαβήζσ ἀλέβεζα go up ascend embark

ἀπνιύσ ἀπνιύζσ (ῡ) ἀπέιῡζα loose set free release

Ἀηξεΐδεο -ᾱν ὁ Atreides son of Atreus (usually refers to Agamemnon)

θαηαθεύσ θαηαθαύζσ θαηέθεα burn consume

θειεύσ - ἔθιπνλ (+gen) hear hearken to

κεηέεηπνλ κεηεῖπνλ (2nd

aor of εἴξσ) spoke among addressed spoke to

ὅηε when whenever

Πειεηάδεο ᾱν (εσ) ὁ Peleiades son of Peleus (used in reference to Achilles)

πξνζέεηπνλ πξνζεῖπνλ (2nd

aor of εἴξσ) addressed spoke to

ηόηε then at that time

ρνιόσ ρνιώζσ ἐρόισζα anger enrage vex

Υξύζεο (ῡ) ᾱν (εσ) ὁ Chryses

Verbs

ἀλαβαίλσ

stem ἀλα + βαλ- βα-

future ἀλαβήζσ (rarely ἀλαβήζνκαη)

1st aorist ἀλέβεζα (rarely 2

nd aor ἀλέβελ)

ἀπνιύσ

stem ἀπό + ιύσ

future ἀπνιύζσ (ῡ)

1st aorist ἀπέιῡζα

θαηαθαίσ

stem θαηά + θαπ- θαϝ- θαη-

future θαηαθαύζσ (assumed form)

1st aorist θαηέθεα

θειεύσ (Attic)

stem θιεπ- θιεϝ- θιπ-

future none

2nd

aorist ἐθιπνλ

ρνιόσ

stem ρνιν-

future ρνιώζσ

1st aorist ἐρόισζα

Notes

In Homeric Greek the stem vowel is usually lengthened before -ζ hence ἀλαβαίλσ =gt ἀλαβήζσ =gt

ἀλέβεζα ἀπνιύσ =gt ἀπνιύζσ (ῡ) =gt ἀπέιῡζα

ἀλαβαίλσ also has a 2nd

aorist ἀλέβελ

A few verbs have active forms in the present but middle forms in the future ἀλαβαίλσ has two future

forms one active (ἀλαβήζσ) and one middle (ἀλαβήζνκαη)

Verbs with stems ending in -αηλσ originally had a consonantal η following the λ (ie ἀλαβαηλησ)

114 Translation

1 θᾱινὶ ζενὶ ἔηεπμαλ ζάλαηνλ θαθὸλ δίῳ (ῑ) Πειεηάδῃ ὁ δrsquo ἀλέβελ ππξήλ 2 ἑθεβόινο ὤιεθε ιᾱὸλ Ἀραηῶλ

νὕλεθα δῖνο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) 3 θαηέθεα ἑθαηόκβᾱο πνιιάο (ᾱ) 4 ἑθεβόινο νὐθ ἔθιπελ Ἀηξεΐδᾱν

νὕλεθα ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) 5 Υξύζεο (ῡ) κεηέεηπελ Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἀιιrsquo νὐθ Ἀηξεΐδῃ ἥλδαλε ζῡκῷ 6 ὅηε θαθῶο

πξνζέεηπελ Ἀηξεΐδεο Υξύζελ (ῡ) ηόηε ἐρόισζελ ἑθεβόινλ 7 ἀπειύζακελ (ῡ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) νὕλεθα ηὸλ

ἐθηιήζακελ 8 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἤλεηθελ ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα Ἀηξεΐδῃ 9 νἴζνκελ ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀπνιύζνκελ (ῡ)

Υξύζελ (ῡ) νὕλεθα ηὸλ ἐθηιήζακελ θαὶ θίινο ἐζηὶλ ἑθεβόιῳ 10 ηίο θέξεη ἄπνηλα Υξύζᾱν (ῡ) Ἀηξεΐδῃ 11 δῖνο

Πειεηάδεο ἐρόισζελ Ἀηξεΐδελ 12 ὅηε θαηεθήακελ πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἑθαηόκβᾱο θᾱιάο (ᾱ) ηόηε ἐπείζακελ ζῡκνὺο ζεῶλ

13 δηὰ καληνζύλελ Υξύζεο (ῡ) εἶπε βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεῶλ Ἀηξεΐδῃ Πειεηάδῃ ηε

KEY

1 The noble gods prepared evil death for the divine Peleiades and he ascended the funeral pyre 2 The free-

shooter destroyed the host of the Achaeans because the divine Atreides dishonored Chryses 3 I burned many

funeral pyres 4 The free-shooter did not hear the son of Atreus because he dishonored Chryses 5 Chryses spoke

among the Achaeans but but it did not please the heart of Atreides 6 It angered the free-shooter when the son of

Atreus spoke wickedly to Chryses 7 We released Chryses because we loved him 8 Chryses brought countless

glorious ransoms to the son of Atreus 9 We will bring many ransoms and release Chryses because we loved him

and he is dear to the free-shooter 10 Who brought the ransoms of Chryses to the son of Atreus 11 The divine

Peleiades angered the son of Atreus 12 We persuaded the hearts of the gods when we burned many good

hecatombs 13 Through prophesy Chryses spoke the will of the gods to both Atreides and Peleiades

115 Composition

1 The Achaeans ascended into Troy and killed the noble Priam 2 We burned many goodly hecatombs to the

Olympian gods 3 Chryses spoke among the Achaeans but the son of Atreus did not hearken to him 4 The

Achaeans addressed the son of Atreus but he did not free Chryses 5 The son of Atreus will bring many ransoms

into the camp of the Achaeans 6 Who will persuade the gods with many goodly hecatombs

KEY

1 Ἀραηνὶ ἀλέβεζαλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ θαὶ ὤιεμαλ θᾱιὸλ Πξηάκνλ 2 θαηέθεκελ πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) ἑθαηόκβὰο (ᾱ)

ζενῖο ιπκπίνηο 3 Υξύζεο (ῡ) κεηέεηπελ Ἀραηνῖο ἀιιrsquo Ἀηξεΐδεο ηὸλ νὐθ ἔθιπελ 4 Ἀραηνὶ πξνζέεηπνλ Ἀηξεΐδῃ

ἀιιrsquo νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε Υξύζελ (ῡ) 5 Ἀηξεΐδεο νἴζεη ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ εἰο ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 6 ηίο πείζεη ζενὺο πνιιῇο

ἑθαηόκβῃζηλ

Lesson 12

Review

121 Review Vocabulary

Lesson 13

(680-692 701-709)

(cf 897 874 886 619 841-843 576 1178 830-831 837 580 837)

131 Nouns of the Third Declension

Third declension nouns can be either masculine feminine or neuter The nominative endings can take many

forms but there are some conventions Masculine and feminine stems except those ending in λ ξ or ζ simply add

ζ to the stem and make the necessary euphonic changes Stems ending in ξ λ and ζ typically make no changes

except to lengthen the last vowel if it is short Stems ending in -λ(η) either drop the η and lengthen a short vowel or

drop the -λ(η) lengthen the vowel and add ζ Examples δαηκνλ- = δαηκσλ ζῑλ- = ζίο (ῑ) κειαλ- = κέιᾱο γεξνλη- =

γέξσλ etc Neuters typically consist of just the stem in the nominative and accusative except to drop a final -η

where it occurs

In general the stem of a third declension noun is found by dropping the -νο ending from the genitive singular

The dative singular regularly ends in -ῐ but occasionally in -ῑ

The accusative ending was originally -λ and this ending is common on stems ending in a vowel On stems

ending in a consonant the -λ was a sonant consonant which eventually came be pronounced as -ᾰ The result is that

the accusative singular usually ends in -λ for stems ending in a vowel and -ᾰ for stems ending in a consonant

Dental mute stems ending in -ηο and -πο in the nominative singular rarely drop the mute and typically adopt the -λ

accusative ending as if they were vowel stems

The dative plural is formed by adding either -εζζη (rarely -εζη) or -ζη (rarely -ζζη) and making the usual

euphonic changes Most third declension nouns thus have alternate dative plural forms as πνύο = πνζζί = πνζί =

πόδεζζη etc

The accusative plural originally ended in -λο (sonant λ) which gives -αο for stems ending in a consonant and -ῑο

and -ῡο for stems ending in a vowel A few vowel stems borrowed an -αο ending from the first declension by

analogy

The vocative singular is usually either identical to the nominative or identical to the stem alone Stems ending

in λ ξ or ο typically drop this final consonant in the vocative singular

Compensatory lengthening usually occurs in the dative plural when -λη is dropped as in γέξνληζη = γέξνπζη

132 Paradigms

Stems ending in -επ (επ) -νπ and σϝ follow the paradigms of βαζηιεύο (king βαζηιεϝ-) βνῦο (ox βνϝ-) λεῦο

(ship λᾱϝ-) and ἥξσο (hero ἡξσϝ- () or ἡξσ-)

N βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

G βαζηιῆνο [-ένο] βνόο λεόο ἥξσνο

D βαζηιῆη [-έη] βνΐ λεί ἥξση

A βαζηιῆα [-έα] βνῦλ [βῶλ] λῆα [λέα] ἥξσα

V βαζηιεῦ βνῦ λεῦ ἥξσο

N A V βαζηιῆε βόε λῆε ἥξσε

G D βαζηιήνηηλ βόνηηλ λήνηηλ ἡξώνηηλ

N V βαζηιεῆεο βόεο λῆεο ἥξσεο

G βαζηιήσλ βνῶλ λεῶλ [λεῶλ] ἡξώσλ

D βαζηιήεζζη βόεζζη λήεζζη [λέεζζἰ ἡξώεζζη

βαζηιεῦζη βνπζί λεπζί ἥξσζη

A βαζηιῆαο βόαο (βνῦο) λῆζαο (λέαο) ἥξσαο

A long vowel is typically shortened when it occurs before another vowel thus βαζηιῆνο or βαζηιένο This

convention was almost certainly consistent in pronunciation but is only occasionally represented in written form

The π in the stem of these words frequently became ϝ and subsequently disappeared as in βαζηιεπ- βαζηιεϝ-

βαζηιε-

Stems ending in η (εη) and π (επ εϝ) follow the paradigms of πόιηο (city πνιη-) πῆρπο (forearm περεϝ-) ἄζηπ

(city ἀζηεϝ-) λέθπο (corpse λεθῡ-) and δάθξπ (tear δαθξπ-)

N πόιηο πῆρπο ἄζηπ λέθῡο δάθξπ

G πόιηνο -ενο πήρενο ἄζηενο λέθπνο δάθξπνο

D πόιηη -ῑ -εη -εη πήρετ ἄζηετ λέθπτ δάθξπτ

A πόιηλ πῆρσλ ἄζηπ λέθῡλ δαθξπ

V πόιη πῆρπ ἄζηπ λέθῡ δάθξπ

N V πόιηε πήρεε ἄζηεε λέθπε δάθξπε

G D πνιίνηηλ περένηηλ ἄζηνηηλ λεθύνηηλ δαθξύνηηλ

N V πόιηεο -εεο πήρεεο ἄζηεα λέθπεο δάθξπα

G πνιίσλ περέσλ ἀζηέσλ λεθύσλ δαθξύσλ

D πνιίεζζη περέεζζη ἀζηέεζη λεθύεζζη δαθξύεζζη

πόιεζη -ηζη πήρεζη ἄζηεζη λέθῡζ(ζ)η δάθξπζη

A πόιηαο -εαο -ῑο πήρεαο ἄζηεα λέθπαο [-ῡο] δάθξπα

Nouns with stems in -ο (-εο -αο -νο) and -η are declined like ἔπνο (ϝεπεζ-) γέξαο (γεξαζ-) ἠώο (ἀϝζνζ-) δῶκα

(δσκαη-) and ἦκαξ (ἠκαξ- ἠκαη-) Note that -ζ- usually disappears when it occurs between two vowels

N ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο δῶκα ἧκαξ

G ἔπενο γέξανο ἠόνο δώκαηνο ἥκαηνο

D ἔπετ γέξατ ἠόη δώκαηη ἥκαηη

A ἔπνο γέξαο ἠόα δῶκα ἧκαξ

V ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο δῶκα ἧκαξ

N V ἔπεε γέξαε δώκαηε ἥκαηε

G D επένηηλ γεξάνηηλ δσκάηνηηλ ἡκάηνηηλ

N V ἔπεο γέξα(α) δώκαηα ἥκαηα

G ἐπέσλ γεξάσλ δσκάησλ ἡκάησλ

D ἐπέεζζη γεξάεζζη δσκάηεζζη ἡκάηεζζη

ἔπε(ζ)ζη γέξα(ζ)ζη δώκαζη ἥκαζη

A ἔπεα γέξα(α) δώκαηα ἥκαηα

Note that all nouns ening in -νο in the second declension are either masculine or feminine but all nouns ending in -

νο in the third declension are neuter All nouns ending in -κα in the nominative singular and all nouns with genitives

in -αηνο are neuter

133 Further Notes on the Third Declension

Nouns of the third declension can be any gender and consist of stems ending in -η -π or a consonant In

general the following endings are applied to the stem with the usual euphonic changes

N -ο

G -νο

D -η

A -λ

V -

N A V -ε

G D -νηηλ

N V -εο

G -σλ

D -εζζη

A -λο

Standard Euphonic Changes

Later forms of Greek such as Attic and Koine frequently contracted the forms found in Homer

The -λ in the accusative singular and plural is sonant meaning that it is pronounced as λ when

following a vowel but it is pronounced as ᾰ when following a consonant Thus πνιη-λ = πνιηλ and

πνιη-λο = πνιηο but δαηκνλ-λ = δαηκνλα and δαηκνλ-λο = δαηκνλαο

o In most cases a stem originally ending in ϝ is treated as if it ends in a consonant Thus

βαζηιεϝα = βαζηιεα εξσϝα = εξσα

o The word βνϝ- is an exception where ϝ becomes π (probably because νπ is such a common

diphthong) βνϝλ = βνπλ

Dentals are dropped before ζ Thus παηδο = παηο

o In cases where the stem ends in -λη the dental and the ζ are typically dropped with the last

vowel lengthened by compensation Thus γεξνληο = γεξσλ

Palatals combine with ζ to form μ Thus αηγο = αημ θεξπθο = θεξπμ etc

o Stems ending in -θη apply both the dental and palatal changes first dropping the η and then

combining the θζ to form μ Thus λπθηο = λπθο = λπμ

Labials combine with ζ to form ς Thus Αηζηνπο = Αηζηνς

The ζ is dropped when it follows a nasal or ξ and the last vowel is lengthened to compensate (if it

isnrsquot long already) Thus δαηκνλο = δαηκσλ θξελο = θξελ ρεηξο = ρεηξ παηεξο = παηεξ κεηεξο =

κεηεξ etc

Stems that originally ended in ϝ usually retain a π in its place in the nominative Thus βαζηιεϝο =

βαζηιεπο (originally βαζηιεπο) λεϝο = λεπο βνϝο = βνπο etc

o The same phenomenon sometimes occurs in the accusative singular as well where ϝ becomes

π and the final λ is retained Thus περεϝλ = περευλ = περπλ

o The word εξσο is an apparent exception where εξσϝο = εξσο This may be from analogy

with the relatively common -σο ending in Greek or it could be that the stem was originally

εξσ- witout the ϝ

o When the stem ends in -εϝ the ε is usually dropped in the nominative thus περεϝο = περεπο =

περπο (but the genitive and dative are περενο περετ)

Some confusion can occur at the apparent irregularity of stems ending in -π αζηπ αζηενο αζηεη etc

but δαθξπ δαθξπνο δαθξπτ etc The difference is that stems like αζηπ originally ended in a vowel + ϝ

(αζηεϝ) while stems like δαθξπ originally ended in π

Some neuters originally ended in -εο These are usually declined as -νο in the nominative and

accusative In the other cases the endings are simply applied to -εζ- and the sigma is dropped when it

occurs between two vowels επνο (nom acc from επεζο) επενο (gen from επεζνο) επετ (dat from

επεζη) etc

o Stems ending in -αο simple drop the extra sigma in the nominative singular and append the

case endings to -αζ- (dropping ζ when it occurs between two vowels) Thus γεξαο γεξανο

γεξατ etc

o Stems ending in -νο follow the same pattern as those ending in -αο except that the ν is

lengthened to σ in the nominative Thus εσο εννο εντ etc

Neuter stems ending in -καη usually drop the η in the nominative and accusative singular but retain it

in the plural Thus δσκα (nom and acc sing) δσκαηνο (gen sing) δσκαηη (dat sing) δσκαηα (nom and

acc plur) δσκαησλ (gen plur) δσκαηεζζη (dat plur) etc Neuter stems ending in -καξ usually behave

as if they ended in -καη in all cases except the nominative and accusative singular Thus εκαξ εκαηνο

εκαηη etc

The dative plural ending is given as -εζζη This could be shortened to -ζζη (before vowels) -εζη or -ζη

The -ζη ending is the most common in later dialects Thus Homeric θεξπθεζζη is typically θεξπμη in

Attic and Koine

The vocative singular in neuters is always identical to the nominative and accusative singulars

o In masculine and feminine nouns the vocative singular is usually just the stem without any

endings applied as long as the stem is capable of standing alone Thus δαηκνλ ρεηξ παηεξ

κεηεξ ζπγαηεξ αλεξ βνπ λεπ πνιη λεθῡ δαθξπ etc

o In some cases where the nominative singular has slightly modified the stem before adding -ο

the vocative is formed by simply dropping the ο Thus παη βαζηιεπ περπ

o In cases where the ο of the nominative singular has combined with the stem the vocative is

usually indentical to the nominative singular Thus αλαμ λπμ αημ θεξπμ Αηζηνς etc

o In rare cases the vocative is identical to the nominative singular even when dropping the ο

would have been convenient as in εξσο εσο

Alternate Endings The following are some alternate endings that could be applied instead of the usual

case endings listed above

o -ζη can be used to denote place where

o -ζελ can be used to denote source or separation or as an alternative ending for the genitive

case

o -δε can be added to the accusative ending to denote place to which or limit of motion

o -η can be added to denote place where

o -θη(λ) can be added as a substitute for several uses of the genitive and the dative cases

particularly in the instrumental sense

134 References

This lesson references several points in the grammar Note the following

Deponent verbs take middle or passive forms but denote active meanings

Some verbs reduplicate the initial syllable in the present tense by repeating the initial consonant

followed by -η Thus ἴζηεκη (orig ζηζηεκη) ηίζεκη δίδσκη πίκπιεκη γίγλνκαη γηγλώζθσ κηκλήζθσ

etc When futures and second aorists are reduplicated they usually follow the pattern of reduplication

found in the perfect tense If the initial consonant is aspirated the reduplicated consonant is typically

smooth Thus ηίζεκη rather than ζίζεκη

Note that ἴκη δίδσκη and ηίζεκη take the aorist in -θα rather than -ζα

When a word ends in a vowel and the following word begins with a vowel the result is called hiatus

In general hiatus is avoided in poetry through the use of elision crasis synizesis moveable

consonants etc However hiatus is allowed in some circumstances such as when elision has already

occurred when the first of the two vowels is long and occurs on the beat (or ictus) of the verse or

when a long vowel or diphthong has been shortened or when the two vowels were originally separated

by ϝ

Recall that the verbal augment is frequently omitted

135 Vocabulary

Ἄηο Ἄηδνο ὁ (nom not used) Hades

ἄιγνο ενο ηό grief pain woe trouble

Ἀρηιιεύο ῆνο ὁ Achilles

δαίο δαηηόο ἡ feast banquet portion

Εεύο Γηόο ὁ Zeus

ἥξσο ἥξσνο ὁ hero mighty warrior protector savior

ἴθζῑκνο ε νλ mighty valiant stout-hearted brave

θύσλ θπλόο ὁ ἡ dog

κῆληο ηνο ἡ wrath fury madness rage

νὐιόκελνο ε νλ accursed destructive deadly

πξντάπησ πξντάςσ πξνΐαςα hurl forward send forth

ηίζεκη (ζε- ζε-) ζήζσ ἔζεθα put place cause

Ἀρηιιεπο (Ἀρηιιεϝ-) Ἀρηιιενο Ἀρηιιεη Ἀρηιιεα

δαηο (δαηη-) δαηηνο δαηηη δαηηα δαηηεο δαηησλ δαηηεζζη δαηηαο

Εεπο Γηνο Γηη Γηα

ἡξσο ἡξσνο ἡξστ ἡξσα ἡξσεο ἡξσσλ ἡξσεζζη ἡξσαο

θπσλ θπλνο θπλη θπλα θπλεο θπλσλ θπλεζζη θπλαο

κεληο (κελη-) κεληνο κεληη κεληλ κεληεο κελησλ κεληεζζη κεληαο

136 Translation

1 κῆληο Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο ἦλ νὐινκέλε ἔζεθε γὰξ κῡξηrsquo ἄιγεα ηνῖζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ πξνΐαςε δὲ πνιιὰο (ᾱ)

ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἰθζίκνπο (ῑ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη ἔηεπρε δrsquo αὐηνὺο ἑιώξηα θαὶ δαῖηα θύλεζζηλ νἰσλνῖζί ηε ἐηέιεζε δὲ βνπιὴλ

Γηόο 2 ζεὰ (ᾱ) ἀείδεη κῆληλ νὐινκέλελ Ἀρηιῆνο ἣ ἔζεθελ κῡξίrsquo ἄιγεrsquo Ἀραηνῖζηλ 3 ζενὶ ὀιέθνπζη ηὸλ ζηξαηόλ θαὶ

πξντάπηνπζη πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη 4ηεύμνκελ κῡξίνπο Ἀραηνὺο ἑιώξηα θύλεζζηλ θαὶ δαῖηα ηνῖζηλ

νἰσλνῖζηλ νὕλεθα ἠηίκαζαλ (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) 5 θᾱιὴ ἦλ ἡ βνπιὴ Γηόο

KEY

1 The wrath of Achilles son of Peleus was destructive for it caused countless woes to the Achaeans and sent

forth many valiant souls of heros to Hades making them spoils and a banquet for the dogs and the vultures 2 The

goddess sings the accursed wrath of Achilles which brought countless woes to the Achaeans 3 The gods are

destroying the camp and sending forth many souls of the heros to Hades 4 We will make countless Achaeans spoils

for the dogs and a feast for these vultures because they dishonored Chryses 5 The will of Zeus was good

137 Iliad 1-5

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κπξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςπρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιήλ

Μῆληλ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse

ἄεηδε - present active imperative 2nd

person singular of ἀείδσ

ζεά - vocative case

Πειεηάδεσ = Πειεηάδᾱν (the verse may have originally read Πειεηάδᾱrsquo)

νὐινκέλελ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse as well as out of

the natural order and is placed directly opposite the word κῆληλ

κῡξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο - the hiatus is permited because elision has already occurred in κῡξίνηο

Ἄηδη was originally Ἄϝηδη and is still accented as it began with α instead of αη

ἡξώσλ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse and its deviation from

the natural order

δὲ ἑιώξηα - the hiatus is permitted because the original was δὲ ϝειώξηα

ηεῦρε - the augment is dropped (usually ἔηεπρε)

ἐηειείεην - imperfect passive indicative 3rd

person singular of ηειείσ

KEY

Sing O goddess of the accursed wrath of Achilles Peleiades

which brought countless woes to the Achaeans

and cast forth the souls of many valiant warriors to Hades

making them the spoils and feast of both dogs

and vultures But the will of Zeus was accomplished

138 Composition

1 The valiant Achaeans are singing the accursed wrath of Achilles 2 The wrath of Achilles caused many woes

to the Achaeans and sent many valiant souls of heroes to the god Hades 3 We shall make the army of the Achaeans

a booty for the dogs and a banquet for the birds 4 We are accomplishing the will of the goddess

KEY

1 ἴθζῑκνη Ἀραηνὶ ἀείδνπζηλ νὐινκέλελ κῆληλ Ἀρηιῆνο 2 κῆληο Ἀρηιῆνο ἔζεθε κῡξίrsquo ἄιγεrsquo Ἀραηνῖζη θαὶ

πξνΐαςε πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἰθζίκνπο ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη 3 ηεύμνκελ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ ἑιώξηα θύλεζζηλ θαὶ δαῖηα

νἰσλνῖζηλ 4 ηεύρνκελ βνπιὴλ ζεᾶο

Lesson 14

(519-526 1159-1192)

(cf 586)

141 Syllable Quantity

A syllable is long (by nature) when it contains a long vowel or a diphthong or (by position) when it ends in two

consecutive consonants (or a double consonant) A short vowel followed by a mute and a liquid κ or λ is common

and can be either long or short depending on the requirements of the verse Occasionally the letters ι κ λ ξ or ζ

are doubled in pronunciation when they follow a short vowel making the syllable long by position but this

convention is not always represented in writing And occasionally a lost ϝ will combine with another consonant to

make the preceding syllable long by position

Observe the following rules when determing the length of a syllable

Any vowel with the circumflex accent is long

The vowel of any ultmia whose penult bears the circumflex is short

If the penult has an acute then the vowel of the ultima must also be long

If the vowel of the ultima is short and the penult has the acute then the vowel of the penult must

be short as well

If the antepenult is accented the vowel of the ultima must be short

Occasionally these rules do not apply to certain compounds where one of the two words are

accented as if they were separate

If a short syllable stands where a long syllable is expected it is usually because the pause of the caesura or

diaresis fills out the foot or because the following word has lost a consonant (usually ϝ or ζ) And occasionally a

short syllable ending in a consonant is lengthened when it occurs on the ictus (beat) of the verse Such lengthening is

called thesis

142 Metrical Quantity

With the exception of pauses at the end of the verse caesura and diaresis all feet must consist of two long

syllables or a long syllable followed by two shorts Thus if a long syllable is followed by a short syllable then the

next syllable must be short as well Likewise if a short syllable is followed by a long syllable then the preceding

syllable must be short as well

When a word ends in a short vowel (and sometimes -νη and -αη) and the following word begins with a vowel

the short vowel is usually elided unless the following word originally began with ϝ When a word ends in a long

vowel or a diphthong and the following word begins with a vowel the long vowel is usually shortened This

phenomenon can also occur within the same word and again it is less common when the following word originally

began with ϝ Vowel shortening is also rare when the long vowel occurs on the ictus

The meter of Homer is called dactylic or heroic hexameter and is the most common meter in Greek verse Each

verse has six feet The first five feet can be dactyls (one long syllable followed by two short syllables) or spondees

(two long syllables) The final foot of the verse is always a spndee but keep in mind that the pause at the end of the

verse often combines with a final short syllable to form one long syllable The fifth foot of each verse is usually a

dactyl with only one in twenty (or so) verses containing a spondee in the fifth foot The verses that have a spndee in

the fifth foot are called spondaic and usually take slightly longer to recite In dactylic hexameter the ictus (beat) of

the verse always occurs on the first syllable of each foot producing six distinct beats per verse

Caesura occurs when a word ends within a foot (ie at the end of the first syllable of a foot or between the two

short syllables of the foot) When a caesura occurs at a natural pause in the verse this is said to be the caesura of the

verse A pause after the first syllable of a foot is called a masculine caesura and a pause after the second syllable of

the foot is called a feminine caesura

Diaresis occurs when the end of a word coincides with the end of a foot When this falls at a natural pause in

the verse it is said to be the diaresis of the verse When the diaresis occurs at the end of the fourth foot is it called

the bucolic diaresis (due to its common use in pastoral poetry)

143 Marking the Rhythm of the Iliad 1-5

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κπξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςπρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιήλ

ΜΖ ληλ α | ΔΗ δε ζε | Α ΠΖ | ΛΖ η α | ΓΔΧ α ρη | ΛΖ Ο-

dact dact spon dact dact spon

The pauses at the end of κῆληλ and ἄεηδε are feminine caesuras

The pauses at the end of ζεά Πειεηάδεσ and Ἀρηιῆνο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of ζεά is the caesura of the verse

The dash at the end of the verse indicates a pause that combines with a short vowel to fill out the

last foot

ΟΤ ιν κε | ΝΖΝ Ζ | ΜΤ ξη α | ΥΑΗ ΟΗ | ΑΛ γε ε | ΘΖ ΚΔΝ-

dact spon dact spon dact spon

The pauses at the end of κῡξίrsquo and ἄιγε are feminine caesuras

The pauses at the end of νὐινκέλελ and ἔζεθελ are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of νὐινκέλελ is the caesura of the verse

The pauses at the end of ἥ and Ἀραηνῖο are diareses

The diaresis at Ἀραηνῖο is a bucolic diaresis

κῡξία Ἀραηνῖο and ἄιγεα ἔζεθελ are examples of hiatus

The first syllable of ἄιγεrsquo is long because it is followed by two consecutive consonants

ΠΟΛ ΛΑ | ΓrsquoΗΦ ΘΗ | ΜΟΤ ΦΤ | ΥΑ ΑΗ | ΓΗ πξν τ | Α ΦΔΝ-

spon spon spon spon dact spon

The pauses at the end of ἰθζίκνπο and ςπράο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of πνιιάο is a diaresis

δὲ ἰθζίκνπο is hiatus

The first syllable of πνιιάο is long by position as is the first syllable of ἰθζίκνπο the last syllable

of Ἄηδη and the second syllable of πξνΐαςελ

Ζ ΡΧ | ΧΝ ΑΤ | ΣΟΤ δε ε | ΛΧ ξη α | ΣΔΤ ρε θπ | ΝΔ ΗΝ-

spon spon dact dact dact spon

The pause at the end of ηεῦρε is a feminine caesura

The pauses at the end of ἡξώσλ and αὐηνύο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of ἡξώσλ is the caesura of the verse

The pause at the end of ἑιώξηα is a diaresis

ΟΗ Χ | ΝΟΗ ζη ηε | ΓΑΗ ηα δη | Ο δrsquoε ηε | ΛΔΗ ε ην | ΒΟΤ ΛΖΝ

The pauses at the end of νἰσλνῖζη and δαῖηα are feminine caesuras

The pause at the end of Γηόο is a masculine caesura

The pauses at the end of ηε ἐηειείεην and βνπιήλ are diareses

The pause at the end of δαῖηα is the diaresis of the verse

Lesson 15

(693-694 697-700)

(cf 781-782 837 580 1009 996 584-585)

151 Third Declension Paradigms (continued)

Third declension nouns ending in a dental mute stem are exemplified by ἄλαμ (king ϝαλαθη-) λύμ (night λπθη-

) παῖο (child παηδ-) and γέξσλ (old man γεξνλη-)

N ἄλαμ λύμ παῖο γέξσλ

G ἄλαθηνο λπθηόο παηδόο γέξνληνο

D ἄλαθηη λπθηί παηδί γέξνληη

A ἄλαθηα λύθηα παίδα γέξνληα

V ἄλαμ [ἄλα] λύμ παῖ γέξσλ

N V A ἄλαθηε λύθηε παίδε γέξνληε

G D ἀλάθηνηηλ λύθηνηηλ παίδνηηλ γεξόληνηηλ

N ἄλαθηεο λύθηεο παίδεο γέξνληεο

G ἀλάθησλ λπθηῶλ παηδῶλ γεξόλησλ

D ἀλάθηεζζη λύθηεζζη παίδεζζη γεξόληεζζη

ἄλαμη λπμί παηζί γέξνπζη

A ἄλαθηαο λύθηνο παῖδαο γέξνληαο

Third declension nouns ending in labial and palatal stems are exemplified by αἴμ (goat αἰγ-) θῆξπμ (herald

θεξῡθ-) and Αἰζίνς (Ethipoian Αἰζηνπ-)

N αἴμ θῆξπμ Αἰζίνς

G αἰγόο θήξῡθνο Αἰζίνπνο

D αἰγί θήξῡθη Αἰζίνπη

A αἶγα θήξῡθα Αἰζίνπα

V αἴμ θῆξπμ Αἰζίνς

N V A αἶγε θήξῡθε Αἰζίνπε

G D αἴγνηηλ θεξύθνηηλ (ῡ) Αἰζηόπνηηλ

N αἶγεο θήξῡθεο Αἰζίνπεο

G αἰγῶλ θεξύθσλ (ῡ) Αἰζηόπσλ

D αἴγεζζη θεξύθεζζη (ῡ) Αἰζηόπεζζη

αἰμί θήξῡμ Αἰζίνςη

A αἶγαο θήξῡθαο Αἰζίνπαο

Nouns with stems ending in -εξ express different grades of ablaut in the stem (-εξ -εξ -ξ) with a recessive

accent in the vocative singular These are exemplified by παηήξ (father παηεξ-) κήηεξ (mother κεηεξ-) ζπγάηεξ

(daughter ζπγαηεξ-) and ἀλήξ (man ἀλεξ-)

N παηήξ κήηεξ ζπγάηεξ ἀλήξ

G παηέξνο -ηξόο κεηέξνο -ηξόο ζπγαηέξνο -ηξόο ἀλέξνο ἀλδξόο

D παηέξη -ηξί κεηέξη -ηξί ζπγαηέξη -ηξί ἀλέξη ἀλδξί

A παηέξα κεηέξα ζπγαηέξα ἀλέξα ἄλδξα

V πάηεξ κῆηεξ ζύγαηεξ ἄλεξ

N V A παηέξε κεηέξε ζπγαηέξε ἀλέξε ἄλδξε

G D παηέξνηηλ κεηέξνηηλ ζπγαηέξνηηλ ἀλέξνηηλ ἄλδξνηηλ

N παηέξεο κεηέξεο ζπγαηέξεο ζύγαηξεο ἀλέξεο ἄλδξεο

G παηέξσλ -ηξῶλ κεηέξσλ -ηξῶλ ζπγαηέξσλ ζπγαηξῶλ ἀλέξσλ ἀλδξῶλ

D παηξάζη κεηξάζη ζπγαηξάζη ζπγαηέξεζζη ἀλδξάζη ἄλδξεζζη

A παηέξαο κεηέξαο ζπγαηέξαο ζύγαηξαο ἀλέξαο ἄλδξαο

Note that δ is inserted into ἀλήξ between λ and ξ where they occur together The accent of the shorter forms of

ἀλέξ follow the pattern seen in παηήξ The alpha after ξ in the dative plural was added euphonically to strengthen

what was originally a sonant ξ

152 Vocabulary

ἄλαμ ἄλαθηνο ὁ king lord protector

ἀλήξ ἀλέξνο (ἀλδξόο) ὁ (real) man warrior hero

ἄξ(α) (ῥά) naturally of course as you know as you might expect that is

in effect (not always translatable)

βαζηιεύο ῆνο ὁ king ruler

δή indeed truly forsooth now

δηίζηεκη (ζηε- ζηα-) δηαζηήζσ stand apart separate

δηέζηεζα (δηέζηελ)

ἐμ νὗ from the time when

ἐξίδσ (ἐξηδ-) - ἤξηζ(ζ)α quarrel strive

ἠξηζάηελ (they) strove

ἔξηο ηδνο ἡ strife quarrel

Λεηώ Λεηόνο ἡ Leto

κάρνκαη fight battle

κάρεζζαη to fight

μπλίκη μπλήζσ μπλῆθα (μπλέεθα) bring together throw together hearken heed

ὄξλῡκη ὄξζσ ὦξζα (ὤξνξνλ) stir up kindle incite excite arouse

πξῶηνο ε νλ first foremost chief

ηὸ πξῶηνλ ηὰ πξῶηα (adv) at first firstly first

πἱόο νῦ ὁ son

ζθσε these two

153 Translation

1 ζεὰ (ᾱ) ἀείζεη κῆληλ Ἀρηιῆνο ἐμ νὗ δὴ ηὰ πξῶηα δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο θαὶ Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἀλδξῶλ ἠξηζάηελ θαὶ

δηεζηήηελ 2 ηίο ζεῶλ μπλέεθε δῖνλ Ἀρηιῆά ηε θαὶ Ἀηξεΐδελ ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 3 πἱὸο Λεηόνο θαὶ Γηὸο ἑθεβόινο

μπλέεθέ ζθσε ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη ηὸλ γὰξ βαζηιεὺο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἐρόισζελ ὁ δrsquo ὦξζε θαθὴλ λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ

ὤιεθε δὲ ιᾱνύο

KEY

1 The goddess sings the wrath of Achilles from the time when first the divine Achilles and Atreides king of

men strove and separated 2 Which of the gods brought together the divine Achilles and the son of Atreus to fight

in strife 3 The son of Leto and Zeus the Free-shooter brought these two together to fight in strife for Atreides the

king enraged him so he stirred up an evil plague through the camp of the Achaeans and destroyed their host

154 Iliad 1-10

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κῡξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςῡρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιή

ἐμ νὗ δὴ ηὰ πξῶηα δηαζηήηελ ἐξίζαληε

Ἀηξεΐδεο ηε ἄλαμ ἀλδξῶλ θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεύο

ηίο ηrsquo ἄξ ζθσε ζεῶλ ἔξηδη μπλέεθε κάρεζζαη

Λεηνῦο θαὶ Γηὸο πἱόο ὁ γὰξ βαζηιῆη ρνισζεὶο

λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ ὦξζε θαθήλ ὀιέθνλην δὲ ιᾱνί

δηαζηήηελ = δηεζηήηελ

ἐξίζαληε = aor act part nom dual masc (they two) having quarreled

ηε ἄλαμ originally ηε ϝάλαμ thus allowing the hiatus

ζθσε [ἕσ] = 3rd

pers pron acc dual these two

ἔξηδη is dative of means in strife

κάρεζζαη = pres act infinitive deponent to fight

ρνισζείο = aor pass part nom sing masc having been enraged

Λεηνῦο = contracted form of Λεηόνο

βαζηιῆη = Agamemnon instrumental case by the king

ὀιέθνλην = ὠιέθνλην imperf pass ind 3rd

pers plural were being destroyed or kept

perishing

KEY

Sing O goddess of the accursed wrath of Achilles Peleiades

which brought countless woes to the Achaeans

and cast forth the souls of many valiant warriors to Hades

making them the spoils and feast of both dogs

and vultures But the will of Zeus was accomplished

indeed from the time when at first having quarreled both

Atreides king of men and the divine Achilles separated

Which of the gods of course brought these two together to fight in strife

The son of Leto and Zeus For enraged by the king he

kindled an evil plague up through the camp and the people were destroyed

155 Composition

1 ἠείδνκελ κῆληλ νὐινκέλελ Ἀρηιιῆνο ἐμ νὗ ηὰ πξῶηα Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἀλέξσλ (ἀλδξῶλ) θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο

ἠξηζάηελ θαὶ δηεζηεζάηελ (δηεζηήηελ) 2 ηίο ζεῶλ μπλῆθε (μπλέεθα) Ἀραηνὺο θαὶ ιᾱὸλ Πξηάκνπ ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 3

μπλῆθε (μπλέεθα) ζθσε (ἕν) πἱὸο Λεηόνο (Λεηνῦο) θαὶ Γηὸο ἑθεβόινο ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 4 Αηξεΐδεο βαζηιεὺο

Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο ἐρόισζαλ ἄλαθηα ἑθεβόινλ θαὶ ὁ ὦξζα (ὤξνξε) λνῦζνπο πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θαθὰο (ᾱ) ἀλὰ

ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ θαθῶο ὤιεθελ ἀγαζὸλ ιᾱόλ

Lesson 16

(887-897 910 1065-1068 697-703 707 710 732)

161 Formation of Middle Passive and Deponent Verbs

The endings of the middle voice are different from the active voice The passive voice applies the same endings

as the middle voice except in the aorist passive which applies active endings Because the middle and passive voice

are identical (other than the aorist) the context determines whether a verb is used with middle or the passive

meaning The aorist middle is often used with a passive meaning (especially in athematic forms) and the aorist

passive is often used with a middle meaning

The perfect and pluperfect of the middlepassive are athematic with the personal endings attached directly to

the reduplicated stem

The future perfect passive is formed by adding -ζνε to the perfect middle passive lengthening the vowel that

precedes this ending

The first aorist passive is formed by adding -(ζ)ζεε to the stem Before ζ π and β become θ θ and γ become ρ

and η δ ζ become ζ Many verbs have a second aorist passive that drops the ζ altogether

Deponent verbs have no active form but use the middlepassive forms in an active sense

162 Paradigms Present and Future Indicative MiddlePassive of ιύσ

Present

S 1 ιύνκαη

2 ιύεαη [(ιύῃ)]

3 ιύεηαη

D 2 ιύεζζνλ

3 ιύεζζνλ

P 1 ιπόκε(ζ)ζα

2 ιύεζζα

3 ιύνληαη

Future

S 1 ιύζνκαη (ῡ)

2 ιύζεαη (ῡ) [(ιύζῃ (ῡ))]

3 ιύζεηαη (ῡ)

D 2 ιύζεζζνλ (ῡ)

3 ιύζεζζνλ (ῡ)

P 1 ιῡζόκεζα

2 ιύζεζζε (ῡ)

3 ιύζνληαη (ῡ)

163 The Use of Voice in Greek

The active voice indicates that the subject is acting λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ ὦξζε = he kindled a plague up

through the camp

The passive voice indicates that the subject is acted upon Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιή = but the will of Zeus was

being accomplished

The Middle voice denotes one of three meanings

1 The subject acting upon itself πείζνκαη (I convince myself) θαίλνκαη (I show myself)

2 The subject acting for itself θαιένκαη (I call for myself)

3 The subject acting upon something belonging to itself ιύνκαη (I loose my own I ransom)

When determing the difference between the middle and passive keep in mind that the middle voice always

conveys a direct or indirect reference to the subject and that the subject is effect by or has an interest in the action

164 Third Declension Stems in -επ -επ -νπ and -σϝ

Stems in -επ usually became -εϝ and the third declension endings are applied after the ϝ Thus βαζηιεϝνο =

βαζηιῆνο βαηιεϝη = βαζηιῆη βαζηιεϝα = βαζηιῆα etc Note that the ϝ explains why εη (εϝη) does not form an

improper diphthong as well as why the accusative singular ends in -εα (as if the stem ended in a consonant) instead

of -ελ (as if the stem ended in a vowel) Note that when the ending consists of a consonant the -εϝ is contracted to

the diphthong -επ Thus βαζηιεϝο = βαζηιεύο βαζηιεϝ = βαζηιεῦ βαζηιεϝζη = βαζηιεῦζη In rare cases the other

endings also contract the -ε to -ε (ie βαζηιῆνο = βαζηιένο)

In stems ending originally in -ᾱϝ the ᾱ becomes ε in the Ionic dialect These are declined the same as -εϝ

except that -εῡ is formed before consonants instead of -επ Thus λᾱϝο = λεϝο = λεῦο λᾱϝ = λεϝ = λεῦ But note the

exception in the shorter form of the dative plural where λᾱϝζη = λεϝζη = λεπζί (rather than λεῡζη) In contracted

forms the ε usually becomes ε

In stems ending in -σϝ the third declension endings are applied directly to the stem Thus ἡξσϝο = ἥξσο

ἡξσϝνο = ἥξσνο ἡξσϝη = ἥξση ἡξσϝα = ἥξσα etc

In stems ending originally in -ν or -νϝ the third declension endings are applied as usual But keep in mind that -

νϝ is contracted to the diphthong -νπ before a consonant thus βνϝο = βνῦο and βνϝζη = βνπζί But note the

exception that occurs in the accusative singular where βνϝλ = βνῦλ rather than βνϝα

βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

(βαζηιεϝ-) (βνϝ-) (λᾱϝ-) (ἡξσϝ-)

N βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

G βαζηιῆνο [ένο] βνόο λεόο [εόο] ἥξσνο

D βαζηιῆη [έη] βνΐ λεί ἥξση

A βαζηιῆα [έα] βνῦλ [βῶλ] λῆα [έα] ἥξσα

V βαζηιεῦ βνῦ λεῦ ἥξσο

N V A βαζηιῆε βόε λῆε ἥξσε

G D βαζηιήνηηλ βόνηηλ λήνηηλ ἡξώνηηλ

N V βαζηιῆεο βόεο λῆεο ἥξσεο

G βαζηιήσλ βνῶλ λεῶλ [εῶλ] ἡξώσλ

D βαζηιήεζζη βόεζζη λήεζζη [έεζζη] ἡξώεζζη

βαζηιεῦζη βνπζί λεπζί ἥξσζη

A βαζηιῆαο βόαο (βνῦο) λῆαο [έαο] ἥξσαο

165 Third Declension Stems in -εζ -αζ and -νζ

When a stem ends in a vowel plus -ζ the initial ζ is dropped between two vowels Thus γεξαζνο = γέξανο

ἠνζνο = ἠόνο etc

All third declension nouns with stems ending in -εο are neuters and follow the pattern of ἔπνο The third

declension endings are applied as usual except that the nominative vocative and accusative singulars end in -νο

Nouns with stems ending in -νο take -σο in the nominative and vocative singular but otherwise apply the third

declension endings as usual (dropping ζ between two vowels)

ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

(ϝεπεζ-) (γεξαζ-) (ἀϝζνζ- (ᾱ))

N ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

G ἔπενο γέξανο ἠόνο

D ἔπετ γέξατ ἠόη

A ἔπνο γέξαο ἠόα

V ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

N V A ἔπεε γέξαε

G D ἐπένηηλ γεξάνηηλ

N V ἔπεα γέξα(α)

G ἐπέσλ γεξάσλ

D ἐπέεζζη γεξάεζζη

ἔπε(ζ)ζη γέξα(ζ)ζη

A ἔπεα γέξα(α)

166 Third Declension Stems in -καη and -καξ

Stems ending in -καη and -καξ are neuters

Stems in -καη drop the -ηο in the nominative vocative and accusative singular δσκαηο = δῶκα Otherwise the

third declension endings are applied as usual

Stems ending in -καξ are declined like those ending in -καη except in the nominative vocative and accusative

singular (which end in -καξ)

δῶκα ἦκαξ

(δσκαη-) (ἠκαξ- ἠκαη-)

N δῶκα ἦκαξ

G δώκαηνο ἤκαηνο

D δώκαηη ἤκαηη

A δῶκα ἦκαξ

V δῶκα ἦκαξ

N V A δώκαηε ἤκαηε

G D δσκάηνηηλ ἠκάηνηηλ

N V δώκαηα ἤκαηα

G δσκάησλ ἠκάησλ

D δσκάηεζζη ἠκάηεζζη

δώκαζη ἤκαζη

A δώκαηα ἤκαηα

167 Third Declension Stems in -λη and -λ

Stems ending in -λη drop the -λη before ζ and lengthen the preceding vowel thus παληο = πᾶο παληζη = πᾶζη

Otherwise the third declension endings are applied as usual In neuters the -η is dropped at the end of the word thus

παλη = πᾶλ Stems in -λ drop the -λ before ζ and lengthen the preceding vowel in the masculine (but not in the

neuter)

πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

(παλη- παληα- παλη-)

Masc Fem Neut

N πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

G παληόο πάζεο (ᾱ) παληόο

D παληί πάζῃ (ᾱ) παληί

A πάληα πᾶζαλ πᾶλ

V πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

N V πάληεο πᾶζαη πάληα

G πάλησλ πᾱζάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] πάλησλ

D πάληεζ(ζ)η πάζῃζη (ᾱ) πάληεζ(ζ)η

πᾶζη πάζῃο (ᾱ) πᾶζη

A πάληνο πάζᾱο (ᾱ) πάληα

κέιᾱο κέιαηλα κέιαλ

(κειαλ- κειαηλα- κειαλ-)

N κέιᾱο κέιαηλα κέιαλ

G κέιαλνο κειαίλεο κέιαλνο

D κέιαλη κειαίλῃ κέιαλη

A κέιαλα κέιαηλαλ κέιαλ

V κέιαλ κέιαηλα κέιαλ

N V A κέιαλε κειαίλᾱ κέιαλε

G D κειάλνηηλ κειαίλῃηλ κειάλνηηλ

N V κέιαλεο κέιαηλαη κέιαλα

G κειάλσλ κειαηλάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] κειάλσλ

D κειάλεζ(ζ)η κειαίλῃζη κειάλεζ(ζ)η

κέιαζη κειαίλῃο κέιαζη

A κέιαλεο κειαίλᾱο κέιαλα

168 Vocabulary

Nouns

Ἀπόιισλ (ᾰ or ᾰ) σλνο ὁ Apollo

ἀξεηήξ (ᾱ) ῆξνο ὁ priest prayer

ζπγάηεξ ηέξνο (ηξόο) ἡ daughter

θνζκήησξ νξνο ὁ commander marshaller

λεῦο λεόο (λεόο) ἡ ship

ζηέκκα καηνο ηό fillet (of white cotton) wreath

ρείξ ρεηξόο ἡ hand arm

Verbs

ἔξρνκαη (ἐξρ- ἐιε- ἐιεπζ- ἐιπζ-) come go

ἐιεύζνκαη I will come I will go

ἦιζνλ (ἤιπζνλ) I came I went

ιίζζνκαη (ιηη-) I beg I entreat

---

ἐιιηζάκελ (ἐιηηόκελ) I begged I entreated

Adjectives Prepositions

ζνόο ή όλ swift speedy

πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ all every (the) whole

Indeclinable

δύν (δύσ) two

κάιηζηα most especially by all means

169 Translation

1 Ἀπόιισλ ἑθεβόινο ρνινῦηαη βαζηιῆη Αηξεΐδῃ θαὶ πέκπεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ ὀιέθνληαη δὲ

ιᾱνί νὕλεθα δῖνο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) 2 Υξύζεο (ῡ) γὰξ ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἑθεβόινπ ἔξρεηαη

ἐπὶ ζνὰο (ᾱ) λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ θέξεη δrsquo ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα ζπγαηξόο ἣλ Ἀηξεΐδεο ἔρεη ἐλ ζηξαηῷ 3 ὁ δrsquo ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἔρεη

ζηέκκαηα ἑθεβόινπ Ἀπόιισλνο ἐλ ρεξζὶλ ἀλὰ ρξῡζέῳ ζθήπηξῳ θαὶ ιίζζεηαη πάληαο Ἀραηνύο κάιηζηα δrsquo Ἀηξεΐδᾱ

δύσ θνζκήηνξε ιᾱῶλ 4 Ἀπόιισλ ρνιώζεηαη βαζηιῆη θαὶ ὄξζεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηόλ 5 ἐιεύζνληαη ἐπὶ ζνὰο

(ᾱ) λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ νἴζνπζη ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα βαζηιῆη 6 ιίζζνληαη πάληαο Ἀραηνύο 7 Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζελ (ῑ)

ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) θαὶ νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε ζύγαηξα

KEY

1 Apollo the free-shooter enraged by king Atreides sent an evil plague through the camp of the Achaeans and

the people were destroyed because the divine Atreides dishonored Chryses the priest 2 For Chryses the priest of

the free-shooter went upon the swift ships of the Achaeans bearing countless ransoms for his daughter whom

Atreides was holding in the camp 3 But the priest had a wreath of Apollo the free-shooter upon a staff in his hand

and was entreating all of the Achaeans but especially the sons of Atreus (who were) the commanders of the host 4

Apollo will be enraged by the king and will kindle an evil plague up through the camp 5 They will go upon the

swift ships of the Achaeans and bring countless ransoms to the king 6 They are entreating all of the Achaeans 7

Atreides dishonored the priest and would not release his daughter

1610 Iliad 11-16

hellipὀιέθνλην δὲ ιᾱνί

νὕλεθα ηὸλ Υξύζελ ἠηίκαζελ ἀξεηῆξα

Αηξεΐδεο ὁ γὰξ ἦιζε ζνὰο ἐπὶ λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ

ιπζόκελνο ηε ζύγαηξα θέξσλ ηrsquo ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα

ζηέκκαηrsquo ἔρσλ ἐλ ρεξζὶλ ἑθεβόινπ Ἀπόιισλνο

ρξπζέῳ ἀλὰ ζθήπηξῳ θαὶ ἐιίζζεην πάληαο Ἀραηνύο

Ἀηξεΐδα δὲ κάιηζηα δύσ θνζκήηνξε ιαῶλ

ηόλ Υξύζελ = that (well-known) Chryses

The first verse ends in two spondees making it a spondaic verse and emphasizing the fact that

Chryses was a priest

ιῡζόκελνο = fut mid part nom masc sing being about to ransom

θέξσλ = pres act part nom sing masc bearing bringing

ἔρσλ = pres act part nom sing masc having holding

ρεξζὶλ ἑθεβόινπ = ρεξζὶ ϝεθεβόινπ

ρξῡζέῳ = synizesis where -έῳ is pronounced as a single syllable

ἐιίζζεην = imperf act ind 3rd

pers sing dep (kept) entreating was entreating

Ἀηξεΐδᾱ = dual of Ἀηξεΐδεο refers to both Agamemnon and Menelaus

KEY

hellipand the people were being destroyed

because Atreides dishonored Chryses the priest

For he had gone upon the swift ships of the Achaeans

intending to ransom his daughter bearing countless gifts

and holding in his hand fillets of Apollo the free-shooter

upon a golden staff and was entreating all of the Achaeans

but especially the two sons of Atreus the commanders of the host

1611 Composition

1 Chryses the priest of Apollo is dishonored by the son of Atreus 2 The Achaeans will go from their swift

ships to Troy and ransom the beloved daughter of the priest 3 We shall bring many ransoms and shall hold in our

hands the fillets of Apollo 4 We do not have a golden scepter but we entreat Priam and all the people of Troy 5

The two sons of Atreus marshallers of the people are entreating Priam but he will slight them 6 The son of

Atreus king of men slighted the priest and did not release his daughter

KEY

1 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) Ἀπόιινπ ἀηῑκάδεηαη Ἀηξεΐδῃ 2 Ἀραηνὶ ἐιεύζνληαη ἐθ ζνάσλ (ᾱ) λήσλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ (ῑ)

θαὶ ἀπειύζνληαη (ῡ) θίιε ζπγάηεξα ἀξεηῆξη (ᾱ) 3 νἴζνκελ πνιιrsquo ἄπνηλα θαὶ ἕζρνκελ ἐλ ρείξεζζη ζηέκκαηα

Ἀπόιινπ 4 νὐθ ἔρνκελ ζθῆπηξνλ ρξύζενλ ἀιιὰ ιηζζόκεζα Πξίακνλ θαὶ πᾶληα ιᾱνλ Ἰιίνπ (ῑ) 5 δύrsquo Ἀηξεΐδᾱ

θνζκήηεξᾱ ιᾱσλ ιίζζεζζνλ Πξίακνλ αὐηνὺο δrsquo ἀηῑκάζεη 6 Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἄλδξσλ ἠηίκαζελ (ῑ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) θαὶ

νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε ζπγάηεξα

1612 Meter

ΟΤ λε θα | ΣΟΝ ΥΡΤ | ΖΝ Ζ | ΣΗ κα ζελ | Α ΡΖ | ΣΖ ΡΑ~

Α ηξε η | ΓΖ ν γαξ | ΖΛ ζε ζν | Α ε πη | ΝΖ αο α | ΥΑΗ ΧΝ

ΛΤ ζν κε | ΝΟ ηε ζπ | ΓΑΣ ξα θε | ΡΧΝ ηα πε | ΡΔΗ ζη α | ΠΟΗ ΝΑ~

ΣΔΜ καη ε | ΥΧΝ ΔΝ | ΥΔΡ ζηλ ε | ΚΖ βν ινπ | Α ΠΟΛ | ΛΧ ΝΟ~

ΥΡΤζεσα | ΝΑ ΚΖΠ | ΣΡΧ θαη ε | ΛΗ ζε ην | ΠΑΝ ηαο α | ΥΑΗ ΟΤ

ΑΣ ξε η | ΓΑ δε κα | ΛΗ ηα δπ | Χ ΚΟ | ΜΖ ην ξε | ΛΑ ΧΝ

Lesson 17

(910 - imperfect middle and passive aorist middle of ιύσ 648-658 - the table

of endings in 32)

171 Paradigms Imperfect MiddlePassive of ιύσ

S 1 ἐιπόκελ

2 ἐιύεν [(ἐιύεπ)]

3 ἐιύεην

D 2 ἐιύεζζνλ

3 ἐιπέζζελ

P 1 ἐιπόκε(ζ)ζα

2 ἐιύεζζε

3 ἐιύνλην

172 Paradigms Aorist Middle of ιύσ

Thematic Athematic (2nd

Aorist)

S 1 ἐιῡζάκελ ἐιύκελ

2 ἐιύζαν (ῡ) [(ἐιύζσ (ῡ))] ἔιπ(ζ)ν

3 ἐιύζαην (ῡ) ἔιπην

D 2 ἐιύζαζζνλ (ῡ) ἔιπζζνλ

3 ἐιῡζάζζελ ἐιύζζελ

P 1 ἐιῡζάκε(ζ)ζα ἐιύκε(ζ)ζα

2 ἐιύζαζζε (ῡ) ἔιπζζε

3 ἐιύζαλην (ῡ) ἔιπλην

173 Vocabulary

δῶκα αηνο ηό house home

παῖο παηδόο ὁ ἡ child son daughter

π(η)όιηο ηνο (ενο) ἡ city state

ἐπθλήκῑο ῑδνο well-greaved

ἐγώ(λ) κέν (κεῦ) I

ζύ ζέν (ζεῦ) you

κέλhellip δέ on the one handhellip trulyhellip on the one handhellip on the other hand

partlyhellip partly the onehellip the other

νἴθαδε home homeward to home home

Verbs

ἅδνκαη (ἁγ-) (defective) I reverence

δέρνκαη I accept I receive

δέμνκαη I will accept

ἐδεμάκελ (ἐδέγκελ) I accepted

δίδσκη (δσ- δν-) I give I grant

(δη)δώζσ I will give

ἔδσθα I gave

ἐθπέξζσ (πεξζ- πξαζ-) I sack (utterly) I plunder I pillage

ἐθπέξζσ I will sack

ἐμέπεξζα (ἐμέπξαζνλ) I sacked

ἱθλένκαη I arrive I reach (a destination)

ἵμνκαη I will arrive

ἱθόκελ (ῑ) I arrived

174 Translation

1 ζενὶ ἔρνπζηλ ιύκπηα δώκαηα ἔδσθαλ δrsquo Ἀηξεΐδεο θαὶ ἄιινηζηλ ἐπθλεκίδεζζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἐθπέξζαη

(infinitive) πόιηλ Πξηάκνπ ηόηε δrsquo ἵθνλην (ῑ) ἐὺ νἴθαδε νὕλεθα παῖδα θίιελ ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἔιῡζαλ 2 ἀπέιῡζαλ

ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνὶ ζύγαηξα θίιελ ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἐδέμαλην δrsquo ἀγιαὰ ἄπνηλα νὕλεθα ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλα Γηὸο πἱὸλ

ἅδνλην 3 ἅδεηαη ἑθεβόινλ 4 Ἀηξεΐδεο νὐθ ἐδέμαην ηὰ ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα 5 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἔδσθελ ἄπνηλα

πνιιὰ βαζηιῆη Ἀηξεΐδῃ 6 πάληεο ζενὶ θαὶ πᾶζαη ζεαὶ εἶρνλ ιύκπηα δώκαηα 7 Ἀραηνὶ ἐπθλήκῑδεο ἐθπέξζνπζη

Πξηάκνην πόιηλ ἵμνληαη δrsquo ἐπ νἴθαδε 8 παῖο θίιε ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἐιύζαην (ῡ) ἵθεην (ῑ) δrsquo ἐὺ νἴθαδε

KEY

1 The gods have Olympian homes but they gave the son of Atreus and the other well-greaved Achaeans to

utterly sack the city of Priam and then they returned safe at home because they released the dear child of the priest

2 The well-greaved Achaeans released the dear daughter of the priest and received glorious ransoms because they

reverenced the free-shooter Apollo son of Zeus 3 He reverences te free-shooter 4 The son of Atreus did not

receive the glorious ransoms 5 Chryses the priest gave many ransoms to king Atreides 6 All of the gods and all of

the goddesses had Olympian homes 7 The well-greved Achaeans will utterly sack Priamrsquos city and will return safe

to home 8 The dear child of the priest was released and arrived well to her home

175 Iliad 17-21

ltltἈηξεΐδαη ηε θαὶ ἄιινη ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνί

ὑκῖλ κὲλ ζενὶ δνῖελ ιύκπηα δώκαηrsquo ἔρνληεο

ἐθπέξζαη Πξηάκνην πόιηλ ἐὺ δrsquo νἴθαδrsquo ἱθέζζαη

παῖδα δrsquo ἐκνὶ ιῦζαί ηε θίιελ ηά ηrsquo ἄπνηλα δέρεζζαη

ἁδόκελνη Γηὸο πἱὸλ ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλαgtgt

Ἀηξεΐδαηhellip ἄιινη ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνί = vocative case

ὑκῖλ (ῡ) = dat plural of ζύ to you

ζενί = one syllable by synizesis

κέλ (v 18) = correlative of δέ (v 20)

δνῖελ = aor act optative 3rd

plural of δίδσκη may they grant

ἔρνληεο = pres act part nom masc plural of ἔρσ having possessing

ἐθπέξζαη = aor act inf of ἐθπέξζσ to sack utterly

ἱθέζζαη = aor act inf of ἱθένκαη to arrive (compare κάρεζζαη)

ιῦζαη δέρεζζαη = infinitives used as imperatives free and accept

ηά ηrsquo ἄπνηλα (ηά ηε ἄπνηλα) = thesehellip gifts

ἁδόκελνη = pres act part nom masc plural reverencing

KEY

ldquoSons of Atreus and you other well-greaved Achaeans

may the gods who have their homes on Olympus grant you

to utterly sack Priamrsquos city and return safe to home

but release my dear child to me and accept these gifts

reverencing Apollo who shoots at will the son of Zeusrdquo

176 Composition

1 The gods who have (ἔρνληεο) Olympian homes will grant to the sons of Atreus and to the other well-greaved

Achaeans to sack utterly (ἐθπέξζαη) the city of Priam 2 When they sacked the city of Priam they returned happily

home 3 They accepted the shining ransoms and freed the darling daughter of the priest Chryses 4 We reverenced

the free-shooter Apollo son of Leto and Zeus and escaped death 5 Will the son of Atreus accept the shining

ransoms 6 The child of the priest was freed when he gave many shining ransoms which the two sons of Atreus

accepted

KEY

1 ζενὶ ἔρνληεο ιύκπηα δώκαηα δώζνπζη Ἀηξεΐδῃζη θαὶ ἄιινηζηλ ἐπθλεκίδεζζηλ (ῑ) Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἐθπέξζαη πόιηλ

Πξηάκνπ 2 ηόηε ἐμέπεξζαλ πόιηλ Πξηάκνην ἵθνλην (ῑ) ἐὺ νἴθαδε 3 ἐδέμαλην ἀγιαrsquo ἄπνηλα θαὶ ἀπέιῡζαλ ζπγάηεξα

θίιε ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) Υξύζᾱν (ῡ) 4 ἡμάκεζα ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλα Λεηόνο θαὶ Γηὸο πἱόλ θαὶ ζάλαηνλ 5

Ἀηξεΐδεο δέμεηαη ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα 6 παῖο ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἀπειύζαην (ῡ) ηόηε ἔδσθελ ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀγιάα ηὰ

Ἀηξεΐδᾱ ἐδώθαζηλ

Lesson 18

(Perfect and Pluperfect Active of Verbs 904 922 Third Declension γέρων

αἴξ 693-695)

181 Formation of the Perfect and Pluperfect Active

The perfect and pluperfect in all modes experience reduplication of the initial syllable which denotes completed

action Verbs beginning with a single consonant (except ξ) prefix this consonant followed by -ε Thus ιύσ =

ιέιπθα The stem sometimes stands in ablaut relation to the stem of the present as in βαίλσ = βέβεθα A

reduplicated syllable beginning with an aspirated mute is changed to its corresponding voiceless mute in the

reduplicated syllable ie ζλήζθσ = ηέζλεθα In these cases the reduplicated pluperfect adds ἐ- to the reduplicated

syllable ie ιύσ = ιέιπθα = ἐιέιπθε

Vebs beginning with a double consonant two consonants (except a mute followed by a liquid or a nasal) ξ and

some beginning with κ simply augment the stem with the addition of ε-

Verbs beginning in a vowel typically take the temporal augment by lengthening the vowel ie νἴρνκαη =

ᾤρσθα However verbs beginning with a vowel in which an initial consonant has been lost may take the syllabic

augment

Compound verbs typically insert the reduplication and augment between the preposition and the verb ie

ἀπνιύσ = ἀπνιέιπθα = ἀπειειύθε

The first perfect active adds -θα- to the stem followed by the primary endings The first pluperfect active

similarly adds -θε- followed by the secondary endings In general a short final vowel is lengthened before the

addition of the -θα- or -θε- Second perfects and pluperfects active are the older form and are more common in

Homer These omit the θ and simply add -α- or -ε- respectively The second perfects are more common in stems

ending in a consonant

In general the singular perfect and pluperfect active stand in ablaut relation to the dual and plural forms

Perfects and pluperfects are rare in Homer and only occur in some twenty verbs

182 Paradigms λέλυκα and βέβηκα

ιέιπθα ἐιειύθε (ἐιειύθεα)

ιέιπθαο ἐιειύθο (ἐιειύθεαο)

ιέιπθε(λ) ἐιειύθεη (ἐιειύθεε)

ιειύθαηνλ ἐιειύθαηνλ

ιειύθαηνλ ἐιειπθάηελ

ιειύθακελ ἐιειύθεκελ

ιειύθαηε ἐιειύθεηε

ιειύθᾱζη ἐιειύθεζαλ

βέβεθα ἐβεβήθεα (ἐβεβήθε)

βέβεθαο ἐβεβήθεαο (ἐβεβήθεο)

βέβεθε(λ) ἐβεβήθεε (ἐβεβήθεη)

βέβαηνλ ἐβέβαηνλ

βέβαηνλ ἐβεβάηελ

βέβακελ ἐβέβακελ

βέβαηε ἐβέβαηε

βέβᾱζη ἐβέβαζαλ

183 Paradigms γέρων and αἴξ

γέξσλ αἴμ

γέξνληνο αἰγόο

γέξνληη αἰγί

γέξνληα αἶγα

γέξνλ αἴμ

γέξνληε αἶγε

γεξόληνηηλ αἴγνηηλ

γέξνληεο αἶγεο

γεξόλησλ αἰγῶλ

γεξόληεζ(ζ)η (γέξνπζη) αἴγεζ(ζ)η (αἰμί)

γέξνληαο αἶγαο

184 Vocabulary

ἀγνξή ῆο ἡ assembly meeting place gathering harrangue

αἴμ αἰγόο ὁ ἡ goat

Ἄξγνο ενο ηό Argos (both a country and a city in Greece)

γέξσλ νληνο ὁ old man

γῆξαο ανο ηό old age

ἱεξεύο ῆνο ὁ priest holy man

κεξίνλ νπ ηό thigh-bone thigh-piece

πνύο πνδόο ὁ foot

ηαῦξνο νπ ὁ bull

θξήλ θξελόο ἡ diaphragm mind heart soul spirit disposition

δέθαηνο ε νλ tenth

ἡκέηεξνο ε νλ our ours

θνῖινο ε νλ hollow

ὠθύο ὠθεῖα ὠθύ swift speedy

ζλήζθσ die perish

ζαλένκαη

ἔζαλνλ

ηέζλεθα

θεύγσ flee fly escape run (off away along)

θεύμνκαη

ἔθπγνλ

πέθεπγα

Lesson 9

(830-840 904)

91 The Verbal Augment

Greek verbs frequently add a prefix to a verb (in the secondary tenses of the idicative) to indicate action

occurring in the past This prefix is called an augment Verbal augments take one of two forms the syllabic

augment which consists of adding an extra syllable to the beginning of a word and the temporal augment which

consists of lengthening the first syllable of a word While the augment is consistently applied in later dialects of

Greek it was still optional in Homeric and is often omitted (the tense being determined solely from the suffixes)

The syllabic augment is applied to verbs that begin with a consonant (or rare verbs that originally began with a

consonant) and consists of the prefix ε- Thus ιύνκελ = we loose (present tense) but ἐιύνκελ = we were loosing

(past tense) Some Greek words originally began with a ϝ or an ζ that later disappeared (usually replace with the

rough breathing) In those cases the augment is sometimes syllabic reflecting the earlier practice The word ἁλδάλσ

for example was originally ζϝαλδάλσ (swandano) The original augmented form of the imperfect was ἐζϝάλδαλνλ

(eswandano) When the ζϝ- was dropped the syllabic augment was retained ἑάλδαλνλ (heandano)

When a verb has lost an initial ζ the syllabic augment frequently contracts with the initial vowel For example

the word ἔρσ was originally ζέρσ The original augmented imperfect was ἔζερνλ When the initial ζ disappeared

the result was ἔερνλ which contracted to εἶρνλ (because εε usually contracts to εη) This pattern is also sometimes

present in verbs that originally began with ϝ such as ϝίδνλ =gt ἐϝηδνλ = ἔηδνλ = εἶδνλ

The temporal augment consists of lengthening an initial vowel and occurs in most Greek verbs that begin with

an initial vowel In general initial α or ε becomes ε initial η ν or π becomes ῑ initial αη and ᾳ become ῃ and initial

νη becomes ῳ Thus ἄγνκελ (we lead) becomes ἤγνκελ (we were leading) If the verb already begins with a long

vowel (ε ῃ ῑ ῡ σ ῳ) there is usually no change

Verbs that begin with ξ usually double the ξ when adding the syllabic augment This feature also sometimes

occurs in verbs beginning with ι κ λ or ζ

Compound verbs are usually formed from a combination of preposition + verb such as ἀπό (away from) + ιύσ

(loosen) = ἀπνιύσ (set free turn loose) In compound verbs a temporal augment is inserted between the preposition

and the verb If the preposition ends in a vowel the vowel is usually elided Thus ἀπνιύνκελ (we set free) becomes

ἀπειύνκελ (elided from ἀπνειύνκελ we were setting free)

92 The Imperfect Tense

The imperfect denotes continuous action in past time and typically corresponds to the past participle in English

Thus ἔιπνλ (imperfect) = I was loosing Occasionally the Greek imperfect is best translated by the simple past tense

in English The imperfect tense is formed by adding the secondary tense endings (which will be described in a later

lesson) to the augmented stem of the verb

In the paradigm below the unaugmented form is shown in brackets

Imperfect Tense

S 1st Pers ἔιπνλ [ιύνλ] I was loosing

2nd

Pers ἔιπεο [ιύεο] you were loosing

3rd

Pers ἔιπε(λ) [ιύε(λ)] he she it was loosing

D 2nd

Pers ἐιύεηνλ [ιύεηνλ] you (two) were loosing the pair of you were loosing

3rd

Pers ἐιπέηελ [ιπέηελ] they (two) were loosing the pair of them were loosing

P 1st Pers ἐιύνκελ [ιύνκελ] we were loosing

2nd

Pers ἐιύεηε [ιύεηε] you (ye) were loosing

3rd

Pers ἐιύνλ [ιύνλ] they were loosing

93 Vocabulary

ἄιιῃ elsewhere

Ἀξγεῖνο νπ ὁ Argive

-δε (suffix + acc) to

δηά (adv) between among (+gen) through (+acc) through by means

of on account of during

δηίθηινο (ῑ) ε νλ dear to Zeus

εἴξσ speak say tell

ἐκόο ή όλ my mine

ἔξγνλ νπ ηό (ϝέξγνλ) work deed accomplishment

-ζελ (suffix gen ending) from

Κιπηαηκήζηξε εο ἡ Clytaemnestra

(also Κιπηαηκλήζηξε)

καληνζύλε εο ἡ gift of prophesy

νἶθνο νπ ὁ house home

ιύκπηνο ε νλ Olympian

Ὄιπκπνο νπ ὁ Olympus

Πξίακνο νπ ὁ Priam

ζόο ζή ζόλ your yours

εἶρνλ (imperfect of ἔρσ) I was having I had

94 Derivatives

95 Translation Exercises

1 ὁ ἑθεβόινο δηὰ καληνζύλελ εἴξεη βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ηῶλ ζεῶλ Ἀξγείνηζηλ 2 νἱ ιύκπηνη ζενὶ εἶρνλ νἴθνπο ἐλ

ιύκπῳ 3 ὁ ἑθεβόινο δηίθηινο (ῑ) ἔηεπρε ηνὺο Ἀξγείνπο Ἀραηνύο ηε ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζηλ 4 Ἀραηνὶ Ἀξγεῖνί ηrsquo

ἔηεπρνλ ἔξγα θαθὰ δηὰ βνπιὴλ ζεᾶο 5 Κιπηαηκήζηξε δηὰ ηὸλ ζῡκὸλ ἔηεπρελ ηὰ ἔξγα δεηλά 6 Πξίακνο ιᾱόο ηε

Πξηάκνπ ὤιεθνλ πνιινὺο Ἀξγείνπο 7 ηίο εἴξεη ηὰ ζὰ ἔξγα θαθὰ Πξηάκῳ 8 ηὰ ἔξγα ἐκά ἐζηη θᾱιά νὕλεθα ἔηεπρνλ

βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεῶλ θαὶ ζεάσλ (ᾱ) δηὰ ηὴλ καληνζύλελ 9 ἐπέκπνκελ ηὰ ρξύζεα (ῡ) ζθῆπηξα εἰο νἶθνλ Πξηάκῳ 10

ἐθαίεηε ηὰο (ᾱ) ππξὰο (ᾱ) δεηλῇ θιαγγῇ 11 νὐρ ἥλδαλε ἡ βνπιὴ ζεᾷ ζαιάζζεο ζῡκῷ 12 αἱ ζεαὶ ἀείδνπζη ηὰ θᾱιὰ

ἔξγα ηῶλ ζεῶλ ἑθεβόινο δὲ βαίλεη ἄιιῃ 13 εἶρε Πξίακνο ἀγιαὸλ θαὶ θᾱιὸλ νἶθνλ

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 This free-shooter relates the plans of the gods to the Argives through prophesy 2 These Olympian gods had

homes on Olympus 3 This free-shooter beloved of Zeus made both the Argives and the Achaeans prey for the

vultures 4 Both the Achaeans and the Argives committed evil deeds through the will of the goddess 5 Because of

her heart Clytaemnestra wrought these terrible deeds 6 Both Priam and the host of Priam killed many Argives 7

Who relates these evil deeds of yours to Priam 8 These works of mine are noble because through prophesy I

accomplished the of the gods and goddess 9 We sent the golden scepters to the house of Priam 10 Were you

burning the funeral pyres with a terrible uproar 11 Does the plan not please the heart of the goddess of the sea 12

The goddesses sing the noble deeds of the gods but the free-shooter walks elsewhere 13 Priam had a splendid and

beautiful home

96 Composition Exercises

1 Who brought these countless shining ransoms to the beautiful home of Priam 2 The Achaeans and the

Argives burned many funeral pyres in your beloved fatherland 3 Clytaemnestra was wicked and performed many

dreadful deeds 4 Through the gift of prophesy we tell many glorious deeds of the gods and goddesses who have

Olympian homes 5 My deeds are noble but yours are cowardly 6 The gods sent an evil plague up through the

camp and destroyed many Achaeans because they dishonored the free-shooter 7 It was not pleasing to

Clytaemnestra in (her) wicked soul

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 ηίο ἔθεξε ηὰο ἄπνηλα ἀγιαὰ εἰο νἶθνλ θᾱιὸλ Πξηάκνπ 2 Ἀραηνὶ θαὶ Ἀξγεῖνη ἔθαηνλ ππξὰο (ᾱ) πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἐλ

ζῇ πάηξῃ θᾱιῇ 3 Κιπηαηκλήζηξε θαθὴ ἦλ θαὶ ἔηεπρελ ἄξγα πνιιὰ θαὶ δεηλά 4 δηὰ καληνζύλελ εἴξνκελ ἔξγα

πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀγιαὰ ζεῶλ θαὶ ζεάσλ (ᾱ) νἳ ἔρνπζηλ νἴθνπο ιπκπίνπο 5 ἔξγα ἐκὰ θᾱιή εἰζηλ ζὰ δὲ θαθά 6 ζενὶ

ἔπεκπνλ λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ θαὶ ὤιεθνλ Ἀραίνπο πνιινύο νὕλεθα ἠηίκαδνλ (ῑ) ἑθεβόινλ 7 νὐρ ἥλδαλε

Κιπηαηκλήζηξῃ ζῡκῷ θαθῷ

Lesson 10

(841-857 904)

101 Formation of the Aorist and Future Tenses

The first aorist is a secondary tense formed by adding -ζ(ζ)α to the augmented verb stem followed by the

personal endings of the secondary tense If the verb stem ends in a consonant or a long vowel only a single ζ is

added If the stem ends in a short vowel either one or two sigmas may be added A few aorists (called ldquomixed

aoristsrdquo) are formed by adding -ζ followed by the thematic vowel and the personal endings for the secondary tenses

to the augmented stem

The future is formed by adding -ζ followed by the thematic vowel and the personal endings for the primary

tenses

If the verb stem ends in a long vowel the stem is not affected by the addition of the suffixes for the future or

aorist tenses If the stem ends in a short vowel it is regularly lengthened in all tenses except the present and the

imperfect There are however a few exceptions to this pattern In most cases these verbs add ζ before the personal

endings of the perfect middle and aorist passive

102 Classification of Verbs

Verbs are classified into four groups according to the final letter of the stem vowel verbs liquid verbs nasal

verbs and mute verbs

When -ζ is added to the end of a mute verb a labial combines with ζ to form ς a palatal combines with ζ to

form μ and a lingual is dropped (leaving only ζ)

When -ζ is added to the end of a liquid or nasal verb it is usually preceded by -ε and the ζ is dropped in

contraction Thus βαιισ = βαιέζσ = βαιέσ In rare cases the ε is dropped and the ζ retained In some vowel-stem

verbs where the final vowel is preceded by a liquid or nasal the verb behaves as a liquidnasal and adds -εζ to the

stem θαιέσ (present) = θαιέζσ (future) = θαιέσ (future contracted) The formations in which the ζ is dropped

after α or ε are sometimes called ldquoAttic futuresrdquo

Verbs with liquid and nasal stems regularly form the aorist by dropping the ζ and lengthening the stem vowel

A few verbs have active forms in the present tense but middle forms in the future tense ἀθνύσ (I hear) but

ἀθνύζνκαη (I will hear)

103 Paradigms Future and First Aorist of ιύσ

Future

S 1st Pers ιύζσ (ῡ) I shall loose

2nd

Pers ιύζεηο (ῡ) you will loose

3rd

Pers ιύζεη (ῡ) he she it will loose

D 2nd

Pers ιύζεηνλ (ῡ) you (two) will loose

3rd

Pers ιύζεηνλ (ῡ) they (two) will loose

P 1st Pers ιύζνκελ (ῡ) we shall loose

2nd

Pers ιύζεηε (ῡ) you (ye) will loose

3rd

Pers ιύζνπζη(λ) (ῡ) they will loose

First Aorist

S 1st Pers ἔιῡζα I loosed

2nd

Pers ἔιῡζαο you loosed

3rd

Pers ἔιῡζε(λ) he she it loosed

D 2nd

Pers ἐιύζαηνλ (ῡ) you (two) loosed

3rd

Pers ἔιῡζάηελ they (two) loosed

P 1st Pers ἐιύζακελ (ῡ) we loosed

2nd

Pers ἐιύζαηε (ῡ) you (ye) loosed

3rd

Pers ἔιῡζαλ they loosed

104 Vocabulary

ἄγσ ἄμσ ἤγαγνλ lead drive conduct bring carry

ἀλάζζσ (ϝαλαθ-) ἀλάμσ ἠλαμα (+gen) rule (over) guard protect

ἄξηζηνο ε νλ best noblest bravest fairest

αὖηηο (back) again anew

Γαλαόο νῦ ὁ Danaan

ἑθαηόκβε εο ἡ hecatomb sacrifice

ζάλαηνο νπ ὁ death

Ἴιηνο νπ ἡ Ilium Troy the region around Troy

κεγάζῡκνο ε νλ great-souled brave

ὄρα far much considerably

πέζσ (πεηζ- πνηζ- πηζ-) πείζσ ἔπεηζα (πέπηζνλ) persuade win over mislead

θηιέσ θηιήζσ ἐθίιεζα love cherish entertain hospitably

εἶπνλ εἶπεο εἶπε(λ) θηι 2nd

aor speak say tell etc

ἔβεζα ἔβεζαο ἔβεζε(λ) θηι 1st aor come go walk etc

105 Derivatives

ἄγσ (ag-) = pedagogue demagogue synagogue

ἄξηζηνο (arist-) = aristocracy

ζάλαηνο (thanat-) = thanatopsis euthanasia

106 Translation Exercises

1 ηίο ἦλ ὄρrsquo ἄξηζηνο Γαλαῶλ 2 Πξίακνο κεγάζῡκνο ἤλαζζελ Ἰιίνπ 3 νὐθ αὖηηο ἄμνπζη Γαλανὶ κεγάζῡκνη

ἑθαηόκβᾱο πνιιὰο (ᾱ) εἰο Υξύζελ (ῡ) 4 νὐθ ἔπεηζαλ ἑθεβόινλ πνιιῇο ἑθαηόβῃζη θᾱιῇζηλ 5 νὐ θηιήζνκελ ζενύο

νὕλεθα θᾱινὶ εἰζηλ 6 Γαλανὶ ηεύμνπζη ζάλαηνλ Πξηάκῳ ἐλ Ἰιίῳ 7 ἐθίιεζα ζεὰλ (ᾱ) ζαιάζζεο ἀιιrsquo νὐρ ἥλδαλε

ἑθεβόιῳ ζῡκῷ 8 ἀείζνκελ θαὶ πείζνκελ ζενύο 9 ὄρrsquo ἄξηζνη ἐλ Ἰιίῳ ηὰ εἶπνλ Πξηάκῳ ἀιιὰ ηνὺο ἠηῑκάζελ 10

Πξίακνο ἔπεκςε ηὸλ ζηξαηὸλ ἄξηζηνλ ἐπrsquo Ἀξγείνηζηλ 11 ἔβεζαλ αὖηηο Γαλανὶ εἰο Ἴιηνλ ἀιιrsquo νὐθ ἔπεηζαλ

Πξίακνλ 12 ἀείζνκελ ἑθεβόινλ ὄρrsquo ἄξηζηνλ ζεῶλ νὕλεθrsquo ἤγαγε Γαλανὺο εἰο Ἴιηνλ

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 Who was by far the noblest of the Danaans 2 Great-souled Priam ruled Ilium 3 Not agan will the great-

souled Danaans lead many sacrifices into Chrysa 4 They did not persuade the free-shooter with many goodly

sacrifices 5 Do we not love the gods because they are good 6 The Danaans will prepare death for Priam in Ilium

7 I loved the goddess of the sea but it was not pleasing to the heart of the free-shooter 8 We will sing and

persuade the gods 9 By far the noblest in Ilium this they say of Priam but he (is the one) he dishonored () 10

Priam sent the best army against the Argives 11 The Danaans went back to Ilium but they did not persuade Priam

12 We hymn the free-shooter greatest of the gods because he led the Danaans into Ilium

107 Composition Exercises

1 The great-souled Achaeans will not persuade the free-shooter with goodly hecatombs but he will prepare evil

death for the people 2 The noblest of the Achaeans went to Ilium but they did not persuade the soul of Priam 3

We shall sing because the gods have led (aor) the people into Troy 4 We shall have many shining golden scepters

5 Did you not love the gods who have Olympian homes 6 Priam shall not rule Ilium again for the Achaeans will

prepare evil death for him 7 Does he speak to the beautiful goddess of the sea 8 They will persuade the souls of

the gods with many hecatombs

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 Ἀραηνὶ κεγάζῡκνη νὐ πείζνπζηλ ἑθεβόινλ πνιιῇο ἑθαηόκβῆζηλ ἀιιὰ ηεύμεη ζάλαηνλ θαθὸλ ιᾱνῖζηλ 2

ἄξηζηνη Ἀραηῶλ ἔβεζαλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ ἀιιrsquo νὐθ ἔπεηζαλ ζῡκὸλ Πξηάκῳ 3 ἀείζνκελ νὕλεθα ζενὺο ἤγαγνλ ιᾱὸλ εἰο

Ἴιηνλ 4 ἕζρνκελ πνιιὰ ρξύζεα (ῡ) ἀγιαὰ ζθῆπηξα 5 νὐθ ἐθηιήζαηε ζενὺο νἳ ἔρνπζηλ νἴθνπο ιπκπίνπο 6 νὐθ

αὖηηο ἀλάζζεη Πξίακνο Ἰιίνπ Ἀραηνὶ γὰξ ηεύμνπζη ζάλαηνλ θαθὸλ αὐηῷ 7 εἴξεη ζεᾷ θᾱιᾷ ζαιάζζεο 8 πείζνπζη

ζῡκνὺο ζεῶλ πνιιῇο ἑθαηόκβῃζηλ

Lesson 11

(664-675 838-839)

111 First Declension Masculine Nouns

First declension masculines typically end in -εο -ᾱο or -ᾰο in the nominative and are declined exactly the same

as their feminine counterparts (with the exception of the nominative singular which adds -ο the genitive singular

which regularly ends in -ᾱν and the vocative singular which ends in -ε -ᾱ or -ᾰ) Those ending in -εο retain -ε

throughout the singular those ending in -ᾱο retain the -ᾱ throughout the singular and those ending in -ᾰο take the -ε

ending in the dative

Masculines ending in -δεο take -ε in the vocative singular while those ending in -ηεο (as well as compound

nouns and the names of nationalities) regularly take -ᾰ Those ending in -ᾱο take the the nominative singular in -ᾱ

A very few first declension adjectives take a masculine ending in -ᾰ (without the final -ο) Many of these also

have an alternative form that ends in the more common -εο Those that do not have an alternative form in -εο usually

have the recessive accent (a feature inherited from the Aeolic influence in Homer) The only masculine noun ending

in -ᾰ in the nominative is the name Θύεζηα (Thyestes)

First declension masculine nouns typically follow the paradigms for Ἀηξεΐδεο (Atreides son of Atreus) Αἰλείᾱο

(Aeneas) and αἰρκεηήο (spearman warrior)

Ἀηξεΐδεο ᾱν ὁ Αἰλείᾱο ᾱν ὁ αἰρκεηήο ᾱν ὁ

(Αηξεϝηδᾱ-) (Αἰλεηᾱ-) (αἰρκεηᾱ-)

N Ἀηξεΐδεο Αἰλείᾱο αἰρκεηήο [ά]

G Ἀηξεΐδᾱν [εσ] Αἰλείᾱν [σ] αἰρκεηᾶν [έσ]

D Ἀηξεΐδῃ Αἰλείᾳ αἰρκεηῇ

A Ἀηξεΐδελ Αἰλείαλ αἰρκεηήλ

V Ἀηξεΐδε Αἰλείᾱ αἰρκεηά

N A V Ἀηξεΐδᾱ αἰρκεηά (ᾱ)

G D Ἀηξεΐδῃηλ αἰρκεηῇηλ

N V Ἀηξεΐδαη αἰρκεηαί

G Ἀηξετδάσλ (ᾱ) αἰρκεηάσλ (ᾱ)

[έσλ ῶλ] [έσλ ῶλ]

D Ἀηξεΐδῃζη ῃο αἰρκεηῇζη ῇο

A Ἀηξεΐδᾱο αἰρκεηάο (ᾱ)

112 Compound Verbs

Compound verbs are formed from a preposition or adverb coupled with a verb such as ἀλαβαίλσ (ascend)

formed from ἀλα (up) and βαίλσ (go) If the preposition ends in a vowel and the verb begins with a vowel the vowel

of the preposition is usually elided as in δηίζηεκη (δηὰ ἰζηεκη) ἁθαηξέσ (ἀπὸ αἱξέσ)

The augment occurs between the preposition and the verb When two vowels are thus brought together the first

vowel is usually elided leaving the augment Thus ἀπνιύσ (I release present) ἀπέιπνλ (I was releasing

imperfect) ἀπέιῡζα (I released aorist)

113 Vocabulary

ἀλαβαίλσ ἀλαβήζσ ἀλέβεζα go up ascend embark

ἀπνιύσ ἀπνιύζσ (ῡ) ἀπέιῡζα loose set free release

Ἀηξεΐδεο -ᾱν ὁ Atreides son of Atreus (usually refers to Agamemnon)

θαηαθεύσ θαηαθαύζσ θαηέθεα burn consume

θειεύσ - ἔθιπνλ (+gen) hear hearken to

κεηέεηπνλ κεηεῖπνλ (2nd

aor of εἴξσ) spoke among addressed spoke to

ὅηε when whenever

Πειεηάδεο ᾱν (εσ) ὁ Peleiades son of Peleus (used in reference to Achilles)

πξνζέεηπνλ πξνζεῖπνλ (2nd

aor of εἴξσ) addressed spoke to

ηόηε then at that time

ρνιόσ ρνιώζσ ἐρόισζα anger enrage vex

Υξύζεο (ῡ) ᾱν (εσ) ὁ Chryses

Verbs

ἀλαβαίλσ

stem ἀλα + βαλ- βα-

future ἀλαβήζσ (rarely ἀλαβήζνκαη)

1st aorist ἀλέβεζα (rarely 2

nd aor ἀλέβελ)

ἀπνιύσ

stem ἀπό + ιύσ

future ἀπνιύζσ (ῡ)

1st aorist ἀπέιῡζα

θαηαθαίσ

stem θαηά + θαπ- θαϝ- θαη-

future θαηαθαύζσ (assumed form)

1st aorist θαηέθεα

θειεύσ (Attic)

stem θιεπ- θιεϝ- θιπ-

future none

2nd

aorist ἐθιπνλ

ρνιόσ

stem ρνιν-

future ρνιώζσ

1st aorist ἐρόισζα

Notes

In Homeric Greek the stem vowel is usually lengthened before -ζ hence ἀλαβαίλσ =gt ἀλαβήζσ =gt

ἀλέβεζα ἀπνιύσ =gt ἀπνιύζσ (ῡ) =gt ἀπέιῡζα

ἀλαβαίλσ also has a 2nd

aorist ἀλέβελ

A few verbs have active forms in the present but middle forms in the future ἀλαβαίλσ has two future

forms one active (ἀλαβήζσ) and one middle (ἀλαβήζνκαη)

Verbs with stems ending in -αηλσ originally had a consonantal η following the λ (ie ἀλαβαηλησ)

114 Translation

1 θᾱινὶ ζενὶ ἔηεπμαλ ζάλαηνλ θαθὸλ δίῳ (ῑ) Πειεηάδῃ ὁ δrsquo ἀλέβελ ππξήλ 2 ἑθεβόινο ὤιεθε ιᾱὸλ Ἀραηῶλ

νὕλεθα δῖνο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) 3 θαηέθεα ἑθαηόκβᾱο πνιιάο (ᾱ) 4 ἑθεβόινο νὐθ ἔθιπελ Ἀηξεΐδᾱν

νὕλεθα ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) 5 Υξύζεο (ῡ) κεηέεηπελ Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἀιιrsquo νὐθ Ἀηξεΐδῃ ἥλδαλε ζῡκῷ 6 ὅηε θαθῶο

πξνζέεηπελ Ἀηξεΐδεο Υξύζελ (ῡ) ηόηε ἐρόισζελ ἑθεβόινλ 7 ἀπειύζακελ (ῡ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) νὕλεθα ηὸλ

ἐθηιήζακελ 8 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἤλεηθελ ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα Ἀηξεΐδῃ 9 νἴζνκελ ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀπνιύζνκελ (ῡ)

Υξύζελ (ῡ) νὕλεθα ηὸλ ἐθηιήζακελ θαὶ θίινο ἐζηὶλ ἑθεβόιῳ 10 ηίο θέξεη ἄπνηλα Υξύζᾱν (ῡ) Ἀηξεΐδῃ 11 δῖνο

Πειεηάδεο ἐρόισζελ Ἀηξεΐδελ 12 ὅηε θαηεθήακελ πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἑθαηόκβᾱο θᾱιάο (ᾱ) ηόηε ἐπείζακελ ζῡκνὺο ζεῶλ

13 δηὰ καληνζύλελ Υξύζεο (ῡ) εἶπε βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεῶλ Ἀηξεΐδῃ Πειεηάδῃ ηε

KEY

1 The noble gods prepared evil death for the divine Peleiades and he ascended the funeral pyre 2 The free-

shooter destroyed the host of the Achaeans because the divine Atreides dishonored Chryses 3 I burned many

funeral pyres 4 The free-shooter did not hear the son of Atreus because he dishonored Chryses 5 Chryses spoke

among the Achaeans but but it did not please the heart of Atreides 6 It angered the free-shooter when the son of

Atreus spoke wickedly to Chryses 7 We released Chryses because we loved him 8 Chryses brought countless

glorious ransoms to the son of Atreus 9 We will bring many ransoms and release Chryses because we loved him

and he is dear to the free-shooter 10 Who brought the ransoms of Chryses to the son of Atreus 11 The divine

Peleiades angered the son of Atreus 12 We persuaded the hearts of the gods when we burned many good

hecatombs 13 Through prophesy Chryses spoke the will of the gods to both Atreides and Peleiades

115 Composition

1 The Achaeans ascended into Troy and killed the noble Priam 2 We burned many goodly hecatombs to the

Olympian gods 3 Chryses spoke among the Achaeans but the son of Atreus did not hearken to him 4 The

Achaeans addressed the son of Atreus but he did not free Chryses 5 The son of Atreus will bring many ransoms

into the camp of the Achaeans 6 Who will persuade the gods with many goodly hecatombs

KEY

1 Ἀραηνὶ ἀλέβεζαλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ θαὶ ὤιεμαλ θᾱιὸλ Πξηάκνλ 2 θαηέθεκελ πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) ἑθαηόκβὰο (ᾱ)

ζενῖο ιπκπίνηο 3 Υξύζεο (ῡ) κεηέεηπελ Ἀραηνῖο ἀιιrsquo Ἀηξεΐδεο ηὸλ νὐθ ἔθιπελ 4 Ἀραηνὶ πξνζέεηπνλ Ἀηξεΐδῃ

ἀιιrsquo νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε Υξύζελ (ῡ) 5 Ἀηξεΐδεο νἴζεη ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ εἰο ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 6 ηίο πείζεη ζενὺο πνιιῇο

ἑθαηόκβῃζηλ

Lesson 12

Review

121 Review Vocabulary

Lesson 13

(680-692 701-709)

(cf 897 874 886 619 841-843 576 1178 830-831 837 580 837)

131 Nouns of the Third Declension

Third declension nouns can be either masculine feminine or neuter The nominative endings can take many

forms but there are some conventions Masculine and feminine stems except those ending in λ ξ or ζ simply add

ζ to the stem and make the necessary euphonic changes Stems ending in ξ λ and ζ typically make no changes

except to lengthen the last vowel if it is short Stems ending in -λ(η) either drop the η and lengthen a short vowel or

drop the -λ(η) lengthen the vowel and add ζ Examples δαηκνλ- = δαηκσλ ζῑλ- = ζίο (ῑ) κειαλ- = κέιᾱο γεξνλη- =

γέξσλ etc Neuters typically consist of just the stem in the nominative and accusative except to drop a final -η

where it occurs

In general the stem of a third declension noun is found by dropping the -νο ending from the genitive singular

The dative singular regularly ends in -ῐ but occasionally in -ῑ

The accusative ending was originally -λ and this ending is common on stems ending in a vowel On stems

ending in a consonant the -λ was a sonant consonant which eventually came be pronounced as -ᾰ The result is that

the accusative singular usually ends in -λ for stems ending in a vowel and -ᾰ for stems ending in a consonant

Dental mute stems ending in -ηο and -πο in the nominative singular rarely drop the mute and typically adopt the -λ

accusative ending as if they were vowel stems

The dative plural is formed by adding either -εζζη (rarely -εζη) or -ζη (rarely -ζζη) and making the usual

euphonic changes Most third declension nouns thus have alternate dative plural forms as πνύο = πνζζί = πνζί =

πόδεζζη etc

The accusative plural originally ended in -λο (sonant λ) which gives -αο for stems ending in a consonant and -ῑο

and -ῡο for stems ending in a vowel A few vowel stems borrowed an -αο ending from the first declension by

analogy

The vocative singular is usually either identical to the nominative or identical to the stem alone Stems ending

in λ ξ or ο typically drop this final consonant in the vocative singular

Compensatory lengthening usually occurs in the dative plural when -λη is dropped as in γέξνληζη = γέξνπζη

132 Paradigms

Stems ending in -επ (επ) -νπ and σϝ follow the paradigms of βαζηιεύο (king βαζηιεϝ-) βνῦο (ox βνϝ-) λεῦο

(ship λᾱϝ-) and ἥξσο (hero ἡξσϝ- () or ἡξσ-)

N βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

G βαζηιῆνο [-ένο] βνόο λεόο ἥξσνο

D βαζηιῆη [-έη] βνΐ λεί ἥξση

A βαζηιῆα [-έα] βνῦλ [βῶλ] λῆα [λέα] ἥξσα

V βαζηιεῦ βνῦ λεῦ ἥξσο

N A V βαζηιῆε βόε λῆε ἥξσε

G D βαζηιήνηηλ βόνηηλ λήνηηλ ἡξώνηηλ

N V βαζηιεῆεο βόεο λῆεο ἥξσεο

G βαζηιήσλ βνῶλ λεῶλ [λεῶλ] ἡξώσλ

D βαζηιήεζζη βόεζζη λήεζζη [λέεζζἰ ἡξώεζζη

βαζηιεῦζη βνπζί λεπζί ἥξσζη

A βαζηιῆαο βόαο (βνῦο) λῆζαο (λέαο) ἥξσαο

A long vowel is typically shortened when it occurs before another vowel thus βαζηιῆνο or βαζηιένο This

convention was almost certainly consistent in pronunciation but is only occasionally represented in written form

The π in the stem of these words frequently became ϝ and subsequently disappeared as in βαζηιεπ- βαζηιεϝ-

βαζηιε-

Stems ending in η (εη) and π (επ εϝ) follow the paradigms of πόιηο (city πνιη-) πῆρπο (forearm περεϝ-) ἄζηπ

(city ἀζηεϝ-) λέθπο (corpse λεθῡ-) and δάθξπ (tear δαθξπ-)

N πόιηο πῆρπο ἄζηπ λέθῡο δάθξπ

G πόιηνο -ενο πήρενο ἄζηενο λέθπνο δάθξπνο

D πόιηη -ῑ -εη -εη πήρετ ἄζηετ λέθπτ δάθξπτ

A πόιηλ πῆρσλ ἄζηπ λέθῡλ δαθξπ

V πόιη πῆρπ ἄζηπ λέθῡ δάθξπ

N V πόιηε πήρεε ἄζηεε λέθπε δάθξπε

G D πνιίνηηλ περένηηλ ἄζηνηηλ λεθύνηηλ δαθξύνηηλ

N V πόιηεο -εεο πήρεεο ἄζηεα λέθπεο δάθξπα

G πνιίσλ περέσλ ἀζηέσλ λεθύσλ δαθξύσλ

D πνιίεζζη περέεζζη ἀζηέεζη λεθύεζζη δαθξύεζζη

πόιεζη -ηζη πήρεζη ἄζηεζη λέθῡζ(ζ)η δάθξπζη

A πόιηαο -εαο -ῑο πήρεαο ἄζηεα λέθπαο [-ῡο] δάθξπα

Nouns with stems in -ο (-εο -αο -νο) and -η are declined like ἔπνο (ϝεπεζ-) γέξαο (γεξαζ-) ἠώο (ἀϝζνζ-) δῶκα

(δσκαη-) and ἦκαξ (ἠκαξ- ἠκαη-) Note that -ζ- usually disappears when it occurs between two vowels

N ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο δῶκα ἧκαξ

G ἔπενο γέξανο ἠόνο δώκαηνο ἥκαηνο

D ἔπετ γέξατ ἠόη δώκαηη ἥκαηη

A ἔπνο γέξαο ἠόα δῶκα ἧκαξ

V ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο δῶκα ἧκαξ

N V ἔπεε γέξαε δώκαηε ἥκαηε

G D επένηηλ γεξάνηηλ δσκάηνηηλ ἡκάηνηηλ

N V ἔπεο γέξα(α) δώκαηα ἥκαηα

G ἐπέσλ γεξάσλ δσκάησλ ἡκάησλ

D ἐπέεζζη γεξάεζζη δσκάηεζζη ἡκάηεζζη

ἔπε(ζ)ζη γέξα(ζ)ζη δώκαζη ἥκαζη

A ἔπεα γέξα(α) δώκαηα ἥκαηα

Note that all nouns ening in -νο in the second declension are either masculine or feminine but all nouns ending in -

νο in the third declension are neuter All nouns ending in -κα in the nominative singular and all nouns with genitives

in -αηνο are neuter

133 Further Notes on the Third Declension

Nouns of the third declension can be any gender and consist of stems ending in -η -π or a consonant In

general the following endings are applied to the stem with the usual euphonic changes

N -ο

G -νο

D -η

A -λ

V -

N A V -ε

G D -νηηλ

N V -εο

G -σλ

D -εζζη

A -λο

Standard Euphonic Changes

Later forms of Greek such as Attic and Koine frequently contracted the forms found in Homer

The -λ in the accusative singular and plural is sonant meaning that it is pronounced as λ when

following a vowel but it is pronounced as ᾰ when following a consonant Thus πνιη-λ = πνιηλ and

πνιη-λο = πνιηο but δαηκνλ-λ = δαηκνλα and δαηκνλ-λο = δαηκνλαο

o In most cases a stem originally ending in ϝ is treated as if it ends in a consonant Thus

βαζηιεϝα = βαζηιεα εξσϝα = εξσα

o The word βνϝ- is an exception where ϝ becomes π (probably because νπ is such a common

diphthong) βνϝλ = βνπλ

Dentals are dropped before ζ Thus παηδο = παηο

o In cases where the stem ends in -λη the dental and the ζ are typically dropped with the last

vowel lengthened by compensation Thus γεξνληο = γεξσλ

Palatals combine with ζ to form μ Thus αηγο = αημ θεξπθο = θεξπμ etc

o Stems ending in -θη apply both the dental and palatal changes first dropping the η and then

combining the θζ to form μ Thus λπθηο = λπθο = λπμ

Labials combine with ζ to form ς Thus Αηζηνπο = Αηζηνς

The ζ is dropped when it follows a nasal or ξ and the last vowel is lengthened to compensate (if it

isnrsquot long already) Thus δαηκνλο = δαηκσλ θξελο = θξελ ρεηξο = ρεηξ παηεξο = παηεξ κεηεξο =

κεηεξ etc

Stems that originally ended in ϝ usually retain a π in its place in the nominative Thus βαζηιεϝο =

βαζηιεπο (originally βαζηιεπο) λεϝο = λεπο βνϝο = βνπο etc

o The same phenomenon sometimes occurs in the accusative singular as well where ϝ becomes

π and the final λ is retained Thus περεϝλ = περευλ = περπλ

o The word εξσο is an apparent exception where εξσϝο = εξσο This may be from analogy

with the relatively common -σο ending in Greek or it could be that the stem was originally

εξσ- witout the ϝ

o When the stem ends in -εϝ the ε is usually dropped in the nominative thus περεϝο = περεπο =

περπο (but the genitive and dative are περενο περετ)

Some confusion can occur at the apparent irregularity of stems ending in -π αζηπ αζηενο αζηεη etc

but δαθξπ δαθξπνο δαθξπτ etc The difference is that stems like αζηπ originally ended in a vowel + ϝ

(αζηεϝ) while stems like δαθξπ originally ended in π

Some neuters originally ended in -εο These are usually declined as -νο in the nominative and

accusative In the other cases the endings are simply applied to -εζ- and the sigma is dropped when it

occurs between two vowels επνο (nom acc from επεζο) επενο (gen from επεζνο) επετ (dat from

επεζη) etc

o Stems ending in -αο simple drop the extra sigma in the nominative singular and append the

case endings to -αζ- (dropping ζ when it occurs between two vowels) Thus γεξαο γεξανο

γεξατ etc

o Stems ending in -νο follow the same pattern as those ending in -αο except that the ν is

lengthened to σ in the nominative Thus εσο εννο εντ etc

Neuter stems ending in -καη usually drop the η in the nominative and accusative singular but retain it

in the plural Thus δσκα (nom and acc sing) δσκαηνο (gen sing) δσκαηη (dat sing) δσκαηα (nom and

acc plur) δσκαησλ (gen plur) δσκαηεζζη (dat plur) etc Neuter stems ending in -καξ usually behave

as if they ended in -καη in all cases except the nominative and accusative singular Thus εκαξ εκαηνο

εκαηη etc

The dative plural ending is given as -εζζη This could be shortened to -ζζη (before vowels) -εζη or -ζη

The -ζη ending is the most common in later dialects Thus Homeric θεξπθεζζη is typically θεξπμη in

Attic and Koine

The vocative singular in neuters is always identical to the nominative and accusative singulars

o In masculine and feminine nouns the vocative singular is usually just the stem without any

endings applied as long as the stem is capable of standing alone Thus δαηκνλ ρεηξ παηεξ

κεηεξ ζπγαηεξ αλεξ βνπ λεπ πνιη λεθῡ δαθξπ etc

o In some cases where the nominative singular has slightly modified the stem before adding -ο

the vocative is formed by simply dropping the ο Thus παη βαζηιεπ περπ

o In cases where the ο of the nominative singular has combined with the stem the vocative is

usually indentical to the nominative singular Thus αλαμ λπμ αημ θεξπμ Αηζηνς etc

o In rare cases the vocative is identical to the nominative singular even when dropping the ο

would have been convenient as in εξσο εσο

Alternate Endings The following are some alternate endings that could be applied instead of the usual

case endings listed above

o -ζη can be used to denote place where

o -ζελ can be used to denote source or separation or as an alternative ending for the genitive

case

o -δε can be added to the accusative ending to denote place to which or limit of motion

o -η can be added to denote place where

o -θη(λ) can be added as a substitute for several uses of the genitive and the dative cases

particularly in the instrumental sense

134 References

This lesson references several points in the grammar Note the following

Deponent verbs take middle or passive forms but denote active meanings

Some verbs reduplicate the initial syllable in the present tense by repeating the initial consonant

followed by -η Thus ἴζηεκη (orig ζηζηεκη) ηίζεκη δίδσκη πίκπιεκη γίγλνκαη γηγλώζθσ κηκλήζθσ

etc When futures and second aorists are reduplicated they usually follow the pattern of reduplication

found in the perfect tense If the initial consonant is aspirated the reduplicated consonant is typically

smooth Thus ηίζεκη rather than ζίζεκη

Note that ἴκη δίδσκη and ηίζεκη take the aorist in -θα rather than -ζα

When a word ends in a vowel and the following word begins with a vowel the result is called hiatus

In general hiatus is avoided in poetry through the use of elision crasis synizesis moveable

consonants etc However hiatus is allowed in some circumstances such as when elision has already

occurred when the first of the two vowels is long and occurs on the beat (or ictus) of the verse or

when a long vowel or diphthong has been shortened or when the two vowels were originally separated

by ϝ

Recall that the verbal augment is frequently omitted

135 Vocabulary

Ἄηο Ἄηδνο ὁ (nom not used) Hades

ἄιγνο ενο ηό grief pain woe trouble

Ἀρηιιεύο ῆνο ὁ Achilles

δαίο δαηηόο ἡ feast banquet portion

Εεύο Γηόο ὁ Zeus

ἥξσο ἥξσνο ὁ hero mighty warrior protector savior

ἴθζῑκνο ε νλ mighty valiant stout-hearted brave

θύσλ θπλόο ὁ ἡ dog

κῆληο ηνο ἡ wrath fury madness rage

νὐιόκελνο ε νλ accursed destructive deadly

πξντάπησ πξντάςσ πξνΐαςα hurl forward send forth

ηίζεκη (ζε- ζε-) ζήζσ ἔζεθα put place cause

Ἀρηιιεπο (Ἀρηιιεϝ-) Ἀρηιιενο Ἀρηιιεη Ἀρηιιεα

δαηο (δαηη-) δαηηνο δαηηη δαηηα δαηηεο δαηησλ δαηηεζζη δαηηαο

Εεπο Γηνο Γηη Γηα

ἡξσο ἡξσνο ἡξστ ἡξσα ἡξσεο ἡξσσλ ἡξσεζζη ἡξσαο

θπσλ θπλνο θπλη θπλα θπλεο θπλσλ θπλεζζη θπλαο

κεληο (κελη-) κεληνο κεληη κεληλ κεληεο κελησλ κεληεζζη κεληαο

136 Translation

1 κῆληο Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο ἦλ νὐινκέλε ἔζεθε γὰξ κῡξηrsquo ἄιγεα ηνῖζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ πξνΐαςε δὲ πνιιὰο (ᾱ)

ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἰθζίκνπο (ῑ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη ἔηεπρε δrsquo αὐηνὺο ἑιώξηα θαὶ δαῖηα θύλεζζηλ νἰσλνῖζί ηε ἐηέιεζε δὲ βνπιὴλ

Γηόο 2 ζεὰ (ᾱ) ἀείδεη κῆληλ νὐινκέλελ Ἀρηιῆνο ἣ ἔζεθελ κῡξίrsquo ἄιγεrsquo Ἀραηνῖζηλ 3 ζενὶ ὀιέθνπζη ηὸλ ζηξαηόλ θαὶ

πξντάπηνπζη πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη 4ηεύμνκελ κῡξίνπο Ἀραηνὺο ἑιώξηα θύλεζζηλ θαὶ δαῖηα ηνῖζηλ

νἰσλνῖζηλ νὕλεθα ἠηίκαζαλ (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) 5 θᾱιὴ ἦλ ἡ βνπιὴ Γηόο

KEY

1 The wrath of Achilles son of Peleus was destructive for it caused countless woes to the Achaeans and sent

forth many valiant souls of heros to Hades making them spoils and a banquet for the dogs and the vultures 2 The

goddess sings the accursed wrath of Achilles which brought countless woes to the Achaeans 3 The gods are

destroying the camp and sending forth many souls of the heros to Hades 4 We will make countless Achaeans spoils

for the dogs and a feast for these vultures because they dishonored Chryses 5 The will of Zeus was good

137 Iliad 1-5

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κπξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςπρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιήλ

Μῆληλ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse

ἄεηδε - present active imperative 2nd

person singular of ἀείδσ

ζεά - vocative case

Πειεηάδεσ = Πειεηάδᾱν (the verse may have originally read Πειεηάδᾱrsquo)

νὐινκέλελ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse as well as out of

the natural order and is placed directly opposite the word κῆληλ

κῡξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο - the hiatus is permited because elision has already occurred in κῡξίνηο

Ἄηδη was originally Ἄϝηδη and is still accented as it began with α instead of αη

ἡξώσλ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse and its deviation from

the natural order

δὲ ἑιώξηα - the hiatus is permitted because the original was δὲ ϝειώξηα

ηεῦρε - the augment is dropped (usually ἔηεπρε)

ἐηειείεην - imperfect passive indicative 3rd

person singular of ηειείσ

KEY

Sing O goddess of the accursed wrath of Achilles Peleiades

which brought countless woes to the Achaeans

and cast forth the souls of many valiant warriors to Hades

making them the spoils and feast of both dogs

and vultures But the will of Zeus was accomplished

138 Composition

1 The valiant Achaeans are singing the accursed wrath of Achilles 2 The wrath of Achilles caused many woes

to the Achaeans and sent many valiant souls of heroes to the god Hades 3 We shall make the army of the Achaeans

a booty for the dogs and a banquet for the birds 4 We are accomplishing the will of the goddess

KEY

1 ἴθζῑκνη Ἀραηνὶ ἀείδνπζηλ νὐινκέλελ κῆληλ Ἀρηιῆνο 2 κῆληο Ἀρηιῆνο ἔζεθε κῡξίrsquo ἄιγεrsquo Ἀραηνῖζη θαὶ

πξνΐαςε πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἰθζίκνπο ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη 3 ηεύμνκελ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ ἑιώξηα θύλεζζηλ θαὶ δαῖηα

νἰσλνῖζηλ 4 ηεύρνκελ βνπιὴλ ζεᾶο

Lesson 14

(519-526 1159-1192)

(cf 586)

141 Syllable Quantity

A syllable is long (by nature) when it contains a long vowel or a diphthong or (by position) when it ends in two

consecutive consonants (or a double consonant) A short vowel followed by a mute and a liquid κ or λ is common

and can be either long or short depending on the requirements of the verse Occasionally the letters ι κ λ ξ or ζ

are doubled in pronunciation when they follow a short vowel making the syllable long by position but this

convention is not always represented in writing And occasionally a lost ϝ will combine with another consonant to

make the preceding syllable long by position

Observe the following rules when determing the length of a syllable

Any vowel with the circumflex accent is long

The vowel of any ultmia whose penult bears the circumflex is short

If the penult has an acute then the vowel of the ultima must also be long

If the vowel of the ultima is short and the penult has the acute then the vowel of the penult must

be short as well

If the antepenult is accented the vowel of the ultima must be short

Occasionally these rules do not apply to certain compounds where one of the two words are

accented as if they were separate

If a short syllable stands where a long syllable is expected it is usually because the pause of the caesura or

diaresis fills out the foot or because the following word has lost a consonant (usually ϝ or ζ) And occasionally a

short syllable ending in a consonant is lengthened when it occurs on the ictus (beat) of the verse Such lengthening is

called thesis

142 Metrical Quantity

With the exception of pauses at the end of the verse caesura and diaresis all feet must consist of two long

syllables or a long syllable followed by two shorts Thus if a long syllable is followed by a short syllable then the

next syllable must be short as well Likewise if a short syllable is followed by a long syllable then the preceding

syllable must be short as well

When a word ends in a short vowel (and sometimes -νη and -αη) and the following word begins with a vowel

the short vowel is usually elided unless the following word originally began with ϝ When a word ends in a long

vowel or a diphthong and the following word begins with a vowel the long vowel is usually shortened This

phenomenon can also occur within the same word and again it is less common when the following word originally

began with ϝ Vowel shortening is also rare when the long vowel occurs on the ictus

The meter of Homer is called dactylic or heroic hexameter and is the most common meter in Greek verse Each

verse has six feet The first five feet can be dactyls (one long syllable followed by two short syllables) or spondees

(two long syllables) The final foot of the verse is always a spndee but keep in mind that the pause at the end of the

verse often combines with a final short syllable to form one long syllable The fifth foot of each verse is usually a

dactyl with only one in twenty (or so) verses containing a spondee in the fifth foot The verses that have a spndee in

the fifth foot are called spondaic and usually take slightly longer to recite In dactylic hexameter the ictus (beat) of

the verse always occurs on the first syllable of each foot producing six distinct beats per verse

Caesura occurs when a word ends within a foot (ie at the end of the first syllable of a foot or between the two

short syllables of the foot) When a caesura occurs at a natural pause in the verse this is said to be the caesura of the

verse A pause after the first syllable of a foot is called a masculine caesura and a pause after the second syllable of

the foot is called a feminine caesura

Diaresis occurs when the end of a word coincides with the end of a foot When this falls at a natural pause in

the verse it is said to be the diaresis of the verse When the diaresis occurs at the end of the fourth foot is it called

the bucolic diaresis (due to its common use in pastoral poetry)

143 Marking the Rhythm of the Iliad 1-5

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κπξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςπρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιήλ

ΜΖ ληλ α | ΔΗ δε ζε | Α ΠΖ | ΛΖ η α | ΓΔΧ α ρη | ΛΖ Ο-

dact dact spon dact dact spon

The pauses at the end of κῆληλ and ἄεηδε are feminine caesuras

The pauses at the end of ζεά Πειεηάδεσ and Ἀρηιῆνο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of ζεά is the caesura of the verse

The dash at the end of the verse indicates a pause that combines with a short vowel to fill out the

last foot

ΟΤ ιν κε | ΝΖΝ Ζ | ΜΤ ξη α | ΥΑΗ ΟΗ | ΑΛ γε ε | ΘΖ ΚΔΝ-

dact spon dact spon dact spon

The pauses at the end of κῡξίrsquo and ἄιγε are feminine caesuras

The pauses at the end of νὐινκέλελ and ἔζεθελ are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of νὐινκέλελ is the caesura of the verse

The pauses at the end of ἥ and Ἀραηνῖο are diareses

The diaresis at Ἀραηνῖο is a bucolic diaresis

κῡξία Ἀραηνῖο and ἄιγεα ἔζεθελ are examples of hiatus

The first syllable of ἄιγεrsquo is long because it is followed by two consecutive consonants

ΠΟΛ ΛΑ | ΓrsquoΗΦ ΘΗ | ΜΟΤ ΦΤ | ΥΑ ΑΗ | ΓΗ πξν τ | Α ΦΔΝ-

spon spon spon spon dact spon

The pauses at the end of ἰθζίκνπο and ςπράο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of πνιιάο is a diaresis

δὲ ἰθζίκνπο is hiatus

The first syllable of πνιιάο is long by position as is the first syllable of ἰθζίκνπο the last syllable

of Ἄηδη and the second syllable of πξνΐαςελ

Ζ ΡΧ | ΧΝ ΑΤ | ΣΟΤ δε ε | ΛΧ ξη α | ΣΔΤ ρε θπ | ΝΔ ΗΝ-

spon spon dact dact dact spon

The pause at the end of ηεῦρε is a feminine caesura

The pauses at the end of ἡξώσλ and αὐηνύο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of ἡξώσλ is the caesura of the verse

The pause at the end of ἑιώξηα is a diaresis

ΟΗ Χ | ΝΟΗ ζη ηε | ΓΑΗ ηα δη | Ο δrsquoε ηε | ΛΔΗ ε ην | ΒΟΤ ΛΖΝ

The pauses at the end of νἰσλνῖζη and δαῖηα are feminine caesuras

The pause at the end of Γηόο is a masculine caesura

The pauses at the end of ηε ἐηειείεην and βνπιήλ are diareses

The pause at the end of δαῖηα is the diaresis of the verse

Lesson 15

(693-694 697-700)

(cf 781-782 837 580 1009 996 584-585)

151 Third Declension Paradigms (continued)

Third declension nouns ending in a dental mute stem are exemplified by ἄλαμ (king ϝαλαθη-) λύμ (night λπθη-

) παῖο (child παηδ-) and γέξσλ (old man γεξνλη-)

N ἄλαμ λύμ παῖο γέξσλ

G ἄλαθηνο λπθηόο παηδόο γέξνληνο

D ἄλαθηη λπθηί παηδί γέξνληη

A ἄλαθηα λύθηα παίδα γέξνληα

V ἄλαμ [ἄλα] λύμ παῖ γέξσλ

N V A ἄλαθηε λύθηε παίδε γέξνληε

G D ἀλάθηνηηλ λύθηνηηλ παίδνηηλ γεξόληνηηλ

N ἄλαθηεο λύθηεο παίδεο γέξνληεο

G ἀλάθησλ λπθηῶλ παηδῶλ γεξόλησλ

D ἀλάθηεζζη λύθηεζζη παίδεζζη γεξόληεζζη

ἄλαμη λπμί παηζί γέξνπζη

A ἄλαθηαο λύθηνο παῖδαο γέξνληαο

Third declension nouns ending in labial and palatal stems are exemplified by αἴμ (goat αἰγ-) θῆξπμ (herald

θεξῡθ-) and Αἰζίνς (Ethipoian Αἰζηνπ-)

N αἴμ θῆξπμ Αἰζίνς

G αἰγόο θήξῡθνο Αἰζίνπνο

D αἰγί θήξῡθη Αἰζίνπη

A αἶγα θήξῡθα Αἰζίνπα

V αἴμ θῆξπμ Αἰζίνς

N V A αἶγε θήξῡθε Αἰζίνπε

G D αἴγνηηλ θεξύθνηηλ (ῡ) Αἰζηόπνηηλ

N αἶγεο θήξῡθεο Αἰζίνπεο

G αἰγῶλ θεξύθσλ (ῡ) Αἰζηόπσλ

D αἴγεζζη θεξύθεζζη (ῡ) Αἰζηόπεζζη

αἰμί θήξῡμ Αἰζίνςη

A αἶγαο θήξῡθαο Αἰζίνπαο

Nouns with stems ending in -εξ express different grades of ablaut in the stem (-εξ -εξ -ξ) with a recessive

accent in the vocative singular These are exemplified by παηήξ (father παηεξ-) κήηεξ (mother κεηεξ-) ζπγάηεξ

(daughter ζπγαηεξ-) and ἀλήξ (man ἀλεξ-)

N παηήξ κήηεξ ζπγάηεξ ἀλήξ

G παηέξνο -ηξόο κεηέξνο -ηξόο ζπγαηέξνο -ηξόο ἀλέξνο ἀλδξόο

D παηέξη -ηξί κεηέξη -ηξί ζπγαηέξη -ηξί ἀλέξη ἀλδξί

A παηέξα κεηέξα ζπγαηέξα ἀλέξα ἄλδξα

V πάηεξ κῆηεξ ζύγαηεξ ἄλεξ

N V A παηέξε κεηέξε ζπγαηέξε ἀλέξε ἄλδξε

G D παηέξνηηλ κεηέξνηηλ ζπγαηέξνηηλ ἀλέξνηηλ ἄλδξνηηλ

N παηέξεο κεηέξεο ζπγαηέξεο ζύγαηξεο ἀλέξεο ἄλδξεο

G παηέξσλ -ηξῶλ κεηέξσλ -ηξῶλ ζπγαηέξσλ ζπγαηξῶλ ἀλέξσλ ἀλδξῶλ

D παηξάζη κεηξάζη ζπγαηξάζη ζπγαηέξεζζη ἀλδξάζη ἄλδξεζζη

A παηέξαο κεηέξαο ζπγαηέξαο ζύγαηξαο ἀλέξαο ἄλδξαο

Note that δ is inserted into ἀλήξ between λ and ξ where they occur together The accent of the shorter forms of

ἀλέξ follow the pattern seen in παηήξ The alpha after ξ in the dative plural was added euphonically to strengthen

what was originally a sonant ξ

152 Vocabulary

ἄλαμ ἄλαθηνο ὁ king lord protector

ἀλήξ ἀλέξνο (ἀλδξόο) ὁ (real) man warrior hero

ἄξ(α) (ῥά) naturally of course as you know as you might expect that is

in effect (not always translatable)

βαζηιεύο ῆνο ὁ king ruler

δή indeed truly forsooth now

δηίζηεκη (ζηε- ζηα-) δηαζηήζσ stand apart separate

δηέζηεζα (δηέζηελ)

ἐμ νὗ from the time when

ἐξίδσ (ἐξηδ-) - ἤξηζ(ζ)α quarrel strive

ἠξηζάηελ (they) strove

ἔξηο ηδνο ἡ strife quarrel

Λεηώ Λεηόνο ἡ Leto

κάρνκαη fight battle

κάρεζζαη to fight

μπλίκη μπλήζσ μπλῆθα (μπλέεθα) bring together throw together hearken heed

ὄξλῡκη ὄξζσ ὦξζα (ὤξνξνλ) stir up kindle incite excite arouse

πξῶηνο ε νλ first foremost chief

ηὸ πξῶηνλ ηὰ πξῶηα (adv) at first firstly first

πἱόο νῦ ὁ son

ζθσε these two

153 Translation

1 ζεὰ (ᾱ) ἀείζεη κῆληλ Ἀρηιῆνο ἐμ νὗ δὴ ηὰ πξῶηα δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο θαὶ Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἀλδξῶλ ἠξηζάηελ θαὶ

δηεζηήηελ 2 ηίο ζεῶλ μπλέεθε δῖνλ Ἀρηιῆά ηε θαὶ Ἀηξεΐδελ ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 3 πἱὸο Λεηόνο θαὶ Γηὸο ἑθεβόινο

μπλέεθέ ζθσε ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη ηὸλ γὰξ βαζηιεὺο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἐρόισζελ ὁ δrsquo ὦξζε θαθὴλ λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ

ὤιεθε δὲ ιᾱνύο

KEY

1 The goddess sings the wrath of Achilles from the time when first the divine Achilles and Atreides king of

men strove and separated 2 Which of the gods brought together the divine Achilles and the son of Atreus to fight

in strife 3 The son of Leto and Zeus the Free-shooter brought these two together to fight in strife for Atreides the

king enraged him so he stirred up an evil plague through the camp of the Achaeans and destroyed their host

154 Iliad 1-10

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κῡξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςῡρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιή

ἐμ νὗ δὴ ηὰ πξῶηα δηαζηήηελ ἐξίζαληε

Ἀηξεΐδεο ηε ἄλαμ ἀλδξῶλ θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεύο

ηίο ηrsquo ἄξ ζθσε ζεῶλ ἔξηδη μπλέεθε κάρεζζαη

Λεηνῦο θαὶ Γηὸο πἱόο ὁ γὰξ βαζηιῆη ρνισζεὶο

λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ ὦξζε θαθήλ ὀιέθνλην δὲ ιᾱνί

δηαζηήηελ = δηεζηήηελ

ἐξίζαληε = aor act part nom dual masc (they two) having quarreled

ηε ἄλαμ originally ηε ϝάλαμ thus allowing the hiatus

ζθσε [ἕσ] = 3rd

pers pron acc dual these two

ἔξηδη is dative of means in strife

κάρεζζαη = pres act infinitive deponent to fight

ρνισζείο = aor pass part nom sing masc having been enraged

Λεηνῦο = contracted form of Λεηόνο

βαζηιῆη = Agamemnon instrumental case by the king

ὀιέθνλην = ὠιέθνλην imperf pass ind 3rd

pers plural were being destroyed or kept

perishing

KEY

Sing O goddess of the accursed wrath of Achilles Peleiades

which brought countless woes to the Achaeans

and cast forth the souls of many valiant warriors to Hades

making them the spoils and feast of both dogs

and vultures But the will of Zeus was accomplished

indeed from the time when at first having quarreled both

Atreides king of men and the divine Achilles separated

Which of the gods of course brought these two together to fight in strife

The son of Leto and Zeus For enraged by the king he

kindled an evil plague up through the camp and the people were destroyed

155 Composition

1 ἠείδνκελ κῆληλ νὐινκέλελ Ἀρηιιῆνο ἐμ νὗ ηὰ πξῶηα Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἀλέξσλ (ἀλδξῶλ) θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο

ἠξηζάηελ θαὶ δηεζηεζάηελ (δηεζηήηελ) 2 ηίο ζεῶλ μπλῆθε (μπλέεθα) Ἀραηνὺο θαὶ ιᾱὸλ Πξηάκνπ ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 3

μπλῆθε (μπλέεθα) ζθσε (ἕν) πἱὸο Λεηόνο (Λεηνῦο) θαὶ Γηὸο ἑθεβόινο ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 4 Αηξεΐδεο βαζηιεὺο

Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο ἐρόισζαλ ἄλαθηα ἑθεβόινλ θαὶ ὁ ὦξζα (ὤξνξε) λνῦζνπο πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θαθὰο (ᾱ) ἀλὰ

ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ θαθῶο ὤιεθελ ἀγαζὸλ ιᾱόλ

Lesson 16

(887-897 910 1065-1068 697-703 707 710 732)

161 Formation of Middle Passive and Deponent Verbs

The endings of the middle voice are different from the active voice The passive voice applies the same endings

as the middle voice except in the aorist passive which applies active endings Because the middle and passive voice

are identical (other than the aorist) the context determines whether a verb is used with middle or the passive

meaning The aorist middle is often used with a passive meaning (especially in athematic forms) and the aorist

passive is often used with a middle meaning

The perfect and pluperfect of the middlepassive are athematic with the personal endings attached directly to

the reduplicated stem

The future perfect passive is formed by adding -ζνε to the perfect middle passive lengthening the vowel that

precedes this ending

The first aorist passive is formed by adding -(ζ)ζεε to the stem Before ζ π and β become θ θ and γ become ρ

and η δ ζ become ζ Many verbs have a second aorist passive that drops the ζ altogether

Deponent verbs have no active form but use the middlepassive forms in an active sense

162 Paradigms Present and Future Indicative MiddlePassive of ιύσ

Present

S 1 ιύνκαη

2 ιύεαη [(ιύῃ)]

3 ιύεηαη

D 2 ιύεζζνλ

3 ιύεζζνλ

P 1 ιπόκε(ζ)ζα

2 ιύεζζα

3 ιύνληαη

Future

S 1 ιύζνκαη (ῡ)

2 ιύζεαη (ῡ) [(ιύζῃ (ῡ))]

3 ιύζεηαη (ῡ)

D 2 ιύζεζζνλ (ῡ)

3 ιύζεζζνλ (ῡ)

P 1 ιῡζόκεζα

2 ιύζεζζε (ῡ)

3 ιύζνληαη (ῡ)

163 The Use of Voice in Greek

The active voice indicates that the subject is acting λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ ὦξζε = he kindled a plague up

through the camp

The passive voice indicates that the subject is acted upon Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιή = but the will of Zeus was

being accomplished

The Middle voice denotes one of three meanings

1 The subject acting upon itself πείζνκαη (I convince myself) θαίλνκαη (I show myself)

2 The subject acting for itself θαιένκαη (I call for myself)

3 The subject acting upon something belonging to itself ιύνκαη (I loose my own I ransom)

When determing the difference between the middle and passive keep in mind that the middle voice always

conveys a direct or indirect reference to the subject and that the subject is effect by or has an interest in the action

164 Third Declension Stems in -επ -επ -νπ and -σϝ

Stems in -επ usually became -εϝ and the third declension endings are applied after the ϝ Thus βαζηιεϝνο =

βαζηιῆνο βαηιεϝη = βαζηιῆη βαζηιεϝα = βαζηιῆα etc Note that the ϝ explains why εη (εϝη) does not form an

improper diphthong as well as why the accusative singular ends in -εα (as if the stem ended in a consonant) instead

of -ελ (as if the stem ended in a vowel) Note that when the ending consists of a consonant the -εϝ is contracted to

the diphthong -επ Thus βαζηιεϝο = βαζηιεύο βαζηιεϝ = βαζηιεῦ βαζηιεϝζη = βαζηιεῦζη In rare cases the other

endings also contract the -ε to -ε (ie βαζηιῆνο = βαζηιένο)

In stems ending originally in -ᾱϝ the ᾱ becomes ε in the Ionic dialect These are declined the same as -εϝ

except that -εῡ is formed before consonants instead of -επ Thus λᾱϝο = λεϝο = λεῦο λᾱϝ = λεϝ = λεῦ But note the

exception in the shorter form of the dative plural where λᾱϝζη = λεϝζη = λεπζί (rather than λεῡζη) In contracted

forms the ε usually becomes ε

In stems ending in -σϝ the third declension endings are applied directly to the stem Thus ἡξσϝο = ἥξσο

ἡξσϝνο = ἥξσνο ἡξσϝη = ἥξση ἡξσϝα = ἥξσα etc

In stems ending originally in -ν or -νϝ the third declension endings are applied as usual But keep in mind that -

νϝ is contracted to the diphthong -νπ before a consonant thus βνϝο = βνῦο and βνϝζη = βνπζί But note the

exception that occurs in the accusative singular where βνϝλ = βνῦλ rather than βνϝα

βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

(βαζηιεϝ-) (βνϝ-) (λᾱϝ-) (ἡξσϝ-)

N βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

G βαζηιῆνο [ένο] βνόο λεόο [εόο] ἥξσνο

D βαζηιῆη [έη] βνΐ λεί ἥξση

A βαζηιῆα [έα] βνῦλ [βῶλ] λῆα [έα] ἥξσα

V βαζηιεῦ βνῦ λεῦ ἥξσο

N V A βαζηιῆε βόε λῆε ἥξσε

G D βαζηιήνηηλ βόνηηλ λήνηηλ ἡξώνηηλ

N V βαζηιῆεο βόεο λῆεο ἥξσεο

G βαζηιήσλ βνῶλ λεῶλ [εῶλ] ἡξώσλ

D βαζηιήεζζη βόεζζη λήεζζη [έεζζη] ἡξώεζζη

βαζηιεῦζη βνπζί λεπζί ἥξσζη

A βαζηιῆαο βόαο (βνῦο) λῆαο [έαο] ἥξσαο

165 Third Declension Stems in -εζ -αζ and -νζ

When a stem ends in a vowel plus -ζ the initial ζ is dropped between two vowels Thus γεξαζνο = γέξανο

ἠνζνο = ἠόνο etc

All third declension nouns with stems ending in -εο are neuters and follow the pattern of ἔπνο The third

declension endings are applied as usual except that the nominative vocative and accusative singulars end in -νο

Nouns with stems ending in -νο take -σο in the nominative and vocative singular but otherwise apply the third

declension endings as usual (dropping ζ between two vowels)

ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

(ϝεπεζ-) (γεξαζ-) (ἀϝζνζ- (ᾱ))

N ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

G ἔπενο γέξανο ἠόνο

D ἔπετ γέξατ ἠόη

A ἔπνο γέξαο ἠόα

V ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

N V A ἔπεε γέξαε

G D ἐπένηηλ γεξάνηηλ

N V ἔπεα γέξα(α)

G ἐπέσλ γεξάσλ

D ἐπέεζζη γεξάεζζη

ἔπε(ζ)ζη γέξα(ζ)ζη

A ἔπεα γέξα(α)

166 Third Declension Stems in -καη and -καξ

Stems ending in -καη and -καξ are neuters

Stems in -καη drop the -ηο in the nominative vocative and accusative singular δσκαηο = δῶκα Otherwise the

third declension endings are applied as usual

Stems ending in -καξ are declined like those ending in -καη except in the nominative vocative and accusative

singular (which end in -καξ)

δῶκα ἦκαξ

(δσκαη-) (ἠκαξ- ἠκαη-)

N δῶκα ἦκαξ

G δώκαηνο ἤκαηνο

D δώκαηη ἤκαηη

A δῶκα ἦκαξ

V δῶκα ἦκαξ

N V A δώκαηε ἤκαηε

G D δσκάηνηηλ ἠκάηνηηλ

N V δώκαηα ἤκαηα

G δσκάησλ ἠκάησλ

D δσκάηεζζη ἠκάηεζζη

δώκαζη ἤκαζη

A δώκαηα ἤκαηα

167 Third Declension Stems in -λη and -λ

Stems ending in -λη drop the -λη before ζ and lengthen the preceding vowel thus παληο = πᾶο παληζη = πᾶζη

Otherwise the third declension endings are applied as usual In neuters the -η is dropped at the end of the word thus

παλη = πᾶλ Stems in -λ drop the -λ before ζ and lengthen the preceding vowel in the masculine (but not in the

neuter)

πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

(παλη- παληα- παλη-)

Masc Fem Neut

N πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

G παληόο πάζεο (ᾱ) παληόο

D παληί πάζῃ (ᾱ) παληί

A πάληα πᾶζαλ πᾶλ

V πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

N V πάληεο πᾶζαη πάληα

G πάλησλ πᾱζάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] πάλησλ

D πάληεζ(ζ)η πάζῃζη (ᾱ) πάληεζ(ζ)η

πᾶζη πάζῃο (ᾱ) πᾶζη

A πάληνο πάζᾱο (ᾱ) πάληα

κέιᾱο κέιαηλα κέιαλ

(κειαλ- κειαηλα- κειαλ-)

N κέιᾱο κέιαηλα κέιαλ

G κέιαλνο κειαίλεο κέιαλνο

D κέιαλη κειαίλῃ κέιαλη

A κέιαλα κέιαηλαλ κέιαλ

V κέιαλ κέιαηλα κέιαλ

N V A κέιαλε κειαίλᾱ κέιαλε

G D κειάλνηηλ κειαίλῃηλ κειάλνηηλ

N V κέιαλεο κέιαηλαη κέιαλα

G κειάλσλ κειαηλάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] κειάλσλ

D κειάλεζ(ζ)η κειαίλῃζη κειάλεζ(ζ)η

κέιαζη κειαίλῃο κέιαζη

A κέιαλεο κειαίλᾱο κέιαλα

168 Vocabulary

Nouns

Ἀπόιισλ (ᾰ or ᾰ) σλνο ὁ Apollo

ἀξεηήξ (ᾱ) ῆξνο ὁ priest prayer

ζπγάηεξ ηέξνο (ηξόο) ἡ daughter

θνζκήησξ νξνο ὁ commander marshaller

λεῦο λεόο (λεόο) ἡ ship

ζηέκκα καηνο ηό fillet (of white cotton) wreath

ρείξ ρεηξόο ἡ hand arm

Verbs

ἔξρνκαη (ἐξρ- ἐιε- ἐιεπζ- ἐιπζ-) come go

ἐιεύζνκαη I will come I will go

ἦιζνλ (ἤιπζνλ) I came I went

ιίζζνκαη (ιηη-) I beg I entreat

---

ἐιιηζάκελ (ἐιηηόκελ) I begged I entreated

Adjectives Prepositions

ζνόο ή όλ swift speedy

πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ all every (the) whole

Indeclinable

δύν (δύσ) two

κάιηζηα most especially by all means

169 Translation

1 Ἀπόιισλ ἑθεβόινο ρνινῦηαη βαζηιῆη Αηξεΐδῃ θαὶ πέκπεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ ὀιέθνληαη δὲ

ιᾱνί νὕλεθα δῖνο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) 2 Υξύζεο (ῡ) γὰξ ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἑθεβόινπ ἔξρεηαη

ἐπὶ ζνὰο (ᾱ) λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ θέξεη δrsquo ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα ζπγαηξόο ἣλ Ἀηξεΐδεο ἔρεη ἐλ ζηξαηῷ 3 ὁ δrsquo ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἔρεη

ζηέκκαηα ἑθεβόινπ Ἀπόιισλνο ἐλ ρεξζὶλ ἀλὰ ρξῡζέῳ ζθήπηξῳ θαὶ ιίζζεηαη πάληαο Ἀραηνύο κάιηζηα δrsquo Ἀηξεΐδᾱ

δύσ θνζκήηνξε ιᾱῶλ 4 Ἀπόιισλ ρνιώζεηαη βαζηιῆη θαὶ ὄξζεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηόλ 5 ἐιεύζνληαη ἐπὶ ζνὰο

(ᾱ) λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ νἴζνπζη ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα βαζηιῆη 6 ιίζζνληαη πάληαο Ἀραηνύο 7 Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζελ (ῑ)

ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) θαὶ νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε ζύγαηξα

KEY

1 Apollo the free-shooter enraged by king Atreides sent an evil plague through the camp of the Achaeans and

the people were destroyed because the divine Atreides dishonored Chryses the priest 2 For Chryses the priest of

the free-shooter went upon the swift ships of the Achaeans bearing countless ransoms for his daughter whom

Atreides was holding in the camp 3 But the priest had a wreath of Apollo the free-shooter upon a staff in his hand

and was entreating all of the Achaeans but especially the sons of Atreus (who were) the commanders of the host 4

Apollo will be enraged by the king and will kindle an evil plague up through the camp 5 They will go upon the

swift ships of the Achaeans and bring countless ransoms to the king 6 They are entreating all of the Achaeans 7

Atreides dishonored the priest and would not release his daughter

1610 Iliad 11-16

hellipὀιέθνλην δὲ ιᾱνί

νὕλεθα ηὸλ Υξύζελ ἠηίκαζελ ἀξεηῆξα

Αηξεΐδεο ὁ γὰξ ἦιζε ζνὰο ἐπὶ λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ

ιπζόκελνο ηε ζύγαηξα θέξσλ ηrsquo ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα

ζηέκκαηrsquo ἔρσλ ἐλ ρεξζὶλ ἑθεβόινπ Ἀπόιισλνο

ρξπζέῳ ἀλὰ ζθήπηξῳ θαὶ ἐιίζζεην πάληαο Ἀραηνύο

Ἀηξεΐδα δὲ κάιηζηα δύσ θνζκήηνξε ιαῶλ

ηόλ Υξύζελ = that (well-known) Chryses

The first verse ends in two spondees making it a spondaic verse and emphasizing the fact that

Chryses was a priest

ιῡζόκελνο = fut mid part nom masc sing being about to ransom

θέξσλ = pres act part nom sing masc bearing bringing

ἔρσλ = pres act part nom sing masc having holding

ρεξζὶλ ἑθεβόινπ = ρεξζὶ ϝεθεβόινπ

ρξῡζέῳ = synizesis where -έῳ is pronounced as a single syllable

ἐιίζζεην = imperf act ind 3rd

pers sing dep (kept) entreating was entreating

Ἀηξεΐδᾱ = dual of Ἀηξεΐδεο refers to both Agamemnon and Menelaus

KEY

hellipand the people were being destroyed

because Atreides dishonored Chryses the priest

For he had gone upon the swift ships of the Achaeans

intending to ransom his daughter bearing countless gifts

and holding in his hand fillets of Apollo the free-shooter

upon a golden staff and was entreating all of the Achaeans

but especially the two sons of Atreus the commanders of the host

1611 Composition

1 Chryses the priest of Apollo is dishonored by the son of Atreus 2 The Achaeans will go from their swift

ships to Troy and ransom the beloved daughter of the priest 3 We shall bring many ransoms and shall hold in our

hands the fillets of Apollo 4 We do not have a golden scepter but we entreat Priam and all the people of Troy 5

The two sons of Atreus marshallers of the people are entreating Priam but he will slight them 6 The son of

Atreus king of men slighted the priest and did not release his daughter

KEY

1 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) Ἀπόιινπ ἀηῑκάδεηαη Ἀηξεΐδῃ 2 Ἀραηνὶ ἐιεύζνληαη ἐθ ζνάσλ (ᾱ) λήσλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ (ῑ)

θαὶ ἀπειύζνληαη (ῡ) θίιε ζπγάηεξα ἀξεηῆξη (ᾱ) 3 νἴζνκελ πνιιrsquo ἄπνηλα θαὶ ἕζρνκελ ἐλ ρείξεζζη ζηέκκαηα

Ἀπόιινπ 4 νὐθ ἔρνκελ ζθῆπηξνλ ρξύζενλ ἀιιὰ ιηζζόκεζα Πξίακνλ θαὶ πᾶληα ιᾱνλ Ἰιίνπ (ῑ) 5 δύrsquo Ἀηξεΐδᾱ

θνζκήηεξᾱ ιᾱσλ ιίζζεζζνλ Πξίακνλ αὐηνὺο δrsquo ἀηῑκάζεη 6 Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἄλδξσλ ἠηίκαζελ (ῑ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) θαὶ

νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε ζπγάηεξα

1612 Meter

ΟΤ λε θα | ΣΟΝ ΥΡΤ | ΖΝ Ζ | ΣΗ κα ζελ | Α ΡΖ | ΣΖ ΡΑ~

Α ηξε η | ΓΖ ν γαξ | ΖΛ ζε ζν | Α ε πη | ΝΖ αο α | ΥΑΗ ΧΝ

ΛΤ ζν κε | ΝΟ ηε ζπ | ΓΑΣ ξα θε | ΡΧΝ ηα πε | ΡΔΗ ζη α | ΠΟΗ ΝΑ~

ΣΔΜ καη ε | ΥΧΝ ΔΝ | ΥΔΡ ζηλ ε | ΚΖ βν ινπ | Α ΠΟΛ | ΛΧ ΝΟ~

ΥΡΤζεσα | ΝΑ ΚΖΠ | ΣΡΧ θαη ε | ΛΗ ζε ην | ΠΑΝ ηαο α | ΥΑΗ ΟΤ

ΑΣ ξε η | ΓΑ δε κα | ΛΗ ηα δπ | Χ ΚΟ | ΜΖ ην ξε | ΛΑ ΧΝ

Lesson 17

(910 - imperfect middle and passive aorist middle of ιύσ 648-658 - the table

of endings in 32)

171 Paradigms Imperfect MiddlePassive of ιύσ

S 1 ἐιπόκελ

2 ἐιύεν [(ἐιύεπ)]

3 ἐιύεην

D 2 ἐιύεζζνλ

3 ἐιπέζζελ

P 1 ἐιπόκε(ζ)ζα

2 ἐιύεζζε

3 ἐιύνλην

172 Paradigms Aorist Middle of ιύσ

Thematic Athematic (2nd

Aorist)

S 1 ἐιῡζάκελ ἐιύκελ

2 ἐιύζαν (ῡ) [(ἐιύζσ (ῡ))] ἔιπ(ζ)ν

3 ἐιύζαην (ῡ) ἔιπην

D 2 ἐιύζαζζνλ (ῡ) ἔιπζζνλ

3 ἐιῡζάζζελ ἐιύζζελ

P 1 ἐιῡζάκε(ζ)ζα ἐιύκε(ζ)ζα

2 ἐιύζαζζε (ῡ) ἔιπζζε

3 ἐιύζαλην (ῡ) ἔιπλην

173 Vocabulary

δῶκα αηνο ηό house home

παῖο παηδόο ὁ ἡ child son daughter

π(η)όιηο ηνο (ενο) ἡ city state

ἐπθλήκῑο ῑδνο well-greaved

ἐγώ(λ) κέν (κεῦ) I

ζύ ζέν (ζεῦ) you

κέλhellip δέ on the one handhellip trulyhellip on the one handhellip on the other hand

partlyhellip partly the onehellip the other

νἴθαδε home homeward to home home

Verbs

ἅδνκαη (ἁγ-) (defective) I reverence

δέρνκαη I accept I receive

δέμνκαη I will accept

ἐδεμάκελ (ἐδέγκελ) I accepted

δίδσκη (δσ- δν-) I give I grant

(δη)δώζσ I will give

ἔδσθα I gave

ἐθπέξζσ (πεξζ- πξαζ-) I sack (utterly) I plunder I pillage

ἐθπέξζσ I will sack

ἐμέπεξζα (ἐμέπξαζνλ) I sacked

ἱθλένκαη I arrive I reach (a destination)

ἵμνκαη I will arrive

ἱθόκελ (ῑ) I arrived

174 Translation

1 ζενὶ ἔρνπζηλ ιύκπηα δώκαηα ἔδσθαλ δrsquo Ἀηξεΐδεο θαὶ ἄιινηζηλ ἐπθλεκίδεζζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἐθπέξζαη

(infinitive) πόιηλ Πξηάκνπ ηόηε δrsquo ἵθνλην (ῑ) ἐὺ νἴθαδε νὕλεθα παῖδα θίιελ ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἔιῡζαλ 2 ἀπέιῡζαλ

ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνὶ ζύγαηξα θίιελ ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἐδέμαλην δrsquo ἀγιαὰ ἄπνηλα νὕλεθα ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλα Γηὸο πἱὸλ

ἅδνλην 3 ἅδεηαη ἑθεβόινλ 4 Ἀηξεΐδεο νὐθ ἐδέμαην ηὰ ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα 5 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἔδσθελ ἄπνηλα

πνιιὰ βαζηιῆη Ἀηξεΐδῃ 6 πάληεο ζενὶ θαὶ πᾶζαη ζεαὶ εἶρνλ ιύκπηα δώκαηα 7 Ἀραηνὶ ἐπθλήκῑδεο ἐθπέξζνπζη

Πξηάκνην πόιηλ ἵμνληαη δrsquo ἐπ νἴθαδε 8 παῖο θίιε ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἐιύζαην (ῡ) ἵθεην (ῑ) δrsquo ἐὺ νἴθαδε

KEY

1 The gods have Olympian homes but they gave the son of Atreus and the other well-greaved Achaeans to

utterly sack the city of Priam and then they returned safe at home because they released the dear child of the priest

2 The well-greaved Achaeans released the dear daughter of the priest and received glorious ransoms because they

reverenced the free-shooter Apollo son of Zeus 3 He reverences te free-shooter 4 The son of Atreus did not

receive the glorious ransoms 5 Chryses the priest gave many ransoms to king Atreides 6 All of the gods and all of

the goddesses had Olympian homes 7 The well-greved Achaeans will utterly sack Priamrsquos city and will return safe

to home 8 The dear child of the priest was released and arrived well to her home

175 Iliad 17-21

ltltἈηξεΐδαη ηε θαὶ ἄιινη ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνί

ὑκῖλ κὲλ ζενὶ δνῖελ ιύκπηα δώκαηrsquo ἔρνληεο

ἐθπέξζαη Πξηάκνην πόιηλ ἐὺ δrsquo νἴθαδrsquo ἱθέζζαη

παῖδα δrsquo ἐκνὶ ιῦζαί ηε θίιελ ηά ηrsquo ἄπνηλα δέρεζζαη

ἁδόκελνη Γηὸο πἱὸλ ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλαgtgt

Ἀηξεΐδαηhellip ἄιινη ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνί = vocative case

ὑκῖλ (ῡ) = dat plural of ζύ to you

ζενί = one syllable by synizesis

κέλ (v 18) = correlative of δέ (v 20)

δνῖελ = aor act optative 3rd

plural of δίδσκη may they grant

ἔρνληεο = pres act part nom masc plural of ἔρσ having possessing

ἐθπέξζαη = aor act inf of ἐθπέξζσ to sack utterly

ἱθέζζαη = aor act inf of ἱθένκαη to arrive (compare κάρεζζαη)

ιῦζαη δέρεζζαη = infinitives used as imperatives free and accept

ηά ηrsquo ἄπνηλα (ηά ηε ἄπνηλα) = thesehellip gifts

ἁδόκελνη = pres act part nom masc plural reverencing

KEY

ldquoSons of Atreus and you other well-greaved Achaeans

may the gods who have their homes on Olympus grant you

to utterly sack Priamrsquos city and return safe to home

but release my dear child to me and accept these gifts

reverencing Apollo who shoots at will the son of Zeusrdquo

176 Composition

1 The gods who have (ἔρνληεο) Olympian homes will grant to the sons of Atreus and to the other well-greaved

Achaeans to sack utterly (ἐθπέξζαη) the city of Priam 2 When they sacked the city of Priam they returned happily

home 3 They accepted the shining ransoms and freed the darling daughter of the priest Chryses 4 We reverenced

the free-shooter Apollo son of Leto and Zeus and escaped death 5 Will the son of Atreus accept the shining

ransoms 6 The child of the priest was freed when he gave many shining ransoms which the two sons of Atreus

accepted

KEY

1 ζενὶ ἔρνληεο ιύκπηα δώκαηα δώζνπζη Ἀηξεΐδῃζη θαὶ ἄιινηζηλ ἐπθλεκίδεζζηλ (ῑ) Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἐθπέξζαη πόιηλ

Πξηάκνπ 2 ηόηε ἐμέπεξζαλ πόιηλ Πξηάκνην ἵθνλην (ῑ) ἐὺ νἴθαδε 3 ἐδέμαλην ἀγιαrsquo ἄπνηλα θαὶ ἀπέιῡζαλ ζπγάηεξα

θίιε ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) Υξύζᾱν (ῡ) 4 ἡμάκεζα ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλα Λεηόνο θαὶ Γηὸο πἱόλ θαὶ ζάλαηνλ 5

Ἀηξεΐδεο δέμεηαη ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα 6 παῖο ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἀπειύζαην (ῡ) ηόηε ἔδσθελ ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀγιάα ηὰ

Ἀηξεΐδᾱ ἐδώθαζηλ

Lesson 18

(Perfect and Pluperfect Active of Verbs 904 922 Third Declension γέρων

αἴξ 693-695)

181 Formation of the Perfect and Pluperfect Active

The perfect and pluperfect in all modes experience reduplication of the initial syllable which denotes completed

action Verbs beginning with a single consonant (except ξ) prefix this consonant followed by -ε Thus ιύσ =

ιέιπθα The stem sometimes stands in ablaut relation to the stem of the present as in βαίλσ = βέβεθα A

reduplicated syllable beginning with an aspirated mute is changed to its corresponding voiceless mute in the

reduplicated syllable ie ζλήζθσ = ηέζλεθα In these cases the reduplicated pluperfect adds ἐ- to the reduplicated

syllable ie ιύσ = ιέιπθα = ἐιέιπθε

Vebs beginning with a double consonant two consonants (except a mute followed by a liquid or a nasal) ξ and

some beginning with κ simply augment the stem with the addition of ε-

Verbs beginning in a vowel typically take the temporal augment by lengthening the vowel ie νἴρνκαη =

ᾤρσθα However verbs beginning with a vowel in which an initial consonant has been lost may take the syllabic

augment

Compound verbs typically insert the reduplication and augment between the preposition and the verb ie

ἀπνιύσ = ἀπνιέιπθα = ἀπειειύθε

The first perfect active adds -θα- to the stem followed by the primary endings The first pluperfect active

similarly adds -θε- followed by the secondary endings In general a short final vowel is lengthened before the

addition of the -θα- or -θε- Second perfects and pluperfects active are the older form and are more common in

Homer These omit the θ and simply add -α- or -ε- respectively The second perfects are more common in stems

ending in a consonant

In general the singular perfect and pluperfect active stand in ablaut relation to the dual and plural forms

Perfects and pluperfects are rare in Homer and only occur in some twenty verbs

182 Paradigms λέλυκα and βέβηκα

ιέιπθα ἐιειύθε (ἐιειύθεα)

ιέιπθαο ἐιειύθο (ἐιειύθεαο)

ιέιπθε(λ) ἐιειύθεη (ἐιειύθεε)

ιειύθαηνλ ἐιειύθαηνλ

ιειύθαηνλ ἐιειπθάηελ

ιειύθακελ ἐιειύθεκελ

ιειύθαηε ἐιειύθεηε

ιειύθᾱζη ἐιειύθεζαλ

βέβεθα ἐβεβήθεα (ἐβεβήθε)

βέβεθαο ἐβεβήθεαο (ἐβεβήθεο)

βέβεθε(λ) ἐβεβήθεε (ἐβεβήθεη)

βέβαηνλ ἐβέβαηνλ

βέβαηνλ ἐβεβάηελ

βέβακελ ἐβέβακελ

βέβαηε ἐβέβαηε

βέβᾱζη ἐβέβαζαλ

183 Paradigms γέρων and αἴξ

γέξσλ αἴμ

γέξνληνο αἰγόο

γέξνληη αἰγί

γέξνληα αἶγα

γέξνλ αἴμ

γέξνληε αἶγε

γεξόληνηηλ αἴγνηηλ

γέξνληεο αἶγεο

γεξόλησλ αἰγῶλ

γεξόληεζ(ζ)η (γέξνπζη) αἴγεζ(ζ)η (αἰμί)

γέξνληαο αἶγαο

184 Vocabulary

ἀγνξή ῆο ἡ assembly meeting place gathering harrangue

αἴμ αἰγόο ὁ ἡ goat

Ἄξγνο ενο ηό Argos (both a country and a city in Greece)

γέξσλ νληνο ὁ old man

γῆξαο ανο ηό old age

ἱεξεύο ῆνο ὁ priest holy man

κεξίνλ νπ ηό thigh-bone thigh-piece

πνύο πνδόο ὁ foot

ηαῦξνο νπ ὁ bull

θξήλ θξελόο ἡ diaphragm mind heart soul spirit disposition

δέθαηνο ε νλ tenth

ἡκέηεξνο ε νλ our ours

θνῖινο ε νλ hollow

ὠθύο ὠθεῖα ὠθύ swift speedy

ζλήζθσ die perish

ζαλένκαη

ἔζαλνλ

ηέζλεθα

θεύγσ flee fly escape run (off away along)

θεύμνκαη

ἔθπγνλ

πέθεπγα

93 Vocabulary

ἄιιῃ elsewhere

Ἀξγεῖνο νπ ὁ Argive

-δε (suffix + acc) to

δηά (adv) between among (+gen) through (+acc) through by means

of on account of during

δηίθηινο (ῑ) ε νλ dear to Zeus

εἴξσ speak say tell

ἐκόο ή όλ my mine

ἔξγνλ νπ ηό (ϝέξγνλ) work deed accomplishment

-ζελ (suffix gen ending) from

Κιπηαηκήζηξε εο ἡ Clytaemnestra

(also Κιπηαηκλήζηξε)

καληνζύλε εο ἡ gift of prophesy

νἶθνο νπ ὁ house home

ιύκπηνο ε νλ Olympian

Ὄιπκπνο νπ ὁ Olympus

Πξίακνο νπ ὁ Priam

ζόο ζή ζόλ your yours

εἶρνλ (imperfect of ἔρσ) I was having I had

94 Derivatives

95 Translation Exercises

1 ὁ ἑθεβόινο δηὰ καληνζύλελ εἴξεη βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ηῶλ ζεῶλ Ἀξγείνηζηλ 2 νἱ ιύκπηνη ζενὶ εἶρνλ νἴθνπο ἐλ

ιύκπῳ 3 ὁ ἑθεβόινο δηίθηινο (ῑ) ἔηεπρε ηνὺο Ἀξγείνπο Ἀραηνύο ηε ἑιώξηα νἰσλνῖζηλ 4 Ἀραηνὶ Ἀξγεῖνί ηrsquo

ἔηεπρνλ ἔξγα θαθὰ δηὰ βνπιὴλ ζεᾶο 5 Κιπηαηκήζηξε δηὰ ηὸλ ζῡκὸλ ἔηεπρελ ηὰ ἔξγα δεηλά 6 Πξίακνο ιᾱόο ηε

Πξηάκνπ ὤιεθνλ πνιινὺο Ἀξγείνπο 7 ηίο εἴξεη ηὰ ζὰ ἔξγα θαθὰ Πξηάκῳ 8 ηὰ ἔξγα ἐκά ἐζηη θᾱιά νὕλεθα ἔηεπρνλ

βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεῶλ θαὶ ζεάσλ (ᾱ) δηὰ ηὴλ καληνζύλελ 9 ἐπέκπνκελ ηὰ ρξύζεα (ῡ) ζθῆπηξα εἰο νἶθνλ Πξηάκῳ 10

ἐθαίεηε ηὰο (ᾱ) ππξὰο (ᾱ) δεηλῇ θιαγγῇ 11 νὐρ ἥλδαλε ἡ βνπιὴ ζεᾷ ζαιάζζεο ζῡκῷ 12 αἱ ζεαὶ ἀείδνπζη ηὰ θᾱιὰ

ἔξγα ηῶλ ζεῶλ ἑθεβόινο δὲ βαίλεη ἄιιῃ 13 εἶρε Πξίακνο ἀγιαὸλ θαὶ θᾱιὸλ νἶθνλ

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 This free-shooter relates the plans of the gods to the Argives through prophesy 2 These Olympian gods had

homes on Olympus 3 This free-shooter beloved of Zeus made both the Argives and the Achaeans prey for the

vultures 4 Both the Achaeans and the Argives committed evil deeds through the will of the goddess 5 Because of

her heart Clytaemnestra wrought these terrible deeds 6 Both Priam and the host of Priam killed many Argives 7

Who relates these evil deeds of yours to Priam 8 These works of mine are noble because through prophesy I

accomplished the of the gods and goddess 9 We sent the golden scepters to the house of Priam 10 Were you

burning the funeral pyres with a terrible uproar 11 Does the plan not please the heart of the goddess of the sea 12

The goddesses sing the noble deeds of the gods but the free-shooter walks elsewhere 13 Priam had a splendid and

beautiful home

96 Composition Exercises

1 Who brought these countless shining ransoms to the beautiful home of Priam 2 The Achaeans and the

Argives burned many funeral pyres in your beloved fatherland 3 Clytaemnestra was wicked and performed many

dreadful deeds 4 Through the gift of prophesy we tell many glorious deeds of the gods and goddesses who have

Olympian homes 5 My deeds are noble but yours are cowardly 6 The gods sent an evil plague up through the

camp and destroyed many Achaeans because they dishonored the free-shooter 7 It was not pleasing to

Clytaemnestra in (her) wicked soul

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 ηίο ἔθεξε ηὰο ἄπνηλα ἀγιαὰ εἰο νἶθνλ θᾱιὸλ Πξηάκνπ 2 Ἀραηνὶ θαὶ Ἀξγεῖνη ἔθαηνλ ππξὰο (ᾱ) πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἐλ

ζῇ πάηξῃ θᾱιῇ 3 Κιπηαηκλήζηξε θαθὴ ἦλ θαὶ ἔηεπρελ ἄξγα πνιιὰ θαὶ δεηλά 4 δηὰ καληνζύλελ εἴξνκελ ἔξγα

πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀγιαὰ ζεῶλ θαὶ ζεάσλ (ᾱ) νἳ ἔρνπζηλ νἴθνπο ιπκπίνπο 5 ἔξγα ἐκὰ θᾱιή εἰζηλ ζὰ δὲ θαθά 6 ζενὶ

ἔπεκπνλ λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ θαὶ ὤιεθνλ Ἀραίνπο πνιινύο νὕλεθα ἠηίκαδνλ (ῑ) ἑθεβόινλ 7 νὐρ ἥλδαλε

Κιπηαηκλήζηξῃ ζῡκῷ θαθῷ

Lesson 10

(841-857 904)

101 Formation of the Aorist and Future Tenses

The first aorist is a secondary tense formed by adding -ζ(ζ)α to the augmented verb stem followed by the

personal endings of the secondary tense If the verb stem ends in a consonant or a long vowel only a single ζ is

added If the stem ends in a short vowel either one or two sigmas may be added A few aorists (called ldquomixed

aoristsrdquo) are formed by adding -ζ followed by the thematic vowel and the personal endings for the secondary tenses

to the augmented stem

The future is formed by adding -ζ followed by the thematic vowel and the personal endings for the primary

tenses

If the verb stem ends in a long vowel the stem is not affected by the addition of the suffixes for the future or

aorist tenses If the stem ends in a short vowel it is regularly lengthened in all tenses except the present and the

imperfect There are however a few exceptions to this pattern In most cases these verbs add ζ before the personal

endings of the perfect middle and aorist passive

102 Classification of Verbs

Verbs are classified into four groups according to the final letter of the stem vowel verbs liquid verbs nasal

verbs and mute verbs

When -ζ is added to the end of a mute verb a labial combines with ζ to form ς a palatal combines with ζ to

form μ and a lingual is dropped (leaving only ζ)

When -ζ is added to the end of a liquid or nasal verb it is usually preceded by -ε and the ζ is dropped in

contraction Thus βαιισ = βαιέζσ = βαιέσ In rare cases the ε is dropped and the ζ retained In some vowel-stem

verbs where the final vowel is preceded by a liquid or nasal the verb behaves as a liquidnasal and adds -εζ to the

stem θαιέσ (present) = θαιέζσ (future) = θαιέσ (future contracted) The formations in which the ζ is dropped

after α or ε are sometimes called ldquoAttic futuresrdquo

Verbs with liquid and nasal stems regularly form the aorist by dropping the ζ and lengthening the stem vowel

A few verbs have active forms in the present tense but middle forms in the future tense ἀθνύσ (I hear) but

ἀθνύζνκαη (I will hear)

103 Paradigms Future and First Aorist of ιύσ

Future

S 1st Pers ιύζσ (ῡ) I shall loose

2nd

Pers ιύζεηο (ῡ) you will loose

3rd

Pers ιύζεη (ῡ) he she it will loose

D 2nd

Pers ιύζεηνλ (ῡ) you (two) will loose

3rd

Pers ιύζεηνλ (ῡ) they (two) will loose

P 1st Pers ιύζνκελ (ῡ) we shall loose

2nd

Pers ιύζεηε (ῡ) you (ye) will loose

3rd

Pers ιύζνπζη(λ) (ῡ) they will loose

First Aorist

S 1st Pers ἔιῡζα I loosed

2nd

Pers ἔιῡζαο you loosed

3rd

Pers ἔιῡζε(λ) he she it loosed

D 2nd

Pers ἐιύζαηνλ (ῡ) you (two) loosed

3rd

Pers ἔιῡζάηελ they (two) loosed

P 1st Pers ἐιύζακελ (ῡ) we loosed

2nd

Pers ἐιύζαηε (ῡ) you (ye) loosed

3rd

Pers ἔιῡζαλ they loosed

104 Vocabulary

ἄγσ ἄμσ ἤγαγνλ lead drive conduct bring carry

ἀλάζζσ (ϝαλαθ-) ἀλάμσ ἠλαμα (+gen) rule (over) guard protect

ἄξηζηνο ε νλ best noblest bravest fairest

αὖηηο (back) again anew

Γαλαόο νῦ ὁ Danaan

ἑθαηόκβε εο ἡ hecatomb sacrifice

ζάλαηνο νπ ὁ death

Ἴιηνο νπ ἡ Ilium Troy the region around Troy

κεγάζῡκνο ε νλ great-souled brave

ὄρα far much considerably

πέζσ (πεηζ- πνηζ- πηζ-) πείζσ ἔπεηζα (πέπηζνλ) persuade win over mislead

θηιέσ θηιήζσ ἐθίιεζα love cherish entertain hospitably

εἶπνλ εἶπεο εἶπε(λ) θηι 2nd

aor speak say tell etc

ἔβεζα ἔβεζαο ἔβεζε(λ) θηι 1st aor come go walk etc

105 Derivatives

ἄγσ (ag-) = pedagogue demagogue synagogue

ἄξηζηνο (arist-) = aristocracy

ζάλαηνο (thanat-) = thanatopsis euthanasia

106 Translation Exercises

1 ηίο ἦλ ὄρrsquo ἄξηζηνο Γαλαῶλ 2 Πξίακνο κεγάζῡκνο ἤλαζζελ Ἰιίνπ 3 νὐθ αὖηηο ἄμνπζη Γαλανὶ κεγάζῡκνη

ἑθαηόκβᾱο πνιιὰο (ᾱ) εἰο Υξύζελ (ῡ) 4 νὐθ ἔπεηζαλ ἑθεβόινλ πνιιῇο ἑθαηόβῃζη θᾱιῇζηλ 5 νὐ θηιήζνκελ ζενύο

νὕλεθα θᾱινὶ εἰζηλ 6 Γαλανὶ ηεύμνπζη ζάλαηνλ Πξηάκῳ ἐλ Ἰιίῳ 7 ἐθίιεζα ζεὰλ (ᾱ) ζαιάζζεο ἀιιrsquo νὐρ ἥλδαλε

ἑθεβόιῳ ζῡκῷ 8 ἀείζνκελ θαὶ πείζνκελ ζενύο 9 ὄρrsquo ἄξηζνη ἐλ Ἰιίῳ ηὰ εἶπνλ Πξηάκῳ ἀιιὰ ηνὺο ἠηῑκάζελ 10

Πξίακνο ἔπεκςε ηὸλ ζηξαηὸλ ἄξηζηνλ ἐπrsquo Ἀξγείνηζηλ 11 ἔβεζαλ αὖηηο Γαλανὶ εἰο Ἴιηνλ ἀιιrsquo νὐθ ἔπεηζαλ

Πξίακνλ 12 ἀείζνκελ ἑθεβόινλ ὄρrsquo ἄξηζηνλ ζεῶλ νὕλεθrsquo ἤγαγε Γαλανὺο εἰο Ἴιηνλ

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 Who was by far the noblest of the Danaans 2 Great-souled Priam ruled Ilium 3 Not agan will the great-

souled Danaans lead many sacrifices into Chrysa 4 They did not persuade the free-shooter with many goodly

sacrifices 5 Do we not love the gods because they are good 6 The Danaans will prepare death for Priam in Ilium

7 I loved the goddess of the sea but it was not pleasing to the heart of the free-shooter 8 We will sing and

persuade the gods 9 By far the noblest in Ilium this they say of Priam but he (is the one) he dishonored () 10

Priam sent the best army against the Argives 11 The Danaans went back to Ilium but they did not persuade Priam

12 We hymn the free-shooter greatest of the gods because he led the Danaans into Ilium

107 Composition Exercises

1 The great-souled Achaeans will not persuade the free-shooter with goodly hecatombs but he will prepare evil

death for the people 2 The noblest of the Achaeans went to Ilium but they did not persuade the soul of Priam 3

We shall sing because the gods have led (aor) the people into Troy 4 We shall have many shining golden scepters

5 Did you not love the gods who have Olympian homes 6 Priam shall not rule Ilium again for the Achaeans will

prepare evil death for him 7 Does he speak to the beautiful goddess of the sea 8 They will persuade the souls of

the gods with many hecatombs

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 Ἀραηνὶ κεγάζῡκνη νὐ πείζνπζηλ ἑθεβόινλ πνιιῇο ἑθαηόκβῆζηλ ἀιιὰ ηεύμεη ζάλαηνλ θαθὸλ ιᾱνῖζηλ 2

ἄξηζηνη Ἀραηῶλ ἔβεζαλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ ἀιιrsquo νὐθ ἔπεηζαλ ζῡκὸλ Πξηάκῳ 3 ἀείζνκελ νὕλεθα ζενὺο ἤγαγνλ ιᾱὸλ εἰο

Ἴιηνλ 4 ἕζρνκελ πνιιὰ ρξύζεα (ῡ) ἀγιαὰ ζθῆπηξα 5 νὐθ ἐθηιήζαηε ζενὺο νἳ ἔρνπζηλ νἴθνπο ιπκπίνπο 6 νὐθ

αὖηηο ἀλάζζεη Πξίακνο Ἰιίνπ Ἀραηνὶ γὰξ ηεύμνπζη ζάλαηνλ θαθὸλ αὐηῷ 7 εἴξεη ζεᾷ θᾱιᾷ ζαιάζζεο 8 πείζνπζη

ζῡκνὺο ζεῶλ πνιιῇο ἑθαηόκβῃζηλ

Lesson 11

(664-675 838-839)

111 First Declension Masculine Nouns

First declension masculines typically end in -εο -ᾱο or -ᾰο in the nominative and are declined exactly the same

as their feminine counterparts (with the exception of the nominative singular which adds -ο the genitive singular

which regularly ends in -ᾱν and the vocative singular which ends in -ε -ᾱ or -ᾰ) Those ending in -εο retain -ε

throughout the singular those ending in -ᾱο retain the -ᾱ throughout the singular and those ending in -ᾰο take the -ε

ending in the dative

Masculines ending in -δεο take -ε in the vocative singular while those ending in -ηεο (as well as compound

nouns and the names of nationalities) regularly take -ᾰ Those ending in -ᾱο take the the nominative singular in -ᾱ

A very few first declension adjectives take a masculine ending in -ᾰ (without the final -ο) Many of these also

have an alternative form that ends in the more common -εο Those that do not have an alternative form in -εο usually

have the recessive accent (a feature inherited from the Aeolic influence in Homer) The only masculine noun ending

in -ᾰ in the nominative is the name Θύεζηα (Thyestes)

First declension masculine nouns typically follow the paradigms for Ἀηξεΐδεο (Atreides son of Atreus) Αἰλείᾱο

(Aeneas) and αἰρκεηήο (spearman warrior)

Ἀηξεΐδεο ᾱν ὁ Αἰλείᾱο ᾱν ὁ αἰρκεηήο ᾱν ὁ

(Αηξεϝηδᾱ-) (Αἰλεηᾱ-) (αἰρκεηᾱ-)

N Ἀηξεΐδεο Αἰλείᾱο αἰρκεηήο [ά]

G Ἀηξεΐδᾱν [εσ] Αἰλείᾱν [σ] αἰρκεηᾶν [έσ]

D Ἀηξεΐδῃ Αἰλείᾳ αἰρκεηῇ

A Ἀηξεΐδελ Αἰλείαλ αἰρκεηήλ

V Ἀηξεΐδε Αἰλείᾱ αἰρκεηά

N A V Ἀηξεΐδᾱ αἰρκεηά (ᾱ)

G D Ἀηξεΐδῃηλ αἰρκεηῇηλ

N V Ἀηξεΐδαη αἰρκεηαί

G Ἀηξετδάσλ (ᾱ) αἰρκεηάσλ (ᾱ)

[έσλ ῶλ] [έσλ ῶλ]

D Ἀηξεΐδῃζη ῃο αἰρκεηῇζη ῇο

A Ἀηξεΐδᾱο αἰρκεηάο (ᾱ)

112 Compound Verbs

Compound verbs are formed from a preposition or adverb coupled with a verb such as ἀλαβαίλσ (ascend)

formed from ἀλα (up) and βαίλσ (go) If the preposition ends in a vowel and the verb begins with a vowel the vowel

of the preposition is usually elided as in δηίζηεκη (δηὰ ἰζηεκη) ἁθαηξέσ (ἀπὸ αἱξέσ)

The augment occurs between the preposition and the verb When two vowels are thus brought together the first

vowel is usually elided leaving the augment Thus ἀπνιύσ (I release present) ἀπέιπνλ (I was releasing

imperfect) ἀπέιῡζα (I released aorist)

113 Vocabulary

ἀλαβαίλσ ἀλαβήζσ ἀλέβεζα go up ascend embark

ἀπνιύσ ἀπνιύζσ (ῡ) ἀπέιῡζα loose set free release

Ἀηξεΐδεο -ᾱν ὁ Atreides son of Atreus (usually refers to Agamemnon)

θαηαθεύσ θαηαθαύζσ θαηέθεα burn consume

θειεύσ - ἔθιπνλ (+gen) hear hearken to

κεηέεηπνλ κεηεῖπνλ (2nd

aor of εἴξσ) spoke among addressed spoke to

ὅηε when whenever

Πειεηάδεο ᾱν (εσ) ὁ Peleiades son of Peleus (used in reference to Achilles)

πξνζέεηπνλ πξνζεῖπνλ (2nd

aor of εἴξσ) addressed spoke to

ηόηε then at that time

ρνιόσ ρνιώζσ ἐρόισζα anger enrage vex

Υξύζεο (ῡ) ᾱν (εσ) ὁ Chryses

Verbs

ἀλαβαίλσ

stem ἀλα + βαλ- βα-

future ἀλαβήζσ (rarely ἀλαβήζνκαη)

1st aorist ἀλέβεζα (rarely 2

nd aor ἀλέβελ)

ἀπνιύσ

stem ἀπό + ιύσ

future ἀπνιύζσ (ῡ)

1st aorist ἀπέιῡζα

θαηαθαίσ

stem θαηά + θαπ- θαϝ- θαη-

future θαηαθαύζσ (assumed form)

1st aorist θαηέθεα

θειεύσ (Attic)

stem θιεπ- θιεϝ- θιπ-

future none

2nd

aorist ἐθιπνλ

ρνιόσ

stem ρνιν-

future ρνιώζσ

1st aorist ἐρόισζα

Notes

In Homeric Greek the stem vowel is usually lengthened before -ζ hence ἀλαβαίλσ =gt ἀλαβήζσ =gt

ἀλέβεζα ἀπνιύσ =gt ἀπνιύζσ (ῡ) =gt ἀπέιῡζα

ἀλαβαίλσ also has a 2nd

aorist ἀλέβελ

A few verbs have active forms in the present but middle forms in the future ἀλαβαίλσ has two future

forms one active (ἀλαβήζσ) and one middle (ἀλαβήζνκαη)

Verbs with stems ending in -αηλσ originally had a consonantal η following the λ (ie ἀλαβαηλησ)

114 Translation

1 θᾱινὶ ζενὶ ἔηεπμαλ ζάλαηνλ θαθὸλ δίῳ (ῑ) Πειεηάδῃ ὁ δrsquo ἀλέβελ ππξήλ 2 ἑθεβόινο ὤιεθε ιᾱὸλ Ἀραηῶλ

νὕλεθα δῖνο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) 3 θαηέθεα ἑθαηόκβᾱο πνιιάο (ᾱ) 4 ἑθεβόινο νὐθ ἔθιπελ Ἀηξεΐδᾱν

νὕλεθα ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) 5 Υξύζεο (ῡ) κεηέεηπελ Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἀιιrsquo νὐθ Ἀηξεΐδῃ ἥλδαλε ζῡκῷ 6 ὅηε θαθῶο

πξνζέεηπελ Ἀηξεΐδεο Υξύζελ (ῡ) ηόηε ἐρόισζελ ἑθεβόινλ 7 ἀπειύζακελ (ῡ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) νὕλεθα ηὸλ

ἐθηιήζακελ 8 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἤλεηθελ ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα Ἀηξεΐδῃ 9 νἴζνκελ ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀπνιύζνκελ (ῡ)

Υξύζελ (ῡ) νὕλεθα ηὸλ ἐθηιήζακελ θαὶ θίινο ἐζηὶλ ἑθεβόιῳ 10 ηίο θέξεη ἄπνηλα Υξύζᾱν (ῡ) Ἀηξεΐδῃ 11 δῖνο

Πειεηάδεο ἐρόισζελ Ἀηξεΐδελ 12 ὅηε θαηεθήακελ πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἑθαηόκβᾱο θᾱιάο (ᾱ) ηόηε ἐπείζακελ ζῡκνὺο ζεῶλ

13 δηὰ καληνζύλελ Υξύζεο (ῡ) εἶπε βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεῶλ Ἀηξεΐδῃ Πειεηάδῃ ηε

KEY

1 The noble gods prepared evil death for the divine Peleiades and he ascended the funeral pyre 2 The free-

shooter destroyed the host of the Achaeans because the divine Atreides dishonored Chryses 3 I burned many

funeral pyres 4 The free-shooter did not hear the son of Atreus because he dishonored Chryses 5 Chryses spoke

among the Achaeans but but it did not please the heart of Atreides 6 It angered the free-shooter when the son of

Atreus spoke wickedly to Chryses 7 We released Chryses because we loved him 8 Chryses brought countless

glorious ransoms to the son of Atreus 9 We will bring many ransoms and release Chryses because we loved him

and he is dear to the free-shooter 10 Who brought the ransoms of Chryses to the son of Atreus 11 The divine

Peleiades angered the son of Atreus 12 We persuaded the hearts of the gods when we burned many good

hecatombs 13 Through prophesy Chryses spoke the will of the gods to both Atreides and Peleiades

115 Composition

1 The Achaeans ascended into Troy and killed the noble Priam 2 We burned many goodly hecatombs to the

Olympian gods 3 Chryses spoke among the Achaeans but the son of Atreus did not hearken to him 4 The

Achaeans addressed the son of Atreus but he did not free Chryses 5 The son of Atreus will bring many ransoms

into the camp of the Achaeans 6 Who will persuade the gods with many goodly hecatombs

KEY

1 Ἀραηνὶ ἀλέβεζαλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ θαὶ ὤιεμαλ θᾱιὸλ Πξηάκνλ 2 θαηέθεκελ πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) ἑθαηόκβὰο (ᾱ)

ζενῖο ιπκπίνηο 3 Υξύζεο (ῡ) κεηέεηπελ Ἀραηνῖο ἀιιrsquo Ἀηξεΐδεο ηὸλ νὐθ ἔθιπελ 4 Ἀραηνὶ πξνζέεηπνλ Ἀηξεΐδῃ

ἀιιrsquo νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε Υξύζελ (ῡ) 5 Ἀηξεΐδεο νἴζεη ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ εἰο ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 6 ηίο πείζεη ζενὺο πνιιῇο

ἑθαηόκβῃζηλ

Lesson 12

Review

121 Review Vocabulary

Lesson 13

(680-692 701-709)

(cf 897 874 886 619 841-843 576 1178 830-831 837 580 837)

131 Nouns of the Third Declension

Third declension nouns can be either masculine feminine or neuter The nominative endings can take many

forms but there are some conventions Masculine and feminine stems except those ending in λ ξ or ζ simply add

ζ to the stem and make the necessary euphonic changes Stems ending in ξ λ and ζ typically make no changes

except to lengthen the last vowel if it is short Stems ending in -λ(η) either drop the η and lengthen a short vowel or

drop the -λ(η) lengthen the vowel and add ζ Examples δαηκνλ- = δαηκσλ ζῑλ- = ζίο (ῑ) κειαλ- = κέιᾱο γεξνλη- =

γέξσλ etc Neuters typically consist of just the stem in the nominative and accusative except to drop a final -η

where it occurs

In general the stem of a third declension noun is found by dropping the -νο ending from the genitive singular

The dative singular regularly ends in -ῐ but occasionally in -ῑ

The accusative ending was originally -λ and this ending is common on stems ending in a vowel On stems

ending in a consonant the -λ was a sonant consonant which eventually came be pronounced as -ᾰ The result is that

the accusative singular usually ends in -λ for stems ending in a vowel and -ᾰ for stems ending in a consonant

Dental mute stems ending in -ηο and -πο in the nominative singular rarely drop the mute and typically adopt the -λ

accusative ending as if they were vowel stems

The dative plural is formed by adding either -εζζη (rarely -εζη) or -ζη (rarely -ζζη) and making the usual

euphonic changes Most third declension nouns thus have alternate dative plural forms as πνύο = πνζζί = πνζί =

πόδεζζη etc

The accusative plural originally ended in -λο (sonant λ) which gives -αο for stems ending in a consonant and -ῑο

and -ῡο for stems ending in a vowel A few vowel stems borrowed an -αο ending from the first declension by

analogy

The vocative singular is usually either identical to the nominative or identical to the stem alone Stems ending

in λ ξ or ο typically drop this final consonant in the vocative singular

Compensatory lengthening usually occurs in the dative plural when -λη is dropped as in γέξνληζη = γέξνπζη

132 Paradigms

Stems ending in -επ (επ) -νπ and σϝ follow the paradigms of βαζηιεύο (king βαζηιεϝ-) βνῦο (ox βνϝ-) λεῦο

(ship λᾱϝ-) and ἥξσο (hero ἡξσϝ- () or ἡξσ-)

N βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

G βαζηιῆνο [-ένο] βνόο λεόο ἥξσνο

D βαζηιῆη [-έη] βνΐ λεί ἥξση

A βαζηιῆα [-έα] βνῦλ [βῶλ] λῆα [λέα] ἥξσα

V βαζηιεῦ βνῦ λεῦ ἥξσο

N A V βαζηιῆε βόε λῆε ἥξσε

G D βαζηιήνηηλ βόνηηλ λήνηηλ ἡξώνηηλ

N V βαζηιεῆεο βόεο λῆεο ἥξσεο

G βαζηιήσλ βνῶλ λεῶλ [λεῶλ] ἡξώσλ

D βαζηιήεζζη βόεζζη λήεζζη [λέεζζἰ ἡξώεζζη

βαζηιεῦζη βνπζί λεπζί ἥξσζη

A βαζηιῆαο βόαο (βνῦο) λῆζαο (λέαο) ἥξσαο

A long vowel is typically shortened when it occurs before another vowel thus βαζηιῆνο or βαζηιένο This

convention was almost certainly consistent in pronunciation but is only occasionally represented in written form

The π in the stem of these words frequently became ϝ and subsequently disappeared as in βαζηιεπ- βαζηιεϝ-

βαζηιε-

Stems ending in η (εη) and π (επ εϝ) follow the paradigms of πόιηο (city πνιη-) πῆρπο (forearm περεϝ-) ἄζηπ

(city ἀζηεϝ-) λέθπο (corpse λεθῡ-) and δάθξπ (tear δαθξπ-)

N πόιηο πῆρπο ἄζηπ λέθῡο δάθξπ

G πόιηνο -ενο πήρενο ἄζηενο λέθπνο δάθξπνο

D πόιηη -ῑ -εη -εη πήρετ ἄζηετ λέθπτ δάθξπτ

A πόιηλ πῆρσλ ἄζηπ λέθῡλ δαθξπ

V πόιη πῆρπ ἄζηπ λέθῡ δάθξπ

N V πόιηε πήρεε ἄζηεε λέθπε δάθξπε

G D πνιίνηηλ περένηηλ ἄζηνηηλ λεθύνηηλ δαθξύνηηλ

N V πόιηεο -εεο πήρεεο ἄζηεα λέθπεο δάθξπα

G πνιίσλ περέσλ ἀζηέσλ λεθύσλ δαθξύσλ

D πνιίεζζη περέεζζη ἀζηέεζη λεθύεζζη δαθξύεζζη

πόιεζη -ηζη πήρεζη ἄζηεζη λέθῡζ(ζ)η δάθξπζη

A πόιηαο -εαο -ῑο πήρεαο ἄζηεα λέθπαο [-ῡο] δάθξπα

Nouns with stems in -ο (-εο -αο -νο) and -η are declined like ἔπνο (ϝεπεζ-) γέξαο (γεξαζ-) ἠώο (ἀϝζνζ-) δῶκα

(δσκαη-) and ἦκαξ (ἠκαξ- ἠκαη-) Note that -ζ- usually disappears when it occurs between two vowels

N ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο δῶκα ἧκαξ

G ἔπενο γέξανο ἠόνο δώκαηνο ἥκαηνο

D ἔπετ γέξατ ἠόη δώκαηη ἥκαηη

A ἔπνο γέξαο ἠόα δῶκα ἧκαξ

V ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο δῶκα ἧκαξ

N V ἔπεε γέξαε δώκαηε ἥκαηε

G D επένηηλ γεξάνηηλ δσκάηνηηλ ἡκάηνηηλ

N V ἔπεο γέξα(α) δώκαηα ἥκαηα

G ἐπέσλ γεξάσλ δσκάησλ ἡκάησλ

D ἐπέεζζη γεξάεζζη δσκάηεζζη ἡκάηεζζη

ἔπε(ζ)ζη γέξα(ζ)ζη δώκαζη ἥκαζη

A ἔπεα γέξα(α) δώκαηα ἥκαηα

Note that all nouns ening in -νο in the second declension are either masculine or feminine but all nouns ending in -

νο in the third declension are neuter All nouns ending in -κα in the nominative singular and all nouns with genitives

in -αηνο are neuter

133 Further Notes on the Third Declension

Nouns of the third declension can be any gender and consist of stems ending in -η -π or a consonant In

general the following endings are applied to the stem with the usual euphonic changes

N -ο

G -νο

D -η

A -λ

V -

N A V -ε

G D -νηηλ

N V -εο

G -σλ

D -εζζη

A -λο

Standard Euphonic Changes

Later forms of Greek such as Attic and Koine frequently contracted the forms found in Homer

The -λ in the accusative singular and plural is sonant meaning that it is pronounced as λ when

following a vowel but it is pronounced as ᾰ when following a consonant Thus πνιη-λ = πνιηλ and

πνιη-λο = πνιηο but δαηκνλ-λ = δαηκνλα and δαηκνλ-λο = δαηκνλαο

o In most cases a stem originally ending in ϝ is treated as if it ends in a consonant Thus

βαζηιεϝα = βαζηιεα εξσϝα = εξσα

o The word βνϝ- is an exception where ϝ becomes π (probably because νπ is such a common

diphthong) βνϝλ = βνπλ

Dentals are dropped before ζ Thus παηδο = παηο

o In cases where the stem ends in -λη the dental and the ζ are typically dropped with the last

vowel lengthened by compensation Thus γεξνληο = γεξσλ

Palatals combine with ζ to form μ Thus αηγο = αημ θεξπθο = θεξπμ etc

o Stems ending in -θη apply both the dental and palatal changes first dropping the η and then

combining the θζ to form μ Thus λπθηο = λπθο = λπμ

Labials combine with ζ to form ς Thus Αηζηνπο = Αηζηνς

The ζ is dropped when it follows a nasal or ξ and the last vowel is lengthened to compensate (if it

isnrsquot long already) Thus δαηκνλο = δαηκσλ θξελο = θξελ ρεηξο = ρεηξ παηεξο = παηεξ κεηεξο =

κεηεξ etc

Stems that originally ended in ϝ usually retain a π in its place in the nominative Thus βαζηιεϝο =

βαζηιεπο (originally βαζηιεπο) λεϝο = λεπο βνϝο = βνπο etc

o The same phenomenon sometimes occurs in the accusative singular as well where ϝ becomes

π and the final λ is retained Thus περεϝλ = περευλ = περπλ

o The word εξσο is an apparent exception where εξσϝο = εξσο This may be from analogy

with the relatively common -σο ending in Greek or it could be that the stem was originally

εξσ- witout the ϝ

o When the stem ends in -εϝ the ε is usually dropped in the nominative thus περεϝο = περεπο =

περπο (but the genitive and dative are περενο περετ)

Some confusion can occur at the apparent irregularity of stems ending in -π αζηπ αζηενο αζηεη etc

but δαθξπ δαθξπνο δαθξπτ etc The difference is that stems like αζηπ originally ended in a vowel + ϝ

(αζηεϝ) while stems like δαθξπ originally ended in π

Some neuters originally ended in -εο These are usually declined as -νο in the nominative and

accusative In the other cases the endings are simply applied to -εζ- and the sigma is dropped when it

occurs between two vowels επνο (nom acc from επεζο) επενο (gen from επεζνο) επετ (dat from

επεζη) etc

o Stems ending in -αο simple drop the extra sigma in the nominative singular and append the

case endings to -αζ- (dropping ζ when it occurs between two vowels) Thus γεξαο γεξανο

γεξατ etc

o Stems ending in -νο follow the same pattern as those ending in -αο except that the ν is

lengthened to σ in the nominative Thus εσο εννο εντ etc

Neuter stems ending in -καη usually drop the η in the nominative and accusative singular but retain it

in the plural Thus δσκα (nom and acc sing) δσκαηνο (gen sing) δσκαηη (dat sing) δσκαηα (nom and

acc plur) δσκαησλ (gen plur) δσκαηεζζη (dat plur) etc Neuter stems ending in -καξ usually behave

as if they ended in -καη in all cases except the nominative and accusative singular Thus εκαξ εκαηνο

εκαηη etc

The dative plural ending is given as -εζζη This could be shortened to -ζζη (before vowels) -εζη or -ζη

The -ζη ending is the most common in later dialects Thus Homeric θεξπθεζζη is typically θεξπμη in

Attic and Koine

The vocative singular in neuters is always identical to the nominative and accusative singulars

o In masculine and feminine nouns the vocative singular is usually just the stem without any

endings applied as long as the stem is capable of standing alone Thus δαηκνλ ρεηξ παηεξ

κεηεξ ζπγαηεξ αλεξ βνπ λεπ πνιη λεθῡ δαθξπ etc

o In some cases where the nominative singular has slightly modified the stem before adding -ο

the vocative is formed by simply dropping the ο Thus παη βαζηιεπ περπ

o In cases where the ο of the nominative singular has combined with the stem the vocative is

usually indentical to the nominative singular Thus αλαμ λπμ αημ θεξπμ Αηζηνς etc

o In rare cases the vocative is identical to the nominative singular even when dropping the ο

would have been convenient as in εξσο εσο

Alternate Endings The following are some alternate endings that could be applied instead of the usual

case endings listed above

o -ζη can be used to denote place where

o -ζελ can be used to denote source or separation or as an alternative ending for the genitive

case

o -δε can be added to the accusative ending to denote place to which or limit of motion

o -η can be added to denote place where

o -θη(λ) can be added as a substitute for several uses of the genitive and the dative cases

particularly in the instrumental sense

134 References

This lesson references several points in the grammar Note the following

Deponent verbs take middle or passive forms but denote active meanings

Some verbs reduplicate the initial syllable in the present tense by repeating the initial consonant

followed by -η Thus ἴζηεκη (orig ζηζηεκη) ηίζεκη δίδσκη πίκπιεκη γίγλνκαη γηγλώζθσ κηκλήζθσ

etc When futures and second aorists are reduplicated they usually follow the pattern of reduplication

found in the perfect tense If the initial consonant is aspirated the reduplicated consonant is typically

smooth Thus ηίζεκη rather than ζίζεκη

Note that ἴκη δίδσκη and ηίζεκη take the aorist in -θα rather than -ζα

When a word ends in a vowel and the following word begins with a vowel the result is called hiatus

In general hiatus is avoided in poetry through the use of elision crasis synizesis moveable

consonants etc However hiatus is allowed in some circumstances such as when elision has already

occurred when the first of the two vowels is long and occurs on the beat (or ictus) of the verse or

when a long vowel or diphthong has been shortened or when the two vowels were originally separated

by ϝ

Recall that the verbal augment is frequently omitted

135 Vocabulary

Ἄηο Ἄηδνο ὁ (nom not used) Hades

ἄιγνο ενο ηό grief pain woe trouble

Ἀρηιιεύο ῆνο ὁ Achilles

δαίο δαηηόο ἡ feast banquet portion

Εεύο Γηόο ὁ Zeus

ἥξσο ἥξσνο ὁ hero mighty warrior protector savior

ἴθζῑκνο ε νλ mighty valiant stout-hearted brave

θύσλ θπλόο ὁ ἡ dog

κῆληο ηνο ἡ wrath fury madness rage

νὐιόκελνο ε νλ accursed destructive deadly

πξντάπησ πξντάςσ πξνΐαςα hurl forward send forth

ηίζεκη (ζε- ζε-) ζήζσ ἔζεθα put place cause

Ἀρηιιεπο (Ἀρηιιεϝ-) Ἀρηιιενο Ἀρηιιεη Ἀρηιιεα

δαηο (δαηη-) δαηηνο δαηηη δαηηα δαηηεο δαηησλ δαηηεζζη δαηηαο

Εεπο Γηνο Γηη Γηα

ἡξσο ἡξσνο ἡξστ ἡξσα ἡξσεο ἡξσσλ ἡξσεζζη ἡξσαο

θπσλ θπλνο θπλη θπλα θπλεο θπλσλ θπλεζζη θπλαο

κεληο (κελη-) κεληνο κεληη κεληλ κεληεο κελησλ κεληεζζη κεληαο

136 Translation

1 κῆληο Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο ἦλ νὐινκέλε ἔζεθε γὰξ κῡξηrsquo ἄιγεα ηνῖζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ πξνΐαςε δὲ πνιιὰο (ᾱ)

ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἰθζίκνπο (ῑ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη ἔηεπρε δrsquo αὐηνὺο ἑιώξηα θαὶ δαῖηα θύλεζζηλ νἰσλνῖζί ηε ἐηέιεζε δὲ βνπιὴλ

Γηόο 2 ζεὰ (ᾱ) ἀείδεη κῆληλ νὐινκέλελ Ἀρηιῆνο ἣ ἔζεθελ κῡξίrsquo ἄιγεrsquo Ἀραηνῖζηλ 3 ζενὶ ὀιέθνπζη ηὸλ ζηξαηόλ θαὶ

πξντάπηνπζη πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη 4ηεύμνκελ κῡξίνπο Ἀραηνὺο ἑιώξηα θύλεζζηλ θαὶ δαῖηα ηνῖζηλ

νἰσλνῖζηλ νὕλεθα ἠηίκαζαλ (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) 5 θᾱιὴ ἦλ ἡ βνπιὴ Γηόο

KEY

1 The wrath of Achilles son of Peleus was destructive for it caused countless woes to the Achaeans and sent

forth many valiant souls of heros to Hades making them spoils and a banquet for the dogs and the vultures 2 The

goddess sings the accursed wrath of Achilles which brought countless woes to the Achaeans 3 The gods are

destroying the camp and sending forth many souls of the heros to Hades 4 We will make countless Achaeans spoils

for the dogs and a feast for these vultures because they dishonored Chryses 5 The will of Zeus was good

137 Iliad 1-5

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κπξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςπρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιήλ

Μῆληλ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse

ἄεηδε - present active imperative 2nd

person singular of ἀείδσ

ζεά - vocative case

Πειεηάδεσ = Πειεηάδᾱν (the verse may have originally read Πειεηάδᾱrsquo)

νὐινκέλελ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse as well as out of

the natural order and is placed directly opposite the word κῆληλ

κῡξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο - the hiatus is permited because elision has already occurred in κῡξίνηο

Ἄηδη was originally Ἄϝηδη and is still accented as it began with α instead of αη

ἡξώσλ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse and its deviation from

the natural order

δὲ ἑιώξηα - the hiatus is permitted because the original was δὲ ϝειώξηα

ηεῦρε - the augment is dropped (usually ἔηεπρε)

ἐηειείεην - imperfect passive indicative 3rd

person singular of ηειείσ

KEY

Sing O goddess of the accursed wrath of Achilles Peleiades

which brought countless woes to the Achaeans

and cast forth the souls of many valiant warriors to Hades

making them the spoils and feast of both dogs

and vultures But the will of Zeus was accomplished

138 Composition

1 The valiant Achaeans are singing the accursed wrath of Achilles 2 The wrath of Achilles caused many woes

to the Achaeans and sent many valiant souls of heroes to the god Hades 3 We shall make the army of the Achaeans

a booty for the dogs and a banquet for the birds 4 We are accomplishing the will of the goddess

KEY

1 ἴθζῑκνη Ἀραηνὶ ἀείδνπζηλ νὐινκέλελ κῆληλ Ἀρηιῆνο 2 κῆληο Ἀρηιῆνο ἔζεθε κῡξίrsquo ἄιγεrsquo Ἀραηνῖζη θαὶ

πξνΐαςε πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἰθζίκνπο ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη 3 ηεύμνκελ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ ἑιώξηα θύλεζζηλ θαὶ δαῖηα

νἰσλνῖζηλ 4 ηεύρνκελ βνπιὴλ ζεᾶο

Lesson 14

(519-526 1159-1192)

(cf 586)

141 Syllable Quantity

A syllable is long (by nature) when it contains a long vowel or a diphthong or (by position) when it ends in two

consecutive consonants (or a double consonant) A short vowel followed by a mute and a liquid κ or λ is common

and can be either long or short depending on the requirements of the verse Occasionally the letters ι κ λ ξ or ζ

are doubled in pronunciation when they follow a short vowel making the syllable long by position but this

convention is not always represented in writing And occasionally a lost ϝ will combine with another consonant to

make the preceding syllable long by position

Observe the following rules when determing the length of a syllable

Any vowel with the circumflex accent is long

The vowel of any ultmia whose penult bears the circumflex is short

If the penult has an acute then the vowel of the ultima must also be long

If the vowel of the ultima is short and the penult has the acute then the vowel of the penult must

be short as well

If the antepenult is accented the vowel of the ultima must be short

Occasionally these rules do not apply to certain compounds where one of the two words are

accented as if they were separate

If a short syllable stands where a long syllable is expected it is usually because the pause of the caesura or

diaresis fills out the foot or because the following word has lost a consonant (usually ϝ or ζ) And occasionally a

short syllable ending in a consonant is lengthened when it occurs on the ictus (beat) of the verse Such lengthening is

called thesis

142 Metrical Quantity

With the exception of pauses at the end of the verse caesura and diaresis all feet must consist of two long

syllables or a long syllable followed by two shorts Thus if a long syllable is followed by a short syllable then the

next syllable must be short as well Likewise if a short syllable is followed by a long syllable then the preceding

syllable must be short as well

When a word ends in a short vowel (and sometimes -νη and -αη) and the following word begins with a vowel

the short vowel is usually elided unless the following word originally began with ϝ When a word ends in a long

vowel or a diphthong and the following word begins with a vowel the long vowel is usually shortened This

phenomenon can also occur within the same word and again it is less common when the following word originally

began with ϝ Vowel shortening is also rare when the long vowel occurs on the ictus

The meter of Homer is called dactylic or heroic hexameter and is the most common meter in Greek verse Each

verse has six feet The first five feet can be dactyls (one long syllable followed by two short syllables) or spondees

(two long syllables) The final foot of the verse is always a spndee but keep in mind that the pause at the end of the

verse often combines with a final short syllable to form one long syllable The fifth foot of each verse is usually a

dactyl with only one in twenty (or so) verses containing a spondee in the fifth foot The verses that have a spndee in

the fifth foot are called spondaic and usually take slightly longer to recite In dactylic hexameter the ictus (beat) of

the verse always occurs on the first syllable of each foot producing six distinct beats per verse

Caesura occurs when a word ends within a foot (ie at the end of the first syllable of a foot or between the two

short syllables of the foot) When a caesura occurs at a natural pause in the verse this is said to be the caesura of the

verse A pause after the first syllable of a foot is called a masculine caesura and a pause after the second syllable of

the foot is called a feminine caesura

Diaresis occurs when the end of a word coincides with the end of a foot When this falls at a natural pause in

the verse it is said to be the diaresis of the verse When the diaresis occurs at the end of the fourth foot is it called

the bucolic diaresis (due to its common use in pastoral poetry)

143 Marking the Rhythm of the Iliad 1-5

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κπξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςπρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιήλ

ΜΖ ληλ α | ΔΗ δε ζε | Α ΠΖ | ΛΖ η α | ΓΔΧ α ρη | ΛΖ Ο-

dact dact spon dact dact spon

The pauses at the end of κῆληλ and ἄεηδε are feminine caesuras

The pauses at the end of ζεά Πειεηάδεσ and Ἀρηιῆνο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of ζεά is the caesura of the verse

The dash at the end of the verse indicates a pause that combines with a short vowel to fill out the

last foot

ΟΤ ιν κε | ΝΖΝ Ζ | ΜΤ ξη α | ΥΑΗ ΟΗ | ΑΛ γε ε | ΘΖ ΚΔΝ-

dact spon dact spon dact spon

The pauses at the end of κῡξίrsquo and ἄιγε are feminine caesuras

The pauses at the end of νὐινκέλελ and ἔζεθελ are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of νὐινκέλελ is the caesura of the verse

The pauses at the end of ἥ and Ἀραηνῖο are diareses

The diaresis at Ἀραηνῖο is a bucolic diaresis

κῡξία Ἀραηνῖο and ἄιγεα ἔζεθελ are examples of hiatus

The first syllable of ἄιγεrsquo is long because it is followed by two consecutive consonants

ΠΟΛ ΛΑ | ΓrsquoΗΦ ΘΗ | ΜΟΤ ΦΤ | ΥΑ ΑΗ | ΓΗ πξν τ | Α ΦΔΝ-

spon spon spon spon dact spon

The pauses at the end of ἰθζίκνπο and ςπράο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of πνιιάο is a diaresis

δὲ ἰθζίκνπο is hiatus

The first syllable of πνιιάο is long by position as is the first syllable of ἰθζίκνπο the last syllable

of Ἄηδη and the second syllable of πξνΐαςελ

Ζ ΡΧ | ΧΝ ΑΤ | ΣΟΤ δε ε | ΛΧ ξη α | ΣΔΤ ρε θπ | ΝΔ ΗΝ-

spon spon dact dact dact spon

The pause at the end of ηεῦρε is a feminine caesura

The pauses at the end of ἡξώσλ and αὐηνύο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of ἡξώσλ is the caesura of the verse

The pause at the end of ἑιώξηα is a diaresis

ΟΗ Χ | ΝΟΗ ζη ηε | ΓΑΗ ηα δη | Ο δrsquoε ηε | ΛΔΗ ε ην | ΒΟΤ ΛΖΝ

The pauses at the end of νἰσλνῖζη and δαῖηα are feminine caesuras

The pause at the end of Γηόο is a masculine caesura

The pauses at the end of ηε ἐηειείεην and βνπιήλ are diareses

The pause at the end of δαῖηα is the diaresis of the verse

Lesson 15

(693-694 697-700)

(cf 781-782 837 580 1009 996 584-585)

151 Third Declension Paradigms (continued)

Third declension nouns ending in a dental mute stem are exemplified by ἄλαμ (king ϝαλαθη-) λύμ (night λπθη-

) παῖο (child παηδ-) and γέξσλ (old man γεξνλη-)

N ἄλαμ λύμ παῖο γέξσλ

G ἄλαθηνο λπθηόο παηδόο γέξνληνο

D ἄλαθηη λπθηί παηδί γέξνληη

A ἄλαθηα λύθηα παίδα γέξνληα

V ἄλαμ [ἄλα] λύμ παῖ γέξσλ

N V A ἄλαθηε λύθηε παίδε γέξνληε

G D ἀλάθηνηηλ λύθηνηηλ παίδνηηλ γεξόληνηηλ

N ἄλαθηεο λύθηεο παίδεο γέξνληεο

G ἀλάθησλ λπθηῶλ παηδῶλ γεξόλησλ

D ἀλάθηεζζη λύθηεζζη παίδεζζη γεξόληεζζη

ἄλαμη λπμί παηζί γέξνπζη

A ἄλαθηαο λύθηνο παῖδαο γέξνληαο

Third declension nouns ending in labial and palatal stems are exemplified by αἴμ (goat αἰγ-) θῆξπμ (herald

θεξῡθ-) and Αἰζίνς (Ethipoian Αἰζηνπ-)

N αἴμ θῆξπμ Αἰζίνς

G αἰγόο θήξῡθνο Αἰζίνπνο

D αἰγί θήξῡθη Αἰζίνπη

A αἶγα θήξῡθα Αἰζίνπα

V αἴμ θῆξπμ Αἰζίνς

N V A αἶγε θήξῡθε Αἰζίνπε

G D αἴγνηηλ θεξύθνηηλ (ῡ) Αἰζηόπνηηλ

N αἶγεο θήξῡθεο Αἰζίνπεο

G αἰγῶλ θεξύθσλ (ῡ) Αἰζηόπσλ

D αἴγεζζη θεξύθεζζη (ῡ) Αἰζηόπεζζη

αἰμί θήξῡμ Αἰζίνςη

A αἶγαο θήξῡθαο Αἰζίνπαο

Nouns with stems ending in -εξ express different grades of ablaut in the stem (-εξ -εξ -ξ) with a recessive

accent in the vocative singular These are exemplified by παηήξ (father παηεξ-) κήηεξ (mother κεηεξ-) ζπγάηεξ

(daughter ζπγαηεξ-) and ἀλήξ (man ἀλεξ-)

N παηήξ κήηεξ ζπγάηεξ ἀλήξ

G παηέξνο -ηξόο κεηέξνο -ηξόο ζπγαηέξνο -ηξόο ἀλέξνο ἀλδξόο

D παηέξη -ηξί κεηέξη -ηξί ζπγαηέξη -ηξί ἀλέξη ἀλδξί

A παηέξα κεηέξα ζπγαηέξα ἀλέξα ἄλδξα

V πάηεξ κῆηεξ ζύγαηεξ ἄλεξ

N V A παηέξε κεηέξε ζπγαηέξε ἀλέξε ἄλδξε

G D παηέξνηηλ κεηέξνηηλ ζπγαηέξνηηλ ἀλέξνηηλ ἄλδξνηηλ

N παηέξεο κεηέξεο ζπγαηέξεο ζύγαηξεο ἀλέξεο ἄλδξεο

G παηέξσλ -ηξῶλ κεηέξσλ -ηξῶλ ζπγαηέξσλ ζπγαηξῶλ ἀλέξσλ ἀλδξῶλ

D παηξάζη κεηξάζη ζπγαηξάζη ζπγαηέξεζζη ἀλδξάζη ἄλδξεζζη

A παηέξαο κεηέξαο ζπγαηέξαο ζύγαηξαο ἀλέξαο ἄλδξαο

Note that δ is inserted into ἀλήξ between λ and ξ where they occur together The accent of the shorter forms of

ἀλέξ follow the pattern seen in παηήξ The alpha after ξ in the dative plural was added euphonically to strengthen

what was originally a sonant ξ

152 Vocabulary

ἄλαμ ἄλαθηνο ὁ king lord protector

ἀλήξ ἀλέξνο (ἀλδξόο) ὁ (real) man warrior hero

ἄξ(α) (ῥά) naturally of course as you know as you might expect that is

in effect (not always translatable)

βαζηιεύο ῆνο ὁ king ruler

δή indeed truly forsooth now

δηίζηεκη (ζηε- ζηα-) δηαζηήζσ stand apart separate

δηέζηεζα (δηέζηελ)

ἐμ νὗ from the time when

ἐξίδσ (ἐξηδ-) - ἤξηζ(ζ)α quarrel strive

ἠξηζάηελ (they) strove

ἔξηο ηδνο ἡ strife quarrel

Λεηώ Λεηόνο ἡ Leto

κάρνκαη fight battle

κάρεζζαη to fight

μπλίκη μπλήζσ μπλῆθα (μπλέεθα) bring together throw together hearken heed

ὄξλῡκη ὄξζσ ὦξζα (ὤξνξνλ) stir up kindle incite excite arouse

πξῶηνο ε νλ first foremost chief

ηὸ πξῶηνλ ηὰ πξῶηα (adv) at first firstly first

πἱόο νῦ ὁ son

ζθσε these two

153 Translation

1 ζεὰ (ᾱ) ἀείζεη κῆληλ Ἀρηιῆνο ἐμ νὗ δὴ ηὰ πξῶηα δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο θαὶ Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἀλδξῶλ ἠξηζάηελ θαὶ

δηεζηήηελ 2 ηίο ζεῶλ μπλέεθε δῖνλ Ἀρηιῆά ηε θαὶ Ἀηξεΐδελ ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 3 πἱὸο Λεηόνο θαὶ Γηὸο ἑθεβόινο

μπλέεθέ ζθσε ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη ηὸλ γὰξ βαζηιεὺο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἐρόισζελ ὁ δrsquo ὦξζε θαθὴλ λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ

ὤιεθε δὲ ιᾱνύο

KEY

1 The goddess sings the wrath of Achilles from the time when first the divine Achilles and Atreides king of

men strove and separated 2 Which of the gods brought together the divine Achilles and the son of Atreus to fight

in strife 3 The son of Leto and Zeus the Free-shooter brought these two together to fight in strife for Atreides the

king enraged him so he stirred up an evil plague through the camp of the Achaeans and destroyed their host

154 Iliad 1-10

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κῡξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςῡρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιή

ἐμ νὗ δὴ ηὰ πξῶηα δηαζηήηελ ἐξίζαληε

Ἀηξεΐδεο ηε ἄλαμ ἀλδξῶλ θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεύο

ηίο ηrsquo ἄξ ζθσε ζεῶλ ἔξηδη μπλέεθε κάρεζζαη

Λεηνῦο θαὶ Γηὸο πἱόο ὁ γὰξ βαζηιῆη ρνισζεὶο

λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ ὦξζε θαθήλ ὀιέθνλην δὲ ιᾱνί

δηαζηήηελ = δηεζηήηελ

ἐξίζαληε = aor act part nom dual masc (they two) having quarreled

ηε ἄλαμ originally ηε ϝάλαμ thus allowing the hiatus

ζθσε [ἕσ] = 3rd

pers pron acc dual these two

ἔξηδη is dative of means in strife

κάρεζζαη = pres act infinitive deponent to fight

ρνισζείο = aor pass part nom sing masc having been enraged

Λεηνῦο = contracted form of Λεηόνο

βαζηιῆη = Agamemnon instrumental case by the king

ὀιέθνλην = ὠιέθνλην imperf pass ind 3rd

pers plural were being destroyed or kept

perishing

KEY

Sing O goddess of the accursed wrath of Achilles Peleiades

which brought countless woes to the Achaeans

and cast forth the souls of many valiant warriors to Hades

making them the spoils and feast of both dogs

and vultures But the will of Zeus was accomplished

indeed from the time when at first having quarreled both

Atreides king of men and the divine Achilles separated

Which of the gods of course brought these two together to fight in strife

The son of Leto and Zeus For enraged by the king he

kindled an evil plague up through the camp and the people were destroyed

155 Composition

1 ἠείδνκελ κῆληλ νὐινκέλελ Ἀρηιιῆνο ἐμ νὗ ηὰ πξῶηα Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἀλέξσλ (ἀλδξῶλ) θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο

ἠξηζάηελ θαὶ δηεζηεζάηελ (δηεζηήηελ) 2 ηίο ζεῶλ μπλῆθε (μπλέεθα) Ἀραηνὺο θαὶ ιᾱὸλ Πξηάκνπ ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 3

μπλῆθε (μπλέεθα) ζθσε (ἕν) πἱὸο Λεηόνο (Λεηνῦο) θαὶ Γηὸο ἑθεβόινο ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 4 Αηξεΐδεο βαζηιεὺο

Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο ἐρόισζαλ ἄλαθηα ἑθεβόινλ θαὶ ὁ ὦξζα (ὤξνξε) λνῦζνπο πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θαθὰο (ᾱ) ἀλὰ

ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ θαθῶο ὤιεθελ ἀγαζὸλ ιᾱόλ

Lesson 16

(887-897 910 1065-1068 697-703 707 710 732)

161 Formation of Middle Passive and Deponent Verbs

The endings of the middle voice are different from the active voice The passive voice applies the same endings

as the middle voice except in the aorist passive which applies active endings Because the middle and passive voice

are identical (other than the aorist) the context determines whether a verb is used with middle or the passive

meaning The aorist middle is often used with a passive meaning (especially in athematic forms) and the aorist

passive is often used with a middle meaning

The perfect and pluperfect of the middlepassive are athematic with the personal endings attached directly to

the reduplicated stem

The future perfect passive is formed by adding -ζνε to the perfect middle passive lengthening the vowel that

precedes this ending

The first aorist passive is formed by adding -(ζ)ζεε to the stem Before ζ π and β become θ θ and γ become ρ

and η δ ζ become ζ Many verbs have a second aorist passive that drops the ζ altogether

Deponent verbs have no active form but use the middlepassive forms in an active sense

162 Paradigms Present and Future Indicative MiddlePassive of ιύσ

Present

S 1 ιύνκαη

2 ιύεαη [(ιύῃ)]

3 ιύεηαη

D 2 ιύεζζνλ

3 ιύεζζνλ

P 1 ιπόκε(ζ)ζα

2 ιύεζζα

3 ιύνληαη

Future

S 1 ιύζνκαη (ῡ)

2 ιύζεαη (ῡ) [(ιύζῃ (ῡ))]

3 ιύζεηαη (ῡ)

D 2 ιύζεζζνλ (ῡ)

3 ιύζεζζνλ (ῡ)

P 1 ιῡζόκεζα

2 ιύζεζζε (ῡ)

3 ιύζνληαη (ῡ)

163 The Use of Voice in Greek

The active voice indicates that the subject is acting λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ ὦξζε = he kindled a plague up

through the camp

The passive voice indicates that the subject is acted upon Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιή = but the will of Zeus was

being accomplished

The Middle voice denotes one of three meanings

1 The subject acting upon itself πείζνκαη (I convince myself) θαίλνκαη (I show myself)

2 The subject acting for itself θαιένκαη (I call for myself)

3 The subject acting upon something belonging to itself ιύνκαη (I loose my own I ransom)

When determing the difference between the middle and passive keep in mind that the middle voice always

conveys a direct or indirect reference to the subject and that the subject is effect by or has an interest in the action

164 Third Declension Stems in -επ -επ -νπ and -σϝ

Stems in -επ usually became -εϝ and the third declension endings are applied after the ϝ Thus βαζηιεϝνο =

βαζηιῆνο βαηιεϝη = βαζηιῆη βαζηιεϝα = βαζηιῆα etc Note that the ϝ explains why εη (εϝη) does not form an

improper diphthong as well as why the accusative singular ends in -εα (as if the stem ended in a consonant) instead

of -ελ (as if the stem ended in a vowel) Note that when the ending consists of a consonant the -εϝ is contracted to

the diphthong -επ Thus βαζηιεϝο = βαζηιεύο βαζηιεϝ = βαζηιεῦ βαζηιεϝζη = βαζηιεῦζη In rare cases the other

endings also contract the -ε to -ε (ie βαζηιῆνο = βαζηιένο)

In stems ending originally in -ᾱϝ the ᾱ becomes ε in the Ionic dialect These are declined the same as -εϝ

except that -εῡ is formed before consonants instead of -επ Thus λᾱϝο = λεϝο = λεῦο λᾱϝ = λεϝ = λεῦ But note the

exception in the shorter form of the dative plural where λᾱϝζη = λεϝζη = λεπζί (rather than λεῡζη) In contracted

forms the ε usually becomes ε

In stems ending in -σϝ the third declension endings are applied directly to the stem Thus ἡξσϝο = ἥξσο

ἡξσϝνο = ἥξσνο ἡξσϝη = ἥξση ἡξσϝα = ἥξσα etc

In stems ending originally in -ν or -νϝ the third declension endings are applied as usual But keep in mind that -

νϝ is contracted to the diphthong -νπ before a consonant thus βνϝο = βνῦο and βνϝζη = βνπζί But note the

exception that occurs in the accusative singular where βνϝλ = βνῦλ rather than βνϝα

βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

(βαζηιεϝ-) (βνϝ-) (λᾱϝ-) (ἡξσϝ-)

N βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

G βαζηιῆνο [ένο] βνόο λεόο [εόο] ἥξσνο

D βαζηιῆη [έη] βνΐ λεί ἥξση

A βαζηιῆα [έα] βνῦλ [βῶλ] λῆα [έα] ἥξσα

V βαζηιεῦ βνῦ λεῦ ἥξσο

N V A βαζηιῆε βόε λῆε ἥξσε

G D βαζηιήνηηλ βόνηηλ λήνηηλ ἡξώνηηλ

N V βαζηιῆεο βόεο λῆεο ἥξσεο

G βαζηιήσλ βνῶλ λεῶλ [εῶλ] ἡξώσλ

D βαζηιήεζζη βόεζζη λήεζζη [έεζζη] ἡξώεζζη

βαζηιεῦζη βνπζί λεπζί ἥξσζη

A βαζηιῆαο βόαο (βνῦο) λῆαο [έαο] ἥξσαο

165 Third Declension Stems in -εζ -αζ and -νζ

When a stem ends in a vowel plus -ζ the initial ζ is dropped between two vowels Thus γεξαζνο = γέξανο

ἠνζνο = ἠόνο etc

All third declension nouns with stems ending in -εο are neuters and follow the pattern of ἔπνο The third

declension endings are applied as usual except that the nominative vocative and accusative singulars end in -νο

Nouns with stems ending in -νο take -σο in the nominative and vocative singular but otherwise apply the third

declension endings as usual (dropping ζ between two vowels)

ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

(ϝεπεζ-) (γεξαζ-) (ἀϝζνζ- (ᾱ))

N ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

G ἔπενο γέξανο ἠόνο

D ἔπετ γέξατ ἠόη

A ἔπνο γέξαο ἠόα

V ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

N V A ἔπεε γέξαε

G D ἐπένηηλ γεξάνηηλ

N V ἔπεα γέξα(α)

G ἐπέσλ γεξάσλ

D ἐπέεζζη γεξάεζζη

ἔπε(ζ)ζη γέξα(ζ)ζη

A ἔπεα γέξα(α)

166 Third Declension Stems in -καη and -καξ

Stems ending in -καη and -καξ are neuters

Stems in -καη drop the -ηο in the nominative vocative and accusative singular δσκαηο = δῶκα Otherwise the

third declension endings are applied as usual

Stems ending in -καξ are declined like those ending in -καη except in the nominative vocative and accusative

singular (which end in -καξ)

δῶκα ἦκαξ

(δσκαη-) (ἠκαξ- ἠκαη-)

N δῶκα ἦκαξ

G δώκαηνο ἤκαηνο

D δώκαηη ἤκαηη

A δῶκα ἦκαξ

V δῶκα ἦκαξ

N V A δώκαηε ἤκαηε

G D δσκάηνηηλ ἠκάηνηηλ

N V δώκαηα ἤκαηα

G δσκάησλ ἠκάησλ

D δσκάηεζζη ἠκάηεζζη

δώκαζη ἤκαζη

A δώκαηα ἤκαηα

167 Third Declension Stems in -λη and -λ

Stems ending in -λη drop the -λη before ζ and lengthen the preceding vowel thus παληο = πᾶο παληζη = πᾶζη

Otherwise the third declension endings are applied as usual In neuters the -η is dropped at the end of the word thus

παλη = πᾶλ Stems in -λ drop the -λ before ζ and lengthen the preceding vowel in the masculine (but not in the

neuter)

πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

(παλη- παληα- παλη-)

Masc Fem Neut

N πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

G παληόο πάζεο (ᾱ) παληόο

D παληί πάζῃ (ᾱ) παληί

A πάληα πᾶζαλ πᾶλ

V πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

N V πάληεο πᾶζαη πάληα

G πάλησλ πᾱζάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] πάλησλ

D πάληεζ(ζ)η πάζῃζη (ᾱ) πάληεζ(ζ)η

πᾶζη πάζῃο (ᾱ) πᾶζη

A πάληνο πάζᾱο (ᾱ) πάληα

κέιᾱο κέιαηλα κέιαλ

(κειαλ- κειαηλα- κειαλ-)

N κέιᾱο κέιαηλα κέιαλ

G κέιαλνο κειαίλεο κέιαλνο

D κέιαλη κειαίλῃ κέιαλη

A κέιαλα κέιαηλαλ κέιαλ

V κέιαλ κέιαηλα κέιαλ

N V A κέιαλε κειαίλᾱ κέιαλε

G D κειάλνηηλ κειαίλῃηλ κειάλνηηλ

N V κέιαλεο κέιαηλαη κέιαλα

G κειάλσλ κειαηλάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] κειάλσλ

D κειάλεζ(ζ)η κειαίλῃζη κειάλεζ(ζ)η

κέιαζη κειαίλῃο κέιαζη

A κέιαλεο κειαίλᾱο κέιαλα

168 Vocabulary

Nouns

Ἀπόιισλ (ᾰ or ᾰ) σλνο ὁ Apollo

ἀξεηήξ (ᾱ) ῆξνο ὁ priest prayer

ζπγάηεξ ηέξνο (ηξόο) ἡ daughter

θνζκήησξ νξνο ὁ commander marshaller

λεῦο λεόο (λεόο) ἡ ship

ζηέκκα καηνο ηό fillet (of white cotton) wreath

ρείξ ρεηξόο ἡ hand arm

Verbs

ἔξρνκαη (ἐξρ- ἐιε- ἐιεπζ- ἐιπζ-) come go

ἐιεύζνκαη I will come I will go

ἦιζνλ (ἤιπζνλ) I came I went

ιίζζνκαη (ιηη-) I beg I entreat

---

ἐιιηζάκελ (ἐιηηόκελ) I begged I entreated

Adjectives Prepositions

ζνόο ή όλ swift speedy

πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ all every (the) whole

Indeclinable

δύν (δύσ) two

κάιηζηα most especially by all means

169 Translation

1 Ἀπόιισλ ἑθεβόινο ρνινῦηαη βαζηιῆη Αηξεΐδῃ θαὶ πέκπεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ ὀιέθνληαη δὲ

ιᾱνί νὕλεθα δῖνο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) 2 Υξύζεο (ῡ) γὰξ ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἑθεβόινπ ἔξρεηαη

ἐπὶ ζνὰο (ᾱ) λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ θέξεη δrsquo ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα ζπγαηξόο ἣλ Ἀηξεΐδεο ἔρεη ἐλ ζηξαηῷ 3 ὁ δrsquo ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἔρεη

ζηέκκαηα ἑθεβόινπ Ἀπόιισλνο ἐλ ρεξζὶλ ἀλὰ ρξῡζέῳ ζθήπηξῳ θαὶ ιίζζεηαη πάληαο Ἀραηνύο κάιηζηα δrsquo Ἀηξεΐδᾱ

δύσ θνζκήηνξε ιᾱῶλ 4 Ἀπόιισλ ρνιώζεηαη βαζηιῆη θαὶ ὄξζεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηόλ 5 ἐιεύζνληαη ἐπὶ ζνὰο

(ᾱ) λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ νἴζνπζη ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα βαζηιῆη 6 ιίζζνληαη πάληαο Ἀραηνύο 7 Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζελ (ῑ)

ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) θαὶ νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε ζύγαηξα

KEY

1 Apollo the free-shooter enraged by king Atreides sent an evil plague through the camp of the Achaeans and

the people were destroyed because the divine Atreides dishonored Chryses the priest 2 For Chryses the priest of

the free-shooter went upon the swift ships of the Achaeans bearing countless ransoms for his daughter whom

Atreides was holding in the camp 3 But the priest had a wreath of Apollo the free-shooter upon a staff in his hand

and was entreating all of the Achaeans but especially the sons of Atreus (who were) the commanders of the host 4

Apollo will be enraged by the king and will kindle an evil plague up through the camp 5 They will go upon the

swift ships of the Achaeans and bring countless ransoms to the king 6 They are entreating all of the Achaeans 7

Atreides dishonored the priest and would not release his daughter

1610 Iliad 11-16

hellipὀιέθνλην δὲ ιᾱνί

νὕλεθα ηὸλ Υξύζελ ἠηίκαζελ ἀξεηῆξα

Αηξεΐδεο ὁ γὰξ ἦιζε ζνὰο ἐπὶ λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ

ιπζόκελνο ηε ζύγαηξα θέξσλ ηrsquo ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα

ζηέκκαηrsquo ἔρσλ ἐλ ρεξζὶλ ἑθεβόινπ Ἀπόιισλνο

ρξπζέῳ ἀλὰ ζθήπηξῳ θαὶ ἐιίζζεην πάληαο Ἀραηνύο

Ἀηξεΐδα δὲ κάιηζηα δύσ θνζκήηνξε ιαῶλ

ηόλ Υξύζελ = that (well-known) Chryses

The first verse ends in two spondees making it a spondaic verse and emphasizing the fact that

Chryses was a priest

ιῡζόκελνο = fut mid part nom masc sing being about to ransom

θέξσλ = pres act part nom sing masc bearing bringing

ἔρσλ = pres act part nom sing masc having holding

ρεξζὶλ ἑθεβόινπ = ρεξζὶ ϝεθεβόινπ

ρξῡζέῳ = synizesis where -έῳ is pronounced as a single syllable

ἐιίζζεην = imperf act ind 3rd

pers sing dep (kept) entreating was entreating

Ἀηξεΐδᾱ = dual of Ἀηξεΐδεο refers to both Agamemnon and Menelaus

KEY

hellipand the people were being destroyed

because Atreides dishonored Chryses the priest

For he had gone upon the swift ships of the Achaeans

intending to ransom his daughter bearing countless gifts

and holding in his hand fillets of Apollo the free-shooter

upon a golden staff and was entreating all of the Achaeans

but especially the two sons of Atreus the commanders of the host

1611 Composition

1 Chryses the priest of Apollo is dishonored by the son of Atreus 2 The Achaeans will go from their swift

ships to Troy and ransom the beloved daughter of the priest 3 We shall bring many ransoms and shall hold in our

hands the fillets of Apollo 4 We do not have a golden scepter but we entreat Priam and all the people of Troy 5

The two sons of Atreus marshallers of the people are entreating Priam but he will slight them 6 The son of

Atreus king of men slighted the priest and did not release his daughter

KEY

1 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) Ἀπόιινπ ἀηῑκάδεηαη Ἀηξεΐδῃ 2 Ἀραηνὶ ἐιεύζνληαη ἐθ ζνάσλ (ᾱ) λήσλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ (ῑ)

θαὶ ἀπειύζνληαη (ῡ) θίιε ζπγάηεξα ἀξεηῆξη (ᾱ) 3 νἴζνκελ πνιιrsquo ἄπνηλα θαὶ ἕζρνκελ ἐλ ρείξεζζη ζηέκκαηα

Ἀπόιινπ 4 νὐθ ἔρνκελ ζθῆπηξνλ ρξύζενλ ἀιιὰ ιηζζόκεζα Πξίακνλ θαὶ πᾶληα ιᾱνλ Ἰιίνπ (ῑ) 5 δύrsquo Ἀηξεΐδᾱ

θνζκήηεξᾱ ιᾱσλ ιίζζεζζνλ Πξίακνλ αὐηνὺο δrsquo ἀηῑκάζεη 6 Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἄλδξσλ ἠηίκαζελ (ῑ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) θαὶ

νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε ζπγάηεξα

1612 Meter

ΟΤ λε θα | ΣΟΝ ΥΡΤ | ΖΝ Ζ | ΣΗ κα ζελ | Α ΡΖ | ΣΖ ΡΑ~

Α ηξε η | ΓΖ ν γαξ | ΖΛ ζε ζν | Α ε πη | ΝΖ αο α | ΥΑΗ ΧΝ

ΛΤ ζν κε | ΝΟ ηε ζπ | ΓΑΣ ξα θε | ΡΧΝ ηα πε | ΡΔΗ ζη α | ΠΟΗ ΝΑ~

ΣΔΜ καη ε | ΥΧΝ ΔΝ | ΥΔΡ ζηλ ε | ΚΖ βν ινπ | Α ΠΟΛ | ΛΧ ΝΟ~

ΥΡΤζεσα | ΝΑ ΚΖΠ | ΣΡΧ θαη ε | ΛΗ ζε ην | ΠΑΝ ηαο α | ΥΑΗ ΟΤ

ΑΣ ξε η | ΓΑ δε κα | ΛΗ ηα δπ | Χ ΚΟ | ΜΖ ην ξε | ΛΑ ΧΝ

Lesson 17

(910 - imperfect middle and passive aorist middle of ιύσ 648-658 - the table

of endings in 32)

171 Paradigms Imperfect MiddlePassive of ιύσ

S 1 ἐιπόκελ

2 ἐιύεν [(ἐιύεπ)]

3 ἐιύεην

D 2 ἐιύεζζνλ

3 ἐιπέζζελ

P 1 ἐιπόκε(ζ)ζα

2 ἐιύεζζε

3 ἐιύνλην

172 Paradigms Aorist Middle of ιύσ

Thematic Athematic (2nd

Aorist)

S 1 ἐιῡζάκελ ἐιύκελ

2 ἐιύζαν (ῡ) [(ἐιύζσ (ῡ))] ἔιπ(ζ)ν

3 ἐιύζαην (ῡ) ἔιπην

D 2 ἐιύζαζζνλ (ῡ) ἔιπζζνλ

3 ἐιῡζάζζελ ἐιύζζελ

P 1 ἐιῡζάκε(ζ)ζα ἐιύκε(ζ)ζα

2 ἐιύζαζζε (ῡ) ἔιπζζε

3 ἐιύζαλην (ῡ) ἔιπλην

173 Vocabulary

δῶκα αηνο ηό house home

παῖο παηδόο ὁ ἡ child son daughter

π(η)όιηο ηνο (ενο) ἡ city state

ἐπθλήκῑο ῑδνο well-greaved

ἐγώ(λ) κέν (κεῦ) I

ζύ ζέν (ζεῦ) you

κέλhellip δέ on the one handhellip trulyhellip on the one handhellip on the other hand

partlyhellip partly the onehellip the other

νἴθαδε home homeward to home home

Verbs

ἅδνκαη (ἁγ-) (defective) I reverence

δέρνκαη I accept I receive

δέμνκαη I will accept

ἐδεμάκελ (ἐδέγκελ) I accepted

δίδσκη (δσ- δν-) I give I grant

(δη)δώζσ I will give

ἔδσθα I gave

ἐθπέξζσ (πεξζ- πξαζ-) I sack (utterly) I plunder I pillage

ἐθπέξζσ I will sack

ἐμέπεξζα (ἐμέπξαζνλ) I sacked

ἱθλένκαη I arrive I reach (a destination)

ἵμνκαη I will arrive

ἱθόκελ (ῑ) I arrived

174 Translation

1 ζενὶ ἔρνπζηλ ιύκπηα δώκαηα ἔδσθαλ δrsquo Ἀηξεΐδεο θαὶ ἄιινηζηλ ἐπθλεκίδεζζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἐθπέξζαη

(infinitive) πόιηλ Πξηάκνπ ηόηε δrsquo ἵθνλην (ῑ) ἐὺ νἴθαδε νὕλεθα παῖδα θίιελ ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἔιῡζαλ 2 ἀπέιῡζαλ

ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνὶ ζύγαηξα θίιελ ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἐδέμαλην δrsquo ἀγιαὰ ἄπνηλα νὕλεθα ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλα Γηὸο πἱὸλ

ἅδνλην 3 ἅδεηαη ἑθεβόινλ 4 Ἀηξεΐδεο νὐθ ἐδέμαην ηὰ ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα 5 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἔδσθελ ἄπνηλα

πνιιὰ βαζηιῆη Ἀηξεΐδῃ 6 πάληεο ζενὶ θαὶ πᾶζαη ζεαὶ εἶρνλ ιύκπηα δώκαηα 7 Ἀραηνὶ ἐπθλήκῑδεο ἐθπέξζνπζη

Πξηάκνην πόιηλ ἵμνληαη δrsquo ἐπ νἴθαδε 8 παῖο θίιε ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἐιύζαην (ῡ) ἵθεην (ῑ) δrsquo ἐὺ νἴθαδε

KEY

1 The gods have Olympian homes but they gave the son of Atreus and the other well-greaved Achaeans to

utterly sack the city of Priam and then they returned safe at home because they released the dear child of the priest

2 The well-greaved Achaeans released the dear daughter of the priest and received glorious ransoms because they

reverenced the free-shooter Apollo son of Zeus 3 He reverences te free-shooter 4 The son of Atreus did not

receive the glorious ransoms 5 Chryses the priest gave many ransoms to king Atreides 6 All of the gods and all of

the goddesses had Olympian homes 7 The well-greved Achaeans will utterly sack Priamrsquos city and will return safe

to home 8 The dear child of the priest was released and arrived well to her home

175 Iliad 17-21

ltltἈηξεΐδαη ηε θαὶ ἄιινη ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνί

ὑκῖλ κὲλ ζενὶ δνῖελ ιύκπηα δώκαηrsquo ἔρνληεο

ἐθπέξζαη Πξηάκνην πόιηλ ἐὺ δrsquo νἴθαδrsquo ἱθέζζαη

παῖδα δrsquo ἐκνὶ ιῦζαί ηε θίιελ ηά ηrsquo ἄπνηλα δέρεζζαη

ἁδόκελνη Γηὸο πἱὸλ ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλαgtgt

Ἀηξεΐδαηhellip ἄιινη ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνί = vocative case

ὑκῖλ (ῡ) = dat plural of ζύ to you

ζενί = one syllable by synizesis

κέλ (v 18) = correlative of δέ (v 20)

δνῖελ = aor act optative 3rd

plural of δίδσκη may they grant

ἔρνληεο = pres act part nom masc plural of ἔρσ having possessing

ἐθπέξζαη = aor act inf of ἐθπέξζσ to sack utterly

ἱθέζζαη = aor act inf of ἱθένκαη to arrive (compare κάρεζζαη)

ιῦζαη δέρεζζαη = infinitives used as imperatives free and accept

ηά ηrsquo ἄπνηλα (ηά ηε ἄπνηλα) = thesehellip gifts

ἁδόκελνη = pres act part nom masc plural reverencing

KEY

ldquoSons of Atreus and you other well-greaved Achaeans

may the gods who have their homes on Olympus grant you

to utterly sack Priamrsquos city and return safe to home

but release my dear child to me and accept these gifts

reverencing Apollo who shoots at will the son of Zeusrdquo

176 Composition

1 The gods who have (ἔρνληεο) Olympian homes will grant to the sons of Atreus and to the other well-greaved

Achaeans to sack utterly (ἐθπέξζαη) the city of Priam 2 When they sacked the city of Priam they returned happily

home 3 They accepted the shining ransoms and freed the darling daughter of the priest Chryses 4 We reverenced

the free-shooter Apollo son of Leto and Zeus and escaped death 5 Will the son of Atreus accept the shining

ransoms 6 The child of the priest was freed when he gave many shining ransoms which the two sons of Atreus

accepted

KEY

1 ζενὶ ἔρνληεο ιύκπηα δώκαηα δώζνπζη Ἀηξεΐδῃζη θαὶ ἄιινηζηλ ἐπθλεκίδεζζηλ (ῑ) Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἐθπέξζαη πόιηλ

Πξηάκνπ 2 ηόηε ἐμέπεξζαλ πόιηλ Πξηάκνην ἵθνλην (ῑ) ἐὺ νἴθαδε 3 ἐδέμαλην ἀγιαrsquo ἄπνηλα θαὶ ἀπέιῡζαλ ζπγάηεξα

θίιε ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) Υξύζᾱν (ῡ) 4 ἡμάκεζα ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλα Λεηόνο θαὶ Γηὸο πἱόλ θαὶ ζάλαηνλ 5

Ἀηξεΐδεο δέμεηαη ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα 6 παῖο ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἀπειύζαην (ῡ) ηόηε ἔδσθελ ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀγιάα ηὰ

Ἀηξεΐδᾱ ἐδώθαζηλ

Lesson 18

(Perfect and Pluperfect Active of Verbs 904 922 Third Declension γέρων

αἴξ 693-695)

181 Formation of the Perfect and Pluperfect Active

The perfect and pluperfect in all modes experience reduplication of the initial syllable which denotes completed

action Verbs beginning with a single consonant (except ξ) prefix this consonant followed by -ε Thus ιύσ =

ιέιπθα The stem sometimes stands in ablaut relation to the stem of the present as in βαίλσ = βέβεθα A

reduplicated syllable beginning with an aspirated mute is changed to its corresponding voiceless mute in the

reduplicated syllable ie ζλήζθσ = ηέζλεθα In these cases the reduplicated pluperfect adds ἐ- to the reduplicated

syllable ie ιύσ = ιέιπθα = ἐιέιπθε

Vebs beginning with a double consonant two consonants (except a mute followed by a liquid or a nasal) ξ and

some beginning with κ simply augment the stem with the addition of ε-

Verbs beginning in a vowel typically take the temporal augment by lengthening the vowel ie νἴρνκαη =

ᾤρσθα However verbs beginning with a vowel in which an initial consonant has been lost may take the syllabic

augment

Compound verbs typically insert the reduplication and augment between the preposition and the verb ie

ἀπνιύσ = ἀπνιέιπθα = ἀπειειύθε

The first perfect active adds -θα- to the stem followed by the primary endings The first pluperfect active

similarly adds -θε- followed by the secondary endings In general a short final vowel is lengthened before the

addition of the -θα- or -θε- Second perfects and pluperfects active are the older form and are more common in

Homer These omit the θ and simply add -α- or -ε- respectively The second perfects are more common in stems

ending in a consonant

In general the singular perfect and pluperfect active stand in ablaut relation to the dual and plural forms

Perfects and pluperfects are rare in Homer and only occur in some twenty verbs

182 Paradigms λέλυκα and βέβηκα

ιέιπθα ἐιειύθε (ἐιειύθεα)

ιέιπθαο ἐιειύθο (ἐιειύθεαο)

ιέιπθε(λ) ἐιειύθεη (ἐιειύθεε)

ιειύθαηνλ ἐιειύθαηνλ

ιειύθαηνλ ἐιειπθάηελ

ιειύθακελ ἐιειύθεκελ

ιειύθαηε ἐιειύθεηε

ιειύθᾱζη ἐιειύθεζαλ

βέβεθα ἐβεβήθεα (ἐβεβήθε)

βέβεθαο ἐβεβήθεαο (ἐβεβήθεο)

βέβεθε(λ) ἐβεβήθεε (ἐβεβήθεη)

βέβαηνλ ἐβέβαηνλ

βέβαηνλ ἐβεβάηελ

βέβακελ ἐβέβακελ

βέβαηε ἐβέβαηε

βέβᾱζη ἐβέβαζαλ

183 Paradigms γέρων and αἴξ

γέξσλ αἴμ

γέξνληνο αἰγόο

γέξνληη αἰγί

γέξνληα αἶγα

γέξνλ αἴμ

γέξνληε αἶγε

γεξόληνηηλ αἴγνηηλ

γέξνληεο αἶγεο

γεξόλησλ αἰγῶλ

γεξόληεζ(ζ)η (γέξνπζη) αἴγεζ(ζ)η (αἰμί)

γέξνληαο αἶγαο

184 Vocabulary

ἀγνξή ῆο ἡ assembly meeting place gathering harrangue

αἴμ αἰγόο ὁ ἡ goat

Ἄξγνο ενο ηό Argos (both a country and a city in Greece)

γέξσλ νληνο ὁ old man

γῆξαο ανο ηό old age

ἱεξεύο ῆνο ὁ priest holy man

κεξίνλ νπ ηό thigh-bone thigh-piece

πνύο πνδόο ὁ foot

ηαῦξνο νπ ὁ bull

θξήλ θξελόο ἡ diaphragm mind heart soul spirit disposition

δέθαηνο ε νλ tenth

ἡκέηεξνο ε νλ our ours

θνῖινο ε νλ hollow

ὠθύο ὠθεῖα ὠθύ swift speedy

ζλήζθσ die perish

ζαλένκαη

ἔζαλνλ

ηέζλεθα

θεύγσ flee fly escape run (off away along)

θεύμνκαη

ἔθπγνλ

πέθεπγα

camp and destroyed many Achaeans because they dishonored the free-shooter 7 It was not pleasing to

Clytaemnestra in (her) wicked soul

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 ηίο ἔθεξε ηὰο ἄπνηλα ἀγιαὰ εἰο νἶθνλ θᾱιὸλ Πξηάκνπ 2 Ἀραηνὶ θαὶ Ἀξγεῖνη ἔθαηνλ ππξὰο (ᾱ) πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἐλ

ζῇ πάηξῃ θᾱιῇ 3 Κιπηαηκλήζηξε θαθὴ ἦλ θαὶ ἔηεπρελ ἄξγα πνιιὰ θαὶ δεηλά 4 δηὰ καληνζύλελ εἴξνκελ ἔξγα

πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀγιαὰ ζεῶλ θαὶ ζεάσλ (ᾱ) νἳ ἔρνπζηλ νἴθνπο ιπκπίνπο 5 ἔξγα ἐκὰ θᾱιή εἰζηλ ζὰ δὲ θαθά 6 ζενὶ

ἔπεκπνλ λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ θαὶ ὤιεθνλ Ἀραίνπο πνιινύο νὕλεθα ἠηίκαδνλ (ῑ) ἑθεβόινλ 7 νὐρ ἥλδαλε

Κιπηαηκλήζηξῃ ζῡκῷ θαθῷ

Lesson 10

(841-857 904)

101 Formation of the Aorist and Future Tenses

The first aorist is a secondary tense formed by adding -ζ(ζ)α to the augmented verb stem followed by the

personal endings of the secondary tense If the verb stem ends in a consonant or a long vowel only a single ζ is

added If the stem ends in a short vowel either one or two sigmas may be added A few aorists (called ldquomixed

aoristsrdquo) are formed by adding -ζ followed by the thematic vowel and the personal endings for the secondary tenses

to the augmented stem

The future is formed by adding -ζ followed by the thematic vowel and the personal endings for the primary

tenses

If the verb stem ends in a long vowel the stem is not affected by the addition of the suffixes for the future or

aorist tenses If the stem ends in a short vowel it is regularly lengthened in all tenses except the present and the

imperfect There are however a few exceptions to this pattern In most cases these verbs add ζ before the personal

endings of the perfect middle and aorist passive

102 Classification of Verbs

Verbs are classified into four groups according to the final letter of the stem vowel verbs liquid verbs nasal

verbs and mute verbs

When -ζ is added to the end of a mute verb a labial combines with ζ to form ς a palatal combines with ζ to

form μ and a lingual is dropped (leaving only ζ)

When -ζ is added to the end of a liquid or nasal verb it is usually preceded by -ε and the ζ is dropped in

contraction Thus βαιισ = βαιέζσ = βαιέσ In rare cases the ε is dropped and the ζ retained In some vowel-stem

verbs where the final vowel is preceded by a liquid or nasal the verb behaves as a liquidnasal and adds -εζ to the

stem θαιέσ (present) = θαιέζσ (future) = θαιέσ (future contracted) The formations in which the ζ is dropped

after α or ε are sometimes called ldquoAttic futuresrdquo

Verbs with liquid and nasal stems regularly form the aorist by dropping the ζ and lengthening the stem vowel

A few verbs have active forms in the present tense but middle forms in the future tense ἀθνύσ (I hear) but

ἀθνύζνκαη (I will hear)

103 Paradigms Future and First Aorist of ιύσ

Future

S 1st Pers ιύζσ (ῡ) I shall loose

2nd

Pers ιύζεηο (ῡ) you will loose

3rd

Pers ιύζεη (ῡ) he she it will loose

D 2nd

Pers ιύζεηνλ (ῡ) you (two) will loose

3rd

Pers ιύζεηνλ (ῡ) they (two) will loose

P 1st Pers ιύζνκελ (ῡ) we shall loose

2nd

Pers ιύζεηε (ῡ) you (ye) will loose

3rd

Pers ιύζνπζη(λ) (ῡ) they will loose

First Aorist

S 1st Pers ἔιῡζα I loosed

2nd

Pers ἔιῡζαο you loosed

3rd

Pers ἔιῡζε(λ) he she it loosed

D 2nd

Pers ἐιύζαηνλ (ῡ) you (two) loosed

3rd

Pers ἔιῡζάηελ they (two) loosed

P 1st Pers ἐιύζακελ (ῡ) we loosed

2nd

Pers ἐιύζαηε (ῡ) you (ye) loosed

3rd

Pers ἔιῡζαλ they loosed

104 Vocabulary

ἄγσ ἄμσ ἤγαγνλ lead drive conduct bring carry

ἀλάζζσ (ϝαλαθ-) ἀλάμσ ἠλαμα (+gen) rule (over) guard protect

ἄξηζηνο ε νλ best noblest bravest fairest

αὖηηο (back) again anew

Γαλαόο νῦ ὁ Danaan

ἑθαηόκβε εο ἡ hecatomb sacrifice

ζάλαηνο νπ ὁ death

Ἴιηνο νπ ἡ Ilium Troy the region around Troy

κεγάζῡκνο ε νλ great-souled brave

ὄρα far much considerably

πέζσ (πεηζ- πνηζ- πηζ-) πείζσ ἔπεηζα (πέπηζνλ) persuade win over mislead

θηιέσ θηιήζσ ἐθίιεζα love cherish entertain hospitably

εἶπνλ εἶπεο εἶπε(λ) θηι 2nd

aor speak say tell etc

ἔβεζα ἔβεζαο ἔβεζε(λ) θηι 1st aor come go walk etc

105 Derivatives

ἄγσ (ag-) = pedagogue demagogue synagogue

ἄξηζηνο (arist-) = aristocracy

ζάλαηνο (thanat-) = thanatopsis euthanasia

106 Translation Exercises

1 ηίο ἦλ ὄρrsquo ἄξηζηνο Γαλαῶλ 2 Πξίακνο κεγάζῡκνο ἤλαζζελ Ἰιίνπ 3 νὐθ αὖηηο ἄμνπζη Γαλανὶ κεγάζῡκνη

ἑθαηόκβᾱο πνιιὰο (ᾱ) εἰο Υξύζελ (ῡ) 4 νὐθ ἔπεηζαλ ἑθεβόινλ πνιιῇο ἑθαηόβῃζη θᾱιῇζηλ 5 νὐ θηιήζνκελ ζενύο

νὕλεθα θᾱινὶ εἰζηλ 6 Γαλανὶ ηεύμνπζη ζάλαηνλ Πξηάκῳ ἐλ Ἰιίῳ 7 ἐθίιεζα ζεὰλ (ᾱ) ζαιάζζεο ἀιιrsquo νὐρ ἥλδαλε

ἑθεβόιῳ ζῡκῷ 8 ἀείζνκελ θαὶ πείζνκελ ζενύο 9 ὄρrsquo ἄξηζνη ἐλ Ἰιίῳ ηὰ εἶπνλ Πξηάκῳ ἀιιὰ ηνὺο ἠηῑκάζελ 10

Πξίακνο ἔπεκςε ηὸλ ζηξαηὸλ ἄξηζηνλ ἐπrsquo Ἀξγείνηζηλ 11 ἔβεζαλ αὖηηο Γαλανὶ εἰο Ἴιηνλ ἀιιrsquo νὐθ ἔπεηζαλ

Πξίακνλ 12 ἀείζνκελ ἑθεβόινλ ὄρrsquo ἄξηζηνλ ζεῶλ νὕλεθrsquo ἤγαγε Γαλανὺο εἰο Ἴιηνλ

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 Who was by far the noblest of the Danaans 2 Great-souled Priam ruled Ilium 3 Not agan will the great-

souled Danaans lead many sacrifices into Chrysa 4 They did not persuade the free-shooter with many goodly

sacrifices 5 Do we not love the gods because they are good 6 The Danaans will prepare death for Priam in Ilium

7 I loved the goddess of the sea but it was not pleasing to the heart of the free-shooter 8 We will sing and

persuade the gods 9 By far the noblest in Ilium this they say of Priam but he (is the one) he dishonored () 10

Priam sent the best army against the Argives 11 The Danaans went back to Ilium but they did not persuade Priam

12 We hymn the free-shooter greatest of the gods because he led the Danaans into Ilium

107 Composition Exercises

1 The great-souled Achaeans will not persuade the free-shooter with goodly hecatombs but he will prepare evil

death for the people 2 The noblest of the Achaeans went to Ilium but they did not persuade the soul of Priam 3

We shall sing because the gods have led (aor) the people into Troy 4 We shall have many shining golden scepters

5 Did you not love the gods who have Olympian homes 6 Priam shall not rule Ilium again for the Achaeans will

prepare evil death for him 7 Does he speak to the beautiful goddess of the sea 8 They will persuade the souls of

the gods with many hecatombs

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 Ἀραηνὶ κεγάζῡκνη νὐ πείζνπζηλ ἑθεβόινλ πνιιῇο ἑθαηόκβῆζηλ ἀιιὰ ηεύμεη ζάλαηνλ θαθὸλ ιᾱνῖζηλ 2

ἄξηζηνη Ἀραηῶλ ἔβεζαλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ ἀιιrsquo νὐθ ἔπεηζαλ ζῡκὸλ Πξηάκῳ 3 ἀείζνκελ νὕλεθα ζενὺο ἤγαγνλ ιᾱὸλ εἰο

Ἴιηνλ 4 ἕζρνκελ πνιιὰ ρξύζεα (ῡ) ἀγιαὰ ζθῆπηξα 5 νὐθ ἐθηιήζαηε ζενὺο νἳ ἔρνπζηλ νἴθνπο ιπκπίνπο 6 νὐθ

αὖηηο ἀλάζζεη Πξίακνο Ἰιίνπ Ἀραηνὶ γὰξ ηεύμνπζη ζάλαηνλ θαθὸλ αὐηῷ 7 εἴξεη ζεᾷ θᾱιᾷ ζαιάζζεο 8 πείζνπζη

ζῡκνὺο ζεῶλ πνιιῇο ἑθαηόκβῃζηλ

Lesson 11

(664-675 838-839)

111 First Declension Masculine Nouns

First declension masculines typically end in -εο -ᾱο or -ᾰο in the nominative and are declined exactly the same

as their feminine counterparts (with the exception of the nominative singular which adds -ο the genitive singular

which regularly ends in -ᾱν and the vocative singular which ends in -ε -ᾱ or -ᾰ) Those ending in -εο retain -ε

throughout the singular those ending in -ᾱο retain the -ᾱ throughout the singular and those ending in -ᾰο take the -ε

ending in the dative

Masculines ending in -δεο take -ε in the vocative singular while those ending in -ηεο (as well as compound

nouns and the names of nationalities) regularly take -ᾰ Those ending in -ᾱο take the the nominative singular in -ᾱ

A very few first declension adjectives take a masculine ending in -ᾰ (without the final -ο) Many of these also

have an alternative form that ends in the more common -εο Those that do not have an alternative form in -εο usually

have the recessive accent (a feature inherited from the Aeolic influence in Homer) The only masculine noun ending

in -ᾰ in the nominative is the name Θύεζηα (Thyestes)

First declension masculine nouns typically follow the paradigms for Ἀηξεΐδεο (Atreides son of Atreus) Αἰλείᾱο

(Aeneas) and αἰρκεηήο (spearman warrior)

Ἀηξεΐδεο ᾱν ὁ Αἰλείᾱο ᾱν ὁ αἰρκεηήο ᾱν ὁ

(Αηξεϝηδᾱ-) (Αἰλεηᾱ-) (αἰρκεηᾱ-)

N Ἀηξεΐδεο Αἰλείᾱο αἰρκεηήο [ά]

G Ἀηξεΐδᾱν [εσ] Αἰλείᾱν [σ] αἰρκεηᾶν [έσ]

D Ἀηξεΐδῃ Αἰλείᾳ αἰρκεηῇ

A Ἀηξεΐδελ Αἰλείαλ αἰρκεηήλ

V Ἀηξεΐδε Αἰλείᾱ αἰρκεηά

N A V Ἀηξεΐδᾱ αἰρκεηά (ᾱ)

G D Ἀηξεΐδῃηλ αἰρκεηῇηλ

N V Ἀηξεΐδαη αἰρκεηαί

G Ἀηξετδάσλ (ᾱ) αἰρκεηάσλ (ᾱ)

[έσλ ῶλ] [έσλ ῶλ]

D Ἀηξεΐδῃζη ῃο αἰρκεηῇζη ῇο

A Ἀηξεΐδᾱο αἰρκεηάο (ᾱ)

112 Compound Verbs

Compound verbs are formed from a preposition or adverb coupled with a verb such as ἀλαβαίλσ (ascend)

formed from ἀλα (up) and βαίλσ (go) If the preposition ends in a vowel and the verb begins with a vowel the vowel

of the preposition is usually elided as in δηίζηεκη (δηὰ ἰζηεκη) ἁθαηξέσ (ἀπὸ αἱξέσ)

The augment occurs between the preposition and the verb When two vowels are thus brought together the first

vowel is usually elided leaving the augment Thus ἀπνιύσ (I release present) ἀπέιπνλ (I was releasing

imperfect) ἀπέιῡζα (I released aorist)

113 Vocabulary

ἀλαβαίλσ ἀλαβήζσ ἀλέβεζα go up ascend embark

ἀπνιύσ ἀπνιύζσ (ῡ) ἀπέιῡζα loose set free release

Ἀηξεΐδεο -ᾱν ὁ Atreides son of Atreus (usually refers to Agamemnon)

θαηαθεύσ θαηαθαύζσ θαηέθεα burn consume

θειεύσ - ἔθιπνλ (+gen) hear hearken to

κεηέεηπνλ κεηεῖπνλ (2nd

aor of εἴξσ) spoke among addressed spoke to

ὅηε when whenever

Πειεηάδεο ᾱν (εσ) ὁ Peleiades son of Peleus (used in reference to Achilles)

πξνζέεηπνλ πξνζεῖπνλ (2nd

aor of εἴξσ) addressed spoke to

ηόηε then at that time

ρνιόσ ρνιώζσ ἐρόισζα anger enrage vex

Υξύζεο (ῡ) ᾱν (εσ) ὁ Chryses

Verbs

ἀλαβαίλσ

stem ἀλα + βαλ- βα-

future ἀλαβήζσ (rarely ἀλαβήζνκαη)

1st aorist ἀλέβεζα (rarely 2

nd aor ἀλέβελ)

ἀπνιύσ

stem ἀπό + ιύσ

future ἀπνιύζσ (ῡ)

1st aorist ἀπέιῡζα

θαηαθαίσ

stem θαηά + θαπ- θαϝ- θαη-

future θαηαθαύζσ (assumed form)

1st aorist θαηέθεα

θειεύσ (Attic)

stem θιεπ- θιεϝ- θιπ-

future none

2nd

aorist ἐθιπνλ

ρνιόσ

stem ρνιν-

future ρνιώζσ

1st aorist ἐρόισζα

Notes

In Homeric Greek the stem vowel is usually lengthened before -ζ hence ἀλαβαίλσ =gt ἀλαβήζσ =gt

ἀλέβεζα ἀπνιύσ =gt ἀπνιύζσ (ῡ) =gt ἀπέιῡζα

ἀλαβαίλσ also has a 2nd

aorist ἀλέβελ

A few verbs have active forms in the present but middle forms in the future ἀλαβαίλσ has two future

forms one active (ἀλαβήζσ) and one middle (ἀλαβήζνκαη)

Verbs with stems ending in -αηλσ originally had a consonantal η following the λ (ie ἀλαβαηλησ)

114 Translation

1 θᾱινὶ ζενὶ ἔηεπμαλ ζάλαηνλ θαθὸλ δίῳ (ῑ) Πειεηάδῃ ὁ δrsquo ἀλέβελ ππξήλ 2 ἑθεβόινο ὤιεθε ιᾱὸλ Ἀραηῶλ

νὕλεθα δῖνο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) 3 θαηέθεα ἑθαηόκβᾱο πνιιάο (ᾱ) 4 ἑθεβόινο νὐθ ἔθιπελ Ἀηξεΐδᾱν

νὕλεθα ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) 5 Υξύζεο (ῡ) κεηέεηπελ Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἀιιrsquo νὐθ Ἀηξεΐδῃ ἥλδαλε ζῡκῷ 6 ὅηε θαθῶο

πξνζέεηπελ Ἀηξεΐδεο Υξύζελ (ῡ) ηόηε ἐρόισζελ ἑθεβόινλ 7 ἀπειύζακελ (ῡ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) νὕλεθα ηὸλ

ἐθηιήζακελ 8 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἤλεηθελ ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα Ἀηξεΐδῃ 9 νἴζνκελ ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀπνιύζνκελ (ῡ)

Υξύζελ (ῡ) νὕλεθα ηὸλ ἐθηιήζακελ θαὶ θίινο ἐζηὶλ ἑθεβόιῳ 10 ηίο θέξεη ἄπνηλα Υξύζᾱν (ῡ) Ἀηξεΐδῃ 11 δῖνο

Πειεηάδεο ἐρόισζελ Ἀηξεΐδελ 12 ὅηε θαηεθήακελ πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἑθαηόκβᾱο θᾱιάο (ᾱ) ηόηε ἐπείζακελ ζῡκνὺο ζεῶλ

13 δηὰ καληνζύλελ Υξύζεο (ῡ) εἶπε βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεῶλ Ἀηξεΐδῃ Πειεηάδῃ ηε

KEY

1 The noble gods prepared evil death for the divine Peleiades and he ascended the funeral pyre 2 The free-

shooter destroyed the host of the Achaeans because the divine Atreides dishonored Chryses 3 I burned many

funeral pyres 4 The free-shooter did not hear the son of Atreus because he dishonored Chryses 5 Chryses spoke

among the Achaeans but but it did not please the heart of Atreides 6 It angered the free-shooter when the son of

Atreus spoke wickedly to Chryses 7 We released Chryses because we loved him 8 Chryses brought countless

glorious ransoms to the son of Atreus 9 We will bring many ransoms and release Chryses because we loved him

and he is dear to the free-shooter 10 Who brought the ransoms of Chryses to the son of Atreus 11 The divine

Peleiades angered the son of Atreus 12 We persuaded the hearts of the gods when we burned many good

hecatombs 13 Through prophesy Chryses spoke the will of the gods to both Atreides and Peleiades

115 Composition

1 The Achaeans ascended into Troy and killed the noble Priam 2 We burned many goodly hecatombs to the

Olympian gods 3 Chryses spoke among the Achaeans but the son of Atreus did not hearken to him 4 The

Achaeans addressed the son of Atreus but he did not free Chryses 5 The son of Atreus will bring many ransoms

into the camp of the Achaeans 6 Who will persuade the gods with many goodly hecatombs

KEY

1 Ἀραηνὶ ἀλέβεζαλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ θαὶ ὤιεμαλ θᾱιὸλ Πξηάκνλ 2 θαηέθεκελ πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) ἑθαηόκβὰο (ᾱ)

ζενῖο ιπκπίνηο 3 Υξύζεο (ῡ) κεηέεηπελ Ἀραηνῖο ἀιιrsquo Ἀηξεΐδεο ηὸλ νὐθ ἔθιπελ 4 Ἀραηνὶ πξνζέεηπνλ Ἀηξεΐδῃ

ἀιιrsquo νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε Υξύζελ (ῡ) 5 Ἀηξεΐδεο νἴζεη ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ εἰο ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 6 ηίο πείζεη ζενὺο πνιιῇο

ἑθαηόκβῃζηλ

Lesson 12

Review

121 Review Vocabulary

Lesson 13

(680-692 701-709)

(cf 897 874 886 619 841-843 576 1178 830-831 837 580 837)

131 Nouns of the Third Declension

Third declension nouns can be either masculine feminine or neuter The nominative endings can take many

forms but there are some conventions Masculine and feminine stems except those ending in λ ξ or ζ simply add

ζ to the stem and make the necessary euphonic changes Stems ending in ξ λ and ζ typically make no changes

except to lengthen the last vowel if it is short Stems ending in -λ(η) either drop the η and lengthen a short vowel or

drop the -λ(η) lengthen the vowel and add ζ Examples δαηκνλ- = δαηκσλ ζῑλ- = ζίο (ῑ) κειαλ- = κέιᾱο γεξνλη- =

γέξσλ etc Neuters typically consist of just the stem in the nominative and accusative except to drop a final -η

where it occurs

In general the stem of a third declension noun is found by dropping the -νο ending from the genitive singular

The dative singular regularly ends in -ῐ but occasionally in -ῑ

The accusative ending was originally -λ and this ending is common on stems ending in a vowel On stems

ending in a consonant the -λ was a sonant consonant which eventually came be pronounced as -ᾰ The result is that

the accusative singular usually ends in -λ for stems ending in a vowel and -ᾰ for stems ending in a consonant

Dental mute stems ending in -ηο and -πο in the nominative singular rarely drop the mute and typically adopt the -λ

accusative ending as if they were vowel stems

The dative plural is formed by adding either -εζζη (rarely -εζη) or -ζη (rarely -ζζη) and making the usual

euphonic changes Most third declension nouns thus have alternate dative plural forms as πνύο = πνζζί = πνζί =

πόδεζζη etc

The accusative plural originally ended in -λο (sonant λ) which gives -αο for stems ending in a consonant and -ῑο

and -ῡο for stems ending in a vowel A few vowel stems borrowed an -αο ending from the first declension by

analogy

The vocative singular is usually either identical to the nominative or identical to the stem alone Stems ending

in λ ξ or ο typically drop this final consonant in the vocative singular

Compensatory lengthening usually occurs in the dative plural when -λη is dropped as in γέξνληζη = γέξνπζη

132 Paradigms

Stems ending in -επ (επ) -νπ and σϝ follow the paradigms of βαζηιεύο (king βαζηιεϝ-) βνῦο (ox βνϝ-) λεῦο

(ship λᾱϝ-) and ἥξσο (hero ἡξσϝ- () or ἡξσ-)

N βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

G βαζηιῆνο [-ένο] βνόο λεόο ἥξσνο

D βαζηιῆη [-έη] βνΐ λεί ἥξση

A βαζηιῆα [-έα] βνῦλ [βῶλ] λῆα [λέα] ἥξσα

V βαζηιεῦ βνῦ λεῦ ἥξσο

N A V βαζηιῆε βόε λῆε ἥξσε

G D βαζηιήνηηλ βόνηηλ λήνηηλ ἡξώνηηλ

N V βαζηιεῆεο βόεο λῆεο ἥξσεο

G βαζηιήσλ βνῶλ λεῶλ [λεῶλ] ἡξώσλ

D βαζηιήεζζη βόεζζη λήεζζη [λέεζζἰ ἡξώεζζη

βαζηιεῦζη βνπζί λεπζί ἥξσζη

A βαζηιῆαο βόαο (βνῦο) λῆζαο (λέαο) ἥξσαο

A long vowel is typically shortened when it occurs before another vowel thus βαζηιῆνο or βαζηιένο This

convention was almost certainly consistent in pronunciation but is only occasionally represented in written form

The π in the stem of these words frequently became ϝ and subsequently disappeared as in βαζηιεπ- βαζηιεϝ-

βαζηιε-

Stems ending in η (εη) and π (επ εϝ) follow the paradigms of πόιηο (city πνιη-) πῆρπο (forearm περεϝ-) ἄζηπ

(city ἀζηεϝ-) λέθπο (corpse λεθῡ-) and δάθξπ (tear δαθξπ-)

N πόιηο πῆρπο ἄζηπ λέθῡο δάθξπ

G πόιηνο -ενο πήρενο ἄζηενο λέθπνο δάθξπνο

D πόιηη -ῑ -εη -εη πήρετ ἄζηετ λέθπτ δάθξπτ

A πόιηλ πῆρσλ ἄζηπ λέθῡλ δαθξπ

V πόιη πῆρπ ἄζηπ λέθῡ δάθξπ

N V πόιηε πήρεε ἄζηεε λέθπε δάθξπε

G D πνιίνηηλ περένηηλ ἄζηνηηλ λεθύνηηλ δαθξύνηηλ

N V πόιηεο -εεο πήρεεο ἄζηεα λέθπεο δάθξπα

G πνιίσλ περέσλ ἀζηέσλ λεθύσλ δαθξύσλ

D πνιίεζζη περέεζζη ἀζηέεζη λεθύεζζη δαθξύεζζη

πόιεζη -ηζη πήρεζη ἄζηεζη λέθῡζ(ζ)η δάθξπζη

A πόιηαο -εαο -ῑο πήρεαο ἄζηεα λέθπαο [-ῡο] δάθξπα

Nouns with stems in -ο (-εο -αο -νο) and -η are declined like ἔπνο (ϝεπεζ-) γέξαο (γεξαζ-) ἠώο (ἀϝζνζ-) δῶκα

(δσκαη-) and ἦκαξ (ἠκαξ- ἠκαη-) Note that -ζ- usually disappears when it occurs between two vowels

N ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο δῶκα ἧκαξ

G ἔπενο γέξανο ἠόνο δώκαηνο ἥκαηνο

D ἔπετ γέξατ ἠόη δώκαηη ἥκαηη

A ἔπνο γέξαο ἠόα δῶκα ἧκαξ

V ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο δῶκα ἧκαξ

N V ἔπεε γέξαε δώκαηε ἥκαηε

G D επένηηλ γεξάνηηλ δσκάηνηηλ ἡκάηνηηλ

N V ἔπεο γέξα(α) δώκαηα ἥκαηα

G ἐπέσλ γεξάσλ δσκάησλ ἡκάησλ

D ἐπέεζζη γεξάεζζη δσκάηεζζη ἡκάηεζζη

ἔπε(ζ)ζη γέξα(ζ)ζη δώκαζη ἥκαζη

A ἔπεα γέξα(α) δώκαηα ἥκαηα

Note that all nouns ening in -νο in the second declension are either masculine or feminine but all nouns ending in -

νο in the third declension are neuter All nouns ending in -κα in the nominative singular and all nouns with genitives

in -αηνο are neuter

133 Further Notes on the Third Declension

Nouns of the third declension can be any gender and consist of stems ending in -η -π or a consonant In

general the following endings are applied to the stem with the usual euphonic changes

N -ο

G -νο

D -η

A -λ

V -

N A V -ε

G D -νηηλ

N V -εο

G -σλ

D -εζζη

A -λο

Standard Euphonic Changes

Later forms of Greek such as Attic and Koine frequently contracted the forms found in Homer

The -λ in the accusative singular and plural is sonant meaning that it is pronounced as λ when

following a vowel but it is pronounced as ᾰ when following a consonant Thus πνιη-λ = πνιηλ and

πνιη-λο = πνιηο but δαηκνλ-λ = δαηκνλα and δαηκνλ-λο = δαηκνλαο

o In most cases a stem originally ending in ϝ is treated as if it ends in a consonant Thus

βαζηιεϝα = βαζηιεα εξσϝα = εξσα

o The word βνϝ- is an exception where ϝ becomes π (probably because νπ is such a common

diphthong) βνϝλ = βνπλ

Dentals are dropped before ζ Thus παηδο = παηο

o In cases where the stem ends in -λη the dental and the ζ are typically dropped with the last

vowel lengthened by compensation Thus γεξνληο = γεξσλ

Palatals combine with ζ to form μ Thus αηγο = αημ θεξπθο = θεξπμ etc

o Stems ending in -θη apply both the dental and palatal changes first dropping the η and then

combining the θζ to form μ Thus λπθηο = λπθο = λπμ

Labials combine with ζ to form ς Thus Αηζηνπο = Αηζηνς

The ζ is dropped when it follows a nasal or ξ and the last vowel is lengthened to compensate (if it

isnrsquot long already) Thus δαηκνλο = δαηκσλ θξελο = θξελ ρεηξο = ρεηξ παηεξο = παηεξ κεηεξο =

κεηεξ etc

Stems that originally ended in ϝ usually retain a π in its place in the nominative Thus βαζηιεϝο =

βαζηιεπο (originally βαζηιεπο) λεϝο = λεπο βνϝο = βνπο etc

o The same phenomenon sometimes occurs in the accusative singular as well where ϝ becomes

π and the final λ is retained Thus περεϝλ = περευλ = περπλ

o The word εξσο is an apparent exception where εξσϝο = εξσο This may be from analogy

with the relatively common -σο ending in Greek or it could be that the stem was originally

εξσ- witout the ϝ

o When the stem ends in -εϝ the ε is usually dropped in the nominative thus περεϝο = περεπο =

περπο (but the genitive and dative are περενο περετ)

Some confusion can occur at the apparent irregularity of stems ending in -π αζηπ αζηενο αζηεη etc

but δαθξπ δαθξπνο δαθξπτ etc The difference is that stems like αζηπ originally ended in a vowel + ϝ

(αζηεϝ) while stems like δαθξπ originally ended in π

Some neuters originally ended in -εο These are usually declined as -νο in the nominative and

accusative In the other cases the endings are simply applied to -εζ- and the sigma is dropped when it

occurs between two vowels επνο (nom acc from επεζο) επενο (gen from επεζνο) επετ (dat from

επεζη) etc

o Stems ending in -αο simple drop the extra sigma in the nominative singular and append the

case endings to -αζ- (dropping ζ when it occurs between two vowels) Thus γεξαο γεξανο

γεξατ etc

o Stems ending in -νο follow the same pattern as those ending in -αο except that the ν is

lengthened to σ in the nominative Thus εσο εννο εντ etc

Neuter stems ending in -καη usually drop the η in the nominative and accusative singular but retain it

in the plural Thus δσκα (nom and acc sing) δσκαηνο (gen sing) δσκαηη (dat sing) δσκαηα (nom and

acc plur) δσκαησλ (gen plur) δσκαηεζζη (dat plur) etc Neuter stems ending in -καξ usually behave

as if they ended in -καη in all cases except the nominative and accusative singular Thus εκαξ εκαηνο

εκαηη etc

The dative plural ending is given as -εζζη This could be shortened to -ζζη (before vowels) -εζη or -ζη

The -ζη ending is the most common in later dialects Thus Homeric θεξπθεζζη is typically θεξπμη in

Attic and Koine

The vocative singular in neuters is always identical to the nominative and accusative singulars

o In masculine and feminine nouns the vocative singular is usually just the stem without any

endings applied as long as the stem is capable of standing alone Thus δαηκνλ ρεηξ παηεξ

κεηεξ ζπγαηεξ αλεξ βνπ λεπ πνιη λεθῡ δαθξπ etc

o In some cases where the nominative singular has slightly modified the stem before adding -ο

the vocative is formed by simply dropping the ο Thus παη βαζηιεπ περπ

o In cases where the ο of the nominative singular has combined with the stem the vocative is

usually indentical to the nominative singular Thus αλαμ λπμ αημ θεξπμ Αηζηνς etc

o In rare cases the vocative is identical to the nominative singular even when dropping the ο

would have been convenient as in εξσο εσο

Alternate Endings The following are some alternate endings that could be applied instead of the usual

case endings listed above

o -ζη can be used to denote place where

o -ζελ can be used to denote source or separation or as an alternative ending for the genitive

case

o -δε can be added to the accusative ending to denote place to which or limit of motion

o -η can be added to denote place where

o -θη(λ) can be added as a substitute for several uses of the genitive and the dative cases

particularly in the instrumental sense

134 References

This lesson references several points in the grammar Note the following

Deponent verbs take middle or passive forms but denote active meanings

Some verbs reduplicate the initial syllable in the present tense by repeating the initial consonant

followed by -η Thus ἴζηεκη (orig ζηζηεκη) ηίζεκη δίδσκη πίκπιεκη γίγλνκαη γηγλώζθσ κηκλήζθσ

etc When futures and second aorists are reduplicated they usually follow the pattern of reduplication

found in the perfect tense If the initial consonant is aspirated the reduplicated consonant is typically

smooth Thus ηίζεκη rather than ζίζεκη

Note that ἴκη δίδσκη and ηίζεκη take the aorist in -θα rather than -ζα

When a word ends in a vowel and the following word begins with a vowel the result is called hiatus

In general hiatus is avoided in poetry through the use of elision crasis synizesis moveable

consonants etc However hiatus is allowed in some circumstances such as when elision has already

occurred when the first of the two vowels is long and occurs on the beat (or ictus) of the verse or

when a long vowel or diphthong has been shortened or when the two vowels were originally separated

by ϝ

Recall that the verbal augment is frequently omitted

135 Vocabulary

Ἄηο Ἄηδνο ὁ (nom not used) Hades

ἄιγνο ενο ηό grief pain woe trouble

Ἀρηιιεύο ῆνο ὁ Achilles

δαίο δαηηόο ἡ feast banquet portion

Εεύο Γηόο ὁ Zeus

ἥξσο ἥξσνο ὁ hero mighty warrior protector savior

ἴθζῑκνο ε νλ mighty valiant stout-hearted brave

θύσλ θπλόο ὁ ἡ dog

κῆληο ηνο ἡ wrath fury madness rage

νὐιόκελνο ε νλ accursed destructive deadly

πξντάπησ πξντάςσ πξνΐαςα hurl forward send forth

ηίζεκη (ζε- ζε-) ζήζσ ἔζεθα put place cause

Ἀρηιιεπο (Ἀρηιιεϝ-) Ἀρηιιενο Ἀρηιιεη Ἀρηιιεα

δαηο (δαηη-) δαηηνο δαηηη δαηηα δαηηεο δαηησλ δαηηεζζη δαηηαο

Εεπο Γηνο Γηη Γηα

ἡξσο ἡξσνο ἡξστ ἡξσα ἡξσεο ἡξσσλ ἡξσεζζη ἡξσαο

θπσλ θπλνο θπλη θπλα θπλεο θπλσλ θπλεζζη θπλαο

κεληο (κελη-) κεληνο κεληη κεληλ κεληεο κελησλ κεληεζζη κεληαο

136 Translation

1 κῆληο Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο ἦλ νὐινκέλε ἔζεθε γὰξ κῡξηrsquo ἄιγεα ηνῖζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ πξνΐαςε δὲ πνιιὰο (ᾱ)

ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἰθζίκνπο (ῑ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη ἔηεπρε δrsquo αὐηνὺο ἑιώξηα θαὶ δαῖηα θύλεζζηλ νἰσλνῖζί ηε ἐηέιεζε δὲ βνπιὴλ

Γηόο 2 ζεὰ (ᾱ) ἀείδεη κῆληλ νὐινκέλελ Ἀρηιῆνο ἣ ἔζεθελ κῡξίrsquo ἄιγεrsquo Ἀραηνῖζηλ 3 ζενὶ ὀιέθνπζη ηὸλ ζηξαηόλ θαὶ

πξντάπηνπζη πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη 4ηεύμνκελ κῡξίνπο Ἀραηνὺο ἑιώξηα θύλεζζηλ θαὶ δαῖηα ηνῖζηλ

νἰσλνῖζηλ νὕλεθα ἠηίκαζαλ (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) 5 θᾱιὴ ἦλ ἡ βνπιὴ Γηόο

KEY

1 The wrath of Achilles son of Peleus was destructive for it caused countless woes to the Achaeans and sent

forth many valiant souls of heros to Hades making them spoils and a banquet for the dogs and the vultures 2 The

goddess sings the accursed wrath of Achilles which brought countless woes to the Achaeans 3 The gods are

destroying the camp and sending forth many souls of the heros to Hades 4 We will make countless Achaeans spoils

for the dogs and a feast for these vultures because they dishonored Chryses 5 The will of Zeus was good

137 Iliad 1-5

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κπξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςπρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιήλ

Μῆληλ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse

ἄεηδε - present active imperative 2nd

person singular of ἀείδσ

ζεά - vocative case

Πειεηάδεσ = Πειεηάδᾱν (the verse may have originally read Πειεηάδᾱrsquo)

νὐινκέλελ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse as well as out of

the natural order and is placed directly opposite the word κῆληλ

κῡξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο - the hiatus is permited because elision has already occurred in κῡξίνηο

Ἄηδη was originally Ἄϝηδη and is still accented as it began with α instead of αη

ἡξώσλ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse and its deviation from

the natural order

δὲ ἑιώξηα - the hiatus is permitted because the original was δὲ ϝειώξηα

ηεῦρε - the augment is dropped (usually ἔηεπρε)

ἐηειείεην - imperfect passive indicative 3rd

person singular of ηειείσ

KEY

Sing O goddess of the accursed wrath of Achilles Peleiades

which brought countless woes to the Achaeans

and cast forth the souls of many valiant warriors to Hades

making them the spoils and feast of both dogs

and vultures But the will of Zeus was accomplished

138 Composition

1 The valiant Achaeans are singing the accursed wrath of Achilles 2 The wrath of Achilles caused many woes

to the Achaeans and sent many valiant souls of heroes to the god Hades 3 We shall make the army of the Achaeans

a booty for the dogs and a banquet for the birds 4 We are accomplishing the will of the goddess

KEY

1 ἴθζῑκνη Ἀραηνὶ ἀείδνπζηλ νὐινκέλελ κῆληλ Ἀρηιῆνο 2 κῆληο Ἀρηιῆνο ἔζεθε κῡξίrsquo ἄιγεrsquo Ἀραηνῖζη θαὶ

πξνΐαςε πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἰθζίκνπο ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη 3 ηεύμνκελ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ ἑιώξηα θύλεζζηλ θαὶ δαῖηα

νἰσλνῖζηλ 4 ηεύρνκελ βνπιὴλ ζεᾶο

Lesson 14

(519-526 1159-1192)

(cf 586)

141 Syllable Quantity

A syllable is long (by nature) when it contains a long vowel or a diphthong or (by position) when it ends in two

consecutive consonants (or a double consonant) A short vowel followed by a mute and a liquid κ or λ is common

and can be either long or short depending on the requirements of the verse Occasionally the letters ι κ λ ξ or ζ

are doubled in pronunciation when they follow a short vowel making the syllable long by position but this

convention is not always represented in writing And occasionally a lost ϝ will combine with another consonant to

make the preceding syllable long by position

Observe the following rules when determing the length of a syllable

Any vowel with the circumflex accent is long

The vowel of any ultmia whose penult bears the circumflex is short

If the penult has an acute then the vowel of the ultima must also be long

If the vowel of the ultima is short and the penult has the acute then the vowel of the penult must

be short as well

If the antepenult is accented the vowel of the ultima must be short

Occasionally these rules do not apply to certain compounds where one of the two words are

accented as if they were separate

If a short syllable stands where a long syllable is expected it is usually because the pause of the caesura or

diaresis fills out the foot or because the following word has lost a consonant (usually ϝ or ζ) And occasionally a

short syllable ending in a consonant is lengthened when it occurs on the ictus (beat) of the verse Such lengthening is

called thesis

142 Metrical Quantity

With the exception of pauses at the end of the verse caesura and diaresis all feet must consist of two long

syllables or a long syllable followed by two shorts Thus if a long syllable is followed by a short syllable then the

next syllable must be short as well Likewise if a short syllable is followed by a long syllable then the preceding

syllable must be short as well

When a word ends in a short vowel (and sometimes -νη and -αη) and the following word begins with a vowel

the short vowel is usually elided unless the following word originally began with ϝ When a word ends in a long

vowel or a diphthong and the following word begins with a vowel the long vowel is usually shortened This

phenomenon can also occur within the same word and again it is less common when the following word originally

began with ϝ Vowel shortening is also rare when the long vowel occurs on the ictus

The meter of Homer is called dactylic or heroic hexameter and is the most common meter in Greek verse Each

verse has six feet The first five feet can be dactyls (one long syllable followed by two short syllables) or spondees

(two long syllables) The final foot of the verse is always a spndee but keep in mind that the pause at the end of the

verse often combines with a final short syllable to form one long syllable The fifth foot of each verse is usually a

dactyl with only one in twenty (or so) verses containing a spondee in the fifth foot The verses that have a spndee in

the fifth foot are called spondaic and usually take slightly longer to recite In dactylic hexameter the ictus (beat) of

the verse always occurs on the first syllable of each foot producing six distinct beats per verse

Caesura occurs when a word ends within a foot (ie at the end of the first syllable of a foot or between the two

short syllables of the foot) When a caesura occurs at a natural pause in the verse this is said to be the caesura of the

verse A pause after the first syllable of a foot is called a masculine caesura and a pause after the second syllable of

the foot is called a feminine caesura

Diaresis occurs when the end of a word coincides with the end of a foot When this falls at a natural pause in

the verse it is said to be the diaresis of the verse When the diaresis occurs at the end of the fourth foot is it called

the bucolic diaresis (due to its common use in pastoral poetry)

143 Marking the Rhythm of the Iliad 1-5

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κπξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςπρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιήλ

ΜΖ ληλ α | ΔΗ δε ζε | Α ΠΖ | ΛΖ η α | ΓΔΧ α ρη | ΛΖ Ο-

dact dact spon dact dact spon

The pauses at the end of κῆληλ and ἄεηδε are feminine caesuras

The pauses at the end of ζεά Πειεηάδεσ and Ἀρηιῆνο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of ζεά is the caesura of the verse

The dash at the end of the verse indicates a pause that combines with a short vowel to fill out the

last foot

ΟΤ ιν κε | ΝΖΝ Ζ | ΜΤ ξη α | ΥΑΗ ΟΗ | ΑΛ γε ε | ΘΖ ΚΔΝ-

dact spon dact spon dact spon

The pauses at the end of κῡξίrsquo and ἄιγε are feminine caesuras

The pauses at the end of νὐινκέλελ and ἔζεθελ are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of νὐινκέλελ is the caesura of the verse

The pauses at the end of ἥ and Ἀραηνῖο are diareses

The diaresis at Ἀραηνῖο is a bucolic diaresis

κῡξία Ἀραηνῖο and ἄιγεα ἔζεθελ are examples of hiatus

The first syllable of ἄιγεrsquo is long because it is followed by two consecutive consonants

ΠΟΛ ΛΑ | ΓrsquoΗΦ ΘΗ | ΜΟΤ ΦΤ | ΥΑ ΑΗ | ΓΗ πξν τ | Α ΦΔΝ-

spon spon spon spon dact spon

The pauses at the end of ἰθζίκνπο and ςπράο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of πνιιάο is a diaresis

δὲ ἰθζίκνπο is hiatus

The first syllable of πνιιάο is long by position as is the first syllable of ἰθζίκνπο the last syllable

of Ἄηδη and the second syllable of πξνΐαςελ

Ζ ΡΧ | ΧΝ ΑΤ | ΣΟΤ δε ε | ΛΧ ξη α | ΣΔΤ ρε θπ | ΝΔ ΗΝ-

spon spon dact dact dact spon

The pause at the end of ηεῦρε is a feminine caesura

The pauses at the end of ἡξώσλ and αὐηνύο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of ἡξώσλ is the caesura of the verse

The pause at the end of ἑιώξηα is a diaresis

ΟΗ Χ | ΝΟΗ ζη ηε | ΓΑΗ ηα δη | Ο δrsquoε ηε | ΛΔΗ ε ην | ΒΟΤ ΛΖΝ

The pauses at the end of νἰσλνῖζη and δαῖηα are feminine caesuras

The pause at the end of Γηόο is a masculine caesura

The pauses at the end of ηε ἐηειείεην and βνπιήλ are diareses

The pause at the end of δαῖηα is the diaresis of the verse

Lesson 15

(693-694 697-700)

(cf 781-782 837 580 1009 996 584-585)

151 Third Declension Paradigms (continued)

Third declension nouns ending in a dental mute stem are exemplified by ἄλαμ (king ϝαλαθη-) λύμ (night λπθη-

) παῖο (child παηδ-) and γέξσλ (old man γεξνλη-)

N ἄλαμ λύμ παῖο γέξσλ

G ἄλαθηνο λπθηόο παηδόο γέξνληνο

D ἄλαθηη λπθηί παηδί γέξνληη

A ἄλαθηα λύθηα παίδα γέξνληα

V ἄλαμ [ἄλα] λύμ παῖ γέξσλ

N V A ἄλαθηε λύθηε παίδε γέξνληε

G D ἀλάθηνηηλ λύθηνηηλ παίδνηηλ γεξόληνηηλ

N ἄλαθηεο λύθηεο παίδεο γέξνληεο

G ἀλάθησλ λπθηῶλ παηδῶλ γεξόλησλ

D ἀλάθηεζζη λύθηεζζη παίδεζζη γεξόληεζζη

ἄλαμη λπμί παηζί γέξνπζη

A ἄλαθηαο λύθηνο παῖδαο γέξνληαο

Third declension nouns ending in labial and palatal stems are exemplified by αἴμ (goat αἰγ-) θῆξπμ (herald

θεξῡθ-) and Αἰζίνς (Ethipoian Αἰζηνπ-)

N αἴμ θῆξπμ Αἰζίνς

G αἰγόο θήξῡθνο Αἰζίνπνο

D αἰγί θήξῡθη Αἰζίνπη

A αἶγα θήξῡθα Αἰζίνπα

V αἴμ θῆξπμ Αἰζίνς

N V A αἶγε θήξῡθε Αἰζίνπε

G D αἴγνηηλ θεξύθνηηλ (ῡ) Αἰζηόπνηηλ

N αἶγεο θήξῡθεο Αἰζίνπεο

G αἰγῶλ θεξύθσλ (ῡ) Αἰζηόπσλ

D αἴγεζζη θεξύθεζζη (ῡ) Αἰζηόπεζζη

αἰμί θήξῡμ Αἰζίνςη

A αἶγαο θήξῡθαο Αἰζίνπαο

Nouns with stems ending in -εξ express different grades of ablaut in the stem (-εξ -εξ -ξ) with a recessive

accent in the vocative singular These are exemplified by παηήξ (father παηεξ-) κήηεξ (mother κεηεξ-) ζπγάηεξ

(daughter ζπγαηεξ-) and ἀλήξ (man ἀλεξ-)

N παηήξ κήηεξ ζπγάηεξ ἀλήξ

G παηέξνο -ηξόο κεηέξνο -ηξόο ζπγαηέξνο -ηξόο ἀλέξνο ἀλδξόο

D παηέξη -ηξί κεηέξη -ηξί ζπγαηέξη -ηξί ἀλέξη ἀλδξί

A παηέξα κεηέξα ζπγαηέξα ἀλέξα ἄλδξα

V πάηεξ κῆηεξ ζύγαηεξ ἄλεξ

N V A παηέξε κεηέξε ζπγαηέξε ἀλέξε ἄλδξε

G D παηέξνηηλ κεηέξνηηλ ζπγαηέξνηηλ ἀλέξνηηλ ἄλδξνηηλ

N παηέξεο κεηέξεο ζπγαηέξεο ζύγαηξεο ἀλέξεο ἄλδξεο

G παηέξσλ -ηξῶλ κεηέξσλ -ηξῶλ ζπγαηέξσλ ζπγαηξῶλ ἀλέξσλ ἀλδξῶλ

D παηξάζη κεηξάζη ζπγαηξάζη ζπγαηέξεζζη ἀλδξάζη ἄλδξεζζη

A παηέξαο κεηέξαο ζπγαηέξαο ζύγαηξαο ἀλέξαο ἄλδξαο

Note that δ is inserted into ἀλήξ between λ and ξ where they occur together The accent of the shorter forms of

ἀλέξ follow the pattern seen in παηήξ The alpha after ξ in the dative plural was added euphonically to strengthen

what was originally a sonant ξ

152 Vocabulary

ἄλαμ ἄλαθηνο ὁ king lord protector

ἀλήξ ἀλέξνο (ἀλδξόο) ὁ (real) man warrior hero

ἄξ(α) (ῥά) naturally of course as you know as you might expect that is

in effect (not always translatable)

βαζηιεύο ῆνο ὁ king ruler

δή indeed truly forsooth now

δηίζηεκη (ζηε- ζηα-) δηαζηήζσ stand apart separate

δηέζηεζα (δηέζηελ)

ἐμ νὗ from the time when

ἐξίδσ (ἐξηδ-) - ἤξηζ(ζ)α quarrel strive

ἠξηζάηελ (they) strove

ἔξηο ηδνο ἡ strife quarrel

Λεηώ Λεηόνο ἡ Leto

κάρνκαη fight battle

κάρεζζαη to fight

μπλίκη μπλήζσ μπλῆθα (μπλέεθα) bring together throw together hearken heed

ὄξλῡκη ὄξζσ ὦξζα (ὤξνξνλ) stir up kindle incite excite arouse

πξῶηνο ε νλ first foremost chief

ηὸ πξῶηνλ ηὰ πξῶηα (adv) at first firstly first

πἱόο νῦ ὁ son

ζθσε these two

153 Translation

1 ζεὰ (ᾱ) ἀείζεη κῆληλ Ἀρηιῆνο ἐμ νὗ δὴ ηὰ πξῶηα δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο θαὶ Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἀλδξῶλ ἠξηζάηελ θαὶ

δηεζηήηελ 2 ηίο ζεῶλ μπλέεθε δῖνλ Ἀρηιῆά ηε θαὶ Ἀηξεΐδελ ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 3 πἱὸο Λεηόνο θαὶ Γηὸο ἑθεβόινο

μπλέεθέ ζθσε ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη ηὸλ γὰξ βαζηιεὺο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἐρόισζελ ὁ δrsquo ὦξζε θαθὴλ λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ

ὤιεθε δὲ ιᾱνύο

KEY

1 The goddess sings the wrath of Achilles from the time when first the divine Achilles and Atreides king of

men strove and separated 2 Which of the gods brought together the divine Achilles and the son of Atreus to fight

in strife 3 The son of Leto and Zeus the Free-shooter brought these two together to fight in strife for Atreides the

king enraged him so he stirred up an evil plague through the camp of the Achaeans and destroyed their host

154 Iliad 1-10

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κῡξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςῡρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιή

ἐμ νὗ δὴ ηὰ πξῶηα δηαζηήηελ ἐξίζαληε

Ἀηξεΐδεο ηε ἄλαμ ἀλδξῶλ θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεύο

ηίο ηrsquo ἄξ ζθσε ζεῶλ ἔξηδη μπλέεθε κάρεζζαη

Λεηνῦο θαὶ Γηὸο πἱόο ὁ γὰξ βαζηιῆη ρνισζεὶο

λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ ὦξζε θαθήλ ὀιέθνλην δὲ ιᾱνί

δηαζηήηελ = δηεζηήηελ

ἐξίζαληε = aor act part nom dual masc (they two) having quarreled

ηε ἄλαμ originally ηε ϝάλαμ thus allowing the hiatus

ζθσε [ἕσ] = 3rd

pers pron acc dual these two

ἔξηδη is dative of means in strife

κάρεζζαη = pres act infinitive deponent to fight

ρνισζείο = aor pass part nom sing masc having been enraged

Λεηνῦο = contracted form of Λεηόνο

βαζηιῆη = Agamemnon instrumental case by the king

ὀιέθνλην = ὠιέθνλην imperf pass ind 3rd

pers plural were being destroyed or kept

perishing

KEY

Sing O goddess of the accursed wrath of Achilles Peleiades

which brought countless woes to the Achaeans

and cast forth the souls of many valiant warriors to Hades

making them the spoils and feast of both dogs

and vultures But the will of Zeus was accomplished

indeed from the time when at first having quarreled both

Atreides king of men and the divine Achilles separated

Which of the gods of course brought these two together to fight in strife

The son of Leto and Zeus For enraged by the king he

kindled an evil plague up through the camp and the people were destroyed

155 Composition

1 ἠείδνκελ κῆληλ νὐινκέλελ Ἀρηιιῆνο ἐμ νὗ ηὰ πξῶηα Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἀλέξσλ (ἀλδξῶλ) θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο

ἠξηζάηελ θαὶ δηεζηεζάηελ (δηεζηήηελ) 2 ηίο ζεῶλ μπλῆθε (μπλέεθα) Ἀραηνὺο θαὶ ιᾱὸλ Πξηάκνπ ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 3

μπλῆθε (μπλέεθα) ζθσε (ἕν) πἱὸο Λεηόνο (Λεηνῦο) θαὶ Γηὸο ἑθεβόινο ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 4 Αηξεΐδεο βαζηιεὺο

Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο ἐρόισζαλ ἄλαθηα ἑθεβόινλ θαὶ ὁ ὦξζα (ὤξνξε) λνῦζνπο πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θαθὰο (ᾱ) ἀλὰ

ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ θαθῶο ὤιεθελ ἀγαζὸλ ιᾱόλ

Lesson 16

(887-897 910 1065-1068 697-703 707 710 732)

161 Formation of Middle Passive and Deponent Verbs

The endings of the middle voice are different from the active voice The passive voice applies the same endings

as the middle voice except in the aorist passive which applies active endings Because the middle and passive voice

are identical (other than the aorist) the context determines whether a verb is used with middle or the passive

meaning The aorist middle is often used with a passive meaning (especially in athematic forms) and the aorist

passive is often used with a middle meaning

The perfect and pluperfect of the middlepassive are athematic with the personal endings attached directly to

the reduplicated stem

The future perfect passive is formed by adding -ζνε to the perfect middle passive lengthening the vowel that

precedes this ending

The first aorist passive is formed by adding -(ζ)ζεε to the stem Before ζ π and β become θ θ and γ become ρ

and η δ ζ become ζ Many verbs have a second aorist passive that drops the ζ altogether

Deponent verbs have no active form but use the middlepassive forms in an active sense

162 Paradigms Present and Future Indicative MiddlePassive of ιύσ

Present

S 1 ιύνκαη

2 ιύεαη [(ιύῃ)]

3 ιύεηαη

D 2 ιύεζζνλ

3 ιύεζζνλ

P 1 ιπόκε(ζ)ζα

2 ιύεζζα

3 ιύνληαη

Future

S 1 ιύζνκαη (ῡ)

2 ιύζεαη (ῡ) [(ιύζῃ (ῡ))]

3 ιύζεηαη (ῡ)

D 2 ιύζεζζνλ (ῡ)

3 ιύζεζζνλ (ῡ)

P 1 ιῡζόκεζα

2 ιύζεζζε (ῡ)

3 ιύζνληαη (ῡ)

163 The Use of Voice in Greek

The active voice indicates that the subject is acting λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ ὦξζε = he kindled a plague up

through the camp

The passive voice indicates that the subject is acted upon Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιή = but the will of Zeus was

being accomplished

The Middle voice denotes one of three meanings

1 The subject acting upon itself πείζνκαη (I convince myself) θαίλνκαη (I show myself)

2 The subject acting for itself θαιένκαη (I call for myself)

3 The subject acting upon something belonging to itself ιύνκαη (I loose my own I ransom)

When determing the difference between the middle and passive keep in mind that the middle voice always

conveys a direct or indirect reference to the subject and that the subject is effect by or has an interest in the action

164 Third Declension Stems in -επ -επ -νπ and -σϝ

Stems in -επ usually became -εϝ and the third declension endings are applied after the ϝ Thus βαζηιεϝνο =

βαζηιῆνο βαηιεϝη = βαζηιῆη βαζηιεϝα = βαζηιῆα etc Note that the ϝ explains why εη (εϝη) does not form an

improper diphthong as well as why the accusative singular ends in -εα (as if the stem ended in a consonant) instead

of -ελ (as if the stem ended in a vowel) Note that when the ending consists of a consonant the -εϝ is contracted to

the diphthong -επ Thus βαζηιεϝο = βαζηιεύο βαζηιεϝ = βαζηιεῦ βαζηιεϝζη = βαζηιεῦζη In rare cases the other

endings also contract the -ε to -ε (ie βαζηιῆνο = βαζηιένο)

In stems ending originally in -ᾱϝ the ᾱ becomes ε in the Ionic dialect These are declined the same as -εϝ

except that -εῡ is formed before consonants instead of -επ Thus λᾱϝο = λεϝο = λεῦο λᾱϝ = λεϝ = λεῦ But note the

exception in the shorter form of the dative plural where λᾱϝζη = λεϝζη = λεπζί (rather than λεῡζη) In contracted

forms the ε usually becomes ε

In stems ending in -σϝ the third declension endings are applied directly to the stem Thus ἡξσϝο = ἥξσο

ἡξσϝνο = ἥξσνο ἡξσϝη = ἥξση ἡξσϝα = ἥξσα etc

In stems ending originally in -ν or -νϝ the third declension endings are applied as usual But keep in mind that -

νϝ is contracted to the diphthong -νπ before a consonant thus βνϝο = βνῦο and βνϝζη = βνπζί But note the

exception that occurs in the accusative singular where βνϝλ = βνῦλ rather than βνϝα

βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

(βαζηιεϝ-) (βνϝ-) (λᾱϝ-) (ἡξσϝ-)

N βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

G βαζηιῆνο [ένο] βνόο λεόο [εόο] ἥξσνο

D βαζηιῆη [έη] βνΐ λεί ἥξση

A βαζηιῆα [έα] βνῦλ [βῶλ] λῆα [έα] ἥξσα

V βαζηιεῦ βνῦ λεῦ ἥξσο

N V A βαζηιῆε βόε λῆε ἥξσε

G D βαζηιήνηηλ βόνηηλ λήνηηλ ἡξώνηηλ

N V βαζηιῆεο βόεο λῆεο ἥξσεο

G βαζηιήσλ βνῶλ λεῶλ [εῶλ] ἡξώσλ

D βαζηιήεζζη βόεζζη λήεζζη [έεζζη] ἡξώεζζη

βαζηιεῦζη βνπζί λεπζί ἥξσζη

A βαζηιῆαο βόαο (βνῦο) λῆαο [έαο] ἥξσαο

165 Third Declension Stems in -εζ -αζ and -νζ

When a stem ends in a vowel plus -ζ the initial ζ is dropped between two vowels Thus γεξαζνο = γέξανο

ἠνζνο = ἠόνο etc

All third declension nouns with stems ending in -εο are neuters and follow the pattern of ἔπνο The third

declension endings are applied as usual except that the nominative vocative and accusative singulars end in -νο

Nouns with stems ending in -νο take -σο in the nominative and vocative singular but otherwise apply the third

declension endings as usual (dropping ζ between two vowels)

ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

(ϝεπεζ-) (γεξαζ-) (ἀϝζνζ- (ᾱ))

N ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

G ἔπενο γέξανο ἠόνο

D ἔπετ γέξατ ἠόη

A ἔπνο γέξαο ἠόα

V ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

N V A ἔπεε γέξαε

G D ἐπένηηλ γεξάνηηλ

N V ἔπεα γέξα(α)

G ἐπέσλ γεξάσλ

D ἐπέεζζη γεξάεζζη

ἔπε(ζ)ζη γέξα(ζ)ζη

A ἔπεα γέξα(α)

166 Third Declension Stems in -καη and -καξ

Stems ending in -καη and -καξ are neuters

Stems in -καη drop the -ηο in the nominative vocative and accusative singular δσκαηο = δῶκα Otherwise the

third declension endings are applied as usual

Stems ending in -καξ are declined like those ending in -καη except in the nominative vocative and accusative

singular (which end in -καξ)

δῶκα ἦκαξ

(δσκαη-) (ἠκαξ- ἠκαη-)

N δῶκα ἦκαξ

G δώκαηνο ἤκαηνο

D δώκαηη ἤκαηη

A δῶκα ἦκαξ

V δῶκα ἦκαξ

N V A δώκαηε ἤκαηε

G D δσκάηνηηλ ἠκάηνηηλ

N V δώκαηα ἤκαηα

G δσκάησλ ἠκάησλ

D δσκάηεζζη ἠκάηεζζη

δώκαζη ἤκαζη

A δώκαηα ἤκαηα

167 Third Declension Stems in -λη and -λ

Stems ending in -λη drop the -λη before ζ and lengthen the preceding vowel thus παληο = πᾶο παληζη = πᾶζη

Otherwise the third declension endings are applied as usual In neuters the -η is dropped at the end of the word thus

παλη = πᾶλ Stems in -λ drop the -λ before ζ and lengthen the preceding vowel in the masculine (but not in the

neuter)

πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

(παλη- παληα- παλη-)

Masc Fem Neut

N πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

G παληόο πάζεο (ᾱ) παληόο

D παληί πάζῃ (ᾱ) παληί

A πάληα πᾶζαλ πᾶλ

V πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

N V πάληεο πᾶζαη πάληα

G πάλησλ πᾱζάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] πάλησλ

D πάληεζ(ζ)η πάζῃζη (ᾱ) πάληεζ(ζ)η

πᾶζη πάζῃο (ᾱ) πᾶζη

A πάληνο πάζᾱο (ᾱ) πάληα

κέιᾱο κέιαηλα κέιαλ

(κειαλ- κειαηλα- κειαλ-)

N κέιᾱο κέιαηλα κέιαλ

G κέιαλνο κειαίλεο κέιαλνο

D κέιαλη κειαίλῃ κέιαλη

A κέιαλα κέιαηλαλ κέιαλ

V κέιαλ κέιαηλα κέιαλ

N V A κέιαλε κειαίλᾱ κέιαλε

G D κειάλνηηλ κειαίλῃηλ κειάλνηηλ

N V κέιαλεο κέιαηλαη κέιαλα

G κειάλσλ κειαηλάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] κειάλσλ

D κειάλεζ(ζ)η κειαίλῃζη κειάλεζ(ζ)η

κέιαζη κειαίλῃο κέιαζη

A κέιαλεο κειαίλᾱο κέιαλα

168 Vocabulary

Nouns

Ἀπόιισλ (ᾰ or ᾰ) σλνο ὁ Apollo

ἀξεηήξ (ᾱ) ῆξνο ὁ priest prayer

ζπγάηεξ ηέξνο (ηξόο) ἡ daughter

θνζκήησξ νξνο ὁ commander marshaller

λεῦο λεόο (λεόο) ἡ ship

ζηέκκα καηνο ηό fillet (of white cotton) wreath

ρείξ ρεηξόο ἡ hand arm

Verbs

ἔξρνκαη (ἐξρ- ἐιε- ἐιεπζ- ἐιπζ-) come go

ἐιεύζνκαη I will come I will go

ἦιζνλ (ἤιπζνλ) I came I went

ιίζζνκαη (ιηη-) I beg I entreat

---

ἐιιηζάκελ (ἐιηηόκελ) I begged I entreated

Adjectives Prepositions

ζνόο ή όλ swift speedy

πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ all every (the) whole

Indeclinable

δύν (δύσ) two

κάιηζηα most especially by all means

169 Translation

1 Ἀπόιισλ ἑθεβόινο ρνινῦηαη βαζηιῆη Αηξεΐδῃ θαὶ πέκπεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ ὀιέθνληαη δὲ

ιᾱνί νὕλεθα δῖνο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) 2 Υξύζεο (ῡ) γὰξ ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἑθεβόινπ ἔξρεηαη

ἐπὶ ζνὰο (ᾱ) λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ θέξεη δrsquo ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα ζπγαηξόο ἣλ Ἀηξεΐδεο ἔρεη ἐλ ζηξαηῷ 3 ὁ δrsquo ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἔρεη

ζηέκκαηα ἑθεβόινπ Ἀπόιισλνο ἐλ ρεξζὶλ ἀλὰ ρξῡζέῳ ζθήπηξῳ θαὶ ιίζζεηαη πάληαο Ἀραηνύο κάιηζηα δrsquo Ἀηξεΐδᾱ

δύσ θνζκήηνξε ιᾱῶλ 4 Ἀπόιισλ ρνιώζεηαη βαζηιῆη θαὶ ὄξζεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηόλ 5 ἐιεύζνληαη ἐπὶ ζνὰο

(ᾱ) λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ νἴζνπζη ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα βαζηιῆη 6 ιίζζνληαη πάληαο Ἀραηνύο 7 Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζελ (ῑ)

ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) θαὶ νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε ζύγαηξα

KEY

1 Apollo the free-shooter enraged by king Atreides sent an evil plague through the camp of the Achaeans and

the people were destroyed because the divine Atreides dishonored Chryses the priest 2 For Chryses the priest of

the free-shooter went upon the swift ships of the Achaeans bearing countless ransoms for his daughter whom

Atreides was holding in the camp 3 But the priest had a wreath of Apollo the free-shooter upon a staff in his hand

and was entreating all of the Achaeans but especially the sons of Atreus (who were) the commanders of the host 4

Apollo will be enraged by the king and will kindle an evil plague up through the camp 5 They will go upon the

swift ships of the Achaeans and bring countless ransoms to the king 6 They are entreating all of the Achaeans 7

Atreides dishonored the priest and would not release his daughter

1610 Iliad 11-16

hellipὀιέθνλην δὲ ιᾱνί

νὕλεθα ηὸλ Υξύζελ ἠηίκαζελ ἀξεηῆξα

Αηξεΐδεο ὁ γὰξ ἦιζε ζνὰο ἐπὶ λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ

ιπζόκελνο ηε ζύγαηξα θέξσλ ηrsquo ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα

ζηέκκαηrsquo ἔρσλ ἐλ ρεξζὶλ ἑθεβόινπ Ἀπόιισλνο

ρξπζέῳ ἀλὰ ζθήπηξῳ θαὶ ἐιίζζεην πάληαο Ἀραηνύο

Ἀηξεΐδα δὲ κάιηζηα δύσ θνζκήηνξε ιαῶλ

ηόλ Υξύζελ = that (well-known) Chryses

The first verse ends in two spondees making it a spondaic verse and emphasizing the fact that

Chryses was a priest

ιῡζόκελνο = fut mid part nom masc sing being about to ransom

θέξσλ = pres act part nom sing masc bearing bringing

ἔρσλ = pres act part nom sing masc having holding

ρεξζὶλ ἑθεβόινπ = ρεξζὶ ϝεθεβόινπ

ρξῡζέῳ = synizesis where -έῳ is pronounced as a single syllable

ἐιίζζεην = imperf act ind 3rd

pers sing dep (kept) entreating was entreating

Ἀηξεΐδᾱ = dual of Ἀηξεΐδεο refers to both Agamemnon and Menelaus

KEY

hellipand the people were being destroyed

because Atreides dishonored Chryses the priest

For he had gone upon the swift ships of the Achaeans

intending to ransom his daughter bearing countless gifts

and holding in his hand fillets of Apollo the free-shooter

upon a golden staff and was entreating all of the Achaeans

but especially the two sons of Atreus the commanders of the host

1611 Composition

1 Chryses the priest of Apollo is dishonored by the son of Atreus 2 The Achaeans will go from their swift

ships to Troy and ransom the beloved daughter of the priest 3 We shall bring many ransoms and shall hold in our

hands the fillets of Apollo 4 We do not have a golden scepter but we entreat Priam and all the people of Troy 5

The two sons of Atreus marshallers of the people are entreating Priam but he will slight them 6 The son of

Atreus king of men slighted the priest and did not release his daughter

KEY

1 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) Ἀπόιινπ ἀηῑκάδεηαη Ἀηξεΐδῃ 2 Ἀραηνὶ ἐιεύζνληαη ἐθ ζνάσλ (ᾱ) λήσλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ (ῑ)

θαὶ ἀπειύζνληαη (ῡ) θίιε ζπγάηεξα ἀξεηῆξη (ᾱ) 3 νἴζνκελ πνιιrsquo ἄπνηλα θαὶ ἕζρνκελ ἐλ ρείξεζζη ζηέκκαηα

Ἀπόιινπ 4 νὐθ ἔρνκελ ζθῆπηξνλ ρξύζενλ ἀιιὰ ιηζζόκεζα Πξίακνλ θαὶ πᾶληα ιᾱνλ Ἰιίνπ (ῑ) 5 δύrsquo Ἀηξεΐδᾱ

θνζκήηεξᾱ ιᾱσλ ιίζζεζζνλ Πξίακνλ αὐηνὺο δrsquo ἀηῑκάζεη 6 Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἄλδξσλ ἠηίκαζελ (ῑ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) θαὶ

νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε ζπγάηεξα

1612 Meter

ΟΤ λε θα | ΣΟΝ ΥΡΤ | ΖΝ Ζ | ΣΗ κα ζελ | Α ΡΖ | ΣΖ ΡΑ~

Α ηξε η | ΓΖ ν γαξ | ΖΛ ζε ζν | Α ε πη | ΝΖ αο α | ΥΑΗ ΧΝ

ΛΤ ζν κε | ΝΟ ηε ζπ | ΓΑΣ ξα θε | ΡΧΝ ηα πε | ΡΔΗ ζη α | ΠΟΗ ΝΑ~

ΣΔΜ καη ε | ΥΧΝ ΔΝ | ΥΔΡ ζηλ ε | ΚΖ βν ινπ | Α ΠΟΛ | ΛΧ ΝΟ~

ΥΡΤζεσα | ΝΑ ΚΖΠ | ΣΡΧ θαη ε | ΛΗ ζε ην | ΠΑΝ ηαο α | ΥΑΗ ΟΤ

ΑΣ ξε η | ΓΑ δε κα | ΛΗ ηα δπ | Χ ΚΟ | ΜΖ ην ξε | ΛΑ ΧΝ

Lesson 17

(910 - imperfect middle and passive aorist middle of ιύσ 648-658 - the table

of endings in 32)

171 Paradigms Imperfect MiddlePassive of ιύσ

S 1 ἐιπόκελ

2 ἐιύεν [(ἐιύεπ)]

3 ἐιύεην

D 2 ἐιύεζζνλ

3 ἐιπέζζελ

P 1 ἐιπόκε(ζ)ζα

2 ἐιύεζζε

3 ἐιύνλην

172 Paradigms Aorist Middle of ιύσ

Thematic Athematic (2nd

Aorist)

S 1 ἐιῡζάκελ ἐιύκελ

2 ἐιύζαν (ῡ) [(ἐιύζσ (ῡ))] ἔιπ(ζ)ν

3 ἐιύζαην (ῡ) ἔιπην

D 2 ἐιύζαζζνλ (ῡ) ἔιπζζνλ

3 ἐιῡζάζζελ ἐιύζζελ

P 1 ἐιῡζάκε(ζ)ζα ἐιύκε(ζ)ζα

2 ἐιύζαζζε (ῡ) ἔιπζζε

3 ἐιύζαλην (ῡ) ἔιπλην

173 Vocabulary

δῶκα αηνο ηό house home

παῖο παηδόο ὁ ἡ child son daughter

π(η)όιηο ηνο (ενο) ἡ city state

ἐπθλήκῑο ῑδνο well-greaved

ἐγώ(λ) κέν (κεῦ) I

ζύ ζέν (ζεῦ) you

κέλhellip δέ on the one handhellip trulyhellip on the one handhellip on the other hand

partlyhellip partly the onehellip the other

νἴθαδε home homeward to home home

Verbs

ἅδνκαη (ἁγ-) (defective) I reverence

δέρνκαη I accept I receive

δέμνκαη I will accept

ἐδεμάκελ (ἐδέγκελ) I accepted

δίδσκη (δσ- δν-) I give I grant

(δη)δώζσ I will give

ἔδσθα I gave

ἐθπέξζσ (πεξζ- πξαζ-) I sack (utterly) I plunder I pillage

ἐθπέξζσ I will sack

ἐμέπεξζα (ἐμέπξαζνλ) I sacked

ἱθλένκαη I arrive I reach (a destination)

ἵμνκαη I will arrive

ἱθόκελ (ῑ) I arrived

174 Translation

1 ζενὶ ἔρνπζηλ ιύκπηα δώκαηα ἔδσθαλ δrsquo Ἀηξεΐδεο θαὶ ἄιινηζηλ ἐπθλεκίδεζζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἐθπέξζαη

(infinitive) πόιηλ Πξηάκνπ ηόηε δrsquo ἵθνλην (ῑ) ἐὺ νἴθαδε νὕλεθα παῖδα θίιελ ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἔιῡζαλ 2 ἀπέιῡζαλ

ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνὶ ζύγαηξα θίιελ ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἐδέμαλην δrsquo ἀγιαὰ ἄπνηλα νὕλεθα ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλα Γηὸο πἱὸλ

ἅδνλην 3 ἅδεηαη ἑθεβόινλ 4 Ἀηξεΐδεο νὐθ ἐδέμαην ηὰ ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα 5 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἔδσθελ ἄπνηλα

πνιιὰ βαζηιῆη Ἀηξεΐδῃ 6 πάληεο ζενὶ θαὶ πᾶζαη ζεαὶ εἶρνλ ιύκπηα δώκαηα 7 Ἀραηνὶ ἐπθλήκῑδεο ἐθπέξζνπζη

Πξηάκνην πόιηλ ἵμνληαη δrsquo ἐπ νἴθαδε 8 παῖο θίιε ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἐιύζαην (ῡ) ἵθεην (ῑ) δrsquo ἐὺ νἴθαδε

KEY

1 The gods have Olympian homes but they gave the son of Atreus and the other well-greaved Achaeans to

utterly sack the city of Priam and then they returned safe at home because they released the dear child of the priest

2 The well-greaved Achaeans released the dear daughter of the priest and received glorious ransoms because they

reverenced the free-shooter Apollo son of Zeus 3 He reverences te free-shooter 4 The son of Atreus did not

receive the glorious ransoms 5 Chryses the priest gave many ransoms to king Atreides 6 All of the gods and all of

the goddesses had Olympian homes 7 The well-greved Achaeans will utterly sack Priamrsquos city and will return safe

to home 8 The dear child of the priest was released and arrived well to her home

175 Iliad 17-21

ltltἈηξεΐδαη ηε θαὶ ἄιινη ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνί

ὑκῖλ κὲλ ζενὶ δνῖελ ιύκπηα δώκαηrsquo ἔρνληεο

ἐθπέξζαη Πξηάκνην πόιηλ ἐὺ δrsquo νἴθαδrsquo ἱθέζζαη

παῖδα δrsquo ἐκνὶ ιῦζαί ηε θίιελ ηά ηrsquo ἄπνηλα δέρεζζαη

ἁδόκελνη Γηὸο πἱὸλ ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλαgtgt

Ἀηξεΐδαηhellip ἄιινη ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνί = vocative case

ὑκῖλ (ῡ) = dat plural of ζύ to you

ζενί = one syllable by synizesis

κέλ (v 18) = correlative of δέ (v 20)

δνῖελ = aor act optative 3rd

plural of δίδσκη may they grant

ἔρνληεο = pres act part nom masc plural of ἔρσ having possessing

ἐθπέξζαη = aor act inf of ἐθπέξζσ to sack utterly

ἱθέζζαη = aor act inf of ἱθένκαη to arrive (compare κάρεζζαη)

ιῦζαη δέρεζζαη = infinitives used as imperatives free and accept

ηά ηrsquo ἄπνηλα (ηά ηε ἄπνηλα) = thesehellip gifts

ἁδόκελνη = pres act part nom masc plural reverencing

KEY

ldquoSons of Atreus and you other well-greaved Achaeans

may the gods who have their homes on Olympus grant you

to utterly sack Priamrsquos city and return safe to home

but release my dear child to me and accept these gifts

reverencing Apollo who shoots at will the son of Zeusrdquo

176 Composition

1 The gods who have (ἔρνληεο) Olympian homes will grant to the sons of Atreus and to the other well-greaved

Achaeans to sack utterly (ἐθπέξζαη) the city of Priam 2 When they sacked the city of Priam they returned happily

home 3 They accepted the shining ransoms and freed the darling daughter of the priest Chryses 4 We reverenced

the free-shooter Apollo son of Leto and Zeus and escaped death 5 Will the son of Atreus accept the shining

ransoms 6 The child of the priest was freed when he gave many shining ransoms which the two sons of Atreus

accepted

KEY

1 ζενὶ ἔρνληεο ιύκπηα δώκαηα δώζνπζη Ἀηξεΐδῃζη θαὶ ἄιινηζηλ ἐπθλεκίδεζζηλ (ῑ) Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἐθπέξζαη πόιηλ

Πξηάκνπ 2 ηόηε ἐμέπεξζαλ πόιηλ Πξηάκνην ἵθνλην (ῑ) ἐὺ νἴθαδε 3 ἐδέμαλην ἀγιαrsquo ἄπνηλα θαὶ ἀπέιῡζαλ ζπγάηεξα

θίιε ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) Υξύζᾱν (ῡ) 4 ἡμάκεζα ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλα Λεηόνο θαὶ Γηὸο πἱόλ θαὶ ζάλαηνλ 5

Ἀηξεΐδεο δέμεηαη ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα 6 παῖο ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἀπειύζαην (ῡ) ηόηε ἔδσθελ ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀγιάα ηὰ

Ἀηξεΐδᾱ ἐδώθαζηλ

Lesson 18

(Perfect and Pluperfect Active of Verbs 904 922 Third Declension γέρων

αἴξ 693-695)

181 Formation of the Perfect and Pluperfect Active

The perfect and pluperfect in all modes experience reduplication of the initial syllable which denotes completed

action Verbs beginning with a single consonant (except ξ) prefix this consonant followed by -ε Thus ιύσ =

ιέιπθα The stem sometimes stands in ablaut relation to the stem of the present as in βαίλσ = βέβεθα A

reduplicated syllable beginning with an aspirated mute is changed to its corresponding voiceless mute in the

reduplicated syllable ie ζλήζθσ = ηέζλεθα In these cases the reduplicated pluperfect adds ἐ- to the reduplicated

syllable ie ιύσ = ιέιπθα = ἐιέιπθε

Vebs beginning with a double consonant two consonants (except a mute followed by a liquid or a nasal) ξ and

some beginning with κ simply augment the stem with the addition of ε-

Verbs beginning in a vowel typically take the temporal augment by lengthening the vowel ie νἴρνκαη =

ᾤρσθα However verbs beginning with a vowel in which an initial consonant has been lost may take the syllabic

augment

Compound verbs typically insert the reduplication and augment between the preposition and the verb ie

ἀπνιύσ = ἀπνιέιπθα = ἀπειειύθε

The first perfect active adds -θα- to the stem followed by the primary endings The first pluperfect active

similarly adds -θε- followed by the secondary endings In general a short final vowel is lengthened before the

addition of the -θα- or -θε- Second perfects and pluperfects active are the older form and are more common in

Homer These omit the θ and simply add -α- or -ε- respectively The second perfects are more common in stems

ending in a consonant

In general the singular perfect and pluperfect active stand in ablaut relation to the dual and plural forms

Perfects and pluperfects are rare in Homer and only occur in some twenty verbs

182 Paradigms λέλυκα and βέβηκα

ιέιπθα ἐιειύθε (ἐιειύθεα)

ιέιπθαο ἐιειύθο (ἐιειύθεαο)

ιέιπθε(λ) ἐιειύθεη (ἐιειύθεε)

ιειύθαηνλ ἐιειύθαηνλ

ιειύθαηνλ ἐιειπθάηελ

ιειύθακελ ἐιειύθεκελ

ιειύθαηε ἐιειύθεηε

ιειύθᾱζη ἐιειύθεζαλ

βέβεθα ἐβεβήθεα (ἐβεβήθε)

βέβεθαο ἐβεβήθεαο (ἐβεβήθεο)

βέβεθε(λ) ἐβεβήθεε (ἐβεβήθεη)

βέβαηνλ ἐβέβαηνλ

βέβαηνλ ἐβεβάηελ

βέβακελ ἐβέβακελ

βέβαηε ἐβέβαηε

βέβᾱζη ἐβέβαζαλ

183 Paradigms γέρων and αἴξ

γέξσλ αἴμ

γέξνληνο αἰγόο

γέξνληη αἰγί

γέξνληα αἶγα

γέξνλ αἴμ

γέξνληε αἶγε

γεξόληνηηλ αἴγνηηλ

γέξνληεο αἶγεο

γεξόλησλ αἰγῶλ

γεξόληεζ(ζ)η (γέξνπζη) αἴγεζ(ζ)η (αἰμί)

γέξνληαο αἶγαο

184 Vocabulary

ἀγνξή ῆο ἡ assembly meeting place gathering harrangue

αἴμ αἰγόο ὁ ἡ goat

Ἄξγνο ενο ηό Argos (both a country and a city in Greece)

γέξσλ νληνο ὁ old man

γῆξαο ανο ηό old age

ἱεξεύο ῆνο ὁ priest holy man

κεξίνλ νπ ηό thigh-bone thigh-piece

πνύο πνδόο ὁ foot

ηαῦξνο νπ ὁ bull

θξήλ θξελόο ἡ diaphragm mind heart soul spirit disposition

δέθαηνο ε νλ tenth

ἡκέηεξνο ε νλ our ours

θνῖινο ε νλ hollow

ὠθύο ὠθεῖα ὠθύ swift speedy

ζλήζθσ die perish

ζαλένκαη

ἔζαλνλ

ηέζλεθα

θεύγσ flee fly escape run (off away along)

θεύμνκαη

ἔθπγνλ

πέθεπγα

S 1st Pers ιύζσ (ῡ) I shall loose

2nd

Pers ιύζεηο (ῡ) you will loose

3rd

Pers ιύζεη (ῡ) he she it will loose

D 2nd

Pers ιύζεηνλ (ῡ) you (two) will loose

3rd

Pers ιύζεηνλ (ῡ) they (two) will loose

P 1st Pers ιύζνκελ (ῡ) we shall loose

2nd

Pers ιύζεηε (ῡ) you (ye) will loose

3rd

Pers ιύζνπζη(λ) (ῡ) they will loose

First Aorist

S 1st Pers ἔιῡζα I loosed

2nd

Pers ἔιῡζαο you loosed

3rd

Pers ἔιῡζε(λ) he she it loosed

D 2nd

Pers ἐιύζαηνλ (ῡ) you (two) loosed

3rd

Pers ἔιῡζάηελ they (two) loosed

P 1st Pers ἐιύζακελ (ῡ) we loosed

2nd

Pers ἐιύζαηε (ῡ) you (ye) loosed

3rd

Pers ἔιῡζαλ they loosed

104 Vocabulary

ἄγσ ἄμσ ἤγαγνλ lead drive conduct bring carry

ἀλάζζσ (ϝαλαθ-) ἀλάμσ ἠλαμα (+gen) rule (over) guard protect

ἄξηζηνο ε νλ best noblest bravest fairest

αὖηηο (back) again anew

Γαλαόο νῦ ὁ Danaan

ἑθαηόκβε εο ἡ hecatomb sacrifice

ζάλαηνο νπ ὁ death

Ἴιηνο νπ ἡ Ilium Troy the region around Troy

κεγάζῡκνο ε νλ great-souled brave

ὄρα far much considerably

πέζσ (πεηζ- πνηζ- πηζ-) πείζσ ἔπεηζα (πέπηζνλ) persuade win over mislead

θηιέσ θηιήζσ ἐθίιεζα love cherish entertain hospitably

εἶπνλ εἶπεο εἶπε(λ) θηι 2nd

aor speak say tell etc

ἔβεζα ἔβεζαο ἔβεζε(λ) θηι 1st aor come go walk etc

105 Derivatives

ἄγσ (ag-) = pedagogue demagogue synagogue

ἄξηζηνο (arist-) = aristocracy

ζάλαηνο (thanat-) = thanatopsis euthanasia

106 Translation Exercises

1 ηίο ἦλ ὄρrsquo ἄξηζηνο Γαλαῶλ 2 Πξίακνο κεγάζῡκνο ἤλαζζελ Ἰιίνπ 3 νὐθ αὖηηο ἄμνπζη Γαλανὶ κεγάζῡκνη

ἑθαηόκβᾱο πνιιὰο (ᾱ) εἰο Υξύζελ (ῡ) 4 νὐθ ἔπεηζαλ ἑθεβόινλ πνιιῇο ἑθαηόβῃζη θᾱιῇζηλ 5 νὐ θηιήζνκελ ζενύο

νὕλεθα θᾱινὶ εἰζηλ 6 Γαλανὶ ηεύμνπζη ζάλαηνλ Πξηάκῳ ἐλ Ἰιίῳ 7 ἐθίιεζα ζεὰλ (ᾱ) ζαιάζζεο ἀιιrsquo νὐρ ἥλδαλε

ἑθεβόιῳ ζῡκῷ 8 ἀείζνκελ θαὶ πείζνκελ ζενύο 9 ὄρrsquo ἄξηζνη ἐλ Ἰιίῳ ηὰ εἶπνλ Πξηάκῳ ἀιιὰ ηνὺο ἠηῑκάζελ 10

Πξίακνο ἔπεκςε ηὸλ ζηξαηὸλ ἄξηζηνλ ἐπrsquo Ἀξγείνηζηλ 11 ἔβεζαλ αὖηηο Γαλανὶ εἰο Ἴιηνλ ἀιιrsquo νὐθ ἔπεηζαλ

Πξίακνλ 12 ἀείζνκελ ἑθεβόινλ ὄρrsquo ἄξηζηνλ ζεῶλ νὕλεθrsquo ἤγαγε Γαλανὺο εἰο Ἴιηνλ

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 Who was by far the noblest of the Danaans 2 Great-souled Priam ruled Ilium 3 Not agan will the great-

souled Danaans lead many sacrifices into Chrysa 4 They did not persuade the free-shooter with many goodly

sacrifices 5 Do we not love the gods because they are good 6 The Danaans will prepare death for Priam in Ilium

7 I loved the goddess of the sea but it was not pleasing to the heart of the free-shooter 8 We will sing and

persuade the gods 9 By far the noblest in Ilium this they say of Priam but he (is the one) he dishonored () 10

Priam sent the best army against the Argives 11 The Danaans went back to Ilium but they did not persuade Priam

12 We hymn the free-shooter greatest of the gods because he led the Danaans into Ilium

107 Composition Exercises

1 The great-souled Achaeans will not persuade the free-shooter with goodly hecatombs but he will prepare evil

death for the people 2 The noblest of the Achaeans went to Ilium but they did not persuade the soul of Priam 3

We shall sing because the gods have led (aor) the people into Troy 4 We shall have many shining golden scepters

5 Did you not love the gods who have Olympian homes 6 Priam shall not rule Ilium again for the Achaeans will

prepare evil death for him 7 Does he speak to the beautiful goddess of the sea 8 They will persuade the souls of

the gods with many hecatombs

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 Ἀραηνὶ κεγάζῡκνη νὐ πείζνπζηλ ἑθεβόινλ πνιιῇο ἑθαηόκβῆζηλ ἀιιὰ ηεύμεη ζάλαηνλ θαθὸλ ιᾱνῖζηλ 2

ἄξηζηνη Ἀραηῶλ ἔβεζαλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ ἀιιrsquo νὐθ ἔπεηζαλ ζῡκὸλ Πξηάκῳ 3 ἀείζνκελ νὕλεθα ζενὺο ἤγαγνλ ιᾱὸλ εἰο

Ἴιηνλ 4 ἕζρνκελ πνιιὰ ρξύζεα (ῡ) ἀγιαὰ ζθῆπηξα 5 νὐθ ἐθηιήζαηε ζενὺο νἳ ἔρνπζηλ νἴθνπο ιπκπίνπο 6 νὐθ

αὖηηο ἀλάζζεη Πξίακνο Ἰιίνπ Ἀραηνὶ γὰξ ηεύμνπζη ζάλαηνλ θαθὸλ αὐηῷ 7 εἴξεη ζεᾷ θᾱιᾷ ζαιάζζεο 8 πείζνπζη

ζῡκνὺο ζεῶλ πνιιῇο ἑθαηόκβῃζηλ

Lesson 11

(664-675 838-839)

111 First Declension Masculine Nouns

First declension masculines typically end in -εο -ᾱο or -ᾰο in the nominative and are declined exactly the same

as their feminine counterparts (with the exception of the nominative singular which adds -ο the genitive singular

which regularly ends in -ᾱν and the vocative singular which ends in -ε -ᾱ or -ᾰ) Those ending in -εο retain -ε

throughout the singular those ending in -ᾱο retain the -ᾱ throughout the singular and those ending in -ᾰο take the -ε

ending in the dative

Masculines ending in -δεο take -ε in the vocative singular while those ending in -ηεο (as well as compound

nouns and the names of nationalities) regularly take -ᾰ Those ending in -ᾱο take the the nominative singular in -ᾱ

A very few first declension adjectives take a masculine ending in -ᾰ (without the final -ο) Many of these also

have an alternative form that ends in the more common -εο Those that do not have an alternative form in -εο usually

have the recessive accent (a feature inherited from the Aeolic influence in Homer) The only masculine noun ending

in -ᾰ in the nominative is the name Θύεζηα (Thyestes)

First declension masculine nouns typically follow the paradigms for Ἀηξεΐδεο (Atreides son of Atreus) Αἰλείᾱο

(Aeneas) and αἰρκεηήο (spearman warrior)

Ἀηξεΐδεο ᾱν ὁ Αἰλείᾱο ᾱν ὁ αἰρκεηήο ᾱν ὁ

(Αηξεϝηδᾱ-) (Αἰλεηᾱ-) (αἰρκεηᾱ-)

N Ἀηξεΐδεο Αἰλείᾱο αἰρκεηήο [ά]

G Ἀηξεΐδᾱν [εσ] Αἰλείᾱν [σ] αἰρκεηᾶν [έσ]

D Ἀηξεΐδῃ Αἰλείᾳ αἰρκεηῇ

A Ἀηξεΐδελ Αἰλείαλ αἰρκεηήλ

V Ἀηξεΐδε Αἰλείᾱ αἰρκεηά

N A V Ἀηξεΐδᾱ αἰρκεηά (ᾱ)

G D Ἀηξεΐδῃηλ αἰρκεηῇηλ

N V Ἀηξεΐδαη αἰρκεηαί

G Ἀηξετδάσλ (ᾱ) αἰρκεηάσλ (ᾱ)

[έσλ ῶλ] [έσλ ῶλ]

D Ἀηξεΐδῃζη ῃο αἰρκεηῇζη ῇο

A Ἀηξεΐδᾱο αἰρκεηάο (ᾱ)

112 Compound Verbs

Compound verbs are formed from a preposition or adverb coupled with a verb such as ἀλαβαίλσ (ascend)

formed from ἀλα (up) and βαίλσ (go) If the preposition ends in a vowel and the verb begins with a vowel the vowel

of the preposition is usually elided as in δηίζηεκη (δηὰ ἰζηεκη) ἁθαηξέσ (ἀπὸ αἱξέσ)

The augment occurs between the preposition and the verb When two vowels are thus brought together the first

vowel is usually elided leaving the augment Thus ἀπνιύσ (I release present) ἀπέιπνλ (I was releasing

imperfect) ἀπέιῡζα (I released aorist)

113 Vocabulary

ἀλαβαίλσ ἀλαβήζσ ἀλέβεζα go up ascend embark

ἀπνιύσ ἀπνιύζσ (ῡ) ἀπέιῡζα loose set free release

Ἀηξεΐδεο -ᾱν ὁ Atreides son of Atreus (usually refers to Agamemnon)

θαηαθεύσ θαηαθαύζσ θαηέθεα burn consume

θειεύσ - ἔθιπνλ (+gen) hear hearken to

κεηέεηπνλ κεηεῖπνλ (2nd

aor of εἴξσ) spoke among addressed spoke to

ὅηε when whenever

Πειεηάδεο ᾱν (εσ) ὁ Peleiades son of Peleus (used in reference to Achilles)

πξνζέεηπνλ πξνζεῖπνλ (2nd

aor of εἴξσ) addressed spoke to

ηόηε then at that time

ρνιόσ ρνιώζσ ἐρόισζα anger enrage vex

Υξύζεο (ῡ) ᾱν (εσ) ὁ Chryses

Verbs

ἀλαβαίλσ

stem ἀλα + βαλ- βα-

future ἀλαβήζσ (rarely ἀλαβήζνκαη)

1st aorist ἀλέβεζα (rarely 2

nd aor ἀλέβελ)

ἀπνιύσ

stem ἀπό + ιύσ

future ἀπνιύζσ (ῡ)

1st aorist ἀπέιῡζα

θαηαθαίσ

stem θαηά + θαπ- θαϝ- θαη-

future θαηαθαύζσ (assumed form)

1st aorist θαηέθεα

θειεύσ (Attic)

stem θιεπ- θιεϝ- θιπ-

future none

2nd

aorist ἐθιπνλ

ρνιόσ

stem ρνιν-

future ρνιώζσ

1st aorist ἐρόισζα

Notes

In Homeric Greek the stem vowel is usually lengthened before -ζ hence ἀλαβαίλσ =gt ἀλαβήζσ =gt

ἀλέβεζα ἀπνιύσ =gt ἀπνιύζσ (ῡ) =gt ἀπέιῡζα

ἀλαβαίλσ also has a 2nd

aorist ἀλέβελ

A few verbs have active forms in the present but middle forms in the future ἀλαβαίλσ has two future

forms one active (ἀλαβήζσ) and one middle (ἀλαβήζνκαη)

Verbs with stems ending in -αηλσ originally had a consonantal η following the λ (ie ἀλαβαηλησ)

114 Translation

1 θᾱινὶ ζενὶ ἔηεπμαλ ζάλαηνλ θαθὸλ δίῳ (ῑ) Πειεηάδῃ ὁ δrsquo ἀλέβελ ππξήλ 2 ἑθεβόινο ὤιεθε ιᾱὸλ Ἀραηῶλ

νὕλεθα δῖνο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) 3 θαηέθεα ἑθαηόκβᾱο πνιιάο (ᾱ) 4 ἑθεβόινο νὐθ ἔθιπελ Ἀηξεΐδᾱν

νὕλεθα ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) 5 Υξύζεο (ῡ) κεηέεηπελ Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἀιιrsquo νὐθ Ἀηξεΐδῃ ἥλδαλε ζῡκῷ 6 ὅηε θαθῶο

πξνζέεηπελ Ἀηξεΐδεο Υξύζελ (ῡ) ηόηε ἐρόισζελ ἑθεβόινλ 7 ἀπειύζακελ (ῡ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) νὕλεθα ηὸλ

ἐθηιήζακελ 8 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἤλεηθελ ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα Ἀηξεΐδῃ 9 νἴζνκελ ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀπνιύζνκελ (ῡ)

Υξύζελ (ῡ) νὕλεθα ηὸλ ἐθηιήζακελ θαὶ θίινο ἐζηὶλ ἑθεβόιῳ 10 ηίο θέξεη ἄπνηλα Υξύζᾱν (ῡ) Ἀηξεΐδῃ 11 δῖνο

Πειεηάδεο ἐρόισζελ Ἀηξεΐδελ 12 ὅηε θαηεθήακελ πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἑθαηόκβᾱο θᾱιάο (ᾱ) ηόηε ἐπείζακελ ζῡκνὺο ζεῶλ

13 δηὰ καληνζύλελ Υξύζεο (ῡ) εἶπε βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεῶλ Ἀηξεΐδῃ Πειεηάδῃ ηε

KEY

1 The noble gods prepared evil death for the divine Peleiades and he ascended the funeral pyre 2 The free-

shooter destroyed the host of the Achaeans because the divine Atreides dishonored Chryses 3 I burned many

funeral pyres 4 The free-shooter did not hear the son of Atreus because he dishonored Chryses 5 Chryses spoke

among the Achaeans but but it did not please the heart of Atreides 6 It angered the free-shooter when the son of

Atreus spoke wickedly to Chryses 7 We released Chryses because we loved him 8 Chryses brought countless

glorious ransoms to the son of Atreus 9 We will bring many ransoms and release Chryses because we loved him

and he is dear to the free-shooter 10 Who brought the ransoms of Chryses to the son of Atreus 11 The divine

Peleiades angered the son of Atreus 12 We persuaded the hearts of the gods when we burned many good

hecatombs 13 Through prophesy Chryses spoke the will of the gods to both Atreides and Peleiades

115 Composition

1 The Achaeans ascended into Troy and killed the noble Priam 2 We burned many goodly hecatombs to the

Olympian gods 3 Chryses spoke among the Achaeans but the son of Atreus did not hearken to him 4 The

Achaeans addressed the son of Atreus but he did not free Chryses 5 The son of Atreus will bring many ransoms

into the camp of the Achaeans 6 Who will persuade the gods with many goodly hecatombs

KEY

1 Ἀραηνὶ ἀλέβεζαλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ θαὶ ὤιεμαλ θᾱιὸλ Πξηάκνλ 2 θαηέθεκελ πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) ἑθαηόκβὰο (ᾱ)

ζενῖο ιπκπίνηο 3 Υξύζεο (ῡ) κεηέεηπελ Ἀραηνῖο ἀιιrsquo Ἀηξεΐδεο ηὸλ νὐθ ἔθιπελ 4 Ἀραηνὶ πξνζέεηπνλ Ἀηξεΐδῃ

ἀιιrsquo νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε Υξύζελ (ῡ) 5 Ἀηξεΐδεο νἴζεη ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ εἰο ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 6 ηίο πείζεη ζενὺο πνιιῇο

ἑθαηόκβῃζηλ

Lesson 12

Review

121 Review Vocabulary

Lesson 13

(680-692 701-709)

(cf 897 874 886 619 841-843 576 1178 830-831 837 580 837)

131 Nouns of the Third Declension

Third declension nouns can be either masculine feminine or neuter The nominative endings can take many

forms but there are some conventions Masculine and feminine stems except those ending in λ ξ or ζ simply add

ζ to the stem and make the necessary euphonic changes Stems ending in ξ λ and ζ typically make no changes

except to lengthen the last vowel if it is short Stems ending in -λ(η) either drop the η and lengthen a short vowel or

drop the -λ(η) lengthen the vowel and add ζ Examples δαηκνλ- = δαηκσλ ζῑλ- = ζίο (ῑ) κειαλ- = κέιᾱο γεξνλη- =

γέξσλ etc Neuters typically consist of just the stem in the nominative and accusative except to drop a final -η

where it occurs

In general the stem of a third declension noun is found by dropping the -νο ending from the genitive singular

The dative singular regularly ends in -ῐ but occasionally in -ῑ

The accusative ending was originally -λ and this ending is common on stems ending in a vowel On stems

ending in a consonant the -λ was a sonant consonant which eventually came be pronounced as -ᾰ The result is that

the accusative singular usually ends in -λ for stems ending in a vowel and -ᾰ for stems ending in a consonant

Dental mute stems ending in -ηο and -πο in the nominative singular rarely drop the mute and typically adopt the -λ

accusative ending as if they were vowel stems

The dative plural is formed by adding either -εζζη (rarely -εζη) or -ζη (rarely -ζζη) and making the usual

euphonic changes Most third declension nouns thus have alternate dative plural forms as πνύο = πνζζί = πνζί =

πόδεζζη etc

The accusative plural originally ended in -λο (sonant λ) which gives -αο for stems ending in a consonant and -ῑο

and -ῡο for stems ending in a vowel A few vowel stems borrowed an -αο ending from the first declension by

analogy

The vocative singular is usually either identical to the nominative or identical to the stem alone Stems ending

in λ ξ or ο typically drop this final consonant in the vocative singular

Compensatory lengthening usually occurs in the dative plural when -λη is dropped as in γέξνληζη = γέξνπζη

132 Paradigms

Stems ending in -επ (επ) -νπ and σϝ follow the paradigms of βαζηιεύο (king βαζηιεϝ-) βνῦο (ox βνϝ-) λεῦο

(ship λᾱϝ-) and ἥξσο (hero ἡξσϝ- () or ἡξσ-)

N βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

G βαζηιῆνο [-ένο] βνόο λεόο ἥξσνο

D βαζηιῆη [-έη] βνΐ λεί ἥξση

A βαζηιῆα [-έα] βνῦλ [βῶλ] λῆα [λέα] ἥξσα

V βαζηιεῦ βνῦ λεῦ ἥξσο

N A V βαζηιῆε βόε λῆε ἥξσε

G D βαζηιήνηηλ βόνηηλ λήνηηλ ἡξώνηηλ

N V βαζηιεῆεο βόεο λῆεο ἥξσεο

G βαζηιήσλ βνῶλ λεῶλ [λεῶλ] ἡξώσλ

D βαζηιήεζζη βόεζζη λήεζζη [λέεζζἰ ἡξώεζζη

βαζηιεῦζη βνπζί λεπζί ἥξσζη

A βαζηιῆαο βόαο (βνῦο) λῆζαο (λέαο) ἥξσαο

A long vowel is typically shortened when it occurs before another vowel thus βαζηιῆνο or βαζηιένο This

convention was almost certainly consistent in pronunciation but is only occasionally represented in written form

The π in the stem of these words frequently became ϝ and subsequently disappeared as in βαζηιεπ- βαζηιεϝ-

βαζηιε-

Stems ending in η (εη) and π (επ εϝ) follow the paradigms of πόιηο (city πνιη-) πῆρπο (forearm περεϝ-) ἄζηπ

(city ἀζηεϝ-) λέθπο (corpse λεθῡ-) and δάθξπ (tear δαθξπ-)

N πόιηο πῆρπο ἄζηπ λέθῡο δάθξπ

G πόιηνο -ενο πήρενο ἄζηενο λέθπνο δάθξπνο

D πόιηη -ῑ -εη -εη πήρετ ἄζηετ λέθπτ δάθξπτ

A πόιηλ πῆρσλ ἄζηπ λέθῡλ δαθξπ

V πόιη πῆρπ ἄζηπ λέθῡ δάθξπ

N V πόιηε πήρεε ἄζηεε λέθπε δάθξπε

G D πνιίνηηλ περένηηλ ἄζηνηηλ λεθύνηηλ δαθξύνηηλ

N V πόιηεο -εεο πήρεεο ἄζηεα λέθπεο δάθξπα

G πνιίσλ περέσλ ἀζηέσλ λεθύσλ δαθξύσλ

D πνιίεζζη περέεζζη ἀζηέεζη λεθύεζζη δαθξύεζζη

πόιεζη -ηζη πήρεζη ἄζηεζη λέθῡζ(ζ)η δάθξπζη

A πόιηαο -εαο -ῑο πήρεαο ἄζηεα λέθπαο [-ῡο] δάθξπα

Nouns with stems in -ο (-εο -αο -νο) and -η are declined like ἔπνο (ϝεπεζ-) γέξαο (γεξαζ-) ἠώο (ἀϝζνζ-) δῶκα

(δσκαη-) and ἦκαξ (ἠκαξ- ἠκαη-) Note that -ζ- usually disappears when it occurs between two vowels

N ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο δῶκα ἧκαξ

G ἔπενο γέξανο ἠόνο δώκαηνο ἥκαηνο

D ἔπετ γέξατ ἠόη δώκαηη ἥκαηη

A ἔπνο γέξαο ἠόα δῶκα ἧκαξ

V ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο δῶκα ἧκαξ

N V ἔπεε γέξαε δώκαηε ἥκαηε

G D επένηηλ γεξάνηηλ δσκάηνηηλ ἡκάηνηηλ

N V ἔπεο γέξα(α) δώκαηα ἥκαηα

G ἐπέσλ γεξάσλ δσκάησλ ἡκάησλ

D ἐπέεζζη γεξάεζζη δσκάηεζζη ἡκάηεζζη

ἔπε(ζ)ζη γέξα(ζ)ζη δώκαζη ἥκαζη

A ἔπεα γέξα(α) δώκαηα ἥκαηα

Note that all nouns ening in -νο in the second declension are either masculine or feminine but all nouns ending in -

νο in the third declension are neuter All nouns ending in -κα in the nominative singular and all nouns with genitives

in -αηνο are neuter

133 Further Notes on the Third Declension

Nouns of the third declension can be any gender and consist of stems ending in -η -π or a consonant In

general the following endings are applied to the stem with the usual euphonic changes

N -ο

G -νο

D -η

A -λ

V -

N A V -ε

G D -νηηλ

N V -εο

G -σλ

D -εζζη

A -λο

Standard Euphonic Changes

Later forms of Greek such as Attic and Koine frequently contracted the forms found in Homer

The -λ in the accusative singular and plural is sonant meaning that it is pronounced as λ when

following a vowel but it is pronounced as ᾰ when following a consonant Thus πνιη-λ = πνιηλ and

πνιη-λο = πνιηο but δαηκνλ-λ = δαηκνλα and δαηκνλ-λο = δαηκνλαο

o In most cases a stem originally ending in ϝ is treated as if it ends in a consonant Thus

βαζηιεϝα = βαζηιεα εξσϝα = εξσα

o The word βνϝ- is an exception where ϝ becomes π (probably because νπ is such a common

diphthong) βνϝλ = βνπλ

Dentals are dropped before ζ Thus παηδο = παηο

o In cases where the stem ends in -λη the dental and the ζ are typically dropped with the last

vowel lengthened by compensation Thus γεξνληο = γεξσλ

Palatals combine with ζ to form μ Thus αηγο = αημ θεξπθο = θεξπμ etc

o Stems ending in -θη apply both the dental and palatal changes first dropping the η and then

combining the θζ to form μ Thus λπθηο = λπθο = λπμ

Labials combine with ζ to form ς Thus Αηζηνπο = Αηζηνς

The ζ is dropped when it follows a nasal or ξ and the last vowel is lengthened to compensate (if it

isnrsquot long already) Thus δαηκνλο = δαηκσλ θξελο = θξελ ρεηξο = ρεηξ παηεξο = παηεξ κεηεξο =

κεηεξ etc

Stems that originally ended in ϝ usually retain a π in its place in the nominative Thus βαζηιεϝο =

βαζηιεπο (originally βαζηιεπο) λεϝο = λεπο βνϝο = βνπο etc

o The same phenomenon sometimes occurs in the accusative singular as well where ϝ becomes

π and the final λ is retained Thus περεϝλ = περευλ = περπλ

o The word εξσο is an apparent exception where εξσϝο = εξσο This may be from analogy

with the relatively common -σο ending in Greek or it could be that the stem was originally

εξσ- witout the ϝ

o When the stem ends in -εϝ the ε is usually dropped in the nominative thus περεϝο = περεπο =

περπο (but the genitive and dative are περενο περετ)

Some confusion can occur at the apparent irregularity of stems ending in -π αζηπ αζηενο αζηεη etc

but δαθξπ δαθξπνο δαθξπτ etc The difference is that stems like αζηπ originally ended in a vowel + ϝ

(αζηεϝ) while stems like δαθξπ originally ended in π

Some neuters originally ended in -εο These are usually declined as -νο in the nominative and

accusative In the other cases the endings are simply applied to -εζ- and the sigma is dropped when it

occurs between two vowels επνο (nom acc from επεζο) επενο (gen from επεζνο) επετ (dat from

επεζη) etc

o Stems ending in -αο simple drop the extra sigma in the nominative singular and append the

case endings to -αζ- (dropping ζ when it occurs between two vowels) Thus γεξαο γεξανο

γεξατ etc

o Stems ending in -νο follow the same pattern as those ending in -αο except that the ν is

lengthened to σ in the nominative Thus εσο εννο εντ etc

Neuter stems ending in -καη usually drop the η in the nominative and accusative singular but retain it

in the plural Thus δσκα (nom and acc sing) δσκαηνο (gen sing) δσκαηη (dat sing) δσκαηα (nom and

acc plur) δσκαησλ (gen plur) δσκαηεζζη (dat plur) etc Neuter stems ending in -καξ usually behave

as if they ended in -καη in all cases except the nominative and accusative singular Thus εκαξ εκαηνο

εκαηη etc

The dative plural ending is given as -εζζη This could be shortened to -ζζη (before vowels) -εζη or -ζη

The -ζη ending is the most common in later dialects Thus Homeric θεξπθεζζη is typically θεξπμη in

Attic and Koine

The vocative singular in neuters is always identical to the nominative and accusative singulars

o In masculine and feminine nouns the vocative singular is usually just the stem without any

endings applied as long as the stem is capable of standing alone Thus δαηκνλ ρεηξ παηεξ

κεηεξ ζπγαηεξ αλεξ βνπ λεπ πνιη λεθῡ δαθξπ etc

o In some cases where the nominative singular has slightly modified the stem before adding -ο

the vocative is formed by simply dropping the ο Thus παη βαζηιεπ περπ

o In cases where the ο of the nominative singular has combined with the stem the vocative is

usually indentical to the nominative singular Thus αλαμ λπμ αημ θεξπμ Αηζηνς etc

o In rare cases the vocative is identical to the nominative singular even when dropping the ο

would have been convenient as in εξσο εσο

Alternate Endings The following are some alternate endings that could be applied instead of the usual

case endings listed above

o -ζη can be used to denote place where

o -ζελ can be used to denote source or separation or as an alternative ending for the genitive

case

o -δε can be added to the accusative ending to denote place to which or limit of motion

o -η can be added to denote place where

o -θη(λ) can be added as a substitute for several uses of the genitive and the dative cases

particularly in the instrumental sense

134 References

This lesson references several points in the grammar Note the following

Deponent verbs take middle or passive forms but denote active meanings

Some verbs reduplicate the initial syllable in the present tense by repeating the initial consonant

followed by -η Thus ἴζηεκη (orig ζηζηεκη) ηίζεκη δίδσκη πίκπιεκη γίγλνκαη γηγλώζθσ κηκλήζθσ

etc When futures and second aorists are reduplicated they usually follow the pattern of reduplication

found in the perfect tense If the initial consonant is aspirated the reduplicated consonant is typically

smooth Thus ηίζεκη rather than ζίζεκη

Note that ἴκη δίδσκη and ηίζεκη take the aorist in -θα rather than -ζα

When a word ends in a vowel and the following word begins with a vowel the result is called hiatus

In general hiatus is avoided in poetry through the use of elision crasis synizesis moveable

consonants etc However hiatus is allowed in some circumstances such as when elision has already

occurred when the first of the two vowels is long and occurs on the beat (or ictus) of the verse or

when a long vowel or diphthong has been shortened or when the two vowels were originally separated

by ϝ

Recall that the verbal augment is frequently omitted

135 Vocabulary

Ἄηο Ἄηδνο ὁ (nom not used) Hades

ἄιγνο ενο ηό grief pain woe trouble

Ἀρηιιεύο ῆνο ὁ Achilles

δαίο δαηηόο ἡ feast banquet portion

Εεύο Γηόο ὁ Zeus

ἥξσο ἥξσνο ὁ hero mighty warrior protector savior

ἴθζῑκνο ε νλ mighty valiant stout-hearted brave

θύσλ θπλόο ὁ ἡ dog

κῆληο ηνο ἡ wrath fury madness rage

νὐιόκελνο ε νλ accursed destructive deadly

πξντάπησ πξντάςσ πξνΐαςα hurl forward send forth

ηίζεκη (ζε- ζε-) ζήζσ ἔζεθα put place cause

Ἀρηιιεπο (Ἀρηιιεϝ-) Ἀρηιιενο Ἀρηιιεη Ἀρηιιεα

δαηο (δαηη-) δαηηνο δαηηη δαηηα δαηηεο δαηησλ δαηηεζζη δαηηαο

Εεπο Γηνο Γηη Γηα

ἡξσο ἡξσνο ἡξστ ἡξσα ἡξσεο ἡξσσλ ἡξσεζζη ἡξσαο

θπσλ θπλνο θπλη θπλα θπλεο θπλσλ θπλεζζη θπλαο

κεληο (κελη-) κεληνο κεληη κεληλ κεληεο κελησλ κεληεζζη κεληαο

136 Translation

1 κῆληο Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο ἦλ νὐινκέλε ἔζεθε γὰξ κῡξηrsquo ἄιγεα ηνῖζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ πξνΐαςε δὲ πνιιὰο (ᾱ)

ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἰθζίκνπο (ῑ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη ἔηεπρε δrsquo αὐηνὺο ἑιώξηα θαὶ δαῖηα θύλεζζηλ νἰσλνῖζί ηε ἐηέιεζε δὲ βνπιὴλ

Γηόο 2 ζεὰ (ᾱ) ἀείδεη κῆληλ νὐινκέλελ Ἀρηιῆνο ἣ ἔζεθελ κῡξίrsquo ἄιγεrsquo Ἀραηνῖζηλ 3 ζενὶ ὀιέθνπζη ηὸλ ζηξαηόλ θαὶ

πξντάπηνπζη πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη 4ηεύμνκελ κῡξίνπο Ἀραηνὺο ἑιώξηα θύλεζζηλ θαὶ δαῖηα ηνῖζηλ

νἰσλνῖζηλ νὕλεθα ἠηίκαζαλ (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) 5 θᾱιὴ ἦλ ἡ βνπιὴ Γηόο

KEY

1 The wrath of Achilles son of Peleus was destructive for it caused countless woes to the Achaeans and sent

forth many valiant souls of heros to Hades making them spoils and a banquet for the dogs and the vultures 2 The

goddess sings the accursed wrath of Achilles which brought countless woes to the Achaeans 3 The gods are

destroying the camp and sending forth many souls of the heros to Hades 4 We will make countless Achaeans spoils

for the dogs and a feast for these vultures because they dishonored Chryses 5 The will of Zeus was good

137 Iliad 1-5

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κπξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςπρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιήλ

Μῆληλ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse

ἄεηδε - present active imperative 2nd

person singular of ἀείδσ

ζεά - vocative case

Πειεηάδεσ = Πειεηάδᾱν (the verse may have originally read Πειεηάδᾱrsquo)

νὐινκέλελ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse as well as out of

the natural order and is placed directly opposite the word κῆληλ

κῡξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο - the hiatus is permited because elision has already occurred in κῡξίνηο

Ἄηδη was originally Ἄϝηδη and is still accented as it began with α instead of αη

ἡξώσλ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse and its deviation from

the natural order

δὲ ἑιώξηα - the hiatus is permitted because the original was δὲ ϝειώξηα

ηεῦρε - the augment is dropped (usually ἔηεπρε)

ἐηειείεην - imperfect passive indicative 3rd

person singular of ηειείσ

KEY

Sing O goddess of the accursed wrath of Achilles Peleiades

which brought countless woes to the Achaeans

and cast forth the souls of many valiant warriors to Hades

making them the spoils and feast of both dogs

and vultures But the will of Zeus was accomplished

138 Composition

1 The valiant Achaeans are singing the accursed wrath of Achilles 2 The wrath of Achilles caused many woes

to the Achaeans and sent many valiant souls of heroes to the god Hades 3 We shall make the army of the Achaeans

a booty for the dogs and a banquet for the birds 4 We are accomplishing the will of the goddess

KEY

1 ἴθζῑκνη Ἀραηνὶ ἀείδνπζηλ νὐινκέλελ κῆληλ Ἀρηιῆνο 2 κῆληο Ἀρηιῆνο ἔζεθε κῡξίrsquo ἄιγεrsquo Ἀραηνῖζη θαὶ

πξνΐαςε πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἰθζίκνπο ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη 3 ηεύμνκελ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ ἑιώξηα θύλεζζηλ θαὶ δαῖηα

νἰσλνῖζηλ 4 ηεύρνκελ βνπιὴλ ζεᾶο

Lesson 14

(519-526 1159-1192)

(cf 586)

141 Syllable Quantity

A syllable is long (by nature) when it contains a long vowel or a diphthong or (by position) when it ends in two

consecutive consonants (or a double consonant) A short vowel followed by a mute and a liquid κ or λ is common

and can be either long or short depending on the requirements of the verse Occasionally the letters ι κ λ ξ or ζ

are doubled in pronunciation when they follow a short vowel making the syllable long by position but this

convention is not always represented in writing And occasionally a lost ϝ will combine with another consonant to

make the preceding syllable long by position

Observe the following rules when determing the length of a syllable

Any vowel with the circumflex accent is long

The vowel of any ultmia whose penult bears the circumflex is short

If the penult has an acute then the vowel of the ultima must also be long

If the vowel of the ultima is short and the penult has the acute then the vowel of the penult must

be short as well

If the antepenult is accented the vowel of the ultima must be short

Occasionally these rules do not apply to certain compounds where one of the two words are

accented as if they were separate

If a short syllable stands where a long syllable is expected it is usually because the pause of the caesura or

diaresis fills out the foot or because the following word has lost a consonant (usually ϝ or ζ) And occasionally a

short syllable ending in a consonant is lengthened when it occurs on the ictus (beat) of the verse Such lengthening is

called thesis

142 Metrical Quantity

With the exception of pauses at the end of the verse caesura and diaresis all feet must consist of two long

syllables or a long syllable followed by two shorts Thus if a long syllable is followed by a short syllable then the

next syllable must be short as well Likewise if a short syllable is followed by a long syllable then the preceding

syllable must be short as well

When a word ends in a short vowel (and sometimes -νη and -αη) and the following word begins with a vowel

the short vowel is usually elided unless the following word originally began with ϝ When a word ends in a long

vowel or a diphthong and the following word begins with a vowel the long vowel is usually shortened This

phenomenon can also occur within the same word and again it is less common when the following word originally

began with ϝ Vowel shortening is also rare when the long vowel occurs on the ictus

The meter of Homer is called dactylic or heroic hexameter and is the most common meter in Greek verse Each

verse has six feet The first five feet can be dactyls (one long syllable followed by two short syllables) or spondees

(two long syllables) The final foot of the verse is always a spndee but keep in mind that the pause at the end of the

verse often combines with a final short syllable to form one long syllable The fifth foot of each verse is usually a

dactyl with only one in twenty (or so) verses containing a spondee in the fifth foot The verses that have a spndee in

the fifth foot are called spondaic and usually take slightly longer to recite In dactylic hexameter the ictus (beat) of

the verse always occurs on the first syllable of each foot producing six distinct beats per verse

Caesura occurs when a word ends within a foot (ie at the end of the first syllable of a foot or between the two

short syllables of the foot) When a caesura occurs at a natural pause in the verse this is said to be the caesura of the

verse A pause after the first syllable of a foot is called a masculine caesura and a pause after the second syllable of

the foot is called a feminine caesura

Diaresis occurs when the end of a word coincides with the end of a foot When this falls at a natural pause in

the verse it is said to be the diaresis of the verse When the diaresis occurs at the end of the fourth foot is it called

the bucolic diaresis (due to its common use in pastoral poetry)

143 Marking the Rhythm of the Iliad 1-5

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κπξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςπρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιήλ

ΜΖ ληλ α | ΔΗ δε ζε | Α ΠΖ | ΛΖ η α | ΓΔΧ α ρη | ΛΖ Ο-

dact dact spon dact dact spon

The pauses at the end of κῆληλ and ἄεηδε are feminine caesuras

The pauses at the end of ζεά Πειεηάδεσ and Ἀρηιῆνο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of ζεά is the caesura of the verse

The dash at the end of the verse indicates a pause that combines with a short vowel to fill out the

last foot

ΟΤ ιν κε | ΝΖΝ Ζ | ΜΤ ξη α | ΥΑΗ ΟΗ | ΑΛ γε ε | ΘΖ ΚΔΝ-

dact spon dact spon dact spon

The pauses at the end of κῡξίrsquo and ἄιγε are feminine caesuras

The pauses at the end of νὐινκέλελ and ἔζεθελ are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of νὐινκέλελ is the caesura of the verse

The pauses at the end of ἥ and Ἀραηνῖο are diareses

The diaresis at Ἀραηνῖο is a bucolic diaresis

κῡξία Ἀραηνῖο and ἄιγεα ἔζεθελ are examples of hiatus

The first syllable of ἄιγεrsquo is long because it is followed by two consecutive consonants

ΠΟΛ ΛΑ | ΓrsquoΗΦ ΘΗ | ΜΟΤ ΦΤ | ΥΑ ΑΗ | ΓΗ πξν τ | Α ΦΔΝ-

spon spon spon spon dact spon

The pauses at the end of ἰθζίκνπο and ςπράο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of πνιιάο is a diaresis

δὲ ἰθζίκνπο is hiatus

The first syllable of πνιιάο is long by position as is the first syllable of ἰθζίκνπο the last syllable

of Ἄηδη and the second syllable of πξνΐαςελ

Ζ ΡΧ | ΧΝ ΑΤ | ΣΟΤ δε ε | ΛΧ ξη α | ΣΔΤ ρε θπ | ΝΔ ΗΝ-

spon spon dact dact dact spon

The pause at the end of ηεῦρε is a feminine caesura

The pauses at the end of ἡξώσλ and αὐηνύο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of ἡξώσλ is the caesura of the verse

The pause at the end of ἑιώξηα is a diaresis

ΟΗ Χ | ΝΟΗ ζη ηε | ΓΑΗ ηα δη | Ο δrsquoε ηε | ΛΔΗ ε ην | ΒΟΤ ΛΖΝ

The pauses at the end of νἰσλνῖζη and δαῖηα are feminine caesuras

The pause at the end of Γηόο is a masculine caesura

The pauses at the end of ηε ἐηειείεην and βνπιήλ are diareses

The pause at the end of δαῖηα is the diaresis of the verse

Lesson 15

(693-694 697-700)

(cf 781-782 837 580 1009 996 584-585)

151 Third Declension Paradigms (continued)

Third declension nouns ending in a dental mute stem are exemplified by ἄλαμ (king ϝαλαθη-) λύμ (night λπθη-

) παῖο (child παηδ-) and γέξσλ (old man γεξνλη-)

N ἄλαμ λύμ παῖο γέξσλ

G ἄλαθηνο λπθηόο παηδόο γέξνληνο

D ἄλαθηη λπθηί παηδί γέξνληη

A ἄλαθηα λύθηα παίδα γέξνληα

V ἄλαμ [ἄλα] λύμ παῖ γέξσλ

N V A ἄλαθηε λύθηε παίδε γέξνληε

G D ἀλάθηνηηλ λύθηνηηλ παίδνηηλ γεξόληνηηλ

N ἄλαθηεο λύθηεο παίδεο γέξνληεο

G ἀλάθησλ λπθηῶλ παηδῶλ γεξόλησλ

D ἀλάθηεζζη λύθηεζζη παίδεζζη γεξόληεζζη

ἄλαμη λπμί παηζί γέξνπζη

A ἄλαθηαο λύθηνο παῖδαο γέξνληαο

Third declension nouns ending in labial and palatal stems are exemplified by αἴμ (goat αἰγ-) θῆξπμ (herald

θεξῡθ-) and Αἰζίνς (Ethipoian Αἰζηνπ-)

N αἴμ θῆξπμ Αἰζίνς

G αἰγόο θήξῡθνο Αἰζίνπνο

D αἰγί θήξῡθη Αἰζίνπη

A αἶγα θήξῡθα Αἰζίνπα

V αἴμ θῆξπμ Αἰζίνς

N V A αἶγε θήξῡθε Αἰζίνπε

G D αἴγνηηλ θεξύθνηηλ (ῡ) Αἰζηόπνηηλ

N αἶγεο θήξῡθεο Αἰζίνπεο

G αἰγῶλ θεξύθσλ (ῡ) Αἰζηόπσλ

D αἴγεζζη θεξύθεζζη (ῡ) Αἰζηόπεζζη

αἰμί θήξῡμ Αἰζίνςη

A αἶγαο θήξῡθαο Αἰζίνπαο

Nouns with stems ending in -εξ express different grades of ablaut in the stem (-εξ -εξ -ξ) with a recessive

accent in the vocative singular These are exemplified by παηήξ (father παηεξ-) κήηεξ (mother κεηεξ-) ζπγάηεξ

(daughter ζπγαηεξ-) and ἀλήξ (man ἀλεξ-)

N παηήξ κήηεξ ζπγάηεξ ἀλήξ

G παηέξνο -ηξόο κεηέξνο -ηξόο ζπγαηέξνο -ηξόο ἀλέξνο ἀλδξόο

D παηέξη -ηξί κεηέξη -ηξί ζπγαηέξη -ηξί ἀλέξη ἀλδξί

A παηέξα κεηέξα ζπγαηέξα ἀλέξα ἄλδξα

V πάηεξ κῆηεξ ζύγαηεξ ἄλεξ

N V A παηέξε κεηέξε ζπγαηέξε ἀλέξε ἄλδξε

G D παηέξνηηλ κεηέξνηηλ ζπγαηέξνηηλ ἀλέξνηηλ ἄλδξνηηλ

N παηέξεο κεηέξεο ζπγαηέξεο ζύγαηξεο ἀλέξεο ἄλδξεο

G παηέξσλ -ηξῶλ κεηέξσλ -ηξῶλ ζπγαηέξσλ ζπγαηξῶλ ἀλέξσλ ἀλδξῶλ

D παηξάζη κεηξάζη ζπγαηξάζη ζπγαηέξεζζη ἀλδξάζη ἄλδξεζζη

A παηέξαο κεηέξαο ζπγαηέξαο ζύγαηξαο ἀλέξαο ἄλδξαο

Note that δ is inserted into ἀλήξ between λ and ξ where they occur together The accent of the shorter forms of

ἀλέξ follow the pattern seen in παηήξ The alpha after ξ in the dative plural was added euphonically to strengthen

what was originally a sonant ξ

152 Vocabulary

ἄλαμ ἄλαθηνο ὁ king lord protector

ἀλήξ ἀλέξνο (ἀλδξόο) ὁ (real) man warrior hero

ἄξ(α) (ῥά) naturally of course as you know as you might expect that is

in effect (not always translatable)

βαζηιεύο ῆνο ὁ king ruler

δή indeed truly forsooth now

δηίζηεκη (ζηε- ζηα-) δηαζηήζσ stand apart separate

δηέζηεζα (δηέζηελ)

ἐμ νὗ from the time when

ἐξίδσ (ἐξηδ-) - ἤξηζ(ζ)α quarrel strive

ἠξηζάηελ (they) strove

ἔξηο ηδνο ἡ strife quarrel

Λεηώ Λεηόνο ἡ Leto

κάρνκαη fight battle

κάρεζζαη to fight

μπλίκη μπλήζσ μπλῆθα (μπλέεθα) bring together throw together hearken heed

ὄξλῡκη ὄξζσ ὦξζα (ὤξνξνλ) stir up kindle incite excite arouse

πξῶηνο ε νλ first foremost chief

ηὸ πξῶηνλ ηὰ πξῶηα (adv) at first firstly first

πἱόο νῦ ὁ son

ζθσε these two

153 Translation

1 ζεὰ (ᾱ) ἀείζεη κῆληλ Ἀρηιῆνο ἐμ νὗ δὴ ηὰ πξῶηα δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο θαὶ Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἀλδξῶλ ἠξηζάηελ θαὶ

δηεζηήηελ 2 ηίο ζεῶλ μπλέεθε δῖνλ Ἀρηιῆά ηε θαὶ Ἀηξεΐδελ ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 3 πἱὸο Λεηόνο θαὶ Γηὸο ἑθεβόινο

μπλέεθέ ζθσε ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη ηὸλ γὰξ βαζηιεὺο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἐρόισζελ ὁ δrsquo ὦξζε θαθὴλ λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ

ὤιεθε δὲ ιᾱνύο

KEY

1 The goddess sings the wrath of Achilles from the time when first the divine Achilles and Atreides king of

men strove and separated 2 Which of the gods brought together the divine Achilles and the son of Atreus to fight

in strife 3 The son of Leto and Zeus the Free-shooter brought these two together to fight in strife for Atreides the

king enraged him so he stirred up an evil plague through the camp of the Achaeans and destroyed their host

154 Iliad 1-10

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κῡξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςῡρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιή

ἐμ νὗ δὴ ηὰ πξῶηα δηαζηήηελ ἐξίζαληε

Ἀηξεΐδεο ηε ἄλαμ ἀλδξῶλ θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεύο

ηίο ηrsquo ἄξ ζθσε ζεῶλ ἔξηδη μπλέεθε κάρεζζαη

Λεηνῦο θαὶ Γηὸο πἱόο ὁ γὰξ βαζηιῆη ρνισζεὶο

λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ ὦξζε θαθήλ ὀιέθνλην δὲ ιᾱνί

δηαζηήηελ = δηεζηήηελ

ἐξίζαληε = aor act part nom dual masc (they two) having quarreled

ηε ἄλαμ originally ηε ϝάλαμ thus allowing the hiatus

ζθσε [ἕσ] = 3rd

pers pron acc dual these two

ἔξηδη is dative of means in strife

κάρεζζαη = pres act infinitive deponent to fight

ρνισζείο = aor pass part nom sing masc having been enraged

Λεηνῦο = contracted form of Λεηόνο

βαζηιῆη = Agamemnon instrumental case by the king

ὀιέθνλην = ὠιέθνλην imperf pass ind 3rd

pers plural were being destroyed or kept

perishing

KEY

Sing O goddess of the accursed wrath of Achilles Peleiades

which brought countless woes to the Achaeans

and cast forth the souls of many valiant warriors to Hades

making them the spoils and feast of both dogs

and vultures But the will of Zeus was accomplished

indeed from the time when at first having quarreled both

Atreides king of men and the divine Achilles separated

Which of the gods of course brought these two together to fight in strife

The son of Leto and Zeus For enraged by the king he

kindled an evil plague up through the camp and the people were destroyed

155 Composition

1 ἠείδνκελ κῆληλ νὐινκέλελ Ἀρηιιῆνο ἐμ νὗ ηὰ πξῶηα Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἀλέξσλ (ἀλδξῶλ) θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο

ἠξηζάηελ θαὶ δηεζηεζάηελ (δηεζηήηελ) 2 ηίο ζεῶλ μπλῆθε (μπλέεθα) Ἀραηνὺο θαὶ ιᾱὸλ Πξηάκνπ ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 3

μπλῆθε (μπλέεθα) ζθσε (ἕν) πἱὸο Λεηόνο (Λεηνῦο) θαὶ Γηὸο ἑθεβόινο ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 4 Αηξεΐδεο βαζηιεὺο

Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο ἐρόισζαλ ἄλαθηα ἑθεβόινλ θαὶ ὁ ὦξζα (ὤξνξε) λνῦζνπο πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θαθὰο (ᾱ) ἀλὰ

ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ θαθῶο ὤιεθελ ἀγαζὸλ ιᾱόλ

Lesson 16

(887-897 910 1065-1068 697-703 707 710 732)

161 Formation of Middle Passive and Deponent Verbs

The endings of the middle voice are different from the active voice The passive voice applies the same endings

as the middle voice except in the aorist passive which applies active endings Because the middle and passive voice

are identical (other than the aorist) the context determines whether a verb is used with middle or the passive

meaning The aorist middle is often used with a passive meaning (especially in athematic forms) and the aorist

passive is often used with a middle meaning

The perfect and pluperfect of the middlepassive are athematic with the personal endings attached directly to

the reduplicated stem

The future perfect passive is formed by adding -ζνε to the perfect middle passive lengthening the vowel that

precedes this ending

The first aorist passive is formed by adding -(ζ)ζεε to the stem Before ζ π and β become θ θ and γ become ρ

and η δ ζ become ζ Many verbs have a second aorist passive that drops the ζ altogether

Deponent verbs have no active form but use the middlepassive forms in an active sense

162 Paradigms Present and Future Indicative MiddlePassive of ιύσ

Present

S 1 ιύνκαη

2 ιύεαη [(ιύῃ)]

3 ιύεηαη

D 2 ιύεζζνλ

3 ιύεζζνλ

P 1 ιπόκε(ζ)ζα

2 ιύεζζα

3 ιύνληαη

Future

S 1 ιύζνκαη (ῡ)

2 ιύζεαη (ῡ) [(ιύζῃ (ῡ))]

3 ιύζεηαη (ῡ)

D 2 ιύζεζζνλ (ῡ)

3 ιύζεζζνλ (ῡ)

P 1 ιῡζόκεζα

2 ιύζεζζε (ῡ)

3 ιύζνληαη (ῡ)

163 The Use of Voice in Greek

The active voice indicates that the subject is acting λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ ὦξζε = he kindled a plague up

through the camp

The passive voice indicates that the subject is acted upon Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιή = but the will of Zeus was

being accomplished

The Middle voice denotes one of three meanings

1 The subject acting upon itself πείζνκαη (I convince myself) θαίλνκαη (I show myself)

2 The subject acting for itself θαιένκαη (I call for myself)

3 The subject acting upon something belonging to itself ιύνκαη (I loose my own I ransom)

When determing the difference between the middle and passive keep in mind that the middle voice always

conveys a direct or indirect reference to the subject and that the subject is effect by or has an interest in the action

164 Third Declension Stems in -επ -επ -νπ and -σϝ

Stems in -επ usually became -εϝ and the third declension endings are applied after the ϝ Thus βαζηιεϝνο =

βαζηιῆνο βαηιεϝη = βαζηιῆη βαζηιεϝα = βαζηιῆα etc Note that the ϝ explains why εη (εϝη) does not form an

improper diphthong as well as why the accusative singular ends in -εα (as if the stem ended in a consonant) instead

of -ελ (as if the stem ended in a vowel) Note that when the ending consists of a consonant the -εϝ is contracted to

the diphthong -επ Thus βαζηιεϝο = βαζηιεύο βαζηιεϝ = βαζηιεῦ βαζηιεϝζη = βαζηιεῦζη In rare cases the other

endings also contract the -ε to -ε (ie βαζηιῆνο = βαζηιένο)

In stems ending originally in -ᾱϝ the ᾱ becomes ε in the Ionic dialect These are declined the same as -εϝ

except that -εῡ is formed before consonants instead of -επ Thus λᾱϝο = λεϝο = λεῦο λᾱϝ = λεϝ = λεῦ But note the

exception in the shorter form of the dative plural where λᾱϝζη = λεϝζη = λεπζί (rather than λεῡζη) In contracted

forms the ε usually becomes ε

In stems ending in -σϝ the third declension endings are applied directly to the stem Thus ἡξσϝο = ἥξσο

ἡξσϝνο = ἥξσνο ἡξσϝη = ἥξση ἡξσϝα = ἥξσα etc

In stems ending originally in -ν or -νϝ the third declension endings are applied as usual But keep in mind that -

νϝ is contracted to the diphthong -νπ before a consonant thus βνϝο = βνῦο and βνϝζη = βνπζί But note the

exception that occurs in the accusative singular where βνϝλ = βνῦλ rather than βνϝα

βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

(βαζηιεϝ-) (βνϝ-) (λᾱϝ-) (ἡξσϝ-)

N βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

G βαζηιῆνο [ένο] βνόο λεόο [εόο] ἥξσνο

D βαζηιῆη [έη] βνΐ λεί ἥξση

A βαζηιῆα [έα] βνῦλ [βῶλ] λῆα [έα] ἥξσα

V βαζηιεῦ βνῦ λεῦ ἥξσο

N V A βαζηιῆε βόε λῆε ἥξσε

G D βαζηιήνηηλ βόνηηλ λήνηηλ ἡξώνηηλ

N V βαζηιῆεο βόεο λῆεο ἥξσεο

G βαζηιήσλ βνῶλ λεῶλ [εῶλ] ἡξώσλ

D βαζηιήεζζη βόεζζη λήεζζη [έεζζη] ἡξώεζζη

βαζηιεῦζη βνπζί λεπζί ἥξσζη

A βαζηιῆαο βόαο (βνῦο) λῆαο [έαο] ἥξσαο

165 Third Declension Stems in -εζ -αζ and -νζ

When a stem ends in a vowel plus -ζ the initial ζ is dropped between two vowels Thus γεξαζνο = γέξανο

ἠνζνο = ἠόνο etc

All third declension nouns with stems ending in -εο are neuters and follow the pattern of ἔπνο The third

declension endings are applied as usual except that the nominative vocative and accusative singulars end in -νο

Nouns with stems ending in -νο take -σο in the nominative and vocative singular but otherwise apply the third

declension endings as usual (dropping ζ between two vowels)

ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

(ϝεπεζ-) (γεξαζ-) (ἀϝζνζ- (ᾱ))

N ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

G ἔπενο γέξανο ἠόνο

D ἔπετ γέξατ ἠόη

A ἔπνο γέξαο ἠόα

V ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

N V A ἔπεε γέξαε

G D ἐπένηηλ γεξάνηηλ

N V ἔπεα γέξα(α)

G ἐπέσλ γεξάσλ

D ἐπέεζζη γεξάεζζη

ἔπε(ζ)ζη γέξα(ζ)ζη

A ἔπεα γέξα(α)

166 Third Declension Stems in -καη and -καξ

Stems ending in -καη and -καξ are neuters

Stems in -καη drop the -ηο in the nominative vocative and accusative singular δσκαηο = δῶκα Otherwise the

third declension endings are applied as usual

Stems ending in -καξ are declined like those ending in -καη except in the nominative vocative and accusative

singular (which end in -καξ)

δῶκα ἦκαξ

(δσκαη-) (ἠκαξ- ἠκαη-)

N δῶκα ἦκαξ

G δώκαηνο ἤκαηνο

D δώκαηη ἤκαηη

A δῶκα ἦκαξ

V δῶκα ἦκαξ

N V A δώκαηε ἤκαηε

G D δσκάηνηηλ ἠκάηνηηλ

N V δώκαηα ἤκαηα

G δσκάησλ ἠκάησλ

D δσκάηεζζη ἠκάηεζζη

δώκαζη ἤκαζη

A δώκαηα ἤκαηα

167 Third Declension Stems in -λη and -λ

Stems ending in -λη drop the -λη before ζ and lengthen the preceding vowel thus παληο = πᾶο παληζη = πᾶζη

Otherwise the third declension endings are applied as usual In neuters the -η is dropped at the end of the word thus

παλη = πᾶλ Stems in -λ drop the -λ before ζ and lengthen the preceding vowel in the masculine (but not in the

neuter)

πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

(παλη- παληα- παλη-)

Masc Fem Neut

N πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

G παληόο πάζεο (ᾱ) παληόο

D παληί πάζῃ (ᾱ) παληί

A πάληα πᾶζαλ πᾶλ

V πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

N V πάληεο πᾶζαη πάληα

G πάλησλ πᾱζάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] πάλησλ

D πάληεζ(ζ)η πάζῃζη (ᾱ) πάληεζ(ζ)η

πᾶζη πάζῃο (ᾱ) πᾶζη

A πάληνο πάζᾱο (ᾱ) πάληα

κέιᾱο κέιαηλα κέιαλ

(κειαλ- κειαηλα- κειαλ-)

N κέιᾱο κέιαηλα κέιαλ

G κέιαλνο κειαίλεο κέιαλνο

D κέιαλη κειαίλῃ κέιαλη

A κέιαλα κέιαηλαλ κέιαλ

V κέιαλ κέιαηλα κέιαλ

N V A κέιαλε κειαίλᾱ κέιαλε

G D κειάλνηηλ κειαίλῃηλ κειάλνηηλ

N V κέιαλεο κέιαηλαη κέιαλα

G κειάλσλ κειαηλάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] κειάλσλ

D κειάλεζ(ζ)η κειαίλῃζη κειάλεζ(ζ)η

κέιαζη κειαίλῃο κέιαζη

A κέιαλεο κειαίλᾱο κέιαλα

168 Vocabulary

Nouns

Ἀπόιισλ (ᾰ or ᾰ) σλνο ὁ Apollo

ἀξεηήξ (ᾱ) ῆξνο ὁ priest prayer

ζπγάηεξ ηέξνο (ηξόο) ἡ daughter

θνζκήησξ νξνο ὁ commander marshaller

λεῦο λεόο (λεόο) ἡ ship

ζηέκκα καηνο ηό fillet (of white cotton) wreath

ρείξ ρεηξόο ἡ hand arm

Verbs

ἔξρνκαη (ἐξρ- ἐιε- ἐιεπζ- ἐιπζ-) come go

ἐιεύζνκαη I will come I will go

ἦιζνλ (ἤιπζνλ) I came I went

ιίζζνκαη (ιηη-) I beg I entreat

---

ἐιιηζάκελ (ἐιηηόκελ) I begged I entreated

Adjectives Prepositions

ζνόο ή όλ swift speedy

πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ all every (the) whole

Indeclinable

δύν (δύσ) two

κάιηζηα most especially by all means

169 Translation

1 Ἀπόιισλ ἑθεβόινο ρνινῦηαη βαζηιῆη Αηξεΐδῃ θαὶ πέκπεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ ὀιέθνληαη δὲ

ιᾱνί νὕλεθα δῖνο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) 2 Υξύζεο (ῡ) γὰξ ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἑθεβόινπ ἔξρεηαη

ἐπὶ ζνὰο (ᾱ) λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ θέξεη δrsquo ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα ζπγαηξόο ἣλ Ἀηξεΐδεο ἔρεη ἐλ ζηξαηῷ 3 ὁ δrsquo ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἔρεη

ζηέκκαηα ἑθεβόινπ Ἀπόιισλνο ἐλ ρεξζὶλ ἀλὰ ρξῡζέῳ ζθήπηξῳ θαὶ ιίζζεηαη πάληαο Ἀραηνύο κάιηζηα δrsquo Ἀηξεΐδᾱ

δύσ θνζκήηνξε ιᾱῶλ 4 Ἀπόιισλ ρνιώζεηαη βαζηιῆη θαὶ ὄξζεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηόλ 5 ἐιεύζνληαη ἐπὶ ζνὰο

(ᾱ) λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ νἴζνπζη ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα βαζηιῆη 6 ιίζζνληαη πάληαο Ἀραηνύο 7 Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζελ (ῑ)

ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) θαὶ νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε ζύγαηξα

KEY

1 Apollo the free-shooter enraged by king Atreides sent an evil plague through the camp of the Achaeans and

the people were destroyed because the divine Atreides dishonored Chryses the priest 2 For Chryses the priest of

the free-shooter went upon the swift ships of the Achaeans bearing countless ransoms for his daughter whom

Atreides was holding in the camp 3 But the priest had a wreath of Apollo the free-shooter upon a staff in his hand

and was entreating all of the Achaeans but especially the sons of Atreus (who were) the commanders of the host 4

Apollo will be enraged by the king and will kindle an evil plague up through the camp 5 They will go upon the

swift ships of the Achaeans and bring countless ransoms to the king 6 They are entreating all of the Achaeans 7

Atreides dishonored the priest and would not release his daughter

1610 Iliad 11-16

hellipὀιέθνλην δὲ ιᾱνί

νὕλεθα ηὸλ Υξύζελ ἠηίκαζελ ἀξεηῆξα

Αηξεΐδεο ὁ γὰξ ἦιζε ζνὰο ἐπὶ λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ

ιπζόκελνο ηε ζύγαηξα θέξσλ ηrsquo ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα

ζηέκκαηrsquo ἔρσλ ἐλ ρεξζὶλ ἑθεβόινπ Ἀπόιισλνο

ρξπζέῳ ἀλὰ ζθήπηξῳ θαὶ ἐιίζζεην πάληαο Ἀραηνύο

Ἀηξεΐδα δὲ κάιηζηα δύσ θνζκήηνξε ιαῶλ

ηόλ Υξύζελ = that (well-known) Chryses

The first verse ends in two spondees making it a spondaic verse and emphasizing the fact that

Chryses was a priest

ιῡζόκελνο = fut mid part nom masc sing being about to ransom

θέξσλ = pres act part nom sing masc bearing bringing

ἔρσλ = pres act part nom sing masc having holding

ρεξζὶλ ἑθεβόινπ = ρεξζὶ ϝεθεβόινπ

ρξῡζέῳ = synizesis where -έῳ is pronounced as a single syllable

ἐιίζζεην = imperf act ind 3rd

pers sing dep (kept) entreating was entreating

Ἀηξεΐδᾱ = dual of Ἀηξεΐδεο refers to both Agamemnon and Menelaus

KEY

hellipand the people were being destroyed

because Atreides dishonored Chryses the priest

For he had gone upon the swift ships of the Achaeans

intending to ransom his daughter bearing countless gifts

and holding in his hand fillets of Apollo the free-shooter

upon a golden staff and was entreating all of the Achaeans

but especially the two sons of Atreus the commanders of the host

1611 Composition

1 Chryses the priest of Apollo is dishonored by the son of Atreus 2 The Achaeans will go from their swift

ships to Troy and ransom the beloved daughter of the priest 3 We shall bring many ransoms and shall hold in our

hands the fillets of Apollo 4 We do not have a golden scepter but we entreat Priam and all the people of Troy 5

The two sons of Atreus marshallers of the people are entreating Priam but he will slight them 6 The son of

Atreus king of men slighted the priest and did not release his daughter

KEY

1 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) Ἀπόιινπ ἀηῑκάδεηαη Ἀηξεΐδῃ 2 Ἀραηνὶ ἐιεύζνληαη ἐθ ζνάσλ (ᾱ) λήσλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ (ῑ)

θαὶ ἀπειύζνληαη (ῡ) θίιε ζπγάηεξα ἀξεηῆξη (ᾱ) 3 νἴζνκελ πνιιrsquo ἄπνηλα θαὶ ἕζρνκελ ἐλ ρείξεζζη ζηέκκαηα

Ἀπόιινπ 4 νὐθ ἔρνκελ ζθῆπηξνλ ρξύζενλ ἀιιὰ ιηζζόκεζα Πξίακνλ θαὶ πᾶληα ιᾱνλ Ἰιίνπ (ῑ) 5 δύrsquo Ἀηξεΐδᾱ

θνζκήηεξᾱ ιᾱσλ ιίζζεζζνλ Πξίακνλ αὐηνὺο δrsquo ἀηῑκάζεη 6 Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἄλδξσλ ἠηίκαζελ (ῑ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) θαὶ

νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε ζπγάηεξα

1612 Meter

ΟΤ λε θα | ΣΟΝ ΥΡΤ | ΖΝ Ζ | ΣΗ κα ζελ | Α ΡΖ | ΣΖ ΡΑ~

Α ηξε η | ΓΖ ν γαξ | ΖΛ ζε ζν | Α ε πη | ΝΖ αο α | ΥΑΗ ΧΝ

ΛΤ ζν κε | ΝΟ ηε ζπ | ΓΑΣ ξα θε | ΡΧΝ ηα πε | ΡΔΗ ζη α | ΠΟΗ ΝΑ~

ΣΔΜ καη ε | ΥΧΝ ΔΝ | ΥΔΡ ζηλ ε | ΚΖ βν ινπ | Α ΠΟΛ | ΛΧ ΝΟ~

ΥΡΤζεσα | ΝΑ ΚΖΠ | ΣΡΧ θαη ε | ΛΗ ζε ην | ΠΑΝ ηαο α | ΥΑΗ ΟΤ

ΑΣ ξε η | ΓΑ δε κα | ΛΗ ηα δπ | Χ ΚΟ | ΜΖ ην ξε | ΛΑ ΧΝ

Lesson 17

(910 - imperfect middle and passive aorist middle of ιύσ 648-658 - the table

of endings in 32)

171 Paradigms Imperfect MiddlePassive of ιύσ

S 1 ἐιπόκελ

2 ἐιύεν [(ἐιύεπ)]

3 ἐιύεην

D 2 ἐιύεζζνλ

3 ἐιπέζζελ

P 1 ἐιπόκε(ζ)ζα

2 ἐιύεζζε

3 ἐιύνλην

172 Paradigms Aorist Middle of ιύσ

Thematic Athematic (2nd

Aorist)

S 1 ἐιῡζάκελ ἐιύκελ

2 ἐιύζαν (ῡ) [(ἐιύζσ (ῡ))] ἔιπ(ζ)ν

3 ἐιύζαην (ῡ) ἔιπην

D 2 ἐιύζαζζνλ (ῡ) ἔιπζζνλ

3 ἐιῡζάζζελ ἐιύζζελ

P 1 ἐιῡζάκε(ζ)ζα ἐιύκε(ζ)ζα

2 ἐιύζαζζε (ῡ) ἔιπζζε

3 ἐιύζαλην (ῡ) ἔιπλην

173 Vocabulary

δῶκα αηνο ηό house home

παῖο παηδόο ὁ ἡ child son daughter

π(η)όιηο ηνο (ενο) ἡ city state

ἐπθλήκῑο ῑδνο well-greaved

ἐγώ(λ) κέν (κεῦ) I

ζύ ζέν (ζεῦ) you

κέλhellip δέ on the one handhellip trulyhellip on the one handhellip on the other hand

partlyhellip partly the onehellip the other

νἴθαδε home homeward to home home

Verbs

ἅδνκαη (ἁγ-) (defective) I reverence

δέρνκαη I accept I receive

δέμνκαη I will accept

ἐδεμάκελ (ἐδέγκελ) I accepted

δίδσκη (δσ- δν-) I give I grant

(δη)δώζσ I will give

ἔδσθα I gave

ἐθπέξζσ (πεξζ- πξαζ-) I sack (utterly) I plunder I pillage

ἐθπέξζσ I will sack

ἐμέπεξζα (ἐμέπξαζνλ) I sacked

ἱθλένκαη I arrive I reach (a destination)

ἵμνκαη I will arrive

ἱθόκελ (ῑ) I arrived

174 Translation

1 ζενὶ ἔρνπζηλ ιύκπηα δώκαηα ἔδσθαλ δrsquo Ἀηξεΐδεο θαὶ ἄιινηζηλ ἐπθλεκίδεζζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἐθπέξζαη

(infinitive) πόιηλ Πξηάκνπ ηόηε δrsquo ἵθνλην (ῑ) ἐὺ νἴθαδε νὕλεθα παῖδα θίιελ ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἔιῡζαλ 2 ἀπέιῡζαλ

ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνὶ ζύγαηξα θίιελ ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἐδέμαλην δrsquo ἀγιαὰ ἄπνηλα νὕλεθα ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλα Γηὸο πἱὸλ

ἅδνλην 3 ἅδεηαη ἑθεβόινλ 4 Ἀηξεΐδεο νὐθ ἐδέμαην ηὰ ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα 5 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἔδσθελ ἄπνηλα

πνιιὰ βαζηιῆη Ἀηξεΐδῃ 6 πάληεο ζενὶ θαὶ πᾶζαη ζεαὶ εἶρνλ ιύκπηα δώκαηα 7 Ἀραηνὶ ἐπθλήκῑδεο ἐθπέξζνπζη

Πξηάκνην πόιηλ ἵμνληαη δrsquo ἐπ νἴθαδε 8 παῖο θίιε ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἐιύζαην (ῡ) ἵθεην (ῑ) δrsquo ἐὺ νἴθαδε

KEY

1 The gods have Olympian homes but they gave the son of Atreus and the other well-greaved Achaeans to

utterly sack the city of Priam and then they returned safe at home because they released the dear child of the priest

2 The well-greaved Achaeans released the dear daughter of the priest and received glorious ransoms because they

reverenced the free-shooter Apollo son of Zeus 3 He reverences te free-shooter 4 The son of Atreus did not

receive the glorious ransoms 5 Chryses the priest gave many ransoms to king Atreides 6 All of the gods and all of

the goddesses had Olympian homes 7 The well-greved Achaeans will utterly sack Priamrsquos city and will return safe

to home 8 The dear child of the priest was released and arrived well to her home

175 Iliad 17-21

ltltἈηξεΐδαη ηε θαὶ ἄιινη ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνί

ὑκῖλ κὲλ ζενὶ δνῖελ ιύκπηα δώκαηrsquo ἔρνληεο

ἐθπέξζαη Πξηάκνην πόιηλ ἐὺ δrsquo νἴθαδrsquo ἱθέζζαη

παῖδα δrsquo ἐκνὶ ιῦζαί ηε θίιελ ηά ηrsquo ἄπνηλα δέρεζζαη

ἁδόκελνη Γηὸο πἱὸλ ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλαgtgt

Ἀηξεΐδαηhellip ἄιινη ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνί = vocative case

ὑκῖλ (ῡ) = dat plural of ζύ to you

ζενί = one syllable by synizesis

κέλ (v 18) = correlative of δέ (v 20)

δνῖελ = aor act optative 3rd

plural of δίδσκη may they grant

ἔρνληεο = pres act part nom masc plural of ἔρσ having possessing

ἐθπέξζαη = aor act inf of ἐθπέξζσ to sack utterly

ἱθέζζαη = aor act inf of ἱθένκαη to arrive (compare κάρεζζαη)

ιῦζαη δέρεζζαη = infinitives used as imperatives free and accept

ηά ηrsquo ἄπνηλα (ηά ηε ἄπνηλα) = thesehellip gifts

ἁδόκελνη = pres act part nom masc plural reverencing

KEY

ldquoSons of Atreus and you other well-greaved Achaeans

may the gods who have their homes on Olympus grant you

to utterly sack Priamrsquos city and return safe to home

but release my dear child to me and accept these gifts

reverencing Apollo who shoots at will the son of Zeusrdquo

176 Composition

1 The gods who have (ἔρνληεο) Olympian homes will grant to the sons of Atreus and to the other well-greaved

Achaeans to sack utterly (ἐθπέξζαη) the city of Priam 2 When they sacked the city of Priam they returned happily

home 3 They accepted the shining ransoms and freed the darling daughter of the priest Chryses 4 We reverenced

the free-shooter Apollo son of Leto and Zeus and escaped death 5 Will the son of Atreus accept the shining

ransoms 6 The child of the priest was freed when he gave many shining ransoms which the two sons of Atreus

accepted

KEY

1 ζενὶ ἔρνληεο ιύκπηα δώκαηα δώζνπζη Ἀηξεΐδῃζη θαὶ ἄιινηζηλ ἐπθλεκίδεζζηλ (ῑ) Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἐθπέξζαη πόιηλ

Πξηάκνπ 2 ηόηε ἐμέπεξζαλ πόιηλ Πξηάκνην ἵθνλην (ῑ) ἐὺ νἴθαδε 3 ἐδέμαλην ἀγιαrsquo ἄπνηλα θαὶ ἀπέιῡζαλ ζπγάηεξα

θίιε ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) Υξύζᾱν (ῡ) 4 ἡμάκεζα ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλα Λεηόνο θαὶ Γηὸο πἱόλ θαὶ ζάλαηνλ 5

Ἀηξεΐδεο δέμεηαη ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα 6 παῖο ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἀπειύζαην (ῡ) ηόηε ἔδσθελ ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀγιάα ηὰ

Ἀηξεΐδᾱ ἐδώθαζηλ

Lesson 18

(Perfect and Pluperfect Active of Verbs 904 922 Third Declension γέρων

αἴξ 693-695)

181 Formation of the Perfect and Pluperfect Active

The perfect and pluperfect in all modes experience reduplication of the initial syllable which denotes completed

action Verbs beginning with a single consonant (except ξ) prefix this consonant followed by -ε Thus ιύσ =

ιέιπθα The stem sometimes stands in ablaut relation to the stem of the present as in βαίλσ = βέβεθα A

reduplicated syllable beginning with an aspirated mute is changed to its corresponding voiceless mute in the

reduplicated syllable ie ζλήζθσ = ηέζλεθα In these cases the reduplicated pluperfect adds ἐ- to the reduplicated

syllable ie ιύσ = ιέιπθα = ἐιέιπθε

Vebs beginning with a double consonant two consonants (except a mute followed by a liquid or a nasal) ξ and

some beginning with κ simply augment the stem with the addition of ε-

Verbs beginning in a vowel typically take the temporal augment by lengthening the vowel ie νἴρνκαη =

ᾤρσθα However verbs beginning with a vowel in which an initial consonant has been lost may take the syllabic

augment

Compound verbs typically insert the reduplication and augment between the preposition and the verb ie

ἀπνιύσ = ἀπνιέιπθα = ἀπειειύθε

The first perfect active adds -θα- to the stem followed by the primary endings The first pluperfect active

similarly adds -θε- followed by the secondary endings In general a short final vowel is lengthened before the

addition of the -θα- or -θε- Second perfects and pluperfects active are the older form and are more common in

Homer These omit the θ and simply add -α- or -ε- respectively The second perfects are more common in stems

ending in a consonant

In general the singular perfect and pluperfect active stand in ablaut relation to the dual and plural forms

Perfects and pluperfects are rare in Homer and only occur in some twenty verbs

182 Paradigms λέλυκα and βέβηκα

ιέιπθα ἐιειύθε (ἐιειύθεα)

ιέιπθαο ἐιειύθο (ἐιειύθεαο)

ιέιπθε(λ) ἐιειύθεη (ἐιειύθεε)

ιειύθαηνλ ἐιειύθαηνλ

ιειύθαηνλ ἐιειπθάηελ

ιειύθακελ ἐιειύθεκελ

ιειύθαηε ἐιειύθεηε

ιειύθᾱζη ἐιειύθεζαλ

βέβεθα ἐβεβήθεα (ἐβεβήθε)

βέβεθαο ἐβεβήθεαο (ἐβεβήθεο)

βέβεθε(λ) ἐβεβήθεε (ἐβεβήθεη)

βέβαηνλ ἐβέβαηνλ

βέβαηνλ ἐβεβάηελ

βέβακελ ἐβέβακελ

βέβαηε ἐβέβαηε

βέβᾱζη ἐβέβαζαλ

183 Paradigms γέρων and αἴξ

γέξσλ αἴμ

γέξνληνο αἰγόο

γέξνληη αἰγί

γέξνληα αἶγα

γέξνλ αἴμ

γέξνληε αἶγε

γεξόληνηηλ αἴγνηηλ

γέξνληεο αἶγεο

γεξόλησλ αἰγῶλ

γεξόληεζ(ζ)η (γέξνπζη) αἴγεζ(ζ)η (αἰμί)

γέξνληαο αἶγαο

184 Vocabulary

ἀγνξή ῆο ἡ assembly meeting place gathering harrangue

αἴμ αἰγόο ὁ ἡ goat

Ἄξγνο ενο ηό Argos (both a country and a city in Greece)

γέξσλ νληνο ὁ old man

γῆξαο ανο ηό old age

ἱεξεύο ῆνο ὁ priest holy man

κεξίνλ νπ ηό thigh-bone thigh-piece

πνύο πνδόο ὁ foot

ηαῦξνο νπ ὁ bull

θξήλ θξελόο ἡ diaphragm mind heart soul spirit disposition

δέθαηνο ε νλ tenth

ἡκέηεξνο ε νλ our ours

θνῖινο ε νλ hollow

ὠθύο ὠθεῖα ὠθύ swift speedy

ζλήζθσ die perish

ζαλένκαη

ἔζαλνλ

ηέζλεθα

θεύγσ flee fly escape run (off away along)

θεύμνκαη

ἔθπγνλ

πέθεπγα

νὕλεθα θᾱινὶ εἰζηλ 6 Γαλανὶ ηεύμνπζη ζάλαηνλ Πξηάκῳ ἐλ Ἰιίῳ 7 ἐθίιεζα ζεὰλ (ᾱ) ζαιάζζεο ἀιιrsquo νὐρ ἥλδαλε

ἑθεβόιῳ ζῡκῷ 8 ἀείζνκελ θαὶ πείζνκελ ζενύο 9 ὄρrsquo ἄξηζνη ἐλ Ἰιίῳ ηὰ εἶπνλ Πξηάκῳ ἀιιὰ ηνὺο ἠηῑκάζελ 10

Πξίακνο ἔπεκςε ηὸλ ζηξαηὸλ ἄξηζηνλ ἐπrsquo Ἀξγείνηζηλ 11 ἔβεζαλ αὖηηο Γαλανὶ εἰο Ἴιηνλ ἀιιrsquo νὐθ ἔπεηζαλ

Πξίακνλ 12 ἀείζνκελ ἑθεβόινλ ὄρrsquo ἄξηζηνλ ζεῶλ νὕλεθrsquo ἤγαγε Γαλανὺο εἰο Ἴιηνλ

Key to the Translation Exercises

1 Who was by far the noblest of the Danaans 2 Great-souled Priam ruled Ilium 3 Not agan will the great-

souled Danaans lead many sacrifices into Chrysa 4 They did not persuade the free-shooter with many goodly

sacrifices 5 Do we not love the gods because they are good 6 The Danaans will prepare death for Priam in Ilium

7 I loved the goddess of the sea but it was not pleasing to the heart of the free-shooter 8 We will sing and

persuade the gods 9 By far the noblest in Ilium this they say of Priam but he (is the one) he dishonored () 10

Priam sent the best army against the Argives 11 The Danaans went back to Ilium but they did not persuade Priam

12 We hymn the free-shooter greatest of the gods because he led the Danaans into Ilium

107 Composition Exercises

1 The great-souled Achaeans will not persuade the free-shooter with goodly hecatombs but he will prepare evil

death for the people 2 The noblest of the Achaeans went to Ilium but they did not persuade the soul of Priam 3

We shall sing because the gods have led (aor) the people into Troy 4 We shall have many shining golden scepters

5 Did you not love the gods who have Olympian homes 6 Priam shall not rule Ilium again for the Achaeans will

prepare evil death for him 7 Does he speak to the beautiful goddess of the sea 8 They will persuade the souls of

the gods with many hecatombs

Key to the Composition Exercises

1 Ἀραηνὶ κεγάζῡκνη νὐ πείζνπζηλ ἑθεβόινλ πνιιῇο ἑθαηόκβῆζηλ ἀιιὰ ηεύμεη ζάλαηνλ θαθὸλ ιᾱνῖζηλ 2

ἄξηζηνη Ἀραηῶλ ἔβεζαλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ ἀιιrsquo νὐθ ἔπεηζαλ ζῡκὸλ Πξηάκῳ 3 ἀείζνκελ νὕλεθα ζενὺο ἤγαγνλ ιᾱὸλ εἰο

Ἴιηνλ 4 ἕζρνκελ πνιιὰ ρξύζεα (ῡ) ἀγιαὰ ζθῆπηξα 5 νὐθ ἐθηιήζαηε ζενὺο νἳ ἔρνπζηλ νἴθνπο ιπκπίνπο 6 νὐθ

αὖηηο ἀλάζζεη Πξίακνο Ἰιίνπ Ἀραηνὶ γὰξ ηεύμνπζη ζάλαηνλ θαθὸλ αὐηῷ 7 εἴξεη ζεᾷ θᾱιᾷ ζαιάζζεο 8 πείζνπζη

ζῡκνὺο ζεῶλ πνιιῇο ἑθαηόκβῃζηλ

Lesson 11

(664-675 838-839)

111 First Declension Masculine Nouns

First declension masculines typically end in -εο -ᾱο or -ᾰο in the nominative and are declined exactly the same

as their feminine counterparts (with the exception of the nominative singular which adds -ο the genitive singular

which regularly ends in -ᾱν and the vocative singular which ends in -ε -ᾱ or -ᾰ) Those ending in -εο retain -ε

throughout the singular those ending in -ᾱο retain the -ᾱ throughout the singular and those ending in -ᾰο take the -ε

ending in the dative

Masculines ending in -δεο take -ε in the vocative singular while those ending in -ηεο (as well as compound

nouns and the names of nationalities) regularly take -ᾰ Those ending in -ᾱο take the the nominative singular in -ᾱ

A very few first declension adjectives take a masculine ending in -ᾰ (without the final -ο) Many of these also

have an alternative form that ends in the more common -εο Those that do not have an alternative form in -εο usually

have the recessive accent (a feature inherited from the Aeolic influence in Homer) The only masculine noun ending

in -ᾰ in the nominative is the name Θύεζηα (Thyestes)

First declension masculine nouns typically follow the paradigms for Ἀηξεΐδεο (Atreides son of Atreus) Αἰλείᾱο

(Aeneas) and αἰρκεηήο (spearman warrior)

Ἀηξεΐδεο ᾱν ὁ Αἰλείᾱο ᾱν ὁ αἰρκεηήο ᾱν ὁ

(Αηξεϝηδᾱ-) (Αἰλεηᾱ-) (αἰρκεηᾱ-)

N Ἀηξεΐδεο Αἰλείᾱο αἰρκεηήο [ά]

G Ἀηξεΐδᾱν [εσ] Αἰλείᾱν [σ] αἰρκεηᾶν [έσ]

D Ἀηξεΐδῃ Αἰλείᾳ αἰρκεηῇ

A Ἀηξεΐδελ Αἰλείαλ αἰρκεηήλ

V Ἀηξεΐδε Αἰλείᾱ αἰρκεηά

N A V Ἀηξεΐδᾱ αἰρκεηά (ᾱ)

G D Ἀηξεΐδῃηλ αἰρκεηῇηλ

N V Ἀηξεΐδαη αἰρκεηαί

G Ἀηξετδάσλ (ᾱ) αἰρκεηάσλ (ᾱ)

[έσλ ῶλ] [έσλ ῶλ]

D Ἀηξεΐδῃζη ῃο αἰρκεηῇζη ῇο

A Ἀηξεΐδᾱο αἰρκεηάο (ᾱ)

112 Compound Verbs

Compound verbs are formed from a preposition or adverb coupled with a verb such as ἀλαβαίλσ (ascend)

formed from ἀλα (up) and βαίλσ (go) If the preposition ends in a vowel and the verb begins with a vowel the vowel

of the preposition is usually elided as in δηίζηεκη (δηὰ ἰζηεκη) ἁθαηξέσ (ἀπὸ αἱξέσ)

The augment occurs between the preposition and the verb When two vowels are thus brought together the first

vowel is usually elided leaving the augment Thus ἀπνιύσ (I release present) ἀπέιπνλ (I was releasing

imperfect) ἀπέιῡζα (I released aorist)

113 Vocabulary

ἀλαβαίλσ ἀλαβήζσ ἀλέβεζα go up ascend embark

ἀπνιύσ ἀπνιύζσ (ῡ) ἀπέιῡζα loose set free release

Ἀηξεΐδεο -ᾱν ὁ Atreides son of Atreus (usually refers to Agamemnon)

θαηαθεύσ θαηαθαύζσ θαηέθεα burn consume

θειεύσ - ἔθιπνλ (+gen) hear hearken to

κεηέεηπνλ κεηεῖπνλ (2nd

aor of εἴξσ) spoke among addressed spoke to

ὅηε when whenever

Πειεηάδεο ᾱν (εσ) ὁ Peleiades son of Peleus (used in reference to Achilles)

πξνζέεηπνλ πξνζεῖπνλ (2nd

aor of εἴξσ) addressed spoke to

ηόηε then at that time

ρνιόσ ρνιώζσ ἐρόισζα anger enrage vex

Υξύζεο (ῡ) ᾱν (εσ) ὁ Chryses

Verbs

ἀλαβαίλσ

stem ἀλα + βαλ- βα-

future ἀλαβήζσ (rarely ἀλαβήζνκαη)

1st aorist ἀλέβεζα (rarely 2

nd aor ἀλέβελ)

ἀπνιύσ

stem ἀπό + ιύσ

future ἀπνιύζσ (ῡ)

1st aorist ἀπέιῡζα

θαηαθαίσ

stem θαηά + θαπ- θαϝ- θαη-

future θαηαθαύζσ (assumed form)

1st aorist θαηέθεα

θειεύσ (Attic)

stem θιεπ- θιεϝ- θιπ-

future none

2nd

aorist ἐθιπνλ

ρνιόσ

stem ρνιν-

future ρνιώζσ

1st aorist ἐρόισζα

Notes

In Homeric Greek the stem vowel is usually lengthened before -ζ hence ἀλαβαίλσ =gt ἀλαβήζσ =gt

ἀλέβεζα ἀπνιύσ =gt ἀπνιύζσ (ῡ) =gt ἀπέιῡζα

ἀλαβαίλσ also has a 2nd

aorist ἀλέβελ

A few verbs have active forms in the present but middle forms in the future ἀλαβαίλσ has two future

forms one active (ἀλαβήζσ) and one middle (ἀλαβήζνκαη)

Verbs with stems ending in -αηλσ originally had a consonantal η following the λ (ie ἀλαβαηλησ)

114 Translation

1 θᾱινὶ ζενὶ ἔηεπμαλ ζάλαηνλ θαθὸλ δίῳ (ῑ) Πειεηάδῃ ὁ δrsquo ἀλέβελ ππξήλ 2 ἑθεβόινο ὤιεθε ιᾱὸλ Ἀραηῶλ

νὕλεθα δῖνο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) 3 θαηέθεα ἑθαηόκβᾱο πνιιάο (ᾱ) 4 ἑθεβόινο νὐθ ἔθιπελ Ἀηξεΐδᾱν

νὕλεθα ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) 5 Υξύζεο (ῡ) κεηέεηπελ Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἀιιrsquo νὐθ Ἀηξεΐδῃ ἥλδαλε ζῡκῷ 6 ὅηε θαθῶο

πξνζέεηπελ Ἀηξεΐδεο Υξύζελ (ῡ) ηόηε ἐρόισζελ ἑθεβόινλ 7 ἀπειύζακελ (ῡ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) νὕλεθα ηὸλ

ἐθηιήζακελ 8 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἤλεηθελ ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα Ἀηξεΐδῃ 9 νἴζνκελ ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀπνιύζνκελ (ῡ)

Υξύζελ (ῡ) νὕλεθα ηὸλ ἐθηιήζακελ θαὶ θίινο ἐζηὶλ ἑθεβόιῳ 10 ηίο θέξεη ἄπνηλα Υξύζᾱν (ῡ) Ἀηξεΐδῃ 11 δῖνο

Πειεηάδεο ἐρόισζελ Ἀηξεΐδελ 12 ὅηε θαηεθήακελ πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἑθαηόκβᾱο θᾱιάο (ᾱ) ηόηε ἐπείζακελ ζῡκνὺο ζεῶλ

13 δηὰ καληνζύλελ Υξύζεο (ῡ) εἶπε βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεῶλ Ἀηξεΐδῃ Πειεηάδῃ ηε

KEY

1 The noble gods prepared evil death for the divine Peleiades and he ascended the funeral pyre 2 The free-

shooter destroyed the host of the Achaeans because the divine Atreides dishonored Chryses 3 I burned many

funeral pyres 4 The free-shooter did not hear the son of Atreus because he dishonored Chryses 5 Chryses spoke

among the Achaeans but but it did not please the heart of Atreides 6 It angered the free-shooter when the son of

Atreus spoke wickedly to Chryses 7 We released Chryses because we loved him 8 Chryses brought countless

glorious ransoms to the son of Atreus 9 We will bring many ransoms and release Chryses because we loved him

and he is dear to the free-shooter 10 Who brought the ransoms of Chryses to the son of Atreus 11 The divine

Peleiades angered the son of Atreus 12 We persuaded the hearts of the gods when we burned many good

hecatombs 13 Through prophesy Chryses spoke the will of the gods to both Atreides and Peleiades

115 Composition

1 The Achaeans ascended into Troy and killed the noble Priam 2 We burned many goodly hecatombs to the

Olympian gods 3 Chryses spoke among the Achaeans but the son of Atreus did not hearken to him 4 The

Achaeans addressed the son of Atreus but he did not free Chryses 5 The son of Atreus will bring many ransoms

into the camp of the Achaeans 6 Who will persuade the gods with many goodly hecatombs

KEY

1 Ἀραηνὶ ἀλέβεζαλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ θαὶ ὤιεμαλ θᾱιὸλ Πξηάκνλ 2 θαηέθεκελ πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) ἑθαηόκβὰο (ᾱ)

ζενῖο ιπκπίνηο 3 Υξύζεο (ῡ) κεηέεηπελ Ἀραηνῖο ἀιιrsquo Ἀηξεΐδεο ηὸλ νὐθ ἔθιπελ 4 Ἀραηνὶ πξνζέεηπνλ Ἀηξεΐδῃ

ἀιιrsquo νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε Υξύζελ (ῡ) 5 Ἀηξεΐδεο νἴζεη ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ εἰο ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 6 ηίο πείζεη ζενὺο πνιιῇο

ἑθαηόκβῃζηλ

Lesson 12

Review

121 Review Vocabulary

Lesson 13

(680-692 701-709)

(cf 897 874 886 619 841-843 576 1178 830-831 837 580 837)

131 Nouns of the Third Declension

Third declension nouns can be either masculine feminine or neuter The nominative endings can take many

forms but there are some conventions Masculine and feminine stems except those ending in λ ξ or ζ simply add

ζ to the stem and make the necessary euphonic changes Stems ending in ξ λ and ζ typically make no changes

except to lengthen the last vowel if it is short Stems ending in -λ(η) either drop the η and lengthen a short vowel or

drop the -λ(η) lengthen the vowel and add ζ Examples δαηκνλ- = δαηκσλ ζῑλ- = ζίο (ῑ) κειαλ- = κέιᾱο γεξνλη- =

γέξσλ etc Neuters typically consist of just the stem in the nominative and accusative except to drop a final -η

where it occurs

In general the stem of a third declension noun is found by dropping the -νο ending from the genitive singular

The dative singular regularly ends in -ῐ but occasionally in -ῑ

The accusative ending was originally -λ and this ending is common on stems ending in a vowel On stems

ending in a consonant the -λ was a sonant consonant which eventually came be pronounced as -ᾰ The result is that

the accusative singular usually ends in -λ for stems ending in a vowel and -ᾰ for stems ending in a consonant

Dental mute stems ending in -ηο and -πο in the nominative singular rarely drop the mute and typically adopt the -λ

accusative ending as if they were vowel stems

The dative plural is formed by adding either -εζζη (rarely -εζη) or -ζη (rarely -ζζη) and making the usual

euphonic changes Most third declension nouns thus have alternate dative plural forms as πνύο = πνζζί = πνζί =

πόδεζζη etc

The accusative plural originally ended in -λο (sonant λ) which gives -αο for stems ending in a consonant and -ῑο

and -ῡο for stems ending in a vowel A few vowel stems borrowed an -αο ending from the first declension by

analogy

The vocative singular is usually either identical to the nominative or identical to the stem alone Stems ending

in λ ξ or ο typically drop this final consonant in the vocative singular

Compensatory lengthening usually occurs in the dative plural when -λη is dropped as in γέξνληζη = γέξνπζη

132 Paradigms

Stems ending in -επ (επ) -νπ and σϝ follow the paradigms of βαζηιεύο (king βαζηιεϝ-) βνῦο (ox βνϝ-) λεῦο

(ship λᾱϝ-) and ἥξσο (hero ἡξσϝ- () or ἡξσ-)

N βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

G βαζηιῆνο [-ένο] βνόο λεόο ἥξσνο

D βαζηιῆη [-έη] βνΐ λεί ἥξση

A βαζηιῆα [-έα] βνῦλ [βῶλ] λῆα [λέα] ἥξσα

V βαζηιεῦ βνῦ λεῦ ἥξσο

N A V βαζηιῆε βόε λῆε ἥξσε

G D βαζηιήνηηλ βόνηηλ λήνηηλ ἡξώνηηλ

N V βαζηιεῆεο βόεο λῆεο ἥξσεο

G βαζηιήσλ βνῶλ λεῶλ [λεῶλ] ἡξώσλ

D βαζηιήεζζη βόεζζη λήεζζη [λέεζζἰ ἡξώεζζη

βαζηιεῦζη βνπζί λεπζί ἥξσζη

A βαζηιῆαο βόαο (βνῦο) λῆζαο (λέαο) ἥξσαο

A long vowel is typically shortened when it occurs before another vowel thus βαζηιῆνο or βαζηιένο This

convention was almost certainly consistent in pronunciation but is only occasionally represented in written form

The π in the stem of these words frequently became ϝ and subsequently disappeared as in βαζηιεπ- βαζηιεϝ-

βαζηιε-

Stems ending in η (εη) and π (επ εϝ) follow the paradigms of πόιηο (city πνιη-) πῆρπο (forearm περεϝ-) ἄζηπ

(city ἀζηεϝ-) λέθπο (corpse λεθῡ-) and δάθξπ (tear δαθξπ-)

N πόιηο πῆρπο ἄζηπ λέθῡο δάθξπ

G πόιηνο -ενο πήρενο ἄζηενο λέθπνο δάθξπνο

D πόιηη -ῑ -εη -εη πήρετ ἄζηετ λέθπτ δάθξπτ

A πόιηλ πῆρσλ ἄζηπ λέθῡλ δαθξπ

V πόιη πῆρπ ἄζηπ λέθῡ δάθξπ

N V πόιηε πήρεε ἄζηεε λέθπε δάθξπε

G D πνιίνηηλ περένηηλ ἄζηνηηλ λεθύνηηλ δαθξύνηηλ

N V πόιηεο -εεο πήρεεο ἄζηεα λέθπεο δάθξπα

G πνιίσλ περέσλ ἀζηέσλ λεθύσλ δαθξύσλ

D πνιίεζζη περέεζζη ἀζηέεζη λεθύεζζη δαθξύεζζη

πόιεζη -ηζη πήρεζη ἄζηεζη λέθῡζ(ζ)η δάθξπζη

A πόιηαο -εαο -ῑο πήρεαο ἄζηεα λέθπαο [-ῡο] δάθξπα

Nouns with stems in -ο (-εο -αο -νο) and -η are declined like ἔπνο (ϝεπεζ-) γέξαο (γεξαζ-) ἠώο (ἀϝζνζ-) δῶκα

(δσκαη-) and ἦκαξ (ἠκαξ- ἠκαη-) Note that -ζ- usually disappears when it occurs between two vowels

N ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο δῶκα ἧκαξ

G ἔπενο γέξανο ἠόνο δώκαηνο ἥκαηνο

D ἔπετ γέξατ ἠόη δώκαηη ἥκαηη

A ἔπνο γέξαο ἠόα δῶκα ἧκαξ

V ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο δῶκα ἧκαξ

N V ἔπεε γέξαε δώκαηε ἥκαηε

G D επένηηλ γεξάνηηλ δσκάηνηηλ ἡκάηνηηλ

N V ἔπεο γέξα(α) δώκαηα ἥκαηα

G ἐπέσλ γεξάσλ δσκάησλ ἡκάησλ

D ἐπέεζζη γεξάεζζη δσκάηεζζη ἡκάηεζζη

ἔπε(ζ)ζη γέξα(ζ)ζη δώκαζη ἥκαζη

A ἔπεα γέξα(α) δώκαηα ἥκαηα

Note that all nouns ening in -νο in the second declension are either masculine or feminine but all nouns ending in -

νο in the third declension are neuter All nouns ending in -κα in the nominative singular and all nouns with genitives

in -αηνο are neuter

133 Further Notes on the Third Declension

Nouns of the third declension can be any gender and consist of stems ending in -η -π or a consonant In

general the following endings are applied to the stem with the usual euphonic changes

N -ο

G -νο

D -η

A -λ

V -

N A V -ε

G D -νηηλ

N V -εο

G -σλ

D -εζζη

A -λο

Standard Euphonic Changes

Later forms of Greek such as Attic and Koine frequently contracted the forms found in Homer

The -λ in the accusative singular and plural is sonant meaning that it is pronounced as λ when

following a vowel but it is pronounced as ᾰ when following a consonant Thus πνιη-λ = πνιηλ and

πνιη-λο = πνιηο but δαηκνλ-λ = δαηκνλα and δαηκνλ-λο = δαηκνλαο

o In most cases a stem originally ending in ϝ is treated as if it ends in a consonant Thus

βαζηιεϝα = βαζηιεα εξσϝα = εξσα

o The word βνϝ- is an exception where ϝ becomes π (probably because νπ is such a common

diphthong) βνϝλ = βνπλ

Dentals are dropped before ζ Thus παηδο = παηο

o In cases where the stem ends in -λη the dental and the ζ are typically dropped with the last

vowel lengthened by compensation Thus γεξνληο = γεξσλ

Palatals combine with ζ to form μ Thus αηγο = αημ θεξπθο = θεξπμ etc

o Stems ending in -θη apply both the dental and palatal changes first dropping the η and then

combining the θζ to form μ Thus λπθηο = λπθο = λπμ

Labials combine with ζ to form ς Thus Αηζηνπο = Αηζηνς

The ζ is dropped when it follows a nasal or ξ and the last vowel is lengthened to compensate (if it

isnrsquot long already) Thus δαηκνλο = δαηκσλ θξελο = θξελ ρεηξο = ρεηξ παηεξο = παηεξ κεηεξο =

κεηεξ etc

Stems that originally ended in ϝ usually retain a π in its place in the nominative Thus βαζηιεϝο =

βαζηιεπο (originally βαζηιεπο) λεϝο = λεπο βνϝο = βνπο etc

o The same phenomenon sometimes occurs in the accusative singular as well where ϝ becomes

π and the final λ is retained Thus περεϝλ = περευλ = περπλ

o The word εξσο is an apparent exception where εξσϝο = εξσο This may be from analogy

with the relatively common -σο ending in Greek or it could be that the stem was originally

εξσ- witout the ϝ

o When the stem ends in -εϝ the ε is usually dropped in the nominative thus περεϝο = περεπο =

περπο (but the genitive and dative are περενο περετ)

Some confusion can occur at the apparent irregularity of stems ending in -π αζηπ αζηενο αζηεη etc

but δαθξπ δαθξπνο δαθξπτ etc The difference is that stems like αζηπ originally ended in a vowel + ϝ

(αζηεϝ) while stems like δαθξπ originally ended in π

Some neuters originally ended in -εο These are usually declined as -νο in the nominative and

accusative In the other cases the endings are simply applied to -εζ- and the sigma is dropped when it

occurs between two vowels επνο (nom acc from επεζο) επενο (gen from επεζνο) επετ (dat from

επεζη) etc

o Stems ending in -αο simple drop the extra sigma in the nominative singular and append the

case endings to -αζ- (dropping ζ when it occurs between two vowels) Thus γεξαο γεξανο

γεξατ etc

o Stems ending in -νο follow the same pattern as those ending in -αο except that the ν is

lengthened to σ in the nominative Thus εσο εννο εντ etc

Neuter stems ending in -καη usually drop the η in the nominative and accusative singular but retain it

in the plural Thus δσκα (nom and acc sing) δσκαηνο (gen sing) δσκαηη (dat sing) δσκαηα (nom and

acc plur) δσκαησλ (gen plur) δσκαηεζζη (dat plur) etc Neuter stems ending in -καξ usually behave

as if they ended in -καη in all cases except the nominative and accusative singular Thus εκαξ εκαηνο

εκαηη etc

The dative plural ending is given as -εζζη This could be shortened to -ζζη (before vowels) -εζη or -ζη

The -ζη ending is the most common in later dialects Thus Homeric θεξπθεζζη is typically θεξπμη in

Attic and Koine

The vocative singular in neuters is always identical to the nominative and accusative singulars

o In masculine and feminine nouns the vocative singular is usually just the stem without any

endings applied as long as the stem is capable of standing alone Thus δαηκνλ ρεηξ παηεξ

κεηεξ ζπγαηεξ αλεξ βνπ λεπ πνιη λεθῡ δαθξπ etc

o In some cases where the nominative singular has slightly modified the stem before adding -ο

the vocative is formed by simply dropping the ο Thus παη βαζηιεπ περπ

o In cases where the ο of the nominative singular has combined with the stem the vocative is

usually indentical to the nominative singular Thus αλαμ λπμ αημ θεξπμ Αηζηνς etc

o In rare cases the vocative is identical to the nominative singular even when dropping the ο

would have been convenient as in εξσο εσο

Alternate Endings The following are some alternate endings that could be applied instead of the usual

case endings listed above

o -ζη can be used to denote place where

o -ζελ can be used to denote source or separation or as an alternative ending for the genitive

case

o -δε can be added to the accusative ending to denote place to which or limit of motion

o -η can be added to denote place where

o -θη(λ) can be added as a substitute for several uses of the genitive and the dative cases

particularly in the instrumental sense

134 References

This lesson references several points in the grammar Note the following

Deponent verbs take middle or passive forms but denote active meanings

Some verbs reduplicate the initial syllable in the present tense by repeating the initial consonant

followed by -η Thus ἴζηεκη (orig ζηζηεκη) ηίζεκη δίδσκη πίκπιεκη γίγλνκαη γηγλώζθσ κηκλήζθσ

etc When futures and second aorists are reduplicated they usually follow the pattern of reduplication

found in the perfect tense If the initial consonant is aspirated the reduplicated consonant is typically

smooth Thus ηίζεκη rather than ζίζεκη

Note that ἴκη δίδσκη and ηίζεκη take the aorist in -θα rather than -ζα

When a word ends in a vowel and the following word begins with a vowel the result is called hiatus

In general hiatus is avoided in poetry through the use of elision crasis synizesis moveable

consonants etc However hiatus is allowed in some circumstances such as when elision has already

occurred when the first of the two vowels is long and occurs on the beat (or ictus) of the verse or

when a long vowel or diphthong has been shortened or when the two vowels were originally separated

by ϝ

Recall that the verbal augment is frequently omitted

135 Vocabulary

Ἄηο Ἄηδνο ὁ (nom not used) Hades

ἄιγνο ενο ηό grief pain woe trouble

Ἀρηιιεύο ῆνο ὁ Achilles

δαίο δαηηόο ἡ feast banquet portion

Εεύο Γηόο ὁ Zeus

ἥξσο ἥξσνο ὁ hero mighty warrior protector savior

ἴθζῑκνο ε νλ mighty valiant stout-hearted brave

θύσλ θπλόο ὁ ἡ dog

κῆληο ηνο ἡ wrath fury madness rage

νὐιόκελνο ε νλ accursed destructive deadly

πξντάπησ πξντάςσ πξνΐαςα hurl forward send forth

ηίζεκη (ζε- ζε-) ζήζσ ἔζεθα put place cause

Ἀρηιιεπο (Ἀρηιιεϝ-) Ἀρηιιενο Ἀρηιιεη Ἀρηιιεα

δαηο (δαηη-) δαηηνο δαηηη δαηηα δαηηεο δαηησλ δαηηεζζη δαηηαο

Εεπο Γηνο Γηη Γηα

ἡξσο ἡξσνο ἡξστ ἡξσα ἡξσεο ἡξσσλ ἡξσεζζη ἡξσαο

θπσλ θπλνο θπλη θπλα θπλεο θπλσλ θπλεζζη θπλαο

κεληο (κελη-) κεληνο κεληη κεληλ κεληεο κελησλ κεληεζζη κεληαο

136 Translation

1 κῆληο Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο ἦλ νὐινκέλε ἔζεθε γὰξ κῡξηrsquo ἄιγεα ηνῖζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ πξνΐαςε δὲ πνιιὰο (ᾱ)

ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἰθζίκνπο (ῑ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη ἔηεπρε δrsquo αὐηνὺο ἑιώξηα θαὶ δαῖηα θύλεζζηλ νἰσλνῖζί ηε ἐηέιεζε δὲ βνπιὴλ

Γηόο 2 ζεὰ (ᾱ) ἀείδεη κῆληλ νὐινκέλελ Ἀρηιῆνο ἣ ἔζεθελ κῡξίrsquo ἄιγεrsquo Ἀραηνῖζηλ 3 ζενὶ ὀιέθνπζη ηὸλ ζηξαηόλ θαὶ

πξντάπηνπζη πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη 4ηεύμνκελ κῡξίνπο Ἀραηνὺο ἑιώξηα θύλεζζηλ θαὶ δαῖηα ηνῖζηλ

νἰσλνῖζηλ νὕλεθα ἠηίκαζαλ (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) 5 θᾱιὴ ἦλ ἡ βνπιὴ Γηόο

KEY

1 The wrath of Achilles son of Peleus was destructive for it caused countless woes to the Achaeans and sent

forth many valiant souls of heros to Hades making them spoils and a banquet for the dogs and the vultures 2 The

goddess sings the accursed wrath of Achilles which brought countless woes to the Achaeans 3 The gods are

destroying the camp and sending forth many souls of the heros to Hades 4 We will make countless Achaeans spoils

for the dogs and a feast for these vultures because they dishonored Chryses 5 The will of Zeus was good

137 Iliad 1-5

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κπξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςπρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιήλ

Μῆληλ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse

ἄεηδε - present active imperative 2nd

person singular of ἀείδσ

ζεά - vocative case

Πειεηάδεσ = Πειεηάδᾱν (the verse may have originally read Πειεηάδᾱrsquo)

νὐινκέλελ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse as well as out of

the natural order and is placed directly opposite the word κῆληλ

κῡξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο - the hiatus is permited because elision has already occurred in κῡξίνηο

Ἄηδη was originally Ἄϝηδη and is still accented as it began with α instead of αη

ἡξώσλ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse and its deviation from

the natural order

δὲ ἑιώξηα - the hiatus is permitted because the original was δὲ ϝειώξηα

ηεῦρε - the augment is dropped (usually ἔηεπρε)

ἐηειείεην - imperfect passive indicative 3rd

person singular of ηειείσ

KEY

Sing O goddess of the accursed wrath of Achilles Peleiades

which brought countless woes to the Achaeans

and cast forth the souls of many valiant warriors to Hades

making them the spoils and feast of both dogs

and vultures But the will of Zeus was accomplished

138 Composition

1 The valiant Achaeans are singing the accursed wrath of Achilles 2 The wrath of Achilles caused many woes

to the Achaeans and sent many valiant souls of heroes to the god Hades 3 We shall make the army of the Achaeans

a booty for the dogs and a banquet for the birds 4 We are accomplishing the will of the goddess

KEY

1 ἴθζῑκνη Ἀραηνὶ ἀείδνπζηλ νὐινκέλελ κῆληλ Ἀρηιῆνο 2 κῆληο Ἀρηιῆνο ἔζεθε κῡξίrsquo ἄιγεrsquo Ἀραηνῖζη θαὶ

πξνΐαςε πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἰθζίκνπο ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη 3 ηεύμνκελ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ ἑιώξηα θύλεζζηλ θαὶ δαῖηα

νἰσλνῖζηλ 4 ηεύρνκελ βνπιὴλ ζεᾶο

Lesson 14

(519-526 1159-1192)

(cf 586)

141 Syllable Quantity

A syllable is long (by nature) when it contains a long vowel or a diphthong or (by position) when it ends in two

consecutive consonants (or a double consonant) A short vowel followed by a mute and a liquid κ or λ is common

and can be either long or short depending on the requirements of the verse Occasionally the letters ι κ λ ξ or ζ

are doubled in pronunciation when they follow a short vowel making the syllable long by position but this

convention is not always represented in writing And occasionally a lost ϝ will combine with another consonant to

make the preceding syllable long by position

Observe the following rules when determing the length of a syllable

Any vowel with the circumflex accent is long

The vowel of any ultmia whose penult bears the circumflex is short

If the penult has an acute then the vowel of the ultima must also be long

If the vowel of the ultima is short and the penult has the acute then the vowel of the penult must

be short as well

If the antepenult is accented the vowel of the ultima must be short

Occasionally these rules do not apply to certain compounds where one of the two words are

accented as if they were separate

If a short syllable stands where a long syllable is expected it is usually because the pause of the caesura or

diaresis fills out the foot or because the following word has lost a consonant (usually ϝ or ζ) And occasionally a

short syllable ending in a consonant is lengthened when it occurs on the ictus (beat) of the verse Such lengthening is

called thesis

142 Metrical Quantity

With the exception of pauses at the end of the verse caesura and diaresis all feet must consist of two long

syllables or a long syllable followed by two shorts Thus if a long syllable is followed by a short syllable then the

next syllable must be short as well Likewise if a short syllable is followed by a long syllable then the preceding

syllable must be short as well

When a word ends in a short vowel (and sometimes -νη and -αη) and the following word begins with a vowel

the short vowel is usually elided unless the following word originally began with ϝ When a word ends in a long

vowel or a diphthong and the following word begins with a vowel the long vowel is usually shortened This

phenomenon can also occur within the same word and again it is less common when the following word originally

began with ϝ Vowel shortening is also rare when the long vowel occurs on the ictus

The meter of Homer is called dactylic or heroic hexameter and is the most common meter in Greek verse Each

verse has six feet The first five feet can be dactyls (one long syllable followed by two short syllables) or spondees

(two long syllables) The final foot of the verse is always a spndee but keep in mind that the pause at the end of the

verse often combines with a final short syllable to form one long syllable The fifth foot of each verse is usually a

dactyl with only one in twenty (or so) verses containing a spondee in the fifth foot The verses that have a spndee in

the fifth foot are called spondaic and usually take slightly longer to recite In dactylic hexameter the ictus (beat) of

the verse always occurs on the first syllable of each foot producing six distinct beats per verse

Caesura occurs when a word ends within a foot (ie at the end of the first syllable of a foot or between the two

short syllables of the foot) When a caesura occurs at a natural pause in the verse this is said to be the caesura of the

verse A pause after the first syllable of a foot is called a masculine caesura and a pause after the second syllable of

the foot is called a feminine caesura

Diaresis occurs when the end of a word coincides with the end of a foot When this falls at a natural pause in

the verse it is said to be the diaresis of the verse When the diaresis occurs at the end of the fourth foot is it called

the bucolic diaresis (due to its common use in pastoral poetry)

143 Marking the Rhythm of the Iliad 1-5

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κπξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςπρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιήλ

ΜΖ ληλ α | ΔΗ δε ζε | Α ΠΖ | ΛΖ η α | ΓΔΧ α ρη | ΛΖ Ο-

dact dact spon dact dact spon

The pauses at the end of κῆληλ and ἄεηδε are feminine caesuras

The pauses at the end of ζεά Πειεηάδεσ and Ἀρηιῆνο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of ζεά is the caesura of the verse

The dash at the end of the verse indicates a pause that combines with a short vowel to fill out the

last foot

ΟΤ ιν κε | ΝΖΝ Ζ | ΜΤ ξη α | ΥΑΗ ΟΗ | ΑΛ γε ε | ΘΖ ΚΔΝ-

dact spon dact spon dact spon

The pauses at the end of κῡξίrsquo and ἄιγε are feminine caesuras

The pauses at the end of νὐινκέλελ and ἔζεθελ are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of νὐινκέλελ is the caesura of the verse

The pauses at the end of ἥ and Ἀραηνῖο are diareses

The diaresis at Ἀραηνῖο is a bucolic diaresis

κῡξία Ἀραηνῖο and ἄιγεα ἔζεθελ are examples of hiatus

The first syllable of ἄιγεrsquo is long because it is followed by two consecutive consonants

ΠΟΛ ΛΑ | ΓrsquoΗΦ ΘΗ | ΜΟΤ ΦΤ | ΥΑ ΑΗ | ΓΗ πξν τ | Α ΦΔΝ-

spon spon spon spon dact spon

The pauses at the end of ἰθζίκνπο and ςπράο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of πνιιάο is a diaresis

δὲ ἰθζίκνπο is hiatus

The first syllable of πνιιάο is long by position as is the first syllable of ἰθζίκνπο the last syllable

of Ἄηδη and the second syllable of πξνΐαςελ

Ζ ΡΧ | ΧΝ ΑΤ | ΣΟΤ δε ε | ΛΧ ξη α | ΣΔΤ ρε θπ | ΝΔ ΗΝ-

spon spon dact dact dact spon

The pause at the end of ηεῦρε is a feminine caesura

The pauses at the end of ἡξώσλ and αὐηνύο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of ἡξώσλ is the caesura of the verse

The pause at the end of ἑιώξηα is a diaresis

ΟΗ Χ | ΝΟΗ ζη ηε | ΓΑΗ ηα δη | Ο δrsquoε ηε | ΛΔΗ ε ην | ΒΟΤ ΛΖΝ

The pauses at the end of νἰσλνῖζη and δαῖηα are feminine caesuras

The pause at the end of Γηόο is a masculine caesura

The pauses at the end of ηε ἐηειείεην and βνπιήλ are diareses

The pause at the end of δαῖηα is the diaresis of the verse

Lesson 15

(693-694 697-700)

(cf 781-782 837 580 1009 996 584-585)

151 Third Declension Paradigms (continued)

Third declension nouns ending in a dental mute stem are exemplified by ἄλαμ (king ϝαλαθη-) λύμ (night λπθη-

) παῖο (child παηδ-) and γέξσλ (old man γεξνλη-)

N ἄλαμ λύμ παῖο γέξσλ

G ἄλαθηνο λπθηόο παηδόο γέξνληνο

D ἄλαθηη λπθηί παηδί γέξνληη

A ἄλαθηα λύθηα παίδα γέξνληα

V ἄλαμ [ἄλα] λύμ παῖ γέξσλ

N V A ἄλαθηε λύθηε παίδε γέξνληε

G D ἀλάθηνηηλ λύθηνηηλ παίδνηηλ γεξόληνηηλ

N ἄλαθηεο λύθηεο παίδεο γέξνληεο

G ἀλάθησλ λπθηῶλ παηδῶλ γεξόλησλ

D ἀλάθηεζζη λύθηεζζη παίδεζζη γεξόληεζζη

ἄλαμη λπμί παηζί γέξνπζη

A ἄλαθηαο λύθηνο παῖδαο γέξνληαο

Third declension nouns ending in labial and palatal stems are exemplified by αἴμ (goat αἰγ-) θῆξπμ (herald

θεξῡθ-) and Αἰζίνς (Ethipoian Αἰζηνπ-)

N αἴμ θῆξπμ Αἰζίνς

G αἰγόο θήξῡθνο Αἰζίνπνο

D αἰγί θήξῡθη Αἰζίνπη

A αἶγα θήξῡθα Αἰζίνπα

V αἴμ θῆξπμ Αἰζίνς

N V A αἶγε θήξῡθε Αἰζίνπε

G D αἴγνηηλ θεξύθνηηλ (ῡ) Αἰζηόπνηηλ

N αἶγεο θήξῡθεο Αἰζίνπεο

G αἰγῶλ θεξύθσλ (ῡ) Αἰζηόπσλ

D αἴγεζζη θεξύθεζζη (ῡ) Αἰζηόπεζζη

αἰμί θήξῡμ Αἰζίνςη

A αἶγαο θήξῡθαο Αἰζίνπαο

Nouns with stems ending in -εξ express different grades of ablaut in the stem (-εξ -εξ -ξ) with a recessive

accent in the vocative singular These are exemplified by παηήξ (father παηεξ-) κήηεξ (mother κεηεξ-) ζπγάηεξ

(daughter ζπγαηεξ-) and ἀλήξ (man ἀλεξ-)

N παηήξ κήηεξ ζπγάηεξ ἀλήξ

G παηέξνο -ηξόο κεηέξνο -ηξόο ζπγαηέξνο -ηξόο ἀλέξνο ἀλδξόο

D παηέξη -ηξί κεηέξη -ηξί ζπγαηέξη -ηξί ἀλέξη ἀλδξί

A παηέξα κεηέξα ζπγαηέξα ἀλέξα ἄλδξα

V πάηεξ κῆηεξ ζύγαηεξ ἄλεξ

N V A παηέξε κεηέξε ζπγαηέξε ἀλέξε ἄλδξε

G D παηέξνηηλ κεηέξνηηλ ζπγαηέξνηηλ ἀλέξνηηλ ἄλδξνηηλ

N παηέξεο κεηέξεο ζπγαηέξεο ζύγαηξεο ἀλέξεο ἄλδξεο

G παηέξσλ -ηξῶλ κεηέξσλ -ηξῶλ ζπγαηέξσλ ζπγαηξῶλ ἀλέξσλ ἀλδξῶλ

D παηξάζη κεηξάζη ζπγαηξάζη ζπγαηέξεζζη ἀλδξάζη ἄλδξεζζη

A παηέξαο κεηέξαο ζπγαηέξαο ζύγαηξαο ἀλέξαο ἄλδξαο

Note that δ is inserted into ἀλήξ between λ and ξ where they occur together The accent of the shorter forms of

ἀλέξ follow the pattern seen in παηήξ The alpha after ξ in the dative plural was added euphonically to strengthen

what was originally a sonant ξ

152 Vocabulary

ἄλαμ ἄλαθηνο ὁ king lord protector

ἀλήξ ἀλέξνο (ἀλδξόο) ὁ (real) man warrior hero

ἄξ(α) (ῥά) naturally of course as you know as you might expect that is

in effect (not always translatable)

βαζηιεύο ῆνο ὁ king ruler

δή indeed truly forsooth now

δηίζηεκη (ζηε- ζηα-) δηαζηήζσ stand apart separate

δηέζηεζα (δηέζηελ)

ἐμ νὗ from the time when

ἐξίδσ (ἐξηδ-) - ἤξηζ(ζ)α quarrel strive

ἠξηζάηελ (they) strove

ἔξηο ηδνο ἡ strife quarrel

Λεηώ Λεηόνο ἡ Leto

κάρνκαη fight battle

κάρεζζαη to fight

μπλίκη μπλήζσ μπλῆθα (μπλέεθα) bring together throw together hearken heed

ὄξλῡκη ὄξζσ ὦξζα (ὤξνξνλ) stir up kindle incite excite arouse

πξῶηνο ε νλ first foremost chief

ηὸ πξῶηνλ ηὰ πξῶηα (adv) at first firstly first

πἱόο νῦ ὁ son

ζθσε these two

153 Translation

1 ζεὰ (ᾱ) ἀείζεη κῆληλ Ἀρηιῆνο ἐμ νὗ δὴ ηὰ πξῶηα δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο θαὶ Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἀλδξῶλ ἠξηζάηελ θαὶ

δηεζηήηελ 2 ηίο ζεῶλ μπλέεθε δῖνλ Ἀρηιῆά ηε θαὶ Ἀηξεΐδελ ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 3 πἱὸο Λεηόνο θαὶ Γηὸο ἑθεβόινο

μπλέεθέ ζθσε ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη ηὸλ γὰξ βαζηιεὺο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἐρόισζελ ὁ δrsquo ὦξζε θαθὴλ λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ

ὤιεθε δὲ ιᾱνύο

KEY

1 The goddess sings the wrath of Achilles from the time when first the divine Achilles and Atreides king of

men strove and separated 2 Which of the gods brought together the divine Achilles and the son of Atreus to fight

in strife 3 The son of Leto and Zeus the Free-shooter brought these two together to fight in strife for Atreides the

king enraged him so he stirred up an evil plague through the camp of the Achaeans and destroyed their host

154 Iliad 1-10

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κῡξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςῡρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιή

ἐμ νὗ δὴ ηὰ πξῶηα δηαζηήηελ ἐξίζαληε

Ἀηξεΐδεο ηε ἄλαμ ἀλδξῶλ θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεύο

ηίο ηrsquo ἄξ ζθσε ζεῶλ ἔξηδη μπλέεθε κάρεζζαη

Λεηνῦο θαὶ Γηὸο πἱόο ὁ γὰξ βαζηιῆη ρνισζεὶο

λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ ὦξζε θαθήλ ὀιέθνλην δὲ ιᾱνί

δηαζηήηελ = δηεζηήηελ

ἐξίζαληε = aor act part nom dual masc (they two) having quarreled

ηε ἄλαμ originally ηε ϝάλαμ thus allowing the hiatus

ζθσε [ἕσ] = 3rd

pers pron acc dual these two

ἔξηδη is dative of means in strife

κάρεζζαη = pres act infinitive deponent to fight

ρνισζείο = aor pass part nom sing masc having been enraged

Λεηνῦο = contracted form of Λεηόνο

βαζηιῆη = Agamemnon instrumental case by the king

ὀιέθνλην = ὠιέθνλην imperf pass ind 3rd

pers plural were being destroyed or kept

perishing

KEY

Sing O goddess of the accursed wrath of Achilles Peleiades

which brought countless woes to the Achaeans

and cast forth the souls of many valiant warriors to Hades

making them the spoils and feast of both dogs

and vultures But the will of Zeus was accomplished

indeed from the time when at first having quarreled both

Atreides king of men and the divine Achilles separated

Which of the gods of course brought these two together to fight in strife

The son of Leto and Zeus For enraged by the king he

kindled an evil plague up through the camp and the people were destroyed

155 Composition

1 ἠείδνκελ κῆληλ νὐινκέλελ Ἀρηιιῆνο ἐμ νὗ ηὰ πξῶηα Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἀλέξσλ (ἀλδξῶλ) θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο

ἠξηζάηελ θαὶ δηεζηεζάηελ (δηεζηήηελ) 2 ηίο ζεῶλ μπλῆθε (μπλέεθα) Ἀραηνὺο θαὶ ιᾱὸλ Πξηάκνπ ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 3

μπλῆθε (μπλέεθα) ζθσε (ἕν) πἱὸο Λεηόνο (Λεηνῦο) θαὶ Γηὸο ἑθεβόινο ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 4 Αηξεΐδεο βαζηιεὺο

Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο ἐρόισζαλ ἄλαθηα ἑθεβόινλ θαὶ ὁ ὦξζα (ὤξνξε) λνῦζνπο πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θαθὰο (ᾱ) ἀλὰ

ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ θαθῶο ὤιεθελ ἀγαζὸλ ιᾱόλ

Lesson 16

(887-897 910 1065-1068 697-703 707 710 732)

161 Formation of Middle Passive and Deponent Verbs

The endings of the middle voice are different from the active voice The passive voice applies the same endings

as the middle voice except in the aorist passive which applies active endings Because the middle and passive voice

are identical (other than the aorist) the context determines whether a verb is used with middle or the passive

meaning The aorist middle is often used with a passive meaning (especially in athematic forms) and the aorist

passive is often used with a middle meaning

The perfect and pluperfect of the middlepassive are athematic with the personal endings attached directly to

the reduplicated stem

The future perfect passive is formed by adding -ζνε to the perfect middle passive lengthening the vowel that

precedes this ending

The first aorist passive is formed by adding -(ζ)ζεε to the stem Before ζ π and β become θ θ and γ become ρ

and η δ ζ become ζ Many verbs have a second aorist passive that drops the ζ altogether

Deponent verbs have no active form but use the middlepassive forms in an active sense

162 Paradigms Present and Future Indicative MiddlePassive of ιύσ

Present

S 1 ιύνκαη

2 ιύεαη [(ιύῃ)]

3 ιύεηαη

D 2 ιύεζζνλ

3 ιύεζζνλ

P 1 ιπόκε(ζ)ζα

2 ιύεζζα

3 ιύνληαη

Future

S 1 ιύζνκαη (ῡ)

2 ιύζεαη (ῡ) [(ιύζῃ (ῡ))]

3 ιύζεηαη (ῡ)

D 2 ιύζεζζνλ (ῡ)

3 ιύζεζζνλ (ῡ)

P 1 ιῡζόκεζα

2 ιύζεζζε (ῡ)

3 ιύζνληαη (ῡ)

163 The Use of Voice in Greek

The active voice indicates that the subject is acting λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ ὦξζε = he kindled a plague up

through the camp

The passive voice indicates that the subject is acted upon Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιή = but the will of Zeus was

being accomplished

The Middle voice denotes one of three meanings

1 The subject acting upon itself πείζνκαη (I convince myself) θαίλνκαη (I show myself)

2 The subject acting for itself θαιένκαη (I call for myself)

3 The subject acting upon something belonging to itself ιύνκαη (I loose my own I ransom)

When determing the difference between the middle and passive keep in mind that the middle voice always

conveys a direct or indirect reference to the subject and that the subject is effect by or has an interest in the action

164 Third Declension Stems in -επ -επ -νπ and -σϝ

Stems in -επ usually became -εϝ and the third declension endings are applied after the ϝ Thus βαζηιεϝνο =

βαζηιῆνο βαηιεϝη = βαζηιῆη βαζηιεϝα = βαζηιῆα etc Note that the ϝ explains why εη (εϝη) does not form an

improper diphthong as well as why the accusative singular ends in -εα (as if the stem ended in a consonant) instead

of -ελ (as if the stem ended in a vowel) Note that when the ending consists of a consonant the -εϝ is contracted to

the diphthong -επ Thus βαζηιεϝο = βαζηιεύο βαζηιεϝ = βαζηιεῦ βαζηιεϝζη = βαζηιεῦζη In rare cases the other

endings also contract the -ε to -ε (ie βαζηιῆνο = βαζηιένο)

In stems ending originally in -ᾱϝ the ᾱ becomes ε in the Ionic dialect These are declined the same as -εϝ

except that -εῡ is formed before consonants instead of -επ Thus λᾱϝο = λεϝο = λεῦο λᾱϝ = λεϝ = λεῦ But note the

exception in the shorter form of the dative plural where λᾱϝζη = λεϝζη = λεπζί (rather than λεῡζη) In contracted

forms the ε usually becomes ε

In stems ending in -σϝ the third declension endings are applied directly to the stem Thus ἡξσϝο = ἥξσο

ἡξσϝνο = ἥξσνο ἡξσϝη = ἥξση ἡξσϝα = ἥξσα etc

In stems ending originally in -ν or -νϝ the third declension endings are applied as usual But keep in mind that -

νϝ is contracted to the diphthong -νπ before a consonant thus βνϝο = βνῦο and βνϝζη = βνπζί But note the

exception that occurs in the accusative singular where βνϝλ = βνῦλ rather than βνϝα

βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

(βαζηιεϝ-) (βνϝ-) (λᾱϝ-) (ἡξσϝ-)

N βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

G βαζηιῆνο [ένο] βνόο λεόο [εόο] ἥξσνο

D βαζηιῆη [έη] βνΐ λεί ἥξση

A βαζηιῆα [έα] βνῦλ [βῶλ] λῆα [έα] ἥξσα

V βαζηιεῦ βνῦ λεῦ ἥξσο

N V A βαζηιῆε βόε λῆε ἥξσε

G D βαζηιήνηηλ βόνηηλ λήνηηλ ἡξώνηηλ

N V βαζηιῆεο βόεο λῆεο ἥξσεο

G βαζηιήσλ βνῶλ λεῶλ [εῶλ] ἡξώσλ

D βαζηιήεζζη βόεζζη λήεζζη [έεζζη] ἡξώεζζη

βαζηιεῦζη βνπζί λεπζί ἥξσζη

A βαζηιῆαο βόαο (βνῦο) λῆαο [έαο] ἥξσαο

165 Third Declension Stems in -εζ -αζ and -νζ

When a stem ends in a vowel plus -ζ the initial ζ is dropped between two vowels Thus γεξαζνο = γέξανο

ἠνζνο = ἠόνο etc

All third declension nouns with stems ending in -εο are neuters and follow the pattern of ἔπνο The third

declension endings are applied as usual except that the nominative vocative and accusative singulars end in -νο

Nouns with stems ending in -νο take -σο in the nominative and vocative singular but otherwise apply the third

declension endings as usual (dropping ζ between two vowels)

ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

(ϝεπεζ-) (γεξαζ-) (ἀϝζνζ- (ᾱ))

N ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

G ἔπενο γέξανο ἠόνο

D ἔπετ γέξατ ἠόη

A ἔπνο γέξαο ἠόα

V ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

N V A ἔπεε γέξαε

G D ἐπένηηλ γεξάνηηλ

N V ἔπεα γέξα(α)

G ἐπέσλ γεξάσλ

D ἐπέεζζη γεξάεζζη

ἔπε(ζ)ζη γέξα(ζ)ζη

A ἔπεα γέξα(α)

166 Third Declension Stems in -καη and -καξ

Stems ending in -καη and -καξ are neuters

Stems in -καη drop the -ηο in the nominative vocative and accusative singular δσκαηο = δῶκα Otherwise the

third declension endings are applied as usual

Stems ending in -καξ are declined like those ending in -καη except in the nominative vocative and accusative

singular (which end in -καξ)

δῶκα ἦκαξ

(δσκαη-) (ἠκαξ- ἠκαη-)

N δῶκα ἦκαξ

G δώκαηνο ἤκαηνο

D δώκαηη ἤκαηη

A δῶκα ἦκαξ

V δῶκα ἦκαξ

N V A δώκαηε ἤκαηε

G D δσκάηνηηλ ἠκάηνηηλ

N V δώκαηα ἤκαηα

G δσκάησλ ἠκάησλ

D δσκάηεζζη ἠκάηεζζη

δώκαζη ἤκαζη

A δώκαηα ἤκαηα

167 Third Declension Stems in -λη and -λ

Stems ending in -λη drop the -λη before ζ and lengthen the preceding vowel thus παληο = πᾶο παληζη = πᾶζη

Otherwise the third declension endings are applied as usual In neuters the -η is dropped at the end of the word thus

παλη = πᾶλ Stems in -λ drop the -λ before ζ and lengthen the preceding vowel in the masculine (but not in the

neuter)

πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

(παλη- παληα- παλη-)

Masc Fem Neut

N πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

G παληόο πάζεο (ᾱ) παληόο

D παληί πάζῃ (ᾱ) παληί

A πάληα πᾶζαλ πᾶλ

V πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

N V πάληεο πᾶζαη πάληα

G πάλησλ πᾱζάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] πάλησλ

D πάληεζ(ζ)η πάζῃζη (ᾱ) πάληεζ(ζ)η

πᾶζη πάζῃο (ᾱ) πᾶζη

A πάληνο πάζᾱο (ᾱ) πάληα

κέιᾱο κέιαηλα κέιαλ

(κειαλ- κειαηλα- κειαλ-)

N κέιᾱο κέιαηλα κέιαλ

G κέιαλνο κειαίλεο κέιαλνο

D κέιαλη κειαίλῃ κέιαλη

A κέιαλα κέιαηλαλ κέιαλ

V κέιαλ κέιαηλα κέιαλ

N V A κέιαλε κειαίλᾱ κέιαλε

G D κειάλνηηλ κειαίλῃηλ κειάλνηηλ

N V κέιαλεο κέιαηλαη κέιαλα

G κειάλσλ κειαηλάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] κειάλσλ

D κειάλεζ(ζ)η κειαίλῃζη κειάλεζ(ζ)η

κέιαζη κειαίλῃο κέιαζη

A κέιαλεο κειαίλᾱο κέιαλα

168 Vocabulary

Nouns

Ἀπόιισλ (ᾰ or ᾰ) σλνο ὁ Apollo

ἀξεηήξ (ᾱ) ῆξνο ὁ priest prayer

ζπγάηεξ ηέξνο (ηξόο) ἡ daughter

θνζκήησξ νξνο ὁ commander marshaller

λεῦο λεόο (λεόο) ἡ ship

ζηέκκα καηνο ηό fillet (of white cotton) wreath

ρείξ ρεηξόο ἡ hand arm

Verbs

ἔξρνκαη (ἐξρ- ἐιε- ἐιεπζ- ἐιπζ-) come go

ἐιεύζνκαη I will come I will go

ἦιζνλ (ἤιπζνλ) I came I went

ιίζζνκαη (ιηη-) I beg I entreat

---

ἐιιηζάκελ (ἐιηηόκελ) I begged I entreated

Adjectives Prepositions

ζνόο ή όλ swift speedy

πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ all every (the) whole

Indeclinable

δύν (δύσ) two

κάιηζηα most especially by all means

169 Translation

1 Ἀπόιισλ ἑθεβόινο ρνινῦηαη βαζηιῆη Αηξεΐδῃ θαὶ πέκπεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ ὀιέθνληαη δὲ

ιᾱνί νὕλεθα δῖνο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) 2 Υξύζεο (ῡ) γὰξ ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἑθεβόινπ ἔξρεηαη

ἐπὶ ζνὰο (ᾱ) λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ θέξεη δrsquo ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα ζπγαηξόο ἣλ Ἀηξεΐδεο ἔρεη ἐλ ζηξαηῷ 3 ὁ δrsquo ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἔρεη

ζηέκκαηα ἑθεβόινπ Ἀπόιισλνο ἐλ ρεξζὶλ ἀλὰ ρξῡζέῳ ζθήπηξῳ θαὶ ιίζζεηαη πάληαο Ἀραηνύο κάιηζηα δrsquo Ἀηξεΐδᾱ

δύσ θνζκήηνξε ιᾱῶλ 4 Ἀπόιισλ ρνιώζεηαη βαζηιῆη θαὶ ὄξζεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηόλ 5 ἐιεύζνληαη ἐπὶ ζνὰο

(ᾱ) λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ νἴζνπζη ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα βαζηιῆη 6 ιίζζνληαη πάληαο Ἀραηνύο 7 Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζελ (ῑ)

ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) θαὶ νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε ζύγαηξα

KEY

1 Apollo the free-shooter enraged by king Atreides sent an evil plague through the camp of the Achaeans and

the people were destroyed because the divine Atreides dishonored Chryses the priest 2 For Chryses the priest of

the free-shooter went upon the swift ships of the Achaeans bearing countless ransoms for his daughter whom

Atreides was holding in the camp 3 But the priest had a wreath of Apollo the free-shooter upon a staff in his hand

and was entreating all of the Achaeans but especially the sons of Atreus (who were) the commanders of the host 4

Apollo will be enraged by the king and will kindle an evil plague up through the camp 5 They will go upon the

swift ships of the Achaeans and bring countless ransoms to the king 6 They are entreating all of the Achaeans 7

Atreides dishonored the priest and would not release his daughter

1610 Iliad 11-16

hellipὀιέθνλην δὲ ιᾱνί

νὕλεθα ηὸλ Υξύζελ ἠηίκαζελ ἀξεηῆξα

Αηξεΐδεο ὁ γὰξ ἦιζε ζνὰο ἐπὶ λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ

ιπζόκελνο ηε ζύγαηξα θέξσλ ηrsquo ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα

ζηέκκαηrsquo ἔρσλ ἐλ ρεξζὶλ ἑθεβόινπ Ἀπόιισλνο

ρξπζέῳ ἀλὰ ζθήπηξῳ θαὶ ἐιίζζεην πάληαο Ἀραηνύο

Ἀηξεΐδα δὲ κάιηζηα δύσ θνζκήηνξε ιαῶλ

ηόλ Υξύζελ = that (well-known) Chryses

The first verse ends in two spondees making it a spondaic verse and emphasizing the fact that

Chryses was a priest

ιῡζόκελνο = fut mid part nom masc sing being about to ransom

θέξσλ = pres act part nom sing masc bearing bringing

ἔρσλ = pres act part nom sing masc having holding

ρεξζὶλ ἑθεβόινπ = ρεξζὶ ϝεθεβόινπ

ρξῡζέῳ = synizesis where -έῳ is pronounced as a single syllable

ἐιίζζεην = imperf act ind 3rd

pers sing dep (kept) entreating was entreating

Ἀηξεΐδᾱ = dual of Ἀηξεΐδεο refers to both Agamemnon and Menelaus

KEY

hellipand the people were being destroyed

because Atreides dishonored Chryses the priest

For he had gone upon the swift ships of the Achaeans

intending to ransom his daughter bearing countless gifts

and holding in his hand fillets of Apollo the free-shooter

upon a golden staff and was entreating all of the Achaeans

but especially the two sons of Atreus the commanders of the host

1611 Composition

1 Chryses the priest of Apollo is dishonored by the son of Atreus 2 The Achaeans will go from their swift

ships to Troy and ransom the beloved daughter of the priest 3 We shall bring many ransoms and shall hold in our

hands the fillets of Apollo 4 We do not have a golden scepter but we entreat Priam and all the people of Troy 5

The two sons of Atreus marshallers of the people are entreating Priam but he will slight them 6 The son of

Atreus king of men slighted the priest and did not release his daughter

KEY

1 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) Ἀπόιινπ ἀηῑκάδεηαη Ἀηξεΐδῃ 2 Ἀραηνὶ ἐιεύζνληαη ἐθ ζνάσλ (ᾱ) λήσλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ (ῑ)

θαὶ ἀπειύζνληαη (ῡ) θίιε ζπγάηεξα ἀξεηῆξη (ᾱ) 3 νἴζνκελ πνιιrsquo ἄπνηλα θαὶ ἕζρνκελ ἐλ ρείξεζζη ζηέκκαηα

Ἀπόιινπ 4 νὐθ ἔρνκελ ζθῆπηξνλ ρξύζενλ ἀιιὰ ιηζζόκεζα Πξίακνλ θαὶ πᾶληα ιᾱνλ Ἰιίνπ (ῑ) 5 δύrsquo Ἀηξεΐδᾱ

θνζκήηεξᾱ ιᾱσλ ιίζζεζζνλ Πξίακνλ αὐηνὺο δrsquo ἀηῑκάζεη 6 Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἄλδξσλ ἠηίκαζελ (ῑ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) θαὶ

νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε ζπγάηεξα

1612 Meter

ΟΤ λε θα | ΣΟΝ ΥΡΤ | ΖΝ Ζ | ΣΗ κα ζελ | Α ΡΖ | ΣΖ ΡΑ~

Α ηξε η | ΓΖ ν γαξ | ΖΛ ζε ζν | Α ε πη | ΝΖ αο α | ΥΑΗ ΧΝ

ΛΤ ζν κε | ΝΟ ηε ζπ | ΓΑΣ ξα θε | ΡΧΝ ηα πε | ΡΔΗ ζη α | ΠΟΗ ΝΑ~

ΣΔΜ καη ε | ΥΧΝ ΔΝ | ΥΔΡ ζηλ ε | ΚΖ βν ινπ | Α ΠΟΛ | ΛΧ ΝΟ~

ΥΡΤζεσα | ΝΑ ΚΖΠ | ΣΡΧ θαη ε | ΛΗ ζε ην | ΠΑΝ ηαο α | ΥΑΗ ΟΤ

ΑΣ ξε η | ΓΑ δε κα | ΛΗ ηα δπ | Χ ΚΟ | ΜΖ ην ξε | ΛΑ ΧΝ

Lesson 17

(910 - imperfect middle and passive aorist middle of ιύσ 648-658 - the table

of endings in 32)

171 Paradigms Imperfect MiddlePassive of ιύσ

S 1 ἐιπόκελ

2 ἐιύεν [(ἐιύεπ)]

3 ἐιύεην

D 2 ἐιύεζζνλ

3 ἐιπέζζελ

P 1 ἐιπόκε(ζ)ζα

2 ἐιύεζζε

3 ἐιύνλην

172 Paradigms Aorist Middle of ιύσ

Thematic Athematic (2nd

Aorist)

S 1 ἐιῡζάκελ ἐιύκελ

2 ἐιύζαν (ῡ) [(ἐιύζσ (ῡ))] ἔιπ(ζ)ν

3 ἐιύζαην (ῡ) ἔιπην

D 2 ἐιύζαζζνλ (ῡ) ἔιπζζνλ

3 ἐιῡζάζζελ ἐιύζζελ

P 1 ἐιῡζάκε(ζ)ζα ἐιύκε(ζ)ζα

2 ἐιύζαζζε (ῡ) ἔιπζζε

3 ἐιύζαλην (ῡ) ἔιπλην

173 Vocabulary

δῶκα αηνο ηό house home

παῖο παηδόο ὁ ἡ child son daughter

π(η)όιηο ηνο (ενο) ἡ city state

ἐπθλήκῑο ῑδνο well-greaved

ἐγώ(λ) κέν (κεῦ) I

ζύ ζέν (ζεῦ) you

κέλhellip δέ on the one handhellip trulyhellip on the one handhellip on the other hand

partlyhellip partly the onehellip the other

νἴθαδε home homeward to home home

Verbs

ἅδνκαη (ἁγ-) (defective) I reverence

δέρνκαη I accept I receive

δέμνκαη I will accept

ἐδεμάκελ (ἐδέγκελ) I accepted

δίδσκη (δσ- δν-) I give I grant

(δη)δώζσ I will give

ἔδσθα I gave

ἐθπέξζσ (πεξζ- πξαζ-) I sack (utterly) I plunder I pillage

ἐθπέξζσ I will sack

ἐμέπεξζα (ἐμέπξαζνλ) I sacked

ἱθλένκαη I arrive I reach (a destination)

ἵμνκαη I will arrive

ἱθόκελ (ῑ) I arrived

174 Translation

1 ζενὶ ἔρνπζηλ ιύκπηα δώκαηα ἔδσθαλ δrsquo Ἀηξεΐδεο θαὶ ἄιινηζηλ ἐπθλεκίδεζζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἐθπέξζαη

(infinitive) πόιηλ Πξηάκνπ ηόηε δrsquo ἵθνλην (ῑ) ἐὺ νἴθαδε νὕλεθα παῖδα θίιελ ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἔιῡζαλ 2 ἀπέιῡζαλ

ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνὶ ζύγαηξα θίιελ ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἐδέμαλην δrsquo ἀγιαὰ ἄπνηλα νὕλεθα ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλα Γηὸο πἱὸλ

ἅδνλην 3 ἅδεηαη ἑθεβόινλ 4 Ἀηξεΐδεο νὐθ ἐδέμαην ηὰ ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα 5 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἔδσθελ ἄπνηλα

πνιιὰ βαζηιῆη Ἀηξεΐδῃ 6 πάληεο ζενὶ θαὶ πᾶζαη ζεαὶ εἶρνλ ιύκπηα δώκαηα 7 Ἀραηνὶ ἐπθλήκῑδεο ἐθπέξζνπζη

Πξηάκνην πόιηλ ἵμνληαη δrsquo ἐπ νἴθαδε 8 παῖο θίιε ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἐιύζαην (ῡ) ἵθεην (ῑ) δrsquo ἐὺ νἴθαδε

KEY

1 The gods have Olympian homes but they gave the son of Atreus and the other well-greaved Achaeans to

utterly sack the city of Priam and then they returned safe at home because they released the dear child of the priest

2 The well-greaved Achaeans released the dear daughter of the priest and received glorious ransoms because they

reverenced the free-shooter Apollo son of Zeus 3 He reverences te free-shooter 4 The son of Atreus did not

receive the glorious ransoms 5 Chryses the priest gave many ransoms to king Atreides 6 All of the gods and all of

the goddesses had Olympian homes 7 The well-greved Achaeans will utterly sack Priamrsquos city and will return safe

to home 8 The dear child of the priest was released and arrived well to her home

175 Iliad 17-21

ltltἈηξεΐδαη ηε θαὶ ἄιινη ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνί

ὑκῖλ κὲλ ζενὶ δνῖελ ιύκπηα δώκαηrsquo ἔρνληεο

ἐθπέξζαη Πξηάκνην πόιηλ ἐὺ δrsquo νἴθαδrsquo ἱθέζζαη

παῖδα δrsquo ἐκνὶ ιῦζαί ηε θίιελ ηά ηrsquo ἄπνηλα δέρεζζαη

ἁδόκελνη Γηὸο πἱὸλ ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλαgtgt

Ἀηξεΐδαηhellip ἄιινη ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνί = vocative case

ὑκῖλ (ῡ) = dat plural of ζύ to you

ζενί = one syllable by synizesis

κέλ (v 18) = correlative of δέ (v 20)

δνῖελ = aor act optative 3rd

plural of δίδσκη may they grant

ἔρνληεο = pres act part nom masc plural of ἔρσ having possessing

ἐθπέξζαη = aor act inf of ἐθπέξζσ to sack utterly

ἱθέζζαη = aor act inf of ἱθένκαη to arrive (compare κάρεζζαη)

ιῦζαη δέρεζζαη = infinitives used as imperatives free and accept

ηά ηrsquo ἄπνηλα (ηά ηε ἄπνηλα) = thesehellip gifts

ἁδόκελνη = pres act part nom masc plural reverencing

KEY

ldquoSons of Atreus and you other well-greaved Achaeans

may the gods who have their homes on Olympus grant you

to utterly sack Priamrsquos city and return safe to home

but release my dear child to me and accept these gifts

reverencing Apollo who shoots at will the son of Zeusrdquo

176 Composition

1 The gods who have (ἔρνληεο) Olympian homes will grant to the sons of Atreus and to the other well-greaved

Achaeans to sack utterly (ἐθπέξζαη) the city of Priam 2 When they sacked the city of Priam they returned happily

home 3 They accepted the shining ransoms and freed the darling daughter of the priest Chryses 4 We reverenced

the free-shooter Apollo son of Leto and Zeus and escaped death 5 Will the son of Atreus accept the shining

ransoms 6 The child of the priest was freed when he gave many shining ransoms which the two sons of Atreus

accepted

KEY

1 ζενὶ ἔρνληεο ιύκπηα δώκαηα δώζνπζη Ἀηξεΐδῃζη θαὶ ἄιινηζηλ ἐπθλεκίδεζζηλ (ῑ) Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἐθπέξζαη πόιηλ

Πξηάκνπ 2 ηόηε ἐμέπεξζαλ πόιηλ Πξηάκνην ἵθνλην (ῑ) ἐὺ νἴθαδε 3 ἐδέμαλην ἀγιαrsquo ἄπνηλα θαὶ ἀπέιῡζαλ ζπγάηεξα

θίιε ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) Υξύζᾱν (ῡ) 4 ἡμάκεζα ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλα Λεηόνο θαὶ Γηὸο πἱόλ θαὶ ζάλαηνλ 5

Ἀηξεΐδεο δέμεηαη ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα 6 παῖο ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἀπειύζαην (ῡ) ηόηε ἔδσθελ ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀγιάα ηὰ

Ἀηξεΐδᾱ ἐδώθαζηλ

Lesson 18

(Perfect and Pluperfect Active of Verbs 904 922 Third Declension γέρων

αἴξ 693-695)

181 Formation of the Perfect and Pluperfect Active

The perfect and pluperfect in all modes experience reduplication of the initial syllable which denotes completed

action Verbs beginning with a single consonant (except ξ) prefix this consonant followed by -ε Thus ιύσ =

ιέιπθα The stem sometimes stands in ablaut relation to the stem of the present as in βαίλσ = βέβεθα A

reduplicated syllable beginning with an aspirated mute is changed to its corresponding voiceless mute in the

reduplicated syllable ie ζλήζθσ = ηέζλεθα In these cases the reduplicated pluperfect adds ἐ- to the reduplicated

syllable ie ιύσ = ιέιπθα = ἐιέιπθε

Vebs beginning with a double consonant two consonants (except a mute followed by a liquid or a nasal) ξ and

some beginning with κ simply augment the stem with the addition of ε-

Verbs beginning in a vowel typically take the temporal augment by lengthening the vowel ie νἴρνκαη =

ᾤρσθα However verbs beginning with a vowel in which an initial consonant has been lost may take the syllabic

augment

Compound verbs typically insert the reduplication and augment between the preposition and the verb ie

ἀπνιύσ = ἀπνιέιπθα = ἀπειειύθε

The first perfect active adds -θα- to the stem followed by the primary endings The first pluperfect active

similarly adds -θε- followed by the secondary endings In general a short final vowel is lengthened before the

addition of the -θα- or -θε- Second perfects and pluperfects active are the older form and are more common in

Homer These omit the θ and simply add -α- or -ε- respectively The second perfects are more common in stems

ending in a consonant

In general the singular perfect and pluperfect active stand in ablaut relation to the dual and plural forms

Perfects and pluperfects are rare in Homer and only occur in some twenty verbs

182 Paradigms λέλυκα and βέβηκα

ιέιπθα ἐιειύθε (ἐιειύθεα)

ιέιπθαο ἐιειύθο (ἐιειύθεαο)

ιέιπθε(λ) ἐιειύθεη (ἐιειύθεε)

ιειύθαηνλ ἐιειύθαηνλ

ιειύθαηνλ ἐιειπθάηελ

ιειύθακελ ἐιειύθεκελ

ιειύθαηε ἐιειύθεηε

ιειύθᾱζη ἐιειύθεζαλ

βέβεθα ἐβεβήθεα (ἐβεβήθε)

βέβεθαο ἐβεβήθεαο (ἐβεβήθεο)

βέβεθε(λ) ἐβεβήθεε (ἐβεβήθεη)

βέβαηνλ ἐβέβαηνλ

βέβαηνλ ἐβεβάηελ

βέβακελ ἐβέβακελ

βέβαηε ἐβέβαηε

βέβᾱζη ἐβέβαζαλ

183 Paradigms γέρων and αἴξ

γέξσλ αἴμ

γέξνληνο αἰγόο

γέξνληη αἰγί

γέξνληα αἶγα

γέξνλ αἴμ

γέξνληε αἶγε

γεξόληνηηλ αἴγνηηλ

γέξνληεο αἶγεο

γεξόλησλ αἰγῶλ

γεξόληεζ(ζ)η (γέξνπζη) αἴγεζ(ζ)η (αἰμί)

γέξνληαο αἶγαο

184 Vocabulary

ἀγνξή ῆο ἡ assembly meeting place gathering harrangue

αἴμ αἰγόο ὁ ἡ goat

Ἄξγνο ενο ηό Argos (both a country and a city in Greece)

γέξσλ νληνο ὁ old man

γῆξαο ανο ηό old age

ἱεξεύο ῆνο ὁ priest holy man

κεξίνλ νπ ηό thigh-bone thigh-piece

πνύο πνδόο ὁ foot

ηαῦξνο νπ ὁ bull

θξήλ θξελόο ἡ diaphragm mind heart soul spirit disposition

δέθαηνο ε νλ tenth

ἡκέηεξνο ε νλ our ours

θνῖινο ε νλ hollow

ὠθύο ὠθεῖα ὠθύ swift speedy

ζλήζθσ die perish

ζαλένκαη

ἔζαλνλ

ηέζλεθα

θεύγσ flee fly escape run (off away along)

θεύμνκαη

ἔθπγνλ

πέθεπγα

First declension masculine nouns typically follow the paradigms for Ἀηξεΐδεο (Atreides son of Atreus) Αἰλείᾱο

(Aeneas) and αἰρκεηήο (spearman warrior)

Ἀηξεΐδεο ᾱν ὁ Αἰλείᾱο ᾱν ὁ αἰρκεηήο ᾱν ὁ

(Αηξεϝηδᾱ-) (Αἰλεηᾱ-) (αἰρκεηᾱ-)

N Ἀηξεΐδεο Αἰλείᾱο αἰρκεηήο [ά]

G Ἀηξεΐδᾱν [εσ] Αἰλείᾱν [σ] αἰρκεηᾶν [έσ]

D Ἀηξεΐδῃ Αἰλείᾳ αἰρκεηῇ

A Ἀηξεΐδελ Αἰλείαλ αἰρκεηήλ

V Ἀηξεΐδε Αἰλείᾱ αἰρκεηά

N A V Ἀηξεΐδᾱ αἰρκεηά (ᾱ)

G D Ἀηξεΐδῃηλ αἰρκεηῇηλ

N V Ἀηξεΐδαη αἰρκεηαί

G Ἀηξετδάσλ (ᾱ) αἰρκεηάσλ (ᾱ)

[έσλ ῶλ] [έσλ ῶλ]

D Ἀηξεΐδῃζη ῃο αἰρκεηῇζη ῇο

A Ἀηξεΐδᾱο αἰρκεηάο (ᾱ)

112 Compound Verbs

Compound verbs are formed from a preposition or adverb coupled with a verb such as ἀλαβαίλσ (ascend)

formed from ἀλα (up) and βαίλσ (go) If the preposition ends in a vowel and the verb begins with a vowel the vowel

of the preposition is usually elided as in δηίζηεκη (δηὰ ἰζηεκη) ἁθαηξέσ (ἀπὸ αἱξέσ)

The augment occurs between the preposition and the verb When two vowels are thus brought together the first

vowel is usually elided leaving the augment Thus ἀπνιύσ (I release present) ἀπέιπνλ (I was releasing

imperfect) ἀπέιῡζα (I released aorist)

113 Vocabulary

ἀλαβαίλσ ἀλαβήζσ ἀλέβεζα go up ascend embark

ἀπνιύσ ἀπνιύζσ (ῡ) ἀπέιῡζα loose set free release

Ἀηξεΐδεο -ᾱν ὁ Atreides son of Atreus (usually refers to Agamemnon)

θαηαθεύσ θαηαθαύζσ θαηέθεα burn consume

θειεύσ - ἔθιπνλ (+gen) hear hearken to

κεηέεηπνλ κεηεῖπνλ (2nd

aor of εἴξσ) spoke among addressed spoke to

ὅηε when whenever

Πειεηάδεο ᾱν (εσ) ὁ Peleiades son of Peleus (used in reference to Achilles)

πξνζέεηπνλ πξνζεῖπνλ (2nd

aor of εἴξσ) addressed spoke to

ηόηε then at that time

ρνιόσ ρνιώζσ ἐρόισζα anger enrage vex

Υξύζεο (ῡ) ᾱν (εσ) ὁ Chryses

Verbs

ἀλαβαίλσ

stem ἀλα + βαλ- βα-

future ἀλαβήζσ (rarely ἀλαβήζνκαη)

1st aorist ἀλέβεζα (rarely 2

nd aor ἀλέβελ)

ἀπνιύσ

stem ἀπό + ιύσ

future ἀπνιύζσ (ῡ)

1st aorist ἀπέιῡζα

θαηαθαίσ

stem θαηά + θαπ- θαϝ- θαη-

future θαηαθαύζσ (assumed form)

1st aorist θαηέθεα

θειεύσ (Attic)

stem θιεπ- θιεϝ- θιπ-

future none

2nd

aorist ἐθιπνλ

ρνιόσ

stem ρνιν-

future ρνιώζσ

1st aorist ἐρόισζα

Notes

In Homeric Greek the stem vowel is usually lengthened before -ζ hence ἀλαβαίλσ =gt ἀλαβήζσ =gt

ἀλέβεζα ἀπνιύσ =gt ἀπνιύζσ (ῡ) =gt ἀπέιῡζα

ἀλαβαίλσ also has a 2nd

aorist ἀλέβελ

A few verbs have active forms in the present but middle forms in the future ἀλαβαίλσ has two future

forms one active (ἀλαβήζσ) and one middle (ἀλαβήζνκαη)

Verbs with stems ending in -αηλσ originally had a consonantal η following the λ (ie ἀλαβαηλησ)

114 Translation

1 θᾱινὶ ζενὶ ἔηεπμαλ ζάλαηνλ θαθὸλ δίῳ (ῑ) Πειεηάδῃ ὁ δrsquo ἀλέβελ ππξήλ 2 ἑθεβόινο ὤιεθε ιᾱὸλ Ἀραηῶλ

νὕλεθα δῖνο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) 3 θαηέθεα ἑθαηόκβᾱο πνιιάο (ᾱ) 4 ἑθεβόινο νὐθ ἔθιπελ Ἀηξεΐδᾱν

νὕλεθα ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) 5 Υξύζεο (ῡ) κεηέεηπελ Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἀιιrsquo νὐθ Ἀηξεΐδῃ ἥλδαλε ζῡκῷ 6 ὅηε θαθῶο

πξνζέεηπελ Ἀηξεΐδεο Υξύζελ (ῡ) ηόηε ἐρόισζελ ἑθεβόινλ 7 ἀπειύζακελ (ῡ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) νὕλεθα ηὸλ

ἐθηιήζακελ 8 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἤλεηθελ ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα Ἀηξεΐδῃ 9 νἴζνκελ ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀπνιύζνκελ (ῡ)

Υξύζελ (ῡ) νὕλεθα ηὸλ ἐθηιήζακελ θαὶ θίινο ἐζηὶλ ἑθεβόιῳ 10 ηίο θέξεη ἄπνηλα Υξύζᾱν (ῡ) Ἀηξεΐδῃ 11 δῖνο

Πειεηάδεο ἐρόισζελ Ἀηξεΐδελ 12 ὅηε θαηεθήακελ πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἑθαηόκβᾱο θᾱιάο (ᾱ) ηόηε ἐπείζακελ ζῡκνὺο ζεῶλ

13 δηὰ καληνζύλελ Υξύζεο (ῡ) εἶπε βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεῶλ Ἀηξεΐδῃ Πειεηάδῃ ηε

KEY

1 The noble gods prepared evil death for the divine Peleiades and he ascended the funeral pyre 2 The free-

shooter destroyed the host of the Achaeans because the divine Atreides dishonored Chryses 3 I burned many

funeral pyres 4 The free-shooter did not hear the son of Atreus because he dishonored Chryses 5 Chryses spoke

among the Achaeans but but it did not please the heart of Atreides 6 It angered the free-shooter when the son of

Atreus spoke wickedly to Chryses 7 We released Chryses because we loved him 8 Chryses brought countless

glorious ransoms to the son of Atreus 9 We will bring many ransoms and release Chryses because we loved him

and he is dear to the free-shooter 10 Who brought the ransoms of Chryses to the son of Atreus 11 The divine

Peleiades angered the son of Atreus 12 We persuaded the hearts of the gods when we burned many good

hecatombs 13 Through prophesy Chryses spoke the will of the gods to both Atreides and Peleiades

115 Composition

1 The Achaeans ascended into Troy and killed the noble Priam 2 We burned many goodly hecatombs to the

Olympian gods 3 Chryses spoke among the Achaeans but the son of Atreus did not hearken to him 4 The

Achaeans addressed the son of Atreus but he did not free Chryses 5 The son of Atreus will bring many ransoms

into the camp of the Achaeans 6 Who will persuade the gods with many goodly hecatombs

KEY

1 Ἀραηνὶ ἀλέβεζαλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ θαὶ ὤιεμαλ θᾱιὸλ Πξηάκνλ 2 θαηέθεκελ πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) ἑθαηόκβὰο (ᾱ)

ζενῖο ιπκπίνηο 3 Υξύζεο (ῡ) κεηέεηπελ Ἀραηνῖο ἀιιrsquo Ἀηξεΐδεο ηὸλ νὐθ ἔθιπελ 4 Ἀραηνὶ πξνζέεηπνλ Ἀηξεΐδῃ

ἀιιrsquo νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε Υξύζελ (ῡ) 5 Ἀηξεΐδεο νἴζεη ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ εἰο ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 6 ηίο πείζεη ζενὺο πνιιῇο

ἑθαηόκβῃζηλ

Lesson 12

Review

121 Review Vocabulary

Lesson 13

(680-692 701-709)

(cf 897 874 886 619 841-843 576 1178 830-831 837 580 837)

131 Nouns of the Third Declension

Third declension nouns can be either masculine feminine or neuter The nominative endings can take many

forms but there are some conventions Masculine and feminine stems except those ending in λ ξ or ζ simply add

ζ to the stem and make the necessary euphonic changes Stems ending in ξ λ and ζ typically make no changes

except to lengthen the last vowel if it is short Stems ending in -λ(η) either drop the η and lengthen a short vowel or

drop the -λ(η) lengthen the vowel and add ζ Examples δαηκνλ- = δαηκσλ ζῑλ- = ζίο (ῑ) κειαλ- = κέιᾱο γεξνλη- =

γέξσλ etc Neuters typically consist of just the stem in the nominative and accusative except to drop a final -η

where it occurs

In general the stem of a third declension noun is found by dropping the -νο ending from the genitive singular

The dative singular regularly ends in -ῐ but occasionally in -ῑ

The accusative ending was originally -λ and this ending is common on stems ending in a vowel On stems

ending in a consonant the -λ was a sonant consonant which eventually came be pronounced as -ᾰ The result is that

the accusative singular usually ends in -λ for stems ending in a vowel and -ᾰ for stems ending in a consonant

Dental mute stems ending in -ηο and -πο in the nominative singular rarely drop the mute and typically adopt the -λ

accusative ending as if they were vowel stems

The dative plural is formed by adding either -εζζη (rarely -εζη) or -ζη (rarely -ζζη) and making the usual

euphonic changes Most third declension nouns thus have alternate dative plural forms as πνύο = πνζζί = πνζί =

πόδεζζη etc

The accusative plural originally ended in -λο (sonant λ) which gives -αο for stems ending in a consonant and -ῑο

and -ῡο for stems ending in a vowel A few vowel stems borrowed an -αο ending from the first declension by

analogy

The vocative singular is usually either identical to the nominative or identical to the stem alone Stems ending

in λ ξ or ο typically drop this final consonant in the vocative singular

Compensatory lengthening usually occurs in the dative plural when -λη is dropped as in γέξνληζη = γέξνπζη

132 Paradigms

Stems ending in -επ (επ) -νπ and σϝ follow the paradigms of βαζηιεύο (king βαζηιεϝ-) βνῦο (ox βνϝ-) λεῦο

(ship λᾱϝ-) and ἥξσο (hero ἡξσϝ- () or ἡξσ-)

N βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

G βαζηιῆνο [-ένο] βνόο λεόο ἥξσνο

D βαζηιῆη [-έη] βνΐ λεί ἥξση

A βαζηιῆα [-έα] βνῦλ [βῶλ] λῆα [λέα] ἥξσα

V βαζηιεῦ βνῦ λεῦ ἥξσο

N A V βαζηιῆε βόε λῆε ἥξσε

G D βαζηιήνηηλ βόνηηλ λήνηηλ ἡξώνηηλ

N V βαζηιεῆεο βόεο λῆεο ἥξσεο

G βαζηιήσλ βνῶλ λεῶλ [λεῶλ] ἡξώσλ

D βαζηιήεζζη βόεζζη λήεζζη [λέεζζἰ ἡξώεζζη

βαζηιεῦζη βνπζί λεπζί ἥξσζη

A βαζηιῆαο βόαο (βνῦο) λῆζαο (λέαο) ἥξσαο

A long vowel is typically shortened when it occurs before another vowel thus βαζηιῆνο or βαζηιένο This

convention was almost certainly consistent in pronunciation but is only occasionally represented in written form

The π in the stem of these words frequently became ϝ and subsequently disappeared as in βαζηιεπ- βαζηιεϝ-

βαζηιε-

Stems ending in η (εη) and π (επ εϝ) follow the paradigms of πόιηο (city πνιη-) πῆρπο (forearm περεϝ-) ἄζηπ

(city ἀζηεϝ-) λέθπο (corpse λεθῡ-) and δάθξπ (tear δαθξπ-)

N πόιηο πῆρπο ἄζηπ λέθῡο δάθξπ

G πόιηνο -ενο πήρενο ἄζηενο λέθπνο δάθξπνο

D πόιηη -ῑ -εη -εη πήρετ ἄζηετ λέθπτ δάθξπτ

A πόιηλ πῆρσλ ἄζηπ λέθῡλ δαθξπ

V πόιη πῆρπ ἄζηπ λέθῡ δάθξπ

N V πόιηε πήρεε ἄζηεε λέθπε δάθξπε

G D πνιίνηηλ περένηηλ ἄζηνηηλ λεθύνηηλ δαθξύνηηλ

N V πόιηεο -εεο πήρεεο ἄζηεα λέθπεο δάθξπα

G πνιίσλ περέσλ ἀζηέσλ λεθύσλ δαθξύσλ

D πνιίεζζη περέεζζη ἀζηέεζη λεθύεζζη δαθξύεζζη

πόιεζη -ηζη πήρεζη ἄζηεζη λέθῡζ(ζ)η δάθξπζη

A πόιηαο -εαο -ῑο πήρεαο ἄζηεα λέθπαο [-ῡο] δάθξπα

Nouns with stems in -ο (-εο -αο -νο) and -η are declined like ἔπνο (ϝεπεζ-) γέξαο (γεξαζ-) ἠώο (ἀϝζνζ-) δῶκα

(δσκαη-) and ἦκαξ (ἠκαξ- ἠκαη-) Note that -ζ- usually disappears when it occurs between two vowels

N ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο δῶκα ἧκαξ

G ἔπενο γέξανο ἠόνο δώκαηνο ἥκαηνο

D ἔπετ γέξατ ἠόη δώκαηη ἥκαηη

A ἔπνο γέξαο ἠόα δῶκα ἧκαξ

V ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο δῶκα ἧκαξ

N V ἔπεε γέξαε δώκαηε ἥκαηε

G D επένηηλ γεξάνηηλ δσκάηνηηλ ἡκάηνηηλ

N V ἔπεο γέξα(α) δώκαηα ἥκαηα

G ἐπέσλ γεξάσλ δσκάησλ ἡκάησλ

D ἐπέεζζη γεξάεζζη δσκάηεζζη ἡκάηεζζη

ἔπε(ζ)ζη γέξα(ζ)ζη δώκαζη ἥκαζη

A ἔπεα γέξα(α) δώκαηα ἥκαηα

Note that all nouns ening in -νο in the second declension are either masculine or feminine but all nouns ending in -

νο in the third declension are neuter All nouns ending in -κα in the nominative singular and all nouns with genitives

in -αηνο are neuter

133 Further Notes on the Third Declension

Nouns of the third declension can be any gender and consist of stems ending in -η -π or a consonant In

general the following endings are applied to the stem with the usual euphonic changes

N -ο

G -νο

D -η

A -λ

V -

N A V -ε

G D -νηηλ

N V -εο

G -σλ

D -εζζη

A -λο

Standard Euphonic Changes

Later forms of Greek such as Attic and Koine frequently contracted the forms found in Homer

The -λ in the accusative singular and plural is sonant meaning that it is pronounced as λ when

following a vowel but it is pronounced as ᾰ when following a consonant Thus πνιη-λ = πνιηλ and

πνιη-λο = πνιηο but δαηκνλ-λ = δαηκνλα and δαηκνλ-λο = δαηκνλαο

o In most cases a stem originally ending in ϝ is treated as if it ends in a consonant Thus

βαζηιεϝα = βαζηιεα εξσϝα = εξσα

o The word βνϝ- is an exception where ϝ becomes π (probably because νπ is such a common

diphthong) βνϝλ = βνπλ

Dentals are dropped before ζ Thus παηδο = παηο

o In cases where the stem ends in -λη the dental and the ζ are typically dropped with the last

vowel lengthened by compensation Thus γεξνληο = γεξσλ

Palatals combine with ζ to form μ Thus αηγο = αημ θεξπθο = θεξπμ etc

o Stems ending in -θη apply both the dental and palatal changes first dropping the η and then

combining the θζ to form μ Thus λπθηο = λπθο = λπμ

Labials combine with ζ to form ς Thus Αηζηνπο = Αηζηνς

The ζ is dropped when it follows a nasal or ξ and the last vowel is lengthened to compensate (if it

isnrsquot long already) Thus δαηκνλο = δαηκσλ θξελο = θξελ ρεηξο = ρεηξ παηεξο = παηεξ κεηεξο =

κεηεξ etc

Stems that originally ended in ϝ usually retain a π in its place in the nominative Thus βαζηιεϝο =

βαζηιεπο (originally βαζηιεπο) λεϝο = λεπο βνϝο = βνπο etc

o The same phenomenon sometimes occurs in the accusative singular as well where ϝ becomes

π and the final λ is retained Thus περεϝλ = περευλ = περπλ

o The word εξσο is an apparent exception where εξσϝο = εξσο This may be from analogy

with the relatively common -σο ending in Greek or it could be that the stem was originally

εξσ- witout the ϝ

o When the stem ends in -εϝ the ε is usually dropped in the nominative thus περεϝο = περεπο =

περπο (but the genitive and dative are περενο περετ)

Some confusion can occur at the apparent irregularity of stems ending in -π αζηπ αζηενο αζηεη etc

but δαθξπ δαθξπνο δαθξπτ etc The difference is that stems like αζηπ originally ended in a vowel + ϝ

(αζηεϝ) while stems like δαθξπ originally ended in π

Some neuters originally ended in -εο These are usually declined as -νο in the nominative and

accusative In the other cases the endings are simply applied to -εζ- and the sigma is dropped when it

occurs between two vowels επνο (nom acc from επεζο) επενο (gen from επεζνο) επετ (dat from

επεζη) etc

o Stems ending in -αο simple drop the extra sigma in the nominative singular and append the

case endings to -αζ- (dropping ζ when it occurs between two vowels) Thus γεξαο γεξανο

γεξατ etc

o Stems ending in -νο follow the same pattern as those ending in -αο except that the ν is

lengthened to σ in the nominative Thus εσο εννο εντ etc

Neuter stems ending in -καη usually drop the η in the nominative and accusative singular but retain it

in the plural Thus δσκα (nom and acc sing) δσκαηνο (gen sing) δσκαηη (dat sing) δσκαηα (nom and

acc plur) δσκαησλ (gen plur) δσκαηεζζη (dat plur) etc Neuter stems ending in -καξ usually behave

as if they ended in -καη in all cases except the nominative and accusative singular Thus εκαξ εκαηνο

εκαηη etc

The dative plural ending is given as -εζζη This could be shortened to -ζζη (before vowels) -εζη or -ζη

The -ζη ending is the most common in later dialects Thus Homeric θεξπθεζζη is typically θεξπμη in

Attic and Koine

The vocative singular in neuters is always identical to the nominative and accusative singulars

o In masculine and feminine nouns the vocative singular is usually just the stem without any

endings applied as long as the stem is capable of standing alone Thus δαηκνλ ρεηξ παηεξ

κεηεξ ζπγαηεξ αλεξ βνπ λεπ πνιη λεθῡ δαθξπ etc

o In some cases where the nominative singular has slightly modified the stem before adding -ο

the vocative is formed by simply dropping the ο Thus παη βαζηιεπ περπ

o In cases where the ο of the nominative singular has combined with the stem the vocative is

usually indentical to the nominative singular Thus αλαμ λπμ αημ θεξπμ Αηζηνς etc

o In rare cases the vocative is identical to the nominative singular even when dropping the ο

would have been convenient as in εξσο εσο

Alternate Endings The following are some alternate endings that could be applied instead of the usual

case endings listed above

o -ζη can be used to denote place where

o -ζελ can be used to denote source or separation or as an alternative ending for the genitive

case

o -δε can be added to the accusative ending to denote place to which or limit of motion

o -η can be added to denote place where

o -θη(λ) can be added as a substitute for several uses of the genitive and the dative cases

particularly in the instrumental sense

134 References

This lesson references several points in the grammar Note the following

Deponent verbs take middle or passive forms but denote active meanings

Some verbs reduplicate the initial syllable in the present tense by repeating the initial consonant

followed by -η Thus ἴζηεκη (orig ζηζηεκη) ηίζεκη δίδσκη πίκπιεκη γίγλνκαη γηγλώζθσ κηκλήζθσ

etc When futures and second aorists are reduplicated they usually follow the pattern of reduplication

found in the perfect tense If the initial consonant is aspirated the reduplicated consonant is typically

smooth Thus ηίζεκη rather than ζίζεκη

Note that ἴκη δίδσκη and ηίζεκη take the aorist in -θα rather than -ζα

When a word ends in a vowel and the following word begins with a vowel the result is called hiatus

In general hiatus is avoided in poetry through the use of elision crasis synizesis moveable

consonants etc However hiatus is allowed in some circumstances such as when elision has already

occurred when the first of the two vowels is long and occurs on the beat (or ictus) of the verse or

when a long vowel or diphthong has been shortened or when the two vowels were originally separated

by ϝ

Recall that the verbal augment is frequently omitted

135 Vocabulary

Ἄηο Ἄηδνο ὁ (nom not used) Hades

ἄιγνο ενο ηό grief pain woe trouble

Ἀρηιιεύο ῆνο ὁ Achilles

δαίο δαηηόο ἡ feast banquet portion

Εεύο Γηόο ὁ Zeus

ἥξσο ἥξσνο ὁ hero mighty warrior protector savior

ἴθζῑκνο ε νλ mighty valiant stout-hearted brave

θύσλ θπλόο ὁ ἡ dog

κῆληο ηνο ἡ wrath fury madness rage

νὐιόκελνο ε νλ accursed destructive deadly

πξντάπησ πξντάςσ πξνΐαςα hurl forward send forth

ηίζεκη (ζε- ζε-) ζήζσ ἔζεθα put place cause

Ἀρηιιεπο (Ἀρηιιεϝ-) Ἀρηιιενο Ἀρηιιεη Ἀρηιιεα

δαηο (δαηη-) δαηηνο δαηηη δαηηα δαηηεο δαηησλ δαηηεζζη δαηηαο

Εεπο Γηνο Γηη Γηα

ἡξσο ἡξσνο ἡξστ ἡξσα ἡξσεο ἡξσσλ ἡξσεζζη ἡξσαο

θπσλ θπλνο θπλη θπλα θπλεο θπλσλ θπλεζζη θπλαο

κεληο (κελη-) κεληνο κεληη κεληλ κεληεο κελησλ κεληεζζη κεληαο

136 Translation

1 κῆληο Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο ἦλ νὐινκέλε ἔζεθε γὰξ κῡξηrsquo ἄιγεα ηνῖζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ πξνΐαςε δὲ πνιιὰο (ᾱ)

ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἰθζίκνπο (ῑ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη ἔηεπρε δrsquo αὐηνὺο ἑιώξηα θαὶ δαῖηα θύλεζζηλ νἰσλνῖζί ηε ἐηέιεζε δὲ βνπιὴλ

Γηόο 2 ζεὰ (ᾱ) ἀείδεη κῆληλ νὐινκέλελ Ἀρηιῆνο ἣ ἔζεθελ κῡξίrsquo ἄιγεrsquo Ἀραηνῖζηλ 3 ζενὶ ὀιέθνπζη ηὸλ ζηξαηόλ θαὶ

πξντάπηνπζη πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη 4ηεύμνκελ κῡξίνπο Ἀραηνὺο ἑιώξηα θύλεζζηλ θαὶ δαῖηα ηνῖζηλ

νἰσλνῖζηλ νὕλεθα ἠηίκαζαλ (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) 5 θᾱιὴ ἦλ ἡ βνπιὴ Γηόο

KEY

1 The wrath of Achilles son of Peleus was destructive for it caused countless woes to the Achaeans and sent

forth many valiant souls of heros to Hades making them spoils and a banquet for the dogs and the vultures 2 The

goddess sings the accursed wrath of Achilles which brought countless woes to the Achaeans 3 The gods are

destroying the camp and sending forth many souls of the heros to Hades 4 We will make countless Achaeans spoils

for the dogs and a feast for these vultures because they dishonored Chryses 5 The will of Zeus was good

137 Iliad 1-5

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κπξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςπρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιήλ

Μῆληλ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse

ἄεηδε - present active imperative 2nd

person singular of ἀείδσ

ζεά - vocative case

Πειεηάδεσ = Πειεηάδᾱν (the verse may have originally read Πειεηάδᾱrsquo)

νὐινκέλελ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse as well as out of

the natural order and is placed directly opposite the word κῆληλ

κῡξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο - the hiatus is permited because elision has already occurred in κῡξίνηο

Ἄηδη was originally Ἄϝηδη and is still accented as it began with α instead of αη

ἡξώσλ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse and its deviation from

the natural order

δὲ ἑιώξηα - the hiatus is permitted because the original was δὲ ϝειώξηα

ηεῦρε - the augment is dropped (usually ἔηεπρε)

ἐηειείεην - imperfect passive indicative 3rd

person singular of ηειείσ

KEY

Sing O goddess of the accursed wrath of Achilles Peleiades

which brought countless woes to the Achaeans

and cast forth the souls of many valiant warriors to Hades

making them the spoils and feast of both dogs

and vultures But the will of Zeus was accomplished

138 Composition

1 The valiant Achaeans are singing the accursed wrath of Achilles 2 The wrath of Achilles caused many woes

to the Achaeans and sent many valiant souls of heroes to the god Hades 3 We shall make the army of the Achaeans

a booty for the dogs and a banquet for the birds 4 We are accomplishing the will of the goddess

KEY

1 ἴθζῑκνη Ἀραηνὶ ἀείδνπζηλ νὐινκέλελ κῆληλ Ἀρηιῆνο 2 κῆληο Ἀρηιῆνο ἔζεθε κῡξίrsquo ἄιγεrsquo Ἀραηνῖζη θαὶ

πξνΐαςε πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἰθζίκνπο ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη 3 ηεύμνκελ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ ἑιώξηα θύλεζζηλ θαὶ δαῖηα

νἰσλνῖζηλ 4 ηεύρνκελ βνπιὴλ ζεᾶο

Lesson 14

(519-526 1159-1192)

(cf 586)

141 Syllable Quantity

A syllable is long (by nature) when it contains a long vowel or a diphthong or (by position) when it ends in two

consecutive consonants (or a double consonant) A short vowel followed by a mute and a liquid κ or λ is common

and can be either long or short depending on the requirements of the verse Occasionally the letters ι κ λ ξ or ζ

are doubled in pronunciation when they follow a short vowel making the syllable long by position but this

convention is not always represented in writing And occasionally a lost ϝ will combine with another consonant to

make the preceding syllable long by position

Observe the following rules when determing the length of a syllable

Any vowel with the circumflex accent is long

The vowel of any ultmia whose penult bears the circumflex is short

If the penult has an acute then the vowel of the ultima must also be long

If the vowel of the ultima is short and the penult has the acute then the vowel of the penult must

be short as well

If the antepenult is accented the vowel of the ultima must be short

Occasionally these rules do not apply to certain compounds where one of the two words are

accented as if they were separate

If a short syllable stands where a long syllable is expected it is usually because the pause of the caesura or

diaresis fills out the foot or because the following word has lost a consonant (usually ϝ or ζ) And occasionally a

short syllable ending in a consonant is lengthened when it occurs on the ictus (beat) of the verse Such lengthening is

called thesis

142 Metrical Quantity

With the exception of pauses at the end of the verse caesura and diaresis all feet must consist of two long

syllables or a long syllable followed by two shorts Thus if a long syllable is followed by a short syllable then the

next syllable must be short as well Likewise if a short syllable is followed by a long syllable then the preceding

syllable must be short as well

When a word ends in a short vowel (and sometimes -νη and -αη) and the following word begins with a vowel

the short vowel is usually elided unless the following word originally began with ϝ When a word ends in a long

vowel or a diphthong and the following word begins with a vowel the long vowel is usually shortened This

phenomenon can also occur within the same word and again it is less common when the following word originally

began with ϝ Vowel shortening is also rare when the long vowel occurs on the ictus

The meter of Homer is called dactylic or heroic hexameter and is the most common meter in Greek verse Each

verse has six feet The first five feet can be dactyls (one long syllable followed by two short syllables) or spondees

(two long syllables) The final foot of the verse is always a spndee but keep in mind that the pause at the end of the

verse often combines with a final short syllable to form one long syllable The fifth foot of each verse is usually a

dactyl with only one in twenty (or so) verses containing a spondee in the fifth foot The verses that have a spndee in

the fifth foot are called spondaic and usually take slightly longer to recite In dactylic hexameter the ictus (beat) of

the verse always occurs on the first syllable of each foot producing six distinct beats per verse

Caesura occurs when a word ends within a foot (ie at the end of the first syllable of a foot or between the two

short syllables of the foot) When a caesura occurs at a natural pause in the verse this is said to be the caesura of the

verse A pause after the first syllable of a foot is called a masculine caesura and a pause after the second syllable of

the foot is called a feminine caesura

Diaresis occurs when the end of a word coincides with the end of a foot When this falls at a natural pause in

the verse it is said to be the diaresis of the verse When the diaresis occurs at the end of the fourth foot is it called

the bucolic diaresis (due to its common use in pastoral poetry)

143 Marking the Rhythm of the Iliad 1-5

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κπξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςπρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιήλ

ΜΖ ληλ α | ΔΗ δε ζε | Α ΠΖ | ΛΖ η α | ΓΔΧ α ρη | ΛΖ Ο-

dact dact spon dact dact spon

The pauses at the end of κῆληλ and ἄεηδε are feminine caesuras

The pauses at the end of ζεά Πειεηάδεσ and Ἀρηιῆνο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of ζεά is the caesura of the verse

The dash at the end of the verse indicates a pause that combines with a short vowel to fill out the

last foot

ΟΤ ιν κε | ΝΖΝ Ζ | ΜΤ ξη α | ΥΑΗ ΟΗ | ΑΛ γε ε | ΘΖ ΚΔΝ-

dact spon dact spon dact spon

The pauses at the end of κῡξίrsquo and ἄιγε are feminine caesuras

The pauses at the end of νὐινκέλελ and ἔζεθελ are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of νὐινκέλελ is the caesura of the verse

The pauses at the end of ἥ and Ἀραηνῖο are diareses

The diaresis at Ἀραηνῖο is a bucolic diaresis

κῡξία Ἀραηνῖο and ἄιγεα ἔζεθελ are examples of hiatus

The first syllable of ἄιγεrsquo is long because it is followed by two consecutive consonants

ΠΟΛ ΛΑ | ΓrsquoΗΦ ΘΗ | ΜΟΤ ΦΤ | ΥΑ ΑΗ | ΓΗ πξν τ | Α ΦΔΝ-

spon spon spon spon dact spon

The pauses at the end of ἰθζίκνπο and ςπράο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of πνιιάο is a diaresis

δὲ ἰθζίκνπο is hiatus

The first syllable of πνιιάο is long by position as is the first syllable of ἰθζίκνπο the last syllable

of Ἄηδη and the second syllable of πξνΐαςελ

Ζ ΡΧ | ΧΝ ΑΤ | ΣΟΤ δε ε | ΛΧ ξη α | ΣΔΤ ρε θπ | ΝΔ ΗΝ-

spon spon dact dact dact spon

The pause at the end of ηεῦρε is a feminine caesura

The pauses at the end of ἡξώσλ and αὐηνύο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of ἡξώσλ is the caesura of the verse

The pause at the end of ἑιώξηα is a diaresis

ΟΗ Χ | ΝΟΗ ζη ηε | ΓΑΗ ηα δη | Ο δrsquoε ηε | ΛΔΗ ε ην | ΒΟΤ ΛΖΝ

The pauses at the end of νἰσλνῖζη and δαῖηα are feminine caesuras

The pause at the end of Γηόο is a masculine caesura

The pauses at the end of ηε ἐηειείεην and βνπιήλ are diareses

The pause at the end of δαῖηα is the diaresis of the verse

Lesson 15

(693-694 697-700)

(cf 781-782 837 580 1009 996 584-585)

151 Third Declension Paradigms (continued)

Third declension nouns ending in a dental mute stem are exemplified by ἄλαμ (king ϝαλαθη-) λύμ (night λπθη-

) παῖο (child παηδ-) and γέξσλ (old man γεξνλη-)

N ἄλαμ λύμ παῖο γέξσλ

G ἄλαθηνο λπθηόο παηδόο γέξνληνο

D ἄλαθηη λπθηί παηδί γέξνληη

A ἄλαθηα λύθηα παίδα γέξνληα

V ἄλαμ [ἄλα] λύμ παῖ γέξσλ

N V A ἄλαθηε λύθηε παίδε γέξνληε

G D ἀλάθηνηηλ λύθηνηηλ παίδνηηλ γεξόληνηηλ

N ἄλαθηεο λύθηεο παίδεο γέξνληεο

G ἀλάθησλ λπθηῶλ παηδῶλ γεξόλησλ

D ἀλάθηεζζη λύθηεζζη παίδεζζη γεξόληεζζη

ἄλαμη λπμί παηζί γέξνπζη

A ἄλαθηαο λύθηνο παῖδαο γέξνληαο

Third declension nouns ending in labial and palatal stems are exemplified by αἴμ (goat αἰγ-) θῆξπμ (herald

θεξῡθ-) and Αἰζίνς (Ethipoian Αἰζηνπ-)

N αἴμ θῆξπμ Αἰζίνς

G αἰγόο θήξῡθνο Αἰζίνπνο

D αἰγί θήξῡθη Αἰζίνπη

A αἶγα θήξῡθα Αἰζίνπα

V αἴμ θῆξπμ Αἰζίνς

N V A αἶγε θήξῡθε Αἰζίνπε

G D αἴγνηηλ θεξύθνηηλ (ῡ) Αἰζηόπνηηλ

N αἶγεο θήξῡθεο Αἰζίνπεο

G αἰγῶλ θεξύθσλ (ῡ) Αἰζηόπσλ

D αἴγεζζη θεξύθεζζη (ῡ) Αἰζηόπεζζη

αἰμί θήξῡμ Αἰζίνςη

A αἶγαο θήξῡθαο Αἰζίνπαο

Nouns with stems ending in -εξ express different grades of ablaut in the stem (-εξ -εξ -ξ) with a recessive

accent in the vocative singular These are exemplified by παηήξ (father παηεξ-) κήηεξ (mother κεηεξ-) ζπγάηεξ

(daughter ζπγαηεξ-) and ἀλήξ (man ἀλεξ-)

N παηήξ κήηεξ ζπγάηεξ ἀλήξ

G παηέξνο -ηξόο κεηέξνο -ηξόο ζπγαηέξνο -ηξόο ἀλέξνο ἀλδξόο

D παηέξη -ηξί κεηέξη -ηξί ζπγαηέξη -ηξί ἀλέξη ἀλδξί

A παηέξα κεηέξα ζπγαηέξα ἀλέξα ἄλδξα

V πάηεξ κῆηεξ ζύγαηεξ ἄλεξ

N V A παηέξε κεηέξε ζπγαηέξε ἀλέξε ἄλδξε

G D παηέξνηηλ κεηέξνηηλ ζπγαηέξνηηλ ἀλέξνηηλ ἄλδξνηηλ

N παηέξεο κεηέξεο ζπγαηέξεο ζύγαηξεο ἀλέξεο ἄλδξεο

G παηέξσλ -ηξῶλ κεηέξσλ -ηξῶλ ζπγαηέξσλ ζπγαηξῶλ ἀλέξσλ ἀλδξῶλ

D παηξάζη κεηξάζη ζπγαηξάζη ζπγαηέξεζζη ἀλδξάζη ἄλδξεζζη

A παηέξαο κεηέξαο ζπγαηέξαο ζύγαηξαο ἀλέξαο ἄλδξαο

Note that δ is inserted into ἀλήξ between λ and ξ where they occur together The accent of the shorter forms of

ἀλέξ follow the pattern seen in παηήξ The alpha after ξ in the dative plural was added euphonically to strengthen

what was originally a sonant ξ

152 Vocabulary

ἄλαμ ἄλαθηνο ὁ king lord protector

ἀλήξ ἀλέξνο (ἀλδξόο) ὁ (real) man warrior hero

ἄξ(α) (ῥά) naturally of course as you know as you might expect that is

in effect (not always translatable)

βαζηιεύο ῆνο ὁ king ruler

δή indeed truly forsooth now

δηίζηεκη (ζηε- ζηα-) δηαζηήζσ stand apart separate

δηέζηεζα (δηέζηελ)

ἐμ νὗ from the time when

ἐξίδσ (ἐξηδ-) - ἤξηζ(ζ)α quarrel strive

ἠξηζάηελ (they) strove

ἔξηο ηδνο ἡ strife quarrel

Λεηώ Λεηόνο ἡ Leto

κάρνκαη fight battle

κάρεζζαη to fight

μπλίκη μπλήζσ μπλῆθα (μπλέεθα) bring together throw together hearken heed

ὄξλῡκη ὄξζσ ὦξζα (ὤξνξνλ) stir up kindle incite excite arouse

πξῶηνο ε νλ first foremost chief

ηὸ πξῶηνλ ηὰ πξῶηα (adv) at first firstly first

πἱόο νῦ ὁ son

ζθσε these two

153 Translation

1 ζεὰ (ᾱ) ἀείζεη κῆληλ Ἀρηιῆνο ἐμ νὗ δὴ ηὰ πξῶηα δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο θαὶ Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἀλδξῶλ ἠξηζάηελ θαὶ

δηεζηήηελ 2 ηίο ζεῶλ μπλέεθε δῖνλ Ἀρηιῆά ηε θαὶ Ἀηξεΐδελ ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 3 πἱὸο Λεηόνο θαὶ Γηὸο ἑθεβόινο

μπλέεθέ ζθσε ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη ηὸλ γὰξ βαζηιεὺο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἐρόισζελ ὁ δrsquo ὦξζε θαθὴλ λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ

ὤιεθε δὲ ιᾱνύο

KEY

1 The goddess sings the wrath of Achilles from the time when first the divine Achilles and Atreides king of

men strove and separated 2 Which of the gods brought together the divine Achilles and the son of Atreus to fight

in strife 3 The son of Leto and Zeus the Free-shooter brought these two together to fight in strife for Atreides the

king enraged him so he stirred up an evil plague through the camp of the Achaeans and destroyed their host

154 Iliad 1-10

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κῡξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςῡρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιή

ἐμ νὗ δὴ ηὰ πξῶηα δηαζηήηελ ἐξίζαληε

Ἀηξεΐδεο ηε ἄλαμ ἀλδξῶλ θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεύο

ηίο ηrsquo ἄξ ζθσε ζεῶλ ἔξηδη μπλέεθε κάρεζζαη

Λεηνῦο θαὶ Γηὸο πἱόο ὁ γὰξ βαζηιῆη ρνισζεὶο

λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ ὦξζε θαθήλ ὀιέθνλην δὲ ιᾱνί

δηαζηήηελ = δηεζηήηελ

ἐξίζαληε = aor act part nom dual masc (they two) having quarreled

ηε ἄλαμ originally ηε ϝάλαμ thus allowing the hiatus

ζθσε [ἕσ] = 3rd

pers pron acc dual these two

ἔξηδη is dative of means in strife

κάρεζζαη = pres act infinitive deponent to fight

ρνισζείο = aor pass part nom sing masc having been enraged

Λεηνῦο = contracted form of Λεηόνο

βαζηιῆη = Agamemnon instrumental case by the king

ὀιέθνλην = ὠιέθνλην imperf pass ind 3rd

pers plural were being destroyed or kept

perishing

KEY

Sing O goddess of the accursed wrath of Achilles Peleiades

which brought countless woes to the Achaeans

and cast forth the souls of many valiant warriors to Hades

making them the spoils and feast of both dogs

and vultures But the will of Zeus was accomplished

indeed from the time when at first having quarreled both

Atreides king of men and the divine Achilles separated

Which of the gods of course brought these two together to fight in strife

The son of Leto and Zeus For enraged by the king he

kindled an evil plague up through the camp and the people were destroyed

155 Composition

1 ἠείδνκελ κῆληλ νὐινκέλελ Ἀρηιιῆνο ἐμ νὗ ηὰ πξῶηα Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἀλέξσλ (ἀλδξῶλ) θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο

ἠξηζάηελ θαὶ δηεζηεζάηελ (δηεζηήηελ) 2 ηίο ζεῶλ μπλῆθε (μπλέεθα) Ἀραηνὺο θαὶ ιᾱὸλ Πξηάκνπ ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 3

μπλῆθε (μπλέεθα) ζθσε (ἕν) πἱὸο Λεηόνο (Λεηνῦο) θαὶ Γηὸο ἑθεβόινο ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 4 Αηξεΐδεο βαζηιεὺο

Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο ἐρόισζαλ ἄλαθηα ἑθεβόινλ θαὶ ὁ ὦξζα (ὤξνξε) λνῦζνπο πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θαθὰο (ᾱ) ἀλὰ

ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ θαθῶο ὤιεθελ ἀγαζὸλ ιᾱόλ

Lesson 16

(887-897 910 1065-1068 697-703 707 710 732)

161 Formation of Middle Passive and Deponent Verbs

The endings of the middle voice are different from the active voice The passive voice applies the same endings

as the middle voice except in the aorist passive which applies active endings Because the middle and passive voice

are identical (other than the aorist) the context determines whether a verb is used with middle or the passive

meaning The aorist middle is often used with a passive meaning (especially in athematic forms) and the aorist

passive is often used with a middle meaning

The perfect and pluperfect of the middlepassive are athematic with the personal endings attached directly to

the reduplicated stem

The future perfect passive is formed by adding -ζνε to the perfect middle passive lengthening the vowel that

precedes this ending

The first aorist passive is formed by adding -(ζ)ζεε to the stem Before ζ π and β become θ θ and γ become ρ

and η δ ζ become ζ Many verbs have a second aorist passive that drops the ζ altogether

Deponent verbs have no active form but use the middlepassive forms in an active sense

162 Paradigms Present and Future Indicative MiddlePassive of ιύσ

Present

S 1 ιύνκαη

2 ιύεαη [(ιύῃ)]

3 ιύεηαη

D 2 ιύεζζνλ

3 ιύεζζνλ

P 1 ιπόκε(ζ)ζα

2 ιύεζζα

3 ιύνληαη

Future

S 1 ιύζνκαη (ῡ)

2 ιύζεαη (ῡ) [(ιύζῃ (ῡ))]

3 ιύζεηαη (ῡ)

D 2 ιύζεζζνλ (ῡ)

3 ιύζεζζνλ (ῡ)

P 1 ιῡζόκεζα

2 ιύζεζζε (ῡ)

3 ιύζνληαη (ῡ)

163 The Use of Voice in Greek

The active voice indicates that the subject is acting λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ ὦξζε = he kindled a plague up

through the camp

The passive voice indicates that the subject is acted upon Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιή = but the will of Zeus was

being accomplished

The Middle voice denotes one of three meanings

1 The subject acting upon itself πείζνκαη (I convince myself) θαίλνκαη (I show myself)

2 The subject acting for itself θαιένκαη (I call for myself)

3 The subject acting upon something belonging to itself ιύνκαη (I loose my own I ransom)

When determing the difference between the middle and passive keep in mind that the middle voice always

conveys a direct or indirect reference to the subject and that the subject is effect by or has an interest in the action

164 Third Declension Stems in -επ -επ -νπ and -σϝ

Stems in -επ usually became -εϝ and the third declension endings are applied after the ϝ Thus βαζηιεϝνο =

βαζηιῆνο βαηιεϝη = βαζηιῆη βαζηιεϝα = βαζηιῆα etc Note that the ϝ explains why εη (εϝη) does not form an

improper diphthong as well as why the accusative singular ends in -εα (as if the stem ended in a consonant) instead

of -ελ (as if the stem ended in a vowel) Note that when the ending consists of a consonant the -εϝ is contracted to

the diphthong -επ Thus βαζηιεϝο = βαζηιεύο βαζηιεϝ = βαζηιεῦ βαζηιεϝζη = βαζηιεῦζη In rare cases the other

endings also contract the -ε to -ε (ie βαζηιῆνο = βαζηιένο)

In stems ending originally in -ᾱϝ the ᾱ becomes ε in the Ionic dialect These are declined the same as -εϝ

except that -εῡ is formed before consonants instead of -επ Thus λᾱϝο = λεϝο = λεῦο λᾱϝ = λεϝ = λεῦ But note the

exception in the shorter form of the dative plural where λᾱϝζη = λεϝζη = λεπζί (rather than λεῡζη) In contracted

forms the ε usually becomes ε

In stems ending in -σϝ the third declension endings are applied directly to the stem Thus ἡξσϝο = ἥξσο

ἡξσϝνο = ἥξσνο ἡξσϝη = ἥξση ἡξσϝα = ἥξσα etc

In stems ending originally in -ν or -νϝ the third declension endings are applied as usual But keep in mind that -

νϝ is contracted to the diphthong -νπ before a consonant thus βνϝο = βνῦο and βνϝζη = βνπζί But note the

exception that occurs in the accusative singular where βνϝλ = βνῦλ rather than βνϝα

βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

(βαζηιεϝ-) (βνϝ-) (λᾱϝ-) (ἡξσϝ-)

N βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

G βαζηιῆνο [ένο] βνόο λεόο [εόο] ἥξσνο

D βαζηιῆη [έη] βνΐ λεί ἥξση

A βαζηιῆα [έα] βνῦλ [βῶλ] λῆα [έα] ἥξσα

V βαζηιεῦ βνῦ λεῦ ἥξσο

N V A βαζηιῆε βόε λῆε ἥξσε

G D βαζηιήνηηλ βόνηηλ λήνηηλ ἡξώνηηλ

N V βαζηιῆεο βόεο λῆεο ἥξσεο

G βαζηιήσλ βνῶλ λεῶλ [εῶλ] ἡξώσλ

D βαζηιήεζζη βόεζζη λήεζζη [έεζζη] ἡξώεζζη

βαζηιεῦζη βνπζί λεπζί ἥξσζη

A βαζηιῆαο βόαο (βνῦο) λῆαο [έαο] ἥξσαο

165 Third Declension Stems in -εζ -αζ and -νζ

When a stem ends in a vowel plus -ζ the initial ζ is dropped between two vowels Thus γεξαζνο = γέξανο

ἠνζνο = ἠόνο etc

All third declension nouns with stems ending in -εο are neuters and follow the pattern of ἔπνο The third

declension endings are applied as usual except that the nominative vocative and accusative singulars end in -νο

Nouns with stems ending in -νο take -σο in the nominative and vocative singular but otherwise apply the third

declension endings as usual (dropping ζ between two vowels)

ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

(ϝεπεζ-) (γεξαζ-) (ἀϝζνζ- (ᾱ))

N ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

G ἔπενο γέξανο ἠόνο

D ἔπετ γέξατ ἠόη

A ἔπνο γέξαο ἠόα

V ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

N V A ἔπεε γέξαε

G D ἐπένηηλ γεξάνηηλ

N V ἔπεα γέξα(α)

G ἐπέσλ γεξάσλ

D ἐπέεζζη γεξάεζζη

ἔπε(ζ)ζη γέξα(ζ)ζη

A ἔπεα γέξα(α)

166 Third Declension Stems in -καη and -καξ

Stems ending in -καη and -καξ are neuters

Stems in -καη drop the -ηο in the nominative vocative and accusative singular δσκαηο = δῶκα Otherwise the

third declension endings are applied as usual

Stems ending in -καξ are declined like those ending in -καη except in the nominative vocative and accusative

singular (which end in -καξ)

δῶκα ἦκαξ

(δσκαη-) (ἠκαξ- ἠκαη-)

N δῶκα ἦκαξ

G δώκαηνο ἤκαηνο

D δώκαηη ἤκαηη

A δῶκα ἦκαξ

V δῶκα ἦκαξ

N V A δώκαηε ἤκαηε

G D δσκάηνηηλ ἠκάηνηηλ

N V δώκαηα ἤκαηα

G δσκάησλ ἠκάησλ

D δσκάηεζζη ἠκάηεζζη

δώκαζη ἤκαζη

A δώκαηα ἤκαηα

167 Third Declension Stems in -λη and -λ

Stems ending in -λη drop the -λη before ζ and lengthen the preceding vowel thus παληο = πᾶο παληζη = πᾶζη

Otherwise the third declension endings are applied as usual In neuters the -η is dropped at the end of the word thus

παλη = πᾶλ Stems in -λ drop the -λ before ζ and lengthen the preceding vowel in the masculine (but not in the

neuter)

πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

(παλη- παληα- παλη-)

Masc Fem Neut

N πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

G παληόο πάζεο (ᾱ) παληόο

D παληί πάζῃ (ᾱ) παληί

A πάληα πᾶζαλ πᾶλ

V πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

N V πάληεο πᾶζαη πάληα

G πάλησλ πᾱζάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] πάλησλ

D πάληεζ(ζ)η πάζῃζη (ᾱ) πάληεζ(ζ)η

πᾶζη πάζῃο (ᾱ) πᾶζη

A πάληνο πάζᾱο (ᾱ) πάληα

κέιᾱο κέιαηλα κέιαλ

(κειαλ- κειαηλα- κειαλ-)

N κέιᾱο κέιαηλα κέιαλ

G κέιαλνο κειαίλεο κέιαλνο

D κέιαλη κειαίλῃ κέιαλη

A κέιαλα κέιαηλαλ κέιαλ

V κέιαλ κέιαηλα κέιαλ

N V A κέιαλε κειαίλᾱ κέιαλε

G D κειάλνηηλ κειαίλῃηλ κειάλνηηλ

N V κέιαλεο κέιαηλαη κέιαλα

G κειάλσλ κειαηλάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] κειάλσλ

D κειάλεζ(ζ)η κειαίλῃζη κειάλεζ(ζ)η

κέιαζη κειαίλῃο κέιαζη

A κέιαλεο κειαίλᾱο κέιαλα

168 Vocabulary

Nouns

Ἀπόιισλ (ᾰ or ᾰ) σλνο ὁ Apollo

ἀξεηήξ (ᾱ) ῆξνο ὁ priest prayer

ζπγάηεξ ηέξνο (ηξόο) ἡ daughter

θνζκήησξ νξνο ὁ commander marshaller

λεῦο λεόο (λεόο) ἡ ship

ζηέκκα καηνο ηό fillet (of white cotton) wreath

ρείξ ρεηξόο ἡ hand arm

Verbs

ἔξρνκαη (ἐξρ- ἐιε- ἐιεπζ- ἐιπζ-) come go

ἐιεύζνκαη I will come I will go

ἦιζνλ (ἤιπζνλ) I came I went

ιίζζνκαη (ιηη-) I beg I entreat

---

ἐιιηζάκελ (ἐιηηόκελ) I begged I entreated

Adjectives Prepositions

ζνόο ή όλ swift speedy

πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ all every (the) whole

Indeclinable

δύν (δύσ) two

κάιηζηα most especially by all means

169 Translation

1 Ἀπόιισλ ἑθεβόινο ρνινῦηαη βαζηιῆη Αηξεΐδῃ θαὶ πέκπεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ ὀιέθνληαη δὲ

ιᾱνί νὕλεθα δῖνο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) 2 Υξύζεο (ῡ) γὰξ ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἑθεβόινπ ἔξρεηαη

ἐπὶ ζνὰο (ᾱ) λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ θέξεη δrsquo ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα ζπγαηξόο ἣλ Ἀηξεΐδεο ἔρεη ἐλ ζηξαηῷ 3 ὁ δrsquo ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἔρεη

ζηέκκαηα ἑθεβόινπ Ἀπόιισλνο ἐλ ρεξζὶλ ἀλὰ ρξῡζέῳ ζθήπηξῳ θαὶ ιίζζεηαη πάληαο Ἀραηνύο κάιηζηα δrsquo Ἀηξεΐδᾱ

δύσ θνζκήηνξε ιᾱῶλ 4 Ἀπόιισλ ρνιώζεηαη βαζηιῆη θαὶ ὄξζεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηόλ 5 ἐιεύζνληαη ἐπὶ ζνὰο

(ᾱ) λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ νἴζνπζη ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα βαζηιῆη 6 ιίζζνληαη πάληαο Ἀραηνύο 7 Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζελ (ῑ)

ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) θαὶ νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε ζύγαηξα

KEY

1 Apollo the free-shooter enraged by king Atreides sent an evil plague through the camp of the Achaeans and

the people were destroyed because the divine Atreides dishonored Chryses the priest 2 For Chryses the priest of

the free-shooter went upon the swift ships of the Achaeans bearing countless ransoms for his daughter whom

Atreides was holding in the camp 3 But the priest had a wreath of Apollo the free-shooter upon a staff in his hand

and was entreating all of the Achaeans but especially the sons of Atreus (who were) the commanders of the host 4

Apollo will be enraged by the king and will kindle an evil plague up through the camp 5 They will go upon the

swift ships of the Achaeans and bring countless ransoms to the king 6 They are entreating all of the Achaeans 7

Atreides dishonored the priest and would not release his daughter

1610 Iliad 11-16

hellipὀιέθνλην δὲ ιᾱνί

νὕλεθα ηὸλ Υξύζελ ἠηίκαζελ ἀξεηῆξα

Αηξεΐδεο ὁ γὰξ ἦιζε ζνὰο ἐπὶ λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ

ιπζόκελνο ηε ζύγαηξα θέξσλ ηrsquo ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα

ζηέκκαηrsquo ἔρσλ ἐλ ρεξζὶλ ἑθεβόινπ Ἀπόιισλνο

ρξπζέῳ ἀλὰ ζθήπηξῳ θαὶ ἐιίζζεην πάληαο Ἀραηνύο

Ἀηξεΐδα δὲ κάιηζηα δύσ θνζκήηνξε ιαῶλ

ηόλ Υξύζελ = that (well-known) Chryses

The first verse ends in two spondees making it a spondaic verse and emphasizing the fact that

Chryses was a priest

ιῡζόκελνο = fut mid part nom masc sing being about to ransom

θέξσλ = pres act part nom sing masc bearing bringing

ἔρσλ = pres act part nom sing masc having holding

ρεξζὶλ ἑθεβόινπ = ρεξζὶ ϝεθεβόινπ

ρξῡζέῳ = synizesis where -έῳ is pronounced as a single syllable

ἐιίζζεην = imperf act ind 3rd

pers sing dep (kept) entreating was entreating

Ἀηξεΐδᾱ = dual of Ἀηξεΐδεο refers to both Agamemnon and Menelaus

KEY

hellipand the people were being destroyed

because Atreides dishonored Chryses the priest

For he had gone upon the swift ships of the Achaeans

intending to ransom his daughter bearing countless gifts

and holding in his hand fillets of Apollo the free-shooter

upon a golden staff and was entreating all of the Achaeans

but especially the two sons of Atreus the commanders of the host

1611 Composition

1 Chryses the priest of Apollo is dishonored by the son of Atreus 2 The Achaeans will go from their swift

ships to Troy and ransom the beloved daughter of the priest 3 We shall bring many ransoms and shall hold in our

hands the fillets of Apollo 4 We do not have a golden scepter but we entreat Priam and all the people of Troy 5

The two sons of Atreus marshallers of the people are entreating Priam but he will slight them 6 The son of

Atreus king of men slighted the priest and did not release his daughter

KEY

1 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) Ἀπόιινπ ἀηῑκάδεηαη Ἀηξεΐδῃ 2 Ἀραηνὶ ἐιεύζνληαη ἐθ ζνάσλ (ᾱ) λήσλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ (ῑ)

θαὶ ἀπειύζνληαη (ῡ) θίιε ζπγάηεξα ἀξεηῆξη (ᾱ) 3 νἴζνκελ πνιιrsquo ἄπνηλα θαὶ ἕζρνκελ ἐλ ρείξεζζη ζηέκκαηα

Ἀπόιινπ 4 νὐθ ἔρνκελ ζθῆπηξνλ ρξύζενλ ἀιιὰ ιηζζόκεζα Πξίακνλ θαὶ πᾶληα ιᾱνλ Ἰιίνπ (ῑ) 5 δύrsquo Ἀηξεΐδᾱ

θνζκήηεξᾱ ιᾱσλ ιίζζεζζνλ Πξίακνλ αὐηνὺο δrsquo ἀηῑκάζεη 6 Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἄλδξσλ ἠηίκαζελ (ῑ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) θαὶ

νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε ζπγάηεξα

1612 Meter

ΟΤ λε θα | ΣΟΝ ΥΡΤ | ΖΝ Ζ | ΣΗ κα ζελ | Α ΡΖ | ΣΖ ΡΑ~

Α ηξε η | ΓΖ ν γαξ | ΖΛ ζε ζν | Α ε πη | ΝΖ αο α | ΥΑΗ ΧΝ

ΛΤ ζν κε | ΝΟ ηε ζπ | ΓΑΣ ξα θε | ΡΧΝ ηα πε | ΡΔΗ ζη α | ΠΟΗ ΝΑ~

ΣΔΜ καη ε | ΥΧΝ ΔΝ | ΥΔΡ ζηλ ε | ΚΖ βν ινπ | Α ΠΟΛ | ΛΧ ΝΟ~

ΥΡΤζεσα | ΝΑ ΚΖΠ | ΣΡΧ θαη ε | ΛΗ ζε ην | ΠΑΝ ηαο α | ΥΑΗ ΟΤ

ΑΣ ξε η | ΓΑ δε κα | ΛΗ ηα δπ | Χ ΚΟ | ΜΖ ην ξε | ΛΑ ΧΝ

Lesson 17

(910 - imperfect middle and passive aorist middle of ιύσ 648-658 - the table

of endings in 32)

171 Paradigms Imperfect MiddlePassive of ιύσ

S 1 ἐιπόκελ

2 ἐιύεν [(ἐιύεπ)]

3 ἐιύεην

D 2 ἐιύεζζνλ

3 ἐιπέζζελ

P 1 ἐιπόκε(ζ)ζα

2 ἐιύεζζε

3 ἐιύνλην

172 Paradigms Aorist Middle of ιύσ

Thematic Athematic (2nd

Aorist)

S 1 ἐιῡζάκελ ἐιύκελ

2 ἐιύζαν (ῡ) [(ἐιύζσ (ῡ))] ἔιπ(ζ)ν

3 ἐιύζαην (ῡ) ἔιπην

D 2 ἐιύζαζζνλ (ῡ) ἔιπζζνλ

3 ἐιῡζάζζελ ἐιύζζελ

P 1 ἐιῡζάκε(ζ)ζα ἐιύκε(ζ)ζα

2 ἐιύζαζζε (ῡ) ἔιπζζε

3 ἐιύζαλην (ῡ) ἔιπλην

173 Vocabulary

δῶκα αηνο ηό house home

παῖο παηδόο ὁ ἡ child son daughter

π(η)όιηο ηνο (ενο) ἡ city state

ἐπθλήκῑο ῑδνο well-greaved

ἐγώ(λ) κέν (κεῦ) I

ζύ ζέν (ζεῦ) you

κέλhellip δέ on the one handhellip trulyhellip on the one handhellip on the other hand

partlyhellip partly the onehellip the other

νἴθαδε home homeward to home home

Verbs

ἅδνκαη (ἁγ-) (defective) I reverence

δέρνκαη I accept I receive

δέμνκαη I will accept

ἐδεμάκελ (ἐδέγκελ) I accepted

δίδσκη (δσ- δν-) I give I grant

(δη)δώζσ I will give

ἔδσθα I gave

ἐθπέξζσ (πεξζ- πξαζ-) I sack (utterly) I plunder I pillage

ἐθπέξζσ I will sack

ἐμέπεξζα (ἐμέπξαζνλ) I sacked

ἱθλένκαη I arrive I reach (a destination)

ἵμνκαη I will arrive

ἱθόκελ (ῑ) I arrived

174 Translation

1 ζενὶ ἔρνπζηλ ιύκπηα δώκαηα ἔδσθαλ δrsquo Ἀηξεΐδεο θαὶ ἄιινηζηλ ἐπθλεκίδεζζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἐθπέξζαη

(infinitive) πόιηλ Πξηάκνπ ηόηε δrsquo ἵθνλην (ῑ) ἐὺ νἴθαδε νὕλεθα παῖδα θίιελ ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἔιῡζαλ 2 ἀπέιῡζαλ

ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνὶ ζύγαηξα θίιελ ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἐδέμαλην δrsquo ἀγιαὰ ἄπνηλα νὕλεθα ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλα Γηὸο πἱὸλ

ἅδνλην 3 ἅδεηαη ἑθεβόινλ 4 Ἀηξεΐδεο νὐθ ἐδέμαην ηὰ ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα 5 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἔδσθελ ἄπνηλα

πνιιὰ βαζηιῆη Ἀηξεΐδῃ 6 πάληεο ζενὶ θαὶ πᾶζαη ζεαὶ εἶρνλ ιύκπηα δώκαηα 7 Ἀραηνὶ ἐπθλήκῑδεο ἐθπέξζνπζη

Πξηάκνην πόιηλ ἵμνληαη δrsquo ἐπ νἴθαδε 8 παῖο θίιε ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἐιύζαην (ῡ) ἵθεην (ῑ) δrsquo ἐὺ νἴθαδε

KEY

1 The gods have Olympian homes but they gave the son of Atreus and the other well-greaved Achaeans to

utterly sack the city of Priam and then they returned safe at home because they released the dear child of the priest

2 The well-greaved Achaeans released the dear daughter of the priest and received glorious ransoms because they

reverenced the free-shooter Apollo son of Zeus 3 He reverences te free-shooter 4 The son of Atreus did not

receive the glorious ransoms 5 Chryses the priest gave many ransoms to king Atreides 6 All of the gods and all of

the goddesses had Olympian homes 7 The well-greved Achaeans will utterly sack Priamrsquos city and will return safe

to home 8 The dear child of the priest was released and arrived well to her home

175 Iliad 17-21

ltltἈηξεΐδαη ηε θαὶ ἄιινη ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνί

ὑκῖλ κὲλ ζενὶ δνῖελ ιύκπηα δώκαηrsquo ἔρνληεο

ἐθπέξζαη Πξηάκνην πόιηλ ἐὺ δrsquo νἴθαδrsquo ἱθέζζαη

παῖδα δrsquo ἐκνὶ ιῦζαί ηε θίιελ ηά ηrsquo ἄπνηλα δέρεζζαη

ἁδόκελνη Γηὸο πἱὸλ ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλαgtgt

Ἀηξεΐδαηhellip ἄιινη ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνί = vocative case

ὑκῖλ (ῡ) = dat plural of ζύ to you

ζενί = one syllable by synizesis

κέλ (v 18) = correlative of δέ (v 20)

δνῖελ = aor act optative 3rd

plural of δίδσκη may they grant

ἔρνληεο = pres act part nom masc plural of ἔρσ having possessing

ἐθπέξζαη = aor act inf of ἐθπέξζσ to sack utterly

ἱθέζζαη = aor act inf of ἱθένκαη to arrive (compare κάρεζζαη)

ιῦζαη δέρεζζαη = infinitives used as imperatives free and accept

ηά ηrsquo ἄπνηλα (ηά ηε ἄπνηλα) = thesehellip gifts

ἁδόκελνη = pres act part nom masc plural reverencing

KEY

ldquoSons of Atreus and you other well-greaved Achaeans

may the gods who have their homes on Olympus grant you

to utterly sack Priamrsquos city and return safe to home

but release my dear child to me and accept these gifts

reverencing Apollo who shoots at will the son of Zeusrdquo

176 Composition

1 The gods who have (ἔρνληεο) Olympian homes will grant to the sons of Atreus and to the other well-greaved

Achaeans to sack utterly (ἐθπέξζαη) the city of Priam 2 When they sacked the city of Priam they returned happily

home 3 They accepted the shining ransoms and freed the darling daughter of the priest Chryses 4 We reverenced

the free-shooter Apollo son of Leto and Zeus and escaped death 5 Will the son of Atreus accept the shining

ransoms 6 The child of the priest was freed when he gave many shining ransoms which the two sons of Atreus

accepted

KEY

1 ζενὶ ἔρνληεο ιύκπηα δώκαηα δώζνπζη Ἀηξεΐδῃζη θαὶ ἄιινηζηλ ἐπθλεκίδεζζηλ (ῑ) Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἐθπέξζαη πόιηλ

Πξηάκνπ 2 ηόηε ἐμέπεξζαλ πόιηλ Πξηάκνην ἵθνλην (ῑ) ἐὺ νἴθαδε 3 ἐδέμαλην ἀγιαrsquo ἄπνηλα θαὶ ἀπέιῡζαλ ζπγάηεξα

θίιε ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) Υξύζᾱν (ῡ) 4 ἡμάκεζα ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλα Λεηόνο θαὶ Γηὸο πἱόλ θαὶ ζάλαηνλ 5

Ἀηξεΐδεο δέμεηαη ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα 6 παῖο ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἀπειύζαην (ῡ) ηόηε ἔδσθελ ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀγιάα ηὰ

Ἀηξεΐδᾱ ἐδώθαζηλ

Lesson 18

(Perfect and Pluperfect Active of Verbs 904 922 Third Declension γέρων

αἴξ 693-695)

181 Formation of the Perfect and Pluperfect Active

The perfect and pluperfect in all modes experience reduplication of the initial syllable which denotes completed

action Verbs beginning with a single consonant (except ξ) prefix this consonant followed by -ε Thus ιύσ =

ιέιπθα The stem sometimes stands in ablaut relation to the stem of the present as in βαίλσ = βέβεθα A

reduplicated syllable beginning with an aspirated mute is changed to its corresponding voiceless mute in the

reduplicated syllable ie ζλήζθσ = ηέζλεθα In these cases the reduplicated pluperfect adds ἐ- to the reduplicated

syllable ie ιύσ = ιέιπθα = ἐιέιπθε

Vebs beginning with a double consonant two consonants (except a mute followed by a liquid or a nasal) ξ and

some beginning with κ simply augment the stem with the addition of ε-

Verbs beginning in a vowel typically take the temporal augment by lengthening the vowel ie νἴρνκαη =

ᾤρσθα However verbs beginning with a vowel in which an initial consonant has been lost may take the syllabic

augment

Compound verbs typically insert the reduplication and augment between the preposition and the verb ie

ἀπνιύσ = ἀπνιέιπθα = ἀπειειύθε

The first perfect active adds -θα- to the stem followed by the primary endings The first pluperfect active

similarly adds -θε- followed by the secondary endings In general a short final vowel is lengthened before the

addition of the -θα- or -θε- Second perfects and pluperfects active are the older form and are more common in

Homer These omit the θ and simply add -α- or -ε- respectively The second perfects are more common in stems

ending in a consonant

In general the singular perfect and pluperfect active stand in ablaut relation to the dual and plural forms

Perfects and pluperfects are rare in Homer and only occur in some twenty verbs

182 Paradigms λέλυκα and βέβηκα

ιέιπθα ἐιειύθε (ἐιειύθεα)

ιέιπθαο ἐιειύθο (ἐιειύθεαο)

ιέιπθε(λ) ἐιειύθεη (ἐιειύθεε)

ιειύθαηνλ ἐιειύθαηνλ

ιειύθαηνλ ἐιειπθάηελ

ιειύθακελ ἐιειύθεκελ

ιειύθαηε ἐιειύθεηε

ιειύθᾱζη ἐιειύθεζαλ

βέβεθα ἐβεβήθεα (ἐβεβήθε)

βέβεθαο ἐβεβήθεαο (ἐβεβήθεο)

βέβεθε(λ) ἐβεβήθεε (ἐβεβήθεη)

βέβαηνλ ἐβέβαηνλ

βέβαηνλ ἐβεβάηελ

βέβακελ ἐβέβακελ

βέβαηε ἐβέβαηε

βέβᾱζη ἐβέβαζαλ

183 Paradigms γέρων and αἴξ

γέξσλ αἴμ

γέξνληνο αἰγόο

γέξνληη αἰγί

γέξνληα αἶγα

γέξνλ αἴμ

γέξνληε αἶγε

γεξόληνηηλ αἴγνηηλ

γέξνληεο αἶγεο

γεξόλησλ αἰγῶλ

γεξόληεζ(ζ)η (γέξνπζη) αἴγεζ(ζ)η (αἰμί)

γέξνληαο αἶγαο

184 Vocabulary

ἀγνξή ῆο ἡ assembly meeting place gathering harrangue

αἴμ αἰγόο ὁ ἡ goat

Ἄξγνο ενο ηό Argos (both a country and a city in Greece)

γέξσλ νληνο ὁ old man

γῆξαο ανο ηό old age

ἱεξεύο ῆνο ὁ priest holy man

κεξίνλ νπ ηό thigh-bone thigh-piece

πνύο πνδόο ὁ foot

ηαῦξνο νπ ὁ bull

θξήλ θξελόο ἡ diaphragm mind heart soul spirit disposition

δέθαηνο ε νλ tenth

ἡκέηεξνο ε νλ our ours

θνῖινο ε νλ hollow

ὠθύο ὠθεῖα ὠθύ swift speedy

ζλήζθσ die perish

ζαλένκαη

ἔζαλνλ

ηέζλεθα

θεύγσ flee fly escape run (off away along)

θεύμνκαη

ἔθπγνλ

πέθεπγα

stem ἀπό + ιύσ

future ἀπνιύζσ (ῡ)

1st aorist ἀπέιῡζα

θαηαθαίσ

stem θαηά + θαπ- θαϝ- θαη-

future θαηαθαύζσ (assumed form)

1st aorist θαηέθεα

θειεύσ (Attic)

stem θιεπ- θιεϝ- θιπ-

future none

2nd

aorist ἐθιπνλ

ρνιόσ

stem ρνιν-

future ρνιώζσ

1st aorist ἐρόισζα

Notes

In Homeric Greek the stem vowel is usually lengthened before -ζ hence ἀλαβαίλσ =gt ἀλαβήζσ =gt

ἀλέβεζα ἀπνιύσ =gt ἀπνιύζσ (ῡ) =gt ἀπέιῡζα

ἀλαβαίλσ also has a 2nd

aorist ἀλέβελ

A few verbs have active forms in the present but middle forms in the future ἀλαβαίλσ has two future

forms one active (ἀλαβήζσ) and one middle (ἀλαβήζνκαη)

Verbs with stems ending in -αηλσ originally had a consonantal η following the λ (ie ἀλαβαηλησ)

114 Translation

1 θᾱινὶ ζενὶ ἔηεπμαλ ζάλαηνλ θαθὸλ δίῳ (ῑ) Πειεηάδῃ ὁ δrsquo ἀλέβελ ππξήλ 2 ἑθεβόινο ὤιεθε ιᾱὸλ Ἀραηῶλ

νὕλεθα δῖνο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) 3 θαηέθεα ἑθαηόκβᾱο πνιιάο (ᾱ) 4 ἑθεβόινο νὐθ ἔθιπελ Ἀηξεΐδᾱν

νὕλεθα ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) 5 Υξύζεο (ῡ) κεηέεηπελ Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἀιιrsquo νὐθ Ἀηξεΐδῃ ἥλδαλε ζῡκῷ 6 ὅηε θαθῶο

πξνζέεηπελ Ἀηξεΐδεο Υξύζελ (ῡ) ηόηε ἐρόισζελ ἑθεβόινλ 7 ἀπειύζακελ (ῡ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) νὕλεθα ηὸλ

ἐθηιήζακελ 8 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἤλεηθελ ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα Ἀηξεΐδῃ 9 νἴζνκελ ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀπνιύζνκελ (ῡ)

Υξύζελ (ῡ) νὕλεθα ηὸλ ἐθηιήζακελ θαὶ θίινο ἐζηὶλ ἑθεβόιῳ 10 ηίο θέξεη ἄπνηλα Υξύζᾱν (ῡ) Ἀηξεΐδῃ 11 δῖνο

Πειεηάδεο ἐρόισζελ Ἀηξεΐδελ 12 ὅηε θαηεθήακελ πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἑθαηόκβᾱο θᾱιάο (ᾱ) ηόηε ἐπείζακελ ζῡκνὺο ζεῶλ

13 δηὰ καληνζύλελ Υξύζεο (ῡ) εἶπε βνπιὰο (ᾱ) ζεῶλ Ἀηξεΐδῃ Πειεηάδῃ ηε

KEY

1 The noble gods prepared evil death for the divine Peleiades and he ascended the funeral pyre 2 The free-

shooter destroyed the host of the Achaeans because the divine Atreides dishonored Chryses 3 I burned many

funeral pyres 4 The free-shooter did not hear the son of Atreus because he dishonored Chryses 5 Chryses spoke

among the Achaeans but but it did not please the heart of Atreides 6 It angered the free-shooter when the son of

Atreus spoke wickedly to Chryses 7 We released Chryses because we loved him 8 Chryses brought countless

glorious ransoms to the son of Atreus 9 We will bring many ransoms and release Chryses because we loved him

and he is dear to the free-shooter 10 Who brought the ransoms of Chryses to the son of Atreus 11 The divine

Peleiades angered the son of Atreus 12 We persuaded the hearts of the gods when we burned many good

hecatombs 13 Through prophesy Chryses spoke the will of the gods to both Atreides and Peleiades

115 Composition

1 The Achaeans ascended into Troy and killed the noble Priam 2 We burned many goodly hecatombs to the

Olympian gods 3 Chryses spoke among the Achaeans but the son of Atreus did not hearken to him 4 The

Achaeans addressed the son of Atreus but he did not free Chryses 5 The son of Atreus will bring many ransoms

into the camp of the Achaeans 6 Who will persuade the gods with many goodly hecatombs

KEY

1 Ἀραηνὶ ἀλέβεζαλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ θαὶ ὤιεμαλ θᾱιὸλ Πξηάκνλ 2 θαηέθεκελ πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) ἑθαηόκβὰο (ᾱ)

ζενῖο ιπκπίνηο 3 Υξύζεο (ῡ) κεηέεηπελ Ἀραηνῖο ἀιιrsquo Ἀηξεΐδεο ηὸλ νὐθ ἔθιπελ 4 Ἀραηνὶ πξνζέεηπνλ Ἀηξεΐδῃ

ἀιιrsquo νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε Υξύζελ (ῡ) 5 Ἀηξεΐδεο νἴζεη ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ εἰο ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 6 ηίο πείζεη ζενὺο πνιιῇο

ἑθαηόκβῃζηλ

Lesson 12

Review

121 Review Vocabulary

Lesson 13

(680-692 701-709)

(cf 897 874 886 619 841-843 576 1178 830-831 837 580 837)

131 Nouns of the Third Declension

Third declension nouns can be either masculine feminine or neuter The nominative endings can take many

forms but there are some conventions Masculine and feminine stems except those ending in λ ξ or ζ simply add

ζ to the stem and make the necessary euphonic changes Stems ending in ξ λ and ζ typically make no changes

except to lengthen the last vowel if it is short Stems ending in -λ(η) either drop the η and lengthen a short vowel or

drop the -λ(η) lengthen the vowel and add ζ Examples δαηκνλ- = δαηκσλ ζῑλ- = ζίο (ῑ) κειαλ- = κέιᾱο γεξνλη- =

γέξσλ etc Neuters typically consist of just the stem in the nominative and accusative except to drop a final -η

where it occurs

In general the stem of a third declension noun is found by dropping the -νο ending from the genitive singular

The dative singular regularly ends in -ῐ but occasionally in -ῑ

The accusative ending was originally -λ and this ending is common on stems ending in a vowel On stems

ending in a consonant the -λ was a sonant consonant which eventually came be pronounced as -ᾰ The result is that

the accusative singular usually ends in -λ for stems ending in a vowel and -ᾰ for stems ending in a consonant

Dental mute stems ending in -ηο and -πο in the nominative singular rarely drop the mute and typically adopt the -λ

accusative ending as if they were vowel stems

The dative plural is formed by adding either -εζζη (rarely -εζη) or -ζη (rarely -ζζη) and making the usual

euphonic changes Most third declension nouns thus have alternate dative plural forms as πνύο = πνζζί = πνζί =

πόδεζζη etc

The accusative plural originally ended in -λο (sonant λ) which gives -αο for stems ending in a consonant and -ῑο

and -ῡο for stems ending in a vowel A few vowel stems borrowed an -αο ending from the first declension by

analogy

The vocative singular is usually either identical to the nominative or identical to the stem alone Stems ending

in λ ξ or ο typically drop this final consonant in the vocative singular

Compensatory lengthening usually occurs in the dative plural when -λη is dropped as in γέξνληζη = γέξνπζη

132 Paradigms

Stems ending in -επ (επ) -νπ and σϝ follow the paradigms of βαζηιεύο (king βαζηιεϝ-) βνῦο (ox βνϝ-) λεῦο

(ship λᾱϝ-) and ἥξσο (hero ἡξσϝ- () or ἡξσ-)

N βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

G βαζηιῆνο [-ένο] βνόο λεόο ἥξσνο

D βαζηιῆη [-έη] βνΐ λεί ἥξση

A βαζηιῆα [-έα] βνῦλ [βῶλ] λῆα [λέα] ἥξσα

V βαζηιεῦ βνῦ λεῦ ἥξσο

N A V βαζηιῆε βόε λῆε ἥξσε

G D βαζηιήνηηλ βόνηηλ λήνηηλ ἡξώνηηλ

N V βαζηιεῆεο βόεο λῆεο ἥξσεο

G βαζηιήσλ βνῶλ λεῶλ [λεῶλ] ἡξώσλ

D βαζηιήεζζη βόεζζη λήεζζη [λέεζζἰ ἡξώεζζη

βαζηιεῦζη βνπζί λεπζί ἥξσζη

A βαζηιῆαο βόαο (βνῦο) λῆζαο (λέαο) ἥξσαο

A long vowel is typically shortened when it occurs before another vowel thus βαζηιῆνο or βαζηιένο This

convention was almost certainly consistent in pronunciation but is only occasionally represented in written form

The π in the stem of these words frequently became ϝ and subsequently disappeared as in βαζηιεπ- βαζηιεϝ-

βαζηιε-

Stems ending in η (εη) and π (επ εϝ) follow the paradigms of πόιηο (city πνιη-) πῆρπο (forearm περεϝ-) ἄζηπ

(city ἀζηεϝ-) λέθπο (corpse λεθῡ-) and δάθξπ (tear δαθξπ-)

N πόιηο πῆρπο ἄζηπ λέθῡο δάθξπ

G πόιηνο -ενο πήρενο ἄζηενο λέθπνο δάθξπνο

D πόιηη -ῑ -εη -εη πήρετ ἄζηετ λέθπτ δάθξπτ

A πόιηλ πῆρσλ ἄζηπ λέθῡλ δαθξπ

V πόιη πῆρπ ἄζηπ λέθῡ δάθξπ

N V πόιηε πήρεε ἄζηεε λέθπε δάθξπε

G D πνιίνηηλ περένηηλ ἄζηνηηλ λεθύνηηλ δαθξύνηηλ

N V πόιηεο -εεο πήρεεο ἄζηεα λέθπεο δάθξπα

G πνιίσλ περέσλ ἀζηέσλ λεθύσλ δαθξύσλ

D πνιίεζζη περέεζζη ἀζηέεζη λεθύεζζη δαθξύεζζη

πόιεζη -ηζη πήρεζη ἄζηεζη λέθῡζ(ζ)η δάθξπζη

A πόιηαο -εαο -ῑο πήρεαο ἄζηεα λέθπαο [-ῡο] δάθξπα

Nouns with stems in -ο (-εο -αο -νο) and -η are declined like ἔπνο (ϝεπεζ-) γέξαο (γεξαζ-) ἠώο (ἀϝζνζ-) δῶκα

(δσκαη-) and ἦκαξ (ἠκαξ- ἠκαη-) Note that -ζ- usually disappears when it occurs between two vowels

N ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο δῶκα ἧκαξ

G ἔπενο γέξανο ἠόνο δώκαηνο ἥκαηνο

D ἔπετ γέξατ ἠόη δώκαηη ἥκαηη

A ἔπνο γέξαο ἠόα δῶκα ἧκαξ

V ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο δῶκα ἧκαξ

N V ἔπεε γέξαε δώκαηε ἥκαηε

G D επένηηλ γεξάνηηλ δσκάηνηηλ ἡκάηνηηλ

N V ἔπεο γέξα(α) δώκαηα ἥκαηα

G ἐπέσλ γεξάσλ δσκάησλ ἡκάησλ

D ἐπέεζζη γεξάεζζη δσκάηεζζη ἡκάηεζζη

ἔπε(ζ)ζη γέξα(ζ)ζη δώκαζη ἥκαζη

A ἔπεα γέξα(α) δώκαηα ἥκαηα

Note that all nouns ening in -νο in the second declension are either masculine or feminine but all nouns ending in -

νο in the third declension are neuter All nouns ending in -κα in the nominative singular and all nouns with genitives

in -αηνο are neuter

133 Further Notes on the Third Declension

Nouns of the third declension can be any gender and consist of stems ending in -η -π or a consonant In

general the following endings are applied to the stem with the usual euphonic changes

N -ο

G -νο

D -η

A -λ

V -

N A V -ε

G D -νηηλ

N V -εο

G -σλ

D -εζζη

A -λο

Standard Euphonic Changes

Later forms of Greek such as Attic and Koine frequently contracted the forms found in Homer

The -λ in the accusative singular and plural is sonant meaning that it is pronounced as λ when

following a vowel but it is pronounced as ᾰ when following a consonant Thus πνιη-λ = πνιηλ and

πνιη-λο = πνιηο but δαηκνλ-λ = δαηκνλα and δαηκνλ-λο = δαηκνλαο

o In most cases a stem originally ending in ϝ is treated as if it ends in a consonant Thus

βαζηιεϝα = βαζηιεα εξσϝα = εξσα

o The word βνϝ- is an exception where ϝ becomes π (probably because νπ is such a common

diphthong) βνϝλ = βνπλ

Dentals are dropped before ζ Thus παηδο = παηο

o In cases where the stem ends in -λη the dental and the ζ are typically dropped with the last

vowel lengthened by compensation Thus γεξνληο = γεξσλ

Palatals combine with ζ to form μ Thus αηγο = αημ θεξπθο = θεξπμ etc

o Stems ending in -θη apply both the dental and palatal changes first dropping the η and then

combining the θζ to form μ Thus λπθηο = λπθο = λπμ

Labials combine with ζ to form ς Thus Αηζηνπο = Αηζηνς

The ζ is dropped when it follows a nasal or ξ and the last vowel is lengthened to compensate (if it

isnrsquot long already) Thus δαηκνλο = δαηκσλ θξελο = θξελ ρεηξο = ρεηξ παηεξο = παηεξ κεηεξο =

κεηεξ etc

Stems that originally ended in ϝ usually retain a π in its place in the nominative Thus βαζηιεϝο =

βαζηιεπο (originally βαζηιεπο) λεϝο = λεπο βνϝο = βνπο etc

o The same phenomenon sometimes occurs in the accusative singular as well where ϝ becomes

π and the final λ is retained Thus περεϝλ = περευλ = περπλ

o The word εξσο is an apparent exception where εξσϝο = εξσο This may be from analogy

with the relatively common -σο ending in Greek or it could be that the stem was originally

εξσ- witout the ϝ

o When the stem ends in -εϝ the ε is usually dropped in the nominative thus περεϝο = περεπο =

περπο (but the genitive and dative are περενο περετ)

Some confusion can occur at the apparent irregularity of stems ending in -π αζηπ αζηενο αζηεη etc

but δαθξπ δαθξπνο δαθξπτ etc The difference is that stems like αζηπ originally ended in a vowel + ϝ

(αζηεϝ) while stems like δαθξπ originally ended in π

Some neuters originally ended in -εο These are usually declined as -νο in the nominative and

accusative In the other cases the endings are simply applied to -εζ- and the sigma is dropped when it

occurs between two vowels επνο (nom acc from επεζο) επενο (gen from επεζνο) επετ (dat from

επεζη) etc

o Stems ending in -αο simple drop the extra sigma in the nominative singular and append the

case endings to -αζ- (dropping ζ when it occurs between two vowels) Thus γεξαο γεξανο

γεξατ etc

o Stems ending in -νο follow the same pattern as those ending in -αο except that the ν is

lengthened to σ in the nominative Thus εσο εννο εντ etc

Neuter stems ending in -καη usually drop the η in the nominative and accusative singular but retain it

in the plural Thus δσκα (nom and acc sing) δσκαηνο (gen sing) δσκαηη (dat sing) δσκαηα (nom and

acc plur) δσκαησλ (gen plur) δσκαηεζζη (dat plur) etc Neuter stems ending in -καξ usually behave

as if they ended in -καη in all cases except the nominative and accusative singular Thus εκαξ εκαηνο

εκαηη etc

The dative plural ending is given as -εζζη This could be shortened to -ζζη (before vowels) -εζη or -ζη

The -ζη ending is the most common in later dialects Thus Homeric θεξπθεζζη is typically θεξπμη in

Attic and Koine

The vocative singular in neuters is always identical to the nominative and accusative singulars

o In masculine and feminine nouns the vocative singular is usually just the stem without any

endings applied as long as the stem is capable of standing alone Thus δαηκνλ ρεηξ παηεξ

κεηεξ ζπγαηεξ αλεξ βνπ λεπ πνιη λεθῡ δαθξπ etc

o In some cases where the nominative singular has slightly modified the stem before adding -ο

the vocative is formed by simply dropping the ο Thus παη βαζηιεπ περπ

o In cases where the ο of the nominative singular has combined with the stem the vocative is

usually indentical to the nominative singular Thus αλαμ λπμ αημ θεξπμ Αηζηνς etc

o In rare cases the vocative is identical to the nominative singular even when dropping the ο

would have been convenient as in εξσο εσο

Alternate Endings The following are some alternate endings that could be applied instead of the usual

case endings listed above

o -ζη can be used to denote place where

o -ζελ can be used to denote source or separation or as an alternative ending for the genitive

case

o -δε can be added to the accusative ending to denote place to which or limit of motion

o -η can be added to denote place where

o -θη(λ) can be added as a substitute for several uses of the genitive and the dative cases

particularly in the instrumental sense

134 References

This lesson references several points in the grammar Note the following

Deponent verbs take middle or passive forms but denote active meanings

Some verbs reduplicate the initial syllable in the present tense by repeating the initial consonant

followed by -η Thus ἴζηεκη (orig ζηζηεκη) ηίζεκη δίδσκη πίκπιεκη γίγλνκαη γηγλώζθσ κηκλήζθσ

etc When futures and second aorists are reduplicated they usually follow the pattern of reduplication

found in the perfect tense If the initial consonant is aspirated the reduplicated consonant is typically

smooth Thus ηίζεκη rather than ζίζεκη

Note that ἴκη δίδσκη and ηίζεκη take the aorist in -θα rather than -ζα

When a word ends in a vowel and the following word begins with a vowel the result is called hiatus

In general hiatus is avoided in poetry through the use of elision crasis synizesis moveable

consonants etc However hiatus is allowed in some circumstances such as when elision has already

occurred when the first of the two vowels is long and occurs on the beat (or ictus) of the verse or

when a long vowel or diphthong has been shortened or when the two vowels were originally separated

by ϝ

Recall that the verbal augment is frequently omitted

135 Vocabulary

Ἄηο Ἄηδνο ὁ (nom not used) Hades

ἄιγνο ενο ηό grief pain woe trouble

Ἀρηιιεύο ῆνο ὁ Achilles

δαίο δαηηόο ἡ feast banquet portion

Εεύο Γηόο ὁ Zeus

ἥξσο ἥξσνο ὁ hero mighty warrior protector savior

ἴθζῑκνο ε νλ mighty valiant stout-hearted brave

θύσλ θπλόο ὁ ἡ dog

κῆληο ηνο ἡ wrath fury madness rage

νὐιόκελνο ε νλ accursed destructive deadly

πξντάπησ πξντάςσ πξνΐαςα hurl forward send forth

ηίζεκη (ζε- ζε-) ζήζσ ἔζεθα put place cause

Ἀρηιιεπο (Ἀρηιιεϝ-) Ἀρηιιενο Ἀρηιιεη Ἀρηιιεα

δαηο (δαηη-) δαηηνο δαηηη δαηηα δαηηεο δαηησλ δαηηεζζη δαηηαο

Εεπο Γηνο Γηη Γηα

ἡξσο ἡξσνο ἡξστ ἡξσα ἡξσεο ἡξσσλ ἡξσεζζη ἡξσαο

θπσλ θπλνο θπλη θπλα θπλεο θπλσλ θπλεζζη θπλαο

κεληο (κελη-) κεληνο κεληη κεληλ κεληεο κελησλ κεληεζζη κεληαο

136 Translation

1 κῆληο Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο ἦλ νὐινκέλε ἔζεθε γὰξ κῡξηrsquo ἄιγεα ηνῖζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ πξνΐαςε δὲ πνιιὰο (ᾱ)

ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἰθζίκνπο (ῑ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη ἔηεπρε δrsquo αὐηνὺο ἑιώξηα θαὶ δαῖηα θύλεζζηλ νἰσλνῖζί ηε ἐηέιεζε δὲ βνπιὴλ

Γηόο 2 ζεὰ (ᾱ) ἀείδεη κῆληλ νὐινκέλελ Ἀρηιῆνο ἣ ἔζεθελ κῡξίrsquo ἄιγεrsquo Ἀραηνῖζηλ 3 ζενὶ ὀιέθνπζη ηὸλ ζηξαηόλ θαὶ

πξντάπηνπζη πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη 4ηεύμνκελ κῡξίνπο Ἀραηνὺο ἑιώξηα θύλεζζηλ θαὶ δαῖηα ηνῖζηλ

νἰσλνῖζηλ νὕλεθα ἠηίκαζαλ (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) 5 θᾱιὴ ἦλ ἡ βνπιὴ Γηόο

KEY

1 The wrath of Achilles son of Peleus was destructive for it caused countless woes to the Achaeans and sent

forth many valiant souls of heros to Hades making them spoils and a banquet for the dogs and the vultures 2 The

goddess sings the accursed wrath of Achilles which brought countless woes to the Achaeans 3 The gods are

destroying the camp and sending forth many souls of the heros to Hades 4 We will make countless Achaeans spoils

for the dogs and a feast for these vultures because they dishonored Chryses 5 The will of Zeus was good

137 Iliad 1-5

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κπξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςπρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιήλ

Μῆληλ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse

ἄεηδε - present active imperative 2nd

person singular of ἀείδσ

ζεά - vocative case

Πειεηάδεσ = Πειεηάδᾱν (the verse may have originally read Πειεηάδᾱrsquo)

νὐινκέλελ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse as well as out of

the natural order and is placed directly opposite the word κῆληλ

κῡξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο - the hiatus is permited because elision has already occurred in κῡξίνηο

Ἄηδη was originally Ἄϝηδη and is still accented as it began with α instead of αη

ἡξώσλ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse and its deviation from

the natural order

δὲ ἑιώξηα - the hiatus is permitted because the original was δὲ ϝειώξηα

ηεῦρε - the augment is dropped (usually ἔηεπρε)

ἐηειείεην - imperfect passive indicative 3rd

person singular of ηειείσ

KEY

Sing O goddess of the accursed wrath of Achilles Peleiades

which brought countless woes to the Achaeans

and cast forth the souls of many valiant warriors to Hades

making them the spoils and feast of both dogs

and vultures But the will of Zeus was accomplished

138 Composition

1 The valiant Achaeans are singing the accursed wrath of Achilles 2 The wrath of Achilles caused many woes

to the Achaeans and sent many valiant souls of heroes to the god Hades 3 We shall make the army of the Achaeans

a booty for the dogs and a banquet for the birds 4 We are accomplishing the will of the goddess

KEY

1 ἴθζῑκνη Ἀραηνὶ ἀείδνπζηλ νὐινκέλελ κῆληλ Ἀρηιῆνο 2 κῆληο Ἀρηιῆνο ἔζεθε κῡξίrsquo ἄιγεrsquo Ἀραηνῖζη θαὶ

πξνΐαςε πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἰθζίκνπο ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη 3 ηεύμνκελ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ ἑιώξηα θύλεζζηλ θαὶ δαῖηα

νἰσλνῖζηλ 4 ηεύρνκελ βνπιὴλ ζεᾶο

Lesson 14

(519-526 1159-1192)

(cf 586)

141 Syllable Quantity

A syllable is long (by nature) when it contains a long vowel or a diphthong or (by position) when it ends in two

consecutive consonants (or a double consonant) A short vowel followed by a mute and a liquid κ or λ is common

and can be either long or short depending on the requirements of the verse Occasionally the letters ι κ λ ξ or ζ

are doubled in pronunciation when they follow a short vowel making the syllable long by position but this

convention is not always represented in writing And occasionally a lost ϝ will combine with another consonant to

make the preceding syllable long by position

Observe the following rules when determing the length of a syllable

Any vowel with the circumflex accent is long

The vowel of any ultmia whose penult bears the circumflex is short

If the penult has an acute then the vowel of the ultima must also be long

If the vowel of the ultima is short and the penult has the acute then the vowel of the penult must

be short as well

If the antepenult is accented the vowel of the ultima must be short

Occasionally these rules do not apply to certain compounds where one of the two words are

accented as if they were separate

If a short syllable stands where a long syllable is expected it is usually because the pause of the caesura or

diaresis fills out the foot or because the following word has lost a consonant (usually ϝ or ζ) And occasionally a

short syllable ending in a consonant is lengthened when it occurs on the ictus (beat) of the verse Such lengthening is

called thesis

142 Metrical Quantity

With the exception of pauses at the end of the verse caesura and diaresis all feet must consist of two long

syllables or a long syllable followed by two shorts Thus if a long syllable is followed by a short syllable then the

next syllable must be short as well Likewise if a short syllable is followed by a long syllable then the preceding

syllable must be short as well

When a word ends in a short vowel (and sometimes -νη and -αη) and the following word begins with a vowel

the short vowel is usually elided unless the following word originally began with ϝ When a word ends in a long

vowel or a diphthong and the following word begins with a vowel the long vowel is usually shortened This

phenomenon can also occur within the same word and again it is less common when the following word originally

began with ϝ Vowel shortening is also rare when the long vowel occurs on the ictus

The meter of Homer is called dactylic or heroic hexameter and is the most common meter in Greek verse Each

verse has six feet The first five feet can be dactyls (one long syllable followed by two short syllables) or spondees

(two long syllables) The final foot of the verse is always a spndee but keep in mind that the pause at the end of the

verse often combines with a final short syllable to form one long syllable The fifth foot of each verse is usually a

dactyl with only one in twenty (or so) verses containing a spondee in the fifth foot The verses that have a spndee in

the fifth foot are called spondaic and usually take slightly longer to recite In dactylic hexameter the ictus (beat) of

the verse always occurs on the first syllable of each foot producing six distinct beats per verse

Caesura occurs when a word ends within a foot (ie at the end of the first syllable of a foot or between the two

short syllables of the foot) When a caesura occurs at a natural pause in the verse this is said to be the caesura of the

verse A pause after the first syllable of a foot is called a masculine caesura and a pause after the second syllable of

the foot is called a feminine caesura

Diaresis occurs when the end of a word coincides with the end of a foot When this falls at a natural pause in

the verse it is said to be the diaresis of the verse When the diaresis occurs at the end of the fourth foot is it called

the bucolic diaresis (due to its common use in pastoral poetry)

143 Marking the Rhythm of the Iliad 1-5

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κπξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςπρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιήλ

ΜΖ ληλ α | ΔΗ δε ζε | Α ΠΖ | ΛΖ η α | ΓΔΧ α ρη | ΛΖ Ο-

dact dact spon dact dact spon

The pauses at the end of κῆληλ and ἄεηδε are feminine caesuras

The pauses at the end of ζεά Πειεηάδεσ and Ἀρηιῆνο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of ζεά is the caesura of the verse

The dash at the end of the verse indicates a pause that combines with a short vowel to fill out the

last foot

ΟΤ ιν κε | ΝΖΝ Ζ | ΜΤ ξη α | ΥΑΗ ΟΗ | ΑΛ γε ε | ΘΖ ΚΔΝ-

dact spon dact spon dact spon

The pauses at the end of κῡξίrsquo and ἄιγε are feminine caesuras

The pauses at the end of νὐινκέλελ and ἔζεθελ are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of νὐινκέλελ is the caesura of the verse

The pauses at the end of ἥ and Ἀραηνῖο are diareses

The diaresis at Ἀραηνῖο is a bucolic diaresis

κῡξία Ἀραηνῖο and ἄιγεα ἔζεθελ are examples of hiatus

The first syllable of ἄιγεrsquo is long because it is followed by two consecutive consonants

ΠΟΛ ΛΑ | ΓrsquoΗΦ ΘΗ | ΜΟΤ ΦΤ | ΥΑ ΑΗ | ΓΗ πξν τ | Α ΦΔΝ-

spon spon spon spon dact spon

The pauses at the end of ἰθζίκνπο and ςπράο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of πνιιάο is a diaresis

δὲ ἰθζίκνπο is hiatus

The first syllable of πνιιάο is long by position as is the first syllable of ἰθζίκνπο the last syllable

of Ἄηδη and the second syllable of πξνΐαςελ

Ζ ΡΧ | ΧΝ ΑΤ | ΣΟΤ δε ε | ΛΧ ξη α | ΣΔΤ ρε θπ | ΝΔ ΗΝ-

spon spon dact dact dact spon

The pause at the end of ηεῦρε is a feminine caesura

The pauses at the end of ἡξώσλ and αὐηνύο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of ἡξώσλ is the caesura of the verse

The pause at the end of ἑιώξηα is a diaresis

ΟΗ Χ | ΝΟΗ ζη ηε | ΓΑΗ ηα δη | Ο δrsquoε ηε | ΛΔΗ ε ην | ΒΟΤ ΛΖΝ

The pauses at the end of νἰσλνῖζη and δαῖηα are feminine caesuras

The pause at the end of Γηόο is a masculine caesura

The pauses at the end of ηε ἐηειείεην and βνπιήλ are diareses

The pause at the end of δαῖηα is the diaresis of the verse

Lesson 15

(693-694 697-700)

(cf 781-782 837 580 1009 996 584-585)

151 Third Declension Paradigms (continued)

Third declension nouns ending in a dental mute stem are exemplified by ἄλαμ (king ϝαλαθη-) λύμ (night λπθη-

) παῖο (child παηδ-) and γέξσλ (old man γεξνλη-)

N ἄλαμ λύμ παῖο γέξσλ

G ἄλαθηνο λπθηόο παηδόο γέξνληνο

D ἄλαθηη λπθηί παηδί γέξνληη

A ἄλαθηα λύθηα παίδα γέξνληα

V ἄλαμ [ἄλα] λύμ παῖ γέξσλ

N V A ἄλαθηε λύθηε παίδε γέξνληε

G D ἀλάθηνηηλ λύθηνηηλ παίδνηηλ γεξόληνηηλ

N ἄλαθηεο λύθηεο παίδεο γέξνληεο

G ἀλάθησλ λπθηῶλ παηδῶλ γεξόλησλ

D ἀλάθηεζζη λύθηεζζη παίδεζζη γεξόληεζζη

ἄλαμη λπμί παηζί γέξνπζη

A ἄλαθηαο λύθηνο παῖδαο γέξνληαο

Third declension nouns ending in labial and palatal stems are exemplified by αἴμ (goat αἰγ-) θῆξπμ (herald

θεξῡθ-) and Αἰζίνς (Ethipoian Αἰζηνπ-)

N αἴμ θῆξπμ Αἰζίνς

G αἰγόο θήξῡθνο Αἰζίνπνο

D αἰγί θήξῡθη Αἰζίνπη

A αἶγα θήξῡθα Αἰζίνπα

V αἴμ θῆξπμ Αἰζίνς

N V A αἶγε θήξῡθε Αἰζίνπε

G D αἴγνηηλ θεξύθνηηλ (ῡ) Αἰζηόπνηηλ

N αἶγεο θήξῡθεο Αἰζίνπεο

G αἰγῶλ θεξύθσλ (ῡ) Αἰζηόπσλ

D αἴγεζζη θεξύθεζζη (ῡ) Αἰζηόπεζζη

αἰμί θήξῡμ Αἰζίνςη

A αἶγαο θήξῡθαο Αἰζίνπαο

Nouns with stems ending in -εξ express different grades of ablaut in the stem (-εξ -εξ -ξ) with a recessive

accent in the vocative singular These are exemplified by παηήξ (father παηεξ-) κήηεξ (mother κεηεξ-) ζπγάηεξ

(daughter ζπγαηεξ-) and ἀλήξ (man ἀλεξ-)

N παηήξ κήηεξ ζπγάηεξ ἀλήξ

G παηέξνο -ηξόο κεηέξνο -ηξόο ζπγαηέξνο -ηξόο ἀλέξνο ἀλδξόο

D παηέξη -ηξί κεηέξη -ηξί ζπγαηέξη -ηξί ἀλέξη ἀλδξί

A παηέξα κεηέξα ζπγαηέξα ἀλέξα ἄλδξα

V πάηεξ κῆηεξ ζύγαηεξ ἄλεξ

N V A παηέξε κεηέξε ζπγαηέξε ἀλέξε ἄλδξε

G D παηέξνηηλ κεηέξνηηλ ζπγαηέξνηηλ ἀλέξνηηλ ἄλδξνηηλ

N παηέξεο κεηέξεο ζπγαηέξεο ζύγαηξεο ἀλέξεο ἄλδξεο

G παηέξσλ -ηξῶλ κεηέξσλ -ηξῶλ ζπγαηέξσλ ζπγαηξῶλ ἀλέξσλ ἀλδξῶλ

D παηξάζη κεηξάζη ζπγαηξάζη ζπγαηέξεζζη ἀλδξάζη ἄλδξεζζη

A παηέξαο κεηέξαο ζπγαηέξαο ζύγαηξαο ἀλέξαο ἄλδξαο

Note that δ is inserted into ἀλήξ between λ and ξ where they occur together The accent of the shorter forms of

ἀλέξ follow the pattern seen in παηήξ The alpha after ξ in the dative plural was added euphonically to strengthen

what was originally a sonant ξ

152 Vocabulary

ἄλαμ ἄλαθηνο ὁ king lord protector

ἀλήξ ἀλέξνο (ἀλδξόο) ὁ (real) man warrior hero

ἄξ(α) (ῥά) naturally of course as you know as you might expect that is

in effect (not always translatable)

βαζηιεύο ῆνο ὁ king ruler

δή indeed truly forsooth now

δηίζηεκη (ζηε- ζηα-) δηαζηήζσ stand apart separate

δηέζηεζα (δηέζηελ)

ἐμ νὗ from the time when

ἐξίδσ (ἐξηδ-) - ἤξηζ(ζ)α quarrel strive

ἠξηζάηελ (they) strove

ἔξηο ηδνο ἡ strife quarrel

Λεηώ Λεηόνο ἡ Leto

κάρνκαη fight battle

κάρεζζαη to fight

μπλίκη μπλήζσ μπλῆθα (μπλέεθα) bring together throw together hearken heed

ὄξλῡκη ὄξζσ ὦξζα (ὤξνξνλ) stir up kindle incite excite arouse

πξῶηνο ε νλ first foremost chief

ηὸ πξῶηνλ ηὰ πξῶηα (adv) at first firstly first

πἱόο νῦ ὁ son

ζθσε these two

153 Translation

1 ζεὰ (ᾱ) ἀείζεη κῆληλ Ἀρηιῆνο ἐμ νὗ δὴ ηὰ πξῶηα δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο θαὶ Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἀλδξῶλ ἠξηζάηελ θαὶ

δηεζηήηελ 2 ηίο ζεῶλ μπλέεθε δῖνλ Ἀρηιῆά ηε θαὶ Ἀηξεΐδελ ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 3 πἱὸο Λεηόνο θαὶ Γηὸο ἑθεβόινο

μπλέεθέ ζθσε ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη ηὸλ γὰξ βαζηιεὺο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἐρόισζελ ὁ δrsquo ὦξζε θαθὴλ λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ

ὤιεθε δὲ ιᾱνύο

KEY

1 The goddess sings the wrath of Achilles from the time when first the divine Achilles and Atreides king of

men strove and separated 2 Which of the gods brought together the divine Achilles and the son of Atreus to fight

in strife 3 The son of Leto and Zeus the Free-shooter brought these two together to fight in strife for Atreides the

king enraged him so he stirred up an evil plague through the camp of the Achaeans and destroyed their host

154 Iliad 1-10

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κῡξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςῡρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιή

ἐμ νὗ δὴ ηὰ πξῶηα δηαζηήηελ ἐξίζαληε

Ἀηξεΐδεο ηε ἄλαμ ἀλδξῶλ θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεύο

ηίο ηrsquo ἄξ ζθσε ζεῶλ ἔξηδη μπλέεθε κάρεζζαη

Λεηνῦο θαὶ Γηὸο πἱόο ὁ γὰξ βαζηιῆη ρνισζεὶο

λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ ὦξζε θαθήλ ὀιέθνλην δὲ ιᾱνί

δηαζηήηελ = δηεζηήηελ

ἐξίζαληε = aor act part nom dual masc (they two) having quarreled

ηε ἄλαμ originally ηε ϝάλαμ thus allowing the hiatus

ζθσε [ἕσ] = 3rd

pers pron acc dual these two

ἔξηδη is dative of means in strife

κάρεζζαη = pres act infinitive deponent to fight

ρνισζείο = aor pass part nom sing masc having been enraged

Λεηνῦο = contracted form of Λεηόνο

βαζηιῆη = Agamemnon instrumental case by the king

ὀιέθνλην = ὠιέθνλην imperf pass ind 3rd

pers plural were being destroyed or kept

perishing

KEY

Sing O goddess of the accursed wrath of Achilles Peleiades

which brought countless woes to the Achaeans

and cast forth the souls of many valiant warriors to Hades

making them the spoils and feast of both dogs

and vultures But the will of Zeus was accomplished

indeed from the time when at first having quarreled both

Atreides king of men and the divine Achilles separated

Which of the gods of course brought these two together to fight in strife

The son of Leto and Zeus For enraged by the king he

kindled an evil plague up through the camp and the people were destroyed

155 Composition

1 ἠείδνκελ κῆληλ νὐινκέλελ Ἀρηιιῆνο ἐμ νὗ ηὰ πξῶηα Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἀλέξσλ (ἀλδξῶλ) θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο

ἠξηζάηελ θαὶ δηεζηεζάηελ (δηεζηήηελ) 2 ηίο ζεῶλ μπλῆθε (μπλέεθα) Ἀραηνὺο θαὶ ιᾱὸλ Πξηάκνπ ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 3

μπλῆθε (μπλέεθα) ζθσε (ἕν) πἱὸο Λεηόνο (Λεηνῦο) θαὶ Γηὸο ἑθεβόινο ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 4 Αηξεΐδεο βαζηιεὺο

Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο ἐρόισζαλ ἄλαθηα ἑθεβόινλ θαὶ ὁ ὦξζα (ὤξνξε) λνῦζνπο πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θαθὰο (ᾱ) ἀλὰ

ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ θαθῶο ὤιεθελ ἀγαζὸλ ιᾱόλ

Lesson 16

(887-897 910 1065-1068 697-703 707 710 732)

161 Formation of Middle Passive and Deponent Verbs

The endings of the middle voice are different from the active voice The passive voice applies the same endings

as the middle voice except in the aorist passive which applies active endings Because the middle and passive voice

are identical (other than the aorist) the context determines whether a verb is used with middle or the passive

meaning The aorist middle is often used with a passive meaning (especially in athematic forms) and the aorist

passive is often used with a middle meaning

The perfect and pluperfect of the middlepassive are athematic with the personal endings attached directly to

the reduplicated stem

The future perfect passive is formed by adding -ζνε to the perfect middle passive lengthening the vowel that

precedes this ending

The first aorist passive is formed by adding -(ζ)ζεε to the stem Before ζ π and β become θ θ and γ become ρ

and η δ ζ become ζ Many verbs have a second aorist passive that drops the ζ altogether

Deponent verbs have no active form but use the middlepassive forms in an active sense

162 Paradigms Present and Future Indicative MiddlePassive of ιύσ

Present

S 1 ιύνκαη

2 ιύεαη [(ιύῃ)]

3 ιύεηαη

D 2 ιύεζζνλ

3 ιύεζζνλ

P 1 ιπόκε(ζ)ζα

2 ιύεζζα

3 ιύνληαη

Future

S 1 ιύζνκαη (ῡ)

2 ιύζεαη (ῡ) [(ιύζῃ (ῡ))]

3 ιύζεηαη (ῡ)

D 2 ιύζεζζνλ (ῡ)

3 ιύζεζζνλ (ῡ)

P 1 ιῡζόκεζα

2 ιύζεζζε (ῡ)

3 ιύζνληαη (ῡ)

163 The Use of Voice in Greek

The active voice indicates that the subject is acting λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ ὦξζε = he kindled a plague up

through the camp

The passive voice indicates that the subject is acted upon Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιή = but the will of Zeus was

being accomplished

The Middle voice denotes one of three meanings

1 The subject acting upon itself πείζνκαη (I convince myself) θαίλνκαη (I show myself)

2 The subject acting for itself θαιένκαη (I call for myself)

3 The subject acting upon something belonging to itself ιύνκαη (I loose my own I ransom)

When determing the difference between the middle and passive keep in mind that the middle voice always

conveys a direct or indirect reference to the subject and that the subject is effect by or has an interest in the action

164 Third Declension Stems in -επ -επ -νπ and -σϝ

Stems in -επ usually became -εϝ and the third declension endings are applied after the ϝ Thus βαζηιεϝνο =

βαζηιῆνο βαηιεϝη = βαζηιῆη βαζηιεϝα = βαζηιῆα etc Note that the ϝ explains why εη (εϝη) does not form an

improper diphthong as well as why the accusative singular ends in -εα (as if the stem ended in a consonant) instead

of -ελ (as if the stem ended in a vowel) Note that when the ending consists of a consonant the -εϝ is contracted to

the diphthong -επ Thus βαζηιεϝο = βαζηιεύο βαζηιεϝ = βαζηιεῦ βαζηιεϝζη = βαζηιεῦζη In rare cases the other

endings also contract the -ε to -ε (ie βαζηιῆνο = βαζηιένο)

In stems ending originally in -ᾱϝ the ᾱ becomes ε in the Ionic dialect These are declined the same as -εϝ

except that -εῡ is formed before consonants instead of -επ Thus λᾱϝο = λεϝο = λεῦο λᾱϝ = λεϝ = λεῦ But note the

exception in the shorter form of the dative plural where λᾱϝζη = λεϝζη = λεπζί (rather than λεῡζη) In contracted

forms the ε usually becomes ε

In stems ending in -σϝ the third declension endings are applied directly to the stem Thus ἡξσϝο = ἥξσο

ἡξσϝνο = ἥξσνο ἡξσϝη = ἥξση ἡξσϝα = ἥξσα etc

In stems ending originally in -ν or -νϝ the third declension endings are applied as usual But keep in mind that -

νϝ is contracted to the diphthong -νπ before a consonant thus βνϝο = βνῦο and βνϝζη = βνπζί But note the

exception that occurs in the accusative singular where βνϝλ = βνῦλ rather than βνϝα

βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

(βαζηιεϝ-) (βνϝ-) (λᾱϝ-) (ἡξσϝ-)

N βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

G βαζηιῆνο [ένο] βνόο λεόο [εόο] ἥξσνο

D βαζηιῆη [έη] βνΐ λεί ἥξση

A βαζηιῆα [έα] βνῦλ [βῶλ] λῆα [έα] ἥξσα

V βαζηιεῦ βνῦ λεῦ ἥξσο

N V A βαζηιῆε βόε λῆε ἥξσε

G D βαζηιήνηηλ βόνηηλ λήνηηλ ἡξώνηηλ

N V βαζηιῆεο βόεο λῆεο ἥξσεο

G βαζηιήσλ βνῶλ λεῶλ [εῶλ] ἡξώσλ

D βαζηιήεζζη βόεζζη λήεζζη [έεζζη] ἡξώεζζη

βαζηιεῦζη βνπζί λεπζί ἥξσζη

A βαζηιῆαο βόαο (βνῦο) λῆαο [έαο] ἥξσαο

165 Third Declension Stems in -εζ -αζ and -νζ

When a stem ends in a vowel plus -ζ the initial ζ is dropped between two vowels Thus γεξαζνο = γέξανο

ἠνζνο = ἠόνο etc

All third declension nouns with stems ending in -εο are neuters and follow the pattern of ἔπνο The third

declension endings are applied as usual except that the nominative vocative and accusative singulars end in -νο

Nouns with stems ending in -νο take -σο in the nominative and vocative singular but otherwise apply the third

declension endings as usual (dropping ζ between two vowels)

ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

(ϝεπεζ-) (γεξαζ-) (ἀϝζνζ- (ᾱ))

N ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

G ἔπενο γέξανο ἠόνο

D ἔπετ γέξατ ἠόη

A ἔπνο γέξαο ἠόα

V ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

N V A ἔπεε γέξαε

G D ἐπένηηλ γεξάνηηλ

N V ἔπεα γέξα(α)

G ἐπέσλ γεξάσλ

D ἐπέεζζη γεξάεζζη

ἔπε(ζ)ζη γέξα(ζ)ζη

A ἔπεα γέξα(α)

166 Third Declension Stems in -καη and -καξ

Stems ending in -καη and -καξ are neuters

Stems in -καη drop the -ηο in the nominative vocative and accusative singular δσκαηο = δῶκα Otherwise the

third declension endings are applied as usual

Stems ending in -καξ are declined like those ending in -καη except in the nominative vocative and accusative

singular (which end in -καξ)

δῶκα ἦκαξ

(δσκαη-) (ἠκαξ- ἠκαη-)

N δῶκα ἦκαξ

G δώκαηνο ἤκαηνο

D δώκαηη ἤκαηη

A δῶκα ἦκαξ

V δῶκα ἦκαξ

N V A δώκαηε ἤκαηε

G D δσκάηνηηλ ἠκάηνηηλ

N V δώκαηα ἤκαηα

G δσκάησλ ἠκάησλ

D δσκάηεζζη ἠκάηεζζη

δώκαζη ἤκαζη

A δώκαηα ἤκαηα

167 Third Declension Stems in -λη and -λ

Stems ending in -λη drop the -λη before ζ and lengthen the preceding vowel thus παληο = πᾶο παληζη = πᾶζη

Otherwise the third declension endings are applied as usual In neuters the -η is dropped at the end of the word thus

παλη = πᾶλ Stems in -λ drop the -λ before ζ and lengthen the preceding vowel in the masculine (but not in the

neuter)

πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

(παλη- παληα- παλη-)

Masc Fem Neut

N πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

G παληόο πάζεο (ᾱ) παληόο

D παληί πάζῃ (ᾱ) παληί

A πάληα πᾶζαλ πᾶλ

V πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

N V πάληεο πᾶζαη πάληα

G πάλησλ πᾱζάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] πάλησλ

D πάληεζ(ζ)η πάζῃζη (ᾱ) πάληεζ(ζ)η

πᾶζη πάζῃο (ᾱ) πᾶζη

A πάληνο πάζᾱο (ᾱ) πάληα

κέιᾱο κέιαηλα κέιαλ

(κειαλ- κειαηλα- κειαλ-)

N κέιᾱο κέιαηλα κέιαλ

G κέιαλνο κειαίλεο κέιαλνο

D κέιαλη κειαίλῃ κέιαλη

A κέιαλα κέιαηλαλ κέιαλ

V κέιαλ κέιαηλα κέιαλ

N V A κέιαλε κειαίλᾱ κέιαλε

G D κειάλνηηλ κειαίλῃηλ κειάλνηηλ

N V κέιαλεο κέιαηλαη κέιαλα

G κειάλσλ κειαηλάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] κειάλσλ

D κειάλεζ(ζ)η κειαίλῃζη κειάλεζ(ζ)η

κέιαζη κειαίλῃο κέιαζη

A κέιαλεο κειαίλᾱο κέιαλα

168 Vocabulary

Nouns

Ἀπόιισλ (ᾰ or ᾰ) σλνο ὁ Apollo

ἀξεηήξ (ᾱ) ῆξνο ὁ priest prayer

ζπγάηεξ ηέξνο (ηξόο) ἡ daughter

θνζκήησξ νξνο ὁ commander marshaller

λεῦο λεόο (λεόο) ἡ ship

ζηέκκα καηνο ηό fillet (of white cotton) wreath

ρείξ ρεηξόο ἡ hand arm

Verbs

ἔξρνκαη (ἐξρ- ἐιε- ἐιεπζ- ἐιπζ-) come go

ἐιεύζνκαη I will come I will go

ἦιζνλ (ἤιπζνλ) I came I went

ιίζζνκαη (ιηη-) I beg I entreat

---

ἐιιηζάκελ (ἐιηηόκελ) I begged I entreated

Adjectives Prepositions

ζνόο ή όλ swift speedy

πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ all every (the) whole

Indeclinable

δύν (δύσ) two

κάιηζηα most especially by all means

169 Translation

1 Ἀπόιισλ ἑθεβόινο ρνινῦηαη βαζηιῆη Αηξεΐδῃ θαὶ πέκπεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ ὀιέθνληαη δὲ

ιᾱνί νὕλεθα δῖνο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) 2 Υξύζεο (ῡ) γὰξ ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἑθεβόινπ ἔξρεηαη

ἐπὶ ζνὰο (ᾱ) λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ θέξεη δrsquo ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα ζπγαηξόο ἣλ Ἀηξεΐδεο ἔρεη ἐλ ζηξαηῷ 3 ὁ δrsquo ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἔρεη

ζηέκκαηα ἑθεβόινπ Ἀπόιισλνο ἐλ ρεξζὶλ ἀλὰ ρξῡζέῳ ζθήπηξῳ θαὶ ιίζζεηαη πάληαο Ἀραηνύο κάιηζηα δrsquo Ἀηξεΐδᾱ

δύσ θνζκήηνξε ιᾱῶλ 4 Ἀπόιισλ ρνιώζεηαη βαζηιῆη θαὶ ὄξζεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηόλ 5 ἐιεύζνληαη ἐπὶ ζνὰο

(ᾱ) λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ νἴζνπζη ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα βαζηιῆη 6 ιίζζνληαη πάληαο Ἀραηνύο 7 Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζελ (ῑ)

ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) θαὶ νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε ζύγαηξα

KEY

1 Apollo the free-shooter enraged by king Atreides sent an evil plague through the camp of the Achaeans and

the people were destroyed because the divine Atreides dishonored Chryses the priest 2 For Chryses the priest of

the free-shooter went upon the swift ships of the Achaeans bearing countless ransoms for his daughter whom

Atreides was holding in the camp 3 But the priest had a wreath of Apollo the free-shooter upon a staff in his hand

and was entreating all of the Achaeans but especially the sons of Atreus (who were) the commanders of the host 4

Apollo will be enraged by the king and will kindle an evil plague up through the camp 5 They will go upon the

swift ships of the Achaeans and bring countless ransoms to the king 6 They are entreating all of the Achaeans 7

Atreides dishonored the priest and would not release his daughter

1610 Iliad 11-16

hellipὀιέθνλην δὲ ιᾱνί

νὕλεθα ηὸλ Υξύζελ ἠηίκαζελ ἀξεηῆξα

Αηξεΐδεο ὁ γὰξ ἦιζε ζνὰο ἐπὶ λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ

ιπζόκελνο ηε ζύγαηξα θέξσλ ηrsquo ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα

ζηέκκαηrsquo ἔρσλ ἐλ ρεξζὶλ ἑθεβόινπ Ἀπόιισλνο

ρξπζέῳ ἀλὰ ζθήπηξῳ θαὶ ἐιίζζεην πάληαο Ἀραηνύο

Ἀηξεΐδα δὲ κάιηζηα δύσ θνζκήηνξε ιαῶλ

ηόλ Υξύζελ = that (well-known) Chryses

The first verse ends in two spondees making it a spondaic verse and emphasizing the fact that

Chryses was a priest

ιῡζόκελνο = fut mid part nom masc sing being about to ransom

θέξσλ = pres act part nom sing masc bearing bringing

ἔρσλ = pres act part nom sing masc having holding

ρεξζὶλ ἑθεβόινπ = ρεξζὶ ϝεθεβόινπ

ρξῡζέῳ = synizesis where -έῳ is pronounced as a single syllable

ἐιίζζεην = imperf act ind 3rd

pers sing dep (kept) entreating was entreating

Ἀηξεΐδᾱ = dual of Ἀηξεΐδεο refers to both Agamemnon and Menelaus

KEY

hellipand the people were being destroyed

because Atreides dishonored Chryses the priest

For he had gone upon the swift ships of the Achaeans

intending to ransom his daughter bearing countless gifts

and holding in his hand fillets of Apollo the free-shooter

upon a golden staff and was entreating all of the Achaeans

but especially the two sons of Atreus the commanders of the host

1611 Composition

1 Chryses the priest of Apollo is dishonored by the son of Atreus 2 The Achaeans will go from their swift

ships to Troy and ransom the beloved daughter of the priest 3 We shall bring many ransoms and shall hold in our

hands the fillets of Apollo 4 We do not have a golden scepter but we entreat Priam and all the people of Troy 5

The two sons of Atreus marshallers of the people are entreating Priam but he will slight them 6 The son of

Atreus king of men slighted the priest and did not release his daughter

KEY

1 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) Ἀπόιινπ ἀηῑκάδεηαη Ἀηξεΐδῃ 2 Ἀραηνὶ ἐιεύζνληαη ἐθ ζνάσλ (ᾱ) λήσλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ (ῑ)

θαὶ ἀπειύζνληαη (ῡ) θίιε ζπγάηεξα ἀξεηῆξη (ᾱ) 3 νἴζνκελ πνιιrsquo ἄπνηλα θαὶ ἕζρνκελ ἐλ ρείξεζζη ζηέκκαηα

Ἀπόιινπ 4 νὐθ ἔρνκελ ζθῆπηξνλ ρξύζενλ ἀιιὰ ιηζζόκεζα Πξίακνλ θαὶ πᾶληα ιᾱνλ Ἰιίνπ (ῑ) 5 δύrsquo Ἀηξεΐδᾱ

θνζκήηεξᾱ ιᾱσλ ιίζζεζζνλ Πξίακνλ αὐηνὺο δrsquo ἀηῑκάζεη 6 Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἄλδξσλ ἠηίκαζελ (ῑ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) θαὶ

νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε ζπγάηεξα

1612 Meter

ΟΤ λε θα | ΣΟΝ ΥΡΤ | ΖΝ Ζ | ΣΗ κα ζελ | Α ΡΖ | ΣΖ ΡΑ~

Α ηξε η | ΓΖ ν γαξ | ΖΛ ζε ζν | Α ε πη | ΝΖ αο α | ΥΑΗ ΧΝ

ΛΤ ζν κε | ΝΟ ηε ζπ | ΓΑΣ ξα θε | ΡΧΝ ηα πε | ΡΔΗ ζη α | ΠΟΗ ΝΑ~

ΣΔΜ καη ε | ΥΧΝ ΔΝ | ΥΔΡ ζηλ ε | ΚΖ βν ινπ | Α ΠΟΛ | ΛΧ ΝΟ~

ΥΡΤζεσα | ΝΑ ΚΖΠ | ΣΡΧ θαη ε | ΛΗ ζε ην | ΠΑΝ ηαο α | ΥΑΗ ΟΤ

ΑΣ ξε η | ΓΑ δε κα | ΛΗ ηα δπ | Χ ΚΟ | ΜΖ ην ξε | ΛΑ ΧΝ

Lesson 17

(910 - imperfect middle and passive aorist middle of ιύσ 648-658 - the table

of endings in 32)

171 Paradigms Imperfect MiddlePassive of ιύσ

S 1 ἐιπόκελ

2 ἐιύεν [(ἐιύεπ)]

3 ἐιύεην

D 2 ἐιύεζζνλ

3 ἐιπέζζελ

P 1 ἐιπόκε(ζ)ζα

2 ἐιύεζζε

3 ἐιύνλην

172 Paradigms Aorist Middle of ιύσ

Thematic Athematic (2nd

Aorist)

S 1 ἐιῡζάκελ ἐιύκελ

2 ἐιύζαν (ῡ) [(ἐιύζσ (ῡ))] ἔιπ(ζ)ν

3 ἐιύζαην (ῡ) ἔιπην

D 2 ἐιύζαζζνλ (ῡ) ἔιπζζνλ

3 ἐιῡζάζζελ ἐιύζζελ

P 1 ἐιῡζάκε(ζ)ζα ἐιύκε(ζ)ζα

2 ἐιύζαζζε (ῡ) ἔιπζζε

3 ἐιύζαλην (ῡ) ἔιπλην

173 Vocabulary

δῶκα αηνο ηό house home

παῖο παηδόο ὁ ἡ child son daughter

π(η)όιηο ηνο (ενο) ἡ city state

ἐπθλήκῑο ῑδνο well-greaved

ἐγώ(λ) κέν (κεῦ) I

ζύ ζέν (ζεῦ) you

κέλhellip δέ on the one handhellip trulyhellip on the one handhellip on the other hand

partlyhellip partly the onehellip the other

νἴθαδε home homeward to home home

Verbs

ἅδνκαη (ἁγ-) (defective) I reverence

δέρνκαη I accept I receive

δέμνκαη I will accept

ἐδεμάκελ (ἐδέγκελ) I accepted

δίδσκη (δσ- δν-) I give I grant

(δη)δώζσ I will give

ἔδσθα I gave

ἐθπέξζσ (πεξζ- πξαζ-) I sack (utterly) I plunder I pillage

ἐθπέξζσ I will sack

ἐμέπεξζα (ἐμέπξαζνλ) I sacked

ἱθλένκαη I arrive I reach (a destination)

ἵμνκαη I will arrive

ἱθόκελ (ῑ) I arrived

174 Translation

1 ζενὶ ἔρνπζηλ ιύκπηα δώκαηα ἔδσθαλ δrsquo Ἀηξεΐδεο θαὶ ἄιινηζηλ ἐπθλεκίδεζζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἐθπέξζαη

(infinitive) πόιηλ Πξηάκνπ ηόηε δrsquo ἵθνλην (ῑ) ἐὺ νἴθαδε νὕλεθα παῖδα θίιελ ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἔιῡζαλ 2 ἀπέιῡζαλ

ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνὶ ζύγαηξα θίιελ ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἐδέμαλην δrsquo ἀγιαὰ ἄπνηλα νὕλεθα ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλα Γηὸο πἱὸλ

ἅδνλην 3 ἅδεηαη ἑθεβόινλ 4 Ἀηξεΐδεο νὐθ ἐδέμαην ηὰ ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα 5 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἔδσθελ ἄπνηλα

πνιιὰ βαζηιῆη Ἀηξεΐδῃ 6 πάληεο ζενὶ θαὶ πᾶζαη ζεαὶ εἶρνλ ιύκπηα δώκαηα 7 Ἀραηνὶ ἐπθλήκῑδεο ἐθπέξζνπζη

Πξηάκνην πόιηλ ἵμνληαη δrsquo ἐπ νἴθαδε 8 παῖο θίιε ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἐιύζαην (ῡ) ἵθεην (ῑ) δrsquo ἐὺ νἴθαδε

KEY

1 The gods have Olympian homes but they gave the son of Atreus and the other well-greaved Achaeans to

utterly sack the city of Priam and then they returned safe at home because they released the dear child of the priest

2 The well-greaved Achaeans released the dear daughter of the priest and received glorious ransoms because they

reverenced the free-shooter Apollo son of Zeus 3 He reverences te free-shooter 4 The son of Atreus did not

receive the glorious ransoms 5 Chryses the priest gave many ransoms to king Atreides 6 All of the gods and all of

the goddesses had Olympian homes 7 The well-greved Achaeans will utterly sack Priamrsquos city and will return safe

to home 8 The dear child of the priest was released and arrived well to her home

175 Iliad 17-21

ltltἈηξεΐδαη ηε θαὶ ἄιινη ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνί

ὑκῖλ κὲλ ζενὶ δνῖελ ιύκπηα δώκαηrsquo ἔρνληεο

ἐθπέξζαη Πξηάκνην πόιηλ ἐὺ δrsquo νἴθαδrsquo ἱθέζζαη

παῖδα δrsquo ἐκνὶ ιῦζαί ηε θίιελ ηά ηrsquo ἄπνηλα δέρεζζαη

ἁδόκελνη Γηὸο πἱὸλ ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλαgtgt

Ἀηξεΐδαηhellip ἄιινη ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνί = vocative case

ὑκῖλ (ῡ) = dat plural of ζύ to you

ζενί = one syllable by synizesis

κέλ (v 18) = correlative of δέ (v 20)

δνῖελ = aor act optative 3rd

plural of δίδσκη may they grant

ἔρνληεο = pres act part nom masc plural of ἔρσ having possessing

ἐθπέξζαη = aor act inf of ἐθπέξζσ to sack utterly

ἱθέζζαη = aor act inf of ἱθένκαη to arrive (compare κάρεζζαη)

ιῦζαη δέρεζζαη = infinitives used as imperatives free and accept

ηά ηrsquo ἄπνηλα (ηά ηε ἄπνηλα) = thesehellip gifts

ἁδόκελνη = pres act part nom masc plural reverencing

KEY

ldquoSons of Atreus and you other well-greaved Achaeans

may the gods who have their homes on Olympus grant you

to utterly sack Priamrsquos city and return safe to home

but release my dear child to me and accept these gifts

reverencing Apollo who shoots at will the son of Zeusrdquo

176 Composition

1 The gods who have (ἔρνληεο) Olympian homes will grant to the sons of Atreus and to the other well-greaved

Achaeans to sack utterly (ἐθπέξζαη) the city of Priam 2 When they sacked the city of Priam they returned happily

home 3 They accepted the shining ransoms and freed the darling daughter of the priest Chryses 4 We reverenced

the free-shooter Apollo son of Leto and Zeus and escaped death 5 Will the son of Atreus accept the shining

ransoms 6 The child of the priest was freed when he gave many shining ransoms which the two sons of Atreus

accepted

KEY

1 ζενὶ ἔρνληεο ιύκπηα δώκαηα δώζνπζη Ἀηξεΐδῃζη θαὶ ἄιινηζηλ ἐπθλεκίδεζζηλ (ῑ) Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἐθπέξζαη πόιηλ

Πξηάκνπ 2 ηόηε ἐμέπεξζαλ πόιηλ Πξηάκνην ἵθνλην (ῑ) ἐὺ νἴθαδε 3 ἐδέμαλην ἀγιαrsquo ἄπνηλα θαὶ ἀπέιῡζαλ ζπγάηεξα

θίιε ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) Υξύζᾱν (ῡ) 4 ἡμάκεζα ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλα Λεηόνο θαὶ Γηὸο πἱόλ θαὶ ζάλαηνλ 5

Ἀηξεΐδεο δέμεηαη ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα 6 παῖο ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἀπειύζαην (ῡ) ηόηε ἔδσθελ ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀγιάα ηὰ

Ἀηξεΐδᾱ ἐδώθαζηλ

Lesson 18

(Perfect and Pluperfect Active of Verbs 904 922 Third Declension γέρων

αἴξ 693-695)

181 Formation of the Perfect and Pluperfect Active

The perfect and pluperfect in all modes experience reduplication of the initial syllable which denotes completed

action Verbs beginning with a single consonant (except ξ) prefix this consonant followed by -ε Thus ιύσ =

ιέιπθα The stem sometimes stands in ablaut relation to the stem of the present as in βαίλσ = βέβεθα A

reduplicated syllable beginning with an aspirated mute is changed to its corresponding voiceless mute in the

reduplicated syllable ie ζλήζθσ = ηέζλεθα In these cases the reduplicated pluperfect adds ἐ- to the reduplicated

syllable ie ιύσ = ιέιπθα = ἐιέιπθε

Vebs beginning with a double consonant two consonants (except a mute followed by a liquid or a nasal) ξ and

some beginning with κ simply augment the stem with the addition of ε-

Verbs beginning in a vowel typically take the temporal augment by lengthening the vowel ie νἴρνκαη =

ᾤρσθα However verbs beginning with a vowel in which an initial consonant has been lost may take the syllabic

augment

Compound verbs typically insert the reduplication and augment between the preposition and the verb ie

ἀπνιύσ = ἀπνιέιπθα = ἀπειειύθε

The first perfect active adds -θα- to the stem followed by the primary endings The first pluperfect active

similarly adds -θε- followed by the secondary endings In general a short final vowel is lengthened before the

addition of the -θα- or -θε- Second perfects and pluperfects active are the older form and are more common in

Homer These omit the θ and simply add -α- or -ε- respectively The second perfects are more common in stems

ending in a consonant

In general the singular perfect and pluperfect active stand in ablaut relation to the dual and plural forms

Perfects and pluperfects are rare in Homer and only occur in some twenty verbs

182 Paradigms λέλυκα and βέβηκα

ιέιπθα ἐιειύθε (ἐιειύθεα)

ιέιπθαο ἐιειύθο (ἐιειύθεαο)

ιέιπθε(λ) ἐιειύθεη (ἐιειύθεε)

ιειύθαηνλ ἐιειύθαηνλ

ιειύθαηνλ ἐιειπθάηελ

ιειύθακελ ἐιειύθεκελ

ιειύθαηε ἐιειύθεηε

ιειύθᾱζη ἐιειύθεζαλ

βέβεθα ἐβεβήθεα (ἐβεβήθε)

βέβεθαο ἐβεβήθεαο (ἐβεβήθεο)

βέβεθε(λ) ἐβεβήθεε (ἐβεβήθεη)

βέβαηνλ ἐβέβαηνλ

βέβαηνλ ἐβεβάηελ

βέβακελ ἐβέβακελ

βέβαηε ἐβέβαηε

βέβᾱζη ἐβέβαζαλ

183 Paradigms γέρων and αἴξ

γέξσλ αἴμ

γέξνληνο αἰγόο

γέξνληη αἰγί

γέξνληα αἶγα

γέξνλ αἴμ

γέξνληε αἶγε

γεξόληνηηλ αἴγνηηλ

γέξνληεο αἶγεο

γεξόλησλ αἰγῶλ

γεξόληεζ(ζ)η (γέξνπζη) αἴγεζ(ζ)η (αἰμί)

γέξνληαο αἶγαο

184 Vocabulary

ἀγνξή ῆο ἡ assembly meeting place gathering harrangue

αἴμ αἰγόο ὁ ἡ goat

Ἄξγνο ενο ηό Argos (both a country and a city in Greece)

γέξσλ νληνο ὁ old man

γῆξαο ανο ηό old age

ἱεξεύο ῆνο ὁ priest holy man

κεξίνλ νπ ηό thigh-bone thigh-piece

πνύο πνδόο ὁ foot

ηαῦξνο νπ ὁ bull

θξήλ θξελόο ἡ diaphragm mind heart soul spirit disposition

δέθαηνο ε νλ tenth

ἡκέηεξνο ε νλ our ours

θνῖινο ε νλ hollow

ὠθύο ὠθεῖα ὠθύ swift speedy

ζλήζθσ die perish

ζαλένκαη

ἔζαλνλ

ηέζλεθα

θεύγσ flee fly escape run (off away along)

θεύμνκαη

ἔθπγνλ

πέθεπγα

Achaeans addressed the son of Atreus but he did not free Chryses 5 The son of Atreus will bring many ransoms

into the camp of the Achaeans 6 Who will persuade the gods with many goodly hecatombs

KEY

1 Ἀραηνὶ ἀλέβεζαλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ θαὶ ὤιεμαλ θᾱιὸλ Πξηάκνλ 2 θαηέθεκελ πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θᾱιὰο (ᾱ) ἑθαηόκβὰο (ᾱ)

ζενῖο ιπκπίνηο 3 Υξύζεο (ῡ) κεηέεηπελ Ἀραηνῖο ἀιιrsquo Ἀηξεΐδεο ηὸλ νὐθ ἔθιπελ 4 Ἀραηνὶ πξνζέεηπνλ Ἀηξεΐδῃ

ἀιιrsquo νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε Υξύζελ (ῡ) 5 Ἀηξεΐδεο νἴζεη ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ εἰο ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ 6 ηίο πείζεη ζενὺο πνιιῇο

ἑθαηόκβῃζηλ

Lesson 12

Review

121 Review Vocabulary

Lesson 13

(680-692 701-709)

(cf 897 874 886 619 841-843 576 1178 830-831 837 580 837)

131 Nouns of the Third Declension

Third declension nouns can be either masculine feminine or neuter The nominative endings can take many

forms but there are some conventions Masculine and feminine stems except those ending in λ ξ or ζ simply add

ζ to the stem and make the necessary euphonic changes Stems ending in ξ λ and ζ typically make no changes

except to lengthen the last vowel if it is short Stems ending in -λ(η) either drop the η and lengthen a short vowel or

drop the -λ(η) lengthen the vowel and add ζ Examples δαηκνλ- = δαηκσλ ζῑλ- = ζίο (ῑ) κειαλ- = κέιᾱο γεξνλη- =

γέξσλ etc Neuters typically consist of just the stem in the nominative and accusative except to drop a final -η

where it occurs

In general the stem of a third declension noun is found by dropping the -νο ending from the genitive singular

The dative singular regularly ends in -ῐ but occasionally in -ῑ

The accusative ending was originally -λ and this ending is common on stems ending in a vowel On stems

ending in a consonant the -λ was a sonant consonant which eventually came be pronounced as -ᾰ The result is that

the accusative singular usually ends in -λ for stems ending in a vowel and -ᾰ for stems ending in a consonant

Dental mute stems ending in -ηο and -πο in the nominative singular rarely drop the mute and typically adopt the -λ

accusative ending as if they were vowel stems

The dative plural is formed by adding either -εζζη (rarely -εζη) or -ζη (rarely -ζζη) and making the usual

euphonic changes Most third declension nouns thus have alternate dative plural forms as πνύο = πνζζί = πνζί =

πόδεζζη etc

The accusative plural originally ended in -λο (sonant λ) which gives -αο for stems ending in a consonant and -ῑο

and -ῡο for stems ending in a vowel A few vowel stems borrowed an -αο ending from the first declension by

analogy

The vocative singular is usually either identical to the nominative or identical to the stem alone Stems ending

in λ ξ or ο typically drop this final consonant in the vocative singular

Compensatory lengthening usually occurs in the dative plural when -λη is dropped as in γέξνληζη = γέξνπζη

132 Paradigms

Stems ending in -επ (επ) -νπ and σϝ follow the paradigms of βαζηιεύο (king βαζηιεϝ-) βνῦο (ox βνϝ-) λεῦο

(ship λᾱϝ-) and ἥξσο (hero ἡξσϝ- () or ἡξσ-)

N βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

G βαζηιῆνο [-ένο] βνόο λεόο ἥξσνο

D βαζηιῆη [-έη] βνΐ λεί ἥξση

A βαζηιῆα [-έα] βνῦλ [βῶλ] λῆα [λέα] ἥξσα

V βαζηιεῦ βνῦ λεῦ ἥξσο

N A V βαζηιῆε βόε λῆε ἥξσε

G D βαζηιήνηηλ βόνηηλ λήνηηλ ἡξώνηηλ

N V βαζηιεῆεο βόεο λῆεο ἥξσεο

G βαζηιήσλ βνῶλ λεῶλ [λεῶλ] ἡξώσλ

D βαζηιήεζζη βόεζζη λήεζζη [λέεζζἰ ἡξώεζζη

βαζηιεῦζη βνπζί λεπζί ἥξσζη

A βαζηιῆαο βόαο (βνῦο) λῆζαο (λέαο) ἥξσαο

A long vowel is typically shortened when it occurs before another vowel thus βαζηιῆνο or βαζηιένο This

convention was almost certainly consistent in pronunciation but is only occasionally represented in written form

The π in the stem of these words frequently became ϝ and subsequently disappeared as in βαζηιεπ- βαζηιεϝ-

βαζηιε-

Stems ending in η (εη) and π (επ εϝ) follow the paradigms of πόιηο (city πνιη-) πῆρπο (forearm περεϝ-) ἄζηπ

(city ἀζηεϝ-) λέθπο (corpse λεθῡ-) and δάθξπ (tear δαθξπ-)

N πόιηο πῆρπο ἄζηπ λέθῡο δάθξπ

G πόιηνο -ενο πήρενο ἄζηενο λέθπνο δάθξπνο

D πόιηη -ῑ -εη -εη πήρετ ἄζηετ λέθπτ δάθξπτ

A πόιηλ πῆρσλ ἄζηπ λέθῡλ δαθξπ

V πόιη πῆρπ ἄζηπ λέθῡ δάθξπ

N V πόιηε πήρεε ἄζηεε λέθπε δάθξπε

G D πνιίνηηλ περένηηλ ἄζηνηηλ λεθύνηηλ δαθξύνηηλ

N V πόιηεο -εεο πήρεεο ἄζηεα λέθπεο δάθξπα

G πνιίσλ περέσλ ἀζηέσλ λεθύσλ δαθξύσλ

D πνιίεζζη περέεζζη ἀζηέεζη λεθύεζζη δαθξύεζζη

πόιεζη -ηζη πήρεζη ἄζηεζη λέθῡζ(ζ)η δάθξπζη

A πόιηαο -εαο -ῑο πήρεαο ἄζηεα λέθπαο [-ῡο] δάθξπα

Nouns with stems in -ο (-εο -αο -νο) and -η are declined like ἔπνο (ϝεπεζ-) γέξαο (γεξαζ-) ἠώο (ἀϝζνζ-) δῶκα

(δσκαη-) and ἦκαξ (ἠκαξ- ἠκαη-) Note that -ζ- usually disappears when it occurs between two vowels

N ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο δῶκα ἧκαξ

G ἔπενο γέξανο ἠόνο δώκαηνο ἥκαηνο

D ἔπετ γέξατ ἠόη δώκαηη ἥκαηη

A ἔπνο γέξαο ἠόα δῶκα ἧκαξ

V ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο δῶκα ἧκαξ

N V ἔπεε γέξαε δώκαηε ἥκαηε

G D επένηηλ γεξάνηηλ δσκάηνηηλ ἡκάηνηηλ

N V ἔπεο γέξα(α) δώκαηα ἥκαηα

G ἐπέσλ γεξάσλ δσκάησλ ἡκάησλ

D ἐπέεζζη γεξάεζζη δσκάηεζζη ἡκάηεζζη

ἔπε(ζ)ζη γέξα(ζ)ζη δώκαζη ἥκαζη

A ἔπεα γέξα(α) δώκαηα ἥκαηα

Note that all nouns ening in -νο in the second declension are either masculine or feminine but all nouns ending in -

νο in the third declension are neuter All nouns ending in -κα in the nominative singular and all nouns with genitives

in -αηνο are neuter

133 Further Notes on the Third Declension

Nouns of the third declension can be any gender and consist of stems ending in -η -π or a consonant In

general the following endings are applied to the stem with the usual euphonic changes

N -ο

G -νο

D -η

A -λ

V -

N A V -ε

G D -νηηλ

N V -εο

G -σλ

D -εζζη

A -λο

Standard Euphonic Changes

Later forms of Greek such as Attic and Koine frequently contracted the forms found in Homer

The -λ in the accusative singular and plural is sonant meaning that it is pronounced as λ when

following a vowel but it is pronounced as ᾰ when following a consonant Thus πνιη-λ = πνιηλ and

πνιη-λο = πνιηο but δαηκνλ-λ = δαηκνλα and δαηκνλ-λο = δαηκνλαο

o In most cases a stem originally ending in ϝ is treated as if it ends in a consonant Thus

βαζηιεϝα = βαζηιεα εξσϝα = εξσα

o The word βνϝ- is an exception where ϝ becomes π (probably because νπ is such a common

diphthong) βνϝλ = βνπλ

Dentals are dropped before ζ Thus παηδο = παηο

o In cases where the stem ends in -λη the dental and the ζ are typically dropped with the last

vowel lengthened by compensation Thus γεξνληο = γεξσλ

Palatals combine with ζ to form μ Thus αηγο = αημ θεξπθο = θεξπμ etc

o Stems ending in -θη apply both the dental and palatal changes first dropping the η and then

combining the θζ to form μ Thus λπθηο = λπθο = λπμ

Labials combine with ζ to form ς Thus Αηζηνπο = Αηζηνς

The ζ is dropped when it follows a nasal or ξ and the last vowel is lengthened to compensate (if it

isnrsquot long already) Thus δαηκνλο = δαηκσλ θξελο = θξελ ρεηξο = ρεηξ παηεξο = παηεξ κεηεξο =

κεηεξ etc

Stems that originally ended in ϝ usually retain a π in its place in the nominative Thus βαζηιεϝο =

βαζηιεπο (originally βαζηιεπο) λεϝο = λεπο βνϝο = βνπο etc

o The same phenomenon sometimes occurs in the accusative singular as well where ϝ becomes

π and the final λ is retained Thus περεϝλ = περευλ = περπλ

o The word εξσο is an apparent exception where εξσϝο = εξσο This may be from analogy

with the relatively common -σο ending in Greek or it could be that the stem was originally

εξσ- witout the ϝ

o When the stem ends in -εϝ the ε is usually dropped in the nominative thus περεϝο = περεπο =

περπο (but the genitive and dative are περενο περετ)

Some confusion can occur at the apparent irregularity of stems ending in -π αζηπ αζηενο αζηεη etc

but δαθξπ δαθξπνο δαθξπτ etc The difference is that stems like αζηπ originally ended in a vowel + ϝ

(αζηεϝ) while stems like δαθξπ originally ended in π

Some neuters originally ended in -εο These are usually declined as -νο in the nominative and

accusative In the other cases the endings are simply applied to -εζ- and the sigma is dropped when it

occurs between two vowels επνο (nom acc from επεζο) επενο (gen from επεζνο) επετ (dat from

επεζη) etc

o Stems ending in -αο simple drop the extra sigma in the nominative singular and append the

case endings to -αζ- (dropping ζ when it occurs between two vowels) Thus γεξαο γεξανο

γεξατ etc

o Stems ending in -νο follow the same pattern as those ending in -αο except that the ν is

lengthened to σ in the nominative Thus εσο εννο εντ etc

Neuter stems ending in -καη usually drop the η in the nominative and accusative singular but retain it

in the plural Thus δσκα (nom and acc sing) δσκαηνο (gen sing) δσκαηη (dat sing) δσκαηα (nom and

acc plur) δσκαησλ (gen plur) δσκαηεζζη (dat plur) etc Neuter stems ending in -καξ usually behave

as if they ended in -καη in all cases except the nominative and accusative singular Thus εκαξ εκαηνο

εκαηη etc

The dative plural ending is given as -εζζη This could be shortened to -ζζη (before vowels) -εζη or -ζη

The -ζη ending is the most common in later dialects Thus Homeric θεξπθεζζη is typically θεξπμη in

Attic and Koine

The vocative singular in neuters is always identical to the nominative and accusative singulars

o In masculine and feminine nouns the vocative singular is usually just the stem without any

endings applied as long as the stem is capable of standing alone Thus δαηκνλ ρεηξ παηεξ

κεηεξ ζπγαηεξ αλεξ βνπ λεπ πνιη λεθῡ δαθξπ etc

o In some cases where the nominative singular has slightly modified the stem before adding -ο

the vocative is formed by simply dropping the ο Thus παη βαζηιεπ περπ

o In cases where the ο of the nominative singular has combined with the stem the vocative is

usually indentical to the nominative singular Thus αλαμ λπμ αημ θεξπμ Αηζηνς etc

o In rare cases the vocative is identical to the nominative singular even when dropping the ο

would have been convenient as in εξσο εσο

Alternate Endings The following are some alternate endings that could be applied instead of the usual

case endings listed above

o -ζη can be used to denote place where

o -ζελ can be used to denote source or separation or as an alternative ending for the genitive

case

o -δε can be added to the accusative ending to denote place to which or limit of motion

o -η can be added to denote place where

o -θη(λ) can be added as a substitute for several uses of the genitive and the dative cases

particularly in the instrumental sense

134 References

This lesson references several points in the grammar Note the following

Deponent verbs take middle or passive forms but denote active meanings

Some verbs reduplicate the initial syllable in the present tense by repeating the initial consonant

followed by -η Thus ἴζηεκη (orig ζηζηεκη) ηίζεκη δίδσκη πίκπιεκη γίγλνκαη γηγλώζθσ κηκλήζθσ

etc When futures and second aorists are reduplicated they usually follow the pattern of reduplication

found in the perfect tense If the initial consonant is aspirated the reduplicated consonant is typically

smooth Thus ηίζεκη rather than ζίζεκη

Note that ἴκη δίδσκη and ηίζεκη take the aorist in -θα rather than -ζα

When a word ends in a vowel and the following word begins with a vowel the result is called hiatus

In general hiatus is avoided in poetry through the use of elision crasis synizesis moveable

consonants etc However hiatus is allowed in some circumstances such as when elision has already

occurred when the first of the two vowels is long and occurs on the beat (or ictus) of the verse or

when a long vowel or diphthong has been shortened or when the two vowels were originally separated

by ϝ

Recall that the verbal augment is frequently omitted

135 Vocabulary

Ἄηο Ἄηδνο ὁ (nom not used) Hades

ἄιγνο ενο ηό grief pain woe trouble

Ἀρηιιεύο ῆνο ὁ Achilles

δαίο δαηηόο ἡ feast banquet portion

Εεύο Γηόο ὁ Zeus

ἥξσο ἥξσνο ὁ hero mighty warrior protector savior

ἴθζῑκνο ε νλ mighty valiant stout-hearted brave

θύσλ θπλόο ὁ ἡ dog

κῆληο ηνο ἡ wrath fury madness rage

νὐιόκελνο ε νλ accursed destructive deadly

πξντάπησ πξντάςσ πξνΐαςα hurl forward send forth

ηίζεκη (ζε- ζε-) ζήζσ ἔζεθα put place cause

Ἀρηιιεπο (Ἀρηιιεϝ-) Ἀρηιιενο Ἀρηιιεη Ἀρηιιεα

δαηο (δαηη-) δαηηνο δαηηη δαηηα δαηηεο δαηησλ δαηηεζζη δαηηαο

Εεπο Γηνο Γηη Γηα

ἡξσο ἡξσνο ἡξστ ἡξσα ἡξσεο ἡξσσλ ἡξσεζζη ἡξσαο

θπσλ θπλνο θπλη θπλα θπλεο θπλσλ θπλεζζη θπλαο

κεληο (κελη-) κεληνο κεληη κεληλ κεληεο κελησλ κεληεζζη κεληαο

136 Translation

1 κῆληο Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο ἦλ νὐινκέλε ἔζεθε γὰξ κῡξηrsquo ἄιγεα ηνῖζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ πξνΐαςε δὲ πνιιὰο (ᾱ)

ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἰθζίκνπο (ῑ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη ἔηεπρε δrsquo αὐηνὺο ἑιώξηα θαὶ δαῖηα θύλεζζηλ νἰσλνῖζί ηε ἐηέιεζε δὲ βνπιὴλ

Γηόο 2 ζεὰ (ᾱ) ἀείδεη κῆληλ νὐινκέλελ Ἀρηιῆνο ἣ ἔζεθελ κῡξίrsquo ἄιγεrsquo Ἀραηνῖζηλ 3 ζενὶ ὀιέθνπζη ηὸλ ζηξαηόλ θαὶ

πξντάπηνπζη πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη 4ηεύμνκελ κῡξίνπο Ἀραηνὺο ἑιώξηα θύλεζζηλ θαὶ δαῖηα ηνῖζηλ

νἰσλνῖζηλ νὕλεθα ἠηίκαζαλ (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) 5 θᾱιὴ ἦλ ἡ βνπιὴ Γηόο

KEY

1 The wrath of Achilles son of Peleus was destructive for it caused countless woes to the Achaeans and sent

forth many valiant souls of heros to Hades making them spoils and a banquet for the dogs and the vultures 2 The

goddess sings the accursed wrath of Achilles which brought countless woes to the Achaeans 3 The gods are

destroying the camp and sending forth many souls of the heros to Hades 4 We will make countless Achaeans spoils

for the dogs and a feast for these vultures because they dishonored Chryses 5 The will of Zeus was good

137 Iliad 1-5

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κπξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςπρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιήλ

Μῆληλ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse

ἄεηδε - present active imperative 2nd

person singular of ἀείδσ

ζεά - vocative case

Πειεηάδεσ = Πειεηάδᾱν (the verse may have originally read Πειεηάδᾱrsquo)

νὐινκέλελ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse as well as out of

the natural order and is placed directly opposite the word κῆληλ

κῡξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο - the hiatus is permited because elision has already occurred in κῡξίνηο

Ἄηδη was originally Ἄϝηδη and is still accented as it began with α instead of αη

ἡξώσλ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse and its deviation from

the natural order

δὲ ἑιώξηα - the hiatus is permitted because the original was δὲ ϝειώξηα

ηεῦρε - the augment is dropped (usually ἔηεπρε)

ἐηειείεην - imperfect passive indicative 3rd

person singular of ηειείσ

KEY

Sing O goddess of the accursed wrath of Achilles Peleiades

which brought countless woes to the Achaeans

and cast forth the souls of many valiant warriors to Hades

making them the spoils and feast of both dogs

and vultures But the will of Zeus was accomplished

138 Composition

1 The valiant Achaeans are singing the accursed wrath of Achilles 2 The wrath of Achilles caused many woes

to the Achaeans and sent many valiant souls of heroes to the god Hades 3 We shall make the army of the Achaeans

a booty for the dogs and a banquet for the birds 4 We are accomplishing the will of the goddess

KEY

1 ἴθζῑκνη Ἀραηνὶ ἀείδνπζηλ νὐινκέλελ κῆληλ Ἀρηιῆνο 2 κῆληο Ἀρηιῆνο ἔζεθε κῡξίrsquo ἄιγεrsquo Ἀραηνῖζη θαὶ

πξνΐαςε πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἰθζίκνπο ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη 3 ηεύμνκελ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ ἑιώξηα θύλεζζηλ θαὶ δαῖηα

νἰσλνῖζηλ 4 ηεύρνκελ βνπιὴλ ζεᾶο

Lesson 14

(519-526 1159-1192)

(cf 586)

141 Syllable Quantity

A syllable is long (by nature) when it contains a long vowel or a diphthong or (by position) when it ends in two

consecutive consonants (or a double consonant) A short vowel followed by a mute and a liquid κ or λ is common

and can be either long or short depending on the requirements of the verse Occasionally the letters ι κ λ ξ or ζ

are doubled in pronunciation when they follow a short vowel making the syllable long by position but this

convention is not always represented in writing And occasionally a lost ϝ will combine with another consonant to

make the preceding syllable long by position

Observe the following rules when determing the length of a syllable

Any vowel with the circumflex accent is long

The vowel of any ultmia whose penult bears the circumflex is short

If the penult has an acute then the vowel of the ultima must also be long

If the vowel of the ultima is short and the penult has the acute then the vowel of the penult must

be short as well

If the antepenult is accented the vowel of the ultima must be short

Occasionally these rules do not apply to certain compounds where one of the two words are

accented as if they were separate

If a short syllable stands where a long syllable is expected it is usually because the pause of the caesura or

diaresis fills out the foot or because the following word has lost a consonant (usually ϝ or ζ) And occasionally a

short syllable ending in a consonant is lengthened when it occurs on the ictus (beat) of the verse Such lengthening is

called thesis

142 Metrical Quantity

With the exception of pauses at the end of the verse caesura and diaresis all feet must consist of two long

syllables or a long syllable followed by two shorts Thus if a long syllable is followed by a short syllable then the

next syllable must be short as well Likewise if a short syllable is followed by a long syllable then the preceding

syllable must be short as well

When a word ends in a short vowel (and sometimes -νη and -αη) and the following word begins with a vowel

the short vowel is usually elided unless the following word originally began with ϝ When a word ends in a long

vowel or a diphthong and the following word begins with a vowel the long vowel is usually shortened This

phenomenon can also occur within the same word and again it is less common when the following word originally

began with ϝ Vowel shortening is also rare when the long vowel occurs on the ictus

The meter of Homer is called dactylic or heroic hexameter and is the most common meter in Greek verse Each

verse has six feet The first five feet can be dactyls (one long syllable followed by two short syllables) or spondees

(two long syllables) The final foot of the verse is always a spndee but keep in mind that the pause at the end of the

verse often combines with a final short syllable to form one long syllable The fifth foot of each verse is usually a

dactyl with only one in twenty (or so) verses containing a spondee in the fifth foot The verses that have a spndee in

the fifth foot are called spondaic and usually take slightly longer to recite In dactylic hexameter the ictus (beat) of

the verse always occurs on the first syllable of each foot producing six distinct beats per verse

Caesura occurs when a word ends within a foot (ie at the end of the first syllable of a foot or between the two

short syllables of the foot) When a caesura occurs at a natural pause in the verse this is said to be the caesura of the

verse A pause after the first syllable of a foot is called a masculine caesura and a pause after the second syllable of

the foot is called a feminine caesura

Diaresis occurs when the end of a word coincides with the end of a foot When this falls at a natural pause in

the verse it is said to be the diaresis of the verse When the diaresis occurs at the end of the fourth foot is it called

the bucolic diaresis (due to its common use in pastoral poetry)

143 Marking the Rhythm of the Iliad 1-5

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κπξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςπρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιήλ

ΜΖ ληλ α | ΔΗ δε ζε | Α ΠΖ | ΛΖ η α | ΓΔΧ α ρη | ΛΖ Ο-

dact dact spon dact dact spon

The pauses at the end of κῆληλ and ἄεηδε are feminine caesuras

The pauses at the end of ζεά Πειεηάδεσ and Ἀρηιῆνο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of ζεά is the caesura of the verse

The dash at the end of the verse indicates a pause that combines with a short vowel to fill out the

last foot

ΟΤ ιν κε | ΝΖΝ Ζ | ΜΤ ξη α | ΥΑΗ ΟΗ | ΑΛ γε ε | ΘΖ ΚΔΝ-

dact spon dact spon dact spon

The pauses at the end of κῡξίrsquo and ἄιγε are feminine caesuras

The pauses at the end of νὐινκέλελ and ἔζεθελ are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of νὐινκέλελ is the caesura of the verse

The pauses at the end of ἥ and Ἀραηνῖο are diareses

The diaresis at Ἀραηνῖο is a bucolic diaresis

κῡξία Ἀραηνῖο and ἄιγεα ἔζεθελ are examples of hiatus

The first syllable of ἄιγεrsquo is long because it is followed by two consecutive consonants

ΠΟΛ ΛΑ | ΓrsquoΗΦ ΘΗ | ΜΟΤ ΦΤ | ΥΑ ΑΗ | ΓΗ πξν τ | Α ΦΔΝ-

spon spon spon spon dact spon

The pauses at the end of ἰθζίκνπο and ςπράο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of πνιιάο is a diaresis

δὲ ἰθζίκνπο is hiatus

The first syllable of πνιιάο is long by position as is the first syllable of ἰθζίκνπο the last syllable

of Ἄηδη and the second syllable of πξνΐαςελ

Ζ ΡΧ | ΧΝ ΑΤ | ΣΟΤ δε ε | ΛΧ ξη α | ΣΔΤ ρε θπ | ΝΔ ΗΝ-

spon spon dact dact dact spon

The pause at the end of ηεῦρε is a feminine caesura

The pauses at the end of ἡξώσλ and αὐηνύο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of ἡξώσλ is the caesura of the verse

The pause at the end of ἑιώξηα is a diaresis

ΟΗ Χ | ΝΟΗ ζη ηε | ΓΑΗ ηα δη | Ο δrsquoε ηε | ΛΔΗ ε ην | ΒΟΤ ΛΖΝ

The pauses at the end of νἰσλνῖζη and δαῖηα are feminine caesuras

The pause at the end of Γηόο is a masculine caesura

The pauses at the end of ηε ἐηειείεην and βνπιήλ are diareses

The pause at the end of δαῖηα is the diaresis of the verse

Lesson 15

(693-694 697-700)

(cf 781-782 837 580 1009 996 584-585)

151 Third Declension Paradigms (continued)

Third declension nouns ending in a dental mute stem are exemplified by ἄλαμ (king ϝαλαθη-) λύμ (night λπθη-

) παῖο (child παηδ-) and γέξσλ (old man γεξνλη-)

N ἄλαμ λύμ παῖο γέξσλ

G ἄλαθηνο λπθηόο παηδόο γέξνληνο

D ἄλαθηη λπθηί παηδί γέξνληη

A ἄλαθηα λύθηα παίδα γέξνληα

V ἄλαμ [ἄλα] λύμ παῖ γέξσλ

N V A ἄλαθηε λύθηε παίδε γέξνληε

G D ἀλάθηνηηλ λύθηνηηλ παίδνηηλ γεξόληνηηλ

N ἄλαθηεο λύθηεο παίδεο γέξνληεο

G ἀλάθησλ λπθηῶλ παηδῶλ γεξόλησλ

D ἀλάθηεζζη λύθηεζζη παίδεζζη γεξόληεζζη

ἄλαμη λπμί παηζί γέξνπζη

A ἄλαθηαο λύθηνο παῖδαο γέξνληαο

Third declension nouns ending in labial and palatal stems are exemplified by αἴμ (goat αἰγ-) θῆξπμ (herald

θεξῡθ-) and Αἰζίνς (Ethipoian Αἰζηνπ-)

N αἴμ θῆξπμ Αἰζίνς

G αἰγόο θήξῡθνο Αἰζίνπνο

D αἰγί θήξῡθη Αἰζίνπη

A αἶγα θήξῡθα Αἰζίνπα

V αἴμ θῆξπμ Αἰζίνς

N V A αἶγε θήξῡθε Αἰζίνπε

G D αἴγνηηλ θεξύθνηηλ (ῡ) Αἰζηόπνηηλ

N αἶγεο θήξῡθεο Αἰζίνπεο

G αἰγῶλ θεξύθσλ (ῡ) Αἰζηόπσλ

D αἴγεζζη θεξύθεζζη (ῡ) Αἰζηόπεζζη

αἰμί θήξῡμ Αἰζίνςη

A αἶγαο θήξῡθαο Αἰζίνπαο

Nouns with stems ending in -εξ express different grades of ablaut in the stem (-εξ -εξ -ξ) with a recessive

accent in the vocative singular These are exemplified by παηήξ (father παηεξ-) κήηεξ (mother κεηεξ-) ζπγάηεξ

(daughter ζπγαηεξ-) and ἀλήξ (man ἀλεξ-)

N παηήξ κήηεξ ζπγάηεξ ἀλήξ

G παηέξνο -ηξόο κεηέξνο -ηξόο ζπγαηέξνο -ηξόο ἀλέξνο ἀλδξόο

D παηέξη -ηξί κεηέξη -ηξί ζπγαηέξη -ηξί ἀλέξη ἀλδξί

A παηέξα κεηέξα ζπγαηέξα ἀλέξα ἄλδξα

V πάηεξ κῆηεξ ζύγαηεξ ἄλεξ

N V A παηέξε κεηέξε ζπγαηέξε ἀλέξε ἄλδξε

G D παηέξνηηλ κεηέξνηηλ ζπγαηέξνηηλ ἀλέξνηηλ ἄλδξνηηλ

N παηέξεο κεηέξεο ζπγαηέξεο ζύγαηξεο ἀλέξεο ἄλδξεο

G παηέξσλ -ηξῶλ κεηέξσλ -ηξῶλ ζπγαηέξσλ ζπγαηξῶλ ἀλέξσλ ἀλδξῶλ

D παηξάζη κεηξάζη ζπγαηξάζη ζπγαηέξεζζη ἀλδξάζη ἄλδξεζζη

A παηέξαο κεηέξαο ζπγαηέξαο ζύγαηξαο ἀλέξαο ἄλδξαο

Note that δ is inserted into ἀλήξ between λ and ξ where they occur together The accent of the shorter forms of

ἀλέξ follow the pattern seen in παηήξ The alpha after ξ in the dative plural was added euphonically to strengthen

what was originally a sonant ξ

152 Vocabulary

ἄλαμ ἄλαθηνο ὁ king lord protector

ἀλήξ ἀλέξνο (ἀλδξόο) ὁ (real) man warrior hero

ἄξ(α) (ῥά) naturally of course as you know as you might expect that is

in effect (not always translatable)

βαζηιεύο ῆνο ὁ king ruler

δή indeed truly forsooth now

δηίζηεκη (ζηε- ζηα-) δηαζηήζσ stand apart separate

δηέζηεζα (δηέζηελ)

ἐμ νὗ from the time when

ἐξίδσ (ἐξηδ-) - ἤξηζ(ζ)α quarrel strive

ἠξηζάηελ (they) strove

ἔξηο ηδνο ἡ strife quarrel

Λεηώ Λεηόνο ἡ Leto

κάρνκαη fight battle

κάρεζζαη to fight

μπλίκη μπλήζσ μπλῆθα (μπλέεθα) bring together throw together hearken heed

ὄξλῡκη ὄξζσ ὦξζα (ὤξνξνλ) stir up kindle incite excite arouse

πξῶηνο ε νλ first foremost chief

ηὸ πξῶηνλ ηὰ πξῶηα (adv) at first firstly first

πἱόο νῦ ὁ son

ζθσε these two

153 Translation

1 ζεὰ (ᾱ) ἀείζεη κῆληλ Ἀρηιῆνο ἐμ νὗ δὴ ηὰ πξῶηα δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο θαὶ Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἀλδξῶλ ἠξηζάηελ θαὶ

δηεζηήηελ 2 ηίο ζεῶλ μπλέεθε δῖνλ Ἀρηιῆά ηε θαὶ Ἀηξεΐδελ ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 3 πἱὸο Λεηόνο θαὶ Γηὸο ἑθεβόινο

μπλέεθέ ζθσε ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη ηὸλ γὰξ βαζηιεὺο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἐρόισζελ ὁ δrsquo ὦξζε θαθὴλ λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ

ὤιεθε δὲ ιᾱνύο

KEY

1 The goddess sings the wrath of Achilles from the time when first the divine Achilles and Atreides king of

men strove and separated 2 Which of the gods brought together the divine Achilles and the son of Atreus to fight

in strife 3 The son of Leto and Zeus the Free-shooter brought these two together to fight in strife for Atreides the

king enraged him so he stirred up an evil plague through the camp of the Achaeans and destroyed their host

154 Iliad 1-10

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κῡξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςῡρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιή

ἐμ νὗ δὴ ηὰ πξῶηα δηαζηήηελ ἐξίζαληε

Ἀηξεΐδεο ηε ἄλαμ ἀλδξῶλ θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεύο

ηίο ηrsquo ἄξ ζθσε ζεῶλ ἔξηδη μπλέεθε κάρεζζαη

Λεηνῦο θαὶ Γηὸο πἱόο ὁ γὰξ βαζηιῆη ρνισζεὶο

λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ ὦξζε θαθήλ ὀιέθνλην δὲ ιᾱνί

δηαζηήηελ = δηεζηήηελ

ἐξίζαληε = aor act part nom dual masc (they two) having quarreled

ηε ἄλαμ originally ηε ϝάλαμ thus allowing the hiatus

ζθσε [ἕσ] = 3rd

pers pron acc dual these two

ἔξηδη is dative of means in strife

κάρεζζαη = pres act infinitive deponent to fight

ρνισζείο = aor pass part nom sing masc having been enraged

Λεηνῦο = contracted form of Λεηόνο

βαζηιῆη = Agamemnon instrumental case by the king

ὀιέθνλην = ὠιέθνλην imperf pass ind 3rd

pers plural were being destroyed or kept

perishing

KEY

Sing O goddess of the accursed wrath of Achilles Peleiades

which brought countless woes to the Achaeans

and cast forth the souls of many valiant warriors to Hades

making them the spoils and feast of both dogs

and vultures But the will of Zeus was accomplished

indeed from the time when at first having quarreled both

Atreides king of men and the divine Achilles separated

Which of the gods of course brought these two together to fight in strife

The son of Leto and Zeus For enraged by the king he

kindled an evil plague up through the camp and the people were destroyed

155 Composition

1 ἠείδνκελ κῆληλ νὐινκέλελ Ἀρηιιῆνο ἐμ νὗ ηὰ πξῶηα Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἀλέξσλ (ἀλδξῶλ) θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο

ἠξηζάηελ θαὶ δηεζηεζάηελ (δηεζηήηελ) 2 ηίο ζεῶλ μπλῆθε (μπλέεθα) Ἀραηνὺο θαὶ ιᾱὸλ Πξηάκνπ ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 3

μπλῆθε (μπλέεθα) ζθσε (ἕν) πἱὸο Λεηόνο (Λεηνῦο) θαὶ Γηὸο ἑθεβόινο ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 4 Αηξεΐδεο βαζηιεὺο

Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο ἐρόισζαλ ἄλαθηα ἑθεβόινλ θαὶ ὁ ὦξζα (ὤξνξε) λνῦζνπο πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θαθὰο (ᾱ) ἀλὰ

ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ θαθῶο ὤιεθελ ἀγαζὸλ ιᾱόλ

Lesson 16

(887-897 910 1065-1068 697-703 707 710 732)

161 Formation of Middle Passive and Deponent Verbs

The endings of the middle voice are different from the active voice The passive voice applies the same endings

as the middle voice except in the aorist passive which applies active endings Because the middle and passive voice

are identical (other than the aorist) the context determines whether a verb is used with middle or the passive

meaning The aorist middle is often used with a passive meaning (especially in athematic forms) and the aorist

passive is often used with a middle meaning

The perfect and pluperfect of the middlepassive are athematic with the personal endings attached directly to

the reduplicated stem

The future perfect passive is formed by adding -ζνε to the perfect middle passive lengthening the vowel that

precedes this ending

The first aorist passive is formed by adding -(ζ)ζεε to the stem Before ζ π and β become θ θ and γ become ρ

and η δ ζ become ζ Many verbs have a second aorist passive that drops the ζ altogether

Deponent verbs have no active form but use the middlepassive forms in an active sense

162 Paradigms Present and Future Indicative MiddlePassive of ιύσ

Present

S 1 ιύνκαη

2 ιύεαη [(ιύῃ)]

3 ιύεηαη

D 2 ιύεζζνλ

3 ιύεζζνλ

P 1 ιπόκε(ζ)ζα

2 ιύεζζα

3 ιύνληαη

Future

S 1 ιύζνκαη (ῡ)

2 ιύζεαη (ῡ) [(ιύζῃ (ῡ))]

3 ιύζεηαη (ῡ)

D 2 ιύζεζζνλ (ῡ)

3 ιύζεζζνλ (ῡ)

P 1 ιῡζόκεζα

2 ιύζεζζε (ῡ)

3 ιύζνληαη (ῡ)

163 The Use of Voice in Greek

The active voice indicates that the subject is acting λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ ὦξζε = he kindled a plague up

through the camp

The passive voice indicates that the subject is acted upon Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιή = but the will of Zeus was

being accomplished

The Middle voice denotes one of three meanings

1 The subject acting upon itself πείζνκαη (I convince myself) θαίλνκαη (I show myself)

2 The subject acting for itself θαιένκαη (I call for myself)

3 The subject acting upon something belonging to itself ιύνκαη (I loose my own I ransom)

When determing the difference between the middle and passive keep in mind that the middle voice always

conveys a direct or indirect reference to the subject and that the subject is effect by or has an interest in the action

164 Third Declension Stems in -επ -επ -νπ and -σϝ

Stems in -επ usually became -εϝ and the third declension endings are applied after the ϝ Thus βαζηιεϝνο =

βαζηιῆνο βαηιεϝη = βαζηιῆη βαζηιεϝα = βαζηιῆα etc Note that the ϝ explains why εη (εϝη) does not form an

improper diphthong as well as why the accusative singular ends in -εα (as if the stem ended in a consonant) instead

of -ελ (as if the stem ended in a vowel) Note that when the ending consists of a consonant the -εϝ is contracted to

the diphthong -επ Thus βαζηιεϝο = βαζηιεύο βαζηιεϝ = βαζηιεῦ βαζηιεϝζη = βαζηιεῦζη In rare cases the other

endings also contract the -ε to -ε (ie βαζηιῆνο = βαζηιένο)

In stems ending originally in -ᾱϝ the ᾱ becomes ε in the Ionic dialect These are declined the same as -εϝ

except that -εῡ is formed before consonants instead of -επ Thus λᾱϝο = λεϝο = λεῦο λᾱϝ = λεϝ = λεῦ But note the

exception in the shorter form of the dative plural where λᾱϝζη = λεϝζη = λεπζί (rather than λεῡζη) In contracted

forms the ε usually becomes ε

In stems ending in -σϝ the third declension endings are applied directly to the stem Thus ἡξσϝο = ἥξσο

ἡξσϝνο = ἥξσνο ἡξσϝη = ἥξση ἡξσϝα = ἥξσα etc

In stems ending originally in -ν or -νϝ the third declension endings are applied as usual But keep in mind that -

νϝ is contracted to the diphthong -νπ before a consonant thus βνϝο = βνῦο and βνϝζη = βνπζί But note the

exception that occurs in the accusative singular where βνϝλ = βνῦλ rather than βνϝα

βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

(βαζηιεϝ-) (βνϝ-) (λᾱϝ-) (ἡξσϝ-)

N βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

G βαζηιῆνο [ένο] βνόο λεόο [εόο] ἥξσνο

D βαζηιῆη [έη] βνΐ λεί ἥξση

A βαζηιῆα [έα] βνῦλ [βῶλ] λῆα [έα] ἥξσα

V βαζηιεῦ βνῦ λεῦ ἥξσο

N V A βαζηιῆε βόε λῆε ἥξσε

G D βαζηιήνηηλ βόνηηλ λήνηηλ ἡξώνηηλ

N V βαζηιῆεο βόεο λῆεο ἥξσεο

G βαζηιήσλ βνῶλ λεῶλ [εῶλ] ἡξώσλ

D βαζηιήεζζη βόεζζη λήεζζη [έεζζη] ἡξώεζζη

βαζηιεῦζη βνπζί λεπζί ἥξσζη

A βαζηιῆαο βόαο (βνῦο) λῆαο [έαο] ἥξσαο

165 Third Declension Stems in -εζ -αζ and -νζ

When a stem ends in a vowel plus -ζ the initial ζ is dropped between two vowels Thus γεξαζνο = γέξανο

ἠνζνο = ἠόνο etc

All third declension nouns with stems ending in -εο are neuters and follow the pattern of ἔπνο The third

declension endings are applied as usual except that the nominative vocative and accusative singulars end in -νο

Nouns with stems ending in -νο take -σο in the nominative and vocative singular but otherwise apply the third

declension endings as usual (dropping ζ between two vowels)

ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

(ϝεπεζ-) (γεξαζ-) (ἀϝζνζ- (ᾱ))

N ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

G ἔπενο γέξανο ἠόνο

D ἔπετ γέξατ ἠόη

A ἔπνο γέξαο ἠόα

V ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

N V A ἔπεε γέξαε

G D ἐπένηηλ γεξάνηηλ

N V ἔπεα γέξα(α)

G ἐπέσλ γεξάσλ

D ἐπέεζζη γεξάεζζη

ἔπε(ζ)ζη γέξα(ζ)ζη

A ἔπεα γέξα(α)

166 Third Declension Stems in -καη and -καξ

Stems ending in -καη and -καξ are neuters

Stems in -καη drop the -ηο in the nominative vocative and accusative singular δσκαηο = δῶκα Otherwise the

third declension endings are applied as usual

Stems ending in -καξ are declined like those ending in -καη except in the nominative vocative and accusative

singular (which end in -καξ)

δῶκα ἦκαξ

(δσκαη-) (ἠκαξ- ἠκαη-)

N δῶκα ἦκαξ

G δώκαηνο ἤκαηνο

D δώκαηη ἤκαηη

A δῶκα ἦκαξ

V δῶκα ἦκαξ

N V A δώκαηε ἤκαηε

G D δσκάηνηηλ ἠκάηνηηλ

N V δώκαηα ἤκαηα

G δσκάησλ ἠκάησλ

D δσκάηεζζη ἠκάηεζζη

δώκαζη ἤκαζη

A δώκαηα ἤκαηα

167 Third Declension Stems in -λη and -λ

Stems ending in -λη drop the -λη before ζ and lengthen the preceding vowel thus παληο = πᾶο παληζη = πᾶζη

Otherwise the third declension endings are applied as usual In neuters the -η is dropped at the end of the word thus

παλη = πᾶλ Stems in -λ drop the -λ before ζ and lengthen the preceding vowel in the masculine (but not in the

neuter)

πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

(παλη- παληα- παλη-)

Masc Fem Neut

N πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

G παληόο πάζεο (ᾱ) παληόο

D παληί πάζῃ (ᾱ) παληί

A πάληα πᾶζαλ πᾶλ

V πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

N V πάληεο πᾶζαη πάληα

G πάλησλ πᾱζάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] πάλησλ

D πάληεζ(ζ)η πάζῃζη (ᾱ) πάληεζ(ζ)η

πᾶζη πάζῃο (ᾱ) πᾶζη

A πάληνο πάζᾱο (ᾱ) πάληα

κέιᾱο κέιαηλα κέιαλ

(κειαλ- κειαηλα- κειαλ-)

N κέιᾱο κέιαηλα κέιαλ

G κέιαλνο κειαίλεο κέιαλνο

D κέιαλη κειαίλῃ κέιαλη

A κέιαλα κέιαηλαλ κέιαλ

V κέιαλ κέιαηλα κέιαλ

N V A κέιαλε κειαίλᾱ κέιαλε

G D κειάλνηηλ κειαίλῃηλ κειάλνηηλ

N V κέιαλεο κέιαηλαη κέιαλα

G κειάλσλ κειαηλάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] κειάλσλ

D κειάλεζ(ζ)η κειαίλῃζη κειάλεζ(ζ)η

κέιαζη κειαίλῃο κέιαζη

A κέιαλεο κειαίλᾱο κέιαλα

168 Vocabulary

Nouns

Ἀπόιισλ (ᾰ or ᾰ) σλνο ὁ Apollo

ἀξεηήξ (ᾱ) ῆξνο ὁ priest prayer

ζπγάηεξ ηέξνο (ηξόο) ἡ daughter

θνζκήησξ νξνο ὁ commander marshaller

λεῦο λεόο (λεόο) ἡ ship

ζηέκκα καηνο ηό fillet (of white cotton) wreath

ρείξ ρεηξόο ἡ hand arm

Verbs

ἔξρνκαη (ἐξρ- ἐιε- ἐιεπζ- ἐιπζ-) come go

ἐιεύζνκαη I will come I will go

ἦιζνλ (ἤιπζνλ) I came I went

ιίζζνκαη (ιηη-) I beg I entreat

---

ἐιιηζάκελ (ἐιηηόκελ) I begged I entreated

Adjectives Prepositions

ζνόο ή όλ swift speedy

πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ all every (the) whole

Indeclinable

δύν (δύσ) two

κάιηζηα most especially by all means

169 Translation

1 Ἀπόιισλ ἑθεβόινο ρνινῦηαη βαζηιῆη Αηξεΐδῃ θαὶ πέκπεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ ὀιέθνληαη δὲ

ιᾱνί νὕλεθα δῖνο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) 2 Υξύζεο (ῡ) γὰξ ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἑθεβόινπ ἔξρεηαη

ἐπὶ ζνὰο (ᾱ) λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ θέξεη δrsquo ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα ζπγαηξόο ἣλ Ἀηξεΐδεο ἔρεη ἐλ ζηξαηῷ 3 ὁ δrsquo ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἔρεη

ζηέκκαηα ἑθεβόινπ Ἀπόιισλνο ἐλ ρεξζὶλ ἀλὰ ρξῡζέῳ ζθήπηξῳ θαὶ ιίζζεηαη πάληαο Ἀραηνύο κάιηζηα δrsquo Ἀηξεΐδᾱ

δύσ θνζκήηνξε ιᾱῶλ 4 Ἀπόιισλ ρνιώζεηαη βαζηιῆη θαὶ ὄξζεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηόλ 5 ἐιεύζνληαη ἐπὶ ζνὰο

(ᾱ) λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ νἴζνπζη ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα βαζηιῆη 6 ιίζζνληαη πάληαο Ἀραηνύο 7 Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζελ (ῑ)

ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) θαὶ νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε ζύγαηξα

KEY

1 Apollo the free-shooter enraged by king Atreides sent an evil plague through the camp of the Achaeans and

the people were destroyed because the divine Atreides dishonored Chryses the priest 2 For Chryses the priest of

the free-shooter went upon the swift ships of the Achaeans bearing countless ransoms for his daughter whom

Atreides was holding in the camp 3 But the priest had a wreath of Apollo the free-shooter upon a staff in his hand

and was entreating all of the Achaeans but especially the sons of Atreus (who were) the commanders of the host 4

Apollo will be enraged by the king and will kindle an evil plague up through the camp 5 They will go upon the

swift ships of the Achaeans and bring countless ransoms to the king 6 They are entreating all of the Achaeans 7

Atreides dishonored the priest and would not release his daughter

1610 Iliad 11-16

hellipὀιέθνλην δὲ ιᾱνί

νὕλεθα ηὸλ Υξύζελ ἠηίκαζελ ἀξεηῆξα

Αηξεΐδεο ὁ γὰξ ἦιζε ζνὰο ἐπὶ λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ

ιπζόκελνο ηε ζύγαηξα θέξσλ ηrsquo ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα

ζηέκκαηrsquo ἔρσλ ἐλ ρεξζὶλ ἑθεβόινπ Ἀπόιισλνο

ρξπζέῳ ἀλὰ ζθήπηξῳ θαὶ ἐιίζζεην πάληαο Ἀραηνύο

Ἀηξεΐδα δὲ κάιηζηα δύσ θνζκήηνξε ιαῶλ

ηόλ Υξύζελ = that (well-known) Chryses

The first verse ends in two spondees making it a spondaic verse and emphasizing the fact that

Chryses was a priest

ιῡζόκελνο = fut mid part nom masc sing being about to ransom

θέξσλ = pres act part nom sing masc bearing bringing

ἔρσλ = pres act part nom sing masc having holding

ρεξζὶλ ἑθεβόινπ = ρεξζὶ ϝεθεβόινπ

ρξῡζέῳ = synizesis where -έῳ is pronounced as a single syllable

ἐιίζζεην = imperf act ind 3rd

pers sing dep (kept) entreating was entreating

Ἀηξεΐδᾱ = dual of Ἀηξεΐδεο refers to both Agamemnon and Menelaus

KEY

hellipand the people were being destroyed

because Atreides dishonored Chryses the priest

For he had gone upon the swift ships of the Achaeans

intending to ransom his daughter bearing countless gifts

and holding in his hand fillets of Apollo the free-shooter

upon a golden staff and was entreating all of the Achaeans

but especially the two sons of Atreus the commanders of the host

1611 Composition

1 Chryses the priest of Apollo is dishonored by the son of Atreus 2 The Achaeans will go from their swift

ships to Troy and ransom the beloved daughter of the priest 3 We shall bring many ransoms and shall hold in our

hands the fillets of Apollo 4 We do not have a golden scepter but we entreat Priam and all the people of Troy 5

The two sons of Atreus marshallers of the people are entreating Priam but he will slight them 6 The son of

Atreus king of men slighted the priest and did not release his daughter

KEY

1 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) Ἀπόιινπ ἀηῑκάδεηαη Ἀηξεΐδῃ 2 Ἀραηνὶ ἐιεύζνληαη ἐθ ζνάσλ (ᾱ) λήσλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ (ῑ)

θαὶ ἀπειύζνληαη (ῡ) θίιε ζπγάηεξα ἀξεηῆξη (ᾱ) 3 νἴζνκελ πνιιrsquo ἄπνηλα θαὶ ἕζρνκελ ἐλ ρείξεζζη ζηέκκαηα

Ἀπόιινπ 4 νὐθ ἔρνκελ ζθῆπηξνλ ρξύζενλ ἀιιὰ ιηζζόκεζα Πξίακνλ θαὶ πᾶληα ιᾱνλ Ἰιίνπ (ῑ) 5 δύrsquo Ἀηξεΐδᾱ

θνζκήηεξᾱ ιᾱσλ ιίζζεζζνλ Πξίακνλ αὐηνὺο δrsquo ἀηῑκάζεη 6 Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἄλδξσλ ἠηίκαζελ (ῑ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) θαὶ

νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε ζπγάηεξα

1612 Meter

ΟΤ λε θα | ΣΟΝ ΥΡΤ | ΖΝ Ζ | ΣΗ κα ζελ | Α ΡΖ | ΣΖ ΡΑ~

Α ηξε η | ΓΖ ν γαξ | ΖΛ ζε ζν | Α ε πη | ΝΖ αο α | ΥΑΗ ΧΝ

ΛΤ ζν κε | ΝΟ ηε ζπ | ΓΑΣ ξα θε | ΡΧΝ ηα πε | ΡΔΗ ζη α | ΠΟΗ ΝΑ~

ΣΔΜ καη ε | ΥΧΝ ΔΝ | ΥΔΡ ζηλ ε | ΚΖ βν ινπ | Α ΠΟΛ | ΛΧ ΝΟ~

ΥΡΤζεσα | ΝΑ ΚΖΠ | ΣΡΧ θαη ε | ΛΗ ζε ην | ΠΑΝ ηαο α | ΥΑΗ ΟΤ

ΑΣ ξε η | ΓΑ δε κα | ΛΗ ηα δπ | Χ ΚΟ | ΜΖ ην ξε | ΛΑ ΧΝ

Lesson 17

(910 - imperfect middle and passive aorist middle of ιύσ 648-658 - the table

of endings in 32)

171 Paradigms Imperfect MiddlePassive of ιύσ

S 1 ἐιπόκελ

2 ἐιύεν [(ἐιύεπ)]

3 ἐιύεην

D 2 ἐιύεζζνλ

3 ἐιπέζζελ

P 1 ἐιπόκε(ζ)ζα

2 ἐιύεζζε

3 ἐιύνλην

172 Paradigms Aorist Middle of ιύσ

Thematic Athematic (2nd

Aorist)

S 1 ἐιῡζάκελ ἐιύκελ

2 ἐιύζαν (ῡ) [(ἐιύζσ (ῡ))] ἔιπ(ζ)ν

3 ἐιύζαην (ῡ) ἔιπην

D 2 ἐιύζαζζνλ (ῡ) ἔιπζζνλ

3 ἐιῡζάζζελ ἐιύζζελ

P 1 ἐιῡζάκε(ζ)ζα ἐιύκε(ζ)ζα

2 ἐιύζαζζε (ῡ) ἔιπζζε

3 ἐιύζαλην (ῡ) ἔιπλην

173 Vocabulary

δῶκα αηνο ηό house home

παῖο παηδόο ὁ ἡ child son daughter

π(η)όιηο ηνο (ενο) ἡ city state

ἐπθλήκῑο ῑδνο well-greaved

ἐγώ(λ) κέν (κεῦ) I

ζύ ζέν (ζεῦ) you

κέλhellip δέ on the one handhellip trulyhellip on the one handhellip on the other hand

partlyhellip partly the onehellip the other

νἴθαδε home homeward to home home

Verbs

ἅδνκαη (ἁγ-) (defective) I reverence

δέρνκαη I accept I receive

δέμνκαη I will accept

ἐδεμάκελ (ἐδέγκελ) I accepted

δίδσκη (δσ- δν-) I give I grant

(δη)δώζσ I will give

ἔδσθα I gave

ἐθπέξζσ (πεξζ- πξαζ-) I sack (utterly) I plunder I pillage

ἐθπέξζσ I will sack

ἐμέπεξζα (ἐμέπξαζνλ) I sacked

ἱθλένκαη I arrive I reach (a destination)

ἵμνκαη I will arrive

ἱθόκελ (ῑ) I arrived

174 Translation

1 ζενὶ ἔρνπζηλ ιύκπηα δώκαηα ἔδσθαλ δrsquo Ἀηξεΐδεο θαὶ ἄιινηζηλ ἐπθλεκίδεζζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἐθπέξζαη

(infinitive) πόιηλ Πξηάκνπ ηόηε δrsquo ἵθνλην (ῑ) ἐὺ νἴθαδε νὕλεθα παῖδα θίιελ ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἔιῡζαλ 2 ἀπέιῡζαλ

ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνὶ ζύγαηξα θίιελ ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἐδέμαλην δrsquo ἀγιαὰ ἄπνηλα νὕλεθα ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλα Γηὸο πἱὸλ

ἅδνλην 3 ἅδεηαη ἑθεβόινλ 4 Ἀηξεΐδεο νὐθ ἐδέμαην ηὰ ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα 5 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἔδσθελ ἄπνηλα

πνιιὰ βαζηιῆη Ἀηξεΐδῃ 6 πάληεο ζενὶ θαὶ πᾶζαη ζεαὶ εἶρνλ ιύκπηα δώκαηα 7 Ἀραηνὶ ἐπθλήκῑδεο ἐθπέξζνπζη

Πξηάκνην πόιηλ ἵμνληαη δrsquo ἐπ νἴθαδε 8 παῖο θίιε ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἐιύζαην (ῡ) ἵθεην (ῑ) δrsquo ἐὺ νἴθαδε

KEY

1 The gods have Olympian homes but they gave the son of Atreus and the other well-greaved Achaeans to

utterly sack the city of Priam and then they returned safe at home because they released the dear child of the priest

2 The well-greaved Achaeans released the dear daughter of the priest and received glorious ransoms because they

reverenced the free-shooter Apollo son of Zeus 3 He reverences te free-shooter 4 The son of Atreus did not

receive the glorious ransoms 5 Chryses the priest gave many ransoms to king Atreides 6 All of the gods and all of

the goddesses had Olympian homes 7 The well-greved Achaeans will utterly sack Priamrsquos city and will return safe

to home 8 The dear child of the priest was released and arrived well to her home

175 Iliad 17-21

ltltἈηξεΐδαη ηε θαὶ ἄιινη ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνί

ὑκῖλ κὲλ ζενὶ δνῖελ ιύκπηα δώκαηrsquo ἔρνληεο

ἐθπέξζαη Πξηάκνην πόιηλ ἐὺ δrsquo νἴθαδrsquo ἱθέζζαη

παῖδα δrsquo ἐκνὶ ιῦζαί ηε θίιελ ηά ηrsquo ἄπνηλα δέρεζζαη

ἁδόκελνη Γηὸο πἱὸλ ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλαgtgt

Ἀηξεΐδαηhellip ἄιινη ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνί = vocative case

ὑκῖλ (ῡ) = dat plural of ζύ to you

ζενί = one syllable by synizesis

κέλ (v 18) = correlative of δέ (v 20)

δνῖελ = aor act optative 3rd

plural of δίδσκη may they grant

ἔρνληεο = pres act part nom masc plural of ἔρσ having possessing

ἐθπέξζαη = aor act inf of ἐθπέξζσ to sack utterly

ἱθέζζαη = aor act inf of ἱθένκαη to arrive (compare κάρεζζαη)

ιῦζαη δέρεζζαη = infinitives used as imperatives free and accept

ηά ηrsquo ἄπνηλα (ηά ηε ἄπνηλα) = thesehellip gifts

ἁδόκελνη = pres act part nom masc plural reverencing

KEY

ldquoSons of Atreus and you other well-greaved Achaeans

may the gods who have their homes on Olympus grant you

to utterly sack Priamrsquos city and return safe to home

but release my dear child to me and accept these gifts

reverencing Apollo who shoots at will the son of Zeusrdquo

176 Composition

1 The gods who have (ἔρνληεο) Olympian homes will grant to the sons of Atreus and to the other well-greaved

Achaeans to sack utterly (ἐθπέξζαη) the city of Priam 2 When they sacked the city of Priam they returned happily

home 3 They accepted the shining ransoms and freed the darling daughter of the priest Chryses 4 We reverenced

the free-shooter Apollo son of Leto and Zeus and escaped death 5 Will the son of Atreus accept the shining

ransoms 6 The child of the priest was freed when he gave many shining ransoms which the two sons of Atreus

accepted

KEY

1 ζενὶ ἔρνληεο ιύκπηα δώκαηα δώζνπζη Ἀηξεΐδῃζη θαὶ ἄιινηζηλ ἐπθλεκίδεζζηλ (ῑ) Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἐθπέξζαη πόιηλ

Πξηάκνπ 2 ηόηε ἐμέπεξζαλ πόιηλ Πξηάκνην ἵθνλην (ῑ) ἐὺ νἴθαδε 3 ἐδέμαλην ἀγιαrsquo ἄπνηλα θαὶ ἀπέιῡζαλ ζπγάηεξα

θίιε ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) Υξύζᾱν (ῡ) 4 ἡμάκεζα ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλα Λεηόνο θαὶ Γηὸο πἱόλ θαὶ ζάλαηνλ 5

Ἀηξεΐδεο δέμεηαη ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα 6 παῖο ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἀπειύζαην (ῡ) ηόηε ἔδσθελ ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀγιάα ηὰ

Ἀηξεΐδᾱ ἐδώθαζηλ

Lesson 18

(Perfect and Pluperfect Active of Verbs 904 922 Third Declension γέρων

αἴξ 693-695)

181 Formation of the Perfect and Pluperfect Active

The perfect and pluperfect in all modes experience reduplication of the initial syllable which denotes completed

action Verbs beginning with a single consonant (except ξ) prefix this consonant followed by -ε Thus ιύσ =

ιέιπθα The stem sometimes stands in ablaut relation to the stem of the present as in βαίλσ = βέβεθα A

reduplicated syllable beginning with an aspirated mute is changed to its corresponding voiceless mute in the

reduplicated syllable ie ζλήζθσ = ηέζλεθα In these cases the reduplicated pluperfect adds ἐ- to the reduplicated

syllable ie ιύσ = ιέιπθα = ἐιέιπθε

Vebs beginning with a double consonant two consonants (except a mute followed by a liquid or a nasal) ξ and

some beginning with κ simply augment the stem with the addition of ε-

Verbs beginning in a vowel typically take the temporal augment by lengthening the vowel ie νἴρνκαη =

ᾤρσθα However verbs beginning with a vowel in which an initial consonant has been lost may take the syllabic

augment

Compound verbs typically insert the reduplication and augment between the preposition and the verb ie

ἀπνιύσ = ἀπνιέιπθα = ἀπειειύθε

The first perfect active adds -θα- to the stem followed by the primary endings The first pluperfect active

similarly adds -θε- followed by the secondary endings In general a short final vowel is lengthened before the

addition of the -θα- or -θε- Second perfects and pluperfects active are the older form and are more common in

Homer These omit the θ and simply add -α- or -ε- respectively The second perfects are more common in stems

ending in a consonant

In general the singular perfect and pluperfect active stand in ablaut relation to the dual and plural forms

Perfects and pluperfects are rare in Homer and only occur in some twenty verbs

182 Paradigms λέλυκα and βέβηκα

ιέιπθα ἐιειύθε (ἐιειύθεα)

ιέιπθαο ἐιειύθο (ἐιειύθεαο)

ιέιπθε(λ) ἐιειύθεη (ἐιειύθεε)

ιειύθαηνλ ἐιειύθαηνλ

ιειύθαηνλ ἐιειπθάηελ

ιειύθακελ ἐιειύθεκελ

ιειύθαηε ἐιειύθεηε

ιειύθᾱζη ἐιειύθεζαλ

βέβεθα ἐβεβήθεα (ἐβεβήθε)

βέβεθαο ἐβεβήθεαο (ἐβεβήθεο)

βέβεθε(λ) ἐβεβήθεε (ἐβεβήθεη)

βέβαηνλ ἐβέβαηνλ

βέβαηνλ ἐβεβάηελ

βέβακελ ἐβέβακελ

βέβαηε ἐβέβαηε

βέβᾱζη ἐβέβαζαλ

183 Paradigms γέρων and αἴξ

γέξσλ αἴμ

γέξνληνο αἰγόο

γέξνληη αἰγί

γέξνληα αἶγα

γέξνλ αἴμ

γέξνληε αἶγε

γεξόληνηηλ αἴγνηηλ

γέξνληεο αἶγεο

γεξόλησλ αἰγῶλ

γεξόληεζ(ζ)η (γέξνπζη) αἴγεζ(ζ)η (αἰμί)

γέξνληαο αἶγαο

184 Vocabulary

ἀγνξή ῆο ἡ assembly meeting place gathering harrangue

αἴμ αἰγόο ὁ ἡ goat

Ἄξγνο ενο ηό Argos (both a country and a city in Greece)

γέξσλ νληνο ὁ old man

γῆξαο ανο ηό old age

ἱεξεύο ῆνο ὁ priest holy man

κεξίνλ νπ ηό thigh-bone thigh-piece

πνύο πνδόο ὁ foot

ηαῦξνο νπ ὁ bull

θξήλ θξελόο ἡ diaphragm mind heart soul spirit disposition

δέθαηνο ε νλ tenth

ἡκέηεξνο ε νλ our ours

θνῖινο ε νλ hollow

ὠθύο ὠθεῖα ὠθύ swift speedy

ζλήζθσ die perish

ζαλένκαη

ἔζαλνλ

ηέζλεθα

θεύγσ flee fly escape run (off away along)

θεύμνκαη

ἔθπγνλ

πέθεπγα

Compensatory lengthening usually occurs in the dative plural when -λη is dropped as in γέξνληζη = γέξνπζη

132 Paradigms

Stems ending in -επ (επ) -νπ and σϝ follow the paradigms of βαζηιεύο (king βαζηιεϝ-) βνῦο (ox βνϝ-) λεῦο

(ship λᾱϝ-) and ἥξσο (hero ἡξσϝ- () or ἡξσ-)

N βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

G βαζηιῆνο [-ένο] βνόο λεόο ἥξσνο

D βαζηιῆη [-έη] βνΐ λεί ἥξση

A βαζηιῆα [-έα] βνῦλ [βῶλ] λῆα [λέα] ἥξσα

V βαζηιεῦ βνῦ λεῦ ἥξσο

N A V βαζηιῆε βόε λῆε ἥξσε

G D βαζηιήνηηλ βόνηηλ λήνηηλ ἡξώνηηλ

N V βαζηιεῆεο βόεο λῆεο ἥξσεο

G βαζηιήσλ βνῶλ λεῶλ [λεῶλ] ἡξώσλ

D βαζηιήεζζη βόεζζη λήεζζη [λέεζζἰ ἡξώεζζη

βαζηιεῦζη βνπζί λεπζί ἥξσζη

A βαζηιῆαο βόαο (βνῦο) λῆζαο (λέαο) ἥξσαο

A long vowel is typically shortened when it occurs before another vowel thus βαζηιῆνο or βαζηιένο This

convention was almost certainly consistent in pronunciation but is only occasionally represented in written form

The π in the stem of these words frequently became ϝ and subsequently disappeared as in βαζηιεπ- βαζηιεϝ-

βαζηιε-

Stems ending in η (εη) and π (επ εϝ) follow the paradigms of πόιηο (city πνιη-) πῆρπο (forearm περεϝ-) ἄζηπ

(city ἀζηεϝ-) λέθπο (corpse λεθῡ-) and δάθξπ (tear δαθξπ-)

N πόιηο πῆρπο ἄζηπ λέθῡο δάθξπ

G πόιηνο -ενο πήρενο ἄζηενο λέθπνο δάθξπνο

D πόιηη -ῑ -εη -εη πήρετ ἄζηετ λέθπτ δάθξπτ

A πόιηλ πῆρσλ ἄζηπ λέθῡλ δαθξπ

V πόιη πῆρπ ἄζηπ λέθῡ δάθξπ

N V πόιηε πήρεε ἄζηεε λέθπε δάθξπε

G D πνιίνηηλ περένηηλ ἄζηνηηλ λεθύνηηλ δαθξύνηηλ

N V πόιηεο -εεο πήρεεο ἄζηεα λέθπεο δάθξπα

G πνιίσλ περέσλ ἀζηέσλ λεθύσλ δαθξύσλ

D πνιίεζζη περέεζζη ἀζηέεζη λεθύεζζη δαθξύεζζη

πόιεζη -ηζη πήρεζη ἄζηεζη λέθῡζ(ζ)η δάθξπζη

A πόιηαο -εαο -ῑο πήρεαο ἄζηεα λέθπαο [-ῡο] δάθξπα

Nouns with stems in -ο (-εο -αο -νο) and -η are declined like ἔπνο (ϝεπεζ-) γέξαο (γεξαζ-) ἠώο (ἀϝζνζ-) δῶκα

(δσκαη-) and ἦκαξ (ἠκαξ- ἠκαη-) Note that -ζ- usually disappears when it occurs between two vowels

N ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο δῶκα ἧκαξ

G ἔπενο γέξανο ἠόνο δώκαηνο ἥκαηνο

D ἔπετ γέξατ ἠόη δώκαηη ἥκαηη

A ἔπνο γέξαο ἠόα δῶκα ἧκαξ

V ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο δῶκα ἧκαξ

N V ἔπεε γέξαε δώκαηε ἥκαηε

G D επένηηλ γεξάνηηλ δσκάηνηηλ ἡκάηνηηλ

N V ἔπεο γέξα(α) δώκαηα ἥκαηα

G ἐπέσλ γεξάσλ δσκάησλ ἡκάησλ

D ἐπέεζζη γεξάεζζη δσκάηεζζη ἡκάηεζζη

ἔπε(ζ)ζη γέξα(ζ)ζη δώκαζη ἥκαζη

A ἔπεα γέξα(α) δώκαηα ἥκαηα

Note that all nouns ening in -νο in the second declension are either masculine or feminine but all nouns ending in -

νο in the third declension are neuter All nouns ending in -κα in the nominative singular and all nouns with genitives

in -αηνο are neuter

133 Further Notes on the Third Declension

Nouns of the third declension can be any gender and consist of stems ending in -η -π or a consonant In

general the following endings are applied to the stem with the usual euphonic changes

N -ο

G -νο

D -η

A -λ

V -

N A V -ε

G D -νηηλ

N V -εο

G -σλ

D -εζζη

A -λο

Standard Euphonic Changes

Later forms of Greek such as Attic and Koine frequently contracted the forms found in Homer

The -λ in the accusative singular and plural is sonant meaning that it is pronounced as λ when

following a vowel but it is pronounced as ᾰ when following a consonant Thus πνιη-λ = πνιηλ and

πνιη-λο = πνιηο but δαηκνλ-λ = δαηκνλα and δαηκνλ-λο = δαηκνλαο

o In most cases a stem originally ending in ϝ is treated as if it ends in a consonant Thus

βαζηιεϝα = βαζηιεα εξσϝα = εξσα

o The word βνϝ- is an exception where ϝ becomes π (probably because νπ is such a common

diphthong) βνϝλ = βνπλ

Dentals are dropped before ζ Thus παηδο = παηο

o In cases where the stem ends in -λη the dental and the ζ are typically dropped with the last

vowel lengthened by compensation Thus γεξνληο = γεξσλ

Palatals combine with ζ to form μ Thus αηγο = αημ θεξπθο = θεξπμ etc

o Stems ending in -θη apply both the dental and palatal changes first dropping the η and then

combining the θζ to form μ Thus λπθηο = λπθο = λπμ

Labials combine with ζ to form ς Thus Αηζηνπο = Αηζηνς

The ζ is dropped when it follows a nasal or ξ and the last vowel is lengthened to compensate (if it

isnrsquot long already) Thus δαηκνλο = δαηκσλ θξελο = θξελ ρεηξο = ρεηξ παηεξο = παηεξ κεηεξο =

κεηεξ etc

Stems that originally ended in ϝ usually retain a π in its place in the nominative Thus βαζηιεϝο =

βαζηιεπο (originally βαζηιεπο) λεϝο = λεπο βνϝο = βνπο etc

o The same phenomenon sometimes occurs in the accusative singular as well where ϝ becomes

π and the final λ is retained Thus περεϝλ = περευλ = περπλ

o The word εξσο is an apparent exception where εξσϝο = εξσο This may be from analogy

with the relatively common -σο ending in Greek or it could be that the stem was originally

εξσ- witout the ϝ

o When the stem ends in -εϝ the ε is usually dropped in the nominative thus περεϝο = περεπο =

περπο (but the genitive and dative are περενο περετ)

Some confusion can occur at the apparent irregularity of stems ending in -π αζηπ αζηενο αζηεη etc

but δαθξπ δαθξπνο δαθξπτ etc The difference is that stems like αζηπ originally ended in a vowel + ϝ

(αζηεϝ) while stems like δαθξπ originally ended in π

Some neuters originally ended in -εο These are usually declined as -νο in the nominative and

accusative In the other cases the endings are simply applied to -εζ- and the sigma is dropped when it

occurs between two vowels επνο (nom acc from επεζο) επενο (gen from επεζνο) επετ (dat from

επεζη) etc

o Stems ending in -αο simple drop the extra sigma in the nominative singular and append the

case endings to -αζ- (dropping ζ when it occurs between two vowels) Thus γεξαο γεξανο

γεξατ etc

o Stems ending in -νο follow the same pattern as those ending in -αο except that the ν is

lengthened to σ in the nominative Thus εσο εννο εντ etc

Neuter stems ending in -καη usually drop the η in the nominative and accusative singular but retain it

in the plural Thus δσκα (nom and acc sing) δσκαηνο (gen sing) δσκαηη (dat sing) δσκαηα (nom and

acc plur) δσκαησλ (gen plur) δσκαηεζζη (dat plur) etc Neuter stems ending in -καξ usually behave

as if they ended in -καη in all cases except the nominative and accusative singular Thus εκαξ εκαηνο

εκαηη etc

The dative plural ending is given as -εζζη This could be shortened to -ζζη (before vowels) -εζη or -ζη

The -ζη ending is the most common in later dialects Thus Homeric θεξπθεζζη is typically θεξπμη in

Attic and Koine

The vocative singular in neuters is always identical to the nominative and accusative singulars

o In masculine and feminine nouns the vocative singular is usually just the stem without any

endings applied as long as the stem is capable of standing alone Thus δαηκνλ ρεηξ παηεξ

κεηεξ ζπγαηεξ αλεξ βνπ λεπ πνιη λεθῡ δαθξπ etc

o In some cases where the nominative singular has slightly modified the stem before adding -ο

the vocative is formed by simply dropping the ο Thus παη βαζηιεπ περπ

o In cases where the ο of the nominative singular has combined with the stem the vocative is

usually indentical to the nominative singular Thus αλαμ λπμ αημ θεξπμ Αηζηνς etc

o In rare cases the vocative is identical to the nominative singular even when dropping the ο

would have been convenient as in εξσο εσο

Alternate Endings The following are some alternate endings that could be applied instead of the usual

case endings listed above

o -ζη can be used to denote place where

o -ζελ can be used to denote source or separation or as an alternative ending for the genitive

case

o -δε can be added to the accusative ending to denote place to which or limit of motion

o -η can be added to denote place where

o -θη(λ) can be added as a substitute for several uses of the genitive and the dative cases

particularly in the instrumental sense

134 References

This lesson references several points in the grammar Note the following

Deponent verbs take middle or passive forms but denote active meanings

Some verbs reduplicate the initial syllable in the present tense by repeating the initial consonant

followed by -η Thus ἴζηεκη (orig ζηζηεκη) ηίζεκη δίδσκη πίκπιεκη γίγλνκαη γηγλώζθσ κηκλήζθσ

etc When futures and second aorists are reduplicated they usually follow the pattern of reduplication

found in the perfect tense If the initial consonant is aspirated the reduplicated consonant is typically

smooth Thus ηίζεκη rather than ζίζεκη

Note that ἴκη δίδσκη and ηίζεκη take the aorist in -θα rather than -ζα

When a word ends in a vowel and the following word begins with a vowel the result is called hiatus

In general hiatus is avoided in poetry through the use of elision crasis synizesis moveable

consonants etc However hiatus is allowed in some circumstances such as when elision has already

occurred when the first of the two vowels is long and occurs on the beat (or ictus) of the verse or

when a long vowel or diphthong has been shortened or when the two vowels were originally separated

by ϝ

Recall that the verbal augment is frequently omitted

135 Vocabulary

Ἄηο Ἄηδνο ὁ (nom not used) Hades

ἄιγνο ενο ηό grief pain woe trouble

Ἀρηιιεύο ῆνο ὁ Achilles

δαίο δαηηόο ἡ feast banquet portion

Εεύο Γηόο ὁ Zeus

ἥξσο ἥξσνο ὁ hero mighty warrior protector savior

ἴθζῑκνο ε νλ mighty valiant stout-hearted brave

θύσλ θπλόο ὁ ἡ dog

κῆληο ηνο ἡ wrath fury madness rage

νὐιόκελνο ε νλ accursed destructive deadly

πξντάπησ πξντάςσ πξνΐαςα hurl forward send forth

ηίζεκη (ζε- ζε-) ζήζσ ἔζεθα put place cause

Ἀρηιιεπο (Ἀρηιιεϝ-) Ἀρηιιενο Ἀρηιιεη Ἀρηιιεα

δαηο (δαηη-) δαηηνο δαηηη δαηηα δαηηεο δαηησλ δαηηεζζη δαηηαο

Εεπο Γηνο Γηη Γηα

ἡξσο ἡξσνο ἡξστ ἡξσα ἡξσεο ἡξσσλ ἡξσεζζη ἡξσαο

θπσλ θπλνο θπλη θπλα θπλεο θπλσλ θπλεζζη θπλαο

κεληο (κελη-) κεληνο κεληη κεληλ κεληεο κελησλ κεληεζζη κεληαο

136 Translation

1 κῆληο Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο ἦλ νὐινκέλε ἔζεθε γὰξ κῡξηrsquo ἄιγεα ηνῖζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ πξνΐαςε δὲ πνιιὰο (ᾱ)

ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἰθζίκνπο (ῑ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη ἔηεπρε δrsquo αὐηνὺο ἑιώξηα θαὶ δαῖηα θύλεζζηλ νἰσλνῖζί ηε ἐηέιεζε δὲ βνπιὴλ

Γηόο 2 ζεὰ (ᾱ) ἀείδεη κῆληλ νὐινκέλελ Ἀρηιῆνο ἣ ἔζεθελ κῡξίrsquo ἄιγεrsquo Ἀραηνῖζηλ 3 ζενὶ ὀιέθνπζη ηὸλ ζηξαηόλ θαὶ

πξντάπηνπζη πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη 4ηεύμνκελ κῡξίνπο Ἀραηνὺο ἑιώξηα θύλεζζηλ θαὶ δαῖηα ηνῖζηλ

νἰσλνῖζηλ νὕλεθα ἠηίκαζαλ (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) 5 θᾱιὴ ἦλ ἡ βνπιὴ Γηόο

KEY

1 The wrath of Achilles son of Peleus was destructive for it caused countless woes to the Achaeans and sent

forth many valiant souls of heros to Hades making them spoils and a banquet for the dogs and the vultures 2 The

goddess sings the accursed wrath of Achilles which brought countless woes to the Achaeans 3 The gods are

destroying the camp and sending forth many souls of the heros to Hades 4 We will make countless Achaeans spoils

for the dogs and a feast for these vultures because they dishonored Chryses 5 The will of Zeus was good

137 Iliad 1-5

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κπξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςπρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιήλ

Μῆληλ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse

ἄεηδε - present active imperative 2nd

person singular of ἀείδσ

ζεά - vocative case

Πειεηάδεσ = Πειεηάδᾱν (the verse may have originally read Πειεηάδᾱrsquo)

νὐινκέλελ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse as well as out of

the natural order and is placed directly opposite the word κῆληλ

κῡξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο - the hiatus is permited because elision has already occurred in κῡξίνηο

Ἄηδη was originally Ἄϝηδη and is still accented as it began with α instead of αη

ἡξώσλ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse and its deviation from

the natural order

δὲ ἑιώξηα - the hiatus is permitted because the original was δὲ ϝειώξηα

ηεῦρε - the augment is dropped (usually ἔηεπρε)

ἐηειείεην - imperfect passive indicative 3rd

person singular of ηειείσ

KEY

Sing O goddess of the accursed wrath of Achilles Peleiades

which brought countless woes to the Achaeans

and cast forth the souls of many valiant warriors to Hades

making them the spoils and feast of both dogs

and vultures But the will of Zeus was accomplished

138 Composition

1 The valiant Achaeans are singing the accursed wrath of Achilles 2 The wrath of Achilles caused many woes

to the Achaeans and sent many valiant souls of heroes to the god Hades 3 We shall make the army of the Achaeans

a booty for the dogs and a banquet for the birds 4 We are accomplishing the will of the goddess

KEY

1 ἴθζῑκνη Ἀραηνὶ ἀείδνπζηλ νὐινκέλελ κῆληλ Ἀρηιῆνο 2 κῆληο Ἀρηιῆνο ἔζεθε κῡξίrsquo ἄιγεrsquo Ἀραηνῖζη θαὶ

πξνΐαςε πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἰθζίκνπο ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη 3 ηεύμνκελ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ ἑιώξηα θύλεζζηλ θαὶ δαῖηα

νἰσλνῖζηλ 4 ηεύρνκελ βνπιὴλ ζεᾶο

Lesson 14

(519-526 1159-1192)

(cf 586)

141 Syllable Quantity

A syllable is long (by nature) when it contains a long vowel or a diphthong or (by position) when it ends in two

consecutive consonants (or a double consonant) A short vowel followed by a mute and a liquid κ or λ is common

and can be either long or short depending on the requirements of the verse Occasionally the letters ι κ λ ξ or ζ

are doubled in pronunciation when they follow a short vowel making the syllable long by position but this

convention is not always represented in writing And occasionally a lost ϝ will combine with another consonant to

make the preceding syllable long by position

Observe the following rules when determing the length of a syllable

Any vowel with the circumflex accent is long

The vowel of any ultmia whose penult bears the circumflex is short

If the penult has an acute then the vowel of the ultima must also be long

If the vowel of the ultima is short and the penult has the acute then the vowel of the penult must

be short as well

If the antepenult is accented the vowel of the ultima must be short

Occasionally these rules do not apply to certain compounds where one of the two words are

accented as if they were separate

If a short syllable stands where a long syllable is expected it is usually because the pause of the caesura or

diaresis fills out the foot or because the following word has lost a consonant (usually ϝ or ζ) And occasionally a

short syllable ending in a consonant is lengthened when it occurs on the ictus (beat) of the verse Such lengthening is

called thesis

142 Metrical Quantity

With the exception of pauses at the end of the verse caesura and diaresis all feet must consist of two long

syllables or a long syllable followed by two shorts Thus if a long syllable is followed by a short syllable then the

next syllable must be short as well Likewise if a short syllable is followed by a long syllable then the preceding

syllable must be short as well

When a word ends in a short vowel (and sometimes -νη and -αη) and the following word begins with a vowel

the short vowel is usually elided unless the following word originally began with ϝ When a word ends in a long

vowel or a diphthong and the following word begins with a vowel the long vowel is usually shortened This

phenomenon can also occur within the same word and again it is less common when the following word originally

began with ϝ Vowel shortening is also rare when the long vowel occurs on the ictus

The meter of Homer is called dactylic or heroic hexameter and is the most common meter in Greek verse Each

verse has six feet The first five feet can be dactyls (one long syllable followed by two short syllables) or spondees

(two long syllables) The final foot of the verse is always a spndee but keep in mind that the pause at the end of the

verse often combines with a final short syllable to form one long syllable The fifth foot of each verse is usually a

dactyl with only one in twenty (or so) verses containing a spondee in the fifth foot The verses that have a spndee in

the fifth foot are called spondaic and usually take slightly longer to recite In dactylic hexameter the ictus (beat) of

the verse always occurs on the first syllable of each foot producing six distinct beats per verse

Caesura occurs when a word ends within a foot (ie at the end of the first syllable of a foot or between the two

short syllables of the foot) When a caesura occurs at a natural pause in the verse this is said to be the caesura of the

verse A pause after the first syllable of a foot is called a masculine caesura and a pause after the second syllable of

the foot is called a feminine caesura

Diaresis occurs when the end of a word coincides with the end of a foot When this falls at a natural pause in

the verse it is said to be the diaresis of the verse When the diaresis occurs at the end of the fourth foot is it called

the bucolic diaresis (due to its common use in pastoral poetry)

143 Marking the Rhythm of the Iliad 1-5

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κπξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςπρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιήλ

ΜΖ ληλ α | ΔΗ δε ζε | Α ΠΖ | ΛΖ η α | ΓΔΧ α ρη | ΛΖ Ο-

dact dact spon dact dact spon

The pauses at the end of κῆληλ and ἄεηδε are feminine caesuras

The pauses at the end of ζεά Πειεηάδεσ and Ἀρηιῆνο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of ζεά is the caesura of the verse

The dash at the end of the verse indicates a pause that combines with a short vowel to fill out the

last foot

ΟΤ ιν κε | ΝΖΝ Ζ | ΜΤ ξη α | ΥΑΗ ΟΗ | ΑΛ γε ε | ΘΖ ΚΔΝ-

dact spon dact spon dact spon

The pauses at the end of κῡξίrsquo and ἄιγε are feminine caesuras

The pauses at the end of νὐινκέλελ and ἔζεθελ are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of νὐινκέλελ is the caesura of the verse

The pauses at the end of ἥ and Ἀραηνῖο are diareses

The diaresis at Ἀραηνῖο is a bucolic diaresis

κῡξία Ἀραηνῖο and ἄιγεα ἔζεθελ are examples of hiatus

The first syllable of ἄιγεrsquo is long because it is followed by two consecutive consonants

ΠΟΛ ΛΑ | ΓrsquoΗΦ ΘΗ | ΜΟΤ ΦΤ | ΥΑ ΑΗ | ΓΗ πξν τ | Α ΦΔΝ-

spon spon spon spon dact spon

The pauses at the end of ἰθζίκνπο and ςπράο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of πνιιάο is a diaresis

δὲ ἰθζίκνπο is hiatus

The first syllable of πνιιάο is long by position as is the first syllable of ἰθζίκνπο the last syllable

of Ἄηδη and the second syllable of πξνΐαςελ

Ζ ΡΧ | ΧΝ ΑΤ | ΣΟΤ δε ε | ΛΧ ξη α | ΣΔΤ ρε θπ | ΝΔ ΗΝ-

spon spon dact dact dact spon

The pause at the end of ηεῦρε is a feminine caesura

The pauses at the end of ἡξώσλ and αὐηνύο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of ἡξώσλ is the caesura of the verse

The pause at the end of ἑιώξηα is a diaresis

ΟΗ Χ | ΝΟΗ ζη ηε | ΓΑΗ ηα δη | Ο δrsquoε ηε | ΛΔΗ ε ην | ΒΟΤ ΛΖΝ

The pauses at the end of νἰσλνῖζη and δαῖηα are feminine caesuras

The pause at the end of Γηόο is a masculine caesura

The pauses at the end of ηε ἐηειείεην and βνπιήλ are diareses

The pause at the end of δαῖηα is the diaresis of the verse

Lesson 15

(693-694 697-700)

(cf 781-782 837 580 1009 996 584-585)

151 Third Declension Paradigms (continued)

Third declension nouns ending in a dental mute stem are exemplified by ἄλαμ (king ϝαλαθη-) λύμ (night λπθη-

) παῖο (child παηδ-) and γέξσλ (old man γεξνλη-)

N ἄλαμ λύμ παῖο γέξσλ

G ἄλαθηνο λπθηόο παηδόο γέξνληνο

D ἄλαθηη λπθηί παηδί γέξνληη

A ἄλαθηα λύθηα παίδα γέξνληα

V ἄλαμ [ἄλα] λύμ παῖ γέξσλ

N V A ἄλαθηε λύθηε παίδε γέξνληε

G D ἀλάθηνηηλ λύθηνηηλ παίδνηηλ γεξόληνηηλ

N ἄλαθηεο λύθηεο παίδεο γέξνληεο

G ἀλάθησλ λπθηῶλ παηδῶλ γεξόλησλ

D ἀλάθηεζζη λύθηεζζη παίδεζζη γεξόληεζζη

ἄλαμη λπμί παηζί γέξνπζη

A ἄλαθηαο λύθηνο παῖδαο γέξνληαο

Third declension nouns ending in labial and palatal stems are exemplified by αἴμ (goat αἰγ-) θῆξπμ (herald

θεξῡθ-) and Αἰζίνς (Ethipoian Αἰζηνπ-)

N αἴμ θῆξπμ Αἰζίνς

G αἰγόο θήξῡθνο Αἰζίνπνο

D αἰγί θήξῡθη Αἰζίνπη

A αἶγα θήξῡθα Αἰζίνπα

V αἴμ θῆξπμ Αἰζίνς

N V A αἶγε θήξῡθε Αἰζίνπε

G D αἴγνηηλ θεξύθνηηλ (ῡ) Αἰζηόπνηηλ

N αἶγεο θήξῡθεο Αἰζίνπεο

G αἰγῶλ θεξύθσλ (ῡ) Αἰζηόπσλ

D αἴγεζζη θεξύθεζζη (ῡ) Αἰζηόπεζζη

αἰμί θήξῡμ Αἰζίνςη

A αἶγαο θήξῡθαο Αἰζίνπαο

Nouns with stems ending in -εξ express different grades of ablaut in the stem (-εξ -εξ -ξ) with a recessive

accent in the vocative singular These are exemplified by παηήξ (father παηεξ-) κήηεξ (mother κεηεξ-) ζπγάηεξ

(daughter ζπγαηεξ-) and ἀλήξ (man ἀλεξ-)

N παηήξ κήηεξ ζπγάηεξ ἀλήξ

G παηέξνο -ηξόο κεηέξνο -ηξόο ζπγαηέξνο -ηξόο ἀλέξνο ἀλδξόο

D παηέξη -ηξί κεηέξη -ηξί ζπγαηέξη -ηξί ἀλέξη ἀλδξί

A παηέξα κεηέξα ζπγαηέξα ἀλέξα ἄλδξα

V πάηεξ κῆηεξ ζύγαηεξ ἄλεξ

N V A παηέξε κεηέξε ζπγαηέξε ἀλέξε ἄλδξε

G D παηέξνηηλ κεηέξνηηλ ζπγαηέξνηηλ ἀλέξνηηλ ἄλδξνηηλ

N παηέξεο κεηέξεο ζπγαηέξεο ζύγαηξεο ἀλέξεο ἄλδξεο

G παηέξσλ -ηξῶλ κεηέξσλ -ηξῶλ ζπγαηέξσλ ζπγαηξῶλ ἀλέξσλ ἀλδξῶλ

D παηξάζη κεηξάζη ζπγαηξάζη ζπγαηέξεζζη ἀλδξάζη ἄλδξεζζη

A παηέξαο κεηέξαο ζπγαηέξαο ζύγαηξαο ἀλέξαο ἄλδξαο

Note that δ is inserted into ἀλήξ between λ and ξ where they occur together The accent of the shorter forms of

ἀλέξ follow the pattern seen in παηήξ The alpha after ξ in the dative plural was added euphonically to strengthen

what was originally a sonant ξ

152 Vocabulary

ἄλαμ ἄλαθηνο ὁ king lord protector

ἀλήξ ἀλέξνο (ἀλδξόο) ὁ (real) man warrior hero

ἄξ(α) (ῥά) naturally of course as you know as you might expect that is

in effect (not always translatable)

βαζηιεύο ῆνο ὁ king ruler

δή indeed truly forsooth now

δηίζηεκη (ζηε- ζηα-) δηαζηήζσ stand apart separate

δηέζηεζα (δηέζηελ)

ἐμ νὗ from the time when

ἐξίδσ (ἐξηδ-) - ἤξηζ(ζ)α quarrel strive

ἠξηζάηελ (they) strove

ἔξηο ηδνο ἡ strife quarrel

Λεηώ Λεηόνο ἡ Leto

κάρνκαη fight battle

κάρεζζαη to fight

μπλίκη μπλήζσ μπλῆθα (μπλέεθα) bring together throw together hearken heed

ὄξλῡκη ὄξζσ ὦξζα (ὤξνξνλ) stir up kindle incite excite arouse

πξῶηνο ε νλ first foremost chief

ηὸ πξῶηνλ ηὰ πξῶηα (adv) at first firstly first

πἱόο νῦ ὁ son

ζθσε these two

153 Translation

1 ζεὰ (ᾱ) ἀείζεη κῆληλ Ἀρηιῆνο ἐμ νὗ δὴ ηὰ πξῶηα δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο θαὶ Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἀλδξῶλ ἠξηζάηελ θαὶ

δηεζηήηελ 2 ηίο ζεῶλ μπλέεθε δῖνλ Ἀρηιῆά ηε θαὶ Ἀηξεΐδελ ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 3 πἱὸο Λεηόνο θαὶ Γηὸο ἑθεβόινο

μπλέεθέ ζθσε ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη ηὸλ γὰξ βαζηιεὺο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἐρόισζελ ὁ δrsquo ὦξζε θαθὴλ λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ

ὤιεθε δὲ ιᾱνύο

KEY

1 The goddess sings the wrath of Achilles from the time when first the divine Achilles and Atreides king of

men strove and separated 2 Which of the gods brought together the divine Achilles and the son of Atreus to fight

in strife 3 The son of Leto and Zeus the Free-shooter brought these two together to fight in strife for Atreides the

king enraged him so he stirred up an evil plague through the camp of the Achaeans and destroyed their host

154 Iliad 1-10

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κῡξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςῡρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιή

ἐμ νὗ δὴ ηὰ πξῶηα δηαζηήηελ ἐξίζαληε

Ἀηξεΐδεο ηε ἄλαμ ἀλδξῶλ θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεύο

ηίο ηrsquo ἄξ ζθσε ζεῶλ ἔξηδη μπλέεθε κάρεζζαη

Λεηνῦο θαὶ Γηὸο πἱόο ὁ γὰξ βαζηιῆη ρνισζεὶο

λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ ὦξζε θαθήλ ὀιέθνλην δὲ ιᾱνί

δηαζηήηελ = δηεζηήηελ

ἐξίζαληε = aor act part nom dual masc (they two) having quarreled

ηε ἄλαμ originally ηε ϝάλαμ thus allowing the hiatus

ζθσε [ἕσ] = 3rd

pers pron acc dual these two

ἔξηδη is dative of means in strife

κάρεζζαη = pres act infinitive deponent to fight

ρνισζείο = aor pass part nom sing masc having been enraged

Λεηνῦο = contracted form of Λεηόνο

βαζηιῆη = Agamemnon instrumental case by the king

ὀιέθνλην = ὠιέθνλην imperf pass ind 3rd

pers plural were being destroyed or kept

perishing

KEY

Sing O goddess of the accursed wrath of Achilles Peleiades

which brought countless woes to the Achaeans

and cast forth the souls of many valiant warriors to Hades

making them the spoils and feast of both dogs

and vultures But the will of Zeus was accomplished

indeed from the time when at first having quarreled both

Atreides king of men and the divine Achilles separated

Which of the gods of course brought these two together to fight in strife

The son of Leto and Zeus For enraged by the king he

kindled an evil plague up through the camp and the people were destroyed

155 Composition

1 ἠείδνκελ κῆληλ νὐινκέλελ Ἀρηιιῆνο ἐμ νὗ ηὰ πξῶηα Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἀλέξσλ (ἀλδξῶλ) θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο

ἠξηζάηελ θαὶ δηεζηεζάηελ (δηεζηήηελ) 2 ηίο ζεῶλ μπλῆθε (μπλέεθα) Ἀραηνὺο θαὶ ιᾱὸλ Πξηάκνπ ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 3

μπλῆθε (μπλέεθα) ζθσε (ἕν) πἱὸο Λεηόνο (Λεηνῦο) θαὶ Γηὸο ἑθεβόινο ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 4 Αηξεΐδεο βαζηιεὺο

Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο ἐρόισζαλ ἄλαθηα ἑθεβόινλ θαὶ ὁ ὦξζα (ὤξνξε) λνῦζνπο πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θαθὰο (ᾱ) ἀλὰ

ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ θαθῶο ὤιεθελ ἀγαζὸλ ιᾱόλ

Lesson 16

(887-897 910 1065-1068 697-703 707 710 732)

161 Formation of Middle Passive and Deponent Verbs

The endings of the middle voice are different from the active voice The passive voice applies the same endings

as the middle voice except in the aorist passive which applies active endings Because the middle and passive voice

are identical (other than the aorist) the context determines whether a verb is used with middle or the passive

meaning The aorist middle is often used with a passive meaning (especially in athematic forms) and the aorist

passive is often used with a middle meaning

The perfect and pluperfect of the middlepassive are athematic with the personal endings attached directly to

the reduplicated stem

The future perfect passive is formed by adding -ζνε to the perfect middle passive lengthening the vowel that

precedes this ending

The first aorist passive is formed by adding -(ζ)ζεε to the stem Before ζ π and β become θ θ and γ become ρ

and η δ ζ become ζ Many verbs have a second aorist passive that drops the ζ altogether

Deponent verbs have no active form but use the middlepassive forms in an active sense

162 Paradigms Present and Future Indicative MiddlePassive of ιύσ

Present

S 1 ιύνκαη

2 ιύεαη [(ιύῃ)]

3 ιύεηαη

D 2 ιύεζζνλ

3 ιύεζζνλ

P 1 ιπόκε(ζ)ζα

2 ιύεζζα

3 ιύνληαη

Future

S 1 ιύζνκαη (ῡ)

2 ιύζεαη (ῡ) [(ιύζῃ (ῡ))]

3 ιύζεηαη (ῡ)

D 2 ιύζεζζνλ (ῡ)

3 ιύζεζζνλ (ῡ)

P 1 ιῡζόκεζα

2 ιύζεζζε (ῡ)

3 ιύζνληαη (ῡ)

163 The Use of Voice in Greek

The active voice indicates that the subject is acting λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ ὦξζε = he kindled a plague up

through the camp

The passive voice indicates that the subject is acted upon Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιή = but the will of Zeus was

being accomplished

The Middle voice denotes one of three meanings

1 The subject acting upon itself πείζνκαη (I convince myself) θαίλνκαη (I show myself)

2 The subject acting for itself θαιένκαη (I call for myself)

3 The subject acting upon something belonging to itself ιύνκαη (I loose my own I ransom)

When determing the difference between the middle and passive keep in mind that the middle voice always

conveys a direct or indirect reference to the subject and that the subject is effect by or has an interest in the action

164 Third Declension Stems in -επ -επ -νπ and -σϝ

Stems in -επ usually became -εϝ and the third declension endings are applied after the ϝ Thus βαζηιεϝνο =

βαζηιῆνο βαηιεϝη = βαζηιῆη βαζηιεϝα = βαζηιῆα etc Note that the ϝ explains why εη (εϝη) does not form an

improper diphthong as well as why the accusative singular ends in -εα (as if the stem ended in a consonant) instead

of -ελ (as if the stem ended in a vowel) Note that when the ending consists of a consonant the -εϝ is contracted to

the diphthong -επ Thus βαζηιεϝο = βαζηιεύο βαζηιεϝ = βαζηιεῦ βαζηιεϝζη = βαζηιεῦζη In rare cases the other

endings also contract the -ε to -ε (ie βαζηιῆνο = βαζηιένο)

In stems ending originally in -ᾱϝ the ᾱ becomes ε in the Ionic dialect These are declined the same as -εϝ

except that -εῡ is formed before consonants instead of -επ Thus λᾱϝο = λεϝο = λεῦο λᾱϝ = λεϝ = λεῦ But note the

exception in the shorter form of the dative plural where λᾱϝζη = λεϝζη = λεπζί (rather than λεῡζη) In contracted

forms the ε usually becomes ε

In stems ending in -σϝ the third declension endings are applied directly to the stem Thus ἡξσϝο = ἥξσο

ἡξσϝνο = ἥξσνο ἡξσϝη = ἥξση ἡξσϝα = ἥξσα etc

In stems ending originally in -ν or -νϝ the third declension endings are applied as usual But keep in mind that -

νϝ is contracted to the diphthong -νπ before a consonant thus βνϝο = βνῦο and βνϝζη = βνπζί But note the

exception that occurs in the accusative singular where βνϝλ = βνῦλ rather than βνϝα

βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

(βαζηιεϝ-) (βνϝ-) (λᾱϝ-) (ἡξσϝ-)

N βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

G βαζηιῆνο [ένο] βνόο λεόο [εόο] ἥξσνο

D βαζηιῆη [έη] βνΐ λεί ἥξση

A βαζηιῆα [έα] βνῦλ [βῶλ] λῆα [έα] ἥξσα

V βαζηιεῦ βνῦ λεῦ ἥξσο

N V A βαζηιῆε βόε λῆε ἥξσε

G D βαζηιήνηηλ βόνηηλ λήνηηλ ἡξώνηηλ

N V βαζηιῆεο βόεο λῆεο ἥξσεο

G βαζηιήσλ βνῶλ λεῶλ [εῶλ] ἡξώσλ

D βαζηιήεζζη βόεζζη λήεζζη [έεζζη] ἡξώεζζη

βαζηιεῦζη βνπζί λεπζί ἥξσζη

A βαζηιῆαο βόαο (βνῦο) λῆαο [έαο] ἥξσαο

165 Third Declension Stems in -εζ -αζ and -νζ

When a stem ends in a vowel plus -ζ the initial ζ is dropped between two vowels Thus γεξαζνο = γέξανο

ἠνζνο = ἠόνο etc

All third declension nouns with stems ending in -εο are neuters and follow the pattern of ἔπνο The third

declension endings are applied as usual except that the nominative vocative and accusative singulars end in -νο

Nouns with stems ending in -νο take -σο in the nominative and vocative singular but otherwise apply the third

declension endings as usual (dropping ζ between two vowels)

ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

(ϝεπεζ-) (γεξαζ-) (ἀϝζνζ- (ᾱ))

N ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

G ἔπενο γέξανο ἠόνο

D ἔπετ γέξατ ἠόη

A ἔπνο γέξαο ἠόα

V ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

N V A ἔπεε γέξαε

G D ἐπένηηλ γεξάνηηλ

N V ἔπεα γέξα(α)

G ἐπέσλ γεξάσλ

D ἐπέεζζη γεξάεζζη

ἔπε(ζ)ζη γέξα(ζ)ζη

A ἔπεα γέξα(α)

166 Third Declension Stems in -καη and -καξ

Stems ending in -καη and -καξ are neuters

Stems in -καη drop the -ηο in the nominative vocative and accusative singular δσκαηο = δῶκα Otherwise the

third declension endings are applied as usual

Stems ending in -καξ are declined like those ending in -καη except in the nominative vocative and accusative

singular (which end in -καξ)

δῶκα ἦκαξ

(δσκαη-) (ἠκαξ- ἠκαη-)

N δῶκα ἦκαξ

G δώκαηνο ἤκαηνο

D δώκαηη ἤκαηη

A δῶκα ἦκαξ

V δῶκα ἦκαξ

N V A δώκαηε ἤκαηε

G D δσκάηνηηλ ἠκάηνηηλ

N V δώκαηα ἤκαηα

G δσκάησλ ἠκάησλ

D δσκάηεζζη ἠκάηεζζη

δώκαζη ἤκαζη

A δώκαηα ἤκαηα

167 Third Declension Stems in -λη and -λ

Stems ending in -λη drop the -λη before ζ and lengthen the preceding vowel thus παληο = πᾶο παληζη = πᾶζη

Otherwise the third declension endings are applied as usual In neuters the -η is dropped at the end of the word thus

παλη = πᾶλ Stems in -λ drop the -λ before ζ and lengthen the preceding vowel in the masculine (but not in the

neuter)

πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

(παλη- παληα- παλη-)

Masc Fem Neut

N πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

G παληόο πάζεο (ᾱ) παληόο

D παληί πάζῃ (ᾱ) παληί

A πάληα πᾶζαλ πᾶλ

V πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

N V πάληεο πᾶζαη πάληα

G πάλησλ πᾱζάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] πάλησλ

D πάληεζ(ζ)η πάζῃζη (ᾱ) πάληεζ(ζ)η

πᾶζη πάζῃο (ᾱ) πᾶζη

A πάληνο πάζᾱο (ᾱ) πάληα

κέιᾱο κέιαηλα κέιαλ

(κειαλ- κειαηλα- κειαλ-)

N κέιᾱο κέιαηλα κέιαλ

G κέιαλνο κειαίλεο κέιαλνο

D κέιαλη κειαίλῃ κέιαλη

A κέιαλα κέιαηλαλ κέιαλ

V κέιαλ κέιαηλα κέιαλ

N V A κέιαλε κειαίλᾱ κέιαλε

G D κειάλνηηλ κειαίλῃηλ κειάλνηηλ

N V κέιαλεο κέιαηλαη κέιαλα

G κειάλσλ κειαηλάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] κειάλσλ

D κειάλεζ(ζ)η κειαίλῃζη κειάλεζ(ζ)η

κέιαζη κειαίλῃο κέιαζη

A κέιαλεο κειαίλᾱο κέιαλα

168 Vocabulary

Nouns

Ἀπόιισλ (ᾰ or ᾰ) σλνο ὁ Apollo

ἀξεηήξ (ᾱ) ῆξνο ὁ priest prayer

ζπγάηεξ ηέξνο (ηξόο) ἡ daughter

θνζκήησξ νξνο ὁ commander marshaller

λεῦο λεόο (λεόο) ἡ ship

ζηέκκα καηνο ηό fillet (of white cotton) wreath

ρείξ ρεηξόο ἡ hand arm

Verbs

ἔξρνκαη (ἐξρ- ἐιε- ἐιεπζ- ἐιπζ-) come go

ἐιεύζνκαη I will come I will go

ἦιζνλ (ἤιπζνλ) I came I went

ιίζζνκαη (ιηη-) I beg I entreat

---

ἐιιηζάκελ (ἐιηηόκελ) I begged I entreated

Adjectives Prepositions

ζνόο ή όλ swift speedy

πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ all every (the) whole

Indeclinable

δύν (δύσ) two

κάιηζηα most especially by all means

169 Translation

1 Ἀπόιισλ ἑθεβόινο ρνινῦηαη βαζηιῆη Αηξεΐδῃ θαὶ πέκπεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ ὀιέθνληαη δὲ

ιᾱνί νὕλεθα δῖνο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) 2 Υξύζεο (ῡ) γὰξ ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἑθεβόινπ ἔξρεηαη

ἐπὶ ζνὰο (ᾱ) λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ θέξεη δrsquo ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα ζπγαηξόο ἣλ Ἀηξεΐδεο ἔρεη ἐλ ζηξαηῷ 3 ὁ δrsquo ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἔρεη

ζηέκκαηα ἑθεβόινπ Ἀπόιισλνο ἐλ ρεξζὶλ ἀλὰ ρξῡζέῳ ζθήπηξῳ θαὶ ιίζζεηαη πάληαο Ἀραηνύο κάιηζηα δrsquo Ἀηξεΐδᾱ

δύσ θνζκήηνξε ιᾱῶλ 4 Ἀπόιισλ ρνιώζεηαη βαζηιῆη θαὶ ὄξζεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηόλ 5 ἐιεύζνληαη ἐπὶ ζνὰο

(ᾱ) λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ νἴζνπζη ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα βαζηιῆη 6 ιίζζνληαη πάληαο Ἀραηνύο 7 Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζελ (ῑ)

ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) θαὶ νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε ζύγαηξα

KEY

1 Apollo the free-shooter enraged by king Atreides sent an evil plague through the camp of the Achaeans and

the people were destroyed because the divine Atreides dishonored Chryses the priest 2 For Chryses the priest of

the free-shooter went upon the swift ships of the Achaeans bearing countless ransoms for his daughter whom

Atreides was holding in the camp 3 But the priest had a wreath of Apollo the free-shooter upon a staff in his hand

and was entreating all of the Achaeans but especially the sons of Atreus (who were) the commanders of the host 4

Apollo will be enraged by the king and will kindle an evil plague up through the camp 5 They will go upon the

swift ships of the Achaeans and bring countless ransoms to the king 6 They are entreating all of the Achaeans 7

Atreides dishonored the priest and would not release his daughter

1610 Iliad 11-16

hellipὀιέθνλην δὲ ιᾱνί

νὕλεθα ηὸλ Υξύζελ ἠηίκαζελ ἀξεηῆξα

Αηξεΐδεο ὁ γὰξ ἦιζε ζνὰο ἐπὶ λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ

ιπζόκελνο ηε ζύγαηξα θέξσλ ηrsquo ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα

ζηέκκαηrsquo ἔρσλ ἐλ ρεξζὶλ ἑθεβόινπ Ἀπόιισλνο

ρξπζέῳ ἀλὰ ζθήπηξῳ θαὶ ἐιίζζεην πάληαο Ἀραηνύο

Ἀηξεΐδα δὲ κάιηζηα δύσ θνζκήηνξε ιαῶλ

ηόλ Υξύζελ = that (well-known) Chryses

The first verse ends in two spondees making it a spondaic verse and emphasizing the fact that

Chryses was a priest

ιῡζόκελνο = fut mid part nom masc sing being about to ransom

θέξσλ = pres act part nom sing masc bearing bringing

ἔρσλ = pres act part nom sing masc having holding

ρεξζὶλ ἑθεβόινπ = ρεξζὶ ϝεθεβόινπ

ρξῡζέῳ = synizesis where -έῳ is pronounced as a single syllable

ἐιίζζεην = imperf act ind 3rd

pers sing dep (kept) entreating was entreating

Ἀηξεΐδᾱ = dual of Ἀηξεΐδεο refers to both Agamemnon and Menelaus

KEY

hellipand the people were being destroyed

because Atreides dishonored Chryses the priest

For he had gone upon the swift ships of the Achaeans

intending to ransom his daughter bearing countless gifts

and holding in his hand fillets of Apollo the free-shooter

upon a golden staff and was entreating all of the Achaeans

but especially the two sons of Atreus the commanders of the host

1611 Composition

1 Chryses the priest of Apollo is dishonored by the son of Atreus 2 The Achaeans will go from their swift

ships to Troy and ransom the beloved daughter of the priest 3 We shall bring many ransoms and shall hold in our

hands the fillets of Apollo 4 We do not have a golden scepter but we entreat Priam and all the people of Troy 5

The two sons of Atreus marshallers of the people are entreating Priam but he will slight them 6 The son of

Atreus king of men slighted the priest and did not release his daughter

KEY

1 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) Ἀπόιινπ ἀηῑκάδεηαη Ἀηξεΐδῃ 2 Ἀραηνὶ ἐιεύζνληαη ἐθ ζνάσλ (ᾱ) λήσλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ (ῑ)

θαὶ ἀπειύζνληαη (ῡ) θίιε ζπγάηεξα ἀξεηῆξη (ᾱ) 3 νἴζνκελ πνιιrsquo ἄπνηλα θαὶ ἕζρνκελ ἐλ ρείξεζζη ζηέκκαηα

Ἀπόιινπ 4 νὐθ ἔρνκελ ζθῆπηξνλ ρξύζενλ ἀιιὰ ιηζζόκεζα Πξίακνλ θαὶ πᾶληα ιᾱνλ Ἰιίνπ (ῑ) 5 δύrsquo Ἀηξεΐδᾱ

θνζκήηεξᾱ ιᾱσλ ιίζζεζζνλ Πξίακνλ αὐηνὺο δrsquo ἀηῑκάζεη 6 Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἄλδξσλ ἠηίκαζελ (ῑ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) θαὶ

νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε ζπγάηεξα

1612 Meter

ΟΤ λε θα | ΣΟΝ ΥΡΤ | ΖΝ Ζ | ΣΗ κα ζελ | Α ΡΖ | ΣΖ ΡΑ~

Α ηξε η | ΓΖ ν γαξ | ΖΛ ζε ζν | Α ε πη | ΝΖ αο α | ΥΑΗ ΧΝ

ΛΤ ζν κε | ΝΟ ηε ζπ | ΓΑΣ ξα θε | ΡΧΝ ηα πε | ΡΔΗ ζη α | ΠΟΗ ΝΑ~

ΣΔΜ καη ε | ΥΧΝ ΔΝ | ΥΔΡ ζηλ ε | ΚΖ βν ινπ | Α ΠΟΛ | ΛΧ ΝΟ~

ΥΡΤζεσα | ΝΑ ΚΖΠ | ΣΡΧ θαη ε | ΛΗ ζε ην | ΠΑΝ ηαο α | ΥΑΗ ΟΤ

ΑΣ ξε η | ΓΑ δε κα | ΛΗ ηα δπ | Χ ΚΟ | ΜΖ ην ξε | ΛΑ ΧΝ

Lesson 17

(910 - imperfect middle and passive aorist middle of ιύσ 648-658 - the table

of endings in 32)

171 Paradigms Imperfect MiddlePassive of ιύσ

S 1 ἐιπόκελ

2 ἐιύεν [(ἐιύεπ)]

3 ἐιύεην

D 2 ἐιύεζζνλ

3 ἐιπέζζελ

P 1 ἐιπόκε(ζ)ζα

2 ἐιύεζζε

3 ἐιύνλην

172 Paradigms Aorist Middle of ιύσ

Thematic Athematic (2nd

Aorist)

S 1 ἐιῡζάκελ ἐιύκελ

2 ἐιύζαν (ῡ) [(ἐιύζσ (ῡ))] ἔιπ(ζ)ν

3 ἐιύζαην (ῡ) ἔιπην

D 2 ἐιύζαζζνλ (ῡ) ἔιπζζνλ

3 ἐιῡζάζζελ ἐιύζζελ

P 1 ἐιῡζάκε(ζ)ζα ἐιύκε(ζ)ζα

2 ἐιύζαζζε (ῡ) ἔιπζζε

3 ἐιύζαλην (ῡ) ἔιπλην

173 Vocabulary

δῶκα αηνο ηό house home

παῖο παηδόο ὁ ἡ child son daughter

π(η)όιηο ηνο (ενο) ἡ city state

ἐπθλήκῑο ῑδνο well-greaved

ἐγώ(λ) κέν (κεῦ) I

ζύ ζέν (ζεῦ) you

κέλhellip δέ on the one handhellip trulyhellip on the one handhellip on the other hand

partlyhellip partly the onehellip the other

νἴθαδε home homeward to home home

Verbs

ἅδνκαη (ἁγ-) (defective) I reverence

δέρνκαη I accept I receive

δέμνκαη I will accept

ἐδεμάκελ (ἐδέγκελ) I accepted

δίδσκη (δσ- δν-) I give I grant

(δη)δώζσ I will give

ἔδσθα I gave

ἐθπέξζσ (πεξζ- πξαζ-) I sack (utterly) I plunder I pillage

ἐθπέξζσ I will sack

ἐμέπεξζα (ἐμέπξαζνλ) I sacked

ἱθλένκαη I arrive I reach (a destination)

ἵμνκαη I will arrive

ἱθόκελ (ῑ) I arrived

174 Translation

1 ζενὶ ἔρνπζηλ ιύκπηα δώκαηα ἔδσθαλ δrsquo Ἀηξεΐδεο θαὶ ἄιινηζηλ ἐπθλεκίδεζζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἐθπέξζαη

(infinitive) πόιηλ Πξηάκνπ ηόηε δrsquo ἵθνλην (ῑ) ἐὺ νἴθαδε νὕλεθα παῖδα θίιελ ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἔιῡζαλ 2 ἀπέιῡζαλ

ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνὶ ζύγαηξα θίιελ ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἐδέμαλην δrsquo ἀγιαὰ ἄπνηλα νὕλεθα ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλα Γηὸο πἱὸλ

ἅδνλην 3 ἅδεηαη ἑθεβόινλ 4 Ἀηξεΐδεο νὐθ ἐδέμαην ηὰ ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα 5 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἔδσθελ ἄπνηλα

πνιιὰ βαζηιῆη Ἀηξεΐδῃ 6 πάληεο ζενὶ θαὶ πᾶζαη ζεαὶ εἶρνλ ιύκπηα δώκαηα 7 Ἀραηνὶ ἐπθλήκῑδεο ἐθπέξζνπζη

Πξηάκνην πόιηλ ἵμνληαη δrsquo ἐπ νἴθαδε 8 παῖο θίιε ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἐιύζαην (ῡ) ἵθεην (ῑ) δrsquo ἐὺ νἴθαδε

KEY

1 The gods have Olympian homes but they gave the son of Atreus and the other well-greaved Achaeans to

utterly sack the city of Priam and then they returned safe at home because they released the dear child of the priest

2 The well-greaved Achaeans released the dear daughter of the priest and received glorious ransoms because they

reverenced the free-shooter Apollo son of Zeus 3 He reverences te free-shooter 4 The son of Atreus did not

receive the glorious ransoms 5 Chryses the priest gave many ransoms to king Atreides 6 All of the gods and all of

the goddesses had Olympian homes 7 The well-greved Achaeans will utterly sack Priamrsquos city and will return safe

to home 8 The dear child of the priest was released and arrived well to her home

175 Iliad 17-21

ltltἈηξεΐδαη ηε θαὶ ἄιινη ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνί

ὑκῖλ κὲλ ζενὶ δνῖελ ιύκπηα δώκαηrsquo ἔρνληεο

ἐθπέξζαη Πξηάκνην πόιηλ ἐὺ δrsquo νἴθαδrsquo ἱθέζζαη

παῖδα δrsquo ἐκνὶ ιῦζαί ηε θίιελ ηά ηrsquo ἄπνηλα δέρεζζαη

ἁδόκελνη Γηὸο πἱὸλ ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλαgtgt

Ἀηξεΐδαηhellip ἄιινη ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνί = vocative case

ὑκῖλ (ῡ) = dat plural of ζύ to you

ζενί = one syllable by synizesis

κέλ (v 18) = correlative of δέ (v 20)

δνῖελ = aor act optative 3rd

plural of δίδσκη may they grant

ἔρνληεο = pres act part nom masc plural of ἔρσ having possessing

ἐθπέξζαη = aor act inf of ἐθπέξζσ to sack utterly

ἱθέζζαη = aor act inf of ἱθένκαη to arrive (compare κάρεζζαη)

ιῦζαη δέρεζζαη = infinitives used as imperatives free and accept

ηά ηrsquo ἄπνηλα (ηά ηε ἄπνηλα) = thesehellip gifts

ἁδόκελνη = pres act part nom masc plural reverencing

KEY

ldquoSons of Atreus and you other well-greaved Achaeans

may the gods who have their homes on Olympus grant you

to utterly sack Priamrsquos city and return safe to home

but release my dear child to me and accept these gifts

reverencing Apollo who shoots at will the son of Zeusrdquo

176 Composition

1 The gods who have (ἔρνληεο) Olympian homes will grant to the sons of Atreus and to the other well-greaved

Achaeans to sack utterly (ἐθπέξζαη) the city of Priam 2 When they sacked the city of Priam they returned happily

home 3 They accepted the shining ransoms and freed the darling daughter of the priest Chryses 4 We reverenced

the free-shooter Apollo son of Leto and Zeus and escaped death 5 Will the son of Atreus accept the shining

ransoms 6 The child of the priest was freed when he gave many shining ransoms which the two sons of Atreus

accepted

KEY

1 ζενὶ ἔρνληεο ιύκπηα δώκαηα δώζνπζη Ἀηξεΐδῃζη θαὶ ἄιινηζηλ ἐπθλεκίδεζζηλ (ῑ) Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἐθπέξζαη πόιηλ

Πξηάκνπ 2 ηόηε ἐμέπεξζαλ πόιηλ Πξηάκνην ἵθνλην (ῑ) ἐὺ νἴθαδε 3 ἐδέμαλην ἀγιαrsquo ἄπνηλα θαὶ ἀπέιῡζαλ ζπγάηεξα

θίιε ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) Υξύζᾱν (ῡ) 4 ἡμάκεζα ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλα Λεηόνο θαὶ Γηὸο πἱόλ θαὶ ζάλαηνλ 5

Ἀηξεΐδεο δέμεηαη ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα 6 παῖο ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἀπειύζαην (ῡ) ηόηε ἔδσθελ ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀγιάα ηὰ

Ἀηξεΐδᾱ ἐδώθαζηλ

Lesson 18

(Perfect and Pluperfect Active of Verbs 904 922 Third Declension γέρων

αἴξ 693-695)

181 Formation of the Perfect and Pluperfect Active

The perfect and pluperfect in all modes experience reduplication of the initial syllable which denotes completed

action Verbs beginning with a single consonant (except ξ) prefix this consonant followed by -ε Thus ιύσ =

ιέιπθα The stem sometimes stands in ablaut relation to the stem of the present as in βαίλσ = βέβεθα A

reduplicated syllable beginning with an aspirated mute is changed to its corresponding voiceless mute in the

reduplicated syllable ie ζλήζθσ = ηέζλεθα In these cases the reduplicated pluperfect adds ἐ- to the reduplicated

syllable ie ιύσ = ιέιπθα = ἐιέιπθε

Vebs beginning with a double consonant two consonants (except a mute followed by a liquid or a nasal) ξ and

some beginning with κ simply augment the stem with the addition of ε-

Verbs beginning in a vowel typically take the temporal augment by lengthening the vowel ie νἴρνκαη =

ᾤρσθα However verbs beginning with a vowel in which an initial consonant has been lost may take the syllabic

augment

Compound verbs typically insert the reduplication and augment between the preposition and the verb ie

ἀπνιύσ = ἀπνιέιπθα = ἀπειειύθε

The first perfect active adds -θα- to the stem followed by the primary endings The first pluperfect active

similarly adds -θε- followed by the secondary endings In general a short final vowel is lengthened before the

addition of the -θα- or -θε- Second perfects and pluperfects active are the older form and are more common in

Homer These omit the θ and simply add -α- or -ε- respectively The second perfects are more common in stems

ending in a consonant

In general the singular perfect and pluperfect active stand in ablaut relation to the dual and plural forms

Perfects and pluperfects are rare in Homer and only occur in some twenty verbs

182 Paradigms λέλυκα and βέβηκα

ιέιπθα ἐιειύθε (ἐιειύθεα)

ιέιπθαο ἐιειύθο (ἐιειύθεαο)

ιέιπθε(λ) ἐιειύθεη (ἐιειύθεε)

ιειύθαηνλ ἐιειύθαηνλ

ιειύθαηνλ ἐιειπθάηελ

ιειύθακελ ἐιειύθεκελ

ιειύθαηε ἐιειύθεηε

ιειύθᾱζη ἐιειύθεζαλ

βέβεθα ἐβεβήθεα (ἐβεβήθε)

βέβεθαο ἐβεβήθεαο (ἐβεβήθεο)

βέβεθε(λ) ἐβεβήθεε (ἐβεβήθεη)

βέβαηνλ ἐβέβαηνλ

βέβαηνλ ἐβεβάηελ

βέβακελ ἐβέβακελ

βέβαηε ἐβέβαηε

βέβᾱζη ἐβέβαζαλ

183 Paradigms γέρων and αἴξ

γέξσλ αἴμ

γέξνληνο αἰγόο

γέξνληη αἰγί

γέξνληα αἶγα

γέξνλ αἴμ

γέξνληε αἶγε

γεξόληνηηλ αἴγνηηλ

γέξνληεο αἶγεο

γεξόλησλ αἰγῶλ

γεξόληεζ(ζ)η (γέξνπζη) αἴγεζ(ζ)η (αἰμί)

γέξνληαο αἶγαο

184 Vocabulary

ἀγνξή ῆο ἡ assembly meeting place gathering harrangue

αἴμ αἰγόο ὁ ἡ goat

Ἄξγνο ενο ηό Argos (both a country and a city in Greece)

γέξσλ νληνο ὁ old man

γῆξαο ανο ηό old age

ἱεξεύο ῆνο ὁ priest holy man

κεξίνλ νπ ηό thigh-bone thigh-piece

πνύο πνδόο ὁ foot

ηαῦξνο νπ ὁ bull

θξήλ θξελόο ἡ diaphragm mind heart soul spirit disposition

δέθαηνο ε νλ tenth

ἡκέηεξνο ε νλ our ours

θνῖινο ε νλ hollow

ὠθύο ὠθεῖα ὠθύ swift speedy

ζλήζθσ die perish

ζαλένκαη

ἔζαλνλ

ηέζλεθα

θεύγσ flee fly escape run (off away along)

θεύμνκαη

ἔθπγνλ

πέθεπγα

G D επένηηλ γεξάνηηλ δσκάηνηηλ ἡκάηνηηλ

N V ἔπεο γέξα(α) δώκαηα ἥκαηα

G ἐπέσλ γεξάσλ δσκάησλ ἡκάησλ

D ἐπέεζζη γεξάεζζη δσκάηεζζη ἡκάηεζζη

ἔπε(ζ)ζη γέξα(ζ)ζη δώκαζη ἥκαζη

A ἔπεα γέξα(α) δώκαηα ἥκαηα

Note that all nouns ening in -νο in the second declension are either masculine or feminine but all nouns ending in -

νο in the third declension are neuter All nouns ending in -κα in the nominative singular and all nouns with genitives

in -αηνο are neuter

133 Further Notes on the Third Declension

Nouns of the third declension can be any gender and consist of stems ending in -η -π or a consonant In

general the following endings are applied to the stem with the usual euphonic changes

N -ο

G -νο

D -η

A -λ

V -

N A V -ε

G D -νηηλ

N V -εο

G -σλ

D -εζζη

A -λο

Standard Euphonic Changes

Later forms of Greek such as Attic and Koine frequently contracted the forms found in Homer

The -λ in the accusative singular and plural is sonant meaning that it is pronounced as λ when

following a vowel but it is pronounced as ᾰ when following a consonant Thus πνιη-λ = πνιηλ and

πνιη-λο = πνιηο but δαηκνλ-λ = δαηκνλα and δαηκνλ-λο = δαηκνλαο

o In most cases a stem originally ending in ϝ is treated as if it ends in a consonant Thus

βαζηιεϝα = βαζηιεα εξσϝα = εξσα

o The word βνϝ- is an exception where ϝ becomes π (probably because νπ is such a common

diphthong) βνϝλ = βνπλ

Dentals are dropped before ζ Thus παηδο = παηο

o In cases where the stem ends in -λη the dental and the ζ are typically dropped with the last

vowel lengthened by compensation Thus γεξνληο = γεξσλ

Palatals combine with ζ to form μ Thus αηγο = αημ θεξπθο = θεξπμ etc

o Stems ending in -θη apply both the dental and palatal changes first dropping the η and then

combining the θζ to form μ Thus λπθηο = λπθο = λπμ

Labials combine with ζ to form ς Thus Αηζηνπο = Αηζηνς

The ζ is dropped when it follows a nasal or ξ and the last vowel is lengthened to compensate (if it

isnrsquot long already) Thus δαηκνλο = δαηκσλ θξελο = θξελ ρεηξο = ρεηξ παηεξο = παηεξ κεηεξο =

κεηεξ etc

Stems that originally ended in ϝ usually retain a π in its place in the nominative Thus βαζηιεϝο =

βαζηιεπο (originally βαζηιεπο) λεϝο = λεπο βνϝο = βνπο etc

o The same phenomenon sometimes occurs in the accusative singular as well where ϝ becomes

π and the final λ is retained Thus περεϝλ = περευλ = περπλ

o The word εξσο is an apparent exception where εξσϝο = εξσο This may be from analogy

with the relatively common -σο ending in Greek or it could be that the stem was originally

εξσ- witout the ϝ

o When the stem ends in -εϝ the ε is usually dropped in the nominative thus περεϝο = περεπο =

περπο (but the genitive and dative are περενο περετ)

Some confusion can occur at the apparent irregularity of stems ending in -π αζηπ αζηενο αζηεη etc

but δαθξπ δαθξπνο δαθξπτ etc The difference is that stems like αζηπ originally ended in a vowel + ϝ

(αζηεϝ) while stems like δαθξπ originally ended in π

Some neuters originally ended in -εο These are usually declined as -νο in the nominative and

accusative In the other cases the endings are simply applied to -εζ- and the sigma is dropped when it

occurs between two vowels επνο (nom acc from επεζο) επενο (gen from επεζνο) επετ (dat from

επεζη) etc

o Stems ending in -αο simple drop the extra sigma in the nominative singular and append the

case endings to -αζ- (dropping ζ when it occurs between two vowels) Thus γεξαο γεξανο

γεξατ etc

o Stems ending in -νο follow the same pattern as those ending in -αο except that the ν is

lengthened to σ in the nominative Thus εσο εννο εντ etc

Neuter stems ending in -καη usually drop the η in the nominative and accusative singular but retain it

in the plural Thus δσκα (nom and acc sing) δσκαηνο (gen sing) δσκαηη (dat sing) δσκαηα (nom and

acc plur) δσκαησλ (gen plur) δσκαηεζζη (dat plur) etc Neuter stems ending in -καξ usually behave

as if they ended in -καη in all cases except the nominative and accusative singular Thus εκαξ εκαηνο

εκαηη etc

The dative plural ending is given as -εζζη This could be shortened to -ζζη (before vowels) -εζη or -ζη

The -ζη ending is the most common in later dialects Thus Homeric θεξπθεζζη is typically θεξπμη in

Attic and Koine

The vocative singular in neuters is always identical to the nominative and accusative singulars

o In masculine and feminine nouns the vocative singular is usually just the stem without any

endings applied as long as the stem is capable of standing alone Thus δαηκνλ ρεηξ παηεξ

κεηεξ ζπγαηεξ αλεξ βνπ λεπ πνιη λεθῡ δαθξπ etc

o In some cases where the nominative singular has slightly modified the stem before adding -ο

the vocative is formed by simply dropping the ο Thus παη βαζηιεπ περπ

o In cases where the ο of the nominative singular has combined with the stem the vocative is

usually indentical to the nominative singular Thus αλαμ λπμ αημ θεξπμ Αηζηνς etc

o In rare cases the vocative is identical to the nominative singular even when dropping the ο

would have been convenient as in εξσο εσο

Alternate Endings The following are some alternate endings that could be applied instead of the usual

case endings listed above

o -ζη can be used to denote place where

o -ζελ can be used to denote source or separation or as an alternative ending for the genitive

case

o -δε can be added to the accusative ending to denote place to which or limit of motion

o -η can be added to denote place where

o -θη(λ) can be added as a substitute for several uses of the genitive and the dative cases

particularly in the instrumental sense

134 References

This lesson references several points in the grammar Note the following

Deponent verbs take middle or passive forms but denote active meanings

Some verbs reduplicate the initial syllable in the present tense by repeating the initial consonant

followed by -η Thus ἴζηεκη (orig ζηζηεκη) ηίζεκη δίδσκη πίκπιεκη γίγλνκαη γηγλώζθσ κηκλήζθσ

etc When futures and second aorists are reduplicated they usually follow the pattern of reduplication

found in the perfect tense If the initial consonant is aspirated the reduplicated consonant is typically

smooth Thus ηίζεκη rather than ζίζεκη

Note that ἴκη δίδσκη and ηίζεκη take the aorist in -θα rather than -ζα

When a word ends in a vowel and the following word begins with a vowel the result is called hiatus

In general hiatus is avoided in poetry through the use of elision crasis synizesis moveable

consonants etc However hiatus is allowed in some circumstances such as when elision has already

occurred when the first of the two vowels is long and occurs on the beat (or ictus) of the verse or

when a long vowel or diphthong has been shortened or when the two vowels were originally separated

by ϝ

Recall that the verbal augment is frequently omitted

135 Vocabulary

Ἄηο Ἄηδνο ὁ (nom not used) Hades

ἄιγνο ενο ηό grief pain woe trouble

Ἀρηιιεύο ῆνο ὁ Achilles

δαίο δαηηόο ἡ feast banquet portion

Εεύο Γηόο ὁ Zeus

ἥξσο ἥξσνο ὁ hero mighty warrior protector savior

ἴθζῑκνο ε νλ mighty valiant stout-hearted brave

θύσλ θπλόο ὁ ἡ dog

κῆληο ηνο ἡ wrath fury madness rage

νὐιόκελνο ε νλ accursed destructive deadly

πξντάπησ πξντάςσ πξνΐαςα hurl forward send forth

ηίζεκη (ζε- ζε-) ζήζσ ἔζεθα put place cause

Ἀρηιιεπο (Ἀρηιιεϝ-) Ἀρηιιενο Ἀρηιιεη Ἀρηιιεα

δαηο (δαηη-) δαηηνο δαηηη δαηηα δαηηεο δαηησλ δαηηεζζη δαηηαο

Εεπο Γηνο Γηη Γηα

ἡξσο ἡξσνο ἡξστ ἡξσα ἡξσεο ἡξσσλ ἡξσεζζη ἡξσαο

θπσλ θπλνο θπλη θπλα θπλεο θπλσλ θπλεζζη θπλαο

κεληο (κελη-) κεληνο κεληη κεληλ κεληεο κελησλ κεληεζζη κεληαο

136 Translation

1 κῆληο Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο ἦλ νὐινκέλε ἔζεθε γὰξ κῡξηrsquo ἄιγεα ηνῖζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ πξνΐαςε δὲ πνιιὰο (ᾱ)

ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἰθζίκνπο (ῑ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη ἔηεπρε δrsquo αὐηνὺο ἑιώξηα θαὶ δαῖηα θύλεζζηλ νἰσλνῖζί ηε ἐηέιεζε δὲ βνπιὴλ

Γηόο 2 ζεὰ (ᾱ) ἀείδεη κῆληλ νὐινκέλελ Ἀρηιῆνο ἣ ἔζεθελ κῡξίrsquo ἄιγεrsquo Ἀραηνῖζηλ 3 ζενὶ ὀιέθνπζη ηὸλ ζηξαηόλ θαὶ

πξντάπηνπζη πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη 4ηεύμνκελ κῡξίνπο Ἀραηνὺο ἑιώξηα θύλεζζηλ θαὶ δαῖηα ηνῖζηλ

νἰσλνῖζηλ νὕλεθα ἠηίκαζαλ (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) 5 θᾱιὴ ἦλ ἡ βνπιὴ Γηόο

KEY

1 The wrath of Achilles son of Peleus was destructive for it caused countless woes to the Achaeans and sent

forth many valiant souls of heros to Hades making them spoils and a banquet for the dogs and the vultures 2 The

goddess sings the accursed wrath of Achilles which brought countless woes to the Achaeans 3 The gods are

destroying the camp and sending forth many souls of the heros to Hades 4 We will make countless Achaeans spoils

for the dogs and a feast for these vultures because they dishonored Chryses 5 The will of Zeus was good

137 Iliad 1-5

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κπξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςπρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιήλ

Μῆληλ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse

ἄεηδε - present active imperative 2nd

person singular of ἀείδσ

ζεά - vocative case

Πειεηάδεσ = Πειεηάδᾱν (the verse may have originally read Πειεηάδᾱrsquo)

νὐινκέλελ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse as well as out of

the natural order and is placed directly opposite the word κῆληλ

κῡξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο - the hiatus is permited because elision has already occurred in κῡξίνηο

Ἄηδη was originally Ἄϝηδη and is still accented as it began with α instead of αη

ἡξώσλ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse and its deviation from

the natural order

δὲ ἑιώξηα - the hiatus is permitted because the original was δὲ ϝειώξηα

ηεῦρε - the augment is dropped (usually ἔηεπρε)

ἐηειείεην - imperfect passive indicative 3rd

person singular of ηειείσ

KEY

Sing O goddess of the accursed wrath of Achilles Peleiades

which brought countless woes to the Achaeans

and cast forth the souls of many valiant warriors to Hades

making them the spoils and feast of both dogs

and vultures But the will of Zeus was accomplished

138 Composition

1 The valiant Achaeans are singing the accursed wrath of Achilles 2 The wrath of Achilles caused many woes

to the Achaeans and sent many valiant souls of heroes to the god Hades 3 We shall make the army of the Achaeans

a booty for the dogs and a banquet for the birds 4 We are accomplishing the will of the goddess

KEY

1 ἴθζῑκνη Ἀραηνὶ ἀείδνπζηλ νὐινκέλελ κῆληλ Ἀρηιῆνο 2 κῆληο Ἀρηιῆνο ἔζεθε κῡξίrsquo ἄιγεrsquo Ἀραηνῖζη θαὶ

πξνΐαςε πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἰθζίκνπο ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη 3 ηεύμνκελ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ ἑιώξηα θύλεζζηλ θαὶ δαῖηα

νἰσλνῖζηλ 4 ηεύρνκελ βνπιὴλ ζεᾶο

Lesson 14

(519-526 1159-1192)

(cf 586)

141 Syllable Quantity

A syllable is long (by nature) when it contains a long vowel or a diphthong or (by position) when it ends in two

consecutive consonants (or a double consonant) A short vowel followed by a mute and a liquid κ or λ is common

and can be either long or short depending on the requirements of the verse Occasionally the letters ι κ λ ξ or ζ

are doubled in pronunciation when they follow a short vowel making the syllable long by position but this

convention is not always represented in writing And occasionally a lost ϝ will combine with another consonant to

make the preceding syllable long by position

Observe the following rules when determing the length of a syllable

Any vowel with the circumflex accent is long

The vowel of any ultmia whose penult bears the circumflex is short

If the penult has an acute then the vowel of the ultima must also be long

If the vowel of the ultima is short and the penult has the acute then the vowel of the penult must

be short as well

If the antepenult is accented the vowel of the ultima must be short

Occasionally these rules do not apply to certain compounds where one of the two words are

accented as if they were separate

If a short syllable stands where a long syllable is expected it is usually because the pause of the caesura or

diaresis fills out the foot or because the following word has lost a consonant (usually ϝ or ζ) And occasionally a

short syllable ending in a consonant is lengthened when it occurs on the ictus (beat) of the verse Such lengthening is

called thesis

142 Metrical Quantity

With the exception of pauses at the end of the verse caesura and diaresis all feet must consist of two long

syllables or a long syllable followed by two shorts Thus if a long syllable is followed by a short syllable then the

next syllable must be short as well Likewise if a short syllable is followed by a long syllable then the preceding

syllable must be short as well

When a word ends in a short vowel (and sometimes -νη and -αη) and the following word begins with a vowel

the short vowel is usually elided unless the following word originally began with ϝ When a word ends in a long

vowel or a diphthong and the following word begins with a vowel the long vowel is usually shortened This

phenomenon can also occur within the same word and again it is less common when the following word originally

began with ϝ Vowel shortening is also rare when the long vowel occurs on the ictus

The meter of Homer is called dactylic or heroic hexameter and is the most common meter in Greek verse Each

verse has six feet The first five feet can be dactyls (one long syllable followed by two short syllables) or spondees

(two long syllables) The final foot of the verse is always a spndee but keep in mind that the pause at the end of the

verse often combines with a final short syllable to form one long syllable The fifth foot of each verse is usually a

dactyl with only one in twenty (or so) verses containing a spondee in the fifth foot The verses that have a spndee in

the fifth foot are called spondaic and usually take slightly longer to recite In dactylic hexameter the ictus (beat) of

the verse always occurs on the first syllable of each foot producing six distinct beats per verse

Caesura occurs when a word ends within a foot (ie at the end of the first syllable of a foot or between the two

short syllables of the foot) When a caesura occurs at a natural pause in the verse this is said to be the caesura of the

verse A pause after the first syllable of a foot is called a masculine caesura and a pause after the second syllable of

the foot is called a feminine caesura

Diaresis occurs when the end of a word coincides with the end of a foot When this falls at a natural pause in

the verse it is said to be the diaresis of the verse When the diaresis occurs at the end of the fourth foot is it called

the bucolic diaresis (due to its common use in pastoral poetry)

143 Marking the Rhythm of the Iliad 1-5

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κπξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςπρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιήλ

ΜΖ ληλ α | ΔΗ δε ζε | Α ΠΖ | ΛΖ η α | ΓΔΧ α ρη | ΛΖ Ο-

dact dact spon dact dact spon

The pauses at the end of κῆληλ and ἄεηδε are feminine caesuras

The pauses at the end of ζεά Πειεηάδεσ and Ἀρηιῆνο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of ζεά is the caesura of the verse

The dash at the end of the verse indicates a pause that combines with a short vowel to fill out the

last foot

ΟΤ ιν κε | ΝΖΝ Ζ | ΜΤ ξη α | ΥΑΗ ΟΗ | ΑΛ γε ε | ΘΖ ΚΔΝ-

dact spon dact spon dact spon

The pauses at the end of κῡξίrsquo and ἄιγε are feminine caesuras

The pauses at the end of νὐινκέλελ and ἔζεθελ are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of νὐινκέλελ is the caesura of the verse

The pauses at the end of ἥ and Ἀραηνῖο are diareses

The diaresis at Ἀραηνῖο is a bucolic diaresis

κῡξία Ἀραηνῖο and ἄιγεα ἔζεθελ are examples of hiatus

The first syllable of ἄιγεrsquo is long because it is followed by two consecutive consonants

ΠΟΛ ΛΑ | ΓrsquoΗΦ ΘΗ | ΜΟΤ ΦΤ | ΥΑ ΑΗ | ΓΗ πξν τ | Α ΦΔΝ-

spon spon spon spon dact spon

The pauses at the end of ἰθζίκνπο and ςπράο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of πνιιάο is a diaresis

δὲ ἰθζίκνπο is hiatus

The first syllable of πνιιάο is long by position as is the first syllable of ἰθζίκνπο the last syllable

of Ἄηδη and the second syllable of πξνΐαςελ

Ζ ΡΧ | ΧΝ ΑΤ | ΣΟΤ δε ε | ΛΧ ξη α | ΣΔΤ ρε θπ | ΝΔ ΗΝ-

spon spon dact dact dact spon

The pause at the end of ηεῦρε is a feminine caesura

The pauses at the end of ἡξώσλ and αὐηνύο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of ἡξώσλ is the caesura of the verse

The pause at the end of ἑιώξηα is a diaresis

ΟΗ Χ | ΝΟΗ ζη ηε | ΓΑΗ ηα δη | Ο δrsquoε ηε | ΛΔΗ ε ην | ΒΟΤ ΛΖΝ

The pauses at the end of νἰσλνῖζη and δαῖηα are feminine caesuras

The pause at the end of Γηόο is a masculine caesura

The pauses at the end of ηε ἐηειείεην and βνπιήλ are diareses

The pause at the end of δαῖηα is the diaresis of the verse

Lesson 15

(693-694 697-700)

(cf 781-782 837 580 1009 996 584-585)

151 Third Declension Paradigms (continued)

Third declension nouns ending in a dental mute stem are exemplified by ἄλαμ (king ϝαλαθη-) λύμ (night λπθη-

) παῖο (child παηδ-) and γέξσλ (old man γεξνλη-)

N ἄλαμ λύμ παῖο γέξσλ

G ἄλαθηνο λπθηόο παηδόο γέξνληνο

D ἄλαθηη λπθηί παηδί γέξνληη

A ἄλαθηα λύθηα παίδα γέξνληα

V ἄλαμ [ἄλα] λύμ παῖ γέξσλ

N V A ἄλαθηε λύθηε παίδε γέξνληε

G D ἀλάθηνηηλ λύθηνηηλ παίδνηηλ γεξόληνηηλ

N ἄλαθηεο λύθηεο παίδεο γέξνληεο

G ἀλάθησλ λπθηῶλ παηδῶλ γεξόλησλ

D ἀλάθηεζζη λύθηεζζη παίδεζζη γεξόληεζζη

ἄλαμη λπμί παηζί γέξνπζη

A ἄλαθηαο λύθηνο παῖδαο γέξνληαο

Third declension nouns ending in labial and palatal stems are exemplified by αἴμ (goat αἰγ-) θῆξπμ (herald

θεξῡθ-) and Αἰζίνς (Ethipoian Αἰζηνπ-)

N αἴμ θῆξπμ Αἰζίνς

G αἰγόο θήξῡθνο Αἰζίνπνο

D αἰγί θήξῡθη Αἰζίνπη

A αἶγα θήξῡθα Αἰζίνπα

V αἴμ θῆξπμ Αἰζίνς

N V A αἶγε θήξῡθε Αἰζίνπε

G D αἴγνηηλ θεξύθνηηλ (ῡ) Αἰζηόπνηηλ

N αἶγεο θήξῡθεο Αἰζίνπεο

G αἰγῶλ θεξύθσλ (ῡ) Αἰζηόπσλ

D αἴγεζζη θεξύθεζζη (ῡ) Αἰζηόπεζζη

αἰμί θήξῡμ Αἰζίνςη

A αἶγαο θήξῡθαο Αἰζίνπαο

Nouns with stems ending in -εξ express different grades of ablaut in the stem (-εξ -εξ -ξ) with a recessive

accent in the vocative singular These are exemplified by παηήξ (father παηεξ-) κήηεξ (mother κεηεξ-) ζπγάηεξ

(daughter ζπγαηεξ-) and ἀλήξ (man ἀλεξ-)

N παηήξ κήηεξ ζπγάηεξ ἀλήξ

G παηέξνο -ηξόο κεηέξνο -ηξόο ζπγαηέξνο -ηξόο ἀλέξνο ἀλδξόο

D παηέξη -ηξί κεηέξη -ηξί ζπγαηέξη -ηξί ἀλέξη ἀλδξί

A παηέξα κεηέξα ζπγαηέξα ἀλέξα ἄλδξα

V πάηεξ κῆηεξ ζύγαηεξ ἄλεξ

N V A παηέξε κεηέξε ζπγαηέξε ἀλέξε ἄλδξε

G D παηέξνηηλ κεηέξνηηλ ζπγαηέξνηηλ ἀλέξνηηλ ἄλδξνηηλ

N παηέξεο κεηέξεο ζπγαηέξεο ζύγαηξεο ἀλέξεο ἄλδξεο

G παηέξσλ -ηξῶλ κεηέξσλ -ηξῶλ ζπγαηέξσλ ζπγαηξῶλ ἀλέξσλ ἀλδξῶλ

D παηξάζη κεηξάζη ζπγαηξάζη ζπγαηέξεζζη ἀλδξάζη ἄλδξεζζη

A παηέξαο κεηέξαο ζπγαηέξαο ζύγαηξαο ἀλέξαο ἄλδξαο

Note that δ is inserted into ἀλήξ between λ and ξ where they occur together The accent of the shorter forms of

ἀλέξ follow the pattern seen in παηήξ The alpha after ξ in the dative plural was added euphonically to strengthen

what was originally a sonant ξ

152 Vocabulary

ἄλαμ ἄλαθηνο ὁ king lord protector

ἀλήξ ἀλέξνο (ἀλδξόο) ὁ (real) man warrior hero

ἄξ(α) (ῥά) naturally of course as you know as you might expect that is

in effect (not always translatable)

βαζηιεύο ῆνο ὁ king ruler

δή indeed truly forsooth now

δηίζηεκη (ζηε- ζηα-) δηαζηήζσ stand apart separate

δηέζηεζα (δηέζηελ)

ἐμ νὗ from the time when

ἐξίδσ (ἐξηδ-) - ἤξηζ(ζ)α quarrel strive

ἠξηζάηελ (they) strove

ἔξηο ηδνο ἡ strife quarrel

Λεηώ Λεηόνο ἡ Leto

κάρνκαη fight battle

κάρεζζαη to fight

μπλίκη μπλήζσ μπλῆθα (μπλέεθα) bring together throw together hearken heed

ὄξλῡκη ὄξζσ ὦξζα (ὤξνξνλ) stir up kindle incite excite arouse

πξῶηνο ε νλ first foremost chief

ηὸ πξῶηνλ ηὰ πξῶηα (adv) at first firstly first

πἱόο νῦ ὁ son

ζθσε these two

153 Translation

1 ζεὰ (ᾱ) ἀείζεη κῆληλ Ἀρηιῆνο ἐμ νὗ δὴ ηὰ πξῶηα δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο θαὶ Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἀλδξῶλ ἠξηζάηελ θαὶ

δηεζηήηελ 2 ηίο ζεῶλ μπλέεθε δῖνλ Ἀρηιῆά ηε θαὶ Ἀηξεΐδελ ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 3 πἱὸο Λεηόνο θαὶ Γηὸο ἑθεβόινο

μπλέεθέ ζθσε ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη ηὸλ γὰξ βαζηιεὺο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἐρόισζελ ὁ δrsquo ὦξζε θαθὴλ λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ

ὤιεθε δὲ ιᾱνύο

KEY

1 The goddess sings the wrath of Achilles from the time when first the divine Achilles and Atreides king of

men strove and separated 2 Which of the gods brought together the divine Achilles and the son of Atreus to fight

in strife 3 The son of Leto and Zeus the Free-shooter brought these two together to fight in strife for Atreides the

king enraged him so he stirred up an evil plague through the camp of the Achaeans and destroyed their host

154 Iliad 1-10

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κῡξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςῡρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιή

ἐμ νὗ δὴ ηὰ πξῶηα δηαζηήηελ ἐξίζαληε

Ἀηξεΐδεο ηε ἄλαμ ἀλδξῶλ θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεύο

ηίο ηrsquo ἄξ ζθσε ζεῶλ ἔξηδη μπλέεθε κάρεζζαη

Λεηνῦο θαὶ Γηὸο πἱόο ὁ γὰξ βαζηιῆη ρνισζεὶο

λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ ὦξζε θαθήλ ὀιέθνλην δὲ ιᾱνί

δηαζηήηελ = δηεζηήηελ

ἐξίζαληε = aor act part nom dual masc (they two) having quarreled

ηε ἄλαμ originally ηε ϝάλαμ thus allowing the hiatus

ζθσε [ἕσ] = 3rd

pers pron acc dual these two

ἔξηδη is dative of means in strife

κάρεζζαη = pres act infinitive deponent to fight

ρνισζείο = aor pass part nom sing masc having been enraged

Λεηνῦο = contracted form of Λεηόνο

βαζηιῆη = Agamemnon instrumental case by the king

ὀιέθνλην = ὠιέθνλην imperf pass ind 3rd

pers plural were being destroyed or kept

perishing

KEY

Sing O goddess of the accursed wrath of Achilles Peleiades

which brought countless woes to the Achaeans

and cast forth the souls of many valiant warriors to Hades

making them the spoils and feast of both dogs

and vultures But the will of Zeus was accomplished

indeed from the time when at first having quarreled both

Atreides king of men and the divine Achilles separated

Which of the gods of course brought these two together to fight in strife

The son of Leto and Zeus For enraged by the king he

kindled an evil plague up through the camp and the people were destroyed

155 Composition

1 ἠείδνκελ κῆληλ νὐινκέλελ Ἀρηιιῆνο ἐμ νὗ ηὰ πξῶηα Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἀλέξσλ (ἀλδξῶλ) θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο

ἠξηζάηελ θαὶ δηεζηεζάηελ (δηεζηήηελ) 2 ηίο ζεῶλ μπλῆθε (μπλέεθα) Ἀραηνὺο θαὶ ιᾱὸλ Πξηάκνπ ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 3

μπλῆθε (μπλέεθα) ζθσε (ἕν) πἱὸο Λεηόνο (Λεηνῦο) θαὶ Γηὸο ἑθεβόινο ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 4 Αηξεΐδεο βαζηιεὺο

Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο ἐρόισζαλ ἄλαθηα ἑθεβόινλ θαὶ ὁ ὦξζα (ὤξνξε) λνῦζνπο πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θαθὰο (ᾱ) ἀλὰ

ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ θαθῶο ὤιεθελ ἀγαζὸλ ιᾱόλ

Lesson 16

(887-897 910 1065-1068 697-703 707 710 732)

161 Formation of Middle Passive and Deponent Verbs

The endings of the middle voice are different from the active voice The passive voice applies the same endings

as the middle voice except in the aorist passive which applies active endings Because the middle and passive voice

are identical (other than the aorist) the context determines whether a verb is used with middle or the passive

meaning The aorist middle is often used with a passive meaning (especially in athematic forms) and the aorist

passive is often used with a middle meaning

The perfect and pluperfect of the middlepassive are athematic with the personal endings attached directly to

the reduplicated stem

The future perfect passive is formed by adding -ζνε to the perfect middle passive lengthening the vowel that

precedes this ending

The first aorist passive is formed by adding -(ζ)ζεε to the stem Before ζ π and β become θ θ and γ become ρ

and η δ ζ become ζ Many verbs have a second aorist passive that drops the ζ altogether

Deponent verbs have no active form but use the middlepassive forms in an active sense

162 Paradigms Present and Future Indicative MiddlePassive of ιύσ

Present

S 1 ιύνκαη

2 ιύεαη [(ιύῃ)]

3 ιύεηαη

D 2 ιύεζζνλ

3 ιύεζζνλ

P 1 ιπόκε(ζ)ζα

2 ιύεζζα

3 ιύνληαη

Future

S 1 ιύζνκαη (ῡ)

2 ιύζεαη (ῡ) [(ιύζῃ (ῡ))]

3 ιύζεηαη (ῡ)

D 2 ιύζεζζνλ (ῡ)

3 ιύζεζζνλ (ῡ)

P 1 ιῡζόκεζα

2 ιύζεζζε (ῡ)

3 ιύζνληαη (ῡ)

163 The Use of Voice in Greek

The active voice indicates that the subject is acting λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ ὦξζε = he kindled a plague up

through the camp

The passive voice indicates that the subject is acted upon Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιή = but the will of Zeus was

being accomplished

The Middle voice denotes one of three meanings

1 The subject acting upon itself πείζνκαη (I convince myself) θαίλνκαη (I show myself)

2 The subject acting for itself θαιένκαη (I call for myself)

3 The subject acting upon something belonging to itself ιύνκαη (I loose my own I ransom)

When determing the difference between the middle and passive keep in mind that the middle voice always

conveys a direct or indirect reference to the subject and that the subject is effect by or has an interest in the action

164 Third Declension Stems in -επ -επ -νπ and -σϝ

Stems in -επ usually became -εϝ and the third declension endings are applied after the ϝ Thus βαζηιεϝνο =

βαζηιῆνο βαηιεϝη = βαζηιῆη βαζηιεϝα = βαζηιῆα etc Note that the ϝ explains why εη (εϝη) does not form an

improper diphthong as well as why the accusative singular ends in -εα (as if the stem ended in a consonant) instead

of -ελ (as if the stem ended in a vowel) Note that when the ending consists of a consonant the -εϝ is contracted to

the diphthong -επ Thus βαζηιεϝο = βαζηιεύο βαζηιεϝ = βαζηιεῦ βαζηιεϝζη = βαζηιεῦζη In rare cases the other

endings also contract the -ε to -ε (ie βαζηιῆνο = βαζηιένο)

In stems ending originally in -ᾱϝ the ᾱ becomes ε in the Ionic dialect These are declined the same as -εϝ

except that -εῡ is formed before consonants instead of -επ Thus λᾱϝο = λεϝο = λεῦο λᾱϝ = λεϝ = λεῦ But note the

exception in the shorter form of the dative plural where λᾱϝζη = λεϝζη = λεπζί (rather than λεῡζη) In contracted

forms the ε usually becomes ε

In stems ending in -σϝ the third declension endings are applied directly to the stem Thus ἡξσϝο = ἥξσο

ἡξσϝνο = ἥξσνο ἡξσϝη = ἥξση ἡξσϝα = ἥξσα etc

In stems ending originally in -ν or -νϝ the third declension endings are applied as usual But keep in mind that -

νϝ is contracted to the diphthong -νπ before a consonant thus βνϝο = βνῦο and βνϝζη = βνπζί But note the

exception that occurs in the accusative singular where βνϝλ = βνῦλ rather than βνϝα

βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

(βαζηιεϝ-) (βνϝ-) (λᾱϝ-) (ἡξσϝ-)

N βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

G βαζηιῆνο [ένο] βνόο λεόο [εόο] ἥξσνο

D βαζηιῆη [έη] βνΐ λεί ἥξση

A βαζηιῆα [έα] βνῦλ [βῶλ] λῆα [έα] ἥξσα

V βαζηιεῦ βνῦ λεῦ ἥξσο

N V A βαζηιῆε βόε λῆε ἥξσε

G D βαζηιήνηηλ βόνηηλ λήνηηλ ἡξώνηηλ

N V βαζηιῆεο βόεο λῆεο ἥξσεο

G βαζηιήσλ βνῶλ λεῶλ [εῶλ] ἡξώσλ

D βαζηιήεζζη βόεζζη λήεζζη [έεζζη] ἡξώεζζη

βαζηιεῦζη βνπζί λεπζί ἥξσζη

A βαζηιῆαο βόαο (βνῦο) λῆαο [έαο] ἥξσαο

165 Third Declension Stems in -εζ -αζ and -νζ

When a stem ends in a vowel plus -ζ the initial ζ is dropped between two vowels Thus γεξαζνο = γέξανο

ἠνζνο = ἠόνο etc

All third declension nouns with stems ending in -εο are neuters and follow the pattern of ἔπνο The third

declension endings are applied as usual except that the nominative vocative and accusative singulars end in -νο

Nouns with stems ending in -νο take -σο in the nominative and vocative singular but otherwise apply the third

declension endings as usual (dropping ζ between two vowels)

ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

(ϝεπεζ-) (γεξαζ-) (ἀϝζνζ- (ᾱ))

N ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

G ἔπενο γέξανο ἠόνο

D ἔπετ γέξατ ἠόη

A ἔπνο γέξαο ἠόα

V ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

N V A ἔπεε γέξαε

G D ἐπένηηλ γεξάνηηλ

N V ἔπεα γέξα(α)

G ἐπέσλ γεξάσλ

D ἐπέεζζη γεξάεζζη

ἔπε(ζ)ζη γέξα(ζ)ζη

A ἔπεα γέξα(α)

166 Third Declension Stems in -καη and -καξ

Stems ending in -καη and -καξ are neuters

Stems in -καη drop the -ηο in the nominative vocative and accusative singular δσκαηο = δῶκα Otherwise the

third declension endings are applied as usual

Stems ending in -καξ are declined like those ending in -καη except in the nominative vocative and accusative

singular (which end in -καξ)

δῶκα ἦκαξ

(δσκαη-) (ἠκαξ- ἠκαη-)

N δῶκα ἦκαξ

G δώκαηνο ἤκαηνο

D δώκαηη ἤκαηη

A δῶκα ἦκαξ

V δῶκα ἦκαξ

N V A δώκαηε ἤκαηε

G D δσκάηνηηλ ἠκάηνηηλ

N V δώκαηα ἤκαηα

G δσκάησλ ἠκάησλ

D δσκάηεζζη ἠκάηεζζη

δώκαζη ἤκαζη

A δώκαηα ἤκαηα

167 Third Declension Stems in -λη and -λ

Stems ending in -λη drop the -λη before ζ and lengthen the preceding vowel thus παληο = πᾶο παληζη = πᾶζη

Otherwise the third declension endings are applied as usual In neuters the -η is dropped at the end of the word thus

παλη = πᾶλ Stems in -λ drop the -λ before ζ and lengthen the preceding vowel in the masculine (but not in the

neuter)

πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

(παλη- παληα- παλη-)

Masc Fem Neut

N πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

G παληόο πάζεο (ᾱ) παληόο

D παληί πάζῃ (ᾱ) παληί

A πάληα πᾶζαλ πᾶλ

V πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

N V πάληεο πᾶζαη πάληα

G πάλησλ πᾱζάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] πάλησλ

D πάληεζ(ζ)η πάζῃζη (ᾱ) πάληεζ(ζ)η

πᾶζη πάζῃο (ᾱ) πᾶζη

A πάληνο πάζᾱο (ᾱ) πάληα

κέιᾱο κέιαηλα κέιαλ

(κειαλ- κειαηλα- κειαλ-)

N κέιᾱο κέιαηλα κέιαλ

G κέιαλνο κειαίλεο κέιαλνο

D κέιαλη κειαίλῃ κέιαλη

A κέιαλα κέιαηλαλ κέιαλ

V κέιαλ κέιαηλα κέιαλ

N V A κέιαλε κειαίλᾱ κέιαλε

G D κειάλνηηλ κειαίλῃηλ κειάλνηηλ

N V κέιαλεο κέιαηλαη κέιαλα

G κειάλσλ κειαηλάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] κειάλσλ

D κειάλεζ(ζ)η κειαίλῃζη κειάλεζ(ζ)η

κέιαζη κειαίλῃο κέιαζη

A κέιαλεο κειαίλᾱο κέιαλα

168 Vocabulary

Nouns

Ἀπόιισλ (ᾰ or ᾰ) σλνο ὁ Apollo

ἀξεηήξ (ᾱ) ῆξνο ὁ priest prayer

ζπγάηεξ ηέξνο (ηξόο) ἡ daughter

θνζκήησξ νξνο ὁ commander marshaller

λεῦο λεόο (λεόο) ἡ ship

ζηέκκα καηνο ηό fillet (of white cotton) wreath

ρείξ ρεηξόο ἡ hand arm

Verbs

ἔξρνκαη (ἐξρ- ἐιε- ἐιεπζ- ἐιπζ-) come go

ἐιεύζνκαη I will come I will go

ἦιζνλ (ἤιπζνλ) I came I went

ιίζζνκαη (ιηη-) I beg I entreat

---

ἐιιηζάκελ (ἐιηηόκελ) I begged I entreated

Adjectives Prepositions

ζνόο ή όλ swift speedy

πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ all every (the) whole

Indeclinable

δύν (δύσ) two

κάιηζηα most especially by all means

169 Translation

1 Ἀπόιισλ ἑθεβόινο ρνινῦηαη βαζηιῆη Αηξεΐδῃ θαὶ πέκπεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ ὀιέθνληαη δὲ

ιᾱνί νὕλεθα δῖνο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) 2 Υξύζεο (ῡ) γὰξ ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἑθεβόινπ ἔξρεηαη

ἐπὶ ζνὰο (ᾱ) λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ θέξεη δrsquo ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα ζπγαηξόο ἣλ Ἀηξεΐδεο ἔρεη ἐλ ζηξαηῷ 3 ὁ δrsquo ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἔρεη

ζηέκκαηα ἑθεβόινπ Ἀπόιισλνο ἐλ ρεξζὶλ ἀλὰ ρξῡζέῳ ζθήπηξῳ θαὶ ιίζζεηαη πάληαο Ἀραηνύο κάιηζηα δrsquo Ἀηξεΐδᾱ

δύσ θνζκήηνξε ιᾱῶλ 4 Ἀπόιισλ ρνιώζεηαη βαζηιῆη θαὶ ὄξζεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηόλ 5 ἐιεύζνληαη ἐπὶ ζνὰο

(ᾱ) λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ νἴζνπζη ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα βαζηιῆη 6 ιίζζνληαη πάληαο Ἀραηνύο 7 Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζελ (ῑ)

ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) θαὶ νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε ζύγαηξα

KEY

1 Apollo the free-shooter enraged by king Atreides sent an evil plague through the camp of the Achaeans and

the people were destroyed because the divine Atreides dishonored Chryses the priest 2 For Chryses the priest of

the free-shooter went upon the swift ships of the Achaeans bearing countless ransoms for his daughter whom

Atreides was holding in the camp 3 But the priest had a wreath of Apollo the free-shooter upon a staff in his hand

and was entreating all of the Achaeans but especially the sons of Atreus (who were) the commanders of the host 4

Apollo will be enraged by the king and will kindle an evil plague up through the camp 5 They will go upon the

swift ships of the Achaeans and bring countless ransoms to the king 6 They are entreating all of the Achaeans 7

Atreides dishonored the priest and would not release his daughter

1610 Iliad 11-16

hellipὀιέθνλην δὲ ιᾱνί

νὕλεθα ηὸλ Υξύζελ ἠηίκαζελ ἀξεηῆξα

Αηξεΐδεο ὁ γὰξ ἦιζε ζνὰο ἐπὶ λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ

ιπζόκελνο ηε ζύγαηξα θέξσλ ηrsquo ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα

ζηέκκαηrsquo ἔρσλ ἐλ ρεξζὶλ ἑθεβόινπ Ἀπόιισλνο

ρξπζέῳ ἀλὰ ζθήπηξῳ θαὶ ἐιίζζεην πάληαο Ἀραηνύο

Ἀηξεΐδα δὲ κάιηζηα δύσ θνζκήηνξε ιαῶλ

ηόλ Υξύζελ = that (well-known) Chryses

The first verse ends in two spondees making it a spondaic verse and emphasizing the fact that

Chryses was a priest

ιῡζόκελνο = fut mid part nom masc sing being about to ransom

θέξσλ = pres act part nom sing masc bearing bringing

ἔρσλ = pres act part nom sing masc having holding

ρεξζὶλ ἑθεβόινπ = ρεξζὶ ϝεθεβόινπ

ρξῡζέῳ = synizesis where -έῳ is pronounced as a single syllable

ἐιίζζεην = imperf act ind 3rd

pers sing dep (kept) entreating was entreating

Ἀηξεΐδᾱ = dual of Ἀηξεΐδεο refers to both Agamemnon and Menelaus

KEY

hellipand the people were being destroyed

because Atreides dishonored Chryses the priest

For he had gone upon the swift ships of the Achaeans

intending to ransom his daughter bearing countless gifts

and holding in his hand fillets of Apollo the free-shooter

upon a golden staff and was entreating all of the Achaeans

but especially the two sons of Atreus the commanders of the host

1611 Composition

1 Chryses the priest of Apollo is dishonored by the son of Atreus 2 The Achaeans will go from their swift

ships to Troy and ransom the beloved daughter of the priest 3 We shall bring many ransoms and shall hold in our

hands the fillets of Apollo 4 We do not have a golden scepter but we entreat Priam and all the people of Troy 5

The two sons of Atreus marshallers of the people are entreating Priam but he will slight them 6 The son of

Atreus king of men slighted the priest and did not release his daughter

KEY

1 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) Ἀπόιινπ ἀηῑκάδεηαη Ἀηξεΐδῃ 2 Ἀραηνὶ ἐιεύζνληαη ἐθ ζνάσλ (ᾱ) λήσλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ (ῑ)

θαὶ ἀπειύζνληαη (ῡ) θίιε ζπγάηεξα ἀξεηῆξη (ᾱ) 3 νἴζνκελ πνιιrsquo ἄπνηλα θαὶ ἕζρνκελ ἐλ ρείξεζζη ζηέκκαηα

Ἀπόιινπ 4 νὐθ ἔρνκελ ζθῆπηξνλ ρξύζενλ ἀιιὰ ιηζζόκεζα Πξίακνλ θαὶ πᾶληα ιᾱνλ Ἰιίνπ (ῑ) 5 δύrsquo Ἀηξεΐδᾱ

θνζκήηεξᾱ ιᾱσλ ιίζζεζζνλ Πξίακνλ αὐηνὺο δrsquo ἀηῑκάζεη 6 Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἄλδξσλ ἠηίκαζελ (ῑ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) θαὶ

νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε ζπγάηεξα

1612 Meter

ΟΤ λε θα | ΣΟΝ ΥΡΤ | ΖΝ Ζ | ΣΗ κα ζελ | Α ΡΖ | ΣΖ ΡΑ~

Α ηξε η | ΓΖ ν γαξ | ΖΛ ζε ζν | Α ε πη | ΝΖ αο α | ΥΑΗ ΧΝ

ΛΤ ζν κε | ΝΟ ηε ζπ | ΓΑΣ ξα θε | ΡΧΝ ηα πε | ΡΔΗ ζη α | ΠΟΗ ΝΑ~

ΣΔΜ καη ε | ΥΧΝ ΔΝ | ΥΔΡ ζηλ ε | ΚΖ βν ινπ | Α ΠΟΛ | ΛΧ ΝΟ~

ΥΡΤζεσα | ΝΑ ΚΖΠ | ΣΡΧ θαη ε | ΛΗ ζε ην | ΠΑΝ ηαο α | ΥΑΗ ΟΤ

ΑΣ ξε η | ΓΑ δε κα | ΛΗ ηα δπ | Χ ΚΟ | ΜΖ ην ξε | ΛΑ ΧΝ

Lesson 17

(910 - imperfect middle and passive aorist middle of ιύσ 648-658 - the table

of endings in 32)

171 Paradigms Imperfect MiddlePassive of ιύσ

S 1 ἐιπόκελ

2 ἐιύεν [(ἐιύεπ)]

3 ἐιύεην

D 2 ἐιύεζζνλ

3 ἐιπέζζελ

P 1 ἐιπόκε(ζ)ζα

2 ἐιύεζζε

3 ἐιύνλην

172 Paradigms Aorist Middle of ιύσ

Thematic Athematic (2nd

Aorist)

S 1 ἐιῡζάκελ ἐιύκελ

2 ἐιύζαν (ῡ) [(ἐιύζσ (ῡ))] ἔιπ(ζ)ν

3 ἐιύζαην (ῡ) ἔιπην

D 2 ἐιύζαζζνλ (ῡ) ἔιπζζνλ

3 ἐιῡζάζζελ ἐιύζζελ

P 1 ἐιῡζάκε(ζ)ζα ἐιύκε(ζ)ζα

2 ἐιύζαζζε (ῡ) ἔιπζζε

3 ἐιύζαλην (ῡ) ἔιπλην

173 Vocabulary

δῶκα αηνο ηό house home

παῖο παηδόο ὁ ἡ child son daughter

π(η)όιηο ηνο (ενο) ἡ city state

ἐπθλήκῑο ῑδνο well-greaved

ἐγώ(λ) κέν (κεῦ) I

ζύ ζέν (ζεῦ) you

κέλhellip δέ on the one handhellip trulyhellip on the one handhellip on the other hand

partlyhellip partly the onehellip the other

νἴθαδε home homeward to home home

Verbs

ἅδνκαη (ἁγ-) (defective) I reverence

δέρνκαη I accept I receive

δέμνκαη I will accept

ἐδεμάκελ (ἐδέγκελ) I accepted

δίδσκη (δσ- δν-) I give I grant

(δη)δώζσ I will give

ἔδσθα I gave

ἐθπέξζσ (πεξζ- πξαζ-) I sack (utterly) I plunder I pillage

ἐθπέξζσ I will sack

ἐμέπεξζα (ἐμέπξαζνλ) I sacked

ἱθλένκαη I arrive I reach (a destination)

ἵμνκαη I will arrive

ἱθόκελ (ῑ) I arrived

174 Translation

1 ζενὶ ἔρνπζηλ ιύκπηα δώκαηα ἔδσθαλ δrsquo Ἀηξεΐδεο θαὶ ἄιινηζηλ ἐπθλεκίδεζζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἐθπέξζαη

(infinitive) πόιηλ Πξηάκνπ ηόηε δrsquo ἵθνλην (ῑ) ἐὺ νἴθαδε νὕλεθα παῖδα θίιελ ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἔιῡζαλ 2 ἀπέιῡζαλ

ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνὶ ζύγαηξα θίιελ ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἐδέμαλην δrsquo ἀγιαὰ ἄπνηλα νὕλεθα ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλα Γηὸο πἱὸλ

ἅδνλην 3 ἅδεηαη ἑθεβόινλ 4 Ἀηξεΐδεο νὐθ ἐδέμαην ηὰ ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα 5 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἔδσθελ ἄπνηλα

πνιιὰ βαζηιῆη Ἀηξεΐδῃ 6 πάληεο ζενὶ θαὶ πᾶζαη ζεαὶ εἶρνλ ιύκπηα δώκαηα 7 Ἀραηνὶ ἐπθλήκῑδεο ἐθπέξζνπζη

Πξηάκνην πόιηλ ἵμνληαη δrsquo ἐπ νἴθαδε 8 παῖο θίιε ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἐιύζαην (ῡ) ἵθεην (ῑ) δrsquo ἐὺ νἴθαδε

KEY

1 The gods have Olympian homes but they gave the son of Atreus and the other well-greaved Achaeans to

utterly sack the city of Priam and then they returned safe at home because they released the dear child of the priest

2 The well-greaved Achaeans released the dear daughter of the priest and received glorious ransoms because they

reverenced the free-shooter Apollo son of Zeus 3 He reverences te free-shooter 4 The son of Atreus did not

receive the glorious ransoms 5 Chryses the priest gave many ransoms to king Atreides 6 All of the gods and all of

the goddesses had Olympian homes 7 The well-greved Achaeans will utterly sack Priamrsquos city and will return safe

to home 8 The dear child of the priest was released and arrived well to her home

175 Iliad 17-21

ltltἈηξεΐδαη ηε θαὶ ἄιινη ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνί

ὑκῖλ κὲλ ζενὶ δνῖελ ιύκπηα δώκαηrsquo ἔρνληεο

ἐθπέξζαη Πξηάκνην πόιηλ ἐὺ δrsquo νἴθαδrsquo ἱθέζζαη

παῖδα δrsquo ἐκνὶ ιῦζαί ηε θίιελ ηά ηrsquo ἄπνηλα δέρεζζαη

ἁδόκελνη Γηὸο πἱὸλ ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλαgtgt

Ἀηξεΐδαηhellip ἄιινη ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνί = vocative case

ὑκῖλ (ῡ) = dat plural of ζύ to you

ζενί = one syllable by synizesis

κέλ (v 18) = correlative of δέ (v 20)

δνῖελ = aor act optative 3rd

plural of δίδσκη may they grant

ἔρνληεο = pres act part nom masc plural of ἔρσ having possessing

ἐθπέξζαη = aor act inf of ἐθπέξζσ to sack utterly

ἱθέζζαη = aor act inf of ἱθένκαη to arrive (compare κάρεζζαη)

ιῦζαη δέρεζζαη = infinitives used as imperatives free and accept

ηά ηrsquo ἄπνηλα (ηά ηε ἄπνηλα) = thesehellip gifts

ἁδόκελνη = pres act part nom masc plural reverencing

KEY

ldquoSons of Atreus and you other well-greaved Achaeans

may the gods who have their homes on Olympus grant you

to utterly sack Priamrsquos city and return safe to home

but release my dear child to me and accept these gifts

reverencing Apollo who shoots at will the son of Zeusrdquo

176 Composition

1 The gods who have (ἔρνληεο) Olympian homes will grant to the sons of Atreus and to the other well-greaved

Achaeans to sack utterly (ἐθπέξζαη) the city of Priam 2 When they sacked the city of Priam they returned happily

home 3 They accepted the shining ransoms and freed the darling daughter of the priest Chryses 4 We reverenced

the free-shooter Apollo son of Leto and Zeus and escaped death 5 Will the son of Atreus accept the shining

ransoms 6 The child of the priest was freed when he gave many shining ransoms which the two sons of Atreus

accepted

KEY

1 ζενὶ ἔρνληεο ιύκπηα δώκαηα δώζνπζη Ἀηξεΐδῃζη θαὶ ἄιινηζηλ ἐπθλεκίδεζζηλ (ῑ) Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἐθπέξζαη πόιηλ

Πξηάκνπ 2 ηόηε ἐμέπεξζαλ πόιηλ Πξηάκνην ἵθνλην (ῑ) ἐὺ νἴθαδε 3 ἐδέμαλην ἀγιαrsquo ἄπνηλα θαὶ ἀπέιῡζαλ ζπγάηεξα

θίιε ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) Υξύζᾱν (ῡ) 4 ἡμάκεζα ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλα Λεηόνο θαὶ Γηὸο πἱόλ θαὶ ζάλαηνλ 5

Ἀηξεΐδεο δέμεηαη ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα 6 παῖο ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἀπειύζαην (ῡ) ηόηε ἔδσθελ ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀγιάα ηὰ

Ἀηξεΐδᾱ ἐδώθαζηλ

Lesson 18

(Perfect and Pluperfect Active of Verbs 904 922 Third Declension γέρων

αἴξ 693-695)

181 Formation of the Perfect and Pluperfect Active

The perfect and pluperfect in all modes experience reduplication of the initial syllable which denotes completed

action Verbs beginning with a single consonant (except ξ) prefix this consonant followed by -ε Thus ιύσ =

ιέιπθα The stem sometimes stands in ablaut relation to the stem of the present as in βαίλσ = βέβεθα A

reduplicated syllable beginning with an aspirated mute is changed to its corresponding voiceless mute in the

reduplicated syllable ie ζλήζθσ = ηέζλεθα In these cases the reduplicated pluperfect adds ἐ- to the reduplicated

syllable ie ιύσ = ιέιπθα = ἐιέιπθε

Vebs beginning with a double consonant two consonants (except a mute followed by a liquid or a nasal) ξ and

some beginning with κ simply augment the stem with the addition of ε-

Verbs beginning in a vowel typically take the temporal augment by lengthening the vowel ie νἴρνκαη =

ᾤρσθα However verbs beginning with a vowel in which an initial consonant has been lost may take the syllabic

augment

Compound verbs typically insert the reduplication and augment between the preposition and the verb ie

ἀπνιύσ = ἀπνιέιπθα = ἀπειειύθε

The first perfect active adds -θα- to the stem followed by the primary endings The first pluperfect active

similarly adds -θε- followed by the secondary endings In general a short final vowel is lengthened before the

addition of the -θα- or -θε- Second perfects and pluperfects active are the older form and are more common in

Homer These omit the θ and simply add -α- or -ε- respectively The second perfects are more common in stems

ending in a consonant

In general the singular perfect and pluperfect active stand in ablaut relation to the dual and plural forms

Perfects and pluperfects are rare in Homer and only occur in some twenty verbs

182 Paradigms λέλυκα and βέβηκα

ιέιπθα ἐιειύθε (ἐιειύθεα)

ιέιπθαο ἐιειύθο (ἐιειύθεαο)

ιέιπθε(λ) ἐιειύθεη (ἐιειύθεε)

ιειύθαηνλ ἐιειύθαηνλ

ιειύθαηνλ ἐιειπθάηελ

ιειύθακελ ἐιειύθεκελ

ιειύθαηε ἐιειύθεηε

ιειύθᾱζη ἐιειύθεζαλ

βέβεθα ἐβεβήθεα (ἐβεβήθε)

βέβεθαο ἐβεβήθεαο (ἐβεβήθεο)

βέβεθε(λ) ἐβεβήθεε (ἐβεβήθεη)

βέβαηνλ ἐβέβαηνλ

βέβαηνλ ἐβεβάηελ

βέβακελ ἐβέβακελ

βέβαηε ἐβέβαηε

βέβᾱζη ἐβέβαζαλ

183 Paradigms γέρων and αἴξ

γέξσλ αἴμ

γέξνληνο αἰγόο

γέξνληη αἰγί

γέξνληα αἶγα

γέξνλ αἴμ

γέξνληε αἶγε

γεξόληνηηλ αἴγνηηλ

γέξνληεο αἶγεο

γεξόλησλ αἰγῶλ

γεξόληεζ(ζ)η (γέξνπζη) αἴγεζ(ζ)η (αἰμί)

γέξνληαο αἶγαο

184 Vocabulary

ἀγνξή ῆο ἡ assembly meeting place gathering harrangue

αἴμ αἰγόο ὁ ἡ goat

Ἄξγνο ενο ηό Argos (both a country and a city in Greece)

γέξσλ νληνο ὁ old man

γῆξαο ανο ηό old age

ἱεξεύο ῆνο ὁ priest holy man

κεξίνλ νπ ηό thigh-bone thigh-piece

πνύο πνδόο ὁ foot

ηαῦξνο νπ ὁ bull

θξήλ θξελόο ἡ diaphragm mind heart soul spirit disposition

δέθαηνο ε νλ tenth

ἡκέηεξνο ε νλ our ours

θνῖινο ε νλ hollow

ὠθύο ὠθεῖα ὠθύ swift speedy

ζλήζθσ die perish

ζαλένκαη

ἔζαλνλ

ηέζλεθα

θεύγσ flee fly escape run (off away along)

θεύμνκαη

ἔθπγνλ

πέθεπγα

o The same phenomenon sometimes occurs in the accusative singular as well where ϝ becomes

π and the final λ is retained Thus περεϝλ = περευλ = περπλ

o The word εξσο is an apparent exception where εξσϝο = εξσο This may be from analogy

with the relatively common -σο ending in Greek or it could be that the stem was originally

εξσ- witout the ϝ

o When the stem ends in -εϝ the ε is usually dropped in the nominative thus περεϝο = περεπο =

περπο (but the genitive and dative are περενο περετ)

Some confusion can occur at the apparent irregularity of stems ending in -π αζηπ αζηενο αζηεη etc

but δαθξπ δαθξπνο δαθξπτ etc The difference is that stems like αζηπ originally ended in a vowel + ϝ

(αζηεϝ) while stems like δαθξπ originally ended in π

Some neuters originally ended in -εο These are usually declined as -νο in the nominative and

accusative In the other cases the endings are simply applied to -εζ- and the sigma is dropped when it

occurs between two vowels επνο (nom acc from επεζο) επενο (gen from επεζνο) επετ (dat from

επεζη) etc

o Stems ending in -αο simple drop the extra sigma in the nominative singular and append the

case endings to -αζ- (dropping ζ when it occurs between two vowels) Thus γεξαο γεξανο

γεξατ etc

o Stems ending in -νο follow the same pattern as those ending in -αο except that the ν is

lengthened to σ in the nominative Thus εσο εννο εντ etc

Neuter stems ending in -καη usually drop the η in the nominative and accusative singular but retain it

in the plural Thus δσκα (nom and acc sing) δσκαηνο (gen sing) δσκαηη (dat sing) δσκαηα (nom and

acc plur) δσκαησλ (gen plur) δσκαηεζζη (dat plur) etc Neuter stems ending in -καξ usually behave

as if they ended in -καη in all cases except the nominative and accusative singular Thus εκαξ εκαηνο

εκαηη etc

The dative plural ending is given as -εζζη This could be shortened to -ζζη (before vowels) -εζη or -ζη

The -ζη ending is the most common in later dialects Thus Homeric θεξπθεζζη is typically θεξπμη in

Attic and Koine

The vocative singular in neuters is always identical to the nominative and accusative singulars

o In masculine and feminine nouns the vocative singular is usually just the stem without any

endings applied as long as the stem is capable of standing alone Thus δαηκνλ ρεηξ παηεξ

κεηεξ ζπγαηεξ αλεξ βνπ λεπ πνιη λεθῡ δαθξπ etc

o In some cases where the nominative singular has slightly modified the stem before adding -ο

the vocative is formed by simply dropping the ο Thus παη βαζηιεπ περπ

o In cases where the ο of the nominative singular has combined with the stem the vocative is

usually indentical to the nominative singular Thus αλαμ λπμ αημ θεξπμ Αηζηνς etc

o In rare cases the vocative is identical to the nominative singular even when dropping the ο

would have been convenient as in εξσο εσο

Alternate Endings The following are some alternate endings that could be applied instead of the usual

case endings listed above

o -ζη can be used to denote place where

o -ζελ can be used to denote source or separation or as an alternative ending for the genitive

case

o -δε can be added to the accusative ending to denote place to which or limit of motion

o -η can be added to denote place where

o -θη(λ) can be added as a substitute for several uses of the genitive and the dative cases

particularly in the instrumental sense

134 References

This lesson references several points in the grammar Note the following

Deponent verbs take middle or passive forms but denote active meanings

Some verbs reduplicate the initial syllable in the present tense by repeating the initial consonant

followed by -η Thus ἴζηεκη (orig ζηζηεκη) ηίζεκη δίδσκη πίκπιεκη γίγλνκαη γηγλώζθσ κηκλήζθσ

etc When futures and second aorists are reduplicated they usually follow the pattern of reduplication

found in the perfect tense If the initial consonant is aspirated the reduplicated consonant is typically

smooth Thus ηίζεκη rather than ζίζεκη

Note that ἴκη δίδσκη and ηίζεκη take the aorist in -θα rather than -ζα

When a word ends in a vowel and the following word begins with a vowel the result is called hiatus

In general hiatus is avoided in poetry through the use of elision crasis synizesis moveable

consonants etc However hiatus is allowed in some circumstances such as when elision has already

occurred when the first of the two vowels is long and occurs on the beat (or ictus) of the verse or

when a long vowel or diphthong has been shortened or when the two vowels were originally separated

by ϝ

Recall that the verbal augment is frequently omitted

135 Vocabulary

Ἄηο Ἄηδνο ὁ (nom not used) Hades

ἄιγνο ενο ηό grief pain woe trouble

Ἀρηιιεύο ῆνο ὁ Achilles

δαίο δαηηόο ἡ feast banquet portion

Εεύο Γηόο ὁ Zeus

ἥξσο ἥξσνο ὁ hero mighty warrior protector savior

ἴθζῑκνο ε νλ mighty valiant stout-hearted brave

θύσλ θπλόο ὁ ἡ dog

κῆληο ηνο ἡ wrath fury madness rage

νὐιόκελνο ε νλ accursed destructive deadly

πξντάπησ πξντάςσ πξνΐαςα hurl forward send forth

ηίζεκη (ζε- ζε-) ζήζσ ἔζεθα put place cause

Ἀρηιιεπο (Ἀρηιιεϝ-) Ἀρηιιενο Ἀρηιιεη Ἀρηιιεα

δαηο (δαηη-) δαηηνο δαηηη δαηηα δαηηεο δαηησλ δαηηεζζη δαηηαο

Εεπο Γηνο Γηη Γηα

ἡξσο ἡξσνο ἡξστ ἡξσα ἡξσεο ἡξσσλ ἡξσεζζη ἡξσαο

θπσλ θπλνο θπλη θπλα θπλεο θπλσλ θπλεζζη θπλαο

κεληο (κελη-) κεληνο κεληη κεληλ κεληεο κελησλ κεληεζζη κεληαο

136 Translation

1 κῆληο Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο ἦλ νὐινκέλε ἔζεθε γὰξ κῡξηrsquo ἄιγεα ηνῖζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ πξνΐαςε δὲ πνιιὰο (ᾱ)

ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἰθζίκνπο (ῑ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη ἔηεπρε δrsquo αὐηνὺο ἑιώξηα θαὶ δαῖηα θύλεζζηλ νἰσλνῖζί ηε ἐηέιεζε δὲ βνπιὴλ

Γηόο 2 ζεὰ (ᾱ) ἀείδεη κῆληλ νὐινκέλελ Ἀρηιῆνο ἣ ἔζεθελ κῡξίrsquo ἄιγεrsquo Ἀραηνῖζηλ 3 ζενὶ ὀιέθνπζη ηὸλ ζηξαηόλ θαὶ

πξντάπηνπζη πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη 4ηεύμνκελ κῡξίνπο Ἀραηνὺο ἑιώξηα θύλεζζηλ θαὶ δαῖηα ηνῖζηλ

νἰσλνῖζηλ νὕλεθα ἠηίκαζαλ (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) 5 θᾱιὴ ἦλ ἡ βνπιὴ Γηόο

KEY

1 The wrath of Achilles son of Peleus was destructive for it caused countless woes to the Achaeans and sent

forth many valiant souls of heros to Hades making them spoils and a banquet for the dogs and the vultures 2 The

goddess sings the accursed wrath of Achilles which brought countless woes to the Achaeans 3 The gods are

destroying the camp and sending forth many souls of the heros to Hades 4 We will make countless Achaeans spoils

for the dogs and a feast for these vultures because they dishonored Chryses 5 The will of Zeus was good

137 Iliad 1-5

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κπξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςπρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιήλ

Μῆληλ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse

ἄεηδε - present active imperative 2nd

person singular of ἀείδσ

ζεά - vocative case

Πειεηάδεσ = Πειεηάδᾱν (the verse may have originally read Πειεηάδᾱrsquo)

νὐινκέλελ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse as well as out of

the natural order and is placed directly opposite the word κῆληλ

κῡξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο - the hiatus is permited because elision has already occurred in κῡξίνηο

Ἄηδη was originally Ἄϝηδη and is still accented as it began with α instead of αη

ἡξώσλ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse and its deviation from

the natural order

δὲ ἑιώξηα - the hiatus is permitted because the original was δὲ ϝειώξηα

ηεῦρε - the augment is dropped (usually ἔηεπρε)

ἐηειείεην - imperfect passive indicative 3rd

person singular of ηειείσ

KEY

Sing O goddess of the accursed wrath of Achilles Peleiades

which brought countless woes to the Achaeans

and cast forth the souls of many valiant warriors to Hades

making them the spoils and feast of both dogs

and vultures But the will of Zeus was accomplished

138 Composition

1 The valiant Achaeans are singing the accursed wrath of Achilles 2 The wrath of Achilles caused many woes

to the Achaeans and sent many valiant souls of heroes to the god Hades 3 We shall make the army of the Achaeans

a booty for the dogs and a banquet for the birds 4 We are accomplishing the will of the goddess

KEY

1 ἴθζῑκνη Ἀραηνὶ ἀείδνπζηλ νὐινκέλελ κῆληλ Ἀρηιῆνο 2 κῆληο Ἀρηιῆνο ἔζεθε κῡξίrsquo ἄιγεrsquo Ἀραηνῖζη θαὶ

πξνΐαςε πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἰθζίκνπο ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη 3 ηεύμνκελ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ ἑιώξηα θύλεζζηλ θαὶ δαῖηα

νἰσλνῖζηλ 4 ηεύρνκελ βνπιὴλ ζεᾶο

Lesson 14

(519-526 1159-1192)

(cf 586)

141 Syllable Quantity

A syllable is long (by nature) when it contains a long vowel or a diphthong or (by position) when it ends in two

consecutive consonants (or a double consonant) A short vowel followed by a mute and a liquid κ or λ is common

and can be either long or short depending on the requirements of the verse Occasionally the letters ι κ λ ξ or ζ

are doubled in pronunciation when they follow a short vowel making the syllable long by position but this

convention is not always represented in writing And occasionally a lost ϝ will combine with another consonant to

make the preceding syllable long by position

Observe the following rules when determing the length of a syllable

Any vowel with the circumflex accent is long

The vowel of any ultmia whose penult bears the circumflex is short

If the penult has an acute then the vowel of the ultima must also be long

If the vowel of the ultima is short and the penult has the acute then the vowel of the penult must

be short as well

If the antepenult is accented the vowel of the ultima must be short

Occasionally these rules do not apply to certain compounds where one of the two words are

accented as if they were separate

If a short syllable stands where a long syllable is expected it is usually because the pause of the caesura or

diaresis fills out the foot or because the following word has lost a consonant (usually ϝ or ζ) And occasionally a

short syllable ending in a consonant is lengthened when it occurs on the ictus (beat) of the verse Such lengthening is

called thesis

142 Metrical Quantity

With the exception of pauses at the end of the verse caesura and diaresis all feet must consist of two long

syllables or a long syllable followed by two shorts Thus if a long syllable is followed by a short syllable then the

next syllable must be short as well Likewise if a short syllable is followed by a long syllable then the preceding

syllable must be short as well

When a word ends in a short vowel (and sometimes -νη and -αη) and the following word begins with a vowel

the short vowel is usually elided unless the following word originally began with ϝ When a word ends in a long

vowel or a diphthong and the following word begins with a vowel the long vowel is usually shortened This

phenomenon can also occur within the same word and again it is less common when the following word originally

began with ϝ Vowel shortening is also rare when the long vowel occurs on the ictus

The meter of Homer is called dactylic or heroic hexameter and is the most common meter in Greek verse Each

verse has six feet The first five feet can be dactyls (one long syllable followed by two short syllables) or spondees

(two long syllables) The final foot of the verse is always a spndee but keep in mind that the pause at the end of the

verse often combines with a final short syllable to form one long syllable The fifth foot of each verse is usually a

dactyl with only one in twenty (or so) verses containing a spondee in the fifth foot The verses that have a spndee in

the fifth foot are called spondaic and usually take slightly longer to recite In dactylic hexameter the ictus (beat) of

the verse always occurs on the first syllable of each foot producing six distinct beats per verse

Caesura occurs when a word ends within a foot (ie at the end of the first syllable of a foot or between the two

short syllables of the foot) When a caesura occurs at a natural pause in the verse this is said to be the caesura of the

verse A pause after the first syllable of a foot is called a masculine caesura and a pause after the second syllable of

the foot is called a feminine caesura

Diaresis occurs when the end of a word coincides with the end of a foot When this falls at a natural pause in

the verse it is said to be the diaresis of the verse When the diaresis occurs at the end of the fourth foot is it called

the bucolic diaresis (due to its common use in pastoral poetry)

143 Marking the Rhythm of the Iliad 1-5

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κπξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςπρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιήλ

ΜΖ ληλ α | ΔΗ δε ζε | Α ΠΖ | ΛΖ η α | ΓΔΧ α ρη | ΛΖ Ο-

dact dact spon dact dact spon

The pauses at the end of κῆληλ and ἄεηδε are feminine caesuras

The pauses at the end of ζεά Πειεηάδεσ and Ἀρηιῆνο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of ζεά is the caesura of the verse

The dash at the end of the verse indicates a pause that combines with a short vowel to fill out the

last foot

ΟΤ ιν κε | ΝΖΝ Ζ | ΜΤ ξη α | ΥΑΗ ΟΗ | ΑΛ γε ε | ΘΖ ΚΔΝ-

dact spon dact spon dact spon

The pauses at the end of κῡξίrsquo and ἄιγε are feminine caesuras

The pauses at the end of νὐινκέλελ and ἔζεθελ are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of νὐινκέλελ is the caesura of the verse

The pauses at the end of ἥ and Ἀραηνῖο are diareses

The diaresis at Ἀραηνῖο is a bucolic diaresis

κῡξία Ἀραηνῖο and ἄιγεα ἔζεθελ are examples of hiatus

The first syllable of ἄιγεrsquo is long because it is followed by two consecutive consonants

ΠΟΛ ΛΑ | ΓrsquoΗΦ ΘΗ | ΜΟΤ ΦΤ | ΥΑ ΑΗ | ΓΗ πξν τ | Α ΦΔΝ-

spon spon spon spon dact spon

The pauses at the end of ἰθζίκνπο and ςπράο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of πνιιάο is a diaresis

δὲ ἰθζίκνπο is hiatus

The first syllable of πνιιάο is long by position as is the first syllable of ἰθζίκνπο the last syllable

of Ἄηδη and the second syllable of πξνΐαςελ

Ζ ΡΧ | ΧΝ ΑΤ | ΣΟΤ δε ε | ΛΧ ξη α | ΣΔΤ ρε θπ | ΝΔ ΗΝ-

spon spon dact dact dact spon

The pause at the end of ηεῦρε is a feminine caesura

The pauses at the end of ἡξώσλ and αὐηνύο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of ἡξώσλ is the caesura of the verse

The pause at the end of ἑιώξηα is a diaresis

ΟΗ Χ | ΝΟΗ ζη ηε | ΓΑΗ ηα δη | Ο δrsquoε ηε | ΛΔΗ ε ην | ΒΟΤ ΛΖΝ

The pauses at the end of νἰσλνῖζη and δαῖηα are feminine caesuras

The pause at the end of Γηόο is a masculine caesura

The pauses at the end of ηε ἐηειείεην and βνπιήλ are diareses

The pause at the end of δαῖηα is the diaresis of the verse

Lesson 15

(693-694 697-700)

(cf 781-782 837 580 1009 996 584-585)

151 Third Declension Paradigms (continued)

Third declension nouns ending in a dental mute stem are exemplified by ἄλαμ (king ϝαλαθη-) λύμ (night λπθη-

) παῖο (child παηδ-) and γέξσλ (old man γεξνλη-)

N ἄλαμ λύμ παῖο γέξσλ

G ἄλαθηνο λπθηόο παηδόο γέξνληνο

D ἄλαθηη λπθηί παηδί γέξνληη

A ἄλαθηα λύθηα παίδα γέξνληα

V ἄλαμ [ἄλα] λύμ παῖ γέξσλ

N V A ἄλαθηε λύθηε παίδε γέξνληε

G D ἀλάθηνηηλ λύθηνηηλ παίδνηηλ γεξόληνηηλ

N ἄλαθηεο λύθηεο παίδεο γέξνληεο

G ἀλάθησλ λπθηῶλ παηδῶλ γεξόλησλ

D ἀλάθηεζζη λύθηεζζη παίδεζζη γεξόληεζζη

ἄλαμη λπμί παηζί γέξνπζη

A ἄλαθηαο λύθηνο παῖδαο γέξνληαο

Third declension nouns ending in labial and palatal stems are exemplified by αἴμ (goat αἰγ-) θῆξπμ (herald

θεξῡθ-) and Αἰζίνς (Ethipoian Αἰζηνπ-)

N αἴμ θῆξπμ Αἰζίνς

G αἰγόο θήξῡθνο Αἰζίνπνο

D αἰγί θήξῡθη Αἰζίνπη

A αἶγα θήξῡθα Αἰζίνπα

V αἴμ θῆξπμ Αἰζίνς

N V A αἶγε θήξῡθε Αἰζίνπε

G D αἴγνηηλ θεξύθνηηλ (ῡ) Αἰζηόπνηηλ

N αἶγεο θήξῡθεο Αἰζίνπεο

G αἰγῶλ θεξύθσλ (ῡ) Αἰζηόπσλ

D αἴγεζζη θεξύθεζζη (ῡ) Αἰζηόπεζζη

αἰμί θήξῡμ Αἰζίνςη

A αἶγαο θήξῡθαο Αἰζίνπαο

Nouns with stems ending in -εξ express different grades of ablaut in the stem (-εξ -εξ -ξ) with a recessive

accent in the vocative singular These are exemplified by παηήξ (father παηεξ-) κήηεξ (mother κεηεξ-) ζπγάηεξ

(daughter ζπγαηεξ-) and ἀλήξ (man ἀλεξ-)

N παηήξ κήηεξ ζπγάηεξ ἀλήξ

G παηέξνο -ηξόο κεηέξνο -ηξόο ζπγαηέξνο -ηξόο ἀλέξνο ἀλδξόο

D παηέξη -ηξί κεηέξη -ηξί ζπγαηέξη -ηξί ἀλέξη ἀλδξί

A παηέξα κεηέξα ζπγαηέξα ἀλέξα ἄλδξα

V πάηεξ κῆηεξ ζύγαηεξ ἄλεξ

N V A παηέξε κεηέξε ζπγαηέξε ἀλέξε ἄλδξε

G D παηέξνηηλ κεηέξνηηλ ζπγαηέξνηηλ ἀλέξνηηλ ἄλδξνηηλ

N παηέξεο κεηέξεο ζπγαηέξεο ζύγαηξεο ἀλέξεο ἄλδξεο

G παηέξσλ -ηξῶλ κεηέξσλ -ηξῶλ ζπγαηέξσλ ζπγαηξῶλ ἀλέξσλ ἀλδξῶλ

D παηξάζη κεηξάζη ζπγαηξάζη ζπγαηέξεζζη ἀλδξάζη ἄλδξεζζη

A παηέξαο κεηέξαο ζπγαηέξαο ζύγαηξαο ἀλέξαο ἄλδξαο

Note that δ is inserted into ἀλήξ between λ and ξ where they occur together The accent of the shorter forms of

ἀλέξ follow the pattern seen in παηήξ The alpha after ξ in the dative plural was added euphonically to strengthen

what was originally a sonant ξ

152 Vocabulary

ἄλαμ ἄλαθηνο ὁ king lord protector

ἀλήξ ἀλέξνο (ἀλδξόο) ὁ (real) man warrior hero

ἄξ(α) (ῥά) naturally of course as you know as you might expect that is

in effect (not always translatable)

βαζηιεύο ῆνο ὁ king ruler

δή indeed truly forsooth now

δηίζηεκη (ζηε- ζηα-) δηαζηήζσ stand apart separate

δηέζηεζα (δηέζηελ)

ἐμ νὗ from the time when

ἐξίδσ (ἐξηδ-) - ἤξηζ(ζ)α quarrel strive

ἠξηζάηελ (they) strove

ἔξηο ηδνο ἡ strife quarrel

Λεηώ Λεηόνο ἡ Leto

κάρνκαη fight battle

κάρεζζαη to fight

μπλίκη μπλήζσ μπλῆθα (μπλέεθα) bring together throw together hearken heed

ὄξλῡκη ὄξζσ ὦξζα (ὤξνξνλ) stir up kindle incite excite arouse

πξῶηνο ε νλ first foremost chief

ηὸ πξῶηνλ ηὰ πξῶηα (adv) at first firstly first

πἱόο νῦ ὁ son

ζθσε these two

153 Translation

1 ζεὰ (ᾱ) ἀείζεη κῆληλ Ἀρηιῆνο ἐμ νὗ δὴ ηὰ πξῶηα δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο θαὶ Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἀλδξῶλ ἠξηζάηελ θαὶ

δηεζηήηελ 2 ηίο ζεῶλ μπλέεθε δῖνλ Ἀρηιῆά ηε θαὶ Ἀηξεΐδελ ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 3 πἱὸο Λεηόνο θαὶ Γηὸο ἑθεβόινο

μπλέεθέ ζθσε ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη ηὸλ γὰξ βαζηιεὺο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἐρόισζελ ὁ δrsquo ὦξζε θαθὴλ λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ

ὤιεθε δὲ ιᾱνύο

KEY

1 The goddess sings the wrath of Achilles from the time when first the divine Achilles and Atreides king of

men strove and separated 2 Which of the gods brought together the divine Achilles and the son of Atreus to fight

in strife 3 The son of Leto and Zeus the Free-shooter brought these two together to fight in strife for Atreides the

king enraged him so he stirred up an evil plague through the camp of the Achaeans and destroyed their host

154 Iliad 1-10

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κῡξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςῡρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιή

ἐμ νὗ δὴ ηὰ πξῶηα δηαζηήηελ ἐξίζαληε

Ἀηξεΐδεο ηε ἄλαμ ἀλδξῶλ θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεύο

ηίο ηrsquo ἄξ ζθσε ζεῶλ ἔξηδη μπλέεθε κάρεζζαη

Λεηνῦο θαὶ Γηὸο πἱόο ὁ γὰξ βαζηιῆη ρνισζεὶο

λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ ὦξζε θαθήλ ὀιέθνλην δὲ ιᾱνί

δηαζηήηελ = δηεζηήηελ

ἐξίζαληε = aor act part nom dual masc (they two) having quarreled

ηε ἄλαμ originally ηε ϝάλαμ thus allowing the hiatus

ζθσε [ἕσ] = 3rd

pers pron acc dual these two

ἔξηδη is dative of means in strife

κάρεζζαη = pres act infinitive deponent to fight

ρνισζείο = aor pass part nom sing masc having been enraged

Λεηνῦο = contracted form of Λεηόνο

βαζηιῆη = Agamemnon instrumental case by the king

ὀιέθνλην = ὠιέθνλην imperf pass ind 3rd

pers plural were being destroyed or kept

perishing

KEY

Sing O goddess of the accursed wrath of Achilles Peleiades

which brought countless woes to the Achaeans

and cast forth the souls of many valiant warriors to Hades

making them the spoils and feast of both dogs

and vultures But the will of Zeus was accomplished

indeed from the time when at first having quarreled both

Atreides king of men and the divine Achilles separated

Which of the gods of course brought these two together to fight in strife

The son of Leto and Zeus For enraged by the king he

kindled an evil plague up through the camp and the people were destroyed

155 Composition

1 ἠείδνκελ κῆληλ νὐινκέλελ Ἀρηιιῆνο ἐμ νὗ ηὰ πξῶηα Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἀλέξσλ (ἀλδξῶλ) θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο

ἠξηζάηελ θαὶ δηεζηεζάηελ (δηεζηήηελ) 2 ηίο ζεῶλ μπλῆθε (μπλέεθα) Ἀραηνὺο θαὶ ιᾱὸλ Πξηάκνπ ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 3

μπλῆθε (μπλέεθα) ζθσε (ἕν) πἱὸο Λεηόνο (Λεηνῦο) θαὶ Γηὸο ἑθεβόινο ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 4 Αηξεΐδεο βαζηιεὺο

Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο ἐρόισζαλ ἄλαθηα ἑθεβόινλ θαὶ ὁ ὦξζα (ὤξνξε) λνῦζνπο πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θαθὰο (ᾱ) ἀλὰ

ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ θαθῶο ὤιεθελ ἀγαζὸλ ιᾱόλ

Lesson 16

(887-897 910 1065-1068 697-703 707 710 732)

161 Formation of Middle Passive and Deponent Verbs

The endings of the middle voice are different from the active voice The passive voice applies the same endings

as the middle voice except in the aorist passive which applies active endings Because the middle and passive voice

are identical (other than the aorist) the context determines whether a verb is used with middle or the passive

meaning The aorist middle is often used with a passive meaning (especially in athematic forms) and the aorist

passive is often used with a middle meaning

The perfect and pluperfect of the middlepassive are athematic with the personal endings attached directly to

the reduplicated stem

The future perfect passive is formed by adding -ζνε to the perfect middle passive lengthening the vowel that

precedes this ending

The first aorist passive is formed by adding -(ζ)ζεε to the stem Before ζ π and β become θ θ and γ become ρ

and η δ ζ become ζ Many verbs have a second aorist passive that drops the ζ altogether

Deponent verbs have no active form but use the middlepassive forms in an active sense

162 Paradigms Present and Future Indicative MiddlePassive of ιύσ

Present

S 1 ιύνκαη

2 ιύεαη [(ιύῃ)]

3 ιύεηαη

D 2 ιύεζζνλ

3 ιύεζζνλ

P 1 ιπόκε(ζ)ζα

2 ιύεζζα

3 ιύνληαη

Future

S 1 ιύζνκαη (ῡ)

2 ιύζεαη (ῡ) [(ιύζῃ (ῡ))]

3 ιύζεηαη (ῡ)

D 2 ιύζεζζνλ (ῡ)

3 ιύζεζζνλ (ῡ)

P 1 ιῡζόκεζα

2 ιύζεζζε (ῡ)

3 ιύζνληαη (ῡ)

163 The Use of Voice in Greek

The active voice indicates that the subject is acting λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ ὦξζε = he kindled a plague up

through the camp

The passive voice indicates that the subject is acted upon Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιή = but the will of Zeus was

being accomplished

The Middle voice denotes one of three meanings

1 The subject acting upon itself πείζνκαη (I convince myself) θαίλνκαη (I show myself)

2 The subject acting for itself θαιένκαη (I call for myself)

3 The subject acting upon something belonging to itself ιύνκαη (I loose my own I ransom)

When determing the difference between the middle and passive keep in mind that the middle voice always

conveys a direct or indirect reference to the subject and that the subject is effect by or has an interest in the action

164 Third Declension Stems in -επ -επ -νπ and -σϝ

Stems in -επ usually became -εϝ and the third declension endings are applied after the ϝ Thus βαζηιεϝνο =

βαζηιῆνο βαηιεϝη = βαζηιῆη βαζηιεϝα = βαζηιῆα etc Note that the ϝ explains why εη (εϝη) does not form an

improper diphthong as well as why the accusative singular ends in -εα (as if the stem ended in a consonant) instead

of -ελ (as if the stem ended in a vowel) Note that when the ending consists of a consonant the -εϝ is contracted to

the diphthong -επ Thus βαζηιεϝο = βαζηιεύο βαζηιεϝ = βαζηιεῦ βαζηιεϝζη = βαζηιεῦζη In rare cases the other

endings also contract the -ε to -ε (ie βαζηιῆνο = βαζηιένο)

In stems ending originally in -ᾱϝ the ᾱ becomes ε in the Ionic dialect These are declined the same as -εϝ

except that -εῡ is formed before consonants instead of -επ Thus λᾱϝο = λεϝο = λεῦο λᾱϝ = λεϝ = λεῦ But note the

exception in the shorter form of the dative plural where λᾱϝζη = λεϝζη = λεπζί (rather than λεῡζη) In contracted

forms the ε usually becomes ε

In stems ending in -σϝ the third declension endings are applied directly to the stem Thus ἡξσϝο = ἥξσο

ἡξσϝνο = ἥξσνο ἡξσϝη = ἥξση ἡξσϝα = ἥξσα etc

In stems ending originally in -ν or -νϝ the third declension endings are applied as usual But keep in mind that -

νϝ is contracted to the diphthong -νπ before a consonant thus βνϝο = βνῦο and βνϝζη = βνπζί But note the

exception that occurs in the accusative singular where βνϝλ = βνῦλ rather than βνϝα

βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

(βαζηιεϝ-) (βνϝ-) (λᾱϝ-) (ἡξσϝ-)

N βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

G βαζηιῆνο [ένο] βνόο λεόο [εόο] ἥξσνο

D βαζηιῆη [έη] βνΐ λεί ἥξση

A βαζηιῆα [έα] βνῦλ [βῶλ] λῆα [έα] ἥξσα

V βαζηιεῦ βνῦ λεῦ ἥξσο

N V A βαζηιῆε βόε λῆε ἥξσε

G D βαζηιήνηηλ βόνηηλ λήνηηλ ἡξώνηηλ

N V βαζηιῆεο βόεο λῆεο ἥξσεο

G βαζηιήσλ βνῶλ λεῶλ [εῶλ] ἡξώσλ

D βαζηιήεζζη βόεζζη λήεζζη [έεζζη] ἡξώεζζη

βαζηιεῦζη βνπζί λεπζί ἥξσζη

A βαζηιῆαο βόαο (βνῦο) λῆαο [έαο] ἥξσαο

165 Third Declension Stems in -εζ -αζ and -νζ

When a stem ends in a vowel plus -ζ the initial ζ is dropped between two vowels Thus γεξαζνο = γέξανο

ἠνζνο = ἠόνο etc

All third declension nouns with stems ending in -εο are neuters and follow the pattern of ἔπνο The third

declension endings are applied as usual except that the nominative vocative and accusative singulars end in -νο

Nouns with stems ending in -νο take -σο in the nominative and vocative singular but otherwise apply the third

declension endings as usual (dropping ζ between two vowels)

ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

(ϝεπεζ-) (γεξαζ-) (ἀϝζνζ- (ᾱ))

N ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

G ἔπενο γέξανο ἠόνο

D ἔπετ γέξατ ἠόη

A ἔπνο γέξαο ἠόα

V ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

N V A ἔπεε γέξαε

G D ἐπένηηλ γεξάνηηλ

N V ἔπεα γέξα(α)

G ἐπέσλ γεξάσλ

D ἐπέεζζη γεξάεζζη

ἔπε(ζ)ζη γέξα(ζ)ζη

A ἔπεα γέξα(α)

166 Third Declension Stems in -καη and -καξ

Stems ending in -καη and -καξ are neuters

Stems in -καη drop the -ηο in the nominative vocative and accusative singular δσκαηο = δῶκα Otherwise the

third declension endings are applied as usual

Stems ending in -καξ are declined like those ending in -καη except in the nominative vocative and accusative

singular (which end in -καξ)

δῶκα ἦκαξ

(δσκαη-) (ἠκαξ- ἠκαη-)

N δῶκα ἦκαξ

G δώκαηνο ἤκαηνο

D δώκαηη ἤκαηη

A δῶκα ἦκαξ

V δῶκα ἦκαξ

N V A δώκαηε ἤκαηε

G D δσκάηνηηλ ἠκάηνηηλ

N V δώκαηα ἤκαηα

G δσκάησλ ἠκάησλ

D δσκάηεζζη ἠκάηεζζη

δώκαζη ἤκαζη

A δώκαηα ἤκαηα

167 Third Declension Stems in -λη and -λ

Stems ending in -λη drop the -λη before ζ and lengthen the preceding vowel thus παληο = πᾶο παληζη = πᾶζη

Otherwise the third declension endings are applied as usual In neuters the -η is dropped at the end of the word thus

παλη = πᾶλ Stems in -λ drop the -λ before ζ and lengthen the preceding vowel in the masculine (but not in the

neuter)

πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

(παλη- παληα- παλη-)

Masc Fem Neut

N πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

G παληόο πάζεο (ᾱ) παληόο

D παληί πάζῃ (ᾱ) παληί

A πάληα πᾶζαλ πᾶλ

V πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

N V πάληεο πᾶζαη πάληα

G πάλησλ πᾱζάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] πάλησλ

D πάληεζ(ζ)η πάζῃζη (ᾱ) πάληεζ(ζ)η

πᾶζη πάζῃο (ᾱ) πᾶζη

A πάληνο πάζᾱο (ᾱ) πάληα

κέιᾱο κέιαηλα κέιαλ

(κειαλ- κειαηλα- κειαλ-)

N κέιᾱο κέιαηλα κέιαλ

G κέιαλνο κειαίλεο κέιαλνο

D κέιαλη κειαίλῃ κέιαλη

A κέιαλα κέιαηλαλ κέιαλ

V κέιαλ κέιαηλα κέιαλ

N V A κέιαλε κειαίλᾱ κέιαλε

G D κειάλνηηλ κειαίλῃηλ κειάλνηηλ

N V κέιαλεο κέιαηλαη κέιαλα

G κειάλσλ κειαηλάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] κειάλσλ

D κειάλεζ(ζ)η κειαίλῃζη κειάλεζ(ζ)η

κέιαζη κειαίλῃο κέιαζη

A κέιαλεο κειαίλᾱο κέιαλα

168 Vocabulary

Nouns

Ἀπόιισλ (ᾰ or ᾰ) σλνο ὁ Apollo

ἀξεηήξ (ᾱ) ῆξνο ὁ priest prayer

ζπγάηεξ ηέξνο (ηξόο) ἡ daughter

θνζκήησξ νξνο ὁ commander marshaller

λεῦο λεόο (λεόο) ἡ ship

ζηέκκα καηνο ηό fillet (of white cotton) wreath

ρείξ ρεηξόο ἡ hand arm

Verbs

ἔξρνκαη (ἐξρ- ἐιε- ἐιεπζ- ἐιπζ-) come go

ἐιεύζνκαη I will come I will go

ἦιζνλ (ἤιπζνλ) I came I went

ιίζζνκαη (ιηη-) I beg I entreat

---

ἐιιηζάκελ (ἐιηηόκελ) I begged I entreated

Adjectives Prepositions

ζνόο ή όλ swift speedy

πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ all every (the) whole

Indeclinable

δύν (δύσ) two

κάιηζηα most especially by all means

169 Translation

1 Ἀπόιισλ ἑθεβόινο ρνινῦηαη βαζηιῆη Αηξεΐδῃ θαὶ πέκπεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ ὀιέθνληαη δὲ

ιᾱνί νὕλεθα δῖνο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) 2 Υξύζεο (ῡ) γὰξ ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἑθεβόινπ ἔξρεηαη

ἐπὶ ζνὰο (ᾱ) λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ θέξεη δrsquo ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα ζπγαηξόο ἣλ Ἀηξεΐδεο ἔρεη ἐλ ζηξαηῷ 3 ὁ δrsquo ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἔρεη

ζηέκκαηα ἑθεβόινπ Ἀπόιισλνο ἐλ ρεξζὶλ ἀλὰ ρξῡζέῳ ζθήπηξῳ θαὶ ιίζζεηαη πάληαο Ἀραηνύο κάιηζηα δrsquo Ἀηξεΐδᾱ

δύσ θνζκήηνξε ιᾱῶλ 4 Ἀπόιισλ ρνιώζεηαη βαζηιῆη θαὶ ὄξζεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηόλ 5 ἐιεύζνληαη ἐπὶ ζνὰο

(ᾱ) λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ νἴζνπζη ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα βαζηιῆη 6 ιίζζνληαη πάληαο Ἀραηνύο 7 Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζελ (ῑ)

ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) θαὶ νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε ζύγαηξα

KEY

1 Apollo the free-shooter enraged by king Atreides sent an evil plague through the camp of the Achaeans and

the people were destroyed because the divine Atreides dishonored Chryses the priest 2 For Chryses the priest of

the free-shooter went upon the swift ships of the Achaeans bearing countless ransoms for his daughter whom

Atreides was holding in the camp 3 But the priest had a wreath of Apollo the free-shooter upon a staff in his hand

and was entreating all of the Achaeans but especially the sons of Atreus (who were) the commanders of the host 4

Apollo will be enraged by the king and will kindle an evil plague up through the camp 5 They will go upon the

swift ships of the Achaeans and bring countless ransoms to the king 6 They are entreating all of the Achaeans 7

Atreides dishonored the priest and would not release his daughter

1610 Iliad 11-16

hellipὀιέθνλην δὲ ιᾱνί

νὕλεθα ηὸλ Υξύζελ ἠηίκαζελ ἀξεηῆξα

Αηξεΐδεο ὁ γὰξ ἦιζε ζνὰο ἐπὶ λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ

ιπζόκελνο ηε ζύγαηξα θέξσλ ηrsquo ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα

ζηέκκαηrsquo ἔρσλ ἐλ ρεξζὶλ ἑθεβόινπ Ἀπόιισλνο

ρξπζέῳ ἀλὰ ζθήπηξῳ θαὶ ἐιίζζεην πάληαο Ἀραηνύο

Ἀηξεΐδα δὲ κάιηζηα δύσ θνζκήηνξε ιαῶλ

ηόλ Υξύζελ = that (well-known) Chryses

The first verse ends in two spondees making it a spondaic verse and emphasizing the fact that

Chryses was a priest

ιῡζόκελνο = fut mid part nom masc sing being about to ransom

θέξσλ = pres act part nom sing masc bearing bringing

ἔρσλ = pres act part nom sing masc having holding

ρεξζὶλ ἑθεβόινπ = ρεξζὶ ϝεθεβόινπ

ρξῡζέῳ = synizesis where -έῳ is pronounced as a single syllable

ἐιίζζεην = imperf act ind 3rd

pers sing dep (kept) entreating was entreating

Ἀηξεΐδᾱ = dual of Ἀηξεΐδεο refers to both Agamemnon and Menelaus

KEY

hellipand the people were being destroyed

because Atreides dishonored Chryses the priest

For he had gone upon the swift ships of the Achaeans

intending to ransom his daughter bearing countless gifts

and holding in his hand fillets of Apollo the free-shooter

upon a golden staff and was entreating all of the Achaeans

but especially the two sons of Atreus the commanders of the host

1611 Composition

1 Chryses the priest of Apollo is dishonored by the son of Atreus 2 The Achaeans will go from their swift

ships to Troy and ransom the beloved daughter of the priest 3 We shall bring many ransoms and shall hold in our

hands the fillets of Apollo 4 We do not have a golden scepter but we entreat Priam and all the people of Troy 5

The two sons of Atreus marshallers of the people are entreating Priam but he will slight them 6 The son of

Atreus king of men slighted the priest and did not release his daughter

KEY

1 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) Ἀπόιινπ ἀηῑκάδεηαη Ἀηξεΐδῃ 2 Ἀραηνὶ ἐιεύζνληαη ἐθ ζνάσλ (ᾱ) λήσλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ (ῑ)

θαὶ ἀπειύζνληαη (ῡ) θίιε ζπγάηεξα ἀξεηῆξη (ᾱ) 3 νἴζνκελ πνιιrsquo ἄπνηλα θαὶ ἕζρνκελ ἐλ ρείξεζζη ζηέκκαηα

Ἀπόιινπ 4 νὐθ ἔρνκελ ζθῆπηξνλ ρξύζενλ ἀιιὰ ιηζζόκεζα Πξίακνλ θαὶ πᾶληα ιᾱνλ Ἰιίνπ (ῑ) 5 δύrsquo Ἀηξεΐδᾱ

θνζκήηεξᾱ ιᾱσλ ιίζζεζζνλ Πξίακνλ αὐηνὺο δrsquo ἀηῑκάζεη 6 Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἄλδξσλ ἠηίκαζελ (ῑ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) θαὶ

νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε ζπγάηεξα

1612 Meter

ΟΤ λε θα | ΣΟΝ ΥΡΤ | ΖΝ Ζ | ΣΗ κα ζελ | Α ΡΖ | ΣΖ ΡΑ~

Α ηξε η | ΓΖ ν γαξ | ΖΛ ζε ζν | Α ε πη | ΝΖ αο α | ΥΑΗ ΧΝ

ΛΤ ζν κε | ΝΟ ηε ζπ | ΓΑΣ ξα θε | ΡΧΝ ηα πε | ΡΔΗ ζη α | ΠΟΗ ΝΑ~

ΣΔΜ καη ε | ΥΧΝ ΔΝ | ΥΔΡ ζηλ ε | ΚΖ βν ινπ | Α ΠΟΛ | ΛΧ ΝΟ~

ΥΡΤζεσα | ΝΑ ΚΖΠ | ΣΡΧ θαη ε | ΛΗ ζε ην | ΠΑΝ ηαο α | ΥΑΗ ΟΤ

ΑΣ ξε η | ΓΑ δε κα | ΛΗ ηα δπ | Χ ΚΟ | ΜΖ ην ξε | ΛΑ ΧΝ

Lesson 17

(910 - imperfect middle and passive aorist middle of ιύσ 648-658 - the table

of endings in 32)

171 Paradigms Imperfect MiddlePassive of ιύσ

S 1 ἐιπόκελ

2 ἐιύεν [(ἐιύεπ)]

3 ἐιύεην

D 2 ἐιύεζζνλ

3 ἐιπέζζελ

P 1 ἐιπόκε(ζ)ζα

2 ἐιύεζζε

3 ἐιύνλην

172 Paradigms Aorist Middle of ιύσ

Thematic Athematic (2nd

Aorist)

S 1 ἐιῡζάκελ ἐιύκελ

2 ἐιύζαν (ῡ) [(ἐιύζσ (ῡ))] ἔιπ(ζ)ν

3 ἐιύζαην (ῡ) ἔιπην

D 2 ἐιύζαζζνλ (ῡ) ἔιπζζνλ

3 ἐιῡζάζζελ ἐιύζζελ

P 1 ἐιῡζάκε(ζ)ζα ἐιύκε(ζ)ζα

2 ἐιύζαζζε (ῡ) ἔιπζζε

3 ἐιύζαλην (ῡ) ἔιπλην

173 Vocabulary

δῶκα αηνο ηό house home

παῖο παηδόο ὁ ἡ child son daughter

π(η)όιηο ηνο (ενο) ἡ city state

ἐπθλήκῑο ῑδνο well-greaved

ἐγώ(λ) κέν (κεῦ) I

ζύ ζέν (ζεῦ) you

κέλhellip δέ on the one handhellip trulyhellip on the one handhellip on the other hand

partlyhellip partly the onehellip the other

νἴθαδε home homeward to home home

Verbs

ἅδνκαη (ἁγ-) (defective) I reverence

δέρνκαη I accept I receive

δέμνκαη I will accept

ἐδεμάκελ (ἐδέγκελ) I accepted

δίδσκη (δσ- δν-) I give I grant

(δη)δώζσ I will give

ἔδσθα I gave

ἐθπέξζσ (πεξζ- πξαζ-) I sack (utterly) I plunder I pillage

ἐθπέξζσ I will sack

ἐμέπεξζα (ἐμέπξαζνλ) I sacked

ἱθλένκαη I arrive I reach (a destination)

ἵμνκαη I will arrive

ἱθόκελ (ῑ) I arrived

174 Translation

1 ζενὶ ἔρνπζηλ ιύκπηα δώκαηα ἔδσθαλ δrsquo Ἀηξεΐδεο θαὶ ἄιινηζηλ ἐπθλεκίδεζζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἐθπέξζαη

(infinitive) πόιηλ Πξηάκνπ ηόηε δrsquo ἵθνλην (ῑ) ἐὺ νἴθαδε νὕλεθα παῖδα θίιελ ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἔιῡζαλ 2 ἀπέιῡζαλ

ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνὶ ζύγαηξα θίιελ ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἐδέμαλην δrsquo ἀγιαὰ ἄπνηλα νὕλεθα ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλα Γηὸο πἱὸλ

ἅδνλην 3 ἅδεηαη ἑθεβόινλ 4 Ἀηξεΐδεο νὐθ ἐδέμαην ηὰ ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα 5 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἔδσθελ ἄπνηλα

πνιιὰ βαζηιῆη Ἀηξεΐδῃ 6 πάληεο ζενὶ θαὶ πᾶζαη ζεαὶ εἶρνλ ιύκπηα δώκαηα 7 Ἀραηνὶ ἐπθλήκῑδεο ἐθπέξζνπζη

Πξηάκνην πόιηλ ἵμνληαη δrsquo ἐπ νἴθαδε 8 παῖο θίιε ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἐιύζαην (ῡ) ἵθεην (ῑ) δrsquo ἐὺ νἴθαδε

KEY

1 The gods have Olympian homes but they gave the son of Atreus and the other well-greaved Achaeans to

utterly sack the city of Priam and then they returned safe at home because they released the dear child of the priest

2 The well-greaved Achaeans released the dear daughter of the priest and received glorious ransoms because they

reverenced the free-shooter Apollo son of Zeus 3 He reverences te free-shooter 4 The son of Atreus did not

receive the glorious ransoms 5 Chryses the priest gave many ransoms to king Atreides 6 All of the gods and all of

the goddesses had Olympian homes 7 The well-greved Achaeans will utterly sack Priamrsquos city and will return safe

to home 8 The dear child of the priest was released and arrived well to her home

175 Iliad 17-21

ltltἈηξεΐδαη ηε θαὶ ἄιινη ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνί

ὑκῖλ κὲλ ζενὶ δνῖελ ιύκπηα δώκαηrsquo ἔρνληεο

ἐθπέξζαη Πξηάκνην πόιηλ ἐὺ δrsquo νἴθαδrsquo ἱθέζζαη

παῖδα δrsquo ἐκνὶ ιῦζαί ηε θίιελ ηά ηrsquo ἄπνηλα δέρεζζαη

ἁδόκελνη Γηὸο πἱὸλ ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλαgtgt

Ἀηξεΐδαηhellip ἄιινη ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνί = vocative case

ὑκῖλ (ῡ) = dat plural of ζύ to you

ζενί = one syllable by synizesis

κέλ (v 18) = correlative of δέ (v 20)

δνῖελ = aor act optative 3rd

plural of δίδσκη may they grant

ἔρνληεο = pres act part nom masc plural of ἔρσ having possessing

ἐθπέξζαη = aor act inf of ἐθπέξζσ to sack utterly

ἱθέζζαη = aor act inf of ἱθένκαη to arrive (compare κάρεζζαη)

ιῦζαη δέρεζζαη = infinitives used as imperatives free and accept

ηά ηrsquo ἄπνηλα (ηά ηε ἄπνηλα) = thesehellip gifts

ἁδόκελνη = pres act part nom masc plural reverencing

KEY

ldquoSons of Atreus and you other well-greaved Achaeans

may the gods who have their homes on Olympus grant you

to utterly sack Priamrsquos city and return safe to home

but release my dear child to me and accept these gifts

reverencing Apollo who shoots at will the son of Zeusrdquo

176 Composition

1 The gods who have (ἔρνληεο) Olympian homes will grant to the sons of Atreus and to the other well-greaved

Achaeans to sack utterly (ἐθπέξζαη) the city of Priam 2 When they sacked the city of Priam they returned happily

home 3 They accepted the shining ransoms and freed the darling daughter of the priest Chryses 4 We reverenced

the free-shooter Apollo son of Leto and Zeus and escaped death 5 Will the son of Atreus accept the shining

ransoms 6 The child of the priest was freed when he gave many shining ransoms which the two sons of Atreus

accepted

KEY

1 ζενὶ ἔρνληεο ιύκπηα δώκαηα δώζνπζη Ἀηξεΐδῃζη θαὶ ἄιινηζηλ ἐπθλεκίδεζζηλ (ῑ) Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἐθπέξζαη πόιηλ

Πξηάκνπ 2 ηόηε ἐμέπεξζαλ πόιηλ Πξηάκνην ἵθνλην (ῑ) ἐὺ νἴθαδε 3 ἐδέμαλην ἀγιαrsquo ἄπνηλα θαὶ ἀπέιῡζαλ ζπγάηεξα

θίιε ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) Υξύζᾱν (ῡ) 4 ἡμάκεζα ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλα Λεηόνο θαὶ Γηὸο πἱόλ θαὶ ζάλαηνλ 5

Ἀηξεΐδεο δέμεηαη ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα 6 παῖο ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἀπειύζαην (ῡ) ηόηε ἔδσθελ ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀγιάα ηὰ

Ἀηξεΐδᾱ ἐδώθαζηλ

Lesson 18

(Perfect and Pluperfect Active of Verbs 904 922 Third Declension γέρων

αἴξ 693-695)

181 Formation of the Perfect and Pluperfect Active

The perfect and pluperfect in all modes experience reduplication of the initial syllable which denotes completed

action Verbs beginning with a single consonant (except ξ) prefix this consonant followed by -ε Thus ιύσ =

ιέιπθα The stem sometimes stands in ablaut relation to the stem of the present as in βαίλσ = βέβεθα A

reduplicated syllable beginning with an aspirated mute is changed to its corresponding voiceless mute in the

reduplicated syllable ie ζλήζθσ = ηέζλεθα In these cases the reduplicated pluperfect adds ἐ- to the reduplicated

syllable ie ιύσ = ιέιπθα = ἐιέιπθε

Vebs beginning with a double consonant two consonants (except a mute followed by a liquid or a nasal) ξ and

some beginning with κ simply augment the stem with the addition of ε-

Verbs beginning in a vowel typically take the temporal augment by lengthening the vowel ie νἴρνκαη =

ᾤρσθα However verbs beginning with a vowel in which an initial consonant has been lost may take the syllabic

augment

Compound verbs typically insert the reduplication and augment between the preposition and the verb ie

ἀπνιύσ = ἀπνιέιπθα = ἀπειειύθε

The first perfect active adds -θα- to the stem followed by the primary endings The first pluperfect active

similarly adds -θε- followed by the secondary endings In general a short final vowel is lengthened before the

addition of the -θα- or -θε- Second perfects and pluperfects active are the older form and are more common in

Homer These omit the θ and simply add -α- or -ε- respectively The second perfects are more common in stems

ending in a consonant

In general the singular perfect and pluperfect active stand in ablaut relation to the dual and plural forms

Perfects and pluperfects are rare in Homer and only occur in some twenty verbs

182 Paradigms λέλυκα and βέβηκα

ιέιπθα ἐιειύθε (ἐιειύθεα)

ιέιπθαο ἐιειύθο (ἐιειύθεαο)

ιέιπθε(λ) ἐιειύθεη (ἐιειύθεε)

ιειύθαηνλ ἐιειύθαηνλ

ιειύθαηνλ ἐιειπθάηελ

ιειύθακελ ἐιειύθεκελ

ιειύθαηε ἐιειύθεηε

ιειύθᾱζη ἐιειύθεζαλ

βέβεθα ἐβεβήθεα (ἐβεβήθε)

βέβεθαο ἐβεβήθεαο (ἐβεβήθεο)

βέβεθε(λ) ἐβεβήθεε (ἐβεβήθεη)

βέβαηνλ ἐβέβαηνλ

βέβαηνλ ἐβεβάηελ

βέβακελ ἐβέβακελ

βέβαηε ἐβέβαηε

βέβᾱζη ἐβέβαζαλ

183 Paradigms γέρων and αἴξ

γέξσλ αἴμ

γέξνληνο αἰγόο

γέξνληη αἰγί

γέξνληα αἶγα

γέξνλ αἴμ

γέξνληε αἶγε

γεξόληνηηλ αἴγνηηλ

γέξνληεο αἶγεο

γεξόλησλ αἰγῶλ

γεξόληεζ(ζ)η (γέξνπζη) αἴγεζ(ζ)η (αἰμί)

γέξνληαο αἶγαο

184 Vocabulary

ἀγνξή ῆο ἡ assembly meeting place gathering harrangue

αἴμ αἰγόο ὁ ἡ goat

Ἄξγνο ενο ηό Argos (both a country and a city in Greece)

γέξσλ νληνο ὁ old man

γῆξαο ανο ηό old age

ἱεξεύο ῆνο ὁ priest holy man

κεξίνλ νπ ηό thigh-bone thigh-piece

πνύο πνδόο ὁ foot

ηαῦξνο νπ ὁ bull

θξήλ θξελόο ἡ diaphragm mind heart soul spirit disposition

δέθαηνο ε νλ tenth

ἡκέηεξνο ε νλ our ours

θνῖινο ε νλ hollow

ὠθύο ὠθεῖα ὠθύ swift speedy

ζλήζθσ die perish

ζαλένκαη

ἔζαλνλ

ηέζλεθα

θεύγσ flee fly escape run (off away along)

θεύμνκαη

ἔθπγνλ

πέθεπγα

found in the perfect tense If the initial consonant is aspirated the reduplicated consonant is typically

smooth Thus ηίζεκη rather than ζίζεκη

Note that ἴκη δίδσκη and ηίζεκη take the aorist in -θα rather than -ζα

When a word ends in a vowel and the following word begins with a vowel the result is called hiatus

In general hiatus is avoided in poetry through the use of elision crasis synizesis moveable

consonants etc However hiatus is allowed in some circumstances such as when elision has already

occurred when the first of the two vowels is long and occurs on the beat (or ictus) of the verse or

when a long vowel or diphthong has been shortened or when the two vowels were originally separated

by ϝ

Recall that the verbal augment is frequently omitted

135 Vocabulary

Ἄηο Ἄηδνο ὁ (nom not used) Hades

ἄιγνο ενο ηό grief pain woe trouble

Ἀρηιιεύο ῆνο ὁ Achilles

δαίο δαηηόο ἡ feast banquet portion

Εεύο Γηόο ὁ Zeus

ἥξσο ἥξσνο ὁ hero mighty warrior protector savior

ἴθζῑκνο ε νλ mighty valiant stout-hearted brave

θύσλ θπλόο ὁ ἡ dog

κῆληο ηνο ἡ wrath fury madness rage

νὐιόκελνο ε νλ accursed destructive deadly

πξντάπησ πξντάςσ πξνΐαςα hurl forward send forth

ηίζεκη (ζε- ζε-) ζήζσ ἔζεθα put place cause

Ἀρηιιεπο (Ἀρηιιεϝ-) Ἀρηιιενο Ἀρηιιεη Ἀρηιιεα

δαηο (δαηη-) δαηηνο δαηηη δαηηα δαηηεο δαηησλ δαηηεζζη δαηηαο

Εεπο Γηνο Γηη Γηα

ἡξσο ἡξσνο ἡξστ ἡξσα ἡξσεο ἡξσσλ ἡξσεζζη ἡξσαο

θπσλ θπλνο θπλη θπλα θπλεο θπλσλ θπλεζζη θπλαο

κεληο (κελη-) κεληνο κεληη κεληλ κεληεο κελησλ κεληεζζη κεληαο

136 Translation

1 κῆληο Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο ἦλ νὐινκέλε ἔζεθε γὰξ κῡξηrsquo ἄιγεα ηνῖζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ πξνΐαςε δὲ πνιιὰο (ᾱ)

ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἰθζίκνπο (ῑ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη ἔηεπρε δrsquo αὐηνὺο ἑιώξηα θαὶ δαῖηα θύλεζζηλ νἰσλνῖζί ηε ἐηέιεζε δὲ βνπιὴλ

Γηόο 2 ζεὰ (ᾱ) ἀείδεη κῆληλ νὐινκέλελ Ἀρηιῆνο ἣ ἔζεθελ κῡξίrsquo ἄιγεrsquo Ἀραηνῖζηλ 3 ζενὶ ὀιέθνπζη ηὸλ ζηξαηόλ θαὶ

πξντάπηνπζη πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη 4ηεύμνκελ κῡξίνπο Ἀραηνὺο ἑιώξηα θύλεζζηλ θαὶ δαῖηα ηνῖζηλ

νἰσλνῖζηλ νὕλεθα ἠηίκαζαλ (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) 5 θᾱιὴ ἦλ ἡ βνπιὴ Γηόο

KEY

1 The wrath of Achilles son of Peleus was destructive for it caused countless woes to the Achaeans and sent

forth many valiant souls of heros to Hades making them spoils and a banquet for the dogs and the vultures 2 The

goddess sings the accursed wrath of Achilles which brought countless woes to the Achaeans 3 The gods are

destroying the camp and sending forth many souls of the heros to Hades 4 We will make countless Achaeans spoils

for the dogs and a feast for these vultures because they dishonored Chryses 5 The will of Zeus was good

137 Iliad 1-5

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κπξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςπρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιήλ

Μῆληλ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse

ἄεηδε - present active imperative 2nd

person singular of ἀείδσ

ζεά - vocative case

Πειεηάδεσ = Πειεηάδᾱν (the verse may have originally read Πειεηάδᾱrsquo)

νὐινκέλελ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse as well as out of

the natural order and is placed directly opposite the word κῆληλ

κῡξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο - the hiatus is permited because elision has already occurred in κῡξίνηο

Ἄηδη was originally Ἄϝηδη and is still accented as it began with α instead of αη

ἡξώσλ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse and its deviation from

the natural order

δὲ ἑιώξηα - the hiatus is permitted because the original was δὲ ϝειώξηα

ηεῦρε - the augment is dropped (usually ἔηεπρε)

ἐηειείεην - imperfect passive indicative 3rd

person singular of ηειείσ

KEY

Sing O goddess of the accursed wrath of Achilles Peleiades

which brought countless woes to the Achaeans

and cast forth the souls of many valiant warriors to Hades

making them the spoils and feast of both dogs

and vultures But the will of Zeus was accomplished

138 Composition

1 The valiant Achaeans are singing the accursed wrath of Achilles 2 The wrath of Achilles caused many woes

to the Achaeans and sent many valiant souls of heroes to the god Hades 3 We shall make the army of the Achaeans

a booty for the dogs and a banquet for the birds 4 We are accomplishing the will of the goddess

KEY

1 ἴθζῑκνη Ἀραηνὶ ἀείδνπζηλ νὐινκέλελ κῆληλ Ἀρηιῆνο 2 κῆληο Ἀρηιῆνο ἔζεθε κῡξίrsquo ἄιγεrsquo Ἀραηνῖζη θαὶ

πξνΐαςε πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἰθζίκνπο ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη 3 ηεύμνκελ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ ἑιώξηα θύλεζζηλ θαὶ δαῖηα

νἰσλνῖζηλ 4 ηεύρνκελ βνπιὴλ ζεᾶο

Lesson 14

(519-526 1159-1192)

(cf 586)

141 Syllable Quantity

A syllable is long (by nature) when it contains a long vowel or a diphthong or (by position) when it ends in two

consecutive consonants (or a double consonant) A short vowel followed by a mute and a liquid κ or λ is common

and can be either long or short depending on the requirements of the verse Occasionally the letters ι κ λ ξ or ζ

are doubled in pronunciation when they follow a short vowel making the syllable long by position but this

convention is not always represented in writing And occasionally a lost ϝ will combine with another consonant to

make the preceding syllable long by position

Observe the following rules when determing the length of a syllable

Any vowel with the circumflex accent is long

The vowel of any ultmia whose penult bears the circumflex is short

If the penult has an acute then the vowel of the ultima must also be long

If the vowel of the ultima is short and the penult has the acute then the vowel of the penult must

be short as well

If the antepenult is accented the vowel of the ultima must be short

Occasionally these rules do not apply to certain compounds where one of the two words are

accented as if they were separate

If a short syllable stands where a long syllable is expected it is usually because the pause of the caesura or

diaresis fills out the foot or because the following word has lost a consonant (usually ϝ or ζ) And occasionally a

short syllable ending in a consonant is lengthened when it occurs on the ictus (beat) of the verse Such lengthening is

called thesis

142 Metrical Quantity

With the exception of pauses at the end of the verse caesura and diaresis all feet must consist of two long

syllables or a long syllable followed by two shorts Thus if a long syllable is followed by a short syllable then the

next syllable must be short as well Likewise if a short syllable is followed by a long syllable then the preceding

syllable must be short as well

When a word ends in a short vowel (and sometimes -νη and -αη) and the following word begins with a vowel

the short vowel is usually elided unless the following word originally began with ϝ When a word ends in a long

vowel or a diphthong and the following word begins with a vowel the long vowel is usually shortened This

phenomenon can also occur within the same word and again it is less common when the following word originally

began with ϝ Vowel shortening is also rare when the long vowel occurs on the ictus

The meter of Homer is called dactylic or heroic hexameter and is the most common meter in Greek verse Each

verse has six feet The first five feet can be dactyls (one long syllable followed by two short syllables) or spondees

(two long syllables) The final foot of the verse is always a spndee but keep in mind that the pause at the end of the

verse often combines with a final short syllable to form one long syllable The fifth foot of each verse is usually a

dactyl with only one in twenty (or so) verses containing a spondee in the fifth foot The verses that have a spndee in

the fifth foot are called spondaic and usually take slightly longer to recite In dactylic hexameter the ictus (beat) of

the verse always occurs on the first syllable of each foot producing six distinct beats per verse

Caesura occurs when a word ends within a foot (ie at the end of the first syllable of a foot or between the two

short syllables of the foot) When a caesura occurs at a natural pause in the verse this is said to be the caesura of the

verse A pause after the first syllable of a foot is called a masculine caesura and a pause after the second syllable of

the foot is called a feminine caesura

Diaresis occurs when the end of a word coincides with the end of a foot When this falls at a natural pause in

the verse it is said to be the diaresis of the verse When the diaresis occurs at the end of the fourth foot is it called

the bucolic diaresis (due to its common use in pastoral poetry)

143 Marking the Rhythm of the Iliad 1-5

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κπξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςπρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιήλ

ΜΖ ληλ α | ΔΗ δε ζε | Α ΠΖ | ΛΖ η α | ΓΔΧ α ρη | ΛΖ Ο-

dact dact spon dact dact spon

The pauses at the end of κῆληλ and ἄεηδε are feminine caesuras

The pauses at the end of ζεά Πειεηάδεσ and Ἀρηιῆνο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of ζεά is the caesura of the verse

The dash at the end of the verse indicates a pause that combines with a short vowel to fill out the

last foot

ΟΤ ιν κε | ΝΖΝ Ζ | ΜΤ ξη α | ΥΑΗ ΟΗ | ΑΛ γε ε | ΘΖ ΚΔΝ-

dact spon dact spon dact spon

The pauses at the end of κῡξίrsquo and ἄιγε are feminine caesuras

The pauses at the end of νὐινκέλελ and ἔζεθελ are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of νὐινκέλελ is the caesura of the verse

The pauses at the end of ἥ and Ἀραηνῖο are diareses

The diaresis at Ἀραηνῖο is a bucolic diaresis

κῡξία Ἀραηνῖο and ἄιγεα ἔζεθελ are examples of hiatus

The first syllable of ἄιγεrsquo is long because it is followed by two consecutive consonants

ΠΟΛ ΛΑ | ΓrsquoΗΦ ΘΗ | ΜΟΤ ΦΤ | ΥΑ ΑΗ | ΓΗ πξν τ | Α ΦΔΝ-

spon spon spon spon dact spon

The pauses at the end of ἰθζίκνπο and ςπράο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of πνιιάο is a diaresis

δὲ ἰθζίκνπο is hiatus

The first syllable of πνιιάο is long by position as is the first syllable of ἰθζίκνπο the last syllable

of Ἄηδη and the second syllable of πξνΐαςελ

Ζ ΡΧ | ΧΝ ΑΤ | ΣΟΤ δε ε | ΛΧ ξη α | ΣΔΤ ρε θπ | ΝΔ ΗΝ-

spon spon dact dact dact spon

The pause at the end of ηεῦρε is a feminine caesura

The pauses at the end of ἡξώσλ and αὐηνύο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of ἡξώσλ is the caesura of the verse

The pause at the end of ἑιώξηα is a diaresis

ΟΗ Χ | ΝΟΗ ζη ηε | ΓΑΗ ηα δη | Ο δrsquoε ηε | ΛΔΗ ε ην | ΒΟΤ ΛΖΝ

The pauses at the end of νἰσλνῖζη and δαῖηα are feminine caesuras

The pause at the end of Γηόο is a masculine caesura

The pauses at the end of ηε ἐηειείεην and βνπιήλ are diareses

The pause at the end of δαῖηα is the diaresis of the verse

Lesson 15

(693-694 697-700)

(cf 781-782 837 580 1009 996 584-585)

151 Third Declension Paradigms (continued)

Third declension nouns ending in a dental mute stem are exemplified by ἄλαμ (king ϝαλαθη-) λύμ (night λπθη-

) παῖο (child παηδ-) and γέξσλ (old man γεξνλη-)

N ἄλαμ λύμ παῖο γέξσλ

G ἄλαθηνο λπθηόο παηδόο γέξνληνο

D ἄλαθηη λπθηί παηδί γέξνληη

A ἄλαθηα λύθηα παίδα γέξνληα

V ἄλαμ [ἄλα] λύμ παῖ γέξσλ

N V A ἄλαθηε λύθηε παίδε γέξνληε

G D ἀλάθηνηηλ λύθηνηηλ παίδνηηλ γεξόληνηηλ

N ἄλαθηεο λύθηεο παίδεο γέξνληεο

G ἀλάθησλ λπθηῶλ παηδῶλ γεξόλησλ

D ἀλάθηεζζη λύθηεζζη παίδεζζη γεξόληεζζη

ἄλαμη λπμί παηζί γέξνπζη

A ἄλαθηαο λύθηνο παῖδαο γέξνληαο

Third declension nouns ending in labial and palatal stems are exemplified by αἴμ (goat αἰγ-) θῆξπμ (herald

θεξῡθ-) and Αἰζίνς (Ethipoian Αἰζηνπ-)

N αἴμ θῆξπμ Αἰζίνς

G αἰγόο θήξῡθνο Αἰζίνπνο

D αἰγί θήξῡθη Αἰζίνπη

A αἶγα θήξῡθα Αἰζίνπα

V αἴμ θῆξπμ Αἰζίνς

N V A αἶγε θήξῡθε Αἰζίνπε

G D αἴγνηηλ θεξύθνηηλ (ῡ) Αἰζηόπνηηλ

N αἶγεο θήξῡθεο Αἰζίνπεο

G αἰγῶλ θεξύθσλ (ῡ) Αἰζηόπσλ

D αἴγεζζη θεξύθεζζη (ῡ) Αἰζηόπεζζη

αἰμί θήξῡμ Αἰζίνςη

A αἶγαο θήξῡθαο Αἰζίνπαο

Nouns with stems ending in -εξ express different grades of ablaut in the stem (-εξ -εξ -ξ) with a recessive

accent in the vocative singular These are exemplified by παηήξ (father παηεξ-) κήηεξ (mother κεηεξ-) ζπγάηεξ

(daughter ζπγαηεξ-) and ἀλήξ (man ἀλεξ-)

N παηήξ κήηεξ ζπγάηεξ ἀλήξ

G παηέξνο -ηξόο κεηέξνο -ηξόο ζπγαηέξνο -ηξόο ἀλέξνο ἀλδξόο

D παηέξη -ηξί κεηέξη -ηξί ζπγαηέξη -ηξί ἀλέξη ἀλδξί

A παηέξα κεηέξα ζπγαηέξα ἀλέξα ἄλδξα

V πάηεξ κῆηεξ ζύγαηεξ ἄλεξ

N V A παηέξε κεηέξε ζπγαηέξε ἀλέξε ἄλδξε

G D παηέξνηηλ κεηέξνηηλ ζπγαηέξνηηλ ἀλέξνηηλ ἄλδξνηηλ

N παηέξεο κεηέξεο ζπγαηέξεο ζύγαηξεο ἀλέξεο ἄλδξεο

G παηέξσλ -ηξῶλ κεηέξσλ -ηξῶλ ζπγαηέξσλ ζπγαηξῶλ ἀλέξσλ ἀλδξῶλ

D παηξάζη κεηξάζη ζπγαηξάζη ζπγαηέξεζζη ἀλδξάζη ἄλδξεζζη

A παηέξαο κεηέξαο ζπγαηέξαο ζύγαηξαο ἀλέξαο ἄλδξαο

Note that δ is inserted into ἀλήξ between λ and ξ where they occur together The accent of the shorter forms of

ἀλέξ follow the pattern seen in παηήξ The alpha after ξ in the dative plural was added euphonically to strengthen

what was originally a sonant ξ

152 Vocabulary

ἄλαμ ἄλαθηνο ὁ king lord protector

ἀλήξ ἀλέξνο (ἀλδξόο) ὁ (real) man warrior hero

ἄξ(α) (ῥά) naturally of course as you know as you might expect that is

in effect (not always translatable)

βαζηιεύο ῆνο ὁ king ruler

δή indeed truly forsooth now

δηίζηεκη (ζηε- ζηα-) δηαζηήζσ stand apart separate

δηέζηεζα (δηέζηελ)

ἐμ νὗ from the time when

ἐξίδσ (ἐξηδ-) - ἤξηζ(ζ)α quarrel strive

ἠξηζάηελ (they) strove

ἔξηο ηδνο ἡ strife quarrel

Λεηώ Λεηόνο ἡ Leto

κάρνκαη fight battle

κάρεζζαη to fight

μπλίκη μπλήζσ μπλῆθα (μπλέεθα) bring together throw together hearken heed

ὄξλῡκη ὄξζσ ὦξζα (ὤξνξνλ) stir up kindle incite excite arouse

πξῶηνο ε νλ first foremost chief

ηὸ πξῶηνλ ηὰ πξῶηα (adv) at first firstly first

πἱόο νῦ ὁ son

ζθσε these two

153 Translation

1 ζεὰ (ᾱ) ἀείζεη κῆληλ Ἀρηιῆνο ἐμ νὗ δὴ ηὰ πξῶηα δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο θαὶ Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἀλδξῶλ ἠξηζάηελ θαὶ

δηεζηήηελ 2 ηίο ζεῶλ μπλέεθε δῖνλ Ἀρηιῆά ηε θαὶ Ἀηξεΐδελ ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 3 πἱὸο Λεηόνο θαὶ Γηὸο ἑθεβόινο

μπλέεθέ ζθσε ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη ηὸλ γὰξ βαζηιεὺο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἐρόισζελ ὁ δrsquo ὦξζε θαθὴλ λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ

ὤιεθε δὲ ιᾱνύο

KEY

1 The goddess sings the wrath of Achilles from the time when first the divine Achilles and Atreides king of

men strove and separated 2 Which of the gods brought together the divine Achilles and the son of Atreus to fight

in strife 3 The son of Leto and Zeus the Free-shooter brought these two together to fight in strife for Atreides the

king enraged him so he stirred up an evil plague through the camp of the Achaeans and destroyed their host

154 Iliad 1-10

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κῡξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςῡρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιή

ἐμ νὗ δὴ ηὰ πξῶηα δηαζηήηελ ἐξίζαληε

Ἀηξεΐδεο ηε ἄλαμ ἀλδξῶλ θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεύο

ηίο ηrsquo ἄξ ζθσε ζεῶλ ἔξηδη μπλέεθε κάρεζζαη

Λεηνῦο θαὶ Γηὸο πἱόο ὁ γὰξ βαζηιῆη ρνισζεὶο

λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ ὦξζε θαθήλ ὀιέθνλην δὲ ιᾱνί

δηαζηήηελ = δηεζηήηελ

ἐξίζαληε = aor act part nom dual masc (they two) having quarreled

ηε ἄλαμ originally ηε ϝάλαμ thus allowing the hiatus

ζθσε [ἕσ] = 3rd

pers pron acc dual these two

ἔξηδη is dative of means in strife

κάρεζζαη = pres act infinitive deponent to fight

ρνισζείο = aor pass part nom sing masc having been enraged

Λεηνῦο = contracted form of Λεηόνο

βαζηιῆη = Agamemnon instrumental case by the king

ὀιέθνλην = ὠιέθνλην imperf pass ind 3rd

pers plural were being destroyed or kept

perishing

KEY

Sing O goddess of the accursed wrath of Achilles Peleiades

which brought countless woes to the Achaeans

and cast forth the souls of many valiant warriors to Hades

making them the spoils and feast of both dogs

and vultures But the will of Zeus was accomplished

indeed from the time when at first having quarreled both

Atreides king of men and the divine Achilles separated

Which of the gods of course brought these two together to fight in strife

The son of Leto and Zeus For enraged by the king he

kindled an evil plague up through the camp and the people were destroyed

155 Composition

1 ἠείδνκελ κῆληλ νὐινκέλελ Ἀρηιιῆνο ἐμ νὗ ηὰ πξῶηα Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἀλέξσλ (ἀλδξῶλ) θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο

ἠξηζάηελ θαὶ δηεζηεζάηελ (δηεζηήηελ) 2 ηίο ζεῶλ μπλῆθε (μπλέεθα) Ἀραηνὺο θαὶ ιᾱὸλ Πξηάκνπ ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 3

μπλῆθε (μπλέεθα) ζθσε (ἕν) πἱὸο Λεηόνο (Λεηνῦο) θαὶ Γηὸο ἑθεβόινο ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 4 Αηξεΐδεο βαζηιεὺο

Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο ἐρόισζαλ ἄλαθηα ἑθεβόινλ θαὶ ὁ ὦξζα (ὤξνξε) λνῦζνπο πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θαθὰο (ᾱ) ἀλὰ

ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ θαθῶο ὤιεθελ ἀγαζὸλ ιᾱόλ

Lesson 16

(887-897 910 1065-1068 697-703 707 710 732)

161 Formation of Middle Passive and Deponent Verbs

The endings of the middle voice are different from the active voice The passive voice applies the same endings

as the middle voice except in the aorist passive which applies active endings Because the middle and passive voice

are identical (other than the aorist) the context determines whether a verb is used with middle or the passive

meaning The aorist middle is often used with a passive meaning (especially in athematic forms) and the aorist

passive is often used with a middle meaning

The perfect and pluperfect of the middlepassive are athematic with the personal endings attached directly to

the reduplicated stem

The future perfect passive is formed by adding -ζνε to the perfect middle passive lengthening the vowel that

precedes this ending

The first aorist passive is formed by adding -(ζ)ζεε to the stem Before ζ π and β become θ θ and γ become ρ

and η δ ζ become ζ Many verbs have a second aorist passive that drops the ζ altogether

Deponent verbs have no active form but use the middlepassive forms in an active sense

162 Paradigms Present and Future Indicative MiddlePassive of ιύσ

Present

S 1 ιύνκαη

2 ιύεαη [(ιύῃ)]

3 ιύεηαη

D 2 ιύεζζνλ

3 ιύεζζνλ

P 1 ιπόκε(ζ)ζα

2 ιύεζζα

3 ιύνληαη

Future

S 1 ιύζνκαη (ῡ)

2 ιύζεαη (ῡ) [(ιύζῃ (ῡ))]

3 ιύζεηαη (ῡ)

D 2 ιύζεζζνλ (ῡ)

3 ιύζεζζνλ (ῡ)

P 1 ιῡζόκεζα

2 ιύζεζζε (ῡ)

3 ιύζνληαη (ῡ)

163 The Use of Voice in Greek

The active voice indicates that the subject is acting λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ ὦξζε = he kindled a plague up

through the camp

The passive voice indicates that the subject is acted upon Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιή = but the will of Zeus was

being accomplished

The Middle voice denotes one of three meanings

1 The subject acting upon itself πείζνκαη (I convince myself) θαίλνκαη (I show myself)

2 The subject acting for itself θαιένκαη (I call for myself)

3 The subject acting upon something belonging to itself ιύνκαη (I loose my own I ransom)

When determing the difference between the middle and passive keep in mind that the middle voice always

conveys a direct or indirect reference to the subject and that the subject is effect by or has an interest in the action

164 Third Declension Stems in -επ -επ -νπ and -σϝ

Stems in -επ usually became -εϝ and the third declension endings are applied after the ϝ Thus βαζηιεϝνο =

βαζηιῆνο βαηιεϝη = βαζηιῆη βαζηιεϝα = βαζηιῆα etc Note that the ϝ explains why εη (εϝη) does not form an

improper diphthong as well as why the accusative singular ends in -εα (as if the stem ended in a consonant) instead

of -ελ (as if the stem ended in a vowel) Note that when the ending consists of a consonant the -εϝ is contracted to

the diphthong -επ Thus βαζηιεϝο = βαζηιεύο βαζηιεϝ = βαζηιεῦ βαζηιεϝζη = βαζηιεῦζη In rare cases the other

endings also contract the -ε to -ε (ie βαζηιῆνο = βαζηιένο)

In stems ending originally in -ᾱϝ the ᾱ becomes ε in the Ionic dialect These are declined the same as -εϝ

except that -εῡ is formed before consonants instead of -επ Thus λᾱϝο = λεϝο = λεῦο λᾱϝ = λεϝ = λεῦ But note the

exception in the shorter form of the dative plural where λᾱϝζη = λεϝζη = λεπζί (rather than λεῡζη) In contracted

forms the ε usually becomes ε

In stems ending in -σϝ the third declension endings are applied directly to the stem Thus ἡξσϝο = ἥξσο

ἡξσϝνο = ἥξσνο ἡξσϝη = ἥξση ἡξσϝα = ἥξσα etc

In stems ending originally in -ν or -νϝ the third declension endings are applied as usual But keep in mind that -

νϝ is contracted to the diphthong -νπ before a consonant thus βνϝο = βνῦο and βνϝζη = βνπζί But note the

exception that occurs in the accusative singular where βνϝλ = βνῦλ rather than βνϝα

βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

(βαζηιεϝ-) (βνϝ-) (λᾱϝ-) (ἡξσϝ-)

N βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

G βαζηιῆνο [ένο] βνόο λεόο [εόο] ἥξσνο

D βαζηιῆη [έη] βνΐ λεί ἥξση

A βαζηιῆα [έα] βνῦλ [βῶλ] λῆα [έα] ἥξσα

V βαζηιεῦ βνῦ λεῦ ἥξσο

N V A βαζηιῆε βόε λῆε ἥξσε

G D βαζηιήνηηλ βόνηηλ λήνηηλ ἡξώνηηλ

N V βαζηιῆεο βόεο λῆεο ἥξσεο

G βαζηιήσλ βνῶλ λεῶλ [εῶλ] ἡξώσλ

D βαζηιήεζζη βόεζζη λήεζζη [έεζζη] ἡξώεζζη

βαζηιεῦζη βνπζί λεπζί ἥξσζη

A βαζηιῆαο βόαο (βνῦο) λῆαο [έαο] ἥξσαο

165 Third Declension Stems in -εζ -αζ and -νζ

When a stem ends in a vowel plus -ζ the initial ζ is dropped between two vowels Thus γεξαζνο = γέξανο

ἠνζνο = ἠόνο etc

All third declension nouns with stems ending in -εο are neuters and follow the pattern of ἔπνο The third

declension endings are applied as usual except that the nominative vocative and accusative singulars end in -νο

Nouns with stems ending in -νο take -σο in the nominative and vocative singular but otherwise apply the third

declension endings as usual (dropping ζ between two vowels)

ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

(ϝεπεζ-) (γεξαζ-) (ἀϝζνζ- (ᾱ))

N ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

G ἔπενο γέξανο ἠόνο

D ἔπετ γέξατ ἠόη

A ἔπνο γέξαο ἠόα

V ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

N V A ἔπεε γέξαε

G D ἐπένηηλ γεξάνηηλ

N V ἔπεα γέξα(α)

G ἐπέσλ γεξάσλ

D ἐπέεζζη γεξάεζζη

ἔπε(ζ)ζη γέξα(ζ)ζη

A ἔπεα γέξα(α)

166 Third Declension Stems in -καη and -καξ

Stems ending in -καη and -καξ are neuters

Stems in -καη drop the -ηο in the nominative vocative and accusative singular δσκαηο = δῶκα Otherwise the

third declension endings are applied as usual

Stems ending in -καξ are declined like those ending in -καη except in the nominative vocative and accusative

singular (which end in -καξ)

δῶκα ἦκαξ

(δσκαη-) (ἠκαξ- ἠκαη-)

N δῶκα ἦκαξ

G δώκαηνο ἤκαηνο

D δώκαηη ἤκαηη

A δῶκα ἦκαξ

V δῶκα ἦκαξ

N V A δώκαηε ἤκαηε

G D δσκάηνηηλ ἠκάηνηηλ

N V δώκαηα ἤκαηα

G δσκάησλ ἠκάησλ

D δσκάηεζζη ἠκάηεζζη

δώκαζη ἤκαζη

A δώκαηα ἤκαηα

167 Third Declension Stems in -λη and -λ

Stems ending in -λη drop the -λη before ζ and lengthen the preceding vowel thus παληο = πᾶο παληζη = πᾶζη

Otherwise the third declension endings are applied as usual In neuters the -η is dropped at the end of the word thus

παλη = πᾶλ Stems in -λ drop the -λ before ζ and lengthen the preceding vowel in the masculine (but not in the

neuter)

πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

(παλη- παληα- παλη-)

Masc Fem Neut

N πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

G παληόο πάζεο (ᾱ) παληόο

D παληί πάζῃ (ᾱ) παληί

A πάληα πᾶζαλ πᾶλ

V πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

N V πάληεο πᾶζαη πάληα

G πάλησλ πᾱζάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] πάλησλ

D πάληεζ(ζ)η πάζῃζη (ᾱ) πάληεζ(ζ)η

πᾶζη πάζῃο (ᾱ) πᾶζη

A πάληνο πάζᾱο (ᾱ) πάληα

κέιᾱο κέιαηλα κέιαλ

(κειαλ- κειαηλα- κειαλ-)

N κέιᾱο κέιαηλα κέιαλ

G κέιαλνο κειαίλεο κέιαλνο

D κέιαλη κειαίλῃ κέιαλη

A κέιαλα κέιαηλαλ κέιαλ

V κέιαλ κέιαηλα κέιαλ

N V A κέιαλε κειαίλᾱ κέιαλε

G D κειάλνηηλ κειαίλῃηλ κειάλνηηλ

N V κέιαλεο κέιαηλαη κέιαλα

G κειάλσλ κειαηλάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] κειάλσλ

D κειάλεζ(ζ)η κειαίλῃζη κειάλεζ(ζ)η

κέιαζη κειαίλῃο κέιαζη

A κέιαλεο κειαίλᾱο κέιαλα

168 Vocabulary

Nouns

Ἀπόιισλ (ᾰ or ᾰ) σλνο ὁ Apollo

ἀξεηήξ (ᾱ) ῆξνο ὁ priest prayer

ζπγάηεξ ηέξνο (ηξόο) ἡ daughter

θνζκήησξ νξνο ὁ commander marshaller

λεῦο λεόο (λεόο) ἡ ship

ζηέκκα καηνο ηό fillet (of white cotton) wreath

ρείξ ρεηξόο ἡ hand arm

Verbs

ἔξρνκαη (ἐξρ- ἐιε- ἐιεπζ- ἐιπζ-) come go

ἐιεύζνκαη I will come I will go

ἦιζνλ (ἤιπζνλ) I came I went

ιίζζνκαη (ιηη-) I beg I entreat

---

ἐιιηζάκελ (ἐιηηόκελ) I begged I entreated

Adjectives Prepositions

ζνόο ή όλ swift speedy

πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ all every (the) whole

Indeclinable

δύν (δύσ) two

κάιηζηα most especially by all means

169 Translation

1 Ἀπόιισλ ἑθεβόινο ρνινῦηαη βαζηιῆη Αηξεΐδῃ θαὶ πέκπεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ ὀιέθνληαη δὲ

ιᾱνί νὕλεθα δῖνο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) 2 Υξύζεο (ῡ) γὰξ ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἑθεβόινπ ἔξρεηαη

ἐπὶ ζνὰο (ᾱ) λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ θέξεη δrsquo ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα ζπγαηξόο ἣλ Ἀηξεΐδεο ἔρεη ἐλ ζηξαηῷ 3 ὁ δrsquo ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἔρεη

ζηέκκαηα ἑθεβόινπ Ἀπόιισλνο ἐλ ρεξζὶλ ἀλὰ ρξῡζέῳ ζθήπηξῳ θαὶ ιίζζεηαη πάληαο Ἀραηνύο κάιηζηα δrsquo Ἀηξεΐδᾱ

δύσ θνζκήηνξε ιᾱῶλ 4 Ἀπόιισλ ρνιώζεηαη βαζηιῆη θαὶ ὄξζεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηόλ 5 ἐιεύζνληαη ἐπὶ ζνὰο

(ᾱ) λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ νἴζνπζη ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα βαζηιῆη 6 ιίζζνληαη πάληαο Ἀραηνύο 7 Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζελ (ῑ)

ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) θαὶ νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε ζύγαηξα

KEY

1 Apollo the free-shooter enraged by king Atreides sent an evil plague through the camp of the Achaeans and

the people were destroyed because the divine Atreides dishonored Chryses the priest 2 For Chryses the priest of

the free-shooter went upon the swift ships of the Achaeans bearing countless ransoms for his daughter whom

Atreides was holding in the camp 3 But the priest had a wreath of Apollo the free-shooter upon a staff in his hand

and was entreating all of the Achaeans but especially the sons of Atreus (who were) the commanders of the host 4

Apollo will be enraged by the king and will kindle an evil plague up through the camp 5 They will go upon the

swift ships of the Achaeans and bring countless ransoms to the king 6 They are entreating all of the Achaeans 7

Atreides dishonored the priest and would not release his daughter

1610 Iliad 11-16

hellipὀιέθνλην δὲ ιᾱνί

νὕλεθα ηὸλ Υξύζελ ἠηίκαζελ ἀξεηῆξα

Αηξεΐδεο ὁ γὰξ ἦιζε ζνὰο ἐπὶ λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ

ιπζόκελνο ηε ζύγαηξα θέξσλ ηrsquo ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα

ζηέκκαηrsquo ἔρσλ ἐλ ρεξζὶλ ἑθεβόινπ Ἀπόιισλνο

ρξπζέῳ ἀλὰ ζθήπηξῳ θαὶ ἐιίζζεην πάληαο Ἀραηνύο

Ἀηξεΐδα δὲ κάιηζηα δύσ θνζκήηνξε ιαῶλ

ηόλ Υξύζελ = that (well-known) Chryses

The first verse ends in two spondees making it a spondaic verse and emphasizing the fact that

Chryses was a priest

ιῡζόκελνο = fut mid part nom masc sing being about to ransom

θέξσλ = pres act part nom sing masc bearing bringing

ἔρσλ = pres act part nom sing masc having holding

ρεξζὶλ ἑθεβόινπ = ρεξζὶ ϝεθεβόινπ

ρξῡζέῳ = synizesis where -έῳ is pronounced as a single syllable

ἐιίζζεην = imperf act ind 3rd

pers sing dep (kept) entreating was entreating

Ἀηξεΐδᾱ = dual of Ἀηξεΐδεο refers to both Agamemnon and Menelaus

KEY

hellipand the people were being destroyed

because Atreides dishonored Chryses the priest

For he had gone upon the swift ships of the Achaeans

intending to ransom his daughter bearing countless gifts

and holding in his hand fillets of Apollo the free-shooter

upon a golden staff and was entreating all of the Achaeans

but especially the two sons of Atreus the commanders of the host

1611 Composition

1 Chryses the priest of Apollo is dishonored by the son of Atreus 2 The Achaeans will go from their swift

ships to Troy and ransom the beloved daughter of the priest 3 We shall bring many ransoms and shall hold in our

hands the fillets of Apollo 4 We do not have a golden scepter but we entreat Priam and all the people of Troy 5

The two sons of Atreus marshallers of the people are entreating Priam but he will slight them 6 The son of

Atreus king of men slighted the priest and did not release his daughter

KEY

1 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) Ἀπόιινπ ἀηῑκάδεηαη Ἀηξεΐδῃ 2 Ἀραηνὶ ἐιεύζνληαη ἐθ ζνάσλ (ᾱ) λήσλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ (ῑ)

θαὶ ἀπειύζνληαη (ῡ) θίιε ζπγάηεξα ἀξεηῆξη (ᾱ) 3 νἴζνκελ πνιιrsquo ἄπνηλα θαὶ ἕζρνκελ ἐλ ρείξεζζη ζηέκκαηα

Ἀπόιινπ 4 νὐθ ἔρνκελ ζθῆπηξνλ ρξύζενλ ἀιιὰ ιηζζόκεζα Πξίακνλ θαὶ πᾶληα ιᾱνλ Ἰιίνπ (ῑ) 5 δύrsquo Ἀηξεΐδᾱ

θνζκήηεξᾱ ιᾱσλ ιίζζεζζνλ Πξίακνλ αὐηνὺο δrsquo ἀηῑκάζεη 6 Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἄλδξσλ ἠηίκαζελ (ῑ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) θαὶ

νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε ζπγάηεξα

1612 Meter

ΟΤ λε θα | ΣΟΝ ΥΡΤ | ΖΝ Ζ | ΣΗ κα ζελ | Α ΡΖ | ΣΖ ΡΑ~

Α ηξε η | ΓΖ ν γαξ | ΖΛ ζε ζν | Α ε πη | ΝΖ αο α | ΥΑΗ ΧΝ

ΛΤ ζν κε | ΝΟ ηε ζπ | ΓΑΣ ξα θε | ΡΧΝ ηα πε | ΡΔΗ ζη α | ΠΟΗ ΝΑ~

ΣΔΜ καη ε | ΥΧΝ ΔΝ | ΥΔΡ ζηλ ε | ΚΖ βν ινπ | Α ΠΟΛ | ΛΧ ΝΟ~

ΥΡΤζεσα | ΝΑ ΚΖΠ | ΣΡΧ θαη ε | ΛΗ ζε ην | ΠΑΝ ηαο α | ΥΑΗ ΟΤ

ΑΣ ξε η | ΓΑ δε κα | ΛΗ ηα δπ | Χ ΚΟ | ΜΖ ην ξε | ΛΑ ΧΝ

Lesson 17

(910 - imperfect middle and passive aorist middle of ιύσ 648-658 - the table

of endings in 32)

171 Paradigms Imperfect MiddlePassive of ιύσ

S 1 ἐιπόκελ

2 ἐιύεν [(ἐιύεπ)]

3 ἐιύεην

D 2 ἐιύεζζνλ

3 ἐιπέζζελ

P 1 ἐιπόκε(ζ)ζα

2 ἐιύεζζε

3 ἐιύνλην

172 Paradigms Aorist Middle of ιύσ

Thematic Athematic (2nd

Aorist)

S 1 ἐιῡζάκελ ἐιύκελ

2 ἐιύζαν (ῡ) [(ἐιύζσ (ῡ))] ἔιπ(ζ)ν

3 ἐιύζαην (ῡ) ἔιπην

D 2 ἐιύζαζζνλ (ῡ) ἔιπζζνλ

3 ἐιῡζάζζελ ἐιύζζελ

P 1 ἐιῡζάκε(ζ)ζα ἐιύκε(ζ)ζα

2 ἐιύζαζζε (ῡ) ἔιπζζε

3 ἐιύζαλην (ῡ) ἔιπλην

173 Vocabulary

δῶκα αηνο ηό house home

παῖο παηδόο ὁ ἡ child son daughter

π(η)όιηο ηνο (ενο) ἡ city state

ἐπθλήκῑο ῑδνο well-greaved

ἐγώ(λ) κέν (κεῦ) I

ζύ ζέν (ζεῦ) you

κέλhellip δέ on the one handhellip trulyhellip on the one handhellip on the other hand

partlyhellip partly the onehellip the other

νἴθαδε home homeward to home home

Verbs

ἅδνκαη (ἁγ-) (defective) I reverence

δέρνκαη I accept I receive

δέμνκαη I will accept

ἐδεμάκελ (ἐδέγκελ) I accepted

δίδσκη (δσ- δν-) I give I grant

(δη)δώζσ I will give

ἔδσθα I gave

ἐθπέξζσ (πεξζ- πξαζ-) I sack (utterly) I plunder I pillage

ἐθπέξζσ I will sack

ἐμέπεξζα (ἐμέπξαζνλ) I sacked

ἱθλένκαη I arrive I reach (a destination)

ἵμνκαη I will arrive

ἱθόκελ (ῑ) I arrived

174 Translation

1 ζενὶ ἔρνπζηλ ιύκπηα δώκαηα ἔδσθαλ δrsquo Ἀηξεΐδεο θαὶ ἄιινηζηλ ἐπθλεκίδεζζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἐθπέξζαη

(infinitive) πόιηλ Πξηάκνπ ηόηε δrsquo ἵθνλην (ῑ) ἐὺ νἴθαδε νὕλεθα παῖδα θίιελ ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἔιῡζαλ 2 ἀπέιῡζαλ

ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνὶ ζύγαηξα θίιελ ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἐδέμαλην δrsquo ἀγιαὰ ἄπνηλα νὕλεθα ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλα Γηὸο πἱὸλ

ἅδνλην 3 ἅδεηαη ἑθεβόινλ 4 Ἀηξεΐδεο νὐθ ἐδέμαην ηὰ ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα 5 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἔδσθελ ἄπνηλα

πνιιὰ βαζηιῆη Ἀηξεΐδῃ 6 πάληεο ζενὶ θαὶ πᾶζαη ζεαὶ εἶρνλ ιύκπηα δώκαηα 7 Ἀραηνὶ ἐπθλήκῑδεο ἐθπέξζνπζη

Πξηάκνην πόιηλ ἵμνληαη δrsquo ἐπ νἴθαδε 8 παῖο θίιε ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἐιύζαην (ῡ) ἵθεην (ῑ) δrsquo ἐὺ νἴθαδε

KEY

1 The gods have Olympian homes but they gave the son of Atreus and the other well-greaved Achaeans to

utterly sack the city of Priam and then they returned safe at home because they released the dear child of the priest

2 The well-greaved Achaeans released the dear daughter of the priest and received glorious ransoms because they

reverenced the free-shooter Apollo son of Zeus 3 He reverences te free-shooter 4 The son of Atreus did not

receive the glorious ransoms 5 Chryses the priest gave many ransoms to king Atreides 6 All of the gods and all of

the goddesses had Olympian homes 7 The well-greved Achaeans will utterly sack Priamrsquos city and will return safe

to home 8 The dear child of the priest was released and arrived well to her home

175 Iliad 17-21

ltltἈηξεΐδαη ηε θαὶ ἄιινη ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνί

ὑκῖλ κὲλ ζενὶ δνῖελ ιύκπηα δώκαηrsquo ἔρνληεο

ἐθπέξζαη Πξηάκνην πόιηλ ἐὺ δrsquo νἴθαδrsquo ἱθέζζαη

παῖδα δrsquo ἐκνὶ ιῦζαί ηε θίιελ ηά ηrsquo ἄπνηλα δέρεζζαη

ἁδόκελνη Γηὸο πἱὸλ ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλαgtgt

Ἀηξεΐδαηhellip ἄιινη ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνί = vocative case

ὑκῖλ (ῡ) = dat plural of ζύ to you

ζενί = one syllable by synizesis

κέλ (v 18) = correlative of δέ (v 20)

δνῖελ = aor act optative 3rd

plural of δίδσκη may they grant

ἔρνληεο = pres act part nom masc plural of ἔρσ having possessing

ἐθπέξζαη = aor act inf of ἐθπέξζσ to sack utterly

ἱθέζζαη = aor act inf of ἱθένκαη to arrive (compare κάρεζζαη)

ιῦζαη δέρεζζαη = infinitives used as imperatives free and accept

ηά ηrsquo ἄπνηλα (ηά ηε ἄπνηλα) = thesehellip gifts

ἁδόκελνη = pres act part nom masc plural reverencing

KEY

ldquoSons of Atreus and you other well-greaved Achaeans

may the gods who have their homes on Olympus grant you

to utterly sack Priamrsquos city and return safe to home

but release my dear child to me and accept these gifts

reverencing Apollo who shoots at will the son of Zeusrdquo

176 Composition

1 The gods who have (ἔρνληεο) Olympian homes will grant to the sons of Atreus and to the other well-greaved

Achaeans to sack utterly (ἐθπέξζαη) the city of Priam 2 When they sacked the city of Priam they returned happily

home 3 They accepted the shining ransoms and freed the darling daughter of the priest Chryses 4 We reverenced

the free-shooter Apollo son of Leto and Zeus and escaped death 5 Will the son of Atreus accept the shining

ransoms 6 The child of the priest was freed when he gave many shining ransoms which the two sons of Atreus

accepted

KEY

1 ζενὶ ἔρνληεο ιύκπηα δώκαηα δώζνπζη Ἀηξεΐδῃζη θαὶ ἄιινηζηλ ἐπθλεκίδεζζηλ (ῑ) Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἐθπέξζαη πόιηλ

Πξηάκνπ 2 ηόηε ἐμέπεξζαλ πόιηλ Πξηάκνην ἵθνλην (ῑ) ἐὺ νἴθαδε 3 ἐδέμαλην ἀγιαrsquo ἄπνηλα θαὶ ἀπέιῡζαλ ζπγάηεξα

θίιε ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) Υξύζᾱν (ῡ) 4 ἡμάκεζα ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλα Λεηόνο θαὶ Γηὸο πἱόλ θαὶ ζάλαηνλ 5

Ἀηξεΐδεο δέμεηαη ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα 6 παῖο ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἀπειύζαην (ῡ) ηόηε ἔδσθελ ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀγιάα ηὰ

Ἀηξεΐδᾱ ἐδώθαζηλ

Lesson 18

(Perfect and Pluperfect Active of Verbs 904 922 Third Declension γέρων

αἴξ 693-695)

181 Formation of the Perfect and Pluperfect Active

The perfect and pluperfect in all modes experience reduplication of the initial syllable which denotes completed

action Verbs beginning with a single consonant (except ξ) prefix this consonant followed by -ε Thus ιύσ =

ιέιπθα The stem sometimes stands in ablaut relation to the stem of the present as in βαίλσ = βέβεθα A

reduplicated syllable beginning with an aspirated mute is changed to its corresponding voiceless mute in the

reduplicated syllable ie ζλήζθσ = ηέζλεθα In these cases the reduplicated pluperfect adds ἐ- to the reduplicated

syllable ie ιύσ = ιέιπθα = ἐιέιπθε

Vebs beginning with a double consonant two consonants (except a mute followed by a liquid or a nasal) ξ and

some beginning with κ simply augment the stem with the addition of ε-

Verbs beginning in a vowel typically take the temporal augment by lengthening the vowel ie νἴρνκαη =

ᾤρσθα However verbs beginning with a vowel in which an initial consonant has been lost may take the syllabic

augment

Compound verbs typically insert the reduplication and augment between the preposition and the verb ie

ἀπνιύσ = ἀπνιέιπθα = ἀπειειύθε

The first perfect active adds -θα- to the stem followed by the primary endings The first pluperfect active

similarly adds -θε- followed by the secondary endings In general a short final vowel is lengthened before the

addition of the -θα- or -θε- Second perfects and pluperfects active are the older form and are more common in

Homer These omit the θ and simply add -α- or -ε- respectively The second perfects are more common in stems

ending in a consonant

In general the singular perfect and pluperfect active stand in ablaut relation to the dual and plural forms

Perfects and pluperfects are rare in Homer and only occur in some twenty verbs

182 Paradigms λέλυκα and βέβηκα

ιέιπθα ἐιειύθε (ἐιειύθεα)

ιέιπθαο ἐιειύθο (ἐιειύθεαο)

ιέιπθε(λ) ἐιειύθεη (ἐιειύθεε)

ιειύθαηνλ ἐιειύθαηνλ

ιειύθαηνλ ἐιειπθάηελ

ιειύθακελ ἐιειύθεκελ

ιειύθαηε ἐιειύθεηε

ιειύθᾱζη ἐιειύθεζαλ

βέβεθα ἐβεβήθεα (ἐβεβήθε)

βέβεθαο ἐβεβήθεαο (ἐβεβήθεο)

βέβεθε(λ) ἐβεβήθεε (ἐβεβήθεη)

βέβαηνλ ἐβέβαηνλ

βέβαηνλ ἐβεβάηελ

βέβακελ ἐβέβακελ

βέβαηε ἐβέβαηε

βέβᾱζη ἐβέβαζαλ

183 Paradigms γέρων and αἴξ

γέξσλ αἴμ

γέξνληνο αἰγόο

γέξνληη αἰγί

γέξνληα αἶγα

γέξνλ αἴμ

γέξνληε αἶγε

γεξόληνηηλ αἴγνηηλ

γέξνληεο αἶγεο

γεξόλησλ αἰγῶλ

γεξόληεζ(ζ)η (γέξνπζη) αἴγεζ(ζ)η (αἰμί)

γέξνληαο αἶγαο

184 Vocabulary

ἀγνξή ῆο ἡ assembly meeting place gathering harrangue

αἴμ αἰγόο ὁ ἡ goat

Ἄξγνο ενο ηό Argos (both a country and a city in Greece)

γέξσλ νληνο ὁ old man

γῆξαο ανο ηό old age

ἱεξεύο ῆνο ὁ priest holy man

κεξίνλ νπ ηό thigh-bone thigh-piece

πνύο πνδόο ὁ foot

ηαῦξνο νπ ὁ bull

θξήλ θξελόο ἡ diaphragm mind heart soul spirit disposition

δέθαηνο ε νλ tenth

ἡκέηεξνο ε νλ our ours

θνῖινο ε νλ hollow

ὠθύο ὠθεῖα ὠθύ swift speedy

ζλήζθσ die perish

ζαλένκαη

ἔζαλνλ

ηέζλεθα

θεύγσ flee fly escape run (off away along)

θεύμνκαη

ἔθπγνλ

πέθεπγα

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κπξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςπρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιήλ

Μῆληλ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse

ἄεηδε - present active imperative 2nd

person singular of ἀείδσ

ζεά - vocative case

Πειεηάδεσ = Πειεηάδᾱν (the verse may have originally read Πειεηάδᾱrsquo)

νὐινκέλελ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse as well as out of

the natural order and is placed directly opposite the word κῆληλ

κῡξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο - the hiatus is permited because elision has already occurred in κῡξίνηο

Ἄηδη was originally Ἄϝηδη and is still accented as it began with α instead of αη

ἡξώσλ is emphasized by its position at the beginning of the verse and its deviation from

the natural order

δὲ ἑιώξηα - the hiatus is permitted because the original was δὲ ϝειώξηα

ηεῦρε - the augment is dropped (usually ἔηεπρε)

ἐηειείεην - imperfect passive indicative 3rd

person singular of ηειείσ

KEY

Sing O goddess of the accursed wrath of Achilles Peleiades

which brought countless woes to the Achaeans

and cast forth the souls of many valiant warriors to Hades

making them the spoils and feast of both dogs

and vultures But the will of Zeus was accomplished

138 Composition

1 The valiant Achaeans are singing the accursed wrath of Achilles 2 The wrath of Achilles caused many woes

to the Achaeans and sent many valiant souls of heroes to the god Hades 3 We shall make the army of the Achaeans

a booty for the dogs and a banquet for the birds 4 We are accomplishing the will of the goddess

KEY

1 ἴθζῑκνη Ἀραηνὶ ἀείδνπζηλ νὐινκέλελ κῆληλ Ἀρηιῆνο 2 κῆληο Ἀρηιῆνο ἔζεθε κῡξίrsquo ἄιγεrsquo Ἀραηνῖζη θαὶ

πξνΐαςε πνιιὰο (ᾱ) ἰθζίκνπο ςῡρὰο (ᾱ) ἡξώσλ Ἄηδη 3 ηεύμνκελ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ ἑιώξηα θύλεζζηλ θαὶ δαῖηα

νἰσλνῖζηλ 4 ηεύρνκελ βνπιὴλ ζεᾶο

Lesson 14

(519-526 1159-1192)

(cf 586)

141 Syllable Quantity

A syllable is long (by nature) when it contains a long vowel or a diphthong or (by position) when it ends in two

consecutive consonants (or a double consonant) A short vowel followed by a mute and a liquid κ or λ is common

and can be either long or short depending on the requirements of the verse Occasionally the letters ι κ λ ξ or ζ

are doubled in pronunciation when they follow a short vowel making the syllable long by position but this

convention is not always represented in writing And occasionally a lost ϝ will combine with another consonant to

make the preceding syllable long by position

Observe the following rules when determing the length of a syllable

Any vowel with the circumflex accent is long

The vowel of any ultmia whose penult bears the circumflex is short

If the penult has an acute then the vowel of the ultima must also be long

If the vowel of the ultima is short and the penult has the acute then the vowel of the penult must

be short as well

If the antepenult is accented the vowel of the ultima must be short

Occasionally these rules do not apply to certain compounds where one of the two words are

accented as if they were separate

If a short syllable stands where a long syllable is expected it is usually because the pause of the caesura or

diaresis fills out the foot or because the following word has lost a consonant (usually ϝ or ζ) And occasionally a

short syllable ending in a consonant is lengthened when it occurs on the ictus (beat) of the verse Such lengthening is

called thesis

142 Metrical Quantity

With the exception of pauses at the end of the verse caesura and diaresis all feet must consist of two long

syllables or a long syllable followed by two shorts Thus if a long syllable is followed by a short syllable then the

next syllable must be short as well Likewise if a short syllable is followed by a long syllable then the preceding

syllable must be short as well

When a word ends in a short vowel (and sometimes -νη and -αη) and the following word begins with a vowel

the short vowel is usually elided unless the following word originally began with ϝ When a word ends in a long

vowel or a diphthong and the following word begins with a vowel the long vowel is usually shortened This

phenomenon can also occur within the same word and again it is less common when the following word originally

began with ϝ Vowel shortening is also rare when the long vowel occurs on the ictus

The meter of Homer is called dactylic or heroic hexameter and is the most common meter in Greek verse Each

verse has six feet The first five feet can be dactyls (one long syllable followed by two short syllables) or spondees

(two long syllables) The final foot of the verse is always a spndee but keep in mind that the pause at the end of the

verse often combines with a final short syllable to form one long syllable The fifth foot of each verse is usually a

dactyl with only one in twenty (or so) verses containing a spondee in the fifth foot The verses that have a spndee in

the fifth foot are called spondaic and usually take slightly longer to recite In dactylic hexameter the ictus (beat) of

the verse always occurs on the first syllable of each foot producing six distinct beats per verse

Caesura occurs when a word ends within a foot (ie at the end of the first syllable of a foot or between the two

short syllables of the foot) When a caesura occurs at a natural pause in the verse this is said to be the caesura of the

verse A pause after the first syllable of a foot is called a masculine caesura and a pause after the second syllable of

the foot is called a feminine caesura

Diaresis occurs when the end of a word coincides with the end of a foot When this falls at a natural pause in

the verse it is said to be the diaresis of the verse When the diaresis occurs at the end of the fourth foot is it called

the bucolic diaresis (due to its common use in pastoral poetry)

143 Marking the Rhythm of the Iliad 1-5

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κπξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςπρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιήλ

ΜΖ ληλ α | ΔΗ δε ζε | Α ΠΖ | ΛΖ η α | ΓΔΧ α ρη | ΛΖ Ο-

dact dact spon dact dact spon

The pauses at the end of κῆληλ and ἄεηδε are feminine caesuras

The pauses at the end of ζεά Πειεηάδεσ and Ἀρηιῆνο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of ζεά is the caesura of the verse

The dash at the end of the verse indicates a pause that combines with a short vowel to fill out the

last foot

ΟΤ ιν κε | ΝΖΝ Ζ | ΜΤ ξη α | ΥΑΗ ΟΗ | ΑΛ γε ε | ΘΖ ΚΔΝ-

dact spon dact spon dact spon

The pauses at the end of κῡξίrsquo and ἄιγε are feminine caesuras

The pauses at the end of νὐινκέλελ and ἔζεθελ are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of νὐινκέλελ is the caesura of the verse

The pauses at the end of ἥ and Ἀραηνῖο are diareses

The diaresis at Ἀραηνῖο is a bucolic diaresis

κῡξία Ἀραηνῖο and ἄιγεα ἔζεθελ are examples of hiatus

The first syllable of ἄιγεrsquo is long because it is followed by two consecutive consonants

ΠΟΛ ΛΑ | ΓrsquoΗΦ ΘΗ | ΜΟΤ ΦΤ | ΥΑ ΑΗ | ΓΗ πξν τ | Α ΦΔΝ-

spon spon spon spon dact spon

The pauses at the end of ἰθζίκνπο and ςπράο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of πνιιάο is a diaresis

δὲ ἰθζίκνπο is hiatus

The first syllable of πνιιάο is long by position as is the first syllable of ἰθζίκνπο the last syllable

of Ἄηδη and the second syllable of πξνΐαςελ

Ζ ΡΧ | ΧΝ ΑΤ | ΣΟΤ δε ε | ΛΧ ξη α | ΣΔΤ ρε θπ | ΝΔ ΗΝ-

spon spon dact dact dact spon

The pause at the end of ηεῦρε is a feminine caesura

The pauses at the end of ἡξώσλ and αὐηνύο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of ἡξώσλ is the caesura of the verse

The pause at the end of ἑιώξηα is a diaresis

ΟΗ Χ | ΝΟΗ ζη ηε | ΓΑΗ ηα δη | Ο δrsquoε ηε | ΛΔΗ ε ην | ΒΟΤ ΛΖΝ

The pauses at the end of νἰσλνῖζη and δαῖηα are feminine caesuras

The pause at the end of Γηόο is a masculine caesura

The pauses at the end of ηε ἐηειείεην and βνπιήλ are diareses

The pause at the end of δαῖηα is the diaresis of the verse

Lesson 15

(693-694 697-700)

(cf 781-782 837 580 1009 996 584-585)

151 Third Declension Paradigms (continued)

Third declension nouns ending in a dental mute stem are exemplified by ἄλαμ (king ϝαλαθη-) λύμ (night λπθη-

) παῖο (child παηδ-) and γέξσλ (old man γεξνλη-)

N ἄλαμ λύμ παῖο γέξσλ

G ἄλαθηνο λπθηόο παηδόο γέξνληνο

D ἄλαθηη λπθηί παηδί γέξνληη

A ἄλαθηα λύθηα παίδα γέξνληα

V ἄλαμ [ἄλα] λύμ παῖ γέξσλ

N V A ἄλαθηε λύθηε παίδε γέξνληε

G D ἀλάθηνηηλ λύθηνηηλ παίδνηηλ γεξόληνηηλ

N ἄλαθηεο λύθηεο παίδεο γέξνληεο

G ἀλάθησλ λπθηῶλ παηδῶλ γεξόλησλ

D ἀλάθηεζζη λύθηεζζη παίδεζζη γεξόληεζζη

ἄλαμη λπμί παηζί γέξνπζη

A ἄλαθηαο λύθηνο παῖδαο γέξνληαο

Third declension nouns ending in labial and palatal stems are exemplified by αἴμ (goat αἰγ-) θῆξπμ (herald

θεξῡθ-) and Αἰζίνς (Ethipoian Αἰζηνπ-)

N αἴμ θῆξπμ Αἰζίνς

G αἰγόο θήξῡθνο Αἰζίνπνο

D αἰγί θήξῡθη Αἰζίνπη

A αἶγα θήξῡθα Αἰζίνπα

V αἴμ θῆξπμ Αἰζίνς

N V A αἶγε θήξῡθε Αἰζίνπε

G D αἴγνηηλ θεξύθνηηλ (ῡ) Αἰζηόπνηηλ

N αἶγεο θήξῡθεο Αἰζίνπεο

G αἰγῶλ θεξύθσλ (ῡ) Αἰζηόπσλ

D αἴγεζζη θεξύθεζζη (ῡ) Αἰζηόπεζζη

αἰμί θήξῡμ Αἰζίνςη

A αἶγαο θήξῡθαο Αἰζίνπαο

Nouns with stems ending in -εξ express different grades of ablaut in the stem (-εξ -εξ -ξ) with a recessive

accent in the vocative singular These are exemplified by παηήξ (father παηεξ-) κήηεξ (mother κεηεξ-) ζπγάηεξ

(daughter ζπγαηεξ-) and ἀλήξ (man ἀλεξ-)

N παηήξ κήηεξ ζπγάηεξ ἀλήξ

G παηέξνο -ηξόο κεηέξνο -ηξόο ζπγαηέξνο -ηξόο ἀλέξνο ἀλδξόο

D παηέξη -ηξί κεηέξη -ηξί ζπγαηέξη -ηξί ἀλέξη ἀλδξί

A παηέξα κεηέξα ζπγαηέξα ἀλέξα ἄλδξα

V πάηεξ κῆηεξ ζύγαηεξ ἄλεξ

N V A παηέξε κεηέξε ζπγαηέξε ἀλέξε ἄλδξε

G D παηέξνηηλ κεηέξνηηλ ζπγαηέξνηηλ ἀλέξνηηλ ἄλδξνηηλ

N παηέξεο κεηέξεο ζπγαηέξεο ζύγαηξεο ἀλέξεο ἄλδξεο

G παηέξσλ -ηξῶλ κεηέξσλ -ηξῶλ ζπγαηέξσλ ζπγαηξῶλ ἀλέξσλ ἀλδξῶλ

D παηξάζη κεηξάζη ζπγαηξάζη ζπγαηέξεζζη ἀλδξάζη ἄλδξεζζη

A παηέξαο κεηέξαο ζπγαηέξαο ζύγαηξαο ἀλέξαο ἄλδξαο

Note that δ is inserted into ἀλήξ between λ and ξ where they occur together The accent of the shorter forms of

ἀλέξ follow the pattern seen in παηήξ The alpha after ξ in the dative plural was added euphonically to strengthen

what was originally a sonant ξ

152 Vocabulary

ἄλαμ ἄλαθηνο ὁ king lord protector

ἀλήξ ἀλέξνο (ἀλδξόο) ὁ (real) man warrior hero

ἄξ(α) (ῥά) naturally of course as you know as you might expect that is

in effect (not always translatable)

βαζηιεύο ῆνο ὁ king ruler

δή indeed truly forsooth now

δηίζηεκη (ζηε- ζηα-) δηαζηήζσ stand apart separate

δηέζηεζα (δηέζηελ)

ἐμ νὗ from the time when

ἐξίδσ (ἐξηδ-) - ἤξηζ(ζ)α quarrel strive

ἠξηζάηελ (they) strove

ἔξηο ηδνο ἡ strife quarrel

Λεηώ Λεηόνο ἡ Leto

κάρνκαη fight battle

κάρεζζαη to fight

μπλίκη μπλήζσ μπλῆθα (μπλέεθα) bring together throw together hearken heed

ὄξλῡκη ὄξζσ ὦξζα (ὤξνξνλ) stir up kindle incite excite arouse

πξῶηνο ε νλ first foremost chief

ηὸ πξῶηνλ ηὰ πξῶηα (adv) at first firstly first

πἱόο νῦ ὁ son

ζθσε these two

153 Translation

1 ζεὰ (ᾱ) ἀείζεη κῆληλ Ἀρηιῆνο ἐμ νὗ δὴ ηὰ πξῶηα δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο θαὶ Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἀλδξῶλ ἠξηζάηελ θαὶ

δηεζηήηελ 2 ηίο ζεῶλ μπλέεθε δῖνλ Ἀρηιῆά ηε θαὶ Ἀηξεΐδελ ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 3 πἱὸο Λεηόνο θαὶ Γηὸο ἑθεβόινο

μπλέεθέ ζθσε ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη ηὸλ γὰξ βαζηιεὺο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἐρόισζελ ὁ δrsquo ὦξζε θαθὴλ λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ

ὤιεθε δὲ ιᾱνύο

KEY

1 The goddess sings the wrath of Achilles from the time when first the divine Achilles and Atreides king of

men strove and separated 2 Which of the gods brought together the divine Achilles and the son of Atreus to fight

in strife 3 The son of Leto and Zeus the Free-shooter brought these two together to fight in strife for Atreides the

king enraged him so he stirred up an evil plague through the camp of the Achaeans and destroyed their host

154 Iliad 1-10

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κῡξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςῡρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιή

ἐμ νὗ δὴ ηὰ πξῶηα δηαζηήηελ ἐξίζαληε

Ἀηξεΐδεο ηε ἄλαμ ἀλδξῶλ θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεύο

ηίο ηrsquo ἄξ ζθσε ζεῶλ ἔξηδη μπλέεθε κάρεζζαη

Λεηνῦο θαὶ Γηὸο πἱόο ὁ γὰξ βαζηιῆη ρνισζεὶο

λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ ὦξζε θαθήλ ὀιέθνλην δὲ ιᾱνί

δηαζηήηελ = δηεζηήηελ

ἐξίζαληε = aor act part nom dual masc (they two) having quarreled

ηε ἄλαμ originally ηε ϝάλαμ thus allowing the hiatus

ζθσε [ἕσ] = 3rd

pers pron acc dual these two

ἔξηδη is dative of means in strife

κάρεζζαη = pres act infinitive deponent to fight

ρνισζείο = aor pass part nom sing masc having been enraged

Λεηνῦο = contracted form of Λεηόνο

βαζηιῆη = Agamemnon instrumental case by the king

ὀιέθνλην = ὠιέθνλην imperf pass ind 3rd

pers plural were being destroyed or kept

perishing

KEY

Sing O goddess of the accursed wrath of Achilles Peleiades

which brought countless woes to the Achaeans

and cast forth the souls of many valiant warriors to Hades

making them the spoils and feast of both dogs

and vultures But the will of Zeus was accomplished

indeed from the time when at first having quarreled both

Atreides king of men and the divine Achilles separated

Which of the gods of course brought these two together to fight in strife

The son of Leto and Zeus For enraged by the king he

kindled an evil plague up through the camp and the people were destroyed

155 Composition

1 ἠείδνκελ κῆληλ νὐινκέλελ Ἀρηιιῆνο ἐμ νὗ ηὰ πξῶηα Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἀλέξσλ (ἀλδξῶλ) θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο

ἠξηζάηελ θαὶ δηεζηεζάηελ (δηεζηήηελ) 2 ηίο ζεῶλ μπλῆθε (μπλέεθα) Ἀραηνὺο θαὶ ιᾱὸλ Πξηάκνπ ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 3

μπλῆθε (μπλέεθα) ζθσε (ἕν) πἱὸο Λεηόνο (Λεηνῦο) θαὶ Γηὸο ἑθεβόινο ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 4 Αηξεΐδεο βαζηιεὺο

Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο ἐρόισζαλ ἄλαθηα ἑθεβόινλ θαὶ ὁ ὦξζα (ὤξνξε) λνῦζνπο πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θαθὰο (ᾱ) ἀλὰ

ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ θαθῶο ὤιεθελ ἀγαζὸλ ιᾱόλ

Lesson 16

(887-897 910 1065-1068 697-703 707 710 732)

161 Formation of Middle Passive and Deponent Verbs

The endings of the middle voice are different from the active voice The passive voice applies the same endings

as the middle voice except in the aorist passive which applies active endings Because the middle and passive voice

are identical (other than the aorist) the context determines whether a verb is used with middle or the passive

meaning The aorist middle is often used with a passive meaning (especially in athematic forms) and the aorist

passive is often used with a middle meaning

The perfect and pluperfect of the middlepassive are athematic with the personal endings attached directly to

the reduplicated stem

The future perfect passive is formed by adding -ζνε to the perfect middle passive lengthening the vowel that

precedes this ending

The first aorist passive is formed by adding -(ζ)ζεε to the stem Before ζ π and β become θ θ and γ become ρ

and η δ ζ become ζ Many verbs have a second aorist passive that drops the ζ altogether

Deponent verbs have no active form but use the middlepassive forms in an active sense

162 Paradigms Present and Future Indicative MiddlePassive of ιύσ

Present

S 1 ιύνκαη

2 ιύεαη [(ιύῃ)]

3 ιύεηαη

D 2 ιύεζζνλ

3 ιύεζζνλ

P 1 ιπόκε(ζ)ζα

2 ιύεζζα

3 ιύνληαη

Future

S 1 ιύζνκαη (ῡ)

2 ιύζεαη (ῡ) [(ιύζῃ (ῡ))]

3 ιύζεηαη (ῡ)

D 2 ιύζεζζνλ (ῡ)

3 ιύζεζζνλ (ῡ)

P 1 ιῡζόκεζα

2 ιύζεζζε (ῡ)

3 ιύζνληαη (ῡ)

163 The Use of Voice in Greek

The active voice indicates that the subject is acting λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ ὦξζε = he kindled a plague up

through the camp

The passive voice indicates that the subject is acted upon Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιή = but the will of Zeus was

being accomplished

The Middle voice denotes one of three meanings

1 The subject acting upon itself πείζνκαη (I convince myself) θαίλνκαη (I show myself)

2 The subject acting for itself θαιένκαη (I call for myself)

3 The subject acting upon something belonging to itself ιύνκαη (I loose my own I ransom)

When determing the difference between the middle and passive keep in mind that the middle voice always

conveys a direct or indirect reference to the subject and that the subject is effect by or has an interest in the action

164 Third Declension Stems in -επ -επ -νπ and -σϝ

Stems in -επ usually became -εϝ and the third declension endings are applied after the ϝ Thus βαζηιεϝνο =

βαζηιῆνο βαηιεϝη = βαζηιῆη βαζηιεϝα = βαζηιῆα etc Note that the ϝ explains why εη (εϝη) does not form an

improper diphthong as well as why the accusative singular ends in -εα (as if the stem ended in a consonant) instead

of -ελ (as if the stem ended in a vowel) Note that when the ending consists of a consonant the -εϝ is contracted to

the diphthong -επ Thus βαζηιεϝο = βαζηιεύο βαζηιεϝ = βαζηιεῦ βαζηιεϝζη = βαζηιεῦζη In rare cases the other

endings also contract the -ε to -ε (ie βαζηιῆνο = βαζηιένο)

In stems ending originally in -ᾱϝ the ᾱ becomes ε in the Ionic dialect These are declined the same as -εϝ

except that -εῡ is formed before consonants instead of -επ Thus λᾱϝο = λεϝο = λεῦο λᾱϝ = λεϝ = λεῦ But note the

exception in the shorter form of the dative plural where λᾱϝζη = λεϝζη = λεπζί (rather than λεῡζη) In contracted

forms the ε usually becomes ε

In stems ending in -σϝ the third declension endings are applied directly to the stem Thus ἡξσϝο = ἥξσο

ἡξσϝνο = ἥξσνο ἡξσϝη = ἥξση ἡξσϝα = ἥξσα etc

In stems ending originally in -ν or -νϝ the third declension endings are applied as usual But keep in mind that -

νϝ is contracted to the diphthong -νπ before a consonant thus βνϝο = βνῦο and βνϝζη = βνπζί But note the

exception that occurs in the accusative singular where βνϝλ = βνῦλ rather than βνϝα

βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

(βαζηιεϝ-) (βνϝ-) (λᾱϝ-) (ἡξσϝ-)

N βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

G βαζηιῆνο [ένο] βνόο λεόο [εόο] ἥξσνο

D βαζηιῆη [έη] βνΐ λεί ἥξση

A βαζηιῆα [έα] βνῦλ [βῶλ] λῆα [έα] ἥξσα

V βαζηιεῦ βνῦ λεῦ ἥξσο

N V A βαζηιῆε βόε λῆε ἥξσε

G D βαζηιήνηηλ βόνηηλ λήνηηλ ἡξώνηηλ

N V βαζηιῆεο βόεο λῆεο ἥξσεο

G βαζηιήσλ βνῶλ λεῶλ [εῶλ] ἡξώσλ

D βαζηιήεζζη βόεζζη λήεζζη [έεζζη] ἡξώεζζη

βαζηιεῦζη βνπζί λεπζί ἥξσζη

A βαζηιῆαο βόαο (βνῦο) λῆαο [έαο] ἥξσαο

165 Third Declension Stems in -εζ -αζ and -νζ

When a stem ends in a vowel plus -ζ the initial ζ is dropped between two vowels Thus γεξαζνο = γέξανο

ἠνζνο = ἠόνο etc

All third declension nouns with stems ending in -εο are neuters and follow the pattern of ἔπνο The third

declension endings are applied as usual except that the nominative vocative and accusative singulars end in -νο

Nouns with stems ending in -νο take -σο in the nominative and vocative singular but otherwise apply the third

declension endings as usual (dropping ζ between two vowels)

ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

(ϝεπεζ-) (γεξαζ-) (ἀϝζνζ- (ᾱ))

N ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

G ἔπενο γέξανο ἠόνο

D ἔπετ γέξατ ἠόη

A ἔπνο γέξαο ἠόα

V ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

N V A ἔπεε γέξαε

G D ἐπένηηλ γεξάνηηλ

N V ἔπεα γέξα(α)

G ἐπέσλ γεξάσλ

D ἐπέεζζη γεξάεζζη

ἔπε(ζ)ζη γέξα(ζ)ζη

A ἔπεα γέξα(α)

166 Third Declension Stems in -καη and -καξ

Stems ending in -καη and -καξ are neuters

Stems in -καη drop the -ηο in the nominative vocative and accusative singular δσκαηο = δῶκα Otherwise the

third declension endings are applied as usual

Stems ending in -καξ are declined like those ending in -καη except in the nominative vocative and accusative

singular (which end in -καξ)

δῶκα ἦκαξ

(δσκαη-) (ἠκαξ- ἠκαη-)

N δῶκα ἦκαξ

G δώκαηνο ἤκαηνο

D δώκαηη ἤκαηη

A δῶκα ἦκαξ

V δῶκα ἦκαξ

N V A δώκαηε ἤκαηε

G D δσκάηνηηλ ἠκάηνηηλ

N V δώκαηα ἤκαηα

G δσκάησλ ἠκάησλ

D δσκάηεζζη ἠκάηεζζη

δώκαζη ἤκαζη

A δώκαηα ἤκαηα

167 Third Declension Stems in -λη and -λ

Stems ending in -λη drop the -λη before ζ and lengthen the preceding vowel thus παληο = πᾶο παληζη = πᾶζη

Otherwise the third declension endings are applied as usual In neuters the -η is dropped at the end of the word thus

παλη = πᾶλ Stems in -λ drop the -λ before ζ and lengthen the preceding vowel in the masculine (but not in the

neuter)

πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

(παλη- παληα- παλη-)

Masc Fem Neut

N πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

G παληόο πάζεο (ᾱ) παληόο

D παληί πάζῃ (ᾱ) παληί

A πάληα πᾶζαλ πᾶλ

V πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

N V πάληεο πᾶζαη πάληα

G πάλησλ πᾱζάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] πάλησλ

D πάληεζ(ζ)η πάζῃζη (ᾱ) πάληεζ(ζ)η

πᾶζη πάζῃο (ᾱ) πᾶζη

A πάληνο πάζᾱο (ᾱ) πάληα

κέιᾱο κέιαηλα κέιαλ

(κειαλ- κειαηλα- κειαλ-)

N κέιᾱο κέιαηλα κέιαλ

G κέιαλνο κειαίλεο κέιαλνο

D κέιαλη κειαίλῃ κέιαλη

A κέιαλα κέιαηλαλ κέιαλ

V κέιαλ κέιαηλα κέιαλ

N V A κέιαλε κειαίλᾱ κέιαλε

G D κειάλνηηλ κειαίλῃηλ κειάλνηηλ

N V κέιαλεο κέιαηλαη κέιαλα

G κειάλσλ κειαηλάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] κειάλσλ

D κειάλεζ(ζ)η κειαίλῃζη κειάλεζ(ζ)η

κέιαζη κειαίλῃο κέιαζη

A κέιαλεο κειαίλᾱο κέιαλα

168 Vocabulary

Nouns

Ἀπόιισλ (ᾰ or ᾰ) σλνο ὁ Apollo

ἀξεηήξ (ᾱ) ῆξνο ὁ priest prayer

ζπγάηεξ ηέξνο (ηξόο) ἡ daughter

θνζκήησξ νξνο ὁ commander marshaller

λεῦο λεόο (λεόο) ἡ ship

ζηέκκα καηνο ηό fillet (of white cotton) wreath

ρείξ ρεηξόο ἡ hand arm

Verbs

ἔξρνκαη (ἐξρ- ἐιε- ἐιεπζ- ἐιπζ-) come go

ἐιεύζνκαη I will come I will go

ἦιζνλ (ἤιπζνλ) I came I went

ιίζζνκαη (ιηη-) I beg I entreat

---

ἐιιηζάκελ (ἐιηηόκελ) I begged I entreated

Adjectives Prepositions

ζνόο ή όλ swift speedy

πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ all every (the) whole

Indeclinable

δύν (δύσ) two

κάιηζηα most especially by all means

169 Translation

1 Ἀπόιισλ ἑθεβόινο ρνινῦηαη βαζηιῆη Αηξεΐδῃ θαὶ πέκπεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ ὀιέθνληαη δὲ

ιᾱνί νὕλεθα δῖνο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) 2 Υξύζεο (ῡ) γὰξ ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἑθεβόινπ ἔξρεηαη

ἐπὶ ζνὰο (ᾱ) λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ θέξεη δrsquo ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα ζπγαηξόο ἣλ Ἀηξεΐδεο ἔρεη ἐλ ζηξαηῷ 3 ὁ δrsquo ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἔρεη

ζηέκκαηα ἑθεβόινπ Ἀπόιισλνο ἐλ ρεξζὶλ ἀλὰ ρξῡζέῳ ζθήπηξῳ θαὶ ιίζζεηαη πάληαο Ἀραηνύο κάιηζηα δrsquo Ἀηξεΐδᾱ

δύσ θνζκήηνξε ιᾱῶλ 4 Ἀπόιισλ ρνιώζεηαη βαζηιῆη θαὶ ὄξζεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηόλ 5 ἐιεύζνληαη ἐπὶ ζνὰο

(ᾱ) λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ νἴζνπζη ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα βαζηιῆη 6 ιίζζνληαη πάληαο Ἀραηνύο 7 Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζελ (ῑ)

ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) θαὶ νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε ζύγαηξα

KEY

1 Apollo the free-shooter enraged by king Atreides sent an evil plague through the camp of the Achaeans and

the people were destroyed because the divine Atreides dishonored Chryses the priest 2 For Chryses the priest of

the free-shooter went upon the swift ships of the Achaeans bearing countless ransoms for his daughter whom

Atreides was holding in the camp 3 But the priest had a wreath of Apollo the free-shooter upon a staff in his hand

and was entreating all of the Achaeans but especially the sons of Atreus (who were) the commanders of the host 4

Apollo will be enraged by the king and will kindle an evil plague up through the camp 5 They will go upon the

swift ships of the Achaeans and bring countless ransoms to the king 6 They are entreating all of the Achaeans 7

Atreides dishonored the priest and would not release his daughter

1610 Iliad 11-16

hellipὀιέθνλην δὲ ιᾱνί

νὕλεθα ηὸλ Υξύζελ ἠηίκαζελ ἀξεηῆξα

Αηξεΐδεο ὁ γὰξ ἦιζε ζνὰο ἐπὶ λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ

ιπζόκελνο ηε ζύγαηξα θέξσλ ηrsquo ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα

ζηέκκαηrsquo ἔρσλ ἐλ ρεξζὶλ ἑθεβόινπ Ἀπόιισλνο

ρξπζέῳ ἀλὰ ζθήπηξῳ θαὶ ἐιίζζεην πάληαο Ἀραηνύο

Ἀηξεΐδα δὲ κάιηζηα δύσ θνζκήηνξε ιαῶλ

ηόλ Υξύζελ = that (well-known) Chryses

The first verse ends in two spondees making it a spondaic verse and emphasizing the fact that

Chryses was a priest

ιῡζόκελνο = fut mid part nom masc sing being about to ransom

θέξσλ = pres act part nom sing masc bearing bringing

ἔρσλ = pres act part nom sing masc having holding

ρεξζὶλ ἑθεβόινπ = ρεξζὶ ϝεθεβόινπ

ρξῡζέῳ = synizesis where -έῳ is pronounced as a single syllable

ἐιίζζεην = imperf act ind 3rd

pers sing dep (kept) entreating was entreating

Ἀηξεΐδᾱ = dual of Ἀηξεΐδεο refers to both Agamemnon and Menelaus

KEY

hellipand the people were being destroyed

because Atreides dishonored Chryses the priest

For he had gone upon the swift ships of the Achaeans

intending to ransom his daughter bearing countless gifts

and holding in his hand fillets of Apollo the free-shooter

upon a golden staff and was entreating all of the Achaeans

but especially the two sons of Atreus the commanders of the host

1611 Composition

1 Chryses the priest of Apollo is dishonored by the son of Atreus 2 The Achaeans will go from their swift

ships to Troy and ransom the beloved daughter of the priest 3 We shall bring many ransoms and shall hold in our

hands the fillets of Apollo 4 We do not have a golden scepter but we entreat Priam and all the people of Troy 5

The two sons of Atreus marshallers of the people are entreating Priam but he will slight them 6 The son of

Atreus king of men slighted the priest and did not release his daughter

KEY

1 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) Ἀπόιινπ ἀηῑκάδεηαη Ἀηξεΐδῃ 2 Ἀραηνὶ ἐιεύζνληαη ἐθ ζνάσλ (ᾱ) λήσλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ (ῑ)

θαὶ ἀπειύζνληαη (ῡ) θίιε ζπγάηεξα ἀξεηῆξη (ᾱ) 3 νἴζνκελ πνιιrsquo ἄπνηλα θαὶ ἕζρνκελ ἐλ ρείξεζζη ζηέκκαηα

Ἀπόιινπ 4 νὐθ ἔρνκελ ζθῆπηξνλ ρξύζενλ ἀιιὰ ιηζζόκεζα Πξίακνλ θαὶ πᾶληα ιᾱνλ Ἰιίνπ (ῑ) 5 δύrsquo Ἀηξεΐδᾱ

θνζκήηεξᾱ ιᾱσλ ιίζζεζζνλ Πξίακνλ αὐηνὺο δrsquo ἀηῑκάζεη 6 Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἄλδξσλ ἠηίκαζελ (ῑ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) θαὶ

νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε ζπγάηεξα

1612 Meter

ΟΤ λε θα | ΣΟΝ ΥΡΤ | ΖΝ Ζ | ΣΗ κα ζελ | Α ΡΖ | ΣΖ ΡΑ~

Α ηξε η | ΓΖ ν γαξ | ΖΛ ζε ζν | Α ε πη | ΝΖ αο α | ΥΑΗ ΧΝ

ΛΤ ζν κε | ΝΟ ηε ζπ | ΓΑΣ ξα θε | ΡΧΝ ηα πε | ΡΔΗ ζη α | ΠΟΗ ΝΑ~

ΣΔΜ καη ε | ΥΧΝ ΔΝ | ΥΔΡ ζηλ ε | ΚΖ βν ινπ | Α ΠΟΛ | ΛΧ ΝΟ~

ΥΡΤζεσα | ΝΑ ΚΖΠ | ΣΡΧ θαη ε | ΛΗ ζε ην | ΠΑΝ ηαο α | ΥΑΗ ΟΤ

ΑΣ ξε η | ΓΑ δε κα | ΛΗ ηα δπ | Χ ΚΟ | ΜΖ ην ξε | ΛΑ ΧΝ

Lesson 17

(910 - imperfect middle and passive aorist middle of ιύσ 648-658 - the table

of endings in 32)

171 Paradigms Imperfect MiddlePassive of ιύσ

S 1 ἐιπόκελ

2 ἐιύεν [(ἐιύεπ)]

3 ἐιύεην

D 2 ἐιύεζζνλ

3 ἐιπέζζελ

P 1 ἐιπόκε(ζ)ζα

2 ἐιύεζζε

3 ἐιύνλην

172 Paradigms Aorist Middle of ιύσ

Thematic Athematic (2nd

Aorist)

S 1 ἐιῡζάκελ ἐιύκελ

2 ἐιύζαν (ῡ) [(ἐιύζσ (ῡ))] ἔιπ(ζ)ν

3 ἐιύζαην (ῡ) ἔιπην

D 2 ἐιύζαζζνλ (ῡ) ἔιπζζνλ

3 ἐιῡζάζζελ ἐιύζζελ

P 1 ἐιῡζάκε(ζ)ζα ἐιύκε(ζ)ζα

2 ἐιύζαζζε (ῡ) ἔιπζζε

3 ἐιύζαλην (ῡ) ἔιπλην

173 Vocabulary

δῶκα αηνο ηό house home

παῖο παηδόο ὁ ἡ child son daughter

π(η)όιηο ηνο (ενο) ἡ city state

ἐπθλήκῑο ῑδνο well-greaved

ἐγώ(λ) κέν (κεῦ) I

ζύ ζέν (ζεῦ) you

κέλhellip δέ on the one handhellip trulyhellip on the one handhellip on the other hand

partlyhellip partly the onehellip the other

νἴθαδε home homeward to home home

Verbs

ἅδνκαη (ἁγ-) (defective) I reverence

δέρνκαη I accept I receive

δέμνκαη I will accept

ἐδεμάκελ (ἐδέγκελ) I accepted

δίδσκη (δσ- δν-) I give I grant

(δη)δώζσ I will give

ἔδσθα I gave

ἐθπέξζσ (πεξζ- πξαζ-) I sack (utterly) I plunder I pillage

ἐθπέξζσ I will sack

ἐμέπεξζα (ἐμέπξαζνλ) I sacked

ἱθλένκαη I arrive I reach (a destination)

ἵμνκαη I will arrive

ἱθόκελ (ῑ) I arrived

174 Translation

1 ζενὶ ἔρνπζηλ ιύκπηα δώκαηα ἔδσθαλ δrsquo Ἀηξεΐδεο θαὶ ἄιινηζηλ ἐπθλεκίδεζζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἐθπέξζαη

(infinitive) πόιηλ Πξηάκνπ ηόηε δrsquo ἵθνλην (ῑ) ἐὺ νἴθαδε νὕλεθα παῖδα θίιελ ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἔιῡζαλ 2 ἀπέιῡζαλ

ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνὶ ζύγαηξα θίιελ ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἐδέμαλην δrsquo ἀγιαὰ ἄπνηλα νὕλεθα ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλα Γηὸο πἱὸλ

ἅδνλην 3 ἅδεηαη ἑθεβόινλ 4 Ἀηξεΐδεο νὐθ ἐδέμαην ηὰ ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα 5 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἔδσθελ ἄπνηλα

πνιιὰ βαζηιῆη Ἀηξεΐδῃ 6 πάληεο ζενὶ θαὶ πᾶζαη ζεαὶ εἶρνλ ιύκπηα δώκαηα 7 Ἀραηνὶ ἐπθλήκῑδεο ἐθπέξζνπζη

Πξηάκνην πόιηλ ἵμνληαη δrsquo ἐπ νἴθαδε 8 παῖο θίιε ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἐιύζαην (ῡ) ἵθεην (ῑ) δrsquo ἐὺ νἴθαδε

KEY

1 The gods have Olympian homes but they gave the son of Atreus and the other well-greaved Achaeans to

utterly sack the city of Priam and then they returned safe at home because they released the dear child of the priest

2 The well-greaved Achaeans released the dear daughter of the priest and received glorious ransoms because they

reverenced the free-shooter Apollo son of Zeus 3 He reverences te free-shooter 4 The son of Atreus did not

receive the glorious ransoms 5 Chryses the priest gave many ransoms to king Atreides 6 All of the gods and all of

the goddesses had Olympian homes 7 The well-greved Achaeans will utterly sack Priamrsquos city and will return safe

to home 8 The dear child of the priest was released and arrived well to her home

175 Iliad 17-21

ltltἈηξεΐδαη ηε θαὶ ἄιινη ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνί

ὑκῖλ κὲλ ζενὶ δνῖελ ιύκπηα δώκαηrsquo ἔρνληεο

ἐθπέξζαη Πξηάκνην πόιηλ ἐὺ δrsquo νἴθαδrsquo ἱθέζζαη

παῖδα δrsquo ἐκνὶ ιῦζαί ηε θίιελ ηά ηrsquo ἄπνηλα δέρεζζαη

ἁδόκελνη Γηὸο πἱὸλ ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλαgtgt

Ἀηξεΐδαηhellip ἄιινη ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνί = vocative case

ὑκῖλ (ῡ) = dat plural of ζύ to you

ζενί = one syllable by synizesis

κέλ (v 18) = correlative of δέ (v 20)

δνῖελ = aor act optative 3rd

plural of δίδσκη may they grant

ἔρνληεο = pres act part nom masc plural of ἔρσ having possessing

ἐθπέξζαη = aor act inf of ἐθπέξζσ to sack utterly

ἱθέζζαη = aor act inf of ἱθένκαη to arrive (compare κάρεζζαη)

ιῦζαη δέρεζζαη = infinitives used as imperatives free and accept

ηά ηrsquo ἄπνηλα (ηά ηε ἄπνηλα) = thesehellip gifts

ἁδόκελνη = pres act part nom masc plural reverencing

KEY

ldquoSons of Atreus and you other well-greaved Achaeans

may the gods who have their homes on Olympus grant you

to utterly sack Priamrsquos city and return safe to home

but release my dear child to me and accept these gifts

reverencing Apollo who shoots at will the son of Zeusrdquo

176 Composition

1 The gods who have (ἔρνληεο) Olympian homes will grant to the sons of Atreus and to the other well-greaved

Achaeans to sack utterly (ἐθπέξζαη) the city of Priam 2 When they sacked the city of Priam they returned happily

home 3 They accepted the shining ransoms and freed the darling daughter of the priest Chryses 4 We reverenced

the free-shooter Apollo son of Leto and Zeus and escaped death 5 Will the son of Atreus accept the shining

ransoms 6 The child of the priest was freed when he gave many shining ransoms which the two sons of Atreus

accepted

KEY

1 ζενὶ ἔρνληεο ιύκπηα δώκαηα δώζνπζη Ἀηξεΐδῃζη θαὶ ἄιινηζηλ ἐπθλεκίδεζζηλ (ῑ) Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἐθπέξζαη πόιηλ

Πξηάκνπ 2 ηόηε ἐμέπεξζαλ πόιηλ Πξηάκνην ἵθνλην (ῑ) ἐὺ νἴθαδε 3 ἐδέμαλην ἀγιαrsquo ἄπνηλα θαὶ ἀπέιῡζαλ ζπγάηεξα

θίιε ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) Υξύζᾱν (ῡ) 4 ἡμάκεζα ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλα Λεηόνο θαὶ Γηὸο πἱόλ θαὶ ζάλαηνλ 5

Ἀηξεΐδεο δέμεηαη ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα 6 παῖο ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἀπειύζαην (ῡ) ηόηε ἔδσθελ ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀγιάα ηὰ

Ἀηξεΐδᾱ ἐδώθαζηλ

Lesson 18

(Perfect and Pluperfect Active of Verbs 904 922 Third Declension γέρων

αἴξ 693-695)

181 Formation of the Perfect and Pluperfect Active

The perfect and pluperfect in all modes experience reduplication of the initial syllable which denotes completed

action Verbs beginning with a single consonant (except ξ) prefix this consonant followed by -ε Thus ιύσ =

ιέιπθα The stem sometimes stands in ablaut relation to the stem of the present as in βαίλσ = βέβεθα A

reduplicated syllable beginning with an aspirated mute is changed to its corresponding voiceless mute in the

reduplicated syllable ie ζλήζθσ = ηέζλεθα In these cases the reduplicated pluperfect adds ἐ- to the reduplicated

syllable ie ιύσ = ιέιπθα = ἐιέιπθε

Vebs beginning with a double consonant two consonants (except a mute followed by a liquid or a nasal) ξ and

some beginning with κ simply augment the stem with the addition of ε-

Verbs beginning in a vowel typically take the temporal augment by lengthening the vowel ie νἴρνκαη =

ᾤρσθα However verbs beginning with a vowel in which an initial consonant has been lost may take the syllabic

augment

Compound verbs typically insert the reduplication and augment between the preposition and the verb ie

ἀπνιύσ = ἀπνιέιπθα = ἀπειειύθε

The first perfect active adds -θα- to the stem followed by the primary endings The first pluperfect active

similarly adds -θε- followed by the secondary endings In general a short final vowel is lengthened before the

addition of the -θα- or -θε- Second perfects and pluperfects active are the older form and are more common in

Homer These omit the θ and simply add -α- or -ε- respectively The second perfects are more common in stems

ending in a consonant

In general the singular perfect and pluperfect active stand in ablaut relation to the dual and plural forms

Perfects and pluperfects are rare in Homer and only occur in some twenty verbs

182 Paradigms λέλυκα and βέβηκα

ιέιπθα ἐιειύθε (ἐιειύθεα)

ιέιπθαο ἐιειύθο (ἐιειύθεαο)

ιέιπθε(λ) ἐιειύθεη (ἐιειύθεε)

ιειύθαηνλ ἐιειύθαηνλ

ιειύθαηνλ ἐιειπθάηελ

ιειύθακελ ἐιειύθεκελ

ιειύθαηε ἐιειύθεηε

ιειύθᾱζη ἐιειύθεζαλ

βέβεθα ἐβεβήθεα (ἐβεβήθε)

βέβεθαο ἐβεβήθεαο (ἐβεβήθεο)

βέβεθε(λ) ἐβεβήθεε (ἐβεβήθεη)

βέβαηνλ ἐβέβαηνλ

βέβαηνλ ἐβεβάηελ

βέβακελ ἐβέβακελ

βέβαηε ἐβέβαηε

βέβᾱζη ἐβέβαζαλ

183 Paradigms γέρων and αἴξ

γέξσλ αἴμ

γέξνληνο αἰγόο

γέξνληη αἰγί

γέξνληα αἶγα

γέξνλ αἴμ

γέξνληε αἶγε

γεξόληνηηλ αἴγνηηλ

γέξνληεο αἶγεο

γεξόλησλ αἰγῶλ

γεξόληεζ(ζ)η (γέξνπζη) αἴγεζ(ζ)η (αἰμί)

γέξνληαο αἶγαο

184 Vocabulary

ἀγνξή ῆο ἡ assembly meeting place gathering harrangue

αἴμ αἰγόο ὁ ἡ goat

Ἄξγνο ενο ηό Argos (both a country and a city in Greece)

γέξσλ νληνο ὁ old man

γῆξαο ανο ηό old age

ἱεξεύο ῆνο ὁ priest holy man

κεξίνλ νπ ηό thigh-bone thigh-piece

πνύο πνδόο ὁ foot

ηαῦξνο νπ ὁ bull

θξήλ θξελόο ἡ diaphragm mind heart soul spirit disposition

δέθαηνο ε νλ tenth

ἡκέηεξνο ε νλ our ours

θνῖινο ε νλ hollow

ὠθύο ὠθεῖα ὠθύ swift speedy

ζλήζθσ die perish

ζαλένκαη

ἔζαλνλ

ηέζλεθα

θεύγσ flee fly escape run (off away along)

θεύμνκαη

ἔθπγνλ

πέθεπγα

and can be either long or short depending on the requirements of the verse Occasionally the letters ι κ λ ξ or ζ

are doubled in pronunciation when they follow a short vowel making the syllable long by position but this

convention is not always represented in writing And occasionally a lost ϝ will combine with another consonant to

make the preceding syllable long by position

Observe the following rules when determing the length of a syllable

Any vowel with the circumflex accent is long

The vowel of any ultmia whose penult bears the circumflex is short

If the penult has an acute then the vowel of the ultima must also be long

If the vowel of the ultima is short and the penult has the acute then the vowel of the penult must

be short as well

If the antepenult is accented the vowel of the ultima must be short

Occasionally these rules do not apply to certain compounds where one of the two words are

accented as if they were separate

If a short syllable stands where a long syllable is expected it is usually because the pause of the caesura or

diaresis fills out the foot or because the following word has lost a consonant (usually ϝ or ζ) And occasionally a

short syllable ending in a consonant is lengthened when it occurs on the ictus (beat) of the verse Such lengthening is

called thesis

142 Metrical Quantity

With the exception of pauses at the end of the verse caesura and diaresis all feet must consist of two long

syllables or a long syllable followed by two shorts Thus if a long syllable is followed by a short syllable then the

next syllable must be short as well Likewise if a short syllable is followed by a long syllable then the preceding

syllable must be short as well

When a word ends in a short vowel (and sometimes -νη and -αη) and the following word begins with a vowel

the short vowel is usually elided unless the following word originally began with ϝ When a word ends in a long

vowel or a diphthong and the following word begins with a vowel the long vowel is usually shortened This

phenomenon can also occur within the same word and again it is less common when the following word originally

began with ϝ Vowel shortening is also rare when the long vowel occurs on the ictus

The meter of Homer is called dactylic or heroic hexameter and is the most common meter in Greek verse Each

verse has six feet The first five feet can be dactyls (one long syllable followed by two short syllables) or spondees

(two long syllables) The final foot of the verse is always a spndee but keep in mind that the pause at the end of the

verse often combines with a final short syllable to form one long syllable The fifth foot of each verse is usually a

dactyl with only one in twenty (or so) verses containing a spondee in the fifth foot The verses that have a spndee in

the fifth foot are called spondaic and usually take slightly longer to recite In dactylic hexameter the ictus (beat) of

the verse always occurs on the first syllable of each foot producing six distinct beats per verse

Caesura occurs when a word ends within a foot (ie at the end of the first syllable of a foot or between the two

short syllables of the foot) When a caesura occurs at a natural pause in the verse this is said to be the caesura of the

verse A pause after the first syllable of a foot is called a masculine caesura and a pause after the second syllable of

the foot is called a feminine caesura

Diaresis occurs when the end of a word coincides with the end of a foot When this falls at a natural pause in

the verse it is said to be the diaresis of the verse When the diaresis occurs at the end of the fourth foot is it called

the bucolic diaresis (due to its common use in pastoral poetry)

143 Marking the Rhythm of the Iliad 1-5

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κπξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςπρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιήλ

ΜΖ ληλ α | ΔΗ δε ζε | Α ΠΖ | ΛΖ η α | ΓΔΧ α ρη | ΛΖ Ο-

dact dact spon dact dact spon

The pauses at the end of κῆληλ and ἄεηδε are feminine caesuras

The pauses at the end of ζεά Πειεηάδεσ and Ἀρηιῆνο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of ζεά is the caesura of the verse

The dash at the end of the verse indicates a pause that combines with a short vowel to fill out the

last foot

ΟΤ ιν κε | ΝΖΝ Ζ | ΜΤ ξη α | ΥΑΗ ΟΗ | ΑΛ γε ε | ΘΖ ΚΔΝ-

dact spon dact spon dact spon

The pauses at the end of κῡξίrsquo and ἄιγε are feminine caesuras

The pauses at the end of νὐινκέλελ and ἔζεθελ are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of νὐινκέλελ is the caesura of the verse

The pauses at the end of ἥ and Ἀραηνῖο are diareses

The diaresis at Ἀραηνῖο is a bucolic diaresis

κῡξία Ἀραηνῖο and ἄιγεα ἔζεθελ are examples of hiatus

The first syllable of ἄιγεrsquo is long because it is followed by two consecutive consonants

ΠΟΛ ΛΑ | ΓrsquoΗΦ ΘΗ | ΜΟΤ ΦΤ | ΥΑ ΑΗ | ΓΗ πξν τ | Α ΦΔΝ-

spon spon spon spon dact spon

The pauses at the end of ἰθζίκνπο and ςπράο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of πνιιάο is a diaresis

δὲ ἰθζίκνπο is hiatus

The first syllable of πνιιάο is long by position as is the first syllable of ἰθζίκνπο the last syllable

of Ἄηδη and the second syllable of πξνΐαςελ

Ζ ΡΧ | ΧΝ ΑΤ | ΣΟΤ δε ε | ΛΧ ξη α | ΣΔΤ ρε θπ | ΝΔ ΗΝ-

spon spon dact dact dact spon

The pause at the end of ηεῦρε is a feminine caesura

The pauses at the end of ἡξώσλ and αὐηνύο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of ἡξώσλ is the caesura of the verse

The pause at the end of ἑιώξηα is a diaresis

ΟΗ Χ | ΝΟΗ ζη ηε | ΓΑΗ ηα δη | Ο δrsquoε ηε | ΛΔΗ ε ην | ΒΟΤ ΛΖΝ

The pauses at the end of νἰσλνῖζη and δαῖηα are feminine caesuras

The pause at the end of Γηόο is a masculine caesura

The pauses at the end of ηε ἐηειείεην and βνπιήλ are diareses

The pause at the end of δαῖηα is the diaresis of the verse

Lesson 15

(693-694 697-700)

(cf 781-782 837 580 1009 996 584-585)

151 Third Declension Paradigms (continued)

Third declension nouns ending in a dental mute stem are exemplified by ἄλαμ (king ϝαλαθη-) λύμ (night λπθη-

) παῖο (child παηδ-) and γέξσλ (old man γεξνλη-)

N ἄλαμ λύμ παῖο γέξσλ

G ἄλαθηνο λπθηόο παηδόο γέξνληνο

D ἄλαθηη λπθηί παηδί γέξνληη

A ἄλαθηα λύθηα παίδα γέξνληα

V ἄλαμ [ἄλα] λύμ παῖ γέξσλ

N V A ἄλαθηε λύθηε παίδε γέξνληε

G D ἀλάθηνηηλ λύθηνηηλ παίδνηηλ γεξόληνηηλ

N ἄλαθηεο λύθηεο παίδεο γέξνληεο

G ἀλάθησλ λπθηῶλ παηδῶλ γεξόλησλ

D ἀλάθηεζζη λύθηεζζη παίδεζζη γεξόληεζζη

ἄλαμη λπμί παηζί γέξνπζη

A ἄλαθηαο λύθηνο παῖδαο γέξνληαο

Third declension nouns ending in labial and palatal stems are exemplified by αἴμ (goat αἰγ-) θῆξπμ (herald

θεξῡθ-) and Αἰζίνς (Ethipoian Αἰζηνπ-)

N αἴμ θῆξπμ Αἰζίνς

G αἰγόο θήξῡθνο Αἰζίνπνο

D αἰγί θήξῡθη Αἰζίνπη

A αἶγα θήξῡθα Αἰζίνπα

V αἴμ θῆξπμ Αἰζίνς

N V A αἶγε θήξῡθε Αἰζίνπε

G D αἴγνηηλ θεξύθνηηλ (ῡ) Αἰζηόπνηηλ

N αἶγεο θήξῡθεο Αἰζίνπεο

G αἰγῶλ θεξύθσλ (ῡ) Αἰζηόπσλ

D αἴγεζζη θεξύθεζζη (ῡ) Αἰζηόπεζζη

αἰμί θήξῡμ Αἰζίνςη

A αἶγαο θήξῡθαο Αἰζίνπαο

Nouns with stems ending in -εξ express different grades of ablaut in the stem (-εξ -εξ -ξ) with a recessive

accent in the vocative singular These are exemplified by παηήξ (father παηεξ-) κήηεξ (mother κεηεξ-) ζπγάηεξ

(daughter ζπγαηεξ-) and ἀλήξ (man ἀλεξ-)

N παηήξ κήηεξ ζπγάηεξ ἀλήξ

G παηέξνο -ηξόο κεηέξνο -ηξόο ζπγαηέξνο -ηξόο ἀλέξνο ἀλδξόο

D παηέξη -ηξί κεηέξη -ηξί ζπγαηέξη -ηξί ἀλέξη ἀλδξί

A παηέξα κεηέξα ζπγαηέξα ἀλέξα ἄλδξα

V πάηεξ κῆηεξ ζύγαηεξ ἄλεξ

N V A παηέξε κεηέξε ζπγαηέξε ἀλέξε ἄλδξε

G D παηέξνηηλ κεηέξνηηλ ζπγαηέξνηηλ ἀλέξνηηλ ἄλδξνηηλ

N παηέξεο κεηέξεο ζπγαηέξεο ζύγαηξεο ἀλέξεο ἄλδξεο

G παηέξσλ -ηξῶλ κεηέξσλ -ηξῶλ ζπγαηέξσλ ζπγαηξῶλ ἀλέξσλ ἀλδξῶλ

D παηξάζη κεηξάζη ζπγαηξάζη ζπγαηέξεζζη ἀλδξάζη ἄλδξεζζη

A παηέξαο κεηέξαο ζπγαηέξαο ζύγαηξαο ἀλέξαο ἄλδξαο

Note that δ is inserted into ἀλήξ between λ and ξ where they occur together The accent of the shorter forms of

ἀλέξ follow the pattern seen in παηήξ The alpha after ξ in the dative plural was added euphonically to strengthen

what was originally a sonant ξ

152 Vocabulary

ἄλαμ ἄλαθηνο ὁ king lord protector

ἀλήξ ἀλέξνο (ἀλδξόο) ὁ (real) man warrior hero

ἄξ(α) (ῥά) naturally of course as you know as you might expect that is

in effect (not always translatable)

βαζηιεύο ῆνο ὁ king ruler

δή indeed truly forsooth now

δηίζηεκη (ζηε- ζηα-) δηαζηήζσ stand apart separate

δηέζηεζα (δηέζηελ)

ἐμ νὗ from the time when

ἐξίδσ (ἐξηδ-) - ἤξηζ(ζ)α quarrel strive

ἠξηζάηελ (they) strove

ἔξηο ηδνο ἡ strife quarrel

Λεηώ Λεηόνο ἡ Leto

κάρνκαη fight battle

κάρεζζαη to fight

μπλίκη μπλήζσ μπλῆθα (μπλέεθα) bring together throw together hearken heed

ὄξλῡκη ὄξζσ ὦξζα (ὤξνξνλ) stir up kindle incite excite arouse

πξῶηνο ε νλ first foremost chief

ηὸ πξῶηνλ ηὰ πξῶηα (adv) at first firstly first

πἱόο νῦ ὁ son

ζθσε these two

153 Translation

1 ζεὰ (ᾱ) ἀείζεη κῆληλ Ἀρηιῆνο ἐμ νὗ δὴ ηὰ πξῶηα δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο θαὶ Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἀλδξῶλ ἠξηζάηελ θαὶ

δηεζηήηελ 2 ηίο ζεῶλ μπλέεθε δῖνλ Ἀρηιῆά ηε θαὶ Ἀηξεΐδελ ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 3 πἱὸο Λεηόνο θαὶ Γηὸο ἑθεβόινο

μπλέεθέ ζθσε ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη ηὸλ γὰξ βαζηιεὺο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἐρόισζελ ὁ δrsquo ὦξζε θαθὴλ λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ

ὤιεθε δὲ ιᾱνύο

KEY

1 The goddess sings the wrath of Achilles from the time when first the divine Achilles and Atreides king of

men strove and separated 2 Which of the gods brought together the divine Achilles and the son of Atreus to fight

in strife 3 The son of Leto and Zeus the Free-shooter brought these two together to fight in strife for Atreides the

king enraged him so he stirred up an evil plague through the camp of the Achaeans and destroyed their host

154 Iliad 1-10

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κῡξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςῡρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιή

ἐμ νὗ δὴ ηὰ πξῶηα δηαζηήηελ ἐξίζαληε

Ἀηξεΐδεο ηε ἄλαμ ἀλδξῶλ θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεύο

ηίο ηrsquo ἄξ ζθσε ζεῶλ ἔξηδη μπλέεθε κάρεζζαη

Λεηνῦο θαὶ Γηὸο πἱόο ὁ γὰξ βαζηιῆη ρνισζεὶο

λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ ὦξζε θαθήλ ὀιέθνλην δὲ ιᾱνί

δηαζηήηελ = δηεζηήηελ

ἐξίζαληε = aor act part nom dual masc (they two) having quarreled

ηε ἄλαμ originally ηε ϝάλαμ thus allowing the hiatus

ζθσε [ἕσ] = 3rd

pers pron acc dual these two

ἔξηδη is dative of means in strife

κάρεζζαη = pres act infinitive deponent to fight

ρνισζείο = aor pass part nom sing masc having been enraged

Λεηνῦο = contracted form of Λεηόνο

βαζηιῆη = Agamemnon instrumental case by the king

ὀιέθνλην = ὠιέθνλην imperf pass ind 3rd

pers plural were being destroyed or kept

perishing

KEY

Sing O goddess of the accursed wrath of Achilles Peleiades

which brought countless woes to the Achaeans

and cast forth the souls of many valiant warriors to Hades

making them the spoils and feast of both dogs

and vultures But the will of Zeus was accomplished

indeed from the time when at first having quarreled both

Atreides king of men and the divine Achilles separated

Which of the gods of course brought these two together to fight in strife

The son of Leto and Zeus For enraged by the king he

kindled an evil plague up through the camp and the people were destroyed

155 Composition

1 ἠείδνκελ κῆληλ νὐινκέλελ Ἀρηιιῆνο ἐμ νὗ ηὰ πξῶηα Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἀλέξσλ (ἀλδξῶλ) θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο

ἠξηζάηελ θαὶ δηεζηεζάηελ (δηεζηήηελ) 2 ηίο ζεῶλ μπλῆθε (μπλέεθα) Ἀραηνὺο θαὶ ιᾱὸλ Πξηάκνπ ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 3

μπλῆθε (μπλέεθα) ζθσε (ἕν) πἱὸο Λεηόνο (Λεηνῦο) θαὶ Γηὸο ἑθεβόινο ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 4 Αηξεΐδεο βαζηιεὺο

Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο ἐρόισζαλ ἄλαθηα ἑθεβόινλ θαὶ ὁ ὦξζα (ὤξνξε) λνῦζνπο πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θαθὰο (ᾱ) ἀλὰ

ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ θαθῶο ὤιεθελ ἀγαζὸλ ιᾱόλ

Lesson 16

(887-897 910 1065-1068 697-703 707 710 732)

161 Formation of Middle Passive and Deponent Verbs

The endings of the middle voice are different from the active voice The passive voice applies the same endings

as the middle voice except in the aorist passive which applies active endings Because the middle and passive voice

are identical (other than the aorist) the context determines whether a verb is used with middle or the passive

meaning The aorist middle is often used with a passive meaning (especially in athematic forms) and the aorist

passive is often used with a middle meaning

The perfect and pluperfect of the middlepassive are athematic with the personal endings attached directly to

the reduplicated stem

The future perfect passive is formed by adding -ζνε to the perfect middle passive lengthening the vowel that

precedes this ending

The first aorist passive is formed by adding -(ζ)ζεε to the stem Before ζ π and β become θ θ and γ become ρ

and η δ ζ become ζ Many verbs have a second aorist passive that drops the ζ altogether

Deponent verbs have no active form but use the middlepassive forms in an active sense

162 Paradigms Present and Future Indicative MiddlePassive of ιύσ

Present

S 1 ιύνκαη

2 ιύεαη [(ιύῃ)]

3 ιύεηαη

D 2 ιύεζζνλ

3 ιύεζζνλ

P 1 ιπόκε(ζ)ζα

2 ιύεζζα

3 ιύνληαη

Future

S 1 ιύζνκαη (ῡ)

2 ιύζεαη (ῡ) [(ιύζῃ (ῡ))]

3 ιύζεηαη (ῡ)

D 2 ιύζεζζνλ (ῡ)

3 ιύζεζζνλ (ῡ)

P 1 ιῡζόκεζα

2 ιύζεζζε (ῡ)

3 ιύζνληαη (ῡ)

163 The Use of Voice in Greek

The active voice indicates that the subject is acting λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ ὦξζε = he kindled a plague up

through the camp

The passive voice indicates that the subject is acted upon Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιή = but the will of Zeus was

being accomplished

The Middle voice denotes one of three meanings

1 The subject acting upon itself πείζνκαη (I convince myself) θαίλνκαη (I show myself)

2 The subject acting for itself θαιένκαη (I call for myself)

3 The subject acting upon something belonging to itself ιύνκαη (I loose my own I ransom)

When determing the difference between the middle and passive keep in mind that the middle voice always

conveys a direct or indirect reference to the subject and that the subject is effect by or has an interest in the action

164 Third Declension Stems in -επ -επ -νπ and -σϝ

Stems in -επ usually became -εϝ and the third declension endings are applied after the ϝ Thus βαζηιεϝνο =

βαζηιῆνο βαηιεϝη = βαζηιῆη βαζηιεϝα = βαζηιῆα etc Note that the ϝ explains why εη (εϝη) does not form an

improper diphthong as well as why the accusative singular ends in -εα (as if the stem ended in a consonant) instead

of -ελ (as if the stem ended in a vowel) Note that when the ending consists of a consonant the -εϝ is contracted to

the diphthong -επ Thus βαζηιεϝο = βαζηιεύο βαζηιεϝ = βαζηιεῦ βαζηιεϝζη = βαζηιεῦζη In rare cases the other

endings also contract the -ε to -ε (ie βαζηιῆνο = βαζηιένο)

In stems ending originally in -ᾱϝ the ᾱ becomes ε in the Ionic dialect These are declined the same as -εϝ

except that -εῡ is formed before consonants instead of -επ Thus λᾱϝο = λεϝο = λεῦο λᾱϝ = λεϝ = λεῦ But note the

exception in the shorter form of the dative plural where λᾱϝζη = λεϝζη = λεπζί (rather than λεῡζη) In contracted

forms the ε usually becomes ε

In stems ending in -σϝ the third declension endings are applied directly to the stem Thus ἡξσϝο = ἥξσο

ἡξσϝνο = ἥξσνο ἡξσϝη = ἥξση ἡξσϝα = ἥξσα etc

In stems ending originally in -ν or -νϝ the third declension endings are applied as usual But keep in mind that -

νϝ is contracted to the diphthong -νπ before a consonant thus βνϝο = βνῦο and βνϝζη = βνπζί But note the

exception that occurs in the accusative singular where βνϝλ = βνῦλ rather than βνϝα

βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

(βαζηιεϝ-) (βνϝ-) (λᾱϝ-) (ἡξσϝ-)

N βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

G βαζηιῆνο [ένο] βνόο λεόο [εόο] ἥξσνο

D βαζηιῆη [έη] βνΐ λεί ἥξση

A βαζηιῆα [έα] βνῦλ [βῶλ] λῆα [έα] ἥξσα

V βαζηιεῦ βνῦ λεῦ ἥξσο

N V A βαζηιῆε βόε λῆε ἥξσε

G D βαζηιήνηηλ βόνηηλ λήνηηλ ἡξώνηηλ

N V βαζηιῆεο βόεο λῆεο ἥξσεο

G βαζηιήσλ βνῶλ λεῶλ [εῶλ] ἡξώσλ

D βαζηιήεζζη βόεζζη λήεζζη [έεζζη] ἡξώεζζη

βαζηιεῦζη βνπζί λεπζί ἥξσζη

A βαζηιῆαο βόαο (βνῦο) λῆαο [έαο] ἥξσαο

165 Third Declension Stems in -εζ -αζ and -νζ

When a stem ends in a vowel plus -ζ the initial ζ is dropped between two vowels Thus γεξαζνο = γέξανο

ἠνζνο = ἠόνο etc

All third declension nouns with stems ending in -εο are neuters and follow the pattern of ἔπνο The third

declension endings are applied as usual except that the nominative vocative and accusative singulars end in -νο

Nouns with stems ending in -νο take -σο in the nominative and vocative singular but otherwise apply the third

declension endings as usual (dropping ζ between two vowels)

ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

(ϝεπεζ-) (γεξαζ-) (ἀϝζνζ- (ᾱ))

N ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

G ἔπενο γέξανο ἠόνο

D ἔπετ γέξατ ἠόη

A ἔπνο γέξαο ἠόα

V ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

N V A ἔπεε γέξαε

G D ἐπένηηλ γεξάνηηλ

N V ἔπεα γέξα(α)

G ἐπέσλ γεξάσλ

D ἐπέεζζη γεξάεζζη

ἔπε(ζ)ζη γέξα(ζ)ζη

A ἔπεα γέξα(α)

166 Third Declension Stems in -καη and -καξ

Stems ending in -καη and -καξ are neuters

Stems in -καη drop the -ηο in the nominative vocative and accusative singular δσκαηο = δῶκα Otherwise the

third declension endings are applied as usual

Stems ending in -καξ are declined like those ending in -καη except in the nominative vocative and accusative

singular (which end in -καξ)

δῶκα ἦκαξ

(δσκαη-) (ἠκαξ- ἠκαη-)

N δῶκα ἦκαξ

G δώκαηνο ἤκαηνο

D δώκαηη ἤκαηη

A δῶκα ἦκαξ

V δῶκα ἦκαξ

N V A δώκαηε ἤκαηε

G D δσκάηνηηλ ἠκάηνηηλ

N V δώκαηα ἤκαηα

G δσκάησλ ἠκάησλ

D δσκάηεζζη ἠκάηεζζη

δώκαζη ἤκαζη

A δώκαηα ἤκαηα

167 Third Declension Stems in -λη and -λ

Stems ending in -λη drop the -λη before ζ and lengthen the preceding vowel thus παληο = πᾶο παληζη = πᾶζη

Otherwise the third declension endings are applied as usual In neuters the -η is dropped at the end of the word thus

παλη = πᾶλ Stems in -λ drop the -λ before ζ and lengthen the preceding vowel in the masculine (but not in the

neuter)

πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

(παλη- παληα- παλη-)

Masc Fem Neut

N πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

G παληόο πάζεο (ᾱ) παληόο

D παληί πάζῃ (ᾱ) παληί

A πάληα πᾶζαλ πᾶλ

V πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

N V πάληεο πᾶζαη πάληα

G πάλησλ πᾱζάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] πάλησλ

D πάληεζ(ζ)η πάζῃζη (ᾱ) πάληεζ(ζ)η

πᾶζη πάζῃο (ᾱ) πᾶζη

A πάληνο πάζᾱο (ᾱ) πάληα

κέιᾱο κέιαηλα κέιαλ

(κειαλ- κειαηλα- κειαλ-)

N κέιᾱο κέιαηλα κέιαλ

G κέιαλνο κειαίλεο κέιαλνο

D κέιαλη κειαίλῃ κέιαλη

A κέιαλα κέιαηλαλ κέιαλ

V κέιαλ κέιαηλα κέιαλ

N V A κέιαλε κειαίλᾱ κέιαλε

G D κειάλνηηλ κειαίλῃηλ κειάλνηηλ

N V κέιαλεο κέιαηλαη κέιαλα

G κειάλσλ κειαηλάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] κειάλσλ

D κειάλεζ(ζ)η κειαίλῃζη κειάλεζ(ζ)η

κέιαζη κειαίλῃο κέιαζη

A κέιαλεο κειαίλᾱο κέιαλα

168 Vocabulary

Nouns

Ἀπόιισλ (ᾰ or ᾰ) σλνο ὁ Apollo

ἀξεηήξ (ᾱ) ῆξνο ὁ priest prayer

ζπγάηεξ ηέξνο (ηξόο) ἡ daughter

θνζκήησξ νξνο ὁ commander marshaller

λεῦο λεόο (λεόο) ἡ ship

ζηέκκα καηνο ηό fillet (of white cotton) wreath

ρείξ ρεηξόο ἡ hand arm

Verbs

ἔξρνκαη (ἐξρ- ἐιε- ἐιεπζ- ἐιπζ-) come go

ἐιεύζνκαη I will come I will go

ἦιζνλ (ἤιπζνλ) I came I went

ιίζζνκαη (ιηη-) I beg I entreat

---

ἐιιηζάκελ (ἐιηηόκελ) I begged I entreated

Adjectives Prepositions

ζνόο ή όλ swift speedy

πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ all every (the) whole

Indeclinable

δύν (δύσ) two

κάιηζηα most especially by all means

169 Translation

1 Ἀπόιισλ ἑθεβόινο ρνινῦηαη βαζηιῆη Αηξεΐδῃ θαὶ πέκπεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ ὀιέθνληαη δὲ

ιᾱνί νὕλεθα δῖνο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) 2 Υξύζεο (ῡ) γὰξ ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἑθεβόινπ ἔξρεηαη

ἐπὶ ζνὰο (ᾱ) λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ θέξεη δrsquo ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα ζπγαηξόο ἣλ Ἀηξεΐδεο ἔρεη ἐλ ζηξαηῷ 3 ὁ δrsquo ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἔρεη

ζηέκκαηα ἑθεβόινπ Ἀπόιισλνο ἐλ ρεξζὶλ ἀλὰ ρξῡζέῳ ζθήπηξῳ θαὶ ιίζζεηαη πάληαο Ἀραηνύο κάιηζηα δrsquo Ἀηξεΐδᾱ

δύσ θνζκήηνξε ιᾱῶλ 4 Ἀπόιισλ ρνιώζεηαη βαζηιῆη θαὶ ὄξζεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηόλ 5 ἐιεύζνληαη ἐπὶ ζνὰο

(ᾱ) λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ νἴζνπζη ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα βαζηιῆη 6 ιίζζνληαη πάληαο Ἀραηνύο 7 Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζελ (ῑ)

ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) θαὶ νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε ζύγαηξα

KEY

1 Apollo the free-shooter enraged by king Atreides sent an evil plague through the camp of the Achaeans and

the people were destroyed because the divine Atreides dishonored Chryses the priest 2 For Chryses the priest of

the free-shooter went upon the swift ships of the Achaeans bearing countless ransoms for his daughter whom

Atreides was holding in the camp 3 But the priest had a wreath of Apollo the free-shooter upon a staff in his hand

and was entreating all of the Achaeans but especially the sons of Atreus (who were) the commanders of the host 4

Apollo will be enraged by the king and will kindle an evil plague up through the camp 5 They will go upon the

swift ships of the Achaeans and bring countless ransoms to the king 6 They are entreating all of the Achaeans 7

Atreides dishonored the priest and would not release his daughter

1610 Iliad 11-16

hellipὀιέθνλην δὲ ιᾱνί

νὕλεθα ηὸλ Υξύζελ ἠηίκαζελ ἀξεηῆξα

Αηξεΐδεο ὁ γὰξ ἦιζε ζνὰο ἐπὶ λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ

ιπζόκελνο ηε ζύγαηξα θέξσλ ηrsquo ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα

ζηέκκαηrsquo ἔρσλ ἐλ ρεξζὶλ ἑθεβόινπ Ἀπόιισλνο

ρξπζέῳ ἀλὰ ζθήπηξῳ θαὶ ἐιίζζεην πάληαο Ἀραηνύο

Ἀηξεΐδα δὲ κάιηζηα δύσ θνζκήηνξε ιαῶλ

ηόλ Υξύζελ = that (well-known) Chryses

The first verse ends in two spondees making it a spondaic verse and emphasizing the fact that

Chryses was a priest

ιῡζόκελνο = fut mid part nom masc sing being about to ransom

θέξσλ = pres act part nom sing masc bearing bringing

ἔρσλ = pres act part nom sing masc having holding

ρεξζὶλ ἑθεβόινπ = ρεξζὶ ϝεθεβόινπ

ρξῡζέῳ = synizesis where -έῳ is pronounced as a single syllable

ἐιίζζεην = imperf act ind 3rd

pers sing dep (kept) entreating was entreating

Ἀηξεΐδᾱ = dual of Ἀηξεΐδεο refers to both Agamemnon and Menelaus

KEY

hellipand the people were being destroyed

because Atreides dishonored Chryses the priest

For he had gone upon the swift ships of the Achaeans

intending to ransom his daughter bearing countless gifts

and holding in his hand fillets of Apollo the free-shooter

upon a golden staff and was entreating all of the Achaeans

but especially the two sons of Atreus the commanders of the host

1611 Composition

1 Chryses the priest of Apollo is dishonored by the son of Atreus 2 The Achaeans will go from their swift

ships to Troy and ransom the beloved daughter of the priest 3 We shall bring many ransoms and shall hold in our

hands the fillets of Apollo 4 We do not have a golden scepter but we entreat Priam and all the people of Troy 5

The two sons of Atreus marshallers of the people are entreating Priam but he will slight them 6 The son of

Atreus king of men slighted the priest and did not release his daughter

KEY

1 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) Ἀπόιινπ ἀηῑκάδεηαη Ἀηξεΐδῃ 2 Ἀραηνὶ ἐιεύζνληαη ἐθ ζνάσλ (ᾱ) λήσλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ (ῑ)

θαὶ ἀπειύζνληαη (ῡ) θίιε ζπγάηεξα ἀξεηῆξη (ᾱ) 3 νἴζνκελ πνιιrsquo ἄπνηλα θαὶ ἕζρνκελ ἐλ ρείξεζζη ζηέκκαηα

Ἀπόιινπ 4 νὐθ ἔρνκελ ζθῆπηξνλ ρξύζενλ ἀιιὰ ιηζζόκεζα Πξίακνλ θαὶ πᾶληα ιᾱνλ Ἰιίνπ (ῑ) 5 δύrsquo Ἀηξεΐδᾱ

θνζκήηεξᾱ ιᾱσλ ιίζζεζζνλ Πξίακνλ αὐηνὺο δrsquo ἀηῑκάζεη 6 Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἄλδξσλ ἠηίκαζελ (ῑ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) θαὶ

νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε ζπγάηεξα

1612 Meter

ΟΤ λε θα | ΣΟΝ ΥΡΤ | ΖΝ Ζ | ΣΗ κα ζελ | Α ΡΖ | ΣΖ ΡΑ~

Α ηξε η | ΓΖ ν γαξ | ΖΛ ζε ζν | Α ε πη | ΝΖ αο α | ΥΑΗ ΧΝ

ΛΤ ζν κε | ΝΟ ηε ζπ | ΓΑΣ ξα θε | ΡΧΝ ηα πε | ΡΔΗ ζη α | ΠΟΗ ΝΑ~

ΣΔΜ καη ε | ΥΧΝ ΔΝ | ΥΔΡ ζηλ ε | ΚΖ βν ινπ | Α ΠΟΛ | ΛΧ ΝΟ~

ΥΡΤζεσα | ΝΑ ΚΖΠ | ΣΡΧ θαη ε | ΛΗ ζε ην | ΠΑΝ ηαο α | ΥΑΗ ΟΤ

ΑΣ ξε η | ΓΑ δε κα | ΛΗ ηα δπ | Χ ΚΟ | ΜΖ ην ξε | ΛΑ ΧΝ

Lesson 17

(910 - imperfect middle and passive aorist middle of ιύσ 648-658 - the table

of endings in 32)

171 Paradigms Imperfect MiddlePassive of ιύσ

S 1 ἐιπόκελ

2 ἐιύεν [(ἐιύεπ)]

3 ἐιύεην

D 2 ἐιύεζζνλ

3 ἐιπέζζελ

P 1 ἐιπόκε(ζ)ζα

2 ἐιύεζζε

3 ἐιύνλην

172 Paradigms Aorist Middle of ιύσ

Thematic Athematic (2nd

Aorist)

S 1 ἐιῡζάκελ ἐιύκελ

2 ἐιύζαν (ῡ) [(ἐιύζσ (ῡ))] ἔιπ(ζ)ν

3 ἐιύζαην (ῡ) ἔιπην

D 2 ἐιύζαζζνλ (ῡ) ἔιπζζνλ

3 ἐιῡζάζζελ ἐιύζζελ

P 1 ἐιῡζάκε(ζ)ζα ἐιύκε(ζ)ζα

2 ἐιύζαζζε (ῡ) ἔιπζζε

3 ἐιύζαλην (ῡ) ἔιπλην

173 Vocabulary

δῶκα αηνο ηό house home

παῖο παηδόο ὁ ἡ child son daughter

π(η)όιηο ηνο (ενο) ἡ city state

ἐπθλήκῑο ῑδνο well-greaved

ἐγώ(λ) κέν (κεῦ) I

ζύ ζέν (ζεῦ) you

κέλhellip δέ on the one handhellip trulyhellip on the one handhellip on the other hand

partlyhellip partly the onehellip the other

νἴθαδε home homeward to home home

Verbs

ἅδνκαη (ἁγ-) (defective) I reverence

δέρνκαη I accept I receive

δέμνκαη I will accept

ἐδεμάκελ (ἐδέγκελ) I accepted

δίδσκη (δσ- δν-) I give I grant

(δη)δώζσ I will give

ἔδσθα I gave

ἐθπέξζσ (πεξζ- πξαζ-) I sack (utterly) I plunder I pillage

ἐθπέξζσ I will sack

ἐμέπεξζα (ἐμέπξαζνλ) I sacked

ἱθλένκαη I arrive I reach (a destination)

ἵμνκαη I will arrive

ἱθόκελ (ῑ) I arrived

174 Translation

1 ζενὶ ἔρνπζηλ ιύκπηα δώκαηα ἔδσθαλ δrsquo Ἀηξεΐδεο θαὶ ἄιινηζηλ ἐπθλεκίδεζζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἐθπέξζαη

(infinitive) πόιηλ Πξηάκνπ ηόηε δrsquo ἵθνλην (ῑ) ἐὺ νἴθαδε νὕλεθα παῖδα θίιελ ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἔιῡζαλ 2 ἀπέιῡζαλ

ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνὶ ζύγαηξα θίιελ ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἐδέμαλην δrsquo ἀγιαὰ ἄπνηλα νὕλεθα ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλα Γηὸο πἱὸλ

ἅδνλην 3 ἅδεηαη ἑθεβόινλ 4 Ἀηξεΐδεο νὐθ ἐδέμαην ηὰ ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα 5 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἔδσθελ ἄπνηλα

πνιιὰ βαζηιῆη Ἀηξεΐδῃ 6 πάληεο ζενὶ θαὶ πᾶζαη ζεαὶ εἶρνλ ιύκπηα δώκαηα 7 Ἀραηνὶ ἐπθλήκῑδεο ἐθπέξζνπζη

Πξηάκνην πόιηλ ἵμνληαη δrsquo ἐπ νἴθαδε 8 παῖο θίιε ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἐιύζαην (ῡ) ἵθεην (ῑ) δrsquo ἐὺ νἴθαδε

KEY

1 The gods have Olympian homes but they gave the son of Atreus and the other well-greaved Achaeans to

utterly sack the city of Priam and then they returned safe at home because they released the dear child of the priest

2 The well-greaved Achaeans released the dear daughter of the priest and received glorious ransoms because they

reverenced the free-shooter Apollo son of Zeus 3 He reverences te free-shooter 4 The son of Atreus did not

receive the glorious ransoms 5 Chryses the priest gave many ransoms to king Atreides 6 All of the gods and all of

the goddesses had Olympian homes 7 The well-greved Achaeans will utterly sack Priamrsquos city and will return safe

to home 8 The dear child of the priest was released and arrived well to her home

175 Iliad 17-21

ltltἈηξεΐδαη ηε θαὶ ἄιινη ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνί

ὑκῖλ κὲλ ζενὶ δνῖελ ιύκπηα δώκαηrsquo ἔρνληεο

ἐθπέξζαη Πξηάκνην πόιηλ ἐὺ δrsquo νἴθαδrsquo ἱθέζζαη

παῖδα δrsquo ἐκνὶ ιῦζαί ηε θίιελ ηά ηrsquo ἄπνηλα δέρεζζαη

ἁδόκελνη Γηὸο πἱὸλ ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλαgtgt

Ἀηξεΐδαηhellip ἄιινη ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνί = vocative case

ὑκῖλ (ῡ) = dat plural of ζύ to you

ζενί = one syllable by synizesis

κέλ (v 18) = correlative of δέ (v 20)

δνῖελ = aor act optative 3rd

plural of δίδσκη may they grant

ἔρνληεο = pres act part nom masc plural of ἔρσ having possessing

ἐθπέξζαη = aor act inf of ἐθπέξζσ to sack utterly

ἱθέζζαη = aor act inf of ἱθένκαη to arrive (compare κάρεζζαη)

ιῦζαη δέρεζζαη = infinitives used as imperatives free and accept

ηά ηrsquo ἄπνηλα (ηά ηε ἄπνηλα) = thesehellip gifts

ἁδόκελνη = pres act part nom masc plural reverencing

KEY

ldquoSons of Atreus and you other well-greaved Achaeans

may the gods who have their homes on Olympus grant you

to utterly sack Priamrsquos city and return safe to home

but release my dear child to me and accept these gifts

reverencing Apollo who shoots at will the son of Zeusrdquo

176 Composition

1 The gods who have (ἔρνληεο) Olympian homes will grant to the sons of Atreus and to the other well-greaved

Achaeans to sack utterly (ἐθπέξζαη) the city of Priam 2 When they sacked the city of Priam they returned happily

home 3 They accepted the shining ransoms and freed the darling daughter of the priest Chryses 4 We reverenced

the free-shooter Apollo son of Leto and Zeus and escaped death 5 Will the son of Atreus accept the shining

ransoms 6 The child of the priest was freed when he gave many shining ransoms which the two sons of Atreus

accepted

KEY

1 ζενὶ ἔρνληεο ιύκπηα δώκαηα δώζνπζη Ἀηξεΐδῃζη θαὶ ἄιινηζηλ ἐπθλεκίδεζζηλ (ῑ) Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἐθπέξζαη πόιηλ

Πξηάκνπ 2 ηόηε ἐμέπεξζαλ πόιηλ Πξηάκνην ἵθνλην (ῑ) ἐὺ νἴθαδε 3 ἐδέμαλην ἀγιαrsquo ἄπνηλα θαὶ ἀπέιῡζαλ ζπγάηεξα

θίιε ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) Υξύζᾱν (ῡ) 4 ἡμάκεζα ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλα Λεηόνο θαὶ Γηὸο πἱόλ θαὶ ζάλαηνλ 5

Ἀηξεΐδεο δέμεηαη ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα 6 παῖο ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἀπειύζαην (ῡ) ηόηε ἔδσθελ ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀγιάα ηὰ

Ἀηξεΐδᾱ ἐδώθαζηλ

Lesson 18

(Perfect and Pluperfect Active of Verbs 904 922 Third Declension γέρων

αἴξ 693-695)

181 Formation of the Perfect and Pluperfect Active

The perfect and pluperfect in all modes experience reduplication of the initial syllable which denotes completed

action Verbs beginning with a single consonant (except ξ) prefix this consonant followed by -ε Thus ιύσ =

ιέιπθα The stem sometimes stands in ablaut relation to the stem of the present as in βαίλσ = βέβεθα A

reduplicated syllable beginning with an aspirated mute is changed to its corresponding voiceless mute in the

reduplicated syllable ie ζλήζθσ = ηέζλεθα In these cases the reduplicated pluperfect adds ἐ- to the reduplicated

syllable ie ιύσ = ιέιπθα = ἐιέιπθε

Vebs beginning with a double consonant two consonants (except a mute followed by a liquid or a nasal) ξ and

some beginning with κ simply augment the stem with the addition of ε-

Verbs beginning in a vowel typically take the temporal augment by lengthening the vowel ie νἴρνκαη =

ᾤρσθα However verbs beginning with a vowel in which an initial consonant has been lost may take the syllabic

augment

Compound verbs typically insert the reduplication and augment between the preposition and the verb ie

ἀπνιύσ = ἀπνιέιπθα = ἀπειειύθε

The first perfect active adds -θα- to the stem followed by the primary endings The first pluperfect active

similarly adds -θε- followed by the secondary endings In general a short final vowel is lengthened before the

addition of the -θα- or -θε- Second perfects and pluperfects active are the older form and are more common in

Homer These omit the θ and simply add -α- or -ε- respectively The second perfects are more common in stems

ending in a consonant

In general the singular perfect and pluperfect active stand in ablaut relation to the dual and plural forms

Perfects and pluperfects are rare in Homer and only occur in some twenty verbs

182 Paradigms λέλυκα and βέβηκα

ιέιπθα ἐιειύθε (ἐιειύθεα)

ιέιπθαο ἐιειύθο (ἐιειύθεαο)

ιέιπθε(λ) ἐιειύθεη (ἐιειύθεε)

ιειύθαηνλ ἐιειύθαηνλ

ιειύθαηνλ ἐιειπθάηελ

ιειύθακελ ἐιειύθεκελ

ιειύθαηε ἐιειύθεηε

ιειύθᾱζη ἐιειύθεζαλ

βέβεθα ἐβεβήθεα (ἐβεβήθε)

βέβεθαο ἐβεβήθεαο (ἐβεβήθεο)

βέβεθε(λ) ἐβεβήθεε (ἐβεβήθεη)

βέβαηνλ ἐβέβαηνλ

βέβαηνλ ἐβεβάηελ

βέβακελ ἐβέβακελ

βέβαηε ἐβέβαηε

βέβᾱζη ἐβέβαζαλ

183 Paradigms γέρων and αἴξ

γέξσλ αἴμ

γέξνληνο αἰγόο

γέξνληη αἰγί

γέξνληα αἶγα

γέξνλ αἴμ

γέξνληε αἶγε

γεξόληνηηλ αἴγνηηλ

γέξνληεο αἶγεο

γεξόλησλ αἰγῶλ

γεξόληεζ(ζ)η (γέξνπζη) αἴγεζ(ζ)η (αἰμί)

γέξνληαο αἶγαο

184 Vocabulary

ἀγνξή ῆο ἡ assembly meeting place gathering harrangue

αἴμ αἰγόο ὁ ἡ goat

Ἄξγνο ενο ηό Argos (both a country and a city in Greece)

γέξσλ νληνο ὁ old man

γῆξαο ανο ηό old age

ἱεξεύο ῆνο ὁ priest holy man

κεξίνλ νπ ηό thigh-bone thigh-piece

πνύο πνδόο ὁ foot

ηαῦξνο νπ ὁ bull

θξήλ θξελόο ἡ diaphragm mind heart soul spirit disposition

δέθαηνο ε νλ tenth

ἡκέηεξνο ε νλ our ours

θνῖινο ε νλ hollow

ὠθύο ὠθεῖα ὠθύ swift speedy

ζλήζθσ die perish

ζαλένκαη

ἔζαλνλ

ηέζλεθα

θεύγσ flee fly escape run (off away along)

θεύμνκαη

ἔθπγνλ

πέθεπγα

dact dact spon dact dact spon

The pauses at the end of κῆληλ and ἄεηδε are feminine caesuras

The pauses at the end of ζεά Πειεηάδεσ and Ἀρηιῆνο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of ζεά is the caesura of the verse

The dash at the end of the verse indicates a pause that combines with a short vowel to fill out the

last foot

ΟΤ ιν κε | ΝΖΝ Ζ | ΜΤ ξη α | ΥΑΗ ΟΗ | ΑΛ γε ε | ΘΖ ΚΔΝ-

dact spon dact spon dact spon

The pauses at the end of κῡξίrsquo and ἄιγε are feminine caesuras

The pauses at the end of νὐινκέλελ and ἔζεθελ are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of νὐινκέλελ is the caesura of the verse

The pauses at the end of ἥ and Ἀραηνῖο are diareses

The diaresis at Ἀραηνῖο is a bucolic diaresis

κῡξία Ἀραηνῖο and ἄιγεα ἔζεθελ are examples of hiatus

The first syllable of ἄιγεrsquo is long because it is followed by two consecutive consonants

ΠΟΛ ΛΑ | ΓrsquoΗΦ ΘΗ | ΜΟΤ ΦΤ | ΥΑ ΑΗ | ΓΗ πξν τ | Α ΦΔΝ-

spon spon spon spon dact spon

The pauses at the end of ἰθζίκνπο and ςπράο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of πνιιάο is a diaresis

δὲ ἰθζίκνπο is hiatus

The first syllable of πνιιάο is long by position as is the first syllable of ἰθζίκνπο the last syllable

of Ἄηδη and the second syllable of πξνΐαςελ

Ζ ΡΧ | ΧΝ ΑΤ | ΣΟΤ δε ε | ΛΧ ξη α | ΣΔΤ ρε θπ | ΝΔ ΗΝ-

spon spon dact dact dact spon

The pause at the end of ηεῦρε is a feminine caesura

The pauses at the end of ἡξώσλ and αὐηνύο are masculine caesuras

The pause at the end of ἡξώσλ is the caesura of the verse

The pause at the end of ἑιώξηα is a diaresis

ΟΗ Χ | ΝΟΗ ζη ηε | ΓΑΗ ηα δη | Ο δrsquoε ηε | ΛΔΗ ε ην | ΒΟΤ ΛΖΝ

The pauses at the end of νἰσλνῖζη and δαῖηα are feminine caesuras

The pause at the end of Γηόο is a masculine caesura

The pauses at the end of ηε ἐηειείεην and βνπιήλ are diareses

The pause at the end of δαῖηα is the diaresis of the verse

Lesson 15

(693-694 697-700)

(cf 781-782 837 580 1009 996 584-585)

151 Third Declension Paradigms (continued)

Third declension nouns ending in a dental mute stem are exemplified by ἄλαμ (king ϝαλαθη-) λύμ (night λπθη-

) παῖο (child παηδ-) and γέξσλ (old man γεξνλη-)

N ἄλαμ λύμ παῖο γέξσλ

G ἄλαθηνο λπθηόο παηδόο γέξνληνο

D ἄλαθηη λπθηί παηδί γέξνληη

A ἄλαθηα λύθηα παίδα γέξνληα

V ἄλαμ [ἄλα] λύμ παῖ γέξσλ

N V A ἄλαθηε λύθηε παίδε γέξνληε

G D ἀλάθηνηηλ λύθηνηηλ παίδνηηλ γεξόληνηηλ

N ἄλαθηεο λύθηεο παίδεο γέξνληεο

G ἀλάθησλ λπθηῶλ παηδῶλ γεξόλησλ

D ἀλάθηεζζη λύθηεζζη παίδεζζη γεξόληεζζη

ἄλαμη λπμί παηζί γέξνπζη

A ἄλαθηαο λύθηνο παῖδαο γέξνληαο

Third declension nouns ending in labial and palatal stems are exemplified by αἴμ (goat αἰγ-) θῆξπμ (herald

θεξῡθ-) and Αἰζίνς (Ethipoian Αἰζηνπ-)

N αἴμ θῆξπμ Αἰζίνς

G αἰγόο θήξῡθνο Αἰζίνπνο

D αἰγί θήξῡθη Αἰζίνπη

A αἶγα θήξῡθα Αἰζίνπα

V αἴμ θῆξπμ Αἰζίνς

N V A αἶγε θήξῡθε Αἰζίνπε

G D αἴγνηηλ θεξύθνηηλ (ῡ) Αἰζηόπνηηλ

N αἶγεο θήξῡθεο Αἰζίνπεο

G αἰγῶλ θεξύθσλ (ῡ) Αἰζηόπσλ

D αἴγεζζη θεξύθεζζη (ῡ) Αἰζηόπεζζη

αἰμί θήξῡμ Αἰζίνςη

A αἶγαο θήξῡθαο Αἰζίνπαο

Nouns with stems ending in -εξ express different grades of ablaut in the stem (-εξ -εξ -ξ) with a recessive

accent in the vocative singular These are exemplified by παηήξ (father παηεξ-) κήηεξ (mother κεηεξ-) ζπγάηεξ

(daughter ζπγαηεξ-) and ἀλήξ (man ἀλεξ-)

N παηήξ κήηεξ ζπγάηεξ ἀλήξ

G παηέξνο -ηξόο κεηέξνο -ηξόο ζπγαηέξνο -ηξόο ἀλέξνο ἀλδξόο

D παηέξη -ηξί κεηέξη -ηξί ζπγαηέξη -ηξί ἀλέξη ἀλδξί

A παηέξα κεηέξα ζπγαηέξα ἀλέξα ἄλδξα

V πάηεξ κῆηεξ ζύγαηεξ ἄλεξ

N V A παηέξε κεηέξε ζπγαηέξε ἀλέξε ἄλδξε

G D παηέξνηηλ κεηέξνηηλ ζπγαηέξνηηλ ἀλέξνηηλ ἄλδξνηηλ

N παηέξεο κεηέξεο ζπγαηέξεο ζύγαηξεο ἀλέξεο ἄλδξεο

G παηέξσλ -ηξῶλ κεηέξσλ -ηξῶλ ζπγαηέξσλ ζπγαηξῶλ ἀλέξσλ ἀλδξῶλ

D παηξάζη κεηξάζη ζπγαηξάζη ζπγαηέξεζζη ἀλδξάζη ἄλδξεζζη

A παηέξαο κεηέξαο ζπγαηέξαο ζύγαηξαο ἀλέξαο ἄλδξαο

Note that δ is inserted into ἀλήξ between λ and ξ where they occur together The accent of the shorter forms of

ἀλέξ follow the pattern seen in παηήξ The alpha after ξ in the dative plural was added euphonically to strengthen

what was originally a sonant ξ

152 Vocabulary

ἄλαμ ἄλαθηνο ὁ king lord protector

ἀλήξ ἀλέξνο (ἀλδξόο) ὁ (real) man warrior hero

ἄξ(α) (ῥά) naturally of course as you know as you might expect that is

in effect (not always translatable)

βαζηιεύο ῆνο ὁ king ruler

δή indeed truly forsooth now

δηίζηεκη (ζηε- ζηα-) δηαζηήζσ stand apart separate

δηέζηεζα (δηέζηελ)

ἐμ νὗ from the time when

ἐξίδσ (ἐξηδ-) - ἤξηζ(ζ)α quarrel strive

ἠξηζάηελ (they) strove

ἔξηο ηδνο ἡ strife quarrel

Λεηώ Λεηόνο ἡ Leto

κάρνκαη fight battle

κάρεζζαη to fight

μπλίκη μπλήζσ μπλῆθα (μπλέεθα) bring together throw together hearken heed

ὄξλῡκη ὄξζσ ὦξζα (ὤξνξνλ) stir up kindle incite excite arouse

πξῶηνο ε νλ first foremost chief

ηὸ πξῶηνλ ηὰ πξῶηα (adv) at first firstly first

πἱόο νῦ ὁ son

ζθσε these two

153 Translation

1 ζεὰ (ᾱ) ἀείζεη κῆληλ Ἀρηιῆνο ἐμ νὗ δὴ ηὰ πξῶηα δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο θαὶ Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἀλδξῶλ ἠξηζάηελ θαὶ

δηεζηήηελ 2 ηίο ζεῶλ μπλέεθε δῖνλ Ἀρηιῆά ηε θαὶ Ἀηξεΐδελ ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 3 πἱὸο Λεηόνο θαὶ Γηὸο ἑθεβόινο

μπλέεθέ ζθσε ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη ηὸλ γὰξ βαζηιεὺο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἐρόισζελ ὁ δrsquo ὦξζε θαθὴλ λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ

ὤιεθε δὲ ιᾱνύο

KEY

1 The goddess sings the wrath of Achilles from the time when first the divine Achilles and Atreides king of

men strove and separated 2 Which of the gods brought together the divine Achilles and the son of Atreus to fight

in strife 3 The son of Leto and Zeus the Free-shooter brought these two together to fight in strife for Atreides the

king enraged him so he stirred up an evil plague through the camp of the Achaeans and destroyed their host

154 Iliad 1-10

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κῡξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςῡρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιή

ἐμ νὗ δὴ ηὰ πξῶηα δηαζηήηελ ἐξίζαληε

Ἀηξεΐδεο ηε ἄλαμ ἀλδξῶλ θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεύο

ηίο ηrsquo ἄξ ζθσε ζεῶλ ἔξηδη μπλέεθε κάρεζζαη

Λεηνῦο θαὶ Γηὸο πἱόο ὁ γὰξ βαζηιῆη ρνισζεὶο

λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ ὦξζε θαθήλ ὀιέθνλην δὲ ιᾱνί

δηαζηήηελ = δηεζηήηελ

ἐξίζαληε = aor act part nom dual masc (they two) having quarreled

ηε ἄλαμ originally ηε ϝάλαμ thus allowing the hiatus

ζθσε [ἕσ] = 3rd

pers pron acc dual these two

ἔξηδη is dative of means in strife

κάρεζζαη = pres act infinitive deponent to fight

ρνισζείο = aor pass part nom sing masc having been enraged

Λεηνῦο = contracted form of Λεηόνο

βαζηιῆη = Agamemnon instrumental case by the king

ὀιέθνλην = ὠιέθνλην imperf pass ind 3rd

pers plural were being destroyed or kept

perishing

KEY

Sing O goddess of the accursed wrath of Achilles Peleiades

which brought countless woes to the Achaeans

and cast forth the souls of many valiant warriors to Hades

making them the spoils and feast of both dogs

and vultures But the will of Zeus was accomplished

indeed from the time when at first having quarreled both

Atreides king of men and the divine Achilles separated

Which of the gods of course brought these two together to fight in strife

The son of Leto and Zeus For enraged by the king he

kindled an evil plague up through the camp and the people were destroyed

155 Composition

1 ἠείδνκελ κῆληλ νὐινκέλελ Ἀρηιιῆνο ἐμ νὗ ηὰ πξῶηα Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἀλέξσλ (ἀλδξῶλ) θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο

ἠξηζάηελ θαὶ δηεζηεζάηελ (δηεζηήηελ) 2 ηίο ζεῶλ μπλῆθε (μπλέεθα) Ἀραηνὺο θαὶ ιᾱὸλ Πξηάκνπ ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 3

μπλῆθε (μπλέεθα) ζθσε (ἕν) πἱὸο Λεηόνο (Λεηνῦο) θαὶ Γηὸο ἑθεβόινο ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 4 Αηξεΐδεο βαζηιεὺο

Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο ἐρόισζαλ ἄλαθηα ἑθεβόινλ θαὶ ὁ ὦξζα (ὤξνξε) λνῦζνπο πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θαθὰο (ᾱ) ἀλὰ

ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ θαθῶο ὤιεθελ ἀγαζὸλ ιᾱόλ

Lesson 16

(887-897 910 1065-1068 697-703 707 710 732)

161 Formation of Middle Passive and Deponent Verbs

The endings of the middle voice are different from the active voice The passive voice applies the same endings

as the middle voice except in the aorist passive which applies active endings Because the middle and passive voice

are identical (other than the aorist) the context determines whether a verb is used with middle or the passive

meaning The aorist middle is often used with a passive meaning (especially in athematic forms) and the aorist

passive is often used with a middle meaning

The perfect and pluperfect of the middlepassive are athematic with the personal endings attached directly to

the reduplicated stem

The future perfect passive is formed by adding -ζνε to the perfect middle passive lengthening the vowel that

precedes this ending

The first aorist passive is formed by adding -(ζ)ζεε to the stem Before ζ π and β become θ θ and γ become ρ

and η δ ζ become ζ Many verbs have a second aorist passive that drops the ζ altogether

Deponent verbs have no active form but use the middlepassive forms in an active sense

162 Paradigms Present and Future Indicative MiddlePassive of ιύσ

Present

S 1 ιύνκαη

2 ιύεαη [(ιύῃ)]

3 ιύεηαη

D 2 ιύεζζνλ

3 ιύεζζνλ

P 1 ιπόκε(ζ)ζα

2 ιύεζζα

3 ιύνληαη

Future

S 1 ιύζνκαη (ῡ)

2 ιύζεαη (ῡ) [(ιύζῃ (ῡ))]

3 ιύζεηαη (ῡ)

D 2 ιύζεζζνλ (ῡ)

3 ιύζεζζνλ (ῡ)

P 1 ιῡζόκεζα

2 ιύζεζζε (ῡ)

3 ιύζνληαη (ῡ)

163 The Use of Voice in Greek

The active voice indicates that the subject is acting λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ ὦξζε = he kindled a plague up

through the camp

The passive voice indicates that the subject is acted upon Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιή = but the will of Zeus was

being accomplished

The Middle voice denotes one of three meanings

1 The subject acting upon itself πείζνκαη (I convince myself) θαίλνκαη (I show myself)

2 The subject acting for itself θαιένκαη (I call for myself)

3 The subject acting upon something belonging to itself ιύνκαη (I loose my own I ransom)

When determing the difference between the middle and passive keep in mind that the middle voice always

conveys a direct or indirect reference to the subject and that the subject is effect by or has an interest in the action

164 Third Declension Stems in -επ -επ -νπ and -σϝ

Stems in -επ usually became -εϝ and the third declension endings are applied after the ϝ Thus βαζηιεϝνο =

βαζηιῆνο βαηιεϝη = βαζηιῆη βαζηιεϝα = βαζηιῆα etc Note that the ϝ explains why εη (εϝη) does not form an

improper diphthong as well as why the accusative singular ends in -εα (as if the stem ended in a consonant) instead

of -ελ (as if the stem ended in a vowel) Note that when the ending consists of a consonant the -εϝ is contracted to

the diphthong -επ Thus βαζηιεϝο = βαζηιεύο βαζηιεϝ = βαζηιεῦ βαζηιεϝζη = βαζηιεῦζη In rare cases the other

endings also contract the -ε to -ε (ie βαζηιῆνο = βαζηιένο)

In stems ending originally in -ᾱϝ the ᾱ becomes ε in the Ionic dialect These are declined the same as -εϝ

except that -εῡ is formed before consonants instead of -επ Thus λᾱϝο = λεϝο = λεῦο λᾱϝ = λεϝ = λεῦ But note the

exception in the shorter form of the dative plural where λᾱϝζη = λεϝζη = λεπζί (rather than λεῡζη) In contracted

forms the ε usually becomes ε

In stems ending in -σϝ the third declension endings are applied directly to the stem Thus ἡξσϝο = ἥξσο

ἡξσϝνο = ἥξσνο ἡξσϝη = ἥξση ἡξσϝα = ἥξσα etc

In stems ending originally in -ν or -νϝ the third declension endings are applied as usual But keep in mind that -

νϝ is contracted to the diphthong -νπ before a consonant thus βνϝο = βνῦο and βνϝζη = βνπζί But note the

exception that occurs in the accusative singular where βνϝλ = βνῦλ rather than βνϝα

βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

(βαζηιεϝ-) (βνϝ-) (λᾱϝ-) (ἡξσϝ-)

N βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

G βαζηιῆνο [ένο] βνόο λεόο [εόο] ἥξσνο

D βαζηιῆη [έη] βνΐ λεί ἥξση

A βαζηιῆα [έα] βνῦλ [βῶλ] λῆα [έα] ἥξσα

V βαζηιεῦ βνῦ λεῦ ἥξσο

N V A βαζηιῆε βόε λῆε ἥξσε

G D βαζηιήνηηλ βόνηηλ λήνηηλ ἡξώνηηλ

N V βαζηιῆεο βόεο λῆεο ἥξσεο

G βαζηιήσλ βνῶλ λεῶλ [εῶλ] ἡξώσλ

D βαζηιήεζζη βόεζζη λήεζζη [έεζζη] ἡξώεζζη

βαζηιεῦζη βνπζί λεπζί ἥξσζη

A βαζηιῆαο βόαο (βνῦο) λῆαο [έαο] ἥξσαο

165 Third Declension Stems in -εζ -αζ and -νζ

When a stem ends in a vowel plus -ζ the initial ζ is dropped between two vowels Thus γεξαζνο = γέξανο

ἠνζνο = ἠόνο etc

All third declension nouns with stems ending in -εο are neuters and follow the pattern of ἔπνο The third

declension endings are applied as usual except that the nominative vocative and accusative singulars end in -νο

Nouns with stems ending in -νο take -σο in the nominative and vocative singular but otherwise apply the third

declension endings as usual (dropping ζ between two vowels)

ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

(ϝεπεζ-) (γεξαζ-) (ἀϝζνζ- (ᾱ))

N ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

G ἔπενο γέξανο ἠόνο

D ἔπετ γέξατ ἠόη

A ἔπνο γέξαο ἠόα

V ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

N V A ἔπεε γέξαε

G D ἐπένηηλ γεξάνηηλ

N V ἔπεα γέξα(α)

G ἐπέσλ γεξάσλ

D ἐπέεζζη γεξάεζζη

ἔπε(ζ)ζη γέξα(ζ)ζη

A ἔπεα γέξα(α)

166 Third Declension Stems in -καη and -καξ

Stems ending in -καη and -καξ are neuters

Stems in -καη drop the -ηο in the nominative vocative and accusative singular δσκαηο = δῶκα Otherwise the

third declension endings are applied as usual

Stems ending in -καξ are declined like those ending in -καη except in the nominative vocative and accusative

singular (which end in -καξ)

δῶκα ἦκαξ

(δσκαη-) (ἠκαξ- ἠκαη-)

N δῶκα ἦκαξ

G δώκαηνο ἤκαηνο

D δώκαηη ἤκαηη

A δῶκα ἦκαξ

V δῶκα ἦκαξ

N V A δώκαηε ἤκαηε

G D δσκάηνηηλ ἠκάηνηηλ

N V δώκαηα ἤκαηα

G δσκάησλ ἠκάησλ

D δσκάηεζζη ἠκάηεζζη

δώκαζη ἤκαζη

A δώκαηα ἤκαηα

167 Third Declension Stems in -λη and -λ

Stems ending in -λη drop the -λη before ζ and lengthen the preceding vowel thus παληο = πᾶο παληζη = πᾶζη

Otherwise the third declension endings are applied as usual In neuters the -η is dropped at the end of the word thus

παλη = πᾶλ Stems in -λ drop the -λ before ζ and lengthen the preceding vowel in the masculine (but not in the

neuter)

πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

(παλη- παληα- παλη-)

Masc Fem Neut

N πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

G παληόο πάζεο (ᾱ) παληόο

D παληί πάζῃ (ᾱ) παληί

A πάληα πᾶζαλ πᾶλ

V πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

N V πάληεο πᾶζαη πάληα

G πάλησλ πᾱζάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] πάλησλ

D πάληεζ(ζ)η πάζῃζη (ᾱ) πάληεζ(ζ)η

πᾶζη πάζῃο (ᾱ) πᾶζη

A πάληνο πάζᾱο (ᾱ) πάληα

κέιᾱο κέιαηλα κέιαλ

(κειαλ- κειαηλα- κειαλ-)

N κέιᾱο κέιαηλα κέιαλ

G κέιαλνο κειαίλεο κέιαλνο

D κέιαλη κειαίλῃ κέιαλη

A κέιαλα κέιαηλαλ κέιαλ

V κέιαλ κέιαηλα κέιαλ

N V A κέιαλε κειαίλᾱ κέιαλε

G D κειάλνηηλ κειαίλῃηλ κειάλνηηλ

N V κέιαλεο κέιαηλαη κέιαλα

G κειάλσλ κειαηλάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] κειάλσλ

D κειάλεζ(ζ)η κειαίλῃζη κειάλεζ(ζ)η

κέιαζη κειαίλῃο κέιαζη

A κέιαλεο κειαίλᾱο κέιαλα

168 Vocabulary

Nouns

Ἀπόιισλ (ᾰ or ᾰ) σλνο ὁ Apollo

ἀξεηήξ (ᾱ) ῆξνο ὁ priest prayer

ζπγάηεξ ηέξνο (ηξόο) ἡ daughter

θνζκήησξ νξνο ὁ commander marshaller

λεῦο λεόο (λεόο) ἡ ship

ζηέκκα καηνο ηό fillet (of white cotton) wreath

ρείξ ρεηξόο ἡ hand arm

Verbs

ἔξρνκαη (ἐξρ- ἐιε- ἐιεπζ- ἐιπζ-) come go

ἐιεύζνκαη I will come I will go

ἦιζνλ (ἤιπζνλ) I came I went

ιίζζνκαη (ιηη-) I beg I entreat

---

ἐιιηζάκελ (ἐιηηόκελ) I begged I entreated

Adjectives Prepositions

ζνόο ή όλ swift speedy

πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ all every (the) whole

Indeclinable

δύν (δύσ) two

κάιηζηα most especially by all means

169 Translation

1 Ἀπόιισλ ἑθεβόινο ρνινῦηαη βαζηιῆη Αηξεΐδῃ θαὶ πέκπεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ ὀιέθνληαη δὲ

ιᾱνί νὕλεθα δῖνο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) 2 Υξύζεο (ῡ) γὰξ ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἑθεβόινπ ἔξρεηαη

ἐπὶ ζνὰο (ᾱ) λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ θέξεη δrsquo ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα ζπγαηξόο ἣλ Ἀηξεΐδεο ἔρεη ἐλ ζηξαηῷ 3 ὁ δrsquo ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἔρεη

ζηέκκαηα ἑθεβόινπ Ἀπόιισλνο ἐλ ρεξζὶλ ἀλὰ ρξῡζέῳ ζθήπηξῳ θαὶ ιίζζεηαη πάληαο Ἀραηνύο κάιηζηα δrsquo Ἀηξεΐδᾱ

δύσ θνζκήηνξε ιᾱῶλ 4 Ἀπόιισλ ρνιώζεηαη βαζηιῆη θαὶ ὄξζεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηόλ 5 ἐιεύζνληαη ἐπὶ ζνὰο

(ᾱ) λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ νἴζνπζη ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα βαζηιῆη 6 ιίζζνληαη πάληαο Ἀραηνύο 7 Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζελ (ῑ)

ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) θαὶ νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε ζύγαηξα

KEY

1 Apollo the free-shooter enraged by king Atreides sent an evil plague through the camp of the Achaeans and

the people were destroyed because the divine Atreides dishonored Chryses the priest 2 For Chryses the priest of

the free-shooter went upon the swift ships of the Achaeans bearing countless ransoms for his daughter whom

Atreides was holding in the camp 3 But the priest had a wreath of Apollo the free-shooter upon a staff in his hand

and was entreating all of the Achaeans but especially the sons of Atreus (who were) the commanders of the host 4

Apollo will be enraged by the king and will kindle an evil plague up through the camp 5 They will go upon the

swift ships of the Achaeans and bring countless ransoms to the king 6 They are entreating all of the Achaeans 7

Atreides dishonored the priest and would not release his daughter

1610 Iliad 11-16

hellipὀιέθνλην δὲ ιᾱνί

νὕλεθα ηὸλ Υξύζελ ἠηίκαζελ ἀξεηῆξα

Αηξεΐδεο ὁ γὰξ ἦιζε ζνὰο ἐπὶ λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ

ιπζόκελνο ηε ζύγαηξα θέξσλ ηrsquo ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα

ζηέκκαηrsquo ἔρσλ ἐλ ρεξζὶλ ἑθεβόινπ Ἀπόιισλνο

ρξπζέῳ ἀλὰ ζθήπηξῳ θαὶ ἐιίζζεην πάληαο Ἀραηνύο

Ἀηξεΐδα δὲ κάιηζηα δύσ θνζκήηνξε ιαῶλ

ηόλ Υξύζελ = that (well-known) Chryses

The first verse ends in two spondees making it a spondaic verse and emphasizing the fact that

Chryses was a priest

ιῡζόκελνο = fut mid part nom masc sing being about to ransom

θέξσλ = pres act part nom sing masc bearing bringing

ἔρσλ = pres act part nom sing masc having holding

ρεξζὶλ ἑθεβόινπ = ρεξζὶ ϝεθεβόινπ

ρξῡζέῳ = synizesis where -έῳ is pronounced as a single syllable

ἐιίζζεην = imperf act ind 3rd

pers sing dep (kept) entreating was entreating

Ἀηξεΐδᾱ = dual of Ἀηξεΐδεο refers to both Agamemnon and Menelaus

KEY

hellipand the people were being destroyed

because Atreides dishonored Chryses the priest

For he had gone upon the swift ships of the Achaeans

intending to ransom his daughter bearing countless gifts

and holding in his hand fillets of Apollo the free-shooter

upon a golden staff and was entreating all of the Achaeans

but especially the two sons of Atreus the commanders of the host

1611 Composition

1 Chryses the priest of Apollo is dishonored by the son of Atreus 2 The Achaeans will go from their swift

ships to Troy and ransom the beloved daughter of the priest 3 We shall bring many ransoms and shall hold in our

hands the fillets of Apollo 4 We do not have a golden scepter but we entreat Priam and all the people of Troy 5

The two sons of Atreus marshallers of the people are entreating Priam but he will slight them 6 The son of

Atreus king of men slighted the priest and did not release his daughter

KEY

1 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) Ἀπόιινπ ἀηῑκάδεηαη Ἀηξεΐδῃ 2 Ἀραηνὶ ἐιεύζνληαη ἐθ ζνάσλ (ᾱ) λήσλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ (ῑ)

θαὶ ἀπειύζνληαη (ῡ) θίιε ζπγάηεξα ἀξεηῆξη (ᾱ) 3 νἴζνκελ πνιιrsquo ἄπνηλα θαὶ ἕζρνκελ ἐλ ρείξεζζη ζηέκκαηα

Ἀπόιινπ 4 νὐθ ἔρνκελ ζθῆπηξνλ ρξύζενλ ἀιιὰ ιηζζόκεζα Πξίακνλ θαὶ πᾶληα ιᾱνλ Ἰιίνπ (ῑ) 5 δύrsquo Ἀηξεΐδᾱ

θνζκήηεξᾱ ιᾱσλ ιίζζεζζνλ Πξίακνλ αὐηνὺο δrsquo ἀηῑκάζεη 6 Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἄλδξσλ ἠηίκαζελ (ῑ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) θαὶ

νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε ζπγάηεξα

1612 Meter

ΟΤ λε θα | ΣΟΝ ΥΡΤ | ΖΝ Ζ | ΣΗ κα ζελ | Α ΡΖ | ΣΖ ΡΑ~

Α ηξε η | ΓΖ ν γαξ | ΖΛ ζε ζν | Α ε πη | ΝΖ αο α | ΥΑΗ ΧΝ

ΛΤ ζν κε | ΝΟ ηε ζπ | ΓΑΣ ξα θε | ΡΧΝ ηα πε | ΡΔΗ ζη α | ΠΟΗ ΝΑ~

ΣΔΜ καη ε | ΥΧΝ ΔΝ | ΥΔΡ ζηλ ε | ΚΖ βν ινπ | Α ΠΟΛ | ΛΧ ΝΟ~

ΥΡΤζεσα | ΝΑ ΚΖΠ | ΣΡΧ θαη ε | ΛΗ ζε ην | ΠΑΝ ηαο α | ΥΑΗ ΟΤ

ΑΣ ξε η | ΓΑ δε κα | ΛΗ ηα δπ | Χ ΚΟ | ΜΖ ην ξε | ΛΑ ΧΝ

Lesson 17

(910 - imperfect middle and passive aorist middle of ιύσ 648-658 - the table

of endings in 32)

171 Paradigms Imperfect MiddlePassive of ιύσ

S 1 ἐιπόκελ

2 ἐιύεν [(ἐιύεπ)]

3 ἐιύεην

D 2 ἐιύεζζνλ

3 ἐιπέζζελ

P 1 ἐιπόκε(ζ)ζα

2 ἐιύεζζε

3 ἐιύνλην

172 Paradigms Aorist Middle of ιύσ

Thematic Athematic (2nd

Aorist)

S 1 ἐιῡζάκελ ἐιύκελ

2 ἐιύζαν (ῡ) [(ἐιύζσ (ῡ))] ἔιπ(ζ)ν

3 ἐιύζαην (ῡ) ἔιπην

D 2 ἐιύζαζζνλ (ῡ) ἔιπζζνλ

3 ἐιῡζάζζελ ἐιύζζελ

P 1 ἐιῡζάκε(ζ)ζα ἐιύκε(ζ)ζα

2 ἐιύζαζζε (ῡ) ἔιπζζε

3 ἐιύζαλην (ῡ) ἔιπλην

173 Vocabulary

δῶκα αηνο ηό house home

παῖο παηδόο ὁ ἡ child son daughter

π(η)όιηο ηνο (ενο) ἡ city state

ἐπθλήκῑο ῑδνο well-greaved

ἐγώ(λ) κέν (κεῦ) I

ζύ ζέν (ζεῦ) you

κέλhellip δέ on the one handhellip trulyhellip on the one handhellip on the other hand

partlyhellip partly the onehellip the other

νἴθαδε home homeward to home home

Verbs

ἅδνκαη (ἁγ-) (defective) I reverence

δέρνκαη I accept I receive

δέμνκαη I will accept

ἐδεμάκελ (ἐδέγκελ) I accepted

δίδσκη (δσ- δν-) I give I grant

(δη)δώζσ I will give

ἔδσθα I gave

ἐθπέξζσ (πεξζ- πξαζ-) I sack (utterly) I plunder I pillage

ἐθπέξζσ I will sack

ἐμέπεξζα (ἐμέπξαζνλ) I sacked

ἱθλένκαη I arrive I reach (a destination)

ἵμνκαη I will arrive

ἱθόκελ (ῑ) I arrived

174 Translation

1 ζενὶ ἔρνπζηλ ιύκπηα δώκαηα ἔδσθαλ δrsquo Ἀηξεΐδεο θαὶ ἄιινηζηλ ἐπθλεκίδεζζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἐθπέξζαη

(infinitive) πόιηλ Πξηάκνπ ηόηε δrsquo ἵθνλην (ῑ) ἐὺ νἴθαδε νὕλεθα παῖδα θίιελ ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἔιῡζαλ 2 ἀπέιῡζαλ

ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνὶ ζύγαηξα θίιελ ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἐδέμαλην δrsquo ἀγιαὰ ἄπνηλα νὕλεθα ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλα Γηὸο πἱὸλ

ἅδνλην 3 ἅδεηαη ἑθεβόινλ 4 Ἀηξεΐδεο νὐθ ἐδέμαην ηὰ ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα 5 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἔδσθελ ἄπνηλα

πνιιὰ βαζηιῆη Ἀηξεΐδῃ 6 πάληεο ζενὶ θαὶ πᾶζαη ζεαὶ εἶρνλ ιύκπηα δώκαηα 7 Ἀραηνὶ ἐπθλήκῑδεο ἐθπέξζνπζη

Πξηάκνην πόιηλ ἵμνληαη δrsquo ἐπ νἴθαδε 8 παῖο θίιε ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἐιύζαην (ῡ) ἵθεην (ῑ) δrsquo ἐὺ νἴθαδε

KEY

1 The gods have Olympian homes but they gave the son of Atreus and the other well-greaved Achaeans to

utterly sack the city of Priam and then they returned safe at home because they released the dear child of the priest

2 The well-greaved Achaeans released the dear daughter of the priest and received glorious ransoms because they

reverenced the free-shooter Apollo son of Zeus 3 He reverences te free-shooter 4 The son of Atreus did not

receive the glorious ransoms 5 Chryses the priest gave many ransoms to king Atreides 6 All of the gods and all of

the goddesses had Olympian homes 7 The well-greved Achaeans will utterly sack Priamrsquos city and will return safe

to home 8 The dear child of the priest was released and arrived well to her home

175 Iliad 17-21

ltltἈηξεΐδαη ηε θαὶ ἄιινη ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνί

ὑκῖλ κὲλ ζενὶ δνῖελ ιύκπηα δώκαηrsquo ἔρνληεο

ἐθπέξζαη Πξηάκνην πόιηλ ἐὺ δrsquo νἴθαδrsquo ἱθέζζαη

παῖδα δrsquo ἐκνὶ ιῦζαί ηε θίιελ ηά ηrsquo ἄπνηλα δέρεζζαη

ἁδόκελνη Γηὸο πἱὸλ ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλαgtgt

Ἀηξεΐδαηhellip ἄιινη ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνί = vocative case

ὑκῖλ (ῡ) = dat plural of ζύ to you

ζενί = one syllable by synizesis

κέλ (v 18) = correlative of δέ (v 20)

δνῖελ = aor act optative 3rd

plural of δίδσκη may they grant

ἔρνληεο = pres act part nom masc plural of ἔρσ having possessing

ἐθπέξζαη = aor act inf of ἐθπέξζσ to sack utterly

ἱθέζζαη = aor act inf of ἱθένκαη to arrive (compare κάρεζζαη)

ιῦζαη δέρεζζαη = infinitives used as imperatives free and accept

ηά ηrsquo ἄπνηλα (ηά ηε ἄπνηλα) = thesehellip gifts

ἁδόκελνη = pres act part nom masc plural reverencing

KEY

ldquoSons of Atreus and you other well-greaved Achaeans

may the gods who have their homes on Olympus grant you

to utterly sack Priamrsquos city and return safe to home

but release my dear child to me and accept these gifts

reverencing Apollo who shoots at will the son of Zeusrdquo

176 Composition

1 The gods who have (ἔρνληεο) Olympian homes will grant to the sons of Atreus and to the other well-greaved

Achaeans to sack utterly (ἐθπέξζαη) the city of Priam 2 When they sacked the city of Priam they returned happily

home 3 They accepted the shining ransoms and freed the darling daughter of the priest Chryses 4 We reverenced

the free-shooter Apollo son of Leto and Zeus and escaped death 5 Will the son of Atreus accept the shining

ransoms 6 The child of the priest was freed when he gave many shining ransoms which the two sons of Atreus

accepted

KEY

1 ζενὶ ἔρνληεο ιύκπηα δώκαηα δώζνπζη Ἀηξεΐδῃζη θαὶ ἄιινηζηλ ἐπθλεκίδεζζηλ (ῑ) Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἐθπέξζαη πόιηλ

Πξηάκνπ 2 ηόηε ἐμέπεξζαλ πόιηλ Πξηάκνην ἵθνλην (ῑ) ἐὺ νἴθαδε 3 ἐδέμαλην ἀγιαrsquo ἄπνηλα θαὶ ἀπέιῡζαλ ζπγάηεξα

θίιε ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) Υξύζᾱν (ῡ) 4 ἡμάκεζα ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλα Λεηόνο θαὶ Γηὸο πἱόλ θαὶ ζάλαηνλ 5

Ἀηξεΐδεο δέμεηαη ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα 6 παῖο ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἀπειύζαην (ῡ) ηόηε ἔδσθελ ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀγιάα ηὰ

Ἀηξεΐδᾱ ἐδώθαζηλ

Lesson 18

(Perfect and Pluperfect Active of Verbs 904 922 Third Declension γέρων

αἴξ 693-695)

181 Formation of the Perfect and Pluperfect Active

The perfect and pluperfect in all modes experience reduplication of the initial syllable which denotes completed

action Verbs beginning with a single consonant (except ξ) prefix this consonant followed by -ε Thus ιύσ =

ιέιπθα The stem sometimes stands in ablaut relation to the stem of the present as in βαίλσ = βέβεθα A

reduplicated syllable beginning with an aspirated mute is changed to its corresponding voiceless mute in the

reduplicated syllable ie ζλήζθσ = ηέζλεθα In these cases the reduplicated pluperfect adds ἐ- to the reduplicated

syllable ie ιύσ = ιέιπθα = ἐιέιπθε

Vebs beginning with a double consonant two consonants (except a mute followed by a liquid or a nasal) ξ and

some beginning with κ simply augment the stem with the addition of ε-

Verbs beginning in a vowel typically take the temporal augment by lengthening the vowel ie νἴρνκαη =

ᾤρσθα However verbs beginning with a vowel in which an initial consonant has been lost may take the syllabic

augment

Compound verbs typically insert the reduplication and augment between the preposition and the verb ie

ἀπνιύσ = ἀπνιέιπθα = ἀπειειύθε

The first perfect active adds -θα- to the stem followed by the primary endings The first pluperfect active

similarly adds -θε- followed by the secondary endings In general a short final vowel is lengthened before the

addition of the -θα- or -θε- Second perfects and pluperfects active are the older form and are more common in

Homer These omit the θ and simply add -α- or -ε- respectively The second perfects are more common in stems

ending in a consonant

In general the singular perfect and pluperfect active stand in ablaut relation to the dual and plural forms

Perfects and pluperfects are rare in Homer and only occur in some twenty verbs

182 Paradigms λέλυκα and βέβηκα

ιέιπθα ἐιειύθε (ἐιειύθεα)

ιέιπθαο ἐιειύθο (ἐιειύθεαο)

ιέιπθε(λ) ἐιειύθεη (ἐιειύθεε)

ιειύθαηνλ ἐιειύθαηνλ

ιειύθαηνλ ἐιειπθάηελ

ιειύθακελ ἐιειύθεκελ

ιειύθαηε ἐιειύθεηε

ιειύθᾱζη ἐιειύθεζαλ

βέβεθα ἐβεβήθεα (ἐβεβήθε)

βέβεθαο ἐβεβήθεαο (ἐβεβήθεο)

βέβεθε(λ) ἐβεβήθεε (ἐβεβήθεη)

βέβαηνλ ἐβέβαηνλ

βέβαηνλ ἐβεβάηελ

βέβακελ ἐβέβακελ

βέβαηε ἐβέβαηε

βέβᾱζη ἐβέβαζαλ

183 Paradigms γέρων and αἴξ

γέξσλ αἴμ

γέξνληνο αἰγόο

γέξνληη αἰγί

γέξνληα αἶγα

γέξνλ αἴμ

γέξνληε αἶγε

γεξόληνηηλ αἴγνηηλ

γέξνληεο αἶγεο

γεξόλησλ αἰγῶλ

γεξόληεζ(ζ)η (γέξνπζη) αἴγεζ(ζ)η (αἰμί)

γέξνληαο αἶγαο

184 Vocabulary

ἀγνξή ῆο ἡ assembly meeting place gathering harrangue

αἴμ αἰγόο ὁ ἡ goat

Ἄξγνο ενο ηό Argos (both a country and a city in Greece)

γέξσλ νληνο ὁ old man

γῆξαο ανο ηό old age

ἱεξεύο ῆνο ὁ priest holy man

κεξίνλ νπ ηό thigh-bone thigh-piece

πνύο πνδόο ὁ foot

ηαῦξνο νπ ὁ bull

θξήλ θξελόο ἡ diaphragm mind heart soul spirit disposition

δέθαηνο ε νλ tenth

ἡκέηεξνο ε νλ our ours

θνῖινο ε νλ hollow

ὠθύο ὠθεῖα ὠθύ swift speedy

ζλήζθσ die perish

ζαλένκαη

ἔζαλνλ

ηέζλεθα

θεύγσ flee fly escape run (off away along)

θεύμνκαη

ἔθπγνλ

πέθεπγα

151 Third Declension Paradigms (continued)

Third declension nouns ending in a dental mute stem are exemplified by ἄλαμ (king ϝαλαθη-) λύμ (night λπθη-

) παῖο (child παηδ-) and γέξσλ (old man γεξνλη-)

N ἄλαμ λύμ παῖο γέξσλ

G ἄλαθηνο λπθηόο παηδόο γέξνληνο

D ἄλαθηη λπθηί παηδί γέξνληη

A ἄλαθηα λύθηα παίδα γέξνληα

V ἄλαμ [ἄλα] λύμ παῖ γέξσλ

N V A ἄλαθηε λύθηε παίδε γέξνληε

G D ἀλάθηνηηλ λύθηνηηλ παίδνηηλ γεξόληνηηλ

N ἄλαθηεο λύθηεο παίδεο γέξνληεο

G ἀλάθησλ λπθηῶλ παηδῶλ γεξόλησλ

D ἀλάθηεζζη λύθηεζζη παίδεζζη γεξόληεζζη

ἄλαμη λπμί παηζί γέξνπζη

A ἄλαθηαο λύθηνο παῖδαο γέξνληαο

Third declension nouns ending in labial and palatal stems are exemplified by αἴμ (goat αἰγ-) θῆξπμ (herald

θεξῡθ-) and Αἰζίνς (Ethipoian Αἰζηνπ-)

N αἴμ θῆξπμ Αἰζίνς

G αἰγόο θήξῡθνο Αἰζίνπνο

D αἰγί θήξῡθη Αἰζίνπη

A αἶγα θήξῡθα Αἰζίνπα

V αἴμ θῆξπμ Αἰζίνς

N V A αἶγε θήξῡθε Αἰζίνπε

G D αἴγνηηλ θεξύθνηηλ (ῡ) Αἰζηόπνηηλ

N αἶγεο θήξῡθεο Αἰζίνπεο

G αἰγῶλ θεξύθσλ (ῡ) Αἰζηόπσλ

D αἴγεζζη θεξύθεζζη (ῡ) Αἰζηόπεζζη

αἰμί θήξῡμ Αἰζίνςη

A αἶγαο θήξῡθαο Αἰζίνπαο

Nouns with stems ending in -εξ express different grades of ablaut in the stem (-εξ -εξ -ξ) with a recessive

accent in the vocative singular These are exemplified by παηήξ (father παηεξ-) κήηεξ (mother κεηεξ-) ζπγάηεξ

(daughter ζπγαηεξ-) and ἀλήξ (man ἀλεξ-)

N παηήξ κήηεξ ζπγάηεξ ἀλήξ

G παηέξνο -ηξόο κεηέξνο -ηξόο ζπγαηέξνο -ηξόο ἀλέξνο ἀλδξόο

D παηέξη -ηξί κεηέξη -ηξί ζπγαηέξη -ηξί ἀλέξη ἀλδξί

A παηέξα κεηέξα ζπγαηέξα ἀλέξα ἄλδξα

V πάηεξ κῆηεξ ζύγαηεξ ἄλεξ

N V A παηέξε κεηέξε ζπγαηέξε ἀλέξε ἄλδξε

G D παηέξνηηλ κεηέξνηηλ ζπγαηέξνηηλ ἀλέξνηηλ ἄλδξνηηλ

N παηέξεο κεηέξεο ζπγαηέξεο ζύγαηξεο ἀλέξεο ἄλδξεο

G παηέξσλ -ηξῶλ κεηέξσλ -ηξῶλ ζπγαηέξσλ ζπγαηξῶλ ἀλέξσλ ἀλδξῶλ

D παηξάζη κεηξάζη ζπγαηξάζη ζπγαηέξεζζη ἀλδξάζη ἄλδξεζζη

A παηέξαο κεηέξαο ζπγαηέξαο ζύγαηξαο ἀλέξαο ἄλδξαο

Note that δ is inserted into ἀλήξ between λ and ξ where they occur together The accent of the shorter forms of

ἀλέξ follow the pattern seen in παηήξ The alpha after ξ in the dative plural was added euphonically to strengthen

what was originally a sonant ξ

152 Vocabulary

ἄλαμ ἄλαθηνο ὁ king lord protector

ἀλήξ ἀλέξνο (ἀλδξόο) ὁ (real) man warrior hero

ἄξ(α) (ῥά) naturally of course as you know as you might expect that is

in effect (not always translatable)

βαζηιεύο ῆνο ὁ king ruler

δή indeed truly forsooth now

δηίζηεκη (ζηε- ζηα-) δηαζηήζσ stand apart separate

δηέζηεζα (δηέζηελ)

ἐμ νὗ from the time when

ἐξίδσ (ἐξηδ-) - ἤξηζ(ζ)α quarrel strive

ἠξηζάηελ (they) strove

ἔξηο ηδνο ἡ strife quarrel

Λεηώ Λεηόνο ἡ Leto

κάρνκαη fight battle

κάρεζζαη to fight

μπλίκη μπλήζσ μπλῆθα (μπλέεθα) bring together throw together hearken heed

ὄξλῡκη ὄξζσ ὦξζα (ὤξνξνλ) stir up kindle incite excite arouse

πξῶηνο ε νλ first foremost chief

ηὸ πξῶηνλ ηὰ πξῶηα (adv) at first firstly first

πἱόο νῦ ὁ son

ζθσε these two

153 Translation

1 ζεὰ (ᾱ) ἀείζεη κῆληλ Ἀρηιῆνο ἐμ νὗ δὴ ηὰ πξῶηα δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο θαὶ Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἀλδξῶλ ἠξηζάηελ θαὶ

δηεζηήηελ 2 ηίο ζεῶλ μπλέεθε δῖνλ Ἀρηιῆά ηε θαὶ Ἀηξεΐδελ ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 3 πἱὸο Λεηόνο θαὶ Γηὸο ἑθεβόινο

μπλέεθέ ζθσε ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη ηὸλ γὰξ βαζηιεὺο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἐρόισζελ ὁ δrsquo ὦξζε θαθὴλ λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ

ὤιεθε δὲ ιᾱνύο

KEY

1 The goddess sings the wrath of Achilles from the time when first the divine Achilles and Atreides king of

men strove and separated 2 Which of the gods brought together the divine Achilles and the son of Atreus to fight

in strife 3 The son of Leto and Zeus the Free-shooter brought these two together to fight in strife for Atreides the

king enraged him so he stirred up an evil plague through the camp of the Achaeans and destroyed their host

154 Iliad 1-10

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κῡξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςῡρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιή

ἐμ νὗ δὴ ηὰ πξῶηα δηαζηήηελ ἐξίζαληε

Ἀηξεΐδεο ηε ἄλαμ ἀλδξῶλ θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεύο

ηίο ηrsquo ἄξ ζθσε ζεῶλ ἔξηδη μπλέεθε κάρεζζαη

Λεηνῦο θαὶ Γηὸο πἱόο ὁ γὰξ βαζηιῆη ρνισζεὶο

λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ ὦξζε θαθήλ ὀιέθνλην δὲ ιᾱνί

δηαζηήηελ = δηεζηήηελ

ἐξίζαληε = aor act part nom dual masc (they two) having quarreled

ηε ἄλαμ originally ηε ϝάλαμ thus allowing the hiatus

ζθσε [ἕσ] = 3rd

pers pron acc dual these two

ἔξηδη is dative of means in strife

κάρεζζαη = pres act infinitive deponent to fight

ρνισζείο = aor pass part nom sing masc having been enraged

Λεηνῦο = contracted form of Λεηόνο

βαζηιῆη = Agamemnon instrumental case by the king

ὀιέθνλην = ὠιέθνλην imperf pass ind 3rd

pers plural were being destroyed or kept

perishing

KEY

Sing O goddess of the accursed wrath of Achilles Peleiades

which brought countless woes to the Achaeans

and cast forth the souls of many valiant warriors to Hades

making them the spoils and feast of both dogs

and vultures But the will of Zeus was accomplished

indeed from the time when at first having quarreled both

Atreides king of men and the divine Achilles separated

Which of the gods of course brought these two together to fight in strife

The son of Leto and Zeus For enraged by the king he

kindled an evil plague up through the camp and the people were destroyed

155 Composition

1 ἠείδνκελ κῆληλ νὐινκέλελ Ἀρηιιῆνο ἐμ νὗ ηὰ πξῶηα Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἀλέξσλ (ἀλδξῶλ) θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο

ἠξηζάηελ θαὶ δηεζηεζάηελ (δηεζηήηελ) 2 ηίο ζεῶλ μπλῆθε (μπλέεθα) Ἀραηνὺο θαὶ ιᾱὸλ Πξηάκνπ ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 3

μπλῆθε (μπλέεθα) ζθσε (ἕν) πἱὸο Λεηόνο (Λεηνῦο) θαὶ Γηὸο ἑθεβόινο ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 4 Αηξεΐδεο βαζηιεὺο

Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο ἐρόισζαλ ἄλαθηα ἑθεβόινλ θαὶ ὁ ὦξζα (ὤξνξε) λνῦζνπο πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θαθὰο (ᾱ) ἀλὰ

ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ θαθῶο ὤιεθελ ἀγαζὸλ ιᾱόλ

Lesson 16

(887-897 910 1065-1068 697-703 707 710 732)

161 Formation of Middle Passive and Deponent Verbs

The endings of the middle voice are different from the active voice The passive voice applies the same endings

as the middle voice except in the aorist passive which applies active endings Because the middle and passive voice

are identical (other than the aorist) the context determines whether a verb is used with middle or the passive

meaning The aorist middle is often used with a passive meaning (especially in athematic forms) and the aorist

passive is often used with a middle meaning

The perfect and pluperfect of the middlepassive are athematic with the personal endings attached directly to

the reduplicated stem

The future perfect passive is formed by adding -ζνε to the perfect middle passive lengthening the vowel that

precedes this ending

The first aorist passive is formed by adding -(ζ)ζεε to the stem Before ζ π and β become θ θ and γ become ρ

and η δ ζ become ζ Many verbs have a second aorist passive that drops the ζ altogether

Deponent verbs have no active form but use the middlepassive forms in an active sense

162 Paradigms Present and Future Indicative MiddlePassive of ιύσ

Present

S 1 ιύνκαη

2 ιύεαη [(ιύῃ)]

3 ιύεηαη

D 2 ιύεζζνλ

3 ιύεζζνλ

P 1 ιπόκε(ζ)ζα

2 ιύεζζα

3 ιύνληαη

Future

S 1 ιύζνκαη (ῡ)

2 ιύζεαη (ῡ) [(ιύζῃ (ῡ))]

3 ιύζεηαη (ῡ)

D 2 ιύζεζζνλ (ῡ)

3 ιύζεζζνλ (ῡ)

P 1 ιῡζόκεζα

2 ιύζεζζε (ῡ)

3 ιύζνληαη (ῡ)

163 The Use of Voice in Greek

The active voice indicates that the subject is acting λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ ὦξζε = he kindled a plague up

through the camp

The passive voice indicates that the subject is acted upon Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιή = but the will of Zeus was

being accomplished

The Middle voice denotes one of three meanings

1 The subject acting upon itself πείζνκαη (I convince myself) θαίλνκαη (I show myself)

2 The subject acting for itself θαιένκαη (I call for myself)

3 The subject acting upon something belonging to itself ιύνκαη (I loose my own I ransom)

When determing the difference between the middle and passive keep in mind that the middle voice always

conveys a direct or indirect reference to the subject and that the subject is effect by or has an interest in the action

164 Third Declension Stems in -επ -επ -νπ and -σϝ

Stems in -επ usually became -εϝ and the third declension endings are applied after the ϝ Thus βαζηιεϝνο =

βαζηιῆνο βαηιεϝη = βαζηιῆη βαζηιεϝα = βαζηιῆα etc Note that the ϝ explains why εη (εϝη) does not form an

improper diphthong as well as why the accusative singular ends in -εα (as if the stem ended in a consonant) instead

of -ελ (as if the stem ended in a vowel) Note that when the ending consists of a consonant the -εϝ is contracted to

the diphthong -επ Thus βαζηιεϝο = βαζηιεύο βαζηιεϝ = βαζηιεῦ βαζηιεϝζη = βαζηιεῦζη In rare cases the other

endings also contract the -ε to -ε (ie βαζηιῆνο = βαζηιένο)

In stems ending originally in -ᾱϝ the ᾱ becomes ε in the Ionic dialect These are declined the same as -εϝ

except that -εῡ is formed before consonants instead of -επ Thus λᾱϝο = λεϝο = λεῦο λᾱϝ = λεϝ = λεῦ But note the

exception in the shorter form of the dative plural where λᾱϝζη = λεϝζη = λεπζί (rather than λεῡζη) In contracted

forms the ε usually becomes ε

In stems ending in -σϝ the third declension endings are applied directly to the stem Thus ἡξσϝο = ἥξσο

ἡξσϝνο = ἥξσνο ἡξσϝη = ἥξση ἡξσϝα = ἥξσα etc

In stems ending originally in -ν or -νϝ the third declension endings are applied as usual But keep in mind that -

νϝ is contracted to the diphthong -νπ before a consonant thus βνϝο = βνῦο and βνϝζη = βνπζί But note the

exception that occurs in the accusative singular where βνϝλ = βνῦλ rather than βνϝα

βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

(βαζηιεϝ-) (βνϝ-) (λᾱϝ-) (ἡξσϝ-)

N βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

G βαζηιῆνο [ένο] βνόο λεόο [εόο] ἥξσνο

D βαζηιῆη [έη] βνΐ λεί ἥξση

A βαζηιῆα [έα] βνῦλ [βῶλ] λῆα [έα] ἥξσα

V βαζηιεῦ βνῦ λεῦ ἥξσο

N V A βαζηιῆε βόε λῆε ἥξσε

G D βαζηιήνηηλ βόνηηλ λήνηηλ ἡξώνηηλ

N V βαζηιῆεο βόεο λῆεο ἥξσεο

G βαζηιήσλ βνῶλ λεῶλ [εῶλ] ἡξώσλ

D βαζηιήεζζη βόεζζη λήεζζη [έεζζη] ἡξώεζζη

βαζηιεῦζη βνπζί λεπζί ἥξσζη

A βαζηιῆαο βόαο (βνῦο) λῆαο [έαο] ἥξσαο

165 Third Declension Stems in -εζ -αζ and -νζ

When a stem ends in a vowel plus -ζ the initial ζ is dropped between two vowels Thus γεξαζνο = γέξανο

ἠνζνο = ἠόνο etc

All third declension nouns with stems ending in -εο are neuters and follow the pattern of ἔπνο The third

declension endings are applied as usual except that the nominative vocative and accusative singulars end in -νο

Nouns with stems ending in -νο take -σο in the nominative and vocative singular but otherwise apply the third

declension endings as usual (dropping ζ between two vowels)

ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

(ϝεπεζ-) (γεξαζ-) (ἀϝζνζ- (ᾱ))

N ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

G ἔπενο γέξανο ἠόνο

D ἔπετ γέξατ ἠόη

A ἔπνο γέξαο ἠόα

V ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

N V A ἔπεε γέξαε

G D ἐπένηηλ γεξάνηηλ

N V ἔπεα γέξα(α)

G ἐπέσλ γεξάσλ

D ἐπέεζζη γεξάεζζη

ἔπε(ζ)ζη γέξα(ζ)ζη

A ἔπεα γέξα(α)

166 Third Declension Stems in -καη and -καξ

Stems ending in -καη and -καξ are neuters

Stems in -καη drop the -ηο in the nominative vocative and accusative singular δσκαηο = δῶκα Otherwise the

third declension endings are applied as usual

Stems ending in -καξ are declined like those ending in -καη except in the nominative vocative and accusative

singular (which end in -καξ)

δῶκα ἦκαξ

(δσκαη-) (ἠκαξ- ἠκαη-)

N δῶκα ἦκαξ

G δώκαηνο ἤκαηνο

D δώκαηη ἤκαηη

A δῶκα ἦκαξ

V δῶκα ἦκαξ

N V A δώκαηε ἤκαηε

G D δσκάηνηηλ ἠκάηνηηλ

N V δώκαηα ἤκαηα

G δσκάησλ ἠκάησλ

D δσκάηεζζη ἠκάηεζζη

δώκαζη ἤκαζη

A δώκαηα ἤκαηα

167 Third Declension Stems in -λη and -λ

Stems ending in -λη drop the -λη before ζ and lengthen the preceding vowel thus παληο = πᾶο παληζη = πᾶζη

Otherwise the third declension endings are applied as usual In neuters the -η is dropped at the end of the word thus

παλη = πᾶλ Stems in -λ drop the -λ before ζ and lengthen the preceding vowel in the masculine (but not in the

neuter)

πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

(παλη- παληα- παλη-)

Masc Fem Neut

N πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

G παληόο πάζεο (ᾱ) παληόο

D παληί πάζῃ (ᾱ) παληί

A πάληα πᾶζαλ πᾶλ

V πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

N V πάληεο πᾶζαη πάληα

G πάλησλ πᾱζάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] πάλησλ

D πάληεζ(ζ)η πάζῃζη (ᾱ) πάληεζ(ζ)η

πᾶζη πάζῃο (ᾱ) πᾶζη

A πάληνο πάζᾱο (ᾱ) πάληα

κέιᾱο κέιαηλα κέιαλ

(κειαλ- κειαηλα- κειαλ-)

N κέιᾱο κέιαηλα κέιαλ

G κέιαλνο κειαίλεο κέιαλνο

D κέιαλη κειαίλῃ κέιαλη

A κέιαλα κέιαηλαλ κέιαλ

V κέιαλ κέιαηλα κέιαλ

N V A κέιαλε κειαίλᾱ κέιαλε

G D κειάλνηηλ κειαίλῃηλ κειάλνηηλ

N V κέιαλεο κέιαηλαη κέιαλα

G κειάλσλ κειαηλάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] κειάλσλ

D κειάλεζ(ζ)η κειαίλῃζη κειάλεζ(ζ)η

κέιαζη κειαίλῃο κέιαζη

A κέιαλεο κειαίλᾱο κέιαλα

168 Vocabulary

Nouns

Ἀπόιισλ (ᾰ or ᾰ) σλνο ὁ Apollo

ἀξεηήξ (ᾱ) ῆξνο ὁ priest prayer

ζπγάηεξ ηέξνο (ηξόο) ἡ daughter

θνζκήησξ νξνο ὁ commander marshaller

λεῦο λεόο (λεόο) ἡ ship

ζηέκκα καηνο ηό fillet (of white cotton) wreath

ρείξ ρεηξόο ἡ hand arm

Verbs

ἔξρνκαη (ἐξρ- ἐιε- ἐιεπζ- ἐιπζ-) come go

ἐιεύζνκαη I will come I will go

ἦιζνλ (ἤιπζνλ) I came I went

ιίζζνκαη (ιηη-) I beg I entreat

---

ἐιιηζάκελ (ἐιηηόκελ) I begged I entreated

Adjectives Prepositions

ζνόο ή όλ swift speedy

πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ all every (the) whole

Indeclinable

δύν (δύσ) two

κάιηζηα most especially by all means

169 Translation

1 Ἀπόιισλ ἑθεβόινο ρνινῦηαη βαζηιῆη Αηξεΐδῃ θαὶ πέκπεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ ὀιέθνληαη δὲ

ιᾱνί νὕλεθα δῖνο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) 2 Υξύζεο (ῡ) γὰξ ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἑθεβόινπ ἔξρεηαη

ἐπὶ ζνὰο (ᾱ) λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ θέξεη δrsquo ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα ζπγαηξόο ἣλ Ἀηξεΐδεο ἔρεη ἐλ ζηξαηῷ 3 ὁ δrsquo ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἔρεη

ζηέκκαηα ἑθεβόινπ Ἀπόιισλνο ἐλ ρεξζὶλ ἀλὰ ρξῡζέῳ ζθήπηξῳ θαὶ ιίζζεηαη πάληαο Ἀραηνύο κάιηζηα δrsquo Ἀηξεΐδᾱ

δύσ θνζκήηνξε ιᾱῶλ 4 Ἀπόιισλ ρνιώζεηαη βαζηιῆη θαὶ ὄξζεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηόλ 5 ἐιεύζνληαη ἐπὶ ζνὰο

(ᾱ) λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ νἴζνπζη ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα βαζηιῆη 6 ιίζζνληαη πάληαο Ἀραηνύο 7 Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζελ (ῑ)

ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) θαὶ νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε ζύγαηξα

KEY

1 Apollo the free-shooter enraged by king Atreides sent an evil plague through the camp of the Achaeans and

the people were destroyed because the divine Atreides dishonored Chryses the priest 2 For Chryses the priest of

the free-shooter went upon the swift ships of the Achaeans bearing countless ransoms for his daughter whom

Atreides was holding in the camp 3 But the priest had a wreath of Apollo the free-shooter upon a staff in his hand

and was entreating all of the Achaeans but especially the sons of Atreus (who were) the commanders of the host 4

Apollo will be enraged by the king and will kindle an evil plague up through the camp 5 They will go upon the

swift ships of the Achaeans and bring countless ransoms to the king 6 They are entreating all of the Achaeans 7

Atreides dishonored the priest and would not release his daughter

1610 Iliad 11-16

hellipὀιέθνλην δὲ ιᾱνί

νὕλεθα ηὸλ Υξύζελ ἠηίκαζελ ἀξεηῆξα

Αηξεΐδεο ὁ γὰξ ἦιζε ζνὰο ἐπὶ λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ

ιπζόκελνο ηε ζύγαηξα θέξσλ ηrsquo ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα

ζηέκκαηrsquo ἔρσλ ἐλ ρεξζὶλ ἑθεβόινπ Ἀπόιισλνο

ρξπζέῳ ἀλὰ ζθήπηξῳ θαὶ ἐιίζζεην πάληαο Ἀραηνύο

Ἀηξεΐδα δὲ κάιηζηα δύσ θνζκήηνξε ιαῶλ

ηόλ Υξύζελ = that (well-known) Chryses

The first verse ends in two spondees making it a spondaic verse and emphasizing the fact that

Chryses was a priest

ιῡζόκελνο = fut mid part nom masc sing being about to ransom

θέξσλ = pres act part nom sing masc bearing bringing

ἔρσλ = pres act part nom sing masc having holding

ρεξζὶλ ἑθεβόινπ = ρεξζὶ ϝεθεβόινπ

ρξῡζέῳ = synizesis where -έῳ is pronounced as a single syllable

ἐιίζζεην = imperf act ind 3rd

pers sing dep (kept) entreating was entreating

Ἀηξεΐδᾱ = dual of Ἀηξεΐδεο refers to both Agamemnon and Menelaus

KEY

hellipand the people were being destroyed

because Atreides dishonored Chryses the priest

For he had gone upon the swift ships of the Achaeans

intending to ransom his daughter bearing countless gifts

and holding in his hand fillets of Apollo the free-shooter

upon a golden staff and was entreating all of the Achaeans

but especially the two sons of Atreus the commanders of the host

1611 Composition

1 Chryses the priest of Apollo is dishonored by the son of Atreus 2 The Achaeans will go from their swift

ships to Troy and ransom the beloved daughter of the priest 3 We shall bring many ransoms and shall hold in our

hands the fillets of Apollo 4 We do not have a golden scepter but we entreat Priam and all the people of Troy 5

The two sons of Atreus marshallers of the people are entreating Priam but he will slight them 6 The son of

Atreus king of men slighted the priest and did not release his daughter

KEY

1 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) Ἀπόιινπ ἀηῑκάδεηαη Ἀηξεΐδῃ 2 Ἀραηνὶ ἐιεύζνληαη ἐθ ζνάσλ (ᾱ) λήσλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ (ῑ)

θαὶ ἀπειύζνληαη (ῡ) θίιε ζπγάηεξα ἀξεηῆξη (ᾱ) 3 νἴζνκελ πνιιrsquo ἄπνηλα θαὶ ἕζρνκελ ἐλ ρείξεζζη ζηέκκαηα

Ἀπόιινπ 4 νὐθ ἔρνκελ ζθῆπηξνλ ρξύζενλ ἀιιὰ ιηζζόκεζα Πξίακνλ θαὶ πᾶληα ιᾱνλ Ἰιίνπ (ῑ) 5 δύrsquo Ἀηξεΐδᾱ

θνζκήηεξᾱ ιᾱσλ ιίζζεζζνλ Πξίακνλ αὐηνὺο δrsquo ἀηῑκάζεη 6 Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἄλδξσλ ἠηίκαζελ (ῑ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) θαὶ

νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε ζπγάηεξα

1612 Meter

ΟΤ λε θα | ΣΟΝ ΥΡΤ | ΖΝ Ζ | ΣΗ κα ζελ | Α ΡΖ | ΣΖ ΡΑ~

Α ηξε η | ΓΖ ν γαξ | ΖΛ ζε ζν | Α ε πη | ΝΖ αο α | ΥΑΗ ΧΝ

ΛΤ ζν κε | ΝΟ ηε ζπ | ΓΑΣ ξα θε | ΡΧΝ ηα πε | ΡΔΗ ζη α | ΠΟΗ ΝΑ~

ΣΔΜ καη ε | ΥΧΝ ΔΝ | ΥΔΡ ζηλ ε | ΚΖ βν ινπ | Α ΠΟΛ | ΛΧ ΝΟ~

ΥΡΤζεσα | ΝΑ ΚΖΠ | ΣΡΧ θαη ε | ΛΗ ζε ην | ΠΑΝ ηαο α | ΥΑΗ ΟΤ

ΑΣ ξε η | ΓΑ δε κα | ΛΗ ηα δπ | Χ ΚΟ | ΜΖ ην ξε | ΛΑ ΧΝ

Lesson 17

(910 - imperfect middle and passive aorist middle of ιύσ 648-658 - the table

of endings in 32)

171 Paradigms Imperfect MiddlePassive of ιύσ

S 1 ἐιπόκελ

2 ἐιύεν [(ἐιύεπ)]

3 ἐιύεην

D 2 ἐιύεζζνλ

3 ἐιπέζζελ

P 1 ἐιπόκε(ζ)ζα

2 ἐιύεζζε

3 ἐιύνλην

172 Paradigms Aorist Middle of ιύσ

Thematic Athematic (2nd

Aorist)

S 1 ἐιῡζάκελ ἐιύκελ

2 ἐιύζαν (ῡ) [(ἐιύζσ (ῡ))] ἔιπ(ζ)ν

3 ἐιύζαην (ῡ) ἔιπην

D 2 ἐιύζαζζνλ (ῡ) ἔιπζζνλ

3 ἐιῡζάζζελ ἐιύζζελ

P 1 ἐιῡζάκε(ζ)ζα ἐιύκε(ζ)ζα

2 ἐιύζαζζε (ῡ) ἔιπζζε

3 ἐιύζαλην (ῡ) ἔιπλην

173 Vocabulary

δῶκα αηνο ηό house home

παῖο παηδόο ὁ ἡ child son daughter

π(η)όιηο ηνο (ενο) ἡ city state

ἐπθλήκῑο ῑδνο well-greaved

ἐγώ(λ) κέν (κεῦ) I

ζύ ζέν (ζεῦ) you

κέλhellip δέ on the one handhellip trulyhellip on the one handhellip on the other hand

partlyhellip partly the onehellip the other

νἴθαδε home homeward to home home

Verbs

ἅδνκαη (ἁγ-) (defective) I reverence

δέρνκαη I accept I receive

δέμνκαη I will accept

ἐδεμάκελ (ἐδέγκελ) I accepted

δίδσκη (δσ- δν-) I give I grant

(δη)δώζσ I will give

ἔδσθα I gave

ἐθπέξζσ (πεξζ- πξαζ-) I sack (utterly) I plunder I pillage

ἐθπέξζσ I will sack

ἐμέπεξζα (ἐμέπξαζνλ) I sacked

ἱθλένκαη I arrive I reach (a destination)

ἵμνκαη I will arrive

ἱθόκελ (ῑ) I arrived

174 Translation

1 ζενὶ ἔρνπζηλ ιύκπηα δώκαηα ἔδσθαλ δrsquo Ἀηξεΐδεο θαὶ ἄιινηζηλ ἐπθλεκίδεζζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἐθπέξζαη

(infinitive) πόιηλ Πξηάκνπ ηόηε δrsquo ἵθνλην (ῑ) ἐὺ νἴθαδε νὕλεθα παῖδα θίιελ ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἔιῡζαλ 2 ἀπέιῡζαλ

ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνὶ ζύγαηξα θίιελ ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἐδέμαλην δrsquo ἀγιαὰ ἄπνηλα νὕλεθα ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλα Γηὸο πἱὸλ

ἅδνλην 3 ἅδεηαη ἑθεβόινλ 4 Ἀηξεΐδεο νὐθ ἐδέμαην ηὰ ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα 5 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἔδσθελ ἄπνηλα

πνιιὰ βαζηιῆη Ἀηξεΐδῃ 6 πάληεο ζενὶ θαὶ πᾶζαη ζεαὶ εἶρνλ ιύκπηα δώκαηα 7 Ἀραηνὶ ἐπθλήκῑδεο ἐθπέξζνπζη

Πξηάκνην πόιηλ ἵμνληαη δrsquo ἐπ νἴθαδε 8 παῖο θίιε ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἐιύζαην (ῡ) ἵθεην (ῑ) δrsquo ἐὺ νἴθαδε

KEY

1 The gods have Olympian homes but they gave the son of Atreus and the other well-greaved Achaeans to

utterly sack the city of Priam and then they returned safe at home because they released the dear child of the priest

2 The well-greaved Achaeans released the dear daughter of the priest and received glorious ransoms because they

reverenced the free-shooter Apollo son of Zeus 3 He reverences te free-shooter 4 The son of Atreus did not

receive the glorious ransoms 5 Chryses the priest gave many ransoms to king Atreides 6 All of the gods and all of

the goddesses had Olympian homes 7 The well-greved Achaeans will utterly sack Priamrsquos city and will return safe

to home 8 The dear child of the priest was released and arrived well to her home

175 Iliad 17-21

ltltἈηξεΐδαη ηε θαὶ ἄιινη ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνί

ὑκῖλ κὲλ ζενὶ δνῖελ ιύκπηα δώκαηrsquo ἔρνληεο

ἐθπέξζαη Πξηάκνην πόιηλ ἐὺ δrsquo νἴθαδrsquo ἱθέζζαη

παῖδα δrsquo ἐκνὶ ιῦζαί ηε θίιελ ηά ηrsquo ἄπνηλα δέρεζζαη

ἁδόκελνη Γηὸο πἱὸλ ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλαgtgt

Ἀηξεΐδαηhellip ἄιινη ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνί = vocative case

ὑκῖλ (ῡ) = dat plural of ζύ to you

ζενί = one syllable by synizesis

κέλ (v 18) = correlative of δέ (v 20)

δνῖελ = aor act optative 3rd

plural of δίδσκη may they grant

ἔρνληεο = pres act part nom masc plural of ἔρσ having possessing

ἐθπέξζαη = aor act inf of ἐθπέξζσ to sack utterly

ἱθέζζαη = aor act inf of ἱθένκαη to arrive (compare κάρεζζαη)

ιῦζαη δέρεζζαη = infinitives used as imperatives free and accept

ηά ηrsquo ἄπνηλα (ηά ηε ἄπνηλα) = thesehellip gifts

ἁδόκελνη = pres act part nom masc plural reverencing

KEY

ldquoSons of Atreus and you other well-greaved Achaeans

may the gods who have their homes on Olympus grant you

to utterly sack Priamrsquos city and return safe to home

but release my dear child to me and accept these gifts

reverencing Apollo who shoots at will the son of Zeusrdquo

176 Composition

1 The gods who have (ἔρνληεο) Olympian homes will grant to the sons of Atreus and to the other well-greaved

Achaeans to sack utterly (ἐθπέξζαη) the city of Priam 2 When they sacked the city of Priam they returned happily

home 3 They accepted the shining ransoms and freed the darling daughter of the priest Chryses 4 We reverenced

the free-shooter Apollo son of Leto and Zeus and escaped death 5 Will the son of Atreus accept the shining

ransoms 6 The child of the priest was freed when he gave many shining ransoms which the two sons of Atreus

accepted

KEY

1 ζενὶ ἔρνληεο ιύκπηα δώκαηα δώζνπζη Ἀηξεΐδῃζη θαὶ ἄιινηζηλ ἐπθλεκίδεζζηλ (ῑ) Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἐθπέξζαη πόιηλ

Πξηάκνπ 2 ηόηε ἐμέπεξζαλ πόιηλ Πξηάκνην ἵθνλην (ῑ) ἐὺ νἴθαδε 3 ἐδέμαλην ἀγιαrsquo ἄπνηλα θαὶ ἀπέιῡζαλ ζπγάηεξα

θίιε ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) Υξύζᾱν (ῡ) 4 ἡμάκεζα ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλα Λεηόνο θαὶ Γηὸο πἱόλ θαὶ ζάλαηνλ 5

Ἀηξεΐδεο δέμεηαη ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα 6 παῖο ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἀπειύζαην (ῡ) ηόηε ἔδσθελ ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀγιάα ηὰ

Ἀηξεΐδᾱ ἐδώθαζηλ

Lesson 18

(Perfect and Pluperfect Active of Verbs 904 922 Third Declension γέρων

αἴξ 693-695)

181 Formation of the Perfect and Pluperfect Active

The perfect and pluperfect in all modes experience reduplication of the initial syllable which denotes completed

action Verbs beginning with a single consonant (except ξ) prefix this consonant followed by -ε Thus ιύσ =

ιέιπθα The stem sometimes stands in ablaut relation to the stem of the present as in βαίλσ = βέβεθα A

reduplicated syllable beginning with an aspirated mute is changed to its corresponding voiceless mute in the

reduplicated syllable ie ζλήζθσ = ηέζλεθα In these cases the reduplicated pluperfect adds ἐ- to the reduplicated

syllable ie ιύσ = ιέιπθα = ἐιέιπθε

Vebs beginning with a double consonant two consonants (except a mute followed by a liquid or a nasal) ξ and

some beginning with κ simply augment the stem with the addition of ε-

Verbs beginning in a vowel typically take the temporal augment by lengthening the vowel ie νἴρνκαη =

ᾤρσθα However verbs beginning with a vowel in which an initial consonant has been lost may take the syllabic

augment

Compound verbs typically insert the reduplication and augment between the preposition and the verb ie

ἀπνιύσ = ἀπνιέιπθα = ἀπειειύθε

The first perfect active adds -θα- to the stem followed by the primary endings The first pluperfect active

similarly adds -θε- followed by the secondary endings In general a short final vowel is lengthened before the

addition of the -θα- or -θε- Second perfects and pluperfects active are the older form and are more common in

Homer These omit the θ and simply add -α- or -ε- respectively The second perfects are more common in stems

ending in a consonant

In general the singular perfect and pluperfect active stand in ablaut relation to the dual and plural forms

Perfects and pluperfects are rare in Homer and only occur in some twenty verbs

182 Paradigms λέλυκα and βέβηκα

ιέιπθα ἐιειύθε (ἐιειύθεα)

ιέιπθαο ἐιειύθο (ἐιειύθεαο)

ιέιπθε(λ) ἐιειύθεη (ἐιειύθεε)

ιειύθαηνλ ἐιειύθαηνλ

ιειύθαηνλ ἐιειπθάηελ

ιειύθακελ ἐιειύθεκελ

ιειύθαηε ἐιειύθεηε

ιειύθᾱζη ἐιειύθεζαλ

βέβεθα ἐβεβήθεα (ἐβεβήθε)

βέβεθαο ἐβεβήθεαο (ἐβεβήθεο)

βέβεθε(λ) ἐβεβήθεε (ἐβεβήθεη)

βέβαηνλ ἐβέβαηνλ

βέβαηνλ ἐβεβάηελ

βέβακελ ἐβέβακελ

βέβαηε ἐβέβαηε

βέβᾱζη ἐβέβαζαλ

183 Paradigms γέρων and αἴξ

γέξσλ αἴμ

γέξνληνο αἰγόο

γέξνληη αἰγί

γέξνληα αἶγα

γέξνλ αἴμ

γέξνληε αἶγε

γεξόληνηηλ αἴγνηηλ

γέξνληεο αἶγεο

γεξόλησλ αἰγῶλ

γεξόληεζ(ζ)η (γέξνπζη) αἴγεζ(ζ)η (αἰμί)

γέξνληαο αἶγαο

184 Vocabulary

ἀγνξή ῆο ἡ assembly meeting place gathering harrangue

αἴμ αἰγόο ὁ ἡ goat

Ἄξγνο ενο ηό Argos (both a country and a city in Greece)

γέξσλ νληνο ὁ old man

γῆξαο ανο ηό old age

ἱεξεύο ῆνο ὁ priest holy man

κεξίνλ νπ ηό thigh-bone thigh-piece

πνύο πνδόο ὁ foot

ηαῦξνο νπ ὁ bull

θξήλ θξελόο ἡ diaphragm mind heart soul spirit disposition

δέθαηνο ε νλ tenth

ἡκέηεξνο ε νλ our ours

θνῖινο ε νλ hollow

ὠθύο ὠθεῖα ὠθύ swift speedy

ζλήζθσ die perish

ζαλένκαη

ἔζαλνλ

ηέζλεθα

θεύγσ flee fly escape run (off away along)

θεύμνκαη

ἔθπγνλ

πέθεπγα

Note that δ is inserted into ἀλήξ between λ and ξ where they occur together The accent of the shorter forms of

ἀλέξ follow the pattern seen in παηήξ The alpha after ξ in the dative plural was added euphonically to strengthen

what was originally a sonant ξ

152 Vocabulary

ἄλαμ ἄλαθηνο ὁ king lord protector

ἀλήξ ἀλέξνο (ἀλδξόο) ὁ (real) man warrior hero

ἄξ(α) (ῥά) naturally of course as you know as you might expect that is

in effect (not always translatable)

βαζηιεύο ῆνο ὁ king ruler

δή indeed truly forsooth now

δηίζηεκη (ζηε- ζηα-) δηαζηήζσ stand apart separate

δηέζηεζα (δηέζηελ)

ἐμ νὗ from the time when

ἐξίδσ (ἐξηδ-) - ἤξηζ(ζ)α quarrel strive

ἠξηζάηελ (they) strove

ἔξηο ηδνο ἡ strife quarrel

Λεηώ Λεηόνο ἡ Leto

κάρνκαη fight battle

κάρεζζαη to fight

μπλίκη μπλήζσ μπλῆθα (μπλέεθα) bring together throw together hearken heed

ὄξλῡκη ὄξζσ ὦξζα (ὤξνξνλ) stir up kindle incite excite arouse

πξῶηνο ε νλ first foremost chief

ηὸ πξῶηνλ ηὰ πξῶηα (adv) at first firstly first

πἱόο νῦ ὁ son

ζθσε these two

153 Translation

1 ζεὰ (ᾱ) ἀείζεη κῆληλ Ἀρηιῆνο ἐμ νὗ δὴ ηὰ πξῶηα δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο θαὶ Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἀλδξῶλ ἠξηζάηελ θαὶ

δηεζηήηελ 2 ηίο ζεῶλ μπλέεθε δῖνλ Ἀρηιῆά ηε θαὶ Ἀηξεΐδελ ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 3 πἱὸο Λεηόνο θαὶ Γηὸο ἑθεβόινο

μπλέεθέ ζθσε ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη ηὸλ γὰξ βαζηιεὺο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἐρόισζελ ὁ δrsquo ὦξζε θαθὴλ λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ

ὤιεθε δὲ ιᾱνύο

KEY

1 The goddess sings the wrath of Achilles from the time when first the divine Achilles and Atreides king of

men strove and separated 2 Which of the gods brought together the divine Achilles and the son of Atreus to fight

in strife 3 The son of Leto and Zeus the Free-shooter brought these two together to fight in strife for Atreides the

king enraged him so he stirred up an evil plague through the camp of the Achaeans and destroyed their host

154 Iliad 1-10

Μῆληλ ἄεηδε ζεά Πειεηάδεσ Ἀρηιῆνο

νὐινκέλελ ἣ κῡξίrsquo Ἀραηνῖο ἄιγεrsquo ἔζεθελ

πνιιὰο δrsquo ἰθζίκνπο ςῡρὰο Ἄηδη πξνΐαςελ

ἡξώσλ αὐηνὺο δὲ ἑιώξηα ηεῦρε θύλεζζηλ

νἰσλνῖζί ηε δαῖηα Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιή

ἐμ νὗ δὴ ηὰ πξῶηα δηαζηήηελ ἐξίζαληε

Ἀηξεΐδεο ηε ἄλαμ ἀλδξῶλ θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεύο

ηίο ηrsquo ἄξ ζθσε ζεῶλ ἔξηδη μπλέεθε κάρεζζαη

Λεηνῦο θαὶ Γηὸο πἱόο ὁ γὰξ βαζηιῆη ρνισζεὶο

λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ ὦξζε θαθήλ ὀιέθνλην δὲ ιᾱνί

δηαζηήηελ = δηεζηήηελ

ἐξίζαληε = aor act part nom dual masc (they two) having quarreled

ηε ἄλαμ originally ηε ϝάλαμ thus allowing the hiatus

ζθσε [ἕσ] = 3rd

pers pron acc dual these two

ἔξηδη is dative of means in strife

κάρεζζαη = pres act infinitive deponent to fight

ρνισζείο = aor pass part nom sing masc having been enraged

Λεηνῦο = contracted form of Λεηόνο

βαζηιῆη = Agamemnon instrumental case by the king

ὀιέθνλην = ὠιέθνλην imperf pass ind 3rd

pers plural were being destroyed or kept

perishing

KEY

Sing O goddess of the accursed wrath of Achilles Peleiades

which brought countless woes to the Achaeans

and cast forth the souls of many valiant warriors to Hades

making them the spoils and feast of both dogs

and vultures But the will of Zeus was accomplished

indeed from the time when at first having quarreled both

Atreides king of men and the divine Achilles separated

Which of the gods of course brought these two together to fight in strife

The son of Leto and Zeus For enraged by the king he

kindled an evil plague up through the camp and the people were destroyed

155 Composition

1 ἠείδνκελ κῆληλ νὐινκέλελ Ἀρηιιῆνο ἐμ νὗ ηὰ πξῶηα Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἀλέξσλ (ἀλδξῶλ) θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο

ἠξηζάηελ θαὶ δηεζηεζάηελ (δηεζηήηελ) 2 ηίο ζεῶλ μπλῆθε (μπλέεθα) Ἀραηνὺο θαὶ ιᾱὸλ Πξηάκνπ ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 3

μπλῆθε (μπλέεθα) ζθσε (ἕν) πἱὸο Λεηόνο (Λεηνῦο) θαὶ Γηὸο ἑθεβόινο ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 4 Αηξεΐδεο βαζηιεὺο

Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο ἐρόισζαλ ἄλαθηα ἑθεβόινλ θαὶ ὁ ὦξζα (ὤξνξε) λνῦζνπο πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θαθὰο (ᾱ) ἀλὰ

ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ θαθῶο ὤιεθελ ἀγαζὸλ ιᾱόλ

Lesson 16

(887-897 910 1065-1068 697-703 707 710 732)

161 Formation of Middle Passive and Deponent Verbs

The endings of the middle voice are different from the active voice The passive voice applies the same endings

as the middle voice except in the aorist passive which applies active endings Because the middle and passive voice

are identical (other than the aorist) the context determines whether a verb is used with middle or the passive

meaning The aorist middle is often used with a passive meaning (especially in athematic forms) and the aorist

passive is often used with a middle meaning

The perfect and pluperfect of the middlepassive are athematic with the personal endings attached directly to

the reduplicated stem

The future perfect passive is formed by adding -ζνε to the perfect middle passive lengthening the vowel that

precedes this ending

The first aorist passive is formed by adding -(ζ)ζεε to the stem Before ζ π and β become θ θ and γ become ρ

and η δ ζ become ζ Many verbs have a second aorist passive that drops the ζ altogether

Deponent verbs have no active form but use the middlepassive forms in an active sense

162 Paradigms Present and Future Indicative MiddlePassive of ιύσ

Present

S 1 ιύνκαη

2 ιύεαη [(ιύῃ)]

3 ιύεηαη

D 2 ιύεζζνλ

3 ιύεζζνλ

P 1 ιπόκε(ζ)ζα

2 ιύεζζα

3 ιύνληαη

Future

S 1 ιύζνκαη (ῡ)

2 ιύζεαη (ῡ) [(ιύζῃ (ῡ))]

3 ιύζεηαη (ῡ)

D 2 ιύζεζζνλ (ῡ)

3 ιύζεζζνλ (ῡ)

P 1 ιῡζόκεζα

2 ιύζεζζε (ῡ)

3 ιύζνληαη (ῡ)

163 The Use of Voice in Greek

The active voice indicates that the subject is acting λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ ὦξζε = he kindled a plague up

through the camp

The passive voice indicates that the subject is acted upon Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιή = but the will of Zeus was

being accomplished

The Middle voice denotes one of three meanings

1 The subject acting upon itself πείζνκαη (I convince myself) θαίλνκαη (I show myself)

2 The subject acting for itself θαιένκαη (I call for myself)

3 The subject acting upon something belonging to itself ιύνκαη (I loose my own I ransom)

When determing the difference between the middle and passive keep in mind that the middle voice always

conveys a direct or indirect reference to the subject and that the subject is effect by or has an interest in the action

164 Third Declension Stems in -επ -επ -νπ and -σϝ

Stems in -επ usually became -εϝ and the third declension endings are applied after the ϝ Thus βαζηιεϝνο =

βαζηιῆνο βαηιεϝη = βαζηιῆη βαζηιεϝα = βαζηιῆα etc Note that the ϝ explains why εη (εϝη) does not form an

improper diphthong as well as why the accusative singular ends in -εα (as if the stem ended in a consonant) instead

of -ελ (as if the stem ended in a vowel) Note that when the ending consists of a consonant the -εϝ is contracted to

the diphthong -επ Thus βαζηιεϝο = βαζηιεύο βαζηιεϝ = βαζηιεῦ βαζηιεϝζη = βαζηιεῦζη In rare cases the other

endings also contract the -ε to -ε (ie βαζηιῆνο = βαζηιένο)

In stems ending originally in -ᾱϝ the ᾱ becomes ε in the Ionic dialect These are declined the same as -εϝ

except that -εῡ is formed before consonants instead of -επ Thus λᾱϝο = λεϝο = λεῦο λᾱϝ = λεϝ = λεῦ But note the

exception in the shorter form of the dative plural where λᾱϝζη = λεϝζη = λεπζί (rather than λεῡζη) In contracted

forms the ε usually becomes ε

In stems ending in -σϝ the third declension endings are applied directly to the stem Thus ἡξσϝο = ἥξσο

ἡξσϝνο = ἥξσνο ἡξσϝη = ἥξση ἡξσϝα = ἥξσα etc

In stems ending originally in -ν or -νϝ the third declension endings are applied as usual But keep in mind that -

νϝ is contracted to the diphthong -νπ before a consonant thus βνϝο = βνῦο and βνϝζη = βνπζί But note the

exception that occurs in the accusative singular where βνϝλ = βνῦλ rather than βνϝα

βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

(βαζηιεϝ-) (βνϝ-) (λᾱϝ-) (ἡξσϝ-)

N βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

G βαζηιῆνο [ένο] βνόο λεόο [εόο] ἥξσνο

D βαζηιῆη [έη] βνΐ λεί ἥξση

A βαζηιῆα [έα] βνῦλ [βῶλ] λῆα [έα] ἥξσα

V βαζηιεῦ βνῦ λεῦ ἥξσο

N V A βαζηιῆε βόε λῆε ἥξσε

G D βαζηιήνηηλ βόνηηλ λήνηηλ ἡξώνηηλ

N V βαζηιῆεο βόεο λῆεο ἥξσεο

G βαζηιήσλ βνῶλ λεῶλ [εῶλ] ἡξώσλ

D βαζηιήεζζη βόεζζη λήεζζη [έεζζη] ἡξώεζζη

βαζηιεῦζη βνπζί λεπζί ἥξσζη

A βαζηιῆαο βόαο (βνῦο) λῆαο [έαο] ἥξσαο

165 Third Declension Stems in -εζ -αζ and -νζ

When a stem ends in a vowel plus -ζ the initial ζ is dropped between two vowels Thus γεξαζνο = γέξανο

ἠνζνο = ἠόνο etc

All third declension nouns with stems ending in -εο are neuters and follow the pattern of ἔπνο The third

declension endings are applied as usual except that the nominative vocative and accusative singulars end in -νο

Nouns with stems ending in -νο take -σο in the nominative and vocative singular but otherwise apply the third

declension endings as usual (dropping ζ between two vowels)

ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

(ϝεπεζ-) (γεξαζ-) (ἀϝζνζ- (ᾱ))

N ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

G ἔπενο γέξανο ἠόνο

D ἔπετ γέξατ ἠόη

A ἔπνο γέξαο ἠόα

V ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

N V A ἔπεε γέξαε

G D ἐπένηηλ γεξάνηηλ

N V ἔπεα γέξα(α)

G ἐπέσλ γεξάσλ

D ἐπέεζζη γεξάεζζη

ἔπε(ζ)ζη γέξα(ζ)ζη

A ἔπεα γέξα(α)

166 Third Declension Stems in -καη and -καξ

Stems ending in -καη and -καξ are neuters

Stems in -καη drop the -ηο in the nominative vocative and accusative singular δσκαηο = δῶκα Otherwise the

third declension endings are applied as usual

Stems ending in -καξ are declined like those ending in -καη except in the nominative vocative and accusative

singular (which end in -καξ)

δῶκα ἦκαξ

(δσκαη-) (ἠκαξ- ἠκαη-)

N δῶκα ἦκαξ

G δώκαηνο ἤκαηνο

D δώκαηη ἤκαηη

A δῶκα ἦκαξ

V δῶκα ἦκαξ

N V A δώκαηε ἤκαηε

G D δσκάηνηηλ ἠκάηνηηλ

N V δώκαηα ἤκαηα

G δσκάησλ ἠκάησλ

D δσκάηεζζη ἠκάηεζζη

δώκαζη ἤκαζη

A δώκαηα ἤκαηα

167 Third Declension Stems in -λη and -λ

Stems ending in -λη drop the -λη before ζ and lengthen the preceding vowel thus παληο = πᾶο παληζη = πᾶζη

Otherwise the third declension endings are applied as usual In neuters the -η is dropped at the end of the word thus

παλη = πᾶλ Stems in -λ drop the -λ before ζ and lengthen the preceding vowel in the masculine (but not in the

neuter)

πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

(παλη- παληα- παλη-)

Masc Fem Neut

N πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

G παληόο πάζεο (ᾱ) παληόο

D παληί πάζῃ (ᾱ) παληί

A πάληα πᾶζαλ πᾶλ

V πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

N V πάληεο πᾶζαη πάληα

G πάλησλ πᾱζάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] πάλησλ

D πάληεζ(ζ)η πάζῃζη (ᾱ) πάληεζ(ζ)η

πᾶζη πάζῃο (ᾱ) πᾶζη

A πάληνο πάζᾱο (ᾱ) πάληα

κέιᾱο κέιαηλα κέιαλ

(κειαλ- κειαηλα- κειαλ-)

N κέιᾱο κέιαηλα κέιαλ

G κέιαλνο κειαίλεο κέιαλνο

D κέιαλη κειαίλῃ κέιαλη

A κέιαλα κέιαηλαλ κέιαλ

V κέιαλ κέιαηλα κέιαλ

N V A κέιαλε κειαίλᾱ κέιαλε

G D κειάλνηηλ κειαίλῃηλ κειάλνηηλ

N V κέιαλεο κέιαηλαη κέιαλα

G κειάλσλ κειαηλάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] κειάλσλ

D κειάλεζ(ζ)η κειαίλῃζη κειάλεζ(ζ)η

κέιαζη κειαίλῃο κέιαζη

A κέιαλεο κειαίλᾱο κέιαλα

168 Vocabulary

Nouns

Ἀπόιισλ (ᾰ or ᾰ) σλνο ὁ Apollo

ἀξεηήξ (ᾱ) ῆξνο ὁ priest prayer

ζπγάηεξ ηέξνο (ηξόο) ἡ daughter

θνζκήησξ νξνο ὁ commander marshaller

λεῦο λεόο (λεόο) ἡ ship

ζηέκκα καηνο ηό fillet (of white cotton) wreath

ρείξ ρεηξόο ἡ hand arm

Verbs

ἔξρνκαη (ἐξρ- ἐιε- ἐιεπζ- ἐιπζ-) come go

ἐιεύζνκαη I will come I will go

ἦιζνλ (ἤιπζνλ) I came I went

ιίζζνκαη (ιηη-) I beg I entreat

---

ἐιιηζάκελ (ἐιηηόκελ) I begged I entreated

Adjectives Prepositions

ζνόο ή όλ swift speedy

πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ all every (the) whole

Indeclinable

δύν (δύσ) two

κάιηζηα most especially by all means

169 Translation

1 Ἀπόιισλ ἑθεβόινο ρνινῦηαη βαζηιῆη Αηξεΐδῃ θαὶ πέκπεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ ὀιέθνληαη δὲ

ιᾱνί νὕλεθα δῖνο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) 2 Υξύζεο (ῡ) γὰξ ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἑθεβόινπ ἔξρεηαη

ἐπὶ ζνὰο (ᾱ) λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ θέξεη δrsquo ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα ζπγαηξόο ἣλ Ἀηξεΐδεο ἔρεη ἐλ ζηξαηῷ 3 ὁ δrsquo ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἔρεη

ζηέκκαηα ἑθεβόινπ Ἀπόιισλνο ἐλ ρεξζὶλ ἀλὰ ρξῡζέῳ ζθήπηξῳ θαὶ ιίζζεηαη πάληαο Ἀραηνύο κάιηζηα δrsquo Ἀηξεΐδᾱ

δύσ θνζκήηνξε ιᾱῶλ 4 Ἀπόιισλ ρνιώζεηαη βαζηιῆη θαὶ ὄξζεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηόλ 5 ἐιεύζνληαη ἐπὶ ζνὰο

(ᾱ) λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ νἴζνπζη ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα βαζηιῆη 6 ιίζζνληαη πάληαο Ἀραηνύο 7 Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζελ (ῑ)

ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) θαὶ νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε ζύγαηξα

KEY

1 Apollo the free-shooter enraged by king Atreides sent an evil plague through the camp of the Achaeans and

the people were destroyed because the divine Atreides dishonored Chryses the priest 2 For Chryses the priest of

the free-shooter went upon the swift ships of the Achaeans bearing countless ransoms for his daughter whom

Atreides was holding in the camp 3 But the priest had a wreath of Apollo the free-shooter upon a staff in his hand

and was entreating all of the Achaeans but especially the sons of Atreus (who were) the commanders of the host 4

Apollo will be enraged by the king and will kindle an evil plague up through the camp 5 They will go upon the

swift ships of the Achaeans and bring countless ransoms to the king 6 They are entreating all of the Achaeans 7

Atreides dishonored the priest and would not release his daughter

1610 Iliad 11-16

hellipὀιέθνλην δὲ ιᾱνί

νὕλεθα ηὸλ Υξύζελ ἠηίκαζελ ἀξεηῆξα

Αηξεΐδεο ὁ γὰξ ἦιζε ζνὰο ἐπὶ λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ

ιπζόκελνο ηε ζύγαηξα θέξσλ ηrsquo ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα

ζηέκκαηrsquo ἔρσλ ἐλ ρεξζὶλ ἑθεβόινπ Ἀπόιισλνο

ρξπζέῳ ἀλὰ ζθήπηξῳ θαὶ ἐιίζζεην πάληαο Ἀραηνύο

Ἀηξεΐδα δὲ κάιηζηα δύσ θνζκήηνξε ιαῶλ

ηόλ Υξύζελ = that (well-known) Chryses

The first verse ends in two spondees making it a spondaic verse and emphasizing the fact that

Chryses was a priest

ιῡζόκελνο = fut mid part nom masc sing being about to ransom

θέξσλ = pres act part nom sing masc bearing bringing

ἔρσλ = pres act part nom sing masc having holding

ρεξζὶλ ἑθεβόινπ = ρεξζὶ ϝεθεβόινπ

ρξῡζέῳ = synizesis where -έῳ is pronounced as a single syllable

ἐιίζζεην = imperf act ind 3rd

pers sing dep (kept) entreating was entreating

Ἀηξεΐδᾱ = dual of Ἀηξεΐδεο refers to both Agamemnon and Menelaus

KEY

hellipand the people were being destroyed

because Atreides dishonored Chryses the priest

For he had gone upon the swift ships of the Achaeans

intending to ransom his daughter bearing countless gifts

and holding in his hand fillets of Apollo the free-shooter

upon a golden staff and was entreating all of the Achaeans

but especially the two sons of Atreus the commanders of the host

1611 Composition

1 Chryses the priest of Apollo is dishonored by the son of Atreus 2 The Achaeans will go from their swift

ships to Troy and ransom the beloved daughter of the priest 3 We shall bring many ransoms and shall hold in our

hands the fillets of Apollo 4 We do not have a golden scepter but we entreat Priam and all the people of Troy 5

The two sons of Atreus marshallers of the people are entreating Priam but he will slight them 6 The son of

Atreus king of men slighted the priest and did not release his daughter

KEY

1 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) Ἀπόιινπ ἀηῑκάδεηαη Ἀηξεΐδῃ 2 Ἀραηνὶ ἐιεύζνληαη ἐθ ζνάσλ (ᾱ) λήσλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ (ῑ)

θαὶ ἀπειύζνληαη (ῡ) θίιε ζπγάηεξα ἀξεηῆξη (ᾱ) 3 νἴζνκελ πνιιrsquo ἄπνηλα θαὶ ἕζρνκελ ἐλ ρείξεζζη ζηέκκαηα

Ἀπόιινπ 4 νὐθ ἔρνκελ ζθῆπηξνλ ρξύζενλ ἀιιὰ ιηζζόκεζα Πξίακνλ θαὶ πᾶληα ιᾱνλ Ἰιίνπ (ῑ) 5 δύrsquo Ἀηξεΐδᾱ

θνζκήηεξᾱ ιᾱσλ ιίζζεζζνλ Πξίακνλ αὐηνὺο δrsquo ἀηῑκάζεη 6 Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἄλδξσλ ἠηίκαζελ (ῑ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) θαὶ

νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε ζπγάηεξα

1612 Meter

ΟΤ λε θα | ΣΟΝ ΥΡΤ | ΖΝ Ζ | ΣΗ κα ζελ | Α ΡΖ | ΣΖ ΡΑ~

Α ηξε η | ΓΖ ν γαξ | ΖΛ ζε ζν | Α ε πη | ΝΖ αο α | ΥΑΗ ΧΝ

ΛΤ ζν κε | ΝΟ ηε ζπ | ΓΑΣ ξα θε | ΡΧΝ ηα πε | ΡΔΗ ζη α | ΠΟΗ ΝΑ~

ΣΔΜ καη ε | ΥΧΝ ΔΝ | ΥΔΡ ζηλ ε | ΚΖ βν ινπ | Α ΠΟΛ | ΛΧ ΝΟ~

ΥΡΤζεσα | ΝΑ ΚΖΠ | ΣΡΧ θαη ε | ΛΗ ζε ην | ΠΑΝ ηαο α | ΥΑΗ ΟΤ

ΑΣ ξε η | ΓΑ δε κα | ΛΗ ηα δπ | Χ ΚΟ | ΜΖ ην ξε | ΛΑ ΧΝ

Lesson 17

(910 - imperfect middle and passive aorist middle of ιύσ 648-658 - the table

of endings in 32)

171 Paradigms Imperfect MiddlePassive of ιύσ

S 1 ἐιπόκελ

2 ἐιύεν [(ἐιύεπ)]

3 ἐιύεην

D 2 ἐιύεζζνλ

3 ἐιπέζζελ

P 1 ἐιπόκε(ζ)ζα

2 ἐιύεζζε

3 ἐιύνλην

172 Paradigms Aorist Middle of ιύσ

Thematic Athematic (2nd

Aorist)

S 1 ἐιῡζάκελ ἐιύκελ

2 ἐιύζαν (ῡ) [(ἐιύζσ (ῡ))] ἔιπ(ζ)ν

3 ἐιύζαην (ῡ) ἔιπην

D 2 ἐιύζαζζνλ (ῡ) ἔιπζζνλ

3 ἐιῡζάζζελ ἐιύζζελ

P 1 ἐιῡζάκε(ζ)ζα ἐιύκε(ζ)ζα

2 ἐιύζαζζε (ῡ) ἔιπζζε

3 ἐιύζαλην (ῡ) ἔιπλην

173 Vocabulary

δῶκα αηνο ηό house home

παῖο παηδόο ὁ ἡ child son daughter

π(η)όιηο ηνο (ενο) ἡ city state

ἐπθλήκῑο ῑδνο well-greaved

ἐγώ(λ) κέν (κεῦ) I

ζύ ζέν (ζεῦ) you

κέλhellip δέ on the one handhellip trulyhellip on the one handhellip on the other hand

partlyhellip partly the onehellip the other

νἴθαδε home homeward to home home

Verbs

ἅδνκαη (ἁγ-) (defective) I reverence

δέρνκαη I accept I receive

δέμνκαη I will accept

ἐδεμάκελ (ἐδέγκελ) I accepted

δίδσκη (δσ- δν-) I give I grant

(δη)δώζσ I will give

ἔδσθα I gave

ἐθπέξζσ (πεξζ- πξαζ-) I sack (utterly) I plunder I pillage

ἐθπέξζσ I will sack

ἐμέπεξζα (ἐμέπξαζνλ) I sacked

ἱθλένκαη I arrive I reach (a destination)

ἵμνκαη I will arrive

ἱθόκελ (ῑ) I arrived

174 Translation

1 ζενὶ ἔρνπζηλ ιύκπηα δώκαηα ἔδσθαλ δrsquo Ἀηξεΐδεο θαὶ ἄιινηζηλ ἐπθλεκίδεζζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἐθπέξζαη

(infinitive) πόιηλ Πξηάκνπ ηόηε δrsquo ἵθνλην (ῑ) ἐὺ νἴθαδε νὕλεθα παῖδα θίιελ ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἔιῡζαλ 2 ἀπέιῡζαλ

ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνὶ ζύγαηξα θίιελ ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἐδέμαλην δrsquo ἀγιαὰ ἄπνηλα νὕλεθα ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλα Γηὸο πἱὸλ

ἅδνλην 3 ἅδεηαη ἑθεβόινλ 4 Ἀηξεΐδεο νὐθ ἐδέμαην ηὰ ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα 5 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἔδσθελ ἄπνηλα

πνιιὰ βαζηιῆη Ἀηξεΐδῃ 6 πάληεο ζενὶ θαὶ πᾶζαη ζεαὶ εἶρνλ ιύκπηα δώκαηα 7 Ἀραηνὶ ἐπθλήκῑδεο ἐθπέξζνπζη

Πξηάκνην πόιηλ ἵμνληαη δrsquo ἐπ νἴθαδε 8 παῖο θίιε ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἐιύζαην (ῡ) ἵθεην (ῑ) δrsquo ἐὺ νἴθαδε

KEY

1 The gods have Olympian homes but they gave the son of Atreus and the other well-greaved Achaeans to

utterly sack the city of Priam and then they returned safe at home because they released the dear child of the priest

2 The well-greaved Achaeans released the dear daughter of the priest and received glorious ransoms because they

reverenced the free-shooter Apollo son of Zeus 3 He reverences te free-shooter 4 The son of Atreus did not

receive the glorious ransoms 5 Chryses the priest gave many ransoms to king Atreides 6 All of the gods and all of

the goddesses had Olympian homes 7 The well-greved Achaeans will utterly sack Priamrsquos city and will return safe

to home 8 The dear child of the priest was released and arrived well to her home

175 Iliad 17-21

ltltἈηξεΐδαη ηε θαὶ ἄιινη ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνί

ὑκῖλ κὲλ ζενὶ δνῖελ ιύκπηα δώκαηrsquo ἔρνληεο

ἐθπέξζαη Πξηάκνην πόιηλ ἐὺ δrsquo νἴθαδrsquo ἱθέζζαη

παῖδα δrsquo ἐκνὶ ιῦζαί ηε θίιελ ηά ηrsquo ἄπνηλα δέρεζζαη

ἁδόκελνη Γηὸο πἱὸλ ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλαgtgt

Ἀηξεΐδαηhellip ἄιινη ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνί = vocative case

ὑκῖλ (ῡ) = dat plural of ζύ to you

ζενί = one syllable by synizesis

κέλ (v 18) = correlative of δέ (v 20)

δνῖελ = aor act optative 3rd

plural of δίδσκη may they grant

ἔρνληεο = pres act part nom masc plural of ἔρσ having possessing

ἐθπέξζαη = aor act inf of ἐθπέξζσ to sack utterly

ἱθέζζαη = aor act inf of ἱθένκαη to arrive (compare κάρεζζαη)

ιῦζαη δέρεζζαη = infinitives used as imperatives free and accept

ηά ηrsquo ἄπνηλα (ηά ηε ἄπνηλα) = thesehellip gifts

ἁδόκελνη = pres act part nom masc plural reverencing

KEY

ldquoSons of Atreus and you other well-greaved Achaeans

may the gods who have their homes on Olympus grant you

to utterly sack Priamrsquos city and return safe to home

but release my dear child to me and accept these gifts

reverencing Apollo who shoots at will the son of Zeusrdquo

176 Composition

1 The gods who have (ἔρνληεο) Olympian homes will grant to the sons of Atreus and to the other well-greaved

Achaeans to sack utterly (ἐθπέξζαη) the city of Priam 2 When they sacked the city of Priam they returned happily

home 3 They accepted the shining ransoms and freed the darling daughter of the priest Chryses 4 We reverenced

the free-shooter Apollo son of Leto and Zeus and escaped death 5 Will the son of Atreus accept the shining

ransoms 6 The child of the priest was freed when he gave many shining ransoms which the two sons of Atreus

accepted

KEY

1 ζενὶ ἔρνληεο ιύκπηα δώκαηα δώζνπζη Ἀηξεΐδῃζη θαὶ ἄιινηζηλ ἐπθλεκίδεζζηλ (ῑ) Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἐθπέξζαη πόιηλ

Πξηάκνπ 2 ηόηε ἐμέπεξζαλ πόιηλ Πξηάκνην ἵθνλην (ῑ) ἐὺ νἴθαδε 3 ἐδέμαλην ἀγιαrsquo ἄπνηλα θαὶ ἀπέιῡζαλ ζπγάηεξα

θίιε ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) Υξύζᾱν (ῡ) 4 ἡμάκεζα ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλα Λεηόνο θαὶ Γηὸο πἱόλ θαὶ ζάλαηνλ 5

Ἀηξεΐδεο δέμεηαη ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα 6 παῖο ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἀπειύζαην (ῡ) ηόηε ἔδσθελ ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀγιάα ηὰ

Ἀηξεΐδᾱ ἐδώθαζηλ

Lesson 18

(Perfect and Pluperfect Active of Verbs 904 922 Third Declension γέρων

αἴξ 693-695)

181 Formation of the Perfect and Pluperfect Active

The perfect and pluperfect in all modes experience reduplication of the initial syllable which denotes completed

action Verbs beginning with a single consonant (except ξ) prefix this consonant followed by -ε Thus ιύσ =

ιέιπθα The stem sometimes stands in ablaut relation to the stem of the present as in βαίλσ = βέβεθα A

reduplicated syllable beginning with an aspirated mute is changed to its corresponding voiceless mute in the

reduplicated syllable ie ζλήζθσ = ηέζλεθα In these cases the reduplicated pluperfect adds ἐ- to the reduplicated

syllable ie ιύσ = ιέιπθα = ἐιέιπθε

Vebs beginning with a double consonant two consonants (except a mute followed by a liquid or a nasal) ξ and

some beginning with κ simply augment the stem with the addition of ε-

Verbs beginning in a vowel typically take the temporal augment by lengthening the vowel ie νἴρνκαη =

ᾤρσθα However verbs beginning with a vowel in which an initial consonant has been lost may take the syllabic

augment

Compound verbs typically insert the reduplication and augment between the preposition and the verb ie

ἀπνιύσ = ἀπνιέιπθα = ἀπειειύθε

The first perfect active adds -θα- to the stem followed by the primary endings The first pluperfect active

similarly adds -θε- followed by the secondary endings In general a short final vowel is lengthened before the

addition of the -θα- or -θε- Second perfects and pluperfects active are the older form and are more common in

Homer These omit the θ and simply add -α- or -ε- respectively The second perfects are more common in stems

ending in a consonant

In general the singular perfect and pluperfect active stand in ablaut relation to the dual and plural forms

Perfects and pluperfects are rare in Homer and only occur in some twenty verbs

182 Paradigms λέλυκα and βέβηκα

ιέιπθα ἐιειύθε (ἐιειύθεα)

ιέιπθαο ἐιειύθο (ἐιειύθεαο)

ιέιπθε(λ) ἐιειύθεη (ἐιειύθεε)

ιειύθαηνλ ἐιειύθαηνλ

ιειύθαηνλ ἐιειπθάηελ

ιειύθακελ ἐιειύθεκελ

ιειύθαηε ἐιειύθεηε

ιειύθᾱζη ἐιειύθεζαλ

βέβεθα ἐβεβήθεα (ἐβεβήθε)

βέβεθαο ἐβεβήθεαο (ἐβεβήθεο)

βέβεθε(λ) ἐβεβήθεε (ἐβεβήθεη)

βέβαηνλ ἐβέβαηνλ

βέβαηνλ ἐβεβάηελ

βέβακελ ἐβέβακελ

βέβαηε ἐβέβαηε

βέβᾱζη ἐβέβαζαλ

183 Paradigms γέρων and αἴξ

γέξσλ αἴμ

γέξνληνο αἰγόο

γέξνληη αἰγί

γέξνληα αἶγα

γέξνλ αἴμ

γέξνληε αἶγε

γεξόληνηηλ αἴγνηηλ

γέξνληεο αἶγεο

γεξόλησλ αἰγῶλ

γεξόληεζ(ζ)η (γέξνπζη) αἴγεζ(ζ)η (αἰμί)

γέξνληαο αἶγαο

184 Vocabulary

ἀγνξή ῆο ἡ assembly meeting place gathering harrangue

αἴμ αἰγόο ὁ ἡ goat

Ἄξγνο ενο ηό Argos (both a country and a city in Greece)

γέξσλ νληνο ὁ old man

γῆξαο ανο ηό old age

ἱεξεύο ῆνο ὁ priest holy man

κεξίνλ νπ ηό thigh-bone thigh-piece

πνύο πνδόο ὁ foot

ηαῦξνο νπ ὁ bull

θξήλ θξελόο ἡ diaphragm mind heart soul spirit disposition

δέθαηνο ε νλ tenth

ἡκέηεξνο ε νλ our ours

θνῖινο ε νλ hollow

ὠθύο ὠθεῖα ὠθύ swift speedy

ζλήζθσ die perish

ζαλένκαη

ἔζαλνλ

ηέζλεθα

θεύγσ flee fly escape run (off away along)

θεύμνκαη

ἔθπγνλ

πέθεπγα

Λεηνῦο θαὶ Γηὸο πἱόο ὁ γὰξ βαζηιῆη ρνισζεὶο

λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ ὦξζε θαθήλ ὀιέθνλην δὲ ιᾱνί

δηαζηήηελ = δηεζηήηελ

ἐξίζαληε = aor act part nom dual masc (they two) having quarreled

ηε ἄλαμ originally ηε ϝάλαμ thus allowing the hiatus

ζθσε [ἕσ] = 3rd

pers pron acc dual these two

ἔξηδη is dative of means in strife

κάρεζζαη = pres act infinitive deponent to fight

ρνισζείο = aor pass part nom sing masc having been enraged

Λεηνῦο = contracted form of Λεηόνο

βαζηιῆη = Agamemnon instrumental case by the king

ὀιέθνλην = ὠιέθνλην imperf pass ind 3rd

pers plural were being destroyed or kept

perishing

KEY

Sing O goddess of the accursed wrath of Achilles Peleiades

which brought countless woes to the Achaeans

and cast forth the souls of many valiant warriors to Hades

making them the spoils and feast of both dogs

and vultures But the will of Zeus was accomplished

indeed from the time when at first having quarreled both

Atreides king of men and the divine Achilles separated

Which of the gods of course brought these two together to fight in strife

The son of Leto and Zeus For enraged by the king he

kindled an evil plague up through the camp and the people were destroyed

155 Composition

1 ἠείδνκελ κῆληλ νὐινκέλελ Ἀρηιιῆνο ἐμ νὗ ηὰ πξῶηα Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἀλέξσλ (ἀλδξῶλ) θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο

ἠξηζάηελ θαὶ δηεζηεζάηελ (δηεζηήηελ) 2 ηίο ζεῶλ μπλῆθε (μπλέεθα) Ἀραηνὺο θαὶ ιᾱὸλ Πξηάκνπ ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 3

μπλῆθε (μπλέεθα) ζθσε (ἕν) πἱὸο Λεηόνο (Λεηνῦο) θαὶ Γηὸο ἑθεβόινο ἔξηδη κάρεζζαη 4 Αηξεΐδεο βαζηιεὺο

Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ δῖνο Ἀρηιιεὺο ἐρόισζαλ ἄλαθηα ἑθεβόινλ θαὶ ὁ ὦξζα (ὤξνξε) λνῦζνπο πνιιὰο (ᾱ) θαὶ θαθὰο (ᾱ) ἀλὰ

ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ θαθῶο ὤιεθελ ἀγαζὸλ ιᾱόλ

Lesson 16

(887-897 910 1065-1068 697-703 707 710 732)

161 Formation of Middle Passive and Deponent Verbs

The endings of the middle voice are different from the active voice The passive voice applies the same endings

as the middle voice except in the aorist passive which applies active endings Because the middle and passive voice

are identical (other than the aorist) the context determines whether a verb is used with middle or the passive

meaning The aorist middle is often used with a passive meaning (especially in athematic forms) and the aorist

passive is often used with a middle meaning

The perfect and pluperfect of the middlepassive are athematic with the personal endings attached directly to

the reduplicated stem

The future perfect passive is formed by adding -ζνε to the perfect middle passive lengthening the vowel that

precedes this ending

The first aorist passive is formed by adding -(ζ)ζεε to the stem Before ζ π and β become θ θ and γ become ρ

and η δ ζ become ζ Many verbs have a second aorist passive that drops the ζ altogether

Deponent verbs have no active form but use the middlepassive forms in an active sense

162 Paradigms Present and Future Indicative MiddlePassive of ιύσ

Present

S 1 ιύνκαη

2 ιύεαη [(ιύῃ)]

3 ιύεηαη

D 2 ιύεζζνλ

3 ιύεζζνλ

P 1 ιπόκε(ζ)ζα

2 ιύεζζα

3 ιύνληαη

Future

S 1 ιύζνκαη (ῡ)

2 ιύζεαη (ῡ) [(ιύζῃ (ῡ))]

3 ιύζεηαη (ῡ)

D 2 ιύζεζζνλ (ῡ)

3 ιύζεζζνλ (ῡ)

P 1 ιῡζόκεζα

2 ιύζεζζε (ῡ)

3 ιύζνληαη (ῡ)

163 The Use of Voice in Greek

The active voice indicates that the subject is acting λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ ὦξζε = he kindled a plague up

through the camp

The passive voice indicates that the subject is acted upon Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιή = but the will of Zeus was

being accomplished

The Middle voice denotes one of three meanings

1 The subject acting upon itself πείζνκαη (I convince myself) θαίλνκαη (I show myself)

2 The subject acting for itself θαιένκαη (I call for myself)

3 The subject acting upon something belonging to itself ιύνκαη (I loose my own I ransom)

When determing the difference between the middle and passive keep in mind that the middle voice always

conveys a direct or indirect reference to the subject and that the subject is effect by or has an interest in the action

164 Third Declension Stems in -επ -επ -νπ and -σϝ

Stems in -επ usually became -εϝ and the third declension endings are applied after the ϝ Thus βαζηιεϝνο =

βαζηιῆνο βαηιεϝη = βαζηιῆη βαζηιεϝα = βαζηιῆα etc Note that the ϝ explains why εη (εϝη) does not form an

improper diphthong as well as why the accusative singular ends in -εα (as if the stem ended in a consonant) instead

of -ελ (as if the stem ended in a vowel) Note that when the ending consists of a consonant the -εϝ is contracted to

the diphthong -επ Thus βαζηιεϝο = βαζηιεύο βαζηιεϝ = βαζηιεῦ βαζηιεϝζη = βαζηιεῦζη In rare cases the other

endings also contract the -ε to -ε (ie βαζηιῆνο = βαζηιένο)

In stems ending originally in -ᾱϝ the ᾱ becomes ε in the Ionic dialect These are declined the same as -εϝ

except that -εῡ is formed before consonants instead of -επ Thus λᾱϝο = λεϝο = λεῦο λᾱϝ = λεϝ = λεῦ But note the

exception in the shorter form of the dative plural where λᾱϝζη = λεϝζη = λεπζί (rather than λεῡζη) In contracted

forms the ε usually becomes ε

In stems ending in -σϝ the third declension endings are applied directly to the stem Thus ἡξσϝο = ἥξσο

ἡξσϝνο = ἥξσνο ἡξσϝη = ἥξση ἡξσϝα = ἥξσα etc

In stems ending originally in -ν or -νϝ the third declension endings are applied as usual But keep in mind that -

νϝ is contracted to the diphthong -νπ before a consonant thus βνϝο = βνῦο and βνϝζη = βνπζί But note the

exception that occurs in the accusative singular where βνϝλ = βνῦλ rather than βνϝα

βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

(βαζηιεϝ-) (βνϝ-) (λᾱϝ-) (ἡξσϝ-)

N βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

G βαζηιῆνο [ένο] βνόο λεόο [εόο] ἥξσνο

D βαζηιῆη [έη] βνΐ λεί ἥξση

A βαζηιῆα [έα] βνῦλ [βῶλ] λῆα [έα] ἥξσα

V βαζηιεῦ βνῦ λεῦ ἥξσο

N V A βαζηιῆε βόε λῆε ἥξσε

G D βαζηιήνηηλ βόνηηλ λήνηηλ ἡξώνηηλ

N V βαζηιῆεο βόεο λῆεο ἥξσεο

G βαζηιήσλ βνῶλ λεῶλ [εῶλ] ἡξώσλ

D βαζηιήεζζη βόεζζη λήεζζη [έεζζη] ἡξώεζζη

βαζηιεῦζη βνπζί λεπζί ἥξσζη

A βαζηιῆαο βόαο (βνῦο) λῆαο [έαο] ἥξσαο

165 Third Declension Stems in -εζ -αζ and -νζ

When a stem ends in a vowel plus -ζ the initial ζ is dropped between two vowels Thus γεξαζνο = γέξανο

ἠνζνο = ἠόνο etc

All third declension nouns with stems ending in -εο are neuters and follow the pattern of ἔπνο The third

declension endings are applied as usual except that the nominative vocative and accusative singulars end in -νο

Nouns with stems ending in -νο take -σο in the nominative and vocative singular but otherwise apply the third

declension endings as usual (dropping ζ between two vowels)

ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

(ϝεπεζ-) (γεξαζ-) (ἀϝζνζ- (ᾱ))

N ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

G ἔπενο γέξανο ἠόνο

D ἔπετ γέξατ ἠόη

A ἔπνο γέξαο ἠόα

V ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

N V A ἔπεε γέξαε

G D ἐπένηηλ γεξάνηηλ

N V ἔπεα γέξα(α)

G ἐπέσλ γεξάσλ

D ἐπέεζζη γεξάεζζη

ἔπε(ζ)ζη γέξα(ζ)ζη

A ἔπεα γέξα(α)

166 Third Declension Stems in -καη and -καξ

Stems ending in -καη and -καξ are neuters

Stems in -καη drop the -ηο in the nominative vocative and accusative singular δσκαηο = δῶκα Otherwise the

third declension endings are applied as usual

Stems ending in -καξ are declined like those ending in -καη except in the nominative vocative and accusative

singular (which end in -καξ)

δῶκα ἦκαξ

(δσκαη-) (ἠκαξ- ἠκαη-)

N δῶκα ἦκαξ

G δώκαηνο ἤκαηνο

D δώκαηη ἤκαηη

A δῶκα ἦκαξ

V δῶκα ἦκαξ

N V A δώκαηε ἤκαηε

G D δσκάηνηηλ ἠκάηνηηλ

N V δώκαηα ἤκαηα

G δσκάησλ ἠκάησλ

D δσκάηεζζη ἠκάηεζζη

δώκαζη ἤκαζη

A δώκαηα ἤκαηα

167 Third Declension Stems in -λη and -λ

Stems ending in -λη drop the -λη before ζ and lengthen the preceding vowel thus παληο = πᾶο παληζη = πᾶζη

Otherwise the third declension endings are applied as usual In neuters the -η is dropped at the end of the word thus

παλη = πᾶλ Stems in -λ drop the -λ before ζ and lengthen the preceding vowel in the masculine (but not in the

neuter)

πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

(παλη- παληα- παλη-)

Masc Fem Neut

N πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

G παληόο πάζεο (ᾱ) παληόο

D παληί πάζῃ (ᾱ) παληί

A πάληα πᾶζαλ πᾶλ

V πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

N V πάληεο πᾶζαη πάληα

G πάλησλ πᾱζάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] πάλησλ

D πάληεζ(ζ)η πάζῃζη (ᾱ) πάληεζ(ζ)η

πᾶζη πάζῃο (ᾱ) πᾶζη

A πάληνο πάζᾱο (ᾱ) πάληα

κέιᾱο κέιαηλα κέιαλ

(κειαλ- κειαηλα- κειαλ-)

N κέιᾱο κέιαηλα κέιαλ

G κέιαλνο κειαίλεο κέιαλνο

D κέιαλη κειαίλῃ κέιαλη

A κέιαλα κέιαηλαλ κέιαλ

V κέιαλ κέιαηλα κέιαλ

N V A κέιαλε κειαίλᾱ κέιαλε

G D κειάλνηηλ κειαίλῃηλ κειάλνηηλ

N V κέιαλεο κέιαηλαη κέιαλα

G κειάλσλ κειαηλάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] κειάλσλ

D κειάλεζ(ζ)η κειαίλῃζη κειάλεζ(ζ)η

κέιαζη κειαίλῃο κέιαζη

A κέιαλεο κειαίλᾱο κέιαλα

168 Vocabulary

Nouns

Ἀπόιισλ (ᾰ or ᾰ) σλνο ὁ Apollo

ἀξεηήξ (ᾱ) ῆξνο ὁ priest prayer

ζπγάηεξ ηέξνο (ηξόο) ἡ daughter

θνζκήησξ νξνο ὁ commander marshaller

λεῦο λεόο (λεόο) ἡ ship

ζηέκκα καηνο ηό fillet (of white cotton) wreath

ρείξ ρεηξόο ἡ hand arm

Verbs

ἔξρνκαη (ἐξρ- ἐιε- ἐιεπζ- ἐιπζ-) come go

ἐιεύζνκαη I will come I will go

ἦιζνλ (ἤιπζνλ) I came I went

ιίζζνκαη (ιηη-) I beg I entreat

---

ἐιιηζάκελ (ἐιηηόκελ) I begged I entreated

Adjectives Prepositions

ζνόο ή όλ swift speedy

πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ all every (the) whole

Indeclinable

δύν (δύσ) two

κάιηζηα most especially by all means

169 Translation

1 Ἀπόιισλ ἑθεβόινο ρνινῦηαη βαζηιῆη Αηξεΐδῃ θαὶ πέκπεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ ὀιέθνληαη δὲ

ιᾱνί νὕλεθα δῖνο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) 2 Υξύζεο (ῡ) γὰξ ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἑθεβόινπ ἔξρεηαη

ἐπὶ ζνὰο (ᾱ) λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ θέξεη δrsquo ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα ζπγαηξόο ἣλ Ἀηξεΐδεο ἔρεη ἐλ ζηξαηῷ 3 ὁ δrsquo ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἔρεη

ζηέκκαηα ἑθεβόινπ Ἀπόιισλνο ἐλ ρεξζὶλ ἀλὰ ρξῡζέῳ ζθήπηξῳ θαὶ ιίζζεηαη πάληαο Ἀραηνύο κάιηζηα δrsquo Ἀηξεΐδᾱ

δύσ θνζκήηνξε ιᾱῶλ 4 Ἀπόιισλ ρνιώζεηαη βαζηιῆη θαὶ ὄξζεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηόλ 5 ἐιεύζνληαη ἐπὶ ζνὰο

(ᾱ) λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ νἴζνπζη ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα βαζηιῆη 6 ιίζζνληαη πάληαο Ἀραηνύο 7 Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζελ (ῑ)

ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) θαὶ νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε ζύγαηξα

KEY

1 Apollo the free-shooter enraged by king Atreides sent an evil plague through the camp of the Achaeans and

the people were destroyed because the divine Atreides dishonored Chryses the priest 2 For Chryses the priest of

the free-shooter went upon the swift ships of the Achaeans bearing countless ransoms for his daughter whom

Atreides was holding in the camp 3 But the priest had a wreath of Apollo the free-shooter upon a staff in his hand

and was entreating all of the Achaeans but especially the sons of Atreus (who were) the commanders of the host 4

Apollo will be enraged by the king and will kindle an evil plague up through the camp 5 They will go upon the

swift ships of the Achaeans and bring countless ransoms to the king 6 They are entreating all of the Achaeans 7

Atreides dishonored the priest and would not release his daughter

1610 Iliad 11-16

hellipὀιέθνλην δὲ ιᾱνί

νὕλεθα ηὸλ Υξύζελ ἠηίκαζελ ἀξεηῆξα

Αηξεΐδεο ὁ γὰξ ἦιζε ζνὰο ἐπὶ λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ

ιπζόκελνο ηε ζύγαηξα θέξσλ ηrsquo ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα

ζηέκκαηrsquo ἔρσλ ἐλ ρεξζὶλ ἑθεβόινπ Ἀπόιισλνο

ρξπζέῳ ἀλὰ ζθήπηξῳ θαὶ ἐιίζζεην πάληαο Ἀραηνύο

Ἀηξεΐδα δὲ κάιηζηα δύσ θνζκήηνξε ιαῶλ

ηόλ Υξύζελ = that (well-known) Chryses

The first verse ends in two spondees making it a spondaic verse and emphasizing the fact that

Chryses was a priest

ιῡζόκελνο = fut mid part nom masc sing being about to ransom

θέξσλ = pres act part nom sing masc bearing bringing

ἔρσλ = pres act part nom sing masc having holding

ρεξζὶλ ἑθεβόινπ = ρεξζὶ ϝεθεβόινπ

ρξῡζέῳ = synizesis where -έῳ is pronounced as a single syllable

ἐιίζζεην = imperf act ind 3rd

pers sing dep (kept) entreating was entreating

Ἀηξεΐδᾱ = dual of Ἀηξεΐδεο refers to both Agamemnon and Menelaus

KEY

hellipand the people were being destroyed

because Atreides dishonored Chryses the priest

For he had gone upon the swift ships of the Achaeans

intending to ransom his daughter bearing countless gifts

and holding in his hand fillets of Apollo the free-shooter

upon a golden staff and was entreating all of the Achaeans

but especially the two sons of Atreus the commanders of the host

1611 Composition

1 Chryses the priest of Apollo is dishonored by the son of Atreus 2 The Achaeans will go from their swift

ships to Troy and ransom the beloved daughter of the priest 3 We shall bring many ransoms and shall hold in our

hands the fillets of Apollo 4 We do not have a golden scepter but we entreat Priam and all the people of Troy 5

The two sons of Atreus marshallers of the people are entreating Priam but he will slight them 6 The son of

Atreus king of men slighted the priest and did not release his daughter

KEY

1 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) Ἀπόιινπ ἀηῑκάδεηαη Ἀηξεΐδῃ 2 Ἀραηνὶ ἐιεύζνληαη ἐθ ζνάσλ (ᾱ) λήσλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ (ῑ)

θαὶ ἀπειύζνληαη (ῡ) θίιε ζπγάηεξα ἀξεηῆξη (ᾱ) 3 νἴζνκελ πνιιrsquo ἄπνηλα θαὶ ἕζρνκελ ἐλ ρείξεζζη ζηέκκαηα

Ἀπόιινπ 4 νὐθ ἔρνκελ ζθῆπηξνλ ρξύζενλ ἀιιὰ ιηζζόκεζα Πξίακνλ θαὶ πᾶληα ιᾱνλ Ἰιίνπ (ῑ) 5 δύrsquo Ἀηξεΐδᾱ

θνζκήηεξᾱ ιᾱσλ ιίζζεζζνλ Πξίακνλ αὐηνὺο δrsquo ἀηῑκάζεη 6 Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἄλδξσλ ἠηίκαζελ (ῑ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) θαὶ

νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε ζπγάηεξα

1612 Meter

ΟΤ λε θα | ΣΟΝ ΥΡΤ | ΖΝ Ζ | ΣΗ κα ζελ | Α ΡΖ | ΣΖ ΡΑ~

Α ηξε η | ΓΖ ν γαξ | ΖΛ ζε ζν | Α ε πη | ΝΖ αο α | ΥΑΗ ΧΝ

ΛΤ ζν κε | ΝΟ ηε ζπ | ΓΑΣ ξα θε | ΡΧΝ ηα πε | ΡΔΗ ζη α | ΠΟΗ ΝΑ~

ΣΔΜ καη ε | ΥΧΝ ΔΝ | ΥΔΡ ζηλ ε | ΚΖ βν ινπ | Α ΠΟΛ | ΛΧ ΝΟ~

ΥΡΤζεσα | ΝΑ ΚΖΠ | ΣΡΧ θαη ε | ΛΗ ζε ην | ΠΑΝ ηαο α | ΥΑΗ ΟΤ

ΑΣ ξε η | ΓΑ δε κα | ΛΗ ηα δπ | Χ ΚΟ | ΜΖ ην ξε | ΛΑ ΧΝ

Lesson 17

(910 - imperfect middle and passive aorist middle of ιύσ 648-658 - the table

of endings in 32)

171 Paradigms Imperfect MiddlePassive of ιύσ

S 1 ἐιπόκελ

2 ἐιύεν [(ἐιύεπ)]

3 ἐιύεην

D 2 ἐιύεζζνλ

3 ἐιπέζζελ

P 1 ἐιπόκε(ζ)ζα

2 ἐιύεζζε

3 ἐιύνλην

172 Paradigms Aorist Middle of ιύσ

Thematic Athematic (2nd

Aorist)

S 1 ἐιῡζάκελ ἐιύκελ

2 ἐιύζαν (ῡ) [(ἐιύζσ (ῡ))] ἔιπ(ζ)ν

3 ἐιύζαην (ῡ) ἔιπην

D 2 ἐιύζαζζνλ (ῡ) ἔιπζζνλ

3 ἐιῡζάζζελ ἐιύζζελ

P 1 ἐιῡζάκε(ζ)ζα ἐιύκε(ζ)ζα

2 ἐιύζαζζε (ῡ) ἔιπζζε

3 ἐιύζαλην (ῡ) ἔιπλην

173 Vocabulary

δῶκα αηνο ηό house home

παῖο παηδόο ὁ ἡ child son daughter

π(η)όιηο ηνο (ενο) ἡ city state

ἐπθλήκῑο ῑδνο well-greaved

ἐγώ(λ) κέν (κεῦ) I

ζύ ζέν (ζεῦ) you

κέλhellip δέ on the one handhellip trulyhellip on the one handhellip on the other hand

partlyhellip partly the onehellip the other

νἴθαδε home homeward to home home

Verbs

ἅδνκαη (ἁγ-) (defective) I reverence

δέρνκαη I accept I receive

δέμνκαη I will accept

ἐδεμάκελ (ἐδέγκελ) I accepted

δίδσκη (δσ- δν-) I give I grant

(δη)δώζσ I will give

ἔδσθα I gave

ἐθπέξζσ (πεξζ- πξαζ-) I sack (utterly) I plunder I pillage

ἐθπέξζσ I will sack

ἐμέπεξζα (ἐμέπξαζνλ) I sacked

ἱθλένκαη I arrive I reach (a destination)

ἵμνκαη I will arrive

ἱθόκελ (ῑ) I arrived

174 Translation

1 ζενὶ ἔρνπζηλ ιύκπηα δώκαηα ἔδσθαλ δrsquo Ἀηξεΐδεο θαὶ ἄιινηζηλ ἐπθλεκίδεζζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἐθπέξζαη

(infinitive) πόιηλ Πξηάκνπ ηόηε δrsquo ἵθνλην (ῑ) ἐὺ νἴθαδε νὕλεθα παῖδα θίιελ ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἔιῡζαλ 2 ἀπέιῡζαλ

ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνὶ ζύγαηξα θίιελ ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἐδέμαλην δrsquo ἀγιαὰ ἄπνηλα νὕλεθα ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλα Γηὸο πἱὸλ

ἅδνλην 3 ἅδεηαη ἑθεβόινλ 4 Ἀηξεΐδεο νὐθ ἐδέμαην ηὰ ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα 5 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἔδσθελ ἄπνηλα

πνιιὰ βαζηιῆη Ἀηξεΐδῃ 6 πάληεο ζενὶ θαὶ πᾶζαη ζεαὶ εἶρνλ ιύκπηα δώκαηα 7 Ἀραηνὶ ἐπθλήκῑδεο ἐθπέξζνπζη

Πξηάκνην πόιηλ ἵμνληαη δrsquo ἐπ νἴθαδε 8 παῖο θίιε ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἐιύζαην (ῡ) ἵθεην (ῑ) δrsquo ἐὺ νἴθαδε

KEY

1 The gods have Olympian homes but they gave the son of Atreus and the other well-greaved Achaeans to

utterly sack the city of Priam and then they returned safe at home because they released the dear child of the priest

2 The well-greaved Achaeans released the dear daughter of the priest and received glorious ransoms because they

reverenced the free-shooter Apollo son of Zeus 3 He reverences te free-shooter 4 The son of Atreus did not

receive the glorious ransoms 5 Chryses the priest gave many ransoms to king Atreides 6 All of the gods and all of

the goddesses had Olympian homes 7 The well-greved Achaeans will utterly sack Priamrsquos city and will return safe

to home 8 The dear child of the priest was released and arrived well to her home

175 Iliad 17-21

ltltἈηξεΐδαη ηε θαὶ ἄιινη ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνί

ὑκῖλ κὲλ ζενὶ δνῖελ ιύκπηα δώκαηrsquo ἔρνληεο

ἐθπέξζαη Πξηάκνην πόιηλ ἐὺ δrsquo νἴθαδrsquo ἱθέζζαη

παῖδα δrsquo ἐκνὶ ιῦζαί ηε θίιελ ηά ηrsquo ἄπνηλα δέρεζζαη

ἁδόκελνη Γηὸο πἱὸλ ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλαgtgt

Ἀηξεΐδαηhellip ἄιινη ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνί = vocative case

ὑκῖλ (ῡ) = dat plural of ζύ to you

ζενί = one syllable by synizesis

κέλ (v 18) = correlative of δέ (v 20)

δνῖελ = aor act optative 3rd

plural of δίδσκη may they grant

ἔρνληεο = pres act part nom masc plural of ἔρσ having possessing

ἐθπέξζαη = aor act inf of ἐθπέξζσ to sack utterly

ἱθέζζαη = aor act inf of ἱθένκαη to arrive (compare κάρεζζαη)

ιῦζαη δέρεζζαη = infinitives used as imperatives free and accept

ηά ηrsquo ἄπνηλα (ηά ηε ἄπνηλα) = thesehellip gifts

ἁδόκελνη = pres act part nom masc plural reverencing

KEY

ldquoSons of Atreus and you other well-greaved Achaeans

may the gods who have their homes on Olympus grant you

to utterly sack Priamrsquos city and return safe to home

but release my dear child to me and accept these gifts

reverencing Apollo who shoots at will the son of Zeusrdquo

176 Composition

1 The gods who have (ἔρνληεο) Olympian homes will grant to the sons of Atreus and to the other well-greaved

Achaeans to sack utterly (ἐθπέξζαη) the city of Priam 2 When they sacked the city of Priam they returned happily

home 3 They accepted the shining ransoms and freed the darling daughter of the priest Chryses 4 We reverenced

the free-shooter Apollo son of Leto and Zeus and escaped death 5 Will the son of Atreus accept the shining

ransoms 6 The child of the priest was freed when he gave many shining ransoms which the two sons of Atreus

accepted

KEY

1 ζενὶ ἔρνληεο ιύκπηα δώκαηα δώζνπζη Ἀηξεΐδῃζη θαὶ ἄιινηζηλ ἐπθλεκίδεζζηλ (ῑ) Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἐθπέξζαη πόιηλ

Πξηάκνπ 2 ηόηε ἐμέπεξζαλ πόιηλ Πξηάκνην ἵθνλην (ῑ) ἐὺ νἴθαδε 3 ἐδέμαλην ἀγιαrsquo ἄπνηλα θαὶ ἀπέιῡζαλ ζπγάηεξα

θίιε ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) Υξύζᾱν (ῡ) 4 ἡμάκεζα ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλα Λεηόνο θαὶ Γηὸο πἱόλ θαὶ ζάλαηνλ 5

Ἀηξεΐδεο δέμεηαη ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα 6 παῖο ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἀπειύζαην (ῡ) ηόηε ἔδσθελ ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀγιάα ηὰ

Ἀηξεΐδᾱ ἐδώθαζηλ

Lesson 18

(Perfect and Pluperfect Active of Verbs 904 922 Third Declension γέρων

αἴξ 693-695)

181 Formation of the Perfect and Pluperfect Active

The perfect and pluperfect in all modes experience reduplication of the initial syllable which denotes completed

action Verbs beginning with a single consonant (except ξ) prefix this consonant followed by -ε Thus ιύσ =

ιέιπθα The stem sometimes stands in ablaut relation to the stem of the present as in βαίλσ = βέβεθα A

reduplicated syllable beginning with an aspirated mute is changed to its corresponding voiceless mute in the

reduplicated syllable ie ζλήζθσ = ηέζλεθα In these cases the reduplicated pluperfect adds ἐ- to the reduplicated

syllable ie ιύσ = ιέιπθα = ἐιέιπθε

Vebs beginning with a double consonant two consonants (except a mute followed by a liquid or a nasal) ξ and

some beginning with κ simply augment the stem with the addition of ε-

Verbs beginning in a vowel typically take the temporal augment by lengthening the vowel ie νἴρνκαη =

ᾤρσθα However verbs beginning with a vowel in which an initial consonant has been lost may take the syllabic

augment

Compound verbs typically insert the reduplication and augment between the preposition and the verb ie

ἀπνιύσ = ἀπνιέιπθα = ἀπειειύθε

The first perfect active adds -θα- to the stem followed by the primary endings The first pluperfect active

similarly adds -θε- followed by the secondary endings In general a short final vowel is lengthened before the

addition of the -θα- or -θε- Second perfects and pluperfects active are the older form and are more common in

Homer These omit the θ and simply add -α- or -ε- respectively The second perfects are more common in stems

ending in a consonant

In general the singular perfect and pluperfect active stand in ablaut relation to the dual and plural forms

Perfects and pluperfects are rare in Homer and only occur in some twenty verbs

182 Paradigms λέλυκα and βέβηκα

ιέιπθα ἐιειύθε (ἐιειύθεα)

ιέιπθαο ἐιειύθο (ἐιειύθεαο)

ιέιπθε(λ) ἐιειύθεη (ἐιειύθεε)

ιειύθαηνλ ἐιειύθαηνλ

ιειύθαηνλ ἐιειπθάηελ

ιειύθακελ ἐιειύθεκελ

ιειύθαηε ἐιειύθεηε

ιειύθᾱζη ἐιειύθεζαλ

βέβεθα ἐβεβήθεα (ἐβεβήθε)

βέβεθαο ἐβεβήθεαο (ἐβεβήθεο)

βέβεθε(λ) ἐβεβήθεε (ἐβεβήθεη)

βέβαηνλ ἐβέβαηνλ

βέβαηνλ ἐβεβάηελ

βέβακελ ἐβέβακελ

βέβαηε ἐβέβαηε

βέβᾱζη ἐβέβαζαλ

183 Paradigms γέρων and αἴξ

γέξσλ αἴμ

γέξνληνο αἰγόο

γέξνληη αἰγί

γέξνληα αἶγα

γέξνλ αἴμ

γέξνληε αἶγε

γεξόληνηηλ αἴγνηηλ

γέξνληεο αἶγεο

γεξόλησλ αἰγῶλ

γεξόληεζ(ζ)η (γέξνπζη) αἴγεζ(ζ)η (αἰμί)

γέξνληαο αἶγαο

184 Vocabulary

ἀγνξή ῆο ἡ assembly meeting place gathering harrangue

αἴμ αἰγόο ὁ ἡ goat

Ἄξγνο ενο ηό Argos (both a country and a city in Greece)

γέξσλ νληνο ὁ old man

γῆξαο ανο ηό old age

ἱεξεύο ῆνο ὁ priest holy man

κεξίνλ νπ ηό thigh-bone thigh-piece

πνύο πνδόο ὁ foot

ηαῦξνο νπ ὁ bull

θξήλ θξελόο ἡ diaphragm mind heart soul spirit disposition

δέθαηνο ε νλ tenth

ἡκέηεξνο ε νλ our ours

θνῖινο ε νλ hollow

ὠθύο ὠθεῖα ὠθύ swift speedy

ζλήζθσ die perish

ζαλένκαη

ἔζαλνλ

ηέζλεθα

θεύγσ flee fly escape run (off away along)

θεύμνκαη

ἔθπγνλ

πέθεπγα

The future perfect passive is formed by adding -ζνε to the perfect middle passive lengthening the vowel that

precedes this ending

The first aorist passive is formed by adding -(ζ)ζεε to the stem Before ζ π and β become θ θ and γ become ρ

and η δ ζ become ζ Many verbs have a second aorist passive that drops the ζ altogether

Deponent verbs have no active form but use the middlepassive forms in an active sense

162 Paradigms Present and Future Indicative MiddlePassive of ιύσ

Present

S 1 ιύνκαη

2 ιύεαη [(ιύῃ)]

3 ιύεηαη

D 2 ιύεζζνλ

3 ιύεζζνλ

P 1 ιπόκε(ζ)ζα

2 ιύεζζα

3 ιύνληαη

Future

S 1 ιύζνκαη (ῡ)

2 ιύζεαη (ῡ) [(ιύζῃ (ῡ))]

3 ιύζεηαη (ῡ)

D 2 ιύζεζζνλ (ῡ)

3 ιύζεζζνλ (ῡ)

P 1 ιῡζόκεζα

2 ιύζεζζε (ῡ)

3 ιύζνληαη (ῡ)

163 The Use of Voice in Greek

The active voice indicates that the subject is acting λνῦζνλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ ὦξζε = he kindled a plague up

through the camp

The passive voice indicates that the subject is acted upon Γηὸο δrsquo ἐηειείεην βνπιή = but the will of Zeus was

being accomplished

The Middle voice denotes one of three meanings

1 The subject acting upon itself πείζνκαη (I convince myself) θαίλνκαη (I show myself)

2 The subject acting for itself θαιένκαη (I call for myself)

3 The subject acting upon something belonging to itself ιύνκαη (I loose my own I ransom)

When determing the difference between the middle and passive keep in mind that the middle voice always

conveys a direct or indirect reference to the subject and that the subject is effect by or has an interest in the action

164 Third Declension Stems in -επ -επ -νπ and -σϝ

Stems in -επ usually became -εϝ and the third declension endings are applied after the ϝ Thus βαζηιεϝνο =

βαζηιῆνο βαηιεϝη = βαζηιῆη βαζηιεϝα = βαζηιῆα etc Note that the ϝ explains why εη (εϝη) does not form an

improper diphthong as well as why the accusative singular ends in -εα (as if the stem ended in a consonant) instead

of -ελ (as if the stem ended in a vowel) Note that when the ending consists of a consonant the -εϝ is contracted to

the diphthong -επ Thus βαζηιεϝο = βαζηιεύο βαζηιεϝ = βαζηιεῦ βαζηιεϝζη = βαζηιεῦζη In rare cases the other

endings also contract the -ε to -ε (ie βαζηιῆνο = βαζηιένο)

In stems ending originally in -ᾱϝ the ᾱ becomes ε in the Ionic dialect These are declined the same as -εϝ

except that -εῡ is formed before consonants instead of -επ Thus λᾱϝο = λεϝο = λεῦο λᾱϝ = λεϝ = λεῦ But note the

exception in the shorter form of the dative plural where λᾱϝζη = λεϝζη = λεπζί (rather than λεῡζη) In contracted

forms the ε usually becomes ε

In stems ending in -σϝ the third declension endings are applied directly to the stem Thus ἡξσϝο = ἥξσο

ἡξσϝνο = ἥξσνο ἡξσϝη = ἥξση ἡξσϝα = ἥξσα etc

In stems ending originally in -ν or -νϝ the third declension endings are applied as usual But keep in mind that -

νϝ is contracted to the diphthong -νπ before a consonant thus βνϝο = βνῦο and βνϝζη = βνπζί But note the

exception that occurs in the accusative singular where βνϝλ = βνῦλ rather than βνϝα

βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

(βαζηιεϝ-) (βνϝ-) (λᾱϝ-) (ἡξσϝ-)

N βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

G βαζηιῆνο [ένο] βνόο λεόο [εόο] ἥξσνο

D βαζηιῆη [έη] βνΐ λεί ἥξση

A βαζηιῆα [έα] βνῦλ [βῶλ] λῆα [έα] ἥξσα

V βαζηιεῦ βνῦ λεῦ ἥξσο

N V A βαζηιῆε βόε λῆε ἥξσε

G D βαζηιήνηηλ βόνηηλ λήνηηλ ἡξώνηηλ

N V βαζηιῆεο βόεο λῆεο ἥξσεο

G βαζηιήσλ βνῶλ λεῶλ [εῶλ] ἡξώσλ

D βαζηιήεζζη βόεζζη λήεζζη [έεζζη] ἡξώεζζη

βαζηιεῦζη βνπζί λεπζί ἥξσζη

A βαζηιῆαο βόαο (βνῦο) λῆαο [έαο] ἥξσαο

165 Third Declension Stems in -εζ -αζ and -νζ

When a stem ends in a vowel plus -ζ the initial ζ is dropped between two vowels Thus γεξαζνο = γέξανο

ἠνζνο = ἠόνο etc

All third declension nouns with stems ending in -εο are neuters and follow the pattern of ἔπνο The third

declension endings are applied as usual except that the nominative vocative and accusative singulars end in -νο

Nouns with stems ending in -νο take -σο in the nominative and vocative singular but otherwise apply the third

declension endings as usual (dropping ζ between two vowels)

ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

(ϝεπεζ-) (γεξαζ-) (ἀϝζνζ- (ᾱ))

N ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

G ἔπενο γέξανο ἠόνο

D ἔπετ γέξατ ἠόη

A ἔπνο γέξαο ἠόα

V ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

N V A ἔπεε γέξαε

G D ἐπένηηλ γεξάνηηλ

N V ἔπεα γέξα(α)

G ἐπέσλ γεξάσλ

D ἐπέεζζη γεξάεζζη

ἔπε(ζ)ζη γέξα(ζ)ζη

A ἔπεα γέξα(α)

166 Third Declension Stems in -καη and -καξ

Stems ending in -καη and -καξ are neuters

Stems in -καη drop the -ηο in the nominative vocative and accusative singular δσκαηο = δῶκα Otherwise the

third declension endings are applied as usual

Stems ending in -καξ are declined like those ending in -καη except in the nominative vocative and accusative

singular (which end in -καξ)

δῶκα ἦκαξ

(δσκαη-) (ἠκαξ- ἠκαη-)

N δῶκα ἦκαξ

G δώκαηνο ἤκαηνο

D δώκαηη ἤκαηη

A δῶκα ἦκαξ

V δῶκα ἦκαξ

N V A δώκαηε ἤκαηε

G D δσκάηνηηλ ἠκάηνηηλ

N V δώκαηα ἤκαηα

G δσκάησλ ἠκάησλ

D δσκάηεζζη ἠκάηεζζη

δώκαζη ἤκαζη

A δώκαηα ἤκαηα

167 Third Declension Stems in -λη and -λ

Stems ending in -λη drop the -λη before ζ and lengthen the preceding vowel thus παληο = πᾶο παληζη = πᾶζη

Otherwise the third declension endings are applied as usual In neuters the -η is dropped at the end of the word thus

παλη = πᾶλ Stems in -λ drop the -λ before ζ and lengthen the preceding vowel in the masculine (but not in the

neuter)

πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

(παλη- παληα- παλη-)

Masc Fem Neut

N πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

G παληόο πάζεο (ᾱ) παληόο

D παληί πάζῃ (ᾱ) παληί

A πάληα πᾶζαλ πᾶλ

V πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

N V πάληεο πᾶζαη πάληα

G πάλησλ πᾱζάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] πάλησλ

D πάληεζ(ζ)η πάζῃζη (ᾱ) πάληεζ(ζ)η

πᾶζη πάζῃο (ᾱ) πᾶζη

A πάληνο πάζᾱο (ᾱ) πάληα

κέιᾱο κέιαηλα κέιαλ

(κειαλ- κειαηλα- κειαλ-)

N κέιᾱο κέιαηλα κέιαλ

G κέιαλνο κειαίλεο κέιαλνο

D κέιαλη κειαίλῃ κέιαλη

A κέιαλα κέιαηλαλ κέιαλ

V κέιαλ κέιαηλα κέιαλ

N V A κέιαλε κειαίλᾱ κέιαλε

G D κειάλνηηλ κειαίλῃηλ κειάλνηηλ

N V κέιαλεο κέιαηλαη κέιαλα

G κειάλσλ κειαηλάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] κειάλσλ

D κειάλεζ(ζ)η κειαίλῃζη κειάλεζ(ζ)η

κέιαζη κειαίλῃο κέιαζη

A κέιαλεο κειαίλᾱο κέιαλα

168 Vocabulary

Nouns

Ἀπόιισλ (ᾰ or ᾰ) σλνο ὁ Apollo

ἀξεηήξ (ᾱ) ῆξνο ὁ priest prayer

ζπγάηεξ ηέξνο (ηξόο) ἡ daughter

θνζκήησξ νξνο ὁ commander marshaller

λεῦο λεόο (λεόο) ἡ ship

ζηέκκα καηνο ηό fillet (of white cotton) wreath

ρείξ ρεηξόο ἡ hand arm

Verbs

ἔξρνκαη (ἐξρ- ἐιε- ἐιεπζ- ἐιπζ-) come go

ἐιεύζνκαη I will come I will go

ἦιζνλ (ἤιπζνλ) I came I went

ιίζζνκαη (ιηη-) I beg I entreat

---

ἐιιηζάκελ (ἐιηηόκελ) I begged I entreated

Adjectives Prepositions

ζνόο ή όλ swift speedy

πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ all every (the) whole

Indeclinable

δύν (δύσ) two

κάιηζηα most especially by all means

169 Translation

1 Ἀπόιισλ ἑθεβόινο ρνινῦηαη βαζηιῆη Αηξεΐδῃ θαὶ πέκπεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ ὀιέθνληαη δὲ

ιᾱνί νὕλεθα δῖνο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) 2 Υξύζεο (ῡ) γὰξ ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἑθεβόινπ ἔξρεηαη

ἐπὶ ζνὰο (ᾱ) λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ θέξεη δrsquo ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα ζπγαηξόο ἣλ Ἀηξεΐδεο ἔρεη ἐλ ζηξαηῷ 3 ὁ δrsquo ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἔρεη

ζηέκκαηα ἑθεβόινπ Ἀπόιισλνο ἐλ ρεξζὶλ ἀλὰ ρξῡζέῳ ζθήπηξῳ θαὶ ιίζζεηαη πάληαο Ἀραηνύο κάιηζηα δrsquo Ἀηξεΐδᾱ

δύσ θνζκήηνξε ιᾱῶλ 4 Ἀπόιισλ ρνιώζεηαη βαζηιῆη θαὶ ὄξζεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηόλ 5 ἐιεύζνληαη ἐπὶ ζνὰο

(ᾱ) λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ νἴζνπζη ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα βαζηιῆη 6 ιίζζνληαη πάληαο Ἀραηνύο 7 Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζελ (ῑ)

ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) θαὶ νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε ζύγαηξα

KEY

1 Apollo the free-shooter enraged by king Atreides sent an evil plague through the camp of the Achaeans and

the people were destroyed because the divine Atreides dishonored Chryses the priest 2 For Chryses the priest of

the free-shooter went upon the swift ships of the Achaeans bearing countless ransoms for his daughter whom

Atreides was holding in the camp 3 But the priest had a wreath of Apollo the free-shooter upon a staff in his hand

and was entreating all of the Achaeans but especially the sons of Atreus (who were) the commanders of the host 4

Apollo will be enraged by the king and will kindle an evil plague up through the camp 5 They will go upon the

swift ships of the Achaeans and bring countless ransoms to the king 6 They are entreating all of the Achaeans 7

Atreides dishonored the priest and would not release his daughter

1610 Iliad 11-16

hellipὀιέθνλην δὲ ιᾱνί

νὕλεθα ηὸλ Υξύζελ ἠηίκαζελ ἀξεηῆξα

Αηξεΐδεο ὁ γὰξ ἦιζε ζνὰο ἐπὶ λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ

ιπζόκελνο ηε ζύγαηξα θέξσλ ηrsquo ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα

ζηέκκαηrsquo ἔρσλ ἐλ ρεξζὶλ ἑθεβόινπ Ἀπόιισλνο

ρξπζέῳ ἀλὰ ζθήπηξῳ θαὶ ἐιίζζεην πάληαο Ἀραηνύο

Ἀηξεΐδα δὲ κάιηζηα δύσ θνζκήηνξε ιαῶλ

ηόλ Υξύζελ = that (well-known) Chryses

The first verse ends in two spondees making it a spondaic verse and emphasizing the fact that

Chryses was a priest

ιῡζόκελνο = fut mid part nom masc sing being about to ransom

θέξσλ = pres act part nom sing masc bearing bringing

ἔρσλ = pres act part nom sing masc having holding

ρεξζὶλ ἑθεβόινπ = ρεξζὶ ϝεθεβόινπ

ρξῡζέῳ = synizesis where -έῳ is pronounced as a single syllable

ἐιίζζεην = imperf act ind 3rd

pers sing dep (kept) entreating was entreating

Ἀηξεΐδᾱ = dual of Ἀηξεΐδεο refers to both Agamemnon and Menelaus

KEY

hellipand the people were being destroyed

because Atreides dishonored Chryses the priest

For he had gone upon the swift ships of the Achaeans

intending to ransom his daughter bearing countless gifts

and holding in his hand fillets of Apollo the free-shooter

upon a golden staff and was entreating all of the Achaeans

but especially the two sons of Atreus the commanders of the host

1611 Composition

1 Chryses the priest of Apollo is dishonored by the son of Atreus 2 The Achaeans will go from their swift

ships to Troy and ransom the beloved daughter of the priest 3 We shall bring many ransoms and shall hold in our

hands the fillets of Apollo 4 We do not have a golden scepter but we entreat Priam and all the people of Troy 5

The two sons of Atreus marshallers of the people are entreating Priam but he will slight them 6 The son of

Atreus king of men slighted the priest and did not release his daughter

KEY

1 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) Ἀπόιινπ ἀηῑκάδεηαη Ἀηξεΐδῃ 2 Ἀραηνὶ ἐιεύζνληαη ἐθ ζνάσλ (ᾱ) λήσλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ (ῑ)

θαὶ ἀπειύζνληαη (ῡ) θίιε ζπγάηεξα ἀξεηῆξη (ᾱ) 3 νἴζνκελ πνιιrsquo ἄπνηλα θαὶ ἕζρνκελ ἐλ ρείξεζζη ζηέκκαηα

Ἀπόιινπ 4 νὐθ ἔρνκελ ζθῆπηξνλ ρξύζενλ ἀιιὰ ιηζζόκεζα Πξίακνλ θαὶ πᾶληα ιᾱνλ Ἰιίνπ (ῑ) 5 δύrsquo Ἀηξεΐδᾱ

θνζκήηεξᾱ ιᾱσλ ιίζζεζζνλ Πξίακνλ αὐηνὺο δrsquo ἀηῑκάζεη 6 Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἄλδξσλ ἠηίκαζελ (ῑ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) θαὶ

νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε ζπγάηεξα

1612 Meter

ΟΤ λε θα | ΣΟΝ ΥΡΤ | ΖΝ Ζ | ΣΗ κα ζελ | Α ΡΖ | ΣΖ ΡΑ~

Α ηξε η | ΓΖ ν γαξ | ΖΛ ζε ζν | Α ε πη | ΝΖ αο α | ΥΑΗ ΧΝ

ΛΤ ζν κε | ΝΟ ηε ζπ | ΓΑΣ ξα θε | ΡΧΝ ηα πε | ΡΔΗ ζη α | ΠΟΗ ΝΑ~

ΣΔΜ καη ε | ΥΧΝ ΔΝ | ΥΔΡ ζηλ ε | ΚΖ βν ινπ | Α ΠΟΛ | ΛΧ ΝΟ~

ΥΡΤζεσα | ΝΑ ΚΖΠ | ΣΡΧ θαη ε | ΛΗ ζε ην | ΠΑΝ ηαο α | ΥΑΗ ΟΤ

ΑΣ ξε η | ΓΑ δε κα | ΛΗ ηα δπ | Χ ΚΟ | ΜΖ ην ξε | ΛΑ ΧΝ

Lesson 17

(910 - imperfect middle and passive aorist middle of ιύσ 648-658 - the table

of endings in 32)

171 Paradigms Imperfect MiddlePassive of ιύσ

S 1 ἐιπόκελ

2 ἐιύεν [(ἐιύεπ)]

3 ἐιύεην

D 2 ἐιύεζζνλ

3 ἐιπέζζελ

P 1 ἐιπόκε(ζ)ζα

2 ἐιύεζζε

3 ἐιύνλην

172 Paradigms Aorist Middle of ιύσ

Thematic Athematic (2nd

Aorist)

S 1 ἐιῡζάκελ ἐιύκελ

2 ἐιύζαν (ῡ) [(ἐιύζσ (ῡ))] ἔιπ(ζ)ν

3 ἐιύζαην (ῡ) ἔιπην

D 2 ἐιύζαζζνλ (ῡ) ἔιπζζνλ

3 ἐιῡζάζζελ ἐιύζζελ

P 1 ἐιῡζάκε(ζ)ζα ἐιύκε(ζ)ζα

2 ἐιύζαζζε (ῡ) ἔιπζζε

3 ἐιύζαλην (ῡ) ἔιπλην

173 Vocabulary

δῶκα αηνο ηό house home

παῖο παηδόο ὁ ἡ child son daughter

π(η)όιηο ηνο (ενο) ἡ city state

ἐπθλήκῑο ῑδνο well-greaved

ἐγώ(λ) κέν (κεῦ) I

ζύ ζέν (ζεῦ) you

κέλhellip δέ on the one handhellip trulyhellip on the one handhellip on the other hand

partlyhellip partly the onehellip the other

νἴθαδε home homeward to home home

Verbs

ἅδνκαη (ἁγ-) (defective) I reverence

δέρνκαη I accept I receive

δέμνκαη I will accept

ἐδεμάκελ (ἐδέγκελ) I accepted

δίδσκη (δσ- δν-) I give I grant

(δη)δώζσ I will give

ἔδσθα I gave

ἐθπέξζσ (πεξζ- πξαζ-) I sack (utterly) I plunder I pillage

ἐθπέξζσ I will sack

ἐμέπεξζα (ἐμέπξαζνλ) I sacked

ἱθλένκαη I arrive I reach (a destination)

ἵμνκαη I will arrive

ἱθόκελ (ῑ) I arrived

174 Translation

1 ζενὶ ἔρνπζηλ ιύκπηα δώκαηα ἔδσθαλ δrsquo Ἀηξεΐδεο θαὶ ἄιινηζηλ ἐπθλεκίδεζζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἐθπέξζαη

(infinitive) πόιηλ Πξηάκνπ ηόηε δrsquo ἵθνλην (ῑ) ἐὺ νἴθαδε νὕλεθα παῖδα θίιελ ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἔιῡζαλ 2 ἀπέιῡζαλ

ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνὶ ζύγαηξα θίιελ ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἐδέμαλην δrsquo ἀγιαὰ ἄπνηλα νὕλεθα ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλα Γηὸο πἱὸλ

ἅδνλην 3 ἅδεηαη ἑθεβόινλ 4 Ἀηξεΐδεο νὐθ ἐδέμαην ηὰ ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα 5 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἔδσθελ ἄπνηλα

πνιιὰ βαζηιῆη Ἀηξεΐδῃ 6 πάληεο ζενὶ θαὶ πᾶζαη ζεαὶ εἶρνλ ιύκπηα δώκαηα 7 Ἀραηνὶ ἐπθλήκῑδεο ἐθπέξζνπζη

Πξηάκνην πόιηλ ἵμνληαη δrsquo ἐπ νἴθαδε 8 παῖο θίιε ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἐιύζαην (ῡ) ἵθεην (ῑ) δrsquo ἐὺ νἴθαδε

KEY

1 The gods have Olympian homes but they gave the son of Atreus and the other well-greaved Achaeans to

utterly sack the city of Priam and then they returned safe at home because they released the dear child of the priest

2 The well-greaved Achaeans released the dear daughter of the priest and received glorious ransoms because they

reverenced the free-shooter Apollo son of Zeus 3 He reverences te free-shooter 4 The son of Atreus did not

receive the glorious ransoms 5 Chryses the priest gave many ransoms to king Atreides 6 All of the gods and all of

the goddesses had Olympian homes 7 The well-greved Achaeans will utterly sack Priamrsquos city and will return safe

to home 8 The dear child of the priest was released and arrived well to her home

175 Iliad 17-21

ltltἈηξεΐδαη ηε θαὶ ἄιινη ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνί

ὑκῖλ κὲλ ζενὶ δνῖελ ιύκπηα δώκαηrsquo ἔρνληεο

ἐθπέξζαη Πξηάκνην πόιηλ ἐὺ δrsquo νἴθαδrsquo ἱθέζζαη

παῖδα δrsquo ἐκνὶ ιῦζαί ηε θίιελ ηά ηrsquo ἄπνηλα δέρεζζαη

ἁδόκελνη Γηὸο πἱὸλ ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλαgtgt

Ἀηξεΐδαηhellip ἄιινη ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνί = vocative case

ὑκῖλ (ῡ) = dat plural of ζύ to you

ζενί = one syllable by synizesis

κέλ (v 18) = correlative of δέ (v 20)

δνῖελ = aor act optative 3rd

plural of δίδσκη may they grant

ἔρνληεο = pres act part nom masc plural of ἔρσ having possessing

ἐθπέξζαη = aor act inf of ἐθπέξζσ to sack utterly

ἱθέζζαη = aor act inf of ἱθένκαη to arrive (compare κάρεζζαη)

ιῦζαη δέρεζζαη = infinitives used as imperatives free and accept

ηά ηrsquo ἄπνηλα (ηά ηε ἄπνηλα) = thesehellip gifts

ἁδόκελνη = pres act part nom masc plural reverencing

KEY

ldquoSons of Atreus and you other well-greaved Achaeans

may the gods who have their homes on Olympus grant you

to utterly sack Priamrsquos city and return safe to home

but release my dear child to me and accept these gifts

reverencing Apollo who shoots at will the son of Zeusrdquo

176 Composition

1 The gods who have (ἔρνληεο) Olympian homes will grant to the sons of Atreus and to the other well-greaved

Achaeans to sack utterly (ἐθπέξζαη) the city of Priam 2 When they sacked the city of Priam they returned happily

home 3 They accepted the shining ransoms and freed the darling daughter of the priest Chryses 4 We reverenced

the free-shooter Apollo son of Leto and Zeus and escaped death 5 Will the son of Atreus accept the shining

ransoms 6 The child of the priest was freed when he gave many shining ransoms which the two sons of Atreus

accepted

KEY

1 ζενὶ ἔρνληεο ιύκπηα δώκαηα δώζνπζη Ἀηξεΐδῃζη θαὶ ἄιινηζηλ ἐπθλεκίδεζζηλ (ῑ) Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἐθπέξζαη πόιηλ

Πξηάκνπ 2 ηόηε ἐμέπεξζαλ πόιηλ Πξηάκνην ἵθνλην (ῑ) ἐὺ νἴθαδε 3 ἐδέμαλην ἀγιαrsquo ἄπνηλα θαὶ ἀπέιῡζαλ ζπγάηεξα

θίιε ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) Υξύζᾱν (ῡ) 4 ἡμάκεζα ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλα Λεηόνο θαὶ Γηὸο πἱόλ θαὶ ζάλαηνλ 5

Ἀηξεΐδεο δέμεηαη ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα 6 παῖο ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἀπειύζαην (ῡ) ηόηε ἔδσθελ ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀγιάα ηὰ

Ἀηξεΐδᾱ ἐδώθαζηλ

Lesson 18

(Perfect and Pluperfect Active of Verbs 904 922 Third Declension γέρων

αἴξ 693-695)

181 Formation of the Perfect and Pluperfect Active

The perfect and pluperfect in all modes experience reduplication of the initial syllable which denotes completed

action Verbs beginning with a single consonant (except ξ) prefix this consonant followed by -ε Thus ιύσ =

ιέιπθα The stem sometimes stands in ablaut relation to the stem of the present as in βαίλσ = βέβεθα A

reduplicated syllable beginning with an aspirated mute is changed to its corresponding voiceless mute in the

reduplicated syllable ie ζλήζθσ = ηέζλεθα In these cases the reduplicated pluperfect adds ἐ- to the reduplicated

syllable ie ιύσ = ιέιπθα = ἐιέιπθε

Vebs beginning with a double consonant two consonants (except a mute followed by a liquid or a nasal) ξ and

some beginning with κ simply augment the stem with the addition of ε-

Verbs beginning in a vowel typically take the temporal augment by lengthening the vowel ie νἴρνκαη =

ᾤρσθα However verbs beginning with a vowel in which an initial consonant has been lost may take the syllabic

augment

Compound verbs typically insert the reduplication and augment between the preposition and the verb ie

ἀπνιύσ = ἀπνιέιπθα = ἀπειειύθε

The first perfect active adds -θα- to the stem followed by the primary endings The first pluperfect active

similarly adds -θε- followed by the secondary endings In general a short final vowel is lengthened before the

addition of the -θα- or -θε- Second perfects and pluperfects active are the older form and are more common in

Homer These omit the θ and simply add -α- or -ε- respectively The second perfects are more common in stems

ending in a consonant

In general the singular perfect and pluperfect active stand in ablaut relation to the dual and plural forms

Perfects and pluperfects are rare in Homer and only occur in some twenty verbs

182 Paradigms λέλυκα and βέβηκα

ιέιπθα ἐιειύθε (ἐιειύθεα)

ιέιπθαο ἐιειύθο (ἐιειύθεαο)

ιέιπθε(λ) ἐιειύθεη (ἐιειύθεε)

ιειύθαηνλ ἐιειύθαηνλ

ιειύθαηνλ ἐιειπθάηελ

ιειύθακελ ἐιειύθεκελ

ιειύθαηε ἐιειύθεηε

ιειύθᾱζη ἐιειύθεζαλ

βέβεθα ἐβεβήθεα (ἐβεβήθε)

βέβεθαο ἐβεβήθεαο (ἐβεβήθεο)

βέβεθε(λ) ἐβεβήθεε (ἐβεβήθεη)

βέβαηνλ ἐβέβαηνλ

βέβαηνλ ἐβεβάηελ

βέβακελ ἐβέβακελ

βέβαηε ἐβέβαηε

βέβᾱζη ἐβέβαζαλ

183 Paradigms γέρων and αἴξ

γέξσλ αἴμ

γέξνληνο αἰγόο

γέξνληη αἰγί

γέξνληα αἶγα

γέξνλ αἴμ

γέξνληε αἶγε

γεξόληνηηλ αἴγνηηλ

γέξνληεο αἶγεο

γεξόλησλ αἰγῶλ

γεξόληεζ(ζ)η (γέξνπζη) αἴγεζ(ζ)η (αἰμί)

γέξνληαο αἶγαο

184 Vocabulary

ἀγνξή ῆο ἡ assembly meeting place gathering harrangue

αἴμ αἰγόο ὁ ἡ goat

Ἄξγνο ενο ηό Argos (both a country and a city in Greece)

γέξσλ νληνο ὁ old man

γῆξαο ανο ηό old age

ἱεξεύο ῆνο ὁ priest holy man

κεξίνλ νπ ηό thigh-bone thigh-piece

πνύο πνδόο ὁ foot

ηαῦξνο νπ ὁ bull

θξήλ θξελόο ἡ diaphragm mind heart soul spirit disposition

δέθαηνο ε νλ tenth

ἡκέηεξνο ε νλ our ours

θνῖινο ε νλ hollow

ὠθύο ὠθεῖα ὠθύ swift speedy

ζλήζθσ die perish

ζαλένκαη

ἔζαλνλ

ηέζλεθα

θεύγσ flee fly escape run (off away along)

θεύμνκαη

ἔθπγνλ

πέθεπγα

the diphthong -επ Thus βαζηιεϝο = βαζηιεύο βαζηιεϝ = βαζηιεῦ βαζηιεϝζη = βαζηιεῦζη In rare cases the other

endings also contract the -ε to -ε (ie βαζηιῆνο = βαζηιένο)

In stems ending originally in -ᾱϝ the ᾱ becomes ε in the Ionic dialect These are declined the same as -εϝ

except that -εῡ is formed before consonants instead of -επ Thus λᾱϝο = λεϝο = λεῦο λᾱϝ = λεϝ = λεῦ But note the

exception in the shorter form of the dative plural where λᾱϝζη = λεϝζη = λεπζί (rather than λεῡζη) In contracted

forms the ε usually becomes ε

In stems ending in -σϝ the third declension endings are applied directly to the stem Thus ἡξσϝο = ἥξσο

ἡξσϝνο = ἥξσνο ἡξσϝη = ἥξση ἡξσϝα = ἥξσα etc

In stems ending originally in -ν or -νϝ the third declension endings are applied as usual But keep in mind that -

νϝ is contracted to the diphthong -νπ before a consonant thus βνϝο = βνῦο and βνϝζη = βνπζί But note the

exception that occurs in the accusative singular where βνϝλ = βνῦλ rather than βνϝα

βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

(βαζηιεϝ-) (βνϝ-) (λᾱϝ-) (ἡξσϝ-)

N βαζηιεύο βνῦο λεῦο ἥξσο

G βαζηιῆνο [ένο] βνόο λεόο [εόο] ἥξσνο

D βαζηιῆη [έη] βνΐ λεί ἥξση

A βαζηιῆα [έα] βνῦλ [βῶλ] λῆα [έα] ἥξσα

V βαζηιεῦ βνῦ λεῦ ἥξσο

N V A βαζηιῆε βόε λῆε ἥξσε

G D βαζηιήνηηλ βόνηηλ λήνηηλ ἡξώνηηλ

N V βαζηιῆεο βόεο λῆεο ἥξσεο

G βαζηιήσλ βνῶλ λεῶλ [εῶλ] ἡξώσλ

D βαζηιήεζζη βόεζζη λήεζζη [έεζζη] ἡξώεζζη

βαζηιεῦζη βνπζί λεπζί ἥξσζη

A βαζηιῆαο βόαο (βνῦο) λῆαο [έαο] ἥξσαο

165 Third Declension Stems in -εζ -αζ and -νζ

When a stem ends in a vowel plus -ζ the initial ζ is dropped between two vowels Thus γεξαζνο = γέξανο

ἠνζνο = ἠόνο etc

All third declension nouns with stems ending in -εο are neuters and follow the pattern of ἔπνο The third

declension endings are applied as usual except that the nominative vocative and accusative singulars end in -νο

Nouns with stems ending in -νο take -σο in the nominative and vocative singular but otherwise apply the third

declension endings as usual (dropping ζ between two vowels)

ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

(ϝεπεζ-) (γεξαζ-) (ἀϝζνζ- (ᾱ))

N ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

G ἔπενο γέξανο ἠόνο

D ἔπετ γέξατ ἠόη

A ἔπνο γέξαο ἠόα

V ἔπνο γέξαο ἠώο

N V A ἔπεε γέξαε

G D ἐπένηηλ γεξάνηηλ

N V ἔπεα γέξα(α)

G ἐπέσλ γεξάσλ

D ἐπέεζζη γεξάεζζη

ἔπε(ζ)ζη γέξα(ζ)ζη

A ἔπεα γέξα(α)

166 Third Declension Stems in -καη and -καξ

Stems ending in -καη and -καξ are neuters

Stems in -καη drop the -ηο in the nominative vocative and accusative singular δσκαηο = δῶκα Otherwise the

third declension endings are applied as usual

Stems ending in -καξ are declined like those ending in -καη except in the nominative vocative and accusative

singular (which end in -καξ)

δῶκα ἦκαξ

(δσκαη-) (ἠκαξ- ἠκαη-)

N δῶκα ἦκαξ

G δώκαηνο ἤκαηνο

D δώκαηη ἤκαηη

A δῶκα ἦκαξ

V δῶκα ἦκαξ

N V A δώκαηε ἤκαηε

G D δσκάηνηηλ ἠκάηνηηλ

N V δώκαηα ἤκαηα

G δσκάησλ ἠκάησλ

D δσκάηεζζη ἠκάηεζζη

δώκαζη ἤκαζη

A δώκαηα ἤκαηα

167 Third Declension Stems in -λη and -λ

Stems ending in -λη drop the -λη before ζ and lengthen the preceding vowel thus παληο = πᾶο παληζη = πᾶζη

Otherwise the third declension endings are applied as usual In neuters the -η is dropped at the end of the word thus

παλη = πᾶλ Stems in -λ drop the -λ before ζ and lengthen the preceding vowel in the masculine (but not in the

neuter)

πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

(παλη- παληα- παλη-)

Masc Fem Neut

N πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

G παληόο πάζεο (ᾱ) παληόο

D παληί πάζῃ (ᾱ) παληί

A πάληα πᾶζαλ πᾶλ

V πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

N V πάληεο πᾶζαη πάληα

G πάλησλ πᾱζάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] πάλησλ

D πάληεζ(ζ)η πάζῃζη (ᾱ) πάληεζ(ζ)η

πᾶζη πάζῃο (ᾱ) πᾶζη

A πάληνο πάζᾱο (ᾱ) πάληα

κέιᾱο κέιαηλα κέιαλ

(κειαλ- κειαηλα- κειαλ-)

N κέιᾱο κέιαηλα κέιαλ

G κέιαλνο κειαίλεο κέιαλνο

D κέιαλη κειαίλῃ κέιαλη

A κέιαλα κέιαηλαλ κέιαλ

V κέιαλ κέιαηλα κέιαλ

N V A κέιαλε κειαίλᾱ κέιαλε

G D κειάλνηηλ κειαίλῃηλ κειάλνηηλ

N V κέιαλεο κέιαηλαη κέιαλα

G κειάλσλ κειαηλάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] κειάλσλ

D κειάλεζ(ζ)η κειαίλῃζη κειάλεζ(ζ)η

κέιαζη κειαίλῃο κέιαζη

A κέιαλεο κειαίλᾱο κέιαλα

168 Vocabulary

Nouns

Ἀπόιισλ (ᾰ or ᾰ) σλνο ὁ Apollo

ἀξεηήξ (ᾱ) ῆξνο ὁ priest prayer

ζπγάηεξ ηέξνο (ηξόο) ἡ daughter

θνζκήησξ νξνο ὁ commander marshaller

λεῦο λεόο (λεόο) ἡ ship

ζηέκκα καηνο ηό fillet (of white cotton) wreath

ρείξ ρεηξόο ἡ hand arm

Verbs

ἔξρνκαη (ἐξρ- ἐιε- ἐιεπζ- ἐιπζ-) come go

ἐιεύζνκαη I will come I will go

ἦιζνλ (ἤιπζνλ) I came I went

ιίζζνκαη (ιηη-) I beg I entreat

---

ἐιιηζάκελ (ἐιηηόκελ) I begged I entreated

Adjectives Prepositions

ζνόο ή όλ swift speedy

πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ all every (the) whole

Indeclinable

δύν (δύσ) two

κάιηζηα most especially by all means

169 Translation

1 Ἀπόιισλ ἑθεβόινο ρνινῦηαη βαζηιῆη Αηξεΐδῃ θαὶ πέκπεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ ὀιέθνληαη δὲ

ιᾱνί νὕλεθα δῖνο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) 2 Υξύζεο (ῡ) γὰξ ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἑθεβόινπ ἔξρεηαη

ἐπὶ ζνὰο (ᾱ) λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ θέξεη δrsquo ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα ζπγαηξόο ἣλ Ἀηξεΐδεο ἔρεη ἐλ ζηξαηῷ 3 ὁ δrsquo ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἔρεη

ζηέκκαηα ἑθεβόινπ Ἀπόιισλνο ἐλ ρεξζὶλ ἀλὰ ρξῡζέῳ ζθήπηξῳ θαὶ ιίζζεηαη πάληαο Ἀραηνύο κάιηζηα δrsquo Ἀηξεΐδᾱ

δύσ θνζκήηνξε ιᾱῶλ 4 Ἀπόιισλ ρνιώζεηαη βαζηιῆη θαὶ ὄξζεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηόλ 5 ἐιεύζνληαη ἐπὶ ζνὰο

(ᾱ) λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ νἴζνπζη ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα βαζηιῆη 6 ιίζζνληαη πάληαο Ἀραηνύο 7 Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζελ (ῑ)

ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) θαὶ νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε ζύγαηξα

KEY

1 Apollo the free-shooter enraged by king Atreides sent an evil plague through the camp of the Achaeans and

the people were destroyed because the divine Atreides dishonored Chryses the priest 2 For Chryses the priest of

the free-shooter went upon the swift ships of the Achaeans bearing countless ransoms for his daughter whom

Atreides was holding in the camp 3 But the priest had a wreath of Apollo the free-shooter upon a staff in his hand

and was entreating all of the Achaeans but especially the sons of Atreus (who were) the commanders of the host 4

Apollo will be enraged by the king and will kindle an evil plague up through the camp 5 They will go upon the

swift ships of the Achaeans and bring countless ransoms to the king 6 They are entreating all of the Achaeans 7

Atreides dishonored the priest and would not release his daughter

1610 Iliad 11-16

hellipὀιέθνλην δὲ ιᾱνί

νὕλεθα ηὸλ Υξύζελ ἠηίκαζελ ἀξεηῆξα

Αηξεΐδεο ὁ γὰξ ἦιζε ζνὰο ἐπὶ λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ

ιπζόκελνο ηε ζύγαηξα θέξσλ ηrsquo ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα

ζηέκκαηrsquo ἔρσλ ἐλ ρεξζὶλ ἑθεβόινπ Ἀπόιισλνο

ρξπζέῳ ἀλὰ ζθήπηξῳ θαὶ ἐιίζζεην πάληαο Ἀραηνύο

Ἀηξεΐδα δὲ κάιηζηα δύσ θνζκήηνξε ιαῶλ

ηόλ Υξύζελ = that (well-known) Chryses

The first verse ends in two spondees making it a spondaic verse and emphasizing the fact that

Chryses was a priest

ιῡζόκελνο = fut mid part nom masc sing being about to ransom

θέξσλ = pres act part nom sing masc bearing bringing

ἔρσλ = pres act part nom sing masc having holding

ρεξζὶλ ἑθεβόινπ = ρεξζὶ ϝεθεβόινπ

ρξῡζέῳ = synizesis where -έῳ is pronounced as a single syllable

ἐιίζζεην = imperf act ind 3rd

pers sing dep (kept) entreating was entreating

Ἀηξεΐδᾱ = dual of Ἀηξεΐδεο refers to both Agamemnon and Menelaus

KEY

hellipand the people were being destroyed

because Atreides dishonored Chryses the priest

For he had gone upon the swift ships of the Achaeans

intending to ransom his daughter bearing countless gifts

and holding in his hand fillets of Apollo the free-shooter

upon a golden staff and was entreating all of the Achaeans

but especially the two sons of Atreus the commanders of the host

1611 Composition

1 Chryses the priest of Apollo is dishonored by the son of Atreus 2 The Achaeans will go from their swift

ships to Troy and ransom the beloved daughter of the priest 3 We shall bring many ransoms and shall hold in our

hands the fillets of Apollo 4 We do not have a golden scepter but we entreat Priam and all the people of Troy 5

The two sons of Atreus marshallers of the people are entreating Priam but he will slight them 6 The son of

Atreus king of men slighted the priest and did not release his daughter

KEY

1 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) Ἀπόιινπ ἀηῑκάδεηαη Ἀηξεΐδῃ 2 Ἀραηνὶ ἐιεύζνληαη ἐθ ζνάσλ (ᾱ) λήσλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ (ῑ)

θαὶ ἀπειύζνληαη (ῡ) θίιε ζπγάηεξα ἀξεηῆξη (ᾱ) 3 νἴζνκελ πνιιrsquo ἄπνηλα θαὶ ἕζρνκελ ἐλ ρείξεζζη ζηέκκαηα

Ἀπόιινπ 4 νὐθ ἔρνκελ ζθῆπηξνλ ρξύζενλ ἀιιὰ ιηζζόκεζα Πξίακνλ θαὶ πᾶληα ιᾱνλ Ἰιίνπ (ῑ) 5 δύrsquo Ἀηξεΐδᾱ

θνζκήηεξᾱ ιᾱσλ ιίζζεζζνλ Πξίακνλ αὐηνὺο δrsquo ἀηῑκάζεη 6 Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἄλδξσλ ἠηίκαζελ (ῑ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) θαὶ

νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε ζπγάηεξα

1612 Meter

ΟΤ λε θα | ΣΟΝ ΥΡΤ | ΖΝ Ζ | ΣΗ κα ζελ | Α ΡΖ | ΣΖ ΡΑ~

Α ηξε η | ΓΖ ν γαξ | ΖΛ ζε ζν | Α ε πη | ΝΖ αο α | ΥΑΗ ΧΝ

ΛΤ ζν κε | ΝΟ ηε ζπ | ΓΑΣ ξα θε | ΡΧΝ ηα πε | ΡΔΗ ζη α | ΠΟΗ ΝΑ~

ΣΔΜ καη ε | ΥΧΝ ΔΝ | ΥΔΡ ζηλ ε | ΚΖ βν ινπ | Α ΠΟΛ | ΛΧ ΝΟ~

ΥΡΤζεσα | ΝΑ ΚΖΠ | ΣΡΧ θαη ε | ΛΗ ζε ην | ΠΑΝ ηαο α | ΥΑΗ ΟΤ

ΑΣ ξε η | ΓΑ δε κα | ΛΗ ηα δπ | Χ ΚΟ | ΜΖ ην ξε | ΛΑ ΧΝ

Lesson 17

(910 - imperfect middle and passive aorist middle of ιύσ 648-658 - the table

of endings in 32)

171 Paradigms Imperfect MiddlePassive of ιύσ

S 1 ἐιπόκελ

2 ἐιύεν [(ἐιύεπ)]

3 ἐιύεην

D 2 ἐιύεζζνλ

3 ἐιπέζζελ

P 1 ἐιπόκε(ζ)ζα

2 ἐιύεζζε

3 ἐιύνλην

172 Paradigms Aorist Middle of ιύσ

Thematic Athematic (2nd

Aorist)

S 1 ἐιῡζάκελ ἐιύκελ

2 ἐιύζαν (ῡ) [(ἐιύζσ (ῡ))] ἔιπ(ζ)ν

3 ἐιύζαην (ῡ) ἔιπην

D 2 ἐιύζαζζνλ (ῡ) ἔιπζζνλ

3 ἐιῡζάζζελ ἐιύζζελ

P 1 ἐιῡζάκε(ζ)ζα ἐιύκε(ζ)ζα

2 ἐιύζαζζε (ῡ) ἔιπζζε

3 ἐιύζαλην (ῡ) ἔιπλην

173 Vocabulary

δῶκα αηνο ηό house home

παῖο παηδόο ὁ ἡ child son daughter

π(η)όιηο ηνο (ενο) ἡ city state

ἐπθλήκῑο ῑδνο well-greaved

ἐγώ(λ) κέν (κεῦ) I

ζύ ζέν (ζεῦ) you

κέλhellip δέ on the one handhellip trulyhellip on the one handhellip on the other hand

partlyhellip partly the onehellip the other

νἴθαδε home homeward to home home

Verbs

ἅδνκαη (ἁγ-) (defective) I reverence

δέρνκαη I accept I receive

δέμνκαη I will accept

ἐδεμάκελ (ἐδέγκελ) I accepted

δίδσκη (δσ- δν-) I give I grant

(δη)δώζσ I will give

ἔδσθα I gave

ἐθπέξζσ (πεξζ- πξαζ-) I sack (utterly) I plunder I pillage

ἐθπέξζσ I will sack

ἐμέπεξζα (ἐμέπξαζνλ) I sacked

ἱθλένκαη I arrive I reach (a destination)

ἵμνκαη I will arrive

ἱθόκελ (ῑ) I arrived

174 Translation

1 ζενὶ ἔρνπζηλ ιύκπηα δώκαηα ἔδσθαλ δrsquo Ἀηξεΐδεο θαὶ ἄιινηζηλ ἐπθλεκίδεζζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἐθπέξζαη

(infinitive) πόιηλ Πξηάκνπ ηόηε δrsquo ἵθνλην (ῑ) ἐὺ νἴθαδε νὕλεθα παῖδα θίιελ ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἔιῡζαλ 2 ἀπέιῡζαλ

ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνὶ ζύγαηξα θίιελ ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἐδέμαλην δrsquo ἀγιαὰ ἄπνηλα νὕλεθα ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλα Γηὸο πἱὸλ

ἅδνλην 3 ἅδεηαη ἑθεβόινλ 4 Ἀηξεΐδεο νὐθ ἐδέμαην ηὰ ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα 5 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἔδσθελ ἄπνηλα

πνιιὰ βαζηιῆη Ἀηξεΐδῃ 6 πάληεο ζενὶ θαὶ πᾶζαη ζεαὶ εἶρνλ ιύκπηα δώκαηα 7 Ἀραηνὶ ἐπθλήκῑδεο ἐθπέξζνπζη

Πξηάκνην πόιηλ ἵμνληαη δrsquo ἐπ νἴθαδε 8 παῖο θίιε ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἐιύζαην (ῡ) ἵθεην (ῑ) δrsquo ἐὺ νἴθαδε

KEY

1 The gods have Olympian homes but they gave the son of Atreus and the other well-greaved Achaeans to

utterly sack the city of Priam and then they returned safe at home because they released the dear child of the priest

2 The well-greaved Achaeans released the dear daughter of the priest and received glorious ransoms because they

reverenced the free-shooter Apollo son of Zeus 3 He reverences te free-shooter 4 The son of Atreus did not

receive the glorious ransoms 5 Chryses the priest gave many ransoms to king Atreides 6 All of the gods and all of

the goddesses had Olympian homes 7 The well-greved Achaeans will utterly sack Priamrsquos city and will return safe

to home 8 The dear child of the priest was released and arrived well to her home

175 Iliad 17-21

ltltἈηξεΐδαη ηε θαὶ ἄιινη ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνί

ὑκῖλ κὲλ ζενὶ δνῖελ ιύκπηα δώκαηrsquo ἔρνληεο

ἐθπέξζαη Πξηάκνην πόιηλ ἐὺ δrsquo νἴθαδrsquo ἱθέζζαη

παῖδα δrsquo ἐκνὶ ιῦζαί ηε θίιελ ηά ηrsquo ἄπνηλα δέρεζζαη

ἁδόκελνη Γηὸο πἱὸλ ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλαgtgt

Ἀηξεΐδαηhellip ἄιινη ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνί = vocative case

ὑκῖλ (ῡ) = dat plural of ζύ to you

ζενί = one syllable by synizesis

κέλ (v 18) = correlative of δέ (v 20)

δνῖελ = aor act optative 3rd

plural of δίδσκη may they grant

ἔρνληεο = pres act part nom masc plural of ἔρσ having possessing

ἐθπέξζαη = aor act inf of ἐθπέξζσ to sack utterly

ἱθέζζαη = aor act inf of ἱθένκαη to arrive (compare κάρεζζαη)

ιῦζαη δέρεζζαη = infinitives used as imperatives free and accept

ηά ηrsquo ἄπνηλα (ηά ηε ἄπνηλα) = thesehellip gifts

ἁδόκελνη = pres act part nom masc plural reverencing

KEY

ldquoSons of Atreus and you other well-greaved Achaeans

may the gods who have their homes on Olympus grant you

to utterly sack Priamrsquos city and return safe to home

but release my dear child to me and accept these gifts

reverencing Apollo who shoots at will the son of Zeusrdquo

176 Composition

1 The gods who have (ἔρνληεο) Olympian homes will grant to the sons of Atreus and to the other well-greaved

Achaeans to sack utterly (ἐθπέξζαη) the city of Priam 2 When they sacked the city of Priam they returned happily

home 3 They accepted the shining ransoms and freed the darling daughter of the priest Chryses 4 We reverenced

the free-shooter Apollo son of Leto and Zeus and escaped death 5 Will the son of Atreus accept the shining

ransoms 6 The child of the priest was freed when he gave many shining ransoms which the two sons of Atreus

accepted

KEY

1 ζενὶ ἔρνληεο ιύκπηα δώκαηα δώζνπζη Ἀηξεΐδῃζη θαὶ ἄιινηζηλ ἐπθλεκίδεζζηλ (ῑ) Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἐθπέξζαη πόιηλ

Πξηάκνπ 2 ηόηε ἐμέπεξζαλ πόιηλ Πξηάκνην ἵθνλην (ῑ) ἐὺ νἴθαδε 3 ἐδέμαλην ἀγιαrsquo ἄπνηλα θαὶ ἀπέιῡζαλ ζπγάηεξα

θίιε ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) Υξύζᾱν (ῡ) 4 ἡμάκεζα ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλα Λεηόνο θαὶ Γηὸο πἱόλ θαὶ ζάλαηνλ 5

Ἀηξεΐδεο δέμεηαη ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα 6 παῖο ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἀπειύζαην (ῡ) ηόηε ἔδσθελ ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀγιάα ηὰ

Ἀηξεΐδᾱ ἐδώθαζηλ

Lesson 18

(Perfect and Pluperfect Active of Verbs 904 922 Third Declension γέρων

αἴξ 693-695)

181 Formation of the Perfect and Pluperfect Active

The perfect and pluperfect in all modes experience reduplication of the initial syllable which denotes completed

action Verbs beginning with a single consonant (except ξ) prefix this consonant followed by -ε Thus ιύσ =

ιέιπθα The stem sometimes stands in ablaut relation to the stem of the present as in βαίλσ = βέβεθα A

reduplicated syllable beginning with an aspirated mute is changed to its corresponding voiceless mute in the

reduplicated syllable ie ζλήζθσ = ηέζλεθα In these cases the reduplicated pluperfect adds ἐ- to the reduplicated

syllable ie ιύσ = ιέιπθα = ἐιέιπθε

Vebs beginning with a double consonant two consonants (except a mute followed by a liquid or a nasal) ξ and

some beginning with κ simply augment the stem with the addition of ε-

Verbs beginning in a vowel typically take the temporal augment by lengthening the vowel ie νἴρνκαη =

ᾤρσθα However verbs beginning with a vowel in which an initial consonant has been lost may take the syllabic

augment

Compound verbs typically insert the reduplication and augment between the preposition and the verb ie

ἀπνιύσ = ἀπνιέιπθα = ἀπειειύθε

The first perfect active adds -θα- to the stem followed by the primary endings The first pluperfect active

similarly adds -θε- followed by the secondary endings In general a short final vowel is lengthened before the

addition of the -θα- or -θε- Second perfects and pluperfects active are the older form and are more common in

Homer These omit the θ and simply add -α- or -ε- respectively The second perfects are more common in stems

ending in a consonant

In general the singular perfect and pluperfect active stand in ablaut relation to the dual and plural forms

Perfects and pluperfects are rare in Homer and only occur in some twenty verbs

182 Paradigms λέλυκα and βέβηκα

ιέιπθα ἐιειύθε (ἐιειύθεα)

ιέιπθαο ἐιειύθο (ἐιειύθεαο)

ιέιπθε(λ) ἐιειύθεη (ἐιειύθεε)

ιειύθαηνλ ἐιειύθαηνλ

ιειύθαηνλ ἐιειπθάηελ

ιειύθακελ ἐιειύθεκελ

ιειύθαηε ἐιειύθεηε

ιειύθᾱζη ἐιειύθεζαλ

βέβεθα ἐβεβήθεα (ἐβεβήθε)

βέβεθαο ἐβεβήθεαο (ἐβεβήθεο)

βέβεθε(λ) ἐβεβήθεε (ἐβεβήθεη)

βέβαηνλ ἐβέβαηνλ

βέβαηνλ ἐβεβάηελ

βέβακελ ἐβέβακελ

βέβαηε ἐβέβαηε

βέβᾱζη ἐβέβαζαλ

183 Paradigms γέρων and αἴξ

γέξσλ αἴμ

γέξνληνο αἰγόο

γέξνληη αἰγί

γέξνληα αἶγα

γέξνλ αἴμ

γέξνληε αἶγε

γεξόληνηηλ αἴγνηηλ

γέξνληεο αἶγεο

γεξόλησλ αἰγῶλ

γεξόληεζ(ζ)η (γέξνπζη) αἴγεζ(ζ)η (αἰμί)

γέξνληαο αἶγαο

184 Vocabulary

ἀγνξή ῆο ἡ assembly meeting place gathering harrangue

αἴμ αἰγόο ὁ ἡ goat

Ἄξγνο ενο ηό Argos (both a country and a city in Greece)

γέξσλ νληνο ὁ old man

γῆξαο ανο ηό old age

ἱεξεύο ῆνο ὁ priest holy man

κεξίνλ νπ ηό thigh-bone thigh-piece

πνύο πνδόο ὁ foot

ηαῦξνο νπ ὁ bull

θξήλ θξελόο ἡ diaphragm mind heart soul spirit disposition

δέθαηνο ε νλ tenth

ἡκέηεξνο ε νλ our ours

θνῖινο ε νλ hollow

ὠθύο ὠθεῖα ὠθύ swift speedy

ζλήζθσ die perish

ζαλένκαη

ἔζαλνλ

ηέζλεθα

θεύγσ flee fly escape run (off away along)

θεύμνκαη

ἔθπγνλ

πέθεπγα

A ἔπεα γέξα(α)

166 Third Declension Stems in -καη and -καξ

Stems ending in -καη and -καξ are neuters

Stems in -καη drop the -ηο in the nominative vocative and accusative singular δσκαηο = δῶκα Otherwise the

third declension endings are applied as usual

Stems ending in -καξ are declined like those ending in -καη except in the nominative vocative and accusative

singular (which end in -καξ)

δῶκα ἦκαξ

(δσκαη-) (ἠκαξ- ἠκαη-)

N δῶκα ἦκαξ

G δώκαηνο ἤκαηνο

D δώκαηη ἤκαηη

A δῶκα ἦκαξ

V δῶκα ἦκαξ

N V A δώκαηε ἤκαηε

G D δσκάηνηηλ ἠκάηνηηλ

N V δώκαηα ἤκαηα

G δσκάησλ ἠκάησλ

D δσκάηεζζη ἠκάηεζζη

δώκαζη ἤκαζη

A δώκαηα ἤκαηα

167 Third Declension Stems in -λη and -λ

Stems ending in -λη drop the -λη before ζ and lengthen the preceding vowel thus παληο = πᾶο παληζη = πᾶζη

Otherwise the third declension endings are applied as usual In neuters the -η is dropped at the end of the word thus

παλη = πᾶλ Stems in -λ drop the -λ before ζ and lengthen the preceding vowel in the masculine (but not in the

neuter)

πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

(παλη- παληα- παλη-)

Masc Fem Neut

N πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

G παληόο πάζεο (ᾱ) παληόο

D παληί πάζῃ (ᾱ) παληί

A πάληα πᾶζαλ πᾶλ

V πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ

N V πάληεο πᾶζαη πάληα

G πάλησλ πᾱζάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] πάλησλ

D πάληεζ(ζ)η πάζῃζη (ᾱ) πάληεζ(ζ)η

πᾶζη πάζῃο (ᾱ) πᾶζη

A πάληνο πάζᾱο (ᾱ) πάληα

κέιᾱο κέιαηλα κέιαλ

(κειαλ- κειαηλα- κειαλ-)

N κέιᾱο κέιαηλα κέιαλ

G κέιαλνο κειαίλεο κέιαλνο

D κέιαλη κειαίλῃ κέιαλη

A κέιαλα κέιαηλαλ κέιαλ

V κέιαλ κέιαηλα κέιαλ

N V A κέιαλε κειαίλᾱ κέιαλε

G D κειάλνηηλ κειαίλῃηλ κειάλνηηλ

N V κέιαλεο κέιαηλαη κέιαλα

G κειάλσλ κειαηλάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] κειάλσλ

D κειάλεζ(ζ)η κειαίλῃζη κειάλεζ(ζ)η

κέιαζη κειαίλῃο κέιαζη

A κέιαλεο κειαίλᾱο κέιαλα

168 Vocabulary

Nouns

Ἀπόιισλ (ᾰ or ᾰ) σλνο ὁ Apollo

ἀξεηήξ (ᾱ) ῆξνο ὁ priest prayer

ζπγάηεξ ηέξνο (ηξόο) ἡ daughter

θνζκήησξ νξνο ὁ commander marshaller

λεῦο λεόο (λεόο) ἡ ship

ζηέκκα καηνο ηό fillet (of white cotton) wreath

ρείξ ρεηξόο ἡ hand arm

Verbs

ἔξρνκαη (ἐξρ- ἐιε- ἐιεπζ- ἐιπζ-) come go

ἐιεύζνκαη I will come I will go

ἦιζνλ (ἤιπζνλ) I came I went

ιίζζνκαη (ιηη-) I beg I entreat

---

ἐιιηζάκελ (ἐιηηόκελ) I begged I entreated

Adjectives Prepositions

ζνόο ή όλ swift speedy

πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ all every (the) whole

Indeclinable

δύν (δύσ) two

κάιηζηα most especially by all means

169 Translation

1 Ἀπόιισλ ἑθεβόινο ρνινῦηαη βαζηιῆη Αηξεΐδῃ θαὶ πέκπεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ ὀιέθνληαη δὲ

ιᾱνί νὕλεθα δῖνο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) 2 Υξύζεο (ῡ) γὰξ ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἑθεβόινπ ἔξρεηαη

ἐπὶ ζνὰο (ᾱ) λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ θέξεη δrsquo ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα ζπγαηξόο ἣλ Ἀηξεΐδεο ἔρεη ἐλ ζηξαηῷ 3 ὁ δrsquo ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἔρεη

ζηέκκαηα ἑθεβόινπ Ἀπόιισλνο ἐλ ρεξζὶλ ἀλὰ ρξῡζέῳ ζθήπηξῳ θαὶ ιίζζεηαη πάληαο Ἀραηνύο κάιηζηα δrsquo Ἀηξεΐδᾱ

δύσ θνζκήηνξε ιᾱῶλ 4 Ἀπόιισλ ρνιώζεηαη βαζηιῆη θαὶ ὄξζεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηόλ 5 ἐιεύζνληαη ἐπὶ ζνὰο

(ᾱ) λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ νἴζνπζη ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα βαζηιῆη 6 ιίζζνληαη πάληαο Ἀραηνύο 7 Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζελ (ῑ)

ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) θαὶ νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε ζύγαηξα

KEY

1 Apollo the free-shooter enraged by king Atreides sent an evil plague through the camp of the Achaeans and

the people were destroyed because the divine Atreides dishonored Chryses the priest 2 For Chryses the priest of

the free-shooter went upon the swift ships of the Achaeans bearing countless ransoms for his daughter whom

Atreides was holding in the camp 3 But the priest had a wreath of Apollo the free-shooter upon a staff in his hand

and was entreating all of the Achaeans but especially the sons of Atreus (who were) the commanders of the host 4

Apollo will be enraged by the king and will kindle an evil plague up through the camp 5 They will go upon the

swift ships of the Achaeans and bring countless ransoms to the king 6 They are entreating all of the Achaeans 7

Atreides dishonored the priest and would not release his daughter

1610 Iliad 11-16

hellipὀιέθνλην δὲ ιᾱνί

νὕλεθα ηὸλ Υξύζελ ἠηίκαζελ ἀξεηῆξα

Αηξεΐδεο ὁ γὰξ ἦιζε ζνὰο ἐπὶ λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ

ιπζόκελνο ηε ζύγαηξα θέξσλ ηrsquo ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα

ζηέκκαηrsquo ἔρσλ ἐλ ρεξζὶλ ἑθεβόινπ Ἀπόιισλνο

ρξπζέῳ ἀλὰ ζθήπηξῳ θαὶ ἐιίζζεην πάληαο Ἀραηνύο

Ἀηξεΐδα δὲ κάιηζηα δύσ θνζκήηνξε ιαῶλ

ηόλ Υξύζελ = that (well-known) Chryses

The first verse ends in two spondees making it a spondaic verse and emphasizing the fact that

Chryses was a priest

ιῡζόκελνο = fut mid part nom masc sing being about to ransom

θέξσλ = pres act part nom sing masc bearing bringing

ἔρσλ = pres act part nom sing masc having holding

ρεξζὶλ ἑθεβόινπ = ρεξζὶ ϝεθεβόινπ

ρξῡζέῳ = synizesis where -έῳ is pronounced as a single syllable

ἐιίζζεην = imperf act ind 3rd

pers sing dep (kept) entreating was entreating

Ἀηξεΐδᾱ = dual of Ἀηξεΐδεο refers to both Agamemnon and Menelaus

KEY

hellipand the people were being destroyed

because Atreides dishonored Chryses the priest

For he had gone upon the swift ships of the Achaeans

intending to ransom his daughter bearing countless gifts

and holding in his hand fillets of Apollo the free-shooter

upon a golden staff and was entreating all of the Achaeans

but especially the two sons of Atreus the commanders of the host

1611 Composition

1 Chryses the priest of Apollo is dishonored by the son of Atreus 2 The Achaeans will go from their swift

ships to Troy and ransom the beloved daughter of the priest 3 We shall bring many ransoms and shall hold in our

hands the fillets of Apollo 4 We do not have a golden scepter but we entreat Priam and all the people of Troy 5

The two sons of Atreus marshallers of the people are entreating Priam but he will slight them 6 The son of

Atreus king of men slighted the priest and did not release his daughter

KEY

1 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) Ἀπόιινπ ἀηῑκάδεηαη Ἀηξεΐδῃ 2 Ἀραηνὶ ἐιεύζνληαη ἐθ ζνάσλ (ᾱ) λήσλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ (ῑ)

θαὶ ἀπειύζνληαη (ῡ) θίιε ζπγάηεξα ἀξεηῆξη (ᾱ) 3 νἴζνκελ πνιιrsquo ἄπνηλα θαὶ ἕζρνκελ ἐλ ρείξεζζη ζηέκκαηα

Ἀπόιινπ 4 νὐθ ἔρνκελ ζθῆπηξνλ ρξύζενλ ἀιιὰ ιηζζόκεζα Πξίακνλ θαὶ πᾶληα ιᾱνλ Ἰιίνπ (ῑ) 5 δύrsquo Ἀηξεΐδᾱ

θνζκήηεξᾱ ιᾱσλ ιίζζεζζνλ Πξίακνλ αὐηνὺο δrsquo ἀηῑκάζεη 6 Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἄλδξσλ ἠηίκαζελ (ῑ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) θαὶ

νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε ζπγάηεξα

1612 Meter

ΟΤ λε θα | ΣΟΝ ΥΡΤ | ΖΝ Ζ | ΣΗ κα ζελ | Α ΡΖ | ΣΖ ΡΑ~

Α ηξε η | ΓΖ ν γαξ | ΖΛ ζε ζν | Α ε πη | ΝΖ αο α | ΥΑΗ ΧΝ

ΛΤ ζν κε | ΝΟ ηε ζπ | ΓΑΣ ξα θε | ΡΧΝ ηα πε | ΡΔΗ ζη α | ΠΟΗ ΝΑ~

ΣΔΜ καη ε | ΥΧΝ ΔΝ | ΥΔΡ ζηλ ε | ΚΖ βν ινπ | Α ΠΟΛ | ΛΧ ΝΟ~

ΥΡΤζεσα | ΝΑ ΚΖΠ | ΣΡΧ θαη ε | ΛΗ ζε ην | ΠΑΝ ηαο α | ΥΑΗ ΟΤ

ΑΣ ξε η | ΓΑ δε κα | ΛΗ ηα δπ | Χ ΚΟ | ΜΖ ην ξε | ΛΑ ΧΝ

Lesson 17

(910 - imperfect middle and passive aorist middle of ιύσ 648-658 - the table

of endings in 32)

171 Paradigms Imperfect MiddlePassive of ιύσ

S 1 ἐιπόκελ

2 ἐιύεν [(ἐιύεπ)]

3 ἐιύεην

D 2 ἐιύεζζνλ

3 ἐιπέζζελ

P 1 ἐιπόκε(ζ)ζα

2 ἐιύεζζε

3 ἐιύνλην

172 Paradigms Aorist Middle of ιύσ

Thematic Athematic (2nd

Aorist)

S 1 ἐιῡζάκελ ἐιύκελ

2 ἐιύζαν (ῡ) [(ἐιύζσ (ῡ))] ἔιπ(ζ)ν

3 ἐιύζαην (ῡ) ἔιπην

D 2 ἐιύζαζζνλ (ῡ) ἔιπζζνλ

3 ἐιῡζάζζελ ἐιύζζελ

P 1 ἐιῡζάκε(ζ)ζα ἐιύκε(ζ)ζα

2 ἐιύζαζζε (ῡ) ἔιπζζε

3 ἐιύζαλην (ῡ) ἔιπλην

173 Vocabulary

δῶκα αηνο ηό house home

παῖο παηδόο ὁ ἡ child son daughter

π(η)όιηο ηνο (ενο) ἡ city state

ἐπθλήκῑο ῑδνο well-greaved

ἐγώ(λ) κέν (κεῦ) I

ζύ ζέν (ζεῦ) you

κέλhellip δέ on the one handhellip trulyhellip on the one handhellip on the other hand

partlyhellip partly the onehellip the other

νἴθαδε home homeward to home home

Verbs

ἅδνκαη (ἁγ-) (defective) I reverence

δέρνκαη I accept I receive

δέμνκαη I will accept

ἐδεμάκελ (ἐδέγκελ) I accepted

δίδσκη (δσ- δν-) I give I grant

(δη)δώζσ I will give

ἔδσθα I gave

ἐθπέξζσ (πεξζ- πξαζ-) I sack (utterly) I plunder I pillage

ἐθπέξζσ I will sack

ἐμέπεξζα (ἐμέπξαζνλ) I sacked

ἱθλένκαη I arrive I reach (a destination)

ἵμνκαη I will arrive

ἱθόκελ (ῑ) I arrived

174 Translation

1 ζενὶ ἔρνπζηλ ιύκπηα δώκαηα ἔδσθαλ δrsquo Ἀηξεΐδεο θαὶ ἄιινηζηλ ἐπθλεκίδεζζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἐθπέξζαη

(infinitive) πόιηλ Πξηάκνπ ηόηε δrsquo ἵθνλην (ῑ) ἐὺ νἴθαδε νὕλεθα παῖδα θίιελ ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἔιῡζαλ 2 ἀπέιῡζαλ

ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνὶ ζύγαηξα θίιελ ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἐδέμαλην δrsquo ἀγιαὰ ἄπνηλα νὕλεθα ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλα Γηὸο πἱὸλ

ἅδνλην 3 ἅδεηαη ἑθεβόινλ 4 Ἀηξεΐδεο νὐθ ἐδέμαην ηὰ ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα 5 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἔδσθελ ἄπνηλα

πνιιὰ βαζηιῆη Ἀηξεΐδῃ 6 πάληεο ζενὶ θαὶ πᾶζαη ζεαὶ εἶρνλ ιύκπηα δώκαηα 7 Ἀραηνὶ ἐπθλήκῑδεο ἐθπέξζνπζη

Πξηάκνην πόιηλ ἵμνληαη δrsquo ἐπ νἴθαδε 8 παῖο θίιε ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἐιύζαην (ῡ) ἵθεην (ῑ) δrsquo ἐὺ νἴθαδε

KEY

1 The gods have Olympian homes but they gave the son of Atreus and the other well-greaved Achaeans to

utterly sack the city of Priam and then they returned safe at home because they released the dear child of the priest

2 The well-greaved Achaeans released the dear daughter of the priest and received glorious ransoms because they

reverenced the free-shooter Apollo son of Zeus 3 He reverences te free-shooter 4 The son of Atreus did not

receive the glorious ransoms 5 Chryses the priest gave many ransoms to king Atreides 6 All of the gods and all of

the goddesses had Olympian homes 7 The well-greved Achaeans will utterly sack Priamrsquos city and will return safe

to home 8 The dear child of the priest was released and arrived well to her home

175 Iliad 17-21

ltltἈηξεΐδαη ηε θαὶ ἄιινη ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνί

ὑκῖλ κὲλ ζενὶ δνῖελ ιύκπηα δώκαηrsquo ἔρνληεο

ἐθπέξζαη Πξηάκνην πόιηλ ἐὺ δrsquo νἴθαδrsquo ἱθέζζαη

παῖδα δrsquo ἐκνὶ ιῦζαί ηε θίιελ ηά ηrsquo ἄπνηλα δέρεζζαη

ἁδόκελνη Γηὸο πἱὸλ ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλαgtgt

Ἀηξεΐδαηhellip ἄιινη ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνί = vocative case

ὑκῖλ (ῡ) = dat plural of ζύ to you

ζενί = one syllable by synizesis

κέλ (v 18) = correlative of δέ (v 20)

δνῖελ = aor act optative 3rd

plural of δίδσκη may they grant

ἔρνληεο = pres act part nom masc plural of ἔρσ having possessing

ἐθπέξζαη = aor act inf of ἐθπέξζσ to sack utterly

ἱθέζζαη = aor act inf of ἱθένκαη to arrive (compare κάρεζζαη)

ιῦζαη δέρεζζαη = infinitives used as imperatives free and accept

ηά ηrsquo ἄπνηλα (ηά ηε ἄπνηλα) = thesehellip gifts

ἁδόκελνη = pres act part nom masc plural reverencing

KEY

ldquoSons of Atreus and you other well-greaved Achaeans

may the gods who have their homes on Olympus grant you

to utterly sack Priamrsquos city and return safe to home

but release my dear child to me and accept these gifts

reverencing Apollo who shoots at will the son of Zeusrdquo

176 Composition

1 The gods who have (ἔρνληεο) Olympian homes will grant to the sons of Atreus and to the other well-greaved

Achaeans to sack utterly (ἐθπέξζαη) the city of Priam 2 When they sacked the city of Priam they returned happily

home 3 They accepted the shining ransoms and freed the darling daughter of the priest Chryses 4 We reverenced

the free-shooter Apollo son of Leto and Zeus and escaped death 5 Will the son of Atreus accept the shining

ransoms 6 The child of the priest was freed when he gave many shining ransoms which the two sons of Atreus

accepted

KEY

1 ζενὶ ἔρνληεο ιύκπηα δώκαηα δώζνπζη Ἀηξεΐδῃζη θαὶ ἄιινηζηλ ἐπθλεκίδεζζηλ (ῑ) Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἐθπέξζαη πόιηλ

Πξηάκνπ 2 ηόηε ἐμέπεξζαλ πόιηλ Πξηάκνην ἵθνλην (ῑ) ἐὺ νἴθαδε 3 ἐδέμαλην ἀγιαrsquo ἄπνηλα θαὶ ἀπέιῡζαλ ζπγάηεξα

θίιε ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) Υξύζᾱν (ῡ) 4 ἡμάκεζα ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλα Λεηόνο θαὶ Γηὸο πἱόλ θαὶ ζάλαηνλ 5

Ἀηξεΐδεο δέμεηαη ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα 6 παῖο ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἀπειύζαην (ῡ) ηόηε ἔδσθελ ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀγιάα ηὰ

Ἀηξεΐδᾱ ἐδώθαζηλ

Lesson 18

(Perfect and Pluperfect Active of Verbs 904 922 Third Declension γέρων

αἴξ 693-695)

181 Formation of the Perfect and Pluperfect Active

The perfect and pluperfect in all modes experience reduplication of the initial syllable which denotes completed

action Verbs beginning with a single consonant (except ξ) prefix this consonant followed by -ε Thus ιύσ =

ιέιπθα The stem sometimes stands in ablaut relation to the stem of the present as in βαίλσ = βέβεθα A

reduplicated syllable beginning with an aspirated mute is changed to its corresponding voiceless mute in the

reduplicated syllable ie ζλήζθσ = ηέζλεθα In these cases the reduplicated pluperfect adds ἐ- to the reduplicated

syllable ie ιύσ = ιέιπθα = ἐιέιπθε

Vebs beginning with a double consonant two consonants (except a mute followed by a liquid or a nasal) ξ and

some beginning with κ simply augment the stem with the addition of ε-

Verbs beginning in a vowel typically take the temporal augment by lengthening the vowel ie νἴρνκαη =

ᾤρσθα However verbs beginning with a vowel in which an initial consonant has been lost may take the syllabic

augment

Compound verbs typically insert the reduplication and augment between the preposition and the verb ie

ἀπνιύσ = ἀπνιέιπθα = ἀπειειύθε

The first perfect active adds -θα- to the stem followed by the primary endings The first pluperfect active

similarly adds -θε- followed by the secondary endings In general a short final vowel is lengthened before the

addition of the -θα- or -θε- Second perfects and pluperfects active are the older form and are more common in

Homer These omit the θ and simply add -α- or -ε- respectively The second perfects are more common in stems

ending in a consonant

In general the singular perfect and pluperfect active stand in ablaut relation to the dual and plural forms

Perfects and pluperfects are rare in Homer and only occur in some twenty verbs

182 Paradigms λέλυκα and βέβηκα

ιέιπθα ἐιειύθε (ἐιειύθεα)

ιέιπθαο ἐιειύθο (ἐιειύθεαο)

ιέιπθε(λ) ἐιειύθεη (ἐιειύθεε)

ιειύθαηνλ ἐιειύθαηνλ

ιειύθαηνλ ἐιειπθάηελ

ιειύθακελ ἐιειύθεκελ

ιειύθαηε ἐιειύθεηε

ιειύθᾱζη ἐιειύθεζαλ

βέβεθα ἐβεβήθεα (ἐβεβήθε)

βέβεθαο ἐβεβήθεαο (ἐβεβήθεο)

βέβεθε(λ) ἐβεβήθεε (ἐβεβήθεη)

βέβαηνλ ἐβέβαηνλ

βέβαηνλ ἐβεβάηελ

βέβακελ ἐβέβακελ

βέβαηε ἐβέβαηε

βέβᾱζη ἐβέβαζαλ

183 Paradigms γέρων and αἴξ

γέξσλ αἴμ

γέξνληνο αἰγόο

γέξνληη αἰγί

γέξνληα αἶγα

γέξνλ αἴμ

γέξνληε αἶγε

γεξόληνηηλ αἴγνηηλ

γέξνληεο αἶγεο

γεξόλησλ αἰγῶλ

γεξόληεζ(ζ)η (γέξνπζη) αἴγεζ(ζ)η (αἰμί)

γέξνληαο αἶγαο

184 Vocabulary

ἀγνξή ῆο ἡ assembly meeting place gathering harrangue

αἴμ αἰγόο ὁ ἡ goat

Ἄξγνο ενο ηό Argos (both a country and a city in Greece)

γέξσλ νληνο ὁ old man

γῆξαο ανο ηό old age

ἱεξεύο ῆνο ὁ priest holy man

κεξίνλ νπ ηό thigh-bone thigh-piece

πνύο πνδόο ὁ foot

ηαῦξνο νπ ὁ bull

θξήλ θξελόο ἡ diaphragm mind heart soul spirit disposition

δέθαηνο ε νλ tenth

ἡκέηεξνο ε νλ our ours

θνῖινο ε νλ hollow

ὠθύο ὠθεῖα ὠθύ swift speedy

ζλήζθσ die perish

ζαλένκαη

ἔζαλνλ

ηέζλεθα

θεύγσ flee fly escape run (off away along)

θεύμνκαη

ἔθπγνλ

πέθεπγα

(κειαλ- κειαηλα- κειαλ-)

N κέιᾱο κέιαηλα κέιαλ

G κέιαλνο κειαίλεο κέιαλνο

D κέιαλη κειαίλῃ κέιαλη

A κέιαλα κέιαηλαλ κέιαλ

V κέιαλ κέιαηλα κέιαλ

N V A κέιαλε κειαίλᾱ κέιαλε

G D κειάλνηηλ κειαίλῃηλ κειάλνηηλ

N V κέιαλεο κέιαηλαη κέιαλα

G κειάλσλ κειαηλάσλ (ᾱ) [έσλ ῶλ] κειάλσλ

D κειάλεζ(ζ)η κειαίλῃζη κειάλεζ(ζ)η

κέιαζη κειαίλῃο κέιαζη

A κέιαλεο κειαίλᾱο κέιαλα

168 Vocabulary

Nouns

Ἀπόιισλ (ᾰ or ᾰ) σλνο ὁ Apollo

ἀξεηήξ (ᾱ) ῆξνο ὁ priest prayer

ζπγάηεξ ηέξνο (ηξόο) ἡ daughter

θνζκήησξ νξνο ὁ commander marshaller

λεῦο λεόο (λεόο) ἡ ship

ζηέκκα καηνο ηό fillet (of white cotton) wreath

ρείξ ρεηξόο ἡ hand arm

Verbs

ἔξρνκαη (ἐξρ- ἐιε- ἐιεπζ- ἐιπζ-) come go

ἐιεύζνκαη I will come I will go

ἦιζνλ (ἤιπζνλ) I came I went

ιίζζνκαη (ιηη-) I beg I entreat

---

ἐιιηζάκελ (ἐιηηόκελ) I begged I entreated

Adjectives Prepositions

ζνόο ή όλ swift speedy

πᾶο πᾶζα πᾶλ all every (the) whole

Indeclinable

δύν (δύσ) two

κάιηζηα most especially by all means

169 Translation

1 Ἀπόιισλ ἑθεβόινο ρνινῦηαη βαζηιῆη Αηξεΐδῃ θαὶ πέκπεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηὸλ Ἀραηῶλ ὀιέθνληαη δὲ

ιᾱνί νὕλεθα δῖνο Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζε (ῑ) Υξύζελ (ῡ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) 2 Υξύζεο (ῡ) γὰξ ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἑθεβόινπ ἔξρεηαη

ἐπὶ ζνὰο (ᾱ) λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ θέξεη δrsquo ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα ζπγαηξόο ἣλ Ἀηξεΐδεο ἔρεη ἐλ ζηξαηῷ 3 ὁ δrsquo ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἔρεη

ζηέκκαηα ἑθεβόινπ Ἀπόιισλνο ἐλ ρεξζὶλ ἀλὰ ρξῡζέῳ ζθήπηξῳ θαὶ ιίζζεηαη πάληαο Ἀραηνύο κάιηζηα δrsquo Ἀηξεΐδᾱ

δύσ θνζκήηνξε ιᾱῶλ 4 Ἀπόιισλ ρνιώζεηαη βαζηιῆη θαὶ ὄξζεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηόλ 5 ἐιεύζνληαη ἐπὶ ζνὰο

(ᾱ) λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ νἴζνπζη ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα βαζηιῆη 6 ιίζζνληαη πάληαο Ἀραηνύο 7 Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζελ (ῑ)

ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) θαὶ νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε ζύγαηξα

KEY

1 Apollo the free-shooter enraged by king Atreides sent an evil plague through the camp of the Achaeans and

the people were destroyed because the divine Atreides dishonored Chryses the priest 2 For Chryses the priest of

the free-shooter went upon the swift ships of the Achaeans bearing countless ransoms for his daughter whom

Atreides was holding in the camp 3 But the priest had a wreath of Apollo the free-shooter upon a staff in his hand

and was entreating all of the Achaeans but especially the sons of Atreus (who were) the commanders of the host 4

Apollo will be enraged by the king and will kindle an evil plague up through the camp 5 They will go upon the

swift ships of the Achaeans and bring countless ransoms to the king 6 They are entreating all of the Achaeans 7

Atreides dishonored the priest and would not release his daughter

1610 Iliad 11-16

hellipὀιέθνλην δὲ ιᾱνί

νὕλεθα ηὸλ Υξύζελ ἠηίκαζελ ἀξεηῆξα

Αηξεΐδεο ὁ γὰξ ἦιζε ζνὰο ἐπὶ λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ

ιπζόκελνο ηε ζύγαηξα θέξσλ ηrsquo ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα

ζηέκκαηrsquo ἔρσλ ἐλ ρεξζὶλ ἑθεβόινπ Ἀπόιισλνο

ρξπζέῳ ἀλὰ ζθήπηξῳ θαὶ ἐιίζζεην πάληαο Ἀραηνύο

Ἀηξεΐδα δὲ κάιηζηα δύσ θνζκήηνξε ιαῶλ

ηόλ Υξύζελ = that (well-known) Chryses

The first verse ends in two spondees making it a spondaic verse and emphasizing the fact that

Chryses was a priest

ιῡζόκελνο = fut mid part nom masc sing being about to ransom

θέξσλ = pres act part nom sing masc bearing bringing

ἔρσλ = pres act part nom sing masc having holding

ρεξζὶλ ἑθεβόινπ = ρεξζὶ ϝεθεβόινπ

ρξῡζέῳ = synizesis where -έῳ is pronounced as a single syllable

ἐιίζζεην = imperf act ind 3rd

pers sing dep (kept) entreating was entreating

Ἀηξεΐδᾱ = dual of Ἀηξεΐδεο refers to both Agamemnon and Menelaus

KEY

hellipand the people were being destroyed

because Atreides dishonored Chryses the priest

For he had gone upon the swift ships of the Achaeans

intending to ransom his daughter bearing countless gifts

and holding in his hand fillets of Apollo the free-shooter

upon a golden staff and was entreating all of the Achaeans

but especially the two sons of Atreus the commanders of the host

1611 Composition

1 Chryses the priest of Apollo is dishonored by the son of Atreus 2 The Achaeans will go from their swift

ships to Troy and ransom the beloved daughter of the priest 3 We shall bring many ransoms and shall hold in our

hands the fillets of Apollo 4 We do not have a golden scepter but we entreat Priam and all the people of Troy 5

The two sons of Atreus marshallers of the people are entreating Priam but he will slight them 6 The son of

Atreus king of men slighted the priest and did not release his daughter

KEY

1 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) Ἀπόιινπ ἀηῑκάδεηαη Ἀηξεΐδῃ 2 Ἀραηνὶ ἐιεύζνληαη ἐθ ζνάσλ (ᾱ) λήσλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ (ῑ)

θαὶ ἀπειύζνληαη (ῡ) θίιε ζπγάηεξα ἀξεηῆξη (ᾱ) 3 νἴζνκελ πνιιrsquo ἄπνηλα θαὶ ἕζρνκελ ἐλ ρείξεζζη ζηέκκαηα

Ἀπόιινπ 4 νὐθ ἔρνκελ ζθῆπηξνλ ρξύζενλ ἀιιὰ ιηζζόκεζα Πξίακνλ θαὶ πᾶληα ιᾱνλ Ἰιίνπ (ῑ) 5 δύrsquo Ἀηξεΐδᾱ

θνζκήηεξᾱ ιᾱσλ ιίζζεζζνλ Πξίακνλ αὐηνὺο δrsquo ἀηῑκάζεη 6 Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἄλδξσλ ἠηίκαζελ (ῑ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) θαὶ

νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε ζπγάηεξα

1612 Meter

ΟΤ λε θα | ΣΟΝ ΥΡΤ | ΖΝ Ζ | ΣΗ κα ζελ | Α ΡΖ | ΣΖ ΡΑ~

Α ηξε η | ΓΖ ν γαξ | ΖΛ ζε ζν | Α ε πη | ΝΖ αο α | ΥΑΗ ΧΝ

ΛΤ ζν κε | ΝΟ ηε ζπ | ΓΑΣ ξα θε | ΡΧΝ ηα πε | ΡΔΗ ζη α | ΠΟΗ ΝΑ~

ΣΔΜ καη ε | ΥΧΝ ΔΝ | ΥΔΡ ζηλ ε | ΚΖ βν ινπ | Α ΠΟΛ | ΛΧ ΝΟ~

ΥΡΤζεσα | ΝΑ ΚΖΠ | ΣΡΧ θαη ε | ΛΗ ζε ην | ΠΑΝ ηαο α | ΥΑΗ ΟΤ

ΑΣ ξε η | ΓΑ δε κα | ΛΗ ηα δπ | Χ ΚΟ | ΜΖ ην ξε | ΛΑ ΧΝ

Lesson 17

(910 - imperfect middle and passive aorist middle of ιύσ 648-658 - the table

of endings in 32)

171 Paradigms Imperfect MiddlePassive of ιύσ

S 1 ἐιπόκελ

2 ἐιύεν [(ἐιύεπ)]

3 ἐιύεην

D 2 ἐιύεζζνλ

3 ἐιπέζζελ

P 1 ἐιπόκε(ζ)ζα

2 ἐιύεζζε

3 ἐιύνλην

172 Paradigms Aorist Middle of ιύσ

Thematic Athematic (2nd

Aorist)

S 1 ἐιῡζάκελ ἐιύκελ

2 ἐιύζαν (ῡ) [(ἐιύζσ (ῡ))] ἔιπ(ζ)ν

3 ἐιύζαην (ῡ) ἔιπην

D 2 ἐιύζαζζνλ (ῡ) ἔιπζζνλ

3 ἐιῡζάζζελ ἐιύζζελ

P 1 ἐιῡζάκε(ζ)ζα ἐιύκε(ζ)ζα

2 ἐιύζαζζε (ῡ) ἔιπζζε

3 ἐιύζαλην (ῡ) ἔιπλην

173 Vocabulary

δῶκα αηνο ηό house home

παῖο παηδόο ὁ ἡ child son daughter

π(η)όιηο ηνο (ενο) ἡ city state

ἐπθλήκῑο ῑδνο well-greaved

ἐγώ(λ) κέν (κεῦ) I

ζύ ζέν (ζεῦ) you

κέλhellip δέ on the one handhellip trulyhellip on the one handhellip on the other hand

partlyhellip partly the onehellip the other

νἴθαδε home homeward to home home

Verbs

ἅδνκαη (ἁγ-) (defective) I reverence

δέρνκαη I accept I receive

δέμνκαη I will accept

ἐδεμάκελ (ἐδέγκελ) I accepted

δίδσκη (δσ- δν-) I give I grant

(δη)δώζσ I will give

ἔδσθα I gave

ἐθπέξζσ (πεξζ- πξαζ-) I sack (utterly) I plunder I pillage

ἐθπέξζσ I will sack

ἐμέπεξζα (ἐμέπξαζνλ) I sacked

ἱθλένκαη I arrive I reach (a destination)

ἵμνκαη I will arrive

ἱθόκελ (ῑ) I arrived

174 Translation

1 ζενὶ ἔρνπζηλ ιύκπηα δώκαηα ἔδσθαλ δrsquo Ἀηξεΐδεο θαὶ ἄιινηζηλ ἐπθλεκίδεζζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἐθπέξζαη

(infinitive) πόιηλ Πξηάκνπ ηόηε δrsquo ἵθνλην (ῑ) ἐὺ νἴθαδε νὕλεθα παῖδα θίιελ ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἔιῡζαλ 2 ἀπέιῡζαλ

ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνὶ ζύγαηξα θίιελ ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἐδέμαλην δrsquo ἀγιαὰ ἄπνηλα νὕλεθα ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλα Γηὸο πἱὸλ

ἅδνλην 3 ἅδεηαη ἑθεβόινλ 4 Ἀηξεΐδεο νὐθ ἐδέμαην ηὰ ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα 5 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἔδσθελ ἄπνηλα

πνιιὰ βαζηιῆη Ἀηξεΐδῃ 6 πάληεο ζενὶ θαὶ πᾶζαη ζεαὶ εἶρνλ ιύκπηα δώκαηα 7 Ἀραηνὶ ἐπθλήκῑδεο ἐθπέξζνπζη

Πξηάκνην πόιηλ ἵμνληαη δrsquo ἐπ νἴθαδε 8 παῖο θίιε ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἐιύζαην (ῡ) ἵθεην (ῑ) δrsquo ἐὺ νἴθαδε

KEY

1 The gods have Olympian homes but they gave the son of Atreus and the other well-greaved Achaeans to

utterly sack the city of Priam and then they returned safe at home because they released the dear child of the priest

2 The well-greaved Achaeans released the dear daughter of the priest and received glorious ransoms because they

reverenced the free-shooter Apollo son of Zeus 3 He reverences te free-shooter 4 The son of Atreus did not

receive the glorious ransoms 5 Chryses the priest gave many ransoms to king Atreides 6 All of the gods and all of

the goddesses had Olympian homes 7 The well-greved Achaeans will utterly sack Priamrsquos city and will return safe

to home 8 The dear child of the priest was released and arrived well to her home

175 Iliad 17-21

ltltἈηξεΐδαη ηε θαὶ ἄιινη ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνί

ὑκῖλ κὲλ ζενὶ δνῖελ ιύκπηα δώκαηrsquo ἔρνληεο

ἐθπέξζαη Πξηάκνην πόιηλ ἐὺ δrsquo νἴθαδrsquo ἱθέζζαη

παῖδα δrsquo ἐκνὶ ιῦζαί ηε θίιελ ηά ηrsquo ἄπνηλα δέρεζζαη

ἁδόκελνη Γηὸο πἱὸλ ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλαgtgt

Ἀηξεΐδαηhellip ἄιινη ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνί = vocative case

ὑκῖλ (ῡ) = dat plural of ζύ to you

ζενί = one syllable by synizesis

κέλ (v 18) = correlative of δέ (v 20)

δνῖελ = aor act optative 3rd

plural of δίδσκη may they grant

ἔρνληεο = pres act part nom masc plural of ἔρσ having possessing

ἐθπέξζαη = aor act inf of ἐθπέξζσ to sack utterly

ἱθέζζαη = aor act inf of ἱθένκαη to arrive (compare κάρεζζαη)

ιῦζαη δέρεζζαη = infinitives used as imperatives free and accept

ηά ηrsquo ἄπνηλα (ηά ηε ἄπνηλα) = thesehellip gifts

ἁδόκελνη = pres act part nom masc plural reverencing

KEY

ldquoSons of Atreus and you other well-greaved Achaeans

may the gods who have their homes on Olympus grant you

to utterly sack Priamrsquos city and return safe to home

but release my dear child to me and accept these gifts

reverencing Apollo who shoots at will the son of Zeusrdquo

176 Composition

1 The gods who have (ἔρνληεο) Olympian homes will grant to the sons of Atreus and to the other well-greaved

Achaeans to sack utterly (ἐθπέξζαη) the city of Priam 2 When they sacked the city of Priam they returned happily

home 3 They accepted the shining ransoms and freed the darling daughter of the priest Chryses 4 We reverenced

the free-shooter Apollo son of Leto and Zeus and escaped death 5 Will the son of Atreus accept the shining

ransoms 6 The child of the priest was freed when he gave many shining ransoms which the two sons of Atreus

accepted

KEY

1 ζενὶ ἔρνληεο ιύκπηα δώκαηα δώζνπζη Ἀηξεΐδῃζη θαὶ ἄιινηζηλ ἐπθλεκίδεζζηλ (ῑ) Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἐθπέξζαη πόιηλ

Πξηάκνπ 2 ηόηε ἐμέπεξζαλ πόιηλ Πξηάκνην ἵθνλην (ῑ) ἐὺ νἴθαδε 3 ἐδέμαλην ἀγιαrsquo ἄπνηλα θαὶ ἀπέιῡζαλ ζπγάηεξα

θίιε ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) Υξύζᾱν (ῡ) 4 ἡμάκεζα ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλα Λεηόνο θαὶ Γηὸο πἱόλ θαὶ ζάλαηνλ 5

Ἀηξεΐδεο δέμεηαη ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα 6 παῖο ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἀπειύζαην (ῡ) ηόηε ἔδσθελ ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀγιάα ηὰ

Ἀηξεΐδᾱ ἐδώθαζηλ

Lesson 18

(Perfect and Pluperfect Active of Verbs 904 922 Third Declension γέρων

αἴξ 693-695)

181 Formation of the Perfect and Pluperfect Active

The perfect and pluperfect in all modes experience reduplication of the initial syllable which denotes completed

action Verbs beginning with a single consonant (except ξ) prefix this consonant followed by -ε Thus ιύσ =

ιέιπθα The stem sometimes stands in ablaut relation to the stem of the present as in βαίλσ = βέβεθα A

reduplicated syllable beginning with an aspirated mute is changed to its corresponding voiceless mute in the

reduplicated syllable ie ζλήζθσ = ηέζλεθα In these cases the reduplicated pluperfect adds ἐ- to the reduplicated

syllable ie ιύσ = ιέιπθα = ἐιέιπθε

Vebs beginning with a double consonant two consonants (except a mute followed by a liquid or a nasal) ξ and

some beginning with κ simply augment the stem with the addition of ε-

Verbs beginning in a vowel typically take the temporal augment by lengthening the vowel ie νἴρνκαη =

ᾤρσθα However verbs beginning with a vowel in which an initial consonant has been lost may take the syllabic

augment

Compound verbs typically insert the reduplication and augment between the preposition and the verb ie

ἀπνιύσ = ἀπνιέιπθα = ἀπειειύθε

The first perfect active adds -θα- to the stem followed by the primary endings The first pluperfect active

similarly adds -θε- followed by the secondary endings In general a short final vowel is lengthened before the

addition of the -θα- or -θε- Second perfects and pluperfects active are the older form and are more common in

Homer These omit the θ and simply add -α- or -ε- respectively The second perfects are more common in stems

ending in a consonant

In general the singular perfect and pluperfect active stand in ablaut relation to the dual and plural forms

Perfects and pluperfects are rare in Homer and only occur in some twenty verbs

182 Paradigms λέλυκα and βέβηκα

ιέιπθα ἐιειύθε (ἐιειύθεα)

ιέιπθαο ἐιειύθο (ἐιειύθεαο)

ιέιπθε(λ) ἐιειύθεη (ἐιειύθεε)

ιειύθαηνλ ἐιειύθαηνλ

ιειύθαηνλ ἐιειπθάηελ

ιειύθακελ ἐιειύθεκελ

ιειύθαηε ἐιειύθεηε

ιειύθᾱζη ἐιειύθεζαλ

βέβεθα ἐβεβήθεα (ἐβεβήθε)

βέβεθαο ἐβεβήθεαο (ἐβεβήθεο)

βέβεθε(λ) ἐβεβήθεε (ἐβεβήθεη)

βέβαηνλ ἐβέβαηνλ

βέβαηνλ ἐβεβάηελ

βέβακελ ἐβέβακελ

βέβαηε ἐβέβαηε

βέβᾱζη ἐβέβαζαλ

183 Paradigms γέρων and αἴξ

γέξσλ αἴμ

γέξνληνο αἰγόο

γέξνληη αἰγί

γέξνληα αἶγα

γέξνλ αἴμ

γέξνληε αἶγε

γεξόληνηηλ αἴγνηηλ

γέξνληεο αἶγεο

γεξόλησλ αἰγῶλ

γεξόληεζ(ζ)η (γέξνπζη) αἴγεζ(ζ)η (αἰμί)

γέξνληαο αἶγαο

184 Vocabulary

ἀγνξή ῆο ἡ assembly meeting place gathering harrangue

αἴμ αἰγόο ὁ ἡ goat

Ἄξγνο ενο ηό Argos (both a country and a city in Greece)

γέξσλ νληνο ὁ old man

γῆξαο ανο ηό old age

ἱεξεύο ῆνο ὁ priest holy man

κεξίνλ νπ ηό thigh-bone thigh-piece

πνύο πνδόο ὁ foot

ηαῦξνο νπ ὁ bull

θξήλ θξελόο ἡ diaphragm mind heart soul spirit disposition

δέθαηνο ε νλ tenth

ἡκέηεξνο ε νλ our ours

θνῖινο ε νλ hollow

ὠθύο ὠθεῖα ὠθύ swift speedy

ζλήζθσ die perish

ζαλένκαη

ἔζαλνλ

ηέζλεθα

θεύγσ flee fly escape run (off away along)

θεύμνκαη

ἔθπγνλ

πέθεπγα

ζηέκκαηα ἑθεβόινπ Ἀπόιισλνο ἐλ ρεξζὶλ ἀλὰ ρξῡζέῳ ζθήπηξῳ θαὶ ιίζζεηαη πάληαο Ἀραηνύο κάιηζηα δrsquo Ἀηξεΐδᾱ

δύσ θνζκήηνξε ιᾱῶλ 4 Ἀπόιισλ ρνιώζεηαη βαζηιῆη θαὶ ὄξζεη λνῦζνλ θαθὴλ ἀλὰ ζηξαηόλ 5 ἐιεύζνληαη ἐπὶ ζνὰο

(ᾱ) λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ θαὶ νἴζνπζη ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα βαζηιῆη 6 ιίζζνληαη πάληαο Ἀραηνύο 7 Ἀηξεΐδεο ἠηίκαζελ (ῑ)

ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) θαὶ νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε ζύγαηξα

KEY

1 Apollo the free-shooter enraged by king Atreides sent an evil plague through the camp of the Achaeans and

the people were destroyed because the divine Atreides dishonored Chryses the priest 2 For Chryses the priest of

the free-shooter went upon the swift ships of the Achaeans bearing countless ransoms for his daughter whom

Atreides was holding in the camp 3 But the priest had a wreath of Apollo the free-shooter upon a staff in his hand

and was entreating all of the Achaeans but especially the sons of Atreus (who were) the commanders of the host 4

Apollo will be enraged by the king and will kindle an evil plague up through the camp 5 They will go upon the

swift ships of the Achaeans and bring countless ransoms to the king 6 They are entreating all of the Achaeans 7

Atreides dishonored the priest and would not release his daughter

1610 Iliad 11-16

hellipὀιέθνλην δὲ ιᾱνί

νὕλεθα ηὸλ Υξύζελ ἠηίκαζελ ἀξεηῆξα

Αηξεΐδεο ὁ γὰξ ἦιζε ζνὰο ἐπὶ λῆαο Ἀραηῶλ

ιπζόκελνο ηε ζύγαηξα θέξσλ ηrsquo ἀπεξείζηrsquo ἄπνηλα

ζηέκκαηrsquo ἔρσλ ἐλ ρεξζὶλ ἑθεβόινπ Ἀπόιισλνο

ρξπζέῳ ἀλὰ ζθήπηξῳ θαὶ ἐιίζζεην πάληαο Ἀραηνύο

Ἀηξεΐδα δὲ κάιηζηα δύσ θνζκήηνξε ιαῶλ

ηόλ Υξύζελ = that (well-known) Chryses

The first verse ends in two spondees making it a spondaic verse and emphasizing the fact that

Chryses was a priest

ιῡζόκελνο = fut mid part nom masc sing being about to ransom

θέξσλ = pres act part nom sing masc bearing bringing

ἔρσλ = pres act part nom sing masc having holding

ρεξζὶλ ἑθεβόινπ = ρεξζὶ ϝεθεβόινπ

ρξῡζέῳ = synizesis where -έῳ is pronounced as a single syllable

ἐιίζζεην = imperf act ind 3rd

pers sing dep (kept) entreating was entreating

Ἀηξεΐδᾱ = dual of Ἀηξεΐδεο refers to both Agamemnon and Menelaus

KEY

hellipand the people were being destroyed

because Atreides dishonored Chryses the priest

For he had gone upon the swift ships of the Achaeans

intending to ransom his daughter bearing countless gifts

and holding in his hand fillets of Apollo the free-shooter

upon a golden staff and was entreating all of the Achaeans

but especially the two sons of Atreus the commanders of the host

1611 Composition

1 Chryses the priest of Apollo is dishonored by the son of Atreus 2 The Achaeans will go from their swift

ships to Troy and ransom the beloved daughter of the priest 3 We shall bring many ransoms and shall hold in our

hands the fillets of Apollo 4 We do not have a golden scepter but we entreat Priam and all the people of Troy 5

The two sons of Atreus marshallers of the people are entreating Priam but he will slight them 6 The son of

Atreus king of men slighted the priest and did not release his daughter

KEY

1 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) Ἀπόιινπ ἀηῑκάδεηαη Ἀηξεΐδῃ 2 Ἀραηνὶ ἐιεύζνληαη ἐθ ζνάσλ (ᾱ) λήσλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ (ῑ)

θαὶ ἀπειύζνληαη (ῡ) θίιε ζπγάηεξα ἀξεηῆξη (ᾱ) 3 νἴζνκελ πνιιrsquo ἄπνηλα θαὶ ἕζρνκελ ἐλ ρείξεζζη ζηέκκαηα

Ἀπόιινπ 4 νὐθ ἔρνκελ ζθῆπηξνλ ρξύζενλ ἀιιὰ ιηζζόκεζα Πξίακνλ θαὶ πᾶληα ιᾱνλ Ἰιίνπ (ῑ) 5 δύrsquo Ἀηξεΐδᾱ

θνζκήηεξᾱ ιᾱσλ ιίζζεζζνλ Πξίακνλ αὐηνὺο δrsquo ἀηῑκάζεη 6 Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἄλδξσλ ἠηίκαζελ (ῑ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) θαὶ

νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε ζπγάηεξα

1612 Meter

ΟΤ λε θα | ΣΟΝ ΥΡΤ | ΖΝ Ζ | ΣΗ κα ζελ | Α ΡΖ | ΣΖ ΡΑ~

Α ηξε η | ΓΖ ν γαξ | ΖΛ ζε ζν | Α ε πη | ΝΖ αο α | ΥΑΗ ΧΝ

ΛΤ ζν κε | ΝΟ ηε ζπ | ΓΑΣ ξα θε | ΡΧΝ ηα πε | ΡΔΗ ζη α | ΠΟΗ ΝΑ~

ΣΔΜ καη ε | ΥΧΝ ΔΝ | ΥΔΡ ζηλ ε | ΚΖ βν ινπ | Α ΠΟΛ | ΛΧ ΝΟ~

ΥΡΤζεσα | ΝΑ ΚΖΠ | ΣΡΧ θαη ε | ΛΗ ζε ην | ΠΑΝ ηαο α | ΥΑΗ ΟΤ

ΑΣ ξε η | ΓΑ δε κα | ΛΗ ηα δπ | Χ ΚΟ | ΜΖ ην ξε | ΛΑ ΧΝ

Lesson 17

(910 - imperfect middle and passive aorist middle of ιύσ 648-658 - the table

of endings in 32)

171 Paradigms Imperfect MiddlePassive of ιύσ

S 1 ἐιπόκελ

2 ἐιύεν [(ἐιύεπ)]

3 ἐιύεην

D 2 ἐιύεζζνλ

3 ἐιπέζζελ

P 1 ἐιπόκε(ζ)ζα

2 ἐιύεζζε

3 ἐιύνλην

172 Paradigms Aorist Middle of ιύσ

Thematic Athematic (2nd

Aorist)

S 1 ἐιῡζάκελ ἐιύκελ

2 ἐιύζαν (ῡ) [(ἐιύζσ (ῡ))] ἔιπ(ζ)ν

3 ἐιύζαην (ῡ) ἔιπην

D 2 ἐιύζαζζνλ (ῡ) ἔιπζζνλ

3 ἐιῡζάζζελ ἐιύζζελ

P 1 ἐιῡζάκε(ζ)ζα ἐιύκε(ζ)ζα

2 ἐιύζαζζε (ῡ) ἔιπζζε

3 ἐιύζαλην (ῡ) ἔιπλην

173 Vocabulary

δῶκα αηνο ηό house home

παῖο παηδόο ὁ ἡ child son daughter

π(η)όιηο ηνο (ενο) ἡ city state

ἐπθλήκῑο ῑδνο well-greaved

ἐγώ(λ) κέν (κεῦ) I

ζύ ζέν (ζεῦ) you

κέλhellip δέ on the one handhellip trulyhellip on the one handhellip on the other hand

partlyhellip partly the onehellip the other

νἴθαδε home homeward to home home

Verbs

ἅδνκαη (ἁγ-) (defective) I reverence

δέρνκαη I accept I receive

δέμνκαη I will accept

ἐδεμάκελ (ἐδέγκελ) I accepted

δίδσκη (δσ- δν-) I give I grant

(δη)δώζσ I will give

ἔδσθα I gave

ἐθπέξζσ (πεξζ- πξαζ-) I sack (utterly) I plunder I pillage

ἐθπέξζσ I will sack

ἐμέπεξζα (ἐμέπξαζνλ) I sacked

ἱθλένκαη I arrive I reach (a destination)

ἵμνκαη I will arrive

ἱθόκελ (ῑ) I arrived

174 Translation

1 ζενὶ ἔρνπζηλ ιύκπηα δώκαηα ἔδσθαλ δrsquo Ἀηξεΐδεο θαὶ ἄιινηζηλ ἐπθλεκίδεζζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἐθπέξζαη

(infinitive) πόιηλ Πξηάκνπ ηόηε δrsquo ἵθνλην (ῑ) ἐὺ νἴθαδε νὕλεθα παῖδα θίιελ ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἔιῡζαλ 2 ἀπέιῡζαλ

ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνὶ ζύγαηξα θίιελ ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἐδέμαλην δrsquo ἀγιαὰ ἄπνηλα νὕλεθα ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλα Γηὸο πἱὸλ

ἅδνλην 3 ἅδεηαη ἑθεβόινλ 4 Ἀηξεΐδεο νὐθ ἐδέμαην ηὰ ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα 5 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἔδσθελ ἄπνηλα

πνιιὰ βαζηιῆη Ἀηξεΐδῃ 6 πάληεο ζενὶ θαὶ πᾶζαη ζεαὶ εἶρνλ ιύκπηα δώκαηα 7 Ἀραηνὶ ἐπθλήκῑδεο ἐθπέξζνπζη

Πξηάκνην πόιηλ ἵμνληαη δrsquo ἐπ νἴθαδε 8 παῖο θίιε ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἐιύζαην (ῡ) ἵθεην (ῑ) δrsquo ἐὺ νἴθαδε

KEY

1 The gods have Olympian homes but they gave the son of Atreus and the other well-greaved Achaeans to

utterly sack the city of Priam and then they returned safe at home because they released the dear child of the priest

2 The well-greaved Achaeans released the dear daughter of the priest and received glorious ransoms because they

reverenced the free-shooter Apollo son of Zeus 3 He reverences te free-shooter 4 The son of Atreus did not

receive the glorious ransoms 5 Chryses the priest gave many ransoms to king Atreides 6 All of the gods and all of

the goddesses had Olympian homes 7 The well-greved Achaeans will utterly sack Priamrsquos city and will return safe

to home 8 The dear child of the priest was released and arrived well to her home

175 Iliad 17-21

ltltἈηξεΐδαη ηε θαὶ ἄιινη ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνί

ὑκῖλ κὲλ ζενὶ δνῖελ ιύκπηα δώκαηrsquo ἔρνληεο

ἐθπέξζαη Πξηάκνην πόιηλ ἐὺ δrsquo νἴθαδrsquo ἱθέζζαη

παῖδα δrsquo ἐκνὶ ιῦζαί ηε θίιελ ηά ηrsquo ἄπνηλα δέρεζζαη

ἁδόκελνη Γηὸο πἱὸλ ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλαgtgt

Ἀηξεΐδαηhellip ἄιινη ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνί = vocative case

ὑκῖλ (ῡ) = dat plural of ζύ to you

ζενί = one syllable by synizesis

κέλ (v 18) = correlative of δέ (v 20)

δνῖελ = aor act optative 3rd

plural of δίδσκη may they grant

ἔρνληεο = pres act part nom masc plural of ἔρσ having possessing

ἐθπέξζαη = aor act inf of ἐθπέξζσ to sack utterly

ἱθέζζαη = aor act inf of ἱθένκαη to arrive (compare κάρεζζαη)

ιῦζαη δέρεζζαη = infinitives used as imperatives free and accept

ηά ηrsquo ἄπνηλα (ηά ηε ἄπνηλα) = thesehellip gifts

ἁδόκελνη = pres act part nom masc plural reverencing

KEY

ldquoSons of Atreus and you other well-greaved Achaeans

may the gods who have their homes on Olympus grant you

to utterly sack Priamrsquos city and return safe to home

but release my dear child to me and accept these gifts

reverencing Apollo who shoots at will the son of Zeusrdquo

176 Composition

1 The gods who have (ἔρνληεο) Olympian homes will grant to the sons of Atreus and to the other well-greaved

Achaeans to sack utterly (ἐθπέξζαη) the city of Priam 2 When they sacked the city of Priam they returned happily

home 3 They accepted the shining ransoms and freed the darling daughter of the priest Chryses 4 We reverenced

the free-shooter Apollo son of Leto and Zeus and escaped death 5 Will the son of Atreus accept the shining

ransoms 6 The child of the priest was freed when he gave many shining ransoms which the two sons of Atreus

accepted

KEY

1 ζενὶ ἔρνληεο ιύκπηα δώκαηα δώζνπζη Ἀηξεΐδῃζη θαὶ ἄιινηζηλ ἐπθλεκίδεζζηλ (ῑ) Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἐθπέξζαη πόιηλ

Πξηάκνπ 2 ηόηε ἐμέπεξζαλ πόιηλ Πξηάκνην ἵθνλην (ῑ) ἐὺ νἴθαδε 3 ἐδέμαλην ἀγιαrsquo ἄπνηλα θαὶ ἀπέιῡζαλ ζπγάηεξα

θίιε ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) Υξύζᾱν (ῡ) 4 ἡμάκεζα ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλα Λεηόνο θαὶ Γηὸο πἱόλ θαὶ ζάλαηνλ 5

Ἀηξεΐδεο δέμεηαη ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα 6 παῖο ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἀπειύζαην (ῡ) ηόηε ἔδσθελ ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀγιάα ηὰ

Ἀηξεΐδᾱ ἐδώθαζηλ

Lesson 18

(Perfect and Pluperfect Active of Verbs 904 922 Third Declension γέρων

αἴξ 693-695)

181 Formation of the Perfect and Pluperfect Active

The perfect and pluperfect in all modes experience reduplication of the initial syllable which denotes completed

action Verbs beginning with a single consonant (except ξ) prefix this consonant followed by -ε Thus ιύσ =

ιέιπθα The stem sometimes stands in ablaut relation to the stem of the present as in βαίλσ = βέβεθα A

reduplicated syllable beginning with an aspirated mute is changed to its corresponding voiceless mute in the

reduplicated syllable ie ζλήζθσ = ηέζλεθα In these cases the reduplicated pluperfect adds ἐ- to the reduplicated

syllable ie ιύσ = ιέιπθα = ἐιέιπθε

Vebs beginning with a double consonant two consonants (except a mute followed by a liquid or a nasal) ξ and

some beginning with κ simply augment the stem with the addition of ε-

Verbs beginning in a vowel typically take the temporal augment by lengthening the vowel ie νἴρνκαη =

ᾤρσθα However verbs beginning with a vowel in which an initial consonant has been lost may take the syllabic

augment

Compound verbs typically insert the reduplication and augment between the preposition and the verb ie

ἀπνιύσ = ἀπνιέιπθα = ἀπειειύθε

The first perfect active adds -θα- to the stem followed by the primary endings The first pluperfect active

similarly adds -θε- followed by the secondary endings In general a short final vowel is lengthened before the

addition of the -θα- or -θε- Second perfects and pluperfects active are the older form and are more common in

Homer These omit the θ and simply add -α- or -ε- respectively The second perfects are more common in stems

ending in a consonant

In general the singular perfect and pluperfect active stand in ablaut relation to the dual and plural forms

Perfects and pluperfects are rare in Homer and only occur in some twenty verbs

182 Paradigms λέλυκα and βέβηκα

ιέιπθα ἐιειύθε (ἐιειύθεα)

ιέιπθαο ἐιειύθο (ἐιειύθεαο)

ιέιπθε(λ) ἐιειύθεη (ἐιειύθεε)

ιειύθαηνλ ἐιειύθαηνλ

ιειύθαηνλ ἐιειπθάηελ

ιειύθακελ ἐιειύθεκελ

ιειύθαηε ἐιειύθεηε

ιειύθᾱζη ἐιειύθεζαλ

βέβεθα ἐβεβήθεα (ἐβεβήθε)

βέβεθαο ἐβεβήθεαο (ἐβεβήθεο)

βέβεθε(λ) ἐβεβήθεε (ἐβεβήθεη)

βέβαηνλ ἐβέβαηνλ

βέβαηνλ ἐβεβάηελ

βέβακελ ἐβέβακελ

βέβαηε ἐβέβαηε

βέβᾱζη ἐβέβαζαλ

183 Paradigms γέρων and αἴξ

γέξσλ αἴμ

γέξνληνο αἰγόο

γέξνληη αἰγί

γέξνληα αἶγα

γέξνλ αἴμ

γέξνληε αἶγε

γεξόληνηηλ αἴγνηηλ

γέξνληεο αἶγεο

γεξόλησλ αἰγῶλ

γεξόληεζ(ζ)η (γέξνπζη) αἴγεζ(ζ)η (αἰμί)

γέξνληαο αἶγαο

184 Vocabulary

ἀγνξή ῆο ἡ assembly meeting place gathering harrangue

αἴμ αἰγόο ὁ ἡ goat

Ἄξγνο ενο ηό Argos (both a country and a city in Greece)

γέξσλ νληνο ὁ old man

γῆξαο ανο ηό old age

ἱεξεύο ῆνο ὁ priest holy man

κεξίνλ νπ ηό thigh-bone thigh-piece

πνύο πνδόο ὁ foot

ηαῦξνο νπ ὁ bull

θξήλ θξελόο ἡ diaphragm mind heart soul spirit disposition

δέθαηνο ε νλ tenth

ἡκέηεξνο ε νλ our ours

θνῖινο ε νλ hollow

ὠθύο ὠθεῖα ὠθύ swift speedy

ζλήζθσ die perish

ζαλένκαη

ἔζαλνλ

ηέζλεθα

θεύγσ flee fly escape run (off away along)

θεύμνκαη

ἔθπγνλ

πέθεπγα

The two sons of Atreus marshallers of the people are entreating Priam but he will slight them 6 The son of

Atreus king of men slighted the priest and did not release his daughter

KEY

1 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) Ἀπόιινπ ἀηῑκάδεηαη Ἀηξεΐδῃ 2 Ἀραηνὶ ἐιεύζνληαη ἐθ ζνάσλ (ᾱ) λήσλ εἰο Ἴιηνλ (ῑ)

θαὶ ἀπειύζνληαη (ῡ) θίιε ζπγάηεξα ἀξεηῆξη (ᾱ) 3 νἴζνκελ πνιιrsquo ἄπνηλα θαὶ ἕζρνκελ ἐλ ρείξεζζη ζηέκκαηα

Ἀπόιινπ 4 νὐθ ἔρνκελ ζθῆπηξνλ ρξύζενλ ἀιιὰ ιηζζόκεζα Πξίακνλ θαὶ πᾶληα ιᾱνλ Ἰιίνπ (ῑ) 5 δύrsquo Ἀηξεΐδᾱ

θνζκήηεξᾱ ιᾱσλ ιίζζεζζνλ Πξίακνλ αὐηνὺο δrsquo ἀηῑκάζεη 6 Ἀηξεΐδεο ἄλαμ ἄλδξσλ ἠηίκαζελ (ῑ) ἀξεηῆξα (ᾱ) θαὶ

νὐθ ἀπέιῡζε ζπγάηεξα

1612 Meter

ΟΤ λε θα | ΣΟΝ ΥΡΤ | ΖΝ Ζ | ΣΗ κα ζελ | Α ΡΖ | ΣΖ ΡΑ~

Α ηξε η | ΓΖ ν γαξ | ΖΛ ζε ζν | Α ε πη | ΝΖ αο α | ΥΑΗ ΧΝ

ΛΤ ζν κε | ΝΟ ηε ζπ | ΓΑΣ ξα θε | ΡΧΝ ηα πε | ΡΔΗ ζη α | ΠΟΗ ΝΑ~

ΣΔΜ καη ε | ΥΧΝ ΔΝ | ΥΔΡ ζηλ ε | ΚΖ βν ινπ | Α ΠΟΛ | ΛΧ ΝΟ~

ΥΡΤζεσα | ΝΑ ΚΖΠ | ΣΡΧ θαη ε | ΛΗ ζε ην | ΠΑΝ ηαο α | ΥΑΗ ΟΤ

ΑΣ ξε η | ΓΑ δε κα | ΛΗ ηα δπ | Χ ΚΟ | ΜΖ ην ξε | ΛΑ ΧΝ

Lesson 17

(910 - imperfect middle and passive aorist middle of ιύσ 648-658 - the table

of endings in 32)

171 Paradigms Imperfect MiddlePassive of ιύσ

S 1 ἐιπόκελ

2 ἐιύεν [(ἐιύεπ)]

3 ἐιύεην

D 2 ἐιύεζζνλ

3 ἐιπέζζελ

P 1 ἐιπόκε(ζ)ζα

2 ἐιύεζζε

3 ἐιύνλην

172 Paradigms Aorist Middle of ιύσ

Thematic Athematic (2nd

Aorist)

S 1 ἐιῡζάκελ ἐιύκελ

2 ἐιύζαν (ῡ) [(ἐιύζσ (ῡ))] ἔιπ(ζ)ν

3 ἐιύζαην (ῡ) ἔιπην

D 2 ἐιύζαζζνλ (ῡ) ἔιπζζνλ

3 ἐιῡζάζζελ ἐιύζζελ

P 1 ἐιῡζάκε(ζ)ζα ἐιύκε(ζ)ζα

2 ἐιύζαζζε (ῡ) ἔιπζζε

3 ἐιύζαλην (ῡ) ἔιπλην

173 Vocabulary

δῶκα αηνο ηό house home

παῖο παηδόο ὁ ἡ child son daughter

π(η)όιηο ηνο (ενο) ἡ city state

ἐπθλήκῑο ῑδνο well-greaved

ἐγώ(λ) κέν (κεῦ) I

ζύ ζέν (ζεῦ) you

κέλhellip δέ on the one handhellip trulyhellip on the one handhellip on the other hand

partlyhellip partly the onehellip the other

νἴθαδε home homeward to home home

Verbs

ἅδνκαη (ἁγ-) (defective) I reverence

δέρνκαη I accept I receive

δέμνκαη I will accept

ἐδεμάκελ (ἐδέγκελ) I accepted

δίδσκη (δσ- δν-) I give I grant

(δη)δώζσ I will give

ἔδσθα I gave

ἐθπέξζσ (πεξζ- πξαζ-) I sack (utterly) I plunder I pillage

ἐθπέξζσ I will sack

ἐμέπεξζα (ἐμέπξαζνλ) I sacked

ἱθλένκαη I arrive I reach (a destination)

ἵμνκαη I will arrive

ἱθόκελ (ῑ) I arrived

174 Translation

1 ζενὶ ἔρνπζηλ ιύκπηα δώκαηα ἔδσθαλ δrsquo Ἀηξεΐδεο θαὶ ἄιινηζηλ ἐπθλεκίδεζζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἐθπέξζαη

(infinitive) πόιηλ Πξηάκνπ ηόηε δrsquo ἵθνλην (ῑ) ἐὺ νἴθαδε νὕλεθα παῖδα θίιελ ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἔιῡζαλ 2 ἀπέιῡζαλ

ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνὶ ζύγαηξα θίιελ ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἐδέμαλην δrsquo ἀγιαὰ ἄπνηλα νὕλεθα ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλα Γηὸο πἱὸλ

ἅδνλην 3 ἅδεηαη ἑθεβόινλ 4 Ἀηξεΐδεο νὐθ ἐδέμαην ηὰ ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα 5 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἔδσθελ ἄπνηλα

πνιιὰ βαζηιῆη Ἀηξεΐδῃ 6 πάληεο ζενὶ θαὶ πᾶζαη ζεαὶ εἶρνλ ιύκπηα δώκαηα 7 Ἀραηνὶ ἐπθλήκῑδεο ἐθπέξζνπζη

Πξηάκνην πόιηλ ἵμνληαη δrsquo ἐπ νἴθαδε 8 παῖο θίιε ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἐιύζαην (ῡ) ἵθεην (ῑ) δrsquo ἐὺ νἴθαδε

KEY

1 The gods have Olympian homes but they gave the son of Atreus and the other well-greaved Achaeans to

utterly sack the city of Priam and then they returned safe at home because they released the dear child of the priest

2 The well-greaved Achaeans released the dear daughter of the priest and received glorious ransoms because they

reverenced the free-shooter Apollo son of Zeus 3 He reverences te free-shooter 4 The son of Atreus did not

receive the glorious ransoms 5 Chryses the priest gave many ransoms to king Atreides 6 All of the gods and all of

the goddesses had Olympian homes 7 The well-greved Achaeans will utterly sack Priamrsquos city and will return safe

to home 8 The dear child of the priest was released and arrived well to her home

175 Iliad 17-21

ltltἈηξεΐδαη ηε θαὶ ἄιινη ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνί

ὑκῖλ κὲλ ζενὶ δνῖελ ιύκπηα δώκαηrsquo ἔρνληεο

ἐθπέξζαη Πξηάκνην πόιηλ ἐὺ δrsquo νἴθαδrsquo ἱθέζζαη

παῖδα δrsquo ἐκνὶ ιῦζαί ηε θίιελ ηά ηrsquo ἄπνηλα δέρεζζαη

ἁδόκελνη Γηὸο πἱὸλ ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλαgtgt

Ἀηξεΐδαηhellip ἄιινη ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνί = vocative case

ὑκῖλ (ῡ) = dat plural of ζύ to you

ζενί = one syllable by synizesis

κέλ (v 18) = correlative of δέ (v 20)

δνῖελ = aor act optative 3rd

plural of δίδσκη may they grant

ἔρνληεο = pres act part nom masc plural of ἔρσ having possessing

ἐθπέξζαη = aor act inf of ἐθπέξζσ to sack utterly

ἱθέζζαη = aor act inf of ἱθένκαη to arrive (compare κάρεζζαη)

ιῦζαη δέρεζζαη = infinitives used as imperatives free and accept

ηά ηrsquo ἄπνηλα (ηά ηε ἄπνηλα) = thesehellip gifts

ἁδόκελνη = pres act part nom masc plural reverencing

KEY

ldquoSons of Atreus and you other well-greaved Achaeans

may the gods who have their homes on Olympus grant you

to utterly sack Priamrsquos city and return safe to home

but release my dear child to me and accept these gifts

reverencing Apollo who shoots at will the son of Zeusrdquo

176 Composition

1 The gods who have (ἔρνληεο) Olympian homes will grant to the sons of Atreus and to the other well-greaved

Achaeans to sack utterly (ἐθπέξζαη) the city of Priam 2 When they sacked the city of Priam they returned happily

home 3 They accepted the shining ransoms and freed the darling daughter of the priest Chryses 4 We reverenced

the free-shooter Apollo son of Leto and Zeus and escaped death 5 Will the son of Atreus accept the shining

ransoms 6 The child of the priest was freed when he gave many shining ransoms which the two sons of Atreus

accepted

KEY

1 ζενὶ ἔρνληεο ιύκπηα δώκαηα δώζνπζη Ἀηξεΐδῃζη θαὶ ἄιινηζηλ ἐπθλεκίδεζζηλ (ῑ) Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἐθπέξζαη πόιηλ

Πξηάκνπ 2 ηόηε ἐμέπεξζαλ πόιηλ Πξηάκνην ἵθνλην (ῑ) ἐὺ νἴθαδε 3 ἐδέμαλην ἀγιαrsquo ἄπνηλα θαὶ ἀπέιῡζαλ ζπγάηεξα

θίιε ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) Υξύζᾱν (ῡ) 4 ἡμάκεζα ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλα Λεηόνο θαὶ Γηὸο πἱόλ θαὶ ζάλαηνλ 5

Ἀηξεΐδεο δέμεηαη ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα 6 παῖο ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἀπειύζαην (ῡ) ηόηε ἔδσθελ ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀγιάα ηὰ

Ἀηξεΐδᾱ ἐδώθαζηλ

Lesson 18

(Perfect and Pluperfect Active of Verbs 904 922 Third Declension γέρων

αἴξ 693-695)

181 Formation of the Perfect and Pluperfect Active

The perfect and pluperfect in all modes experience reduplication of the initial syllable which denotes completed

action Verbs beginning with a single consonant (except ξ) prefix this consonant followed by -ε Thus ιύσ =

ιέιπθα The stem sometimes stands in ablaut relation to the stem of the present as in βαίλσ = βέβεθα A

reduplicated syllable beginning with an aspirated mute is changed to its corresponding voiceless mute in the

reduplicated syllable ie ζλήζθσ = ηέζλεθα In these cases the reduplicated pluperfect adds ἐ- to the reduplicated

syllable ie ιύσ = ιέιπθα = ἐιέιπθε

Vebs beginning with a double consonant two consonants (except a mute followed by a liquid or a nasal) ξ and

some beginning with κ simply augment the stem with the addition of ε-

Verbs beginning in a vowel typically take the temporal augment by lengthening the vowel ie νἴρνκαη =

ᾤρσθα However verbs beginning with a vowel in which an initial consonant has been lost may take the syllabic

augment

Compound verbs typically insert the reduplication and augment between the preposition and the verb ie

ἀπνιύσ = ἀπνιέιπθα = ἀπειειύθε

The first perfect active adds -θα- to the stem followed by the primary endings The first pluperfect active

similarly adds -θε- followed by the secondary endings In general a short final vowel is lengthened before the

addition of the -θα- or -θε- Second perfects and pluperfects active are the older form and are more common in

Homer These omit the θ and simply add -α- or -ε- respectively The second perfects are more common in stems

ending in a consonant

In general the singular perfect and pluperfect active stand in ablaut relation to the dual and plural forms

Perfects and pluperfects are rare in Homer and only occur in some twenty verbs

182 Paradigms λέλυκα and βέβηκα

ιέιπθα ἐιειύθε (ἐιειύθεα)

ιέιπθαο ἐιειύθο (ἐιειύθεαο)

ιέιπθε(λ) ἐιειύθεη (ἐιειύθεε)

ιειύθαηνλ ἐιειύθαηνλ

ιειύθαηνλ ἐιειπθάηελ

ιειύθακελ ἐιειύθεκελ

ιειύθαηε ἐιειύθεηε

ιειύθᾱζη ἐιειύθεζαλ

βέβεθα ἐβεβήθεα (ἐβεβήθε)

βέβεθαο ἐβεβήθεαο (ἐβεβήθεο)

βέβεθε(λ) ἐβεβήθεε (ἐβεβήθεη)

βέβαηνλ ἐβέβαηνλ

βέβαηνλ ἐβεβάηελ

βέβακελ ἐβέβακελ

βέβαηε ἐβέβαηε

βέβᾱζη ἐβέβαζαλ

183 Paradigms γέρων and αἴξ

γέξσλ αἴμ

γέξνληνο αἰγόο

γέξνληη αἰγί

γέξνληα αἶγα

γέξνλ αἴμ

γέξνληε αἶγε

γεξόληνηηλ αἴγνηηλ

γέξνληεο αἶγεο

γεξόλησλ αἰγῶλ

γεξόληεζ(ζ)η (γέξνπζη) αἴγεζ(ζ)η (αἰμί)

γέξνληαο αἶγαο

184 Vocabulary

ἀγνξή ῆο ἡ assembly meeting place gathering harrangue

αἴμ αἰγόο ὁ ἡ goat

Ἄξγνο ενο ηό Argos (both a country and a city in Greece)

γέξσλ νληνο ὁ old man

γῆξαο ανο ηό old age

ἱεξεύο ῆνο ὁ priest holy man

κεξίνλ νπ ηό thigh-bone thigh-piece

πνύο πνδόο ὁ foot

ηαῦξνο νπ ὁ bull

θξήλ θξελόο ἡ diaphragm mind heart soul spirit disposition

δέθαηνο ε νλ tenth

ἡκέηεξνο ε νλ our ours

θνῖινο ε νλ hollow

ὠθύο ὠθεῖα ὠθύ swift speedy

ζλήζθσ die perish

ζαλένκαη

ἔζαλνλ

ηέζλεθα

θεύγσ flee fly escape run (off away along)

θεύμνκαη

ἔθπγνλ

πέθεπγα

3 ἐιῡζάζζελ ἐιύζζελ

P 1 ἐιῡζάκε(ζ)ζα ἐιύκε(ζ)ζα

2 ἐιύζαζζε (ῡ) ἔιπζζε

3 ἐιύζαλην (ῡ) ἔιπλην

173 Vocabulary

δῶκα αηνο ηό house home

παῖο παηδόο ὁ ἡ child son daughter

π(η)όιηο ηνο (ενο) ἡ city state

ἐπθλήκῑο ῑδνο well-greaved

ἐγώ(λ) κέν (κεῦ) I

ζύ ζέν (ζεῦ) you

κέλhellip δέ on the one handhellip trulyhellip on the one handhellip on the other hand

partlyhellip partly the onehellip the other

νἴθαδε home homeward to home home

Verbs

ἅδνκαη (ἁγ-) (defective) I reverence

δέρνκαη I accept I receive

δέμνκαη I will accept

ἐδεμάκελ (ἐδέγκελ) I accepted

δίδσκη (δσ- δν-) I give I grant

(δη)δώζσ I will give

ἔδσθα I gave

ἐθπέξζσ (πεξζ- πξαζ-) I sack (utterly) I plunder I pillage

ἐθπέξζσ I will sack

ἐμέπεξζα (ἐμέπξαζνλ) I sacked

ἱθλένκαη I arrive I reach (a destination)

ἵμνκαη I will arrive

ἱθόκελ (ῑ) I arrived

174 Translation

1 ζενὶ ἔρνπζηλ ιύκπηα δώκαηα ἔδσθαλ δrsquo Ἀηξεΐδεο θαὶ ἄιινηζηλ ἐπθλεκίδεζζηλ Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἐθπέξζαη

(infinitive) πόιηλ Πξηάκνπ ηόηε δrsquo ἵθνλην (ῑ) ἐὺ νἴθαδε νὕλεθα παῖδα θίιελ ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἔιῡζαλ 2 ἀπέιῡζαλ

ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνὶ ζύγαηξα θίιελ ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἐδέμαλην δrsquo ἀγιαὰ ἄπνηλα νὕλεθα ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλα Γηὸο πἱὸλ

ἅδνλην 3 ἅδεηαη ἑθεβόινλ 4 Ἀηξεΐδεο νὐθ ἐδέμαην ηὰ ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα 5 Υξύζεο (ῡ) ἀξεηὴξ (ᾱ) ἔδσθελ ἄπνηλα

πνιιὰ βαζηιῆη Ἀηξεΐδῃ 6 πάληεο ζενὶ θαὶ πᾶζαη ζεαὶ εἶρνλ ιύκπηα δώκαηα 7 Ἀραηνὶ ἐπθλήκῑδεο ἐθπέξζνπζη

Πξηάκνην πόιηλ ἵμνληαη δrsquo ἐπ νἴθαδε 8 παῖο θίιε ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἐιύζαην (ῡ) ἵθεην (ῑ) δrsquo ἐὺ νἴθαδε

KEY

1 The gods have Olympian homes but they gave the son of Atreus and the other well-greaved Achaeans to

utterly sack the city of Priam and then they returned safe at home because they released the dear child of the priest

2 The well-greaved Achaeans released the dear daughter of the priest and received glorious ransoms because they

reverenced the free-shooter Apollo son of Zeus 3 He reverences te free-shooter 4 The son of Atreus did not

receive the glorious ransoms 5 Chryses the priest gave many ransoms to king Atreides 6 All of the gods and all of

the goddesses had Olympian homes 7 The well-greved Achaeans will utterly sack Priamrsquos city and will return safe

to home 8 The dear child of the priest was released and arrived well to her home

175 Iliad 17-21

ltltἈηξεΐδαη ηε θαὶ ἄιινη ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνί

ὑκῖλ κὲλ ζενὶ δνῖελ ιύκπηα δώκαηrsquo ἔρνληεο

ἐθπέξζαη Πξηάκνην πόιηλ ἐὺ δrsquo νἴθαδrsquo ἱθέζζαη

παῖδα δrsquo ἐκνὶ ιῦζαί ηε θίιελ ηά ηrsquo ἄπνηλα δέρεζζαη

ἁδόκελνη Γηὸο πἱὸλ ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλαgtgt

Ἀηξεΐδαηhellip ἄιινη ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνί = vocative case

ὑκῖλ (ῡ) = dat plural of ζύ to you

ζενί = one syllable by synizesis

κέλ (v 18) = correlative of δέ (v 20)

δνῖελ = aor act optative 3rd

plural of δίδσκη may they grant

ἔρνληεο = pres act part nom masc plural of ἔρσ having possessing

ἐθπέξζαη = aor act inf of ἐθπέξζσ to sack utterly

ἱθέζζαη = aor act inf of ἱθένκαη to arrive (compare κάρεζζαη)

ιῦζαη δέρεζζαη = infinitives used as imperatives free and accept

ηά ηrsquo ἄπνηλα (ηά ηε ἄπνηλα) = thesehellip gifts

ἁδόκελνη = pres act part nom masc plural reverencing

KEY

ldquoSons of Atreus and you other well-greaved Achaeans

may the gods who have their homes on Olympus grant you

to utterly sack Priamrsquos city and return safe to home

but release my dear child to me and accept these gifts

reverencing Apollo who shoots at will the son of Zeusrdquo

176 Composition

1 The gods who have (ἔρνληεο) Olympian homes will grant to the sons of Atreus and to the other well-greaved

Achaeans to sack utterly (ἐθπέξζαη) the city of Priam 2 When they sacked the city of Priam they returned happily

home 3 They accepted the shining ransoms and freed the darling daughter of the priest Chryses 4 We reverenced

the free-shooter Apollo son of Leto and Zeus and escaped death 5 Will the son of Atreus accept the shining

ransoms 6 The child of the priest was freed when he gave many shining ransoms which the two sons of Atreus

accepted

KEY

1 ζενὶ ἔρνληεο ιύκπηα δώκαηα δώζνπζη Ἀηξεΐδῃζη θαὶ ἄιινηζηλ ἐπθλεκίδεζζηλ (ῑ) Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἐθπέξζαη πόιηλ

Πξηάκνπ 2 ηόηε ἐμέπεξζαλ πόιηλ Πξηάκνην ἵθνλην (ῑ) ἐὺ νἴθαδε 3 ἐδέμαλην ἀγιαrsquo ἄπνηλα θαὶ ἀπέιῡζαλ ζπγάηεξα

θίιε ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) Υξύζᾱν (ῡ) 4 ἡμάκεζα ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλα Λεηόνο θαὶ Γηὸο πἱόλ θαὶ ζάλαηνλ 5

Ἀηξεΐδεο δέμεηαη ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα 6 παῖο ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἀπειύζαην (ῡ) ηόηε ἔδσθελ ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀγιάα ηὰ

Ἀηξεΐδᾱ ἐδώθαζηλ

Lesson 18

(Perfect and Pluperfect Active of Verbs 904 922 Third Declension γέρων

αἴξ 693-695)

181 Formation of the Perfect and Pluperfect Active

The perfect and pluperfect in all modes experience reduplication of the initial syllable which denotes completed

action Verbs beginning with a single consonant (except ξ) prefix this consonant followed by -ε Thus ιύσ =

ιέιπθα The stem sometimes stands in ablaut relation to the stem of the present as in βαίλσ = βέβεθα A

reduplicated syllable beginning with an aspirated mute is changed to its corresponding voiceless mute in the

reduplicated syllable ie ζλήζθσ = ηέζλεθα In these cases the reduplicated pluperfect adds ἐ- to the reduplicated

syllable ie ιύσ = ιέιπθα = ἐιέιπθε

Vebs beginning with a double consonant two consonants (except a mute followed by a liquid or a nasal) ξ and

some beginning with κ simply augment the stem with the addition of ε-

Verbs beginning in a vowel typically take the temporal augment by lengthening the vowel ie νἴρνκαη =

ᾤρσθα However verbs beginning with a vowel in which an initial consonant has been lost may take the syllabic

augment

Compound verbs typically insert the reduplication and augment between the preposition and the verb ie

ἀπνιύσ = ἀπνιέιπθα = ἀπειειύθε

The first perfect active adds -θα- to the stem followed by the primary endings The first pluperfect active

similarly adds -θε- followed by the secondary endings In general a short final vowel is lengthened before the

addition of the -θα- or -θε- Second perfects and pluperfects active are the older form and are more common in

Homer These omit the θ and simply add -α- or -ε- respectively The second perfects are more common in stems

ending in a consonant

In general the singular perfect and pluperfect active stand in ablaut relation to the dual and plural forms

Perfects and pluperfects are rare in Homer and only occur in some twenty verbs

182 Paradigms λέλυκα and βέβηκα

ιέιπθα ἐιειύθε (ἐιειύθεα)

ιέιπθαο ἐιειύθο (ἐιειύθεαο)

ιέιπθε(λ) ἐιειύθεη (ἐιειύθεε)

ιειύθαηνλ ἐιειύθαηνλ

ιειύθαηνλ ἐιειπθάηελ

ιειύθακελ ἐιειύθεκελ

ιειύθαηε ἐιειύθεηε

ιειύθᾱζη ἐιειύθεζαλ

βέβεθα ἐβεβήθεα (ἐβεβήθε)

βέβεθαο ἐβεβήθεαο (ἐβεβήθεο)

βέβεθε(λ) ἐβεβήθεε (ἐβεβήθεη)

βέβαηνλ ἐβέβαηνλ

βέβαηνλ ἐβεβάηελ

βέβακελ ἐβέβακελ

βέβαηε ἐβέβαηε

βέβᾱζη ἐβέβαζαλ

183 Paradigms γέρων and αἴξ

γέξσλ αἴμ

γέξνληνο αἰγόο

γέξνληη αἰγί

γέξνληα αἶγα

γέξνλ αἴμ

γέξνληε αἶγε

γεξόληνηηλ αἴγνηηλ

γέξνληεο αἶγεο

γεξόλησλ αἰγῶλ

γεξόληεζ(ζ)η (γέξνπζη) αἴγεζ(ζ)η (αἰμί)

γέξνληαο αἶγαο

184 Vocabulary

ἀγνξή ῆο ἡ assembly meeting place gathering harrangue

αἴμ αἰγόο ὁ ἡ goat

Ἄξγνο ενο ηό Argos (both a country and a city in Greece)

γέξσλ νληνο ὁ old man

γῆξαο ανο ηό old age

ἱεξεύο ῆνο ὁ priest holy man

κεξίνλ νπ ηό thigh-bone thigh-piece

πνύο πνδόο ὁ foot

ηαῦξνο νπ ὁ bull

θξήλ θξελόο ἡ diaphragm mind heart soul spirit disposition

δέθαηνο ε νλ tenth

ἡκέηεξνο ε νλ our ours

θνῖινο ε νλ hollow

ὠθύο ὠθεῖα ὠθύ swift speedy

ζλήζθσ die perish

ζαλένκαη

ἔζαλνλ

ηέζλεθα

θεύγσ flee fly escape run (off away along)

θεύμνκαη

ἔθπγνλ

πέθεπγα

reverenced the free-shooter Apollo son of Zeus 3 He reverences te free-shooter 4 The son of Atreus did not

receive the glorious ransoms 5 Chryses the priest gave many ransoms to king Atreides 6 All of the gods and all of

the goddesses had Olympian homes 7 The well-greved Achaeans will utterly sack Priamrsquos city and will return safe

to home 8 The dear child of the priest was released and arrived well to her home

175 Iliad 17-21

ltltἈηξεΐδαη ηε θαὶ ἄιινη ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνί

ὑκῖλ κὲλ ζενὶ δνῖελ ιύκπηα δώκαηrsquo ἔρνληεο

ἐθπέξζαη Πξηάκνην πόιηλ ἐὺ δrsquo νἴθαδrsquo ἱθέζζαη

παῖδα δrsquo ἐκνὶ ιῦζαί ηε θίιελ ηά ηrsquo ἄπνηλα δέρεζζαη

ἁδόκελνη Γηὸο πἱὸλ ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλαgtgt

Ἀηξεΐδαηhellip ἄιινη ἐπθλήκῑδεο Ἀραηνί = vocative case

ὑκῖλ (ῡ) = dat plural of ζύ to you

ζενί = one syllable by synizesis

κέλ (v 18) = correlative of δέ (v 20)

δνῖελ = aor act optative 3rd

plural of δίδσκη may they grant

ἔρνληεο = pres act part nom masc plural of ἔρσ having possessing

ἐθπέξζαη = aor act inf of ἐθπέξζσ to sack utterly

ἱθέζζαη = aor act inf of ἱθένκαη to arrive (compare κάρεζζαη)

ιῦζαη δέρεζζαη = infinitives used as imperatives free and accept

ηά ηrsquo ἄπνηλα (ηά ηε ἄπνηλα) = thesehellip gifts

ἁδόκελνη = pres act part nom masc plural reverencing

KEY

ldquoSons of Atreus and you other well-greaved Achaeans

may the gods who have their homes on Olympus grant you

to utterly sack Priamrsquos city and return safe to home

but release my dear child to me and accept these gifts

reverencing Apollo who shoots at will the son of Zeusrdquo

176 Composition

1 The gods who have (ἔρνληεο) Olympian homes will grant to the sons of Atreus and to the other well-greaved

Achaeans to sack utterly (ἐθπέξζαη) the city of Priam 2 When they sacked the city of Priam they returned happily

home 3 They accepted the shining ransoms and freed the darling daughter of the priest Chryses 4 We reverenced

the free-shooter Apollo son of Leto and Zeus and escaped death 5 Will the son of Atreus accept the shining

ransoms 6 The child of the priest was freed when he gave many shining ransoms which the two sons of Atreus

accepted

KEY

1 ζενὶ ἔρνληεο ιύκπηα δώκαηα δώζνπζη Ἀηξεΐδῃζη θαὶ ἄιινηζηλ ἐπθλεκίδεζζηλ (ῑ) Ἀραηνῖζηλ ἐθπέξζαη πόιηλ

Πξηάκνπ 2 ηόηε ἐμέπεξζαλ πόιηλ Πξηάκνην ἵθνλην (ῑ) ἐὺ νἴθαδε 3 ἐδέμαλην ἀγιαrsquo ἄπνηλα θαὶ ἀπέιῡζαλ ζπγάηεξα

θίιε ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) Υξύζᾱν (ῡ) 4 ἡμάκεζα ἑθεβόινλ Ἀπόιισλα Λεηόνο θαὶ Γηὸο πἱόλ θαὶ ζάλαηνλ 5

Ἀηξεΐδεο δέμεηαη ἀγιάrsquo ἄπνηλα 6 παῖο ἀξεηῆξνο (ᾱ) ἀπειύζαην (ῡ) ηόηε ἔδσθελ ἄπνηλα πνιιὰ θαὶ ἀγιάα ηὰ

Ἀηξεΐδᾱ ἐδώθαζηλ

Lesson 18

(Perfect and Pluperfect Active of Verbs 904 922 Third Declension γέρων

αἴξ 693-695)

181 Formation of the Perfect and Pluperfect Active

The perfect and pluperfect in all modes experience reduplication of the initial syllable which denotes completed

action Verbs beginning with a single consonant (except ξ) prefix this consonant followed by -ε Thus ιύσ =

ιέιπθα The stem sometimes stands in ablaut relation to the stem of the present as in βαίλσ = βέβεθα A

reduplicated syllable beginning with an aspirated mute is changed to its corresponding voiceless mute in the

reduplicated syllable ie ζλήζθσ = ηέζλεθα In these cases the reduplicated pluperfect adds ἐ- to the reduplicated

syllable ie ιύσ = ιέιπθα = ἐιέιπθε

Vebs beginning with a double consonant two consonants (except a mute followed by a liquid or a nasal) ξ and

some beginning with κ simply augment the stem with the addition of ε-

Verbs beginning in a vowel typically take the temporal augment by lengthening the vowel ie νἴρνκαη =

ᾤρσθα However verbs beginning with a vowel in which an initial consonant has been lost may take the syllabic

augment

Compound verbs typically insert the reduplication and augment between the preposition and the verb ie

ἀπνιύσ = ἀπνιέιπθα = ἀπειειύθε

The first perfect active adds -θα- to the stem followed by the primary endings The first pluperfect active

similarly adds -θε- followed by the secondary endings In general a short final vowel is lengthened before the

addition of the -θα- or -θε- Second perfects and pluperfects active are the older form and are more common in

Homer These omit the θ and simply add -α- or -ε- respectively The second perfects are more common in stems

ending in a consonant

In general the singular perfect and pluperfect active stand in ablaut relation to the dual and plural forms

Perfects and pluperfects are rare in Homer and only occur in some twenty verbs

182 Paradigms λέλυκα and βέβηκα

ιέιπθα ἐιειύθε (ἐιειύθεα)

ιέιπθαο ἐιειύθο (ἐιειύθεαο)

ιέιπθε(λ) ἐιειύθεη (ἐιειύθεε)

ιειύθαηνλ ἐιειύθαηνλ

ιειύθαηνλ ἐιειπθάηελ

ιειύθακελ ἐιειύθεκελ

ιειύθαηε ἐιειύθεηε

ιειύθᾱζη ἐιειύθεζαλ

βέβεθα ἐβεβήθεα (ἐβεβήθε)

βέβεθαο ἐβεβήθεαο (ἐβεβήθεο)

βέβεθε(λ) ἐβεβήθεε (ἐβεβήθεη)

βέβαηνλ ἐβέβαηνλ

βέβαηνλ ἐβεβάηελ

βέβακελ ἐβέβακελ

βέβαηε ἐβέβαηε

βέβᾱζη ἐβέβαζαλ

183 Paradigms γέρων and αἴξ

γέξσλ αἴμ

γέξνληνο αἰγόο

γέξνληη αἰγί

γέξνληα αἶγα

γέξνλ αἴμ

γέξνληε αἶγε

γεξόληνηηλ αἴγνηηλ

γέξνληεο αἶγεο

γεξόλησλ αἰγῶλ

γεξόληεζ(ζ)η (γέξνπζη) αἴγεζ(ζ)η (αἰμί)

γέξνληαο αἶγαο

184 Vocabulary

ἀγνξή ῆο ἡ assembly meeting place gathering harrangue

αἴμ αἰγόο ὁ ἡ goat

Ἄξγνο ενο ηό Argos (both a country and a city in Greece)

γέξσλ νληνο ὁ old man

γῆξαο ανο ηό old age

ἱεξεύο ῆνο ὁ priest holy man

κεξίνλ νπ ηό thigh-bone thigh-piece

πνύο πνδόο ὁ foot

ηαῦξνο νπ ὁ bull

θξήλ θξελόο ἡ diaphragm mind heart soul spirit disposition

δέθαηνο ε νλ tenth

ἡκέηεξνο ε νλ our ours

θνῖινο ε νλ hollow

ὠθύο ὠθεῖα ὠθύ swift speedy

ζλήζθσ die perish

ζαλένκαη

ἔζαλνλ

ηέζλεθα

θεύγσ flee fly escape run (off away along)

θεύμνκαη

ἔθπγνλ

πέθεπγα

Lesson 18

(Perfect and Pluperfect Active of Verbs 904 922 Third Declension γέρων

αἴξ 693-695)

181 Formation of the Perfect and Pluperfect Active

The perfect and pluperfect in all modes experience reduplication of the initial syllable which denotes completed

action Verbs beginning with a single consonant (except ξ) prefix this consonant followed by -ε Thus ιύσ =

ιέιπθα The stem sometimes stands in ablaut relation to the stem of the present as in βαίλσ = βέβεθα A

reduplicated syllable beginning with an aspirated mute is changed to its corresponding voiceless mute in the

reduplicated syllable ie ζλήζθσ = ηέζλεθα In these cases the reduplicated pluperfect adds ἐ- to the reduplicated

syllable ie ιύσ = ιέιπθα = ἐιέιπθε

Vebs beginning with a double consonant two consonants (except a mute followed by a liquid or a nasal) ξ and

some beginning with κ simply augment the stem with the addition of ε-

Verbs beginning in a vowel typically take the temporal augment by lengthening the vowel ie νἴρνκαη =

ᾤρσθα However verbs beginning with a vowel in which an initial consonant has been lost may take the syllabic

augment

Compound verbs typically insert the reduplication and augment between the preposition and the verb ie

ἀπνιύσ = ἀπνιέιπθα = ἀπειειύθε

The first perfect active adds -θα- to the stem followed by the primary endings The first pluperfect active

similarly adds -θε- followed by the secondary endings In general a short final vowel is lengthened before the

addition of the -θα- or -θε- Second perfects and pluperfects active are the older form and are more common in

Homer These omit the θ and simply add -α- or -ε- respectively The second perfects are more common in stems

ending in a consonant

In general the singular perfect and pluperfect active stand in ablaut relation to the dual and plural forms

Perfects and pluperfects are rare in Homer and only occur in some twenty verbs

182 Paradigms λέλυκα and βέβηκα

ιέιπθα ἐιειύθε (ἐιειύθεα)

ιέιπθαο ἐιειύθο (ἐιειύθεαο)

ιέιπθε(λ) ἐιειύθεη (ἐιειύθεε)

ιειύθαηνλ ἐιειύθαηνλ

ιειύθαηνλ ἐιειπθάηελ

ιειύθακελ ἐιειύθεκελ

ιειύθαηε ἐιειύθεηε

ιειύθᾱζη ἐιειύθεζαλ

βέβεθα ἐβεβήθεα (ἐβεβήθε)

βέβεθαο ἐβεβήθεαο (ἐβεβήθεο)

βέβεθε(λ) ἐβεβήθεε (ἐβεβήθεη)

βέβαηνλ ἐβέβαηνλ

βέβαηνλ ἐβεβάηελ

βέβακελ ἐβέβακελ

βέβαηε ἐβέβαηε

βέβᾱζη ἐβέβαζαλ

183 Paradigms γέρων and αἴξ

γέξσλ αἴμ

γέξνληνο αἰγόο

γέξνληη αἰγί

γέξνληα αἶγα

γέξνλ αἴμ

γέξνληε αἶγε

γεξόληνηηλ αἴγνηηλ

γέξνληεο αἶγεο

γεξόλησλ αἰγῶλ

γεξόληεζ(ζ)η (γέξνπζη) αἴγεζ(ζ)η (αἰμί)

γέξνληαο αἶγαο

184 Vocabulary

ἀγνξή ῆο ἡ assembly meeting place gathering harrangue

αἴμ αἰγόο ὁ ἡ goat

Ἄξγνο ενο ηό Argos (both a country and a city in Greece)

γέξσλ νληνο ὁ old man

γῆξαο ανο ηό old age

ἱεξεύο ῆνο ὁ priest holy man

κεξίνλ νπ ηό thigh-bone thigh-piece

πνύο πνδόο ὁ foot

ηαῦξνο νπ ὁ bull

θξήλ θξελόο ἡ diaphragm mind heart soul spirit disposition

δέθαηνο ε νλ tenth

ἡκέηεξνο ε νλ our ours

θνῖινο ε νλ hollow

ὠθύο ὠθεῖα ὠθύ swift speedy

ζλήζθσ die perish

ζαλένκαη

ἔζαλνλ

ηέζλεθα

θεύγσ flee fly escape run (off away along)

θεύμνκαη

ἔθπγνλ

πέθεπγα

γέξνληα αἶγα

γέξνλ αἴμ

γέξνληε αἶγε

γεξόληνηηλ αἴγνηηλ

γέξνληεο αἶγεο

γεξόλησλ αἰγῶλ

γεξόληεζ(ζ)η (γέξνπζη) αἴγεζ(ζ)η (αἰμί)

γέξνληαο αἶγαο

184 Vocabulary

ἀγνξή ῆο ἡ assembly meeting place gathering harrangue

αἴμ αἰγόο ὁ ἡ goat

Ἄξγνο ενο ηό Argos (both a country and a city in Greece)

γέξσλ νληνο ὁ old man

γῆξαο ανο ηό old age

ἱεξεύο ῆνο ὁ priest holy man

κεξίνλ νπ ηό thigh-bone thigh-piece

πνύο πνδόο ὁ foot

ηαῦξνο νπ ὁ bull

θξήλ θξελόο ἡ diaphragm mind heart soul spirit disposition

δέθαηνο ε νλ tenth

ἡκέηεξνο ε νλ our ours

θνῖινο ε νλ hollow

ὠθύο ὠθεῖα ὠθύ swift speedy

ζλήζθσ die perish

ζαλένκαη

ἔζαλνλ

ηέζλεθα

θεύγσ flee fly escape run (off away along)

θεύμνκαη

ἔθπγνλ

πέθεπγα