syrecuse_research

// 500.2 Ecology of Cities - Prof. Vassilev Final Presentation - BONDARENKO SHALAMIAN TAFROV WEIGAND SHRINKINGCITY_URBAN STRATEGIES

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ERIE CANAL ESTABLISHED

I-81 SECTION COMPLETE

LAST TROLLEY RUN

CITY INCORPORATED

WW

I

RAILWAY ACCESS BEGINS

WW

II ESCALATION

erie canalRailroad

automobileairplane

population

SUBU

RBAN

DEVELO

PMEN

T PEAKS

city growth / time

1810 1820 1830 1840 1850 1900 1930 PRESENT


1943 Existing Land Use

ResidentialCommercialIndustrial

1943 -1951 Development

ResidentialCommercialIndustrialPreviouslyDeveloped







suburbanization

arterial roads + businessindustrialcommercialparkinginterstatesarterials

housing typesappartmentmultiple residencesingle familythree familytwo family

LAND USE IN THE CITY OF SYRACUSE HAS A DIRECT RELATIONSHIP TO TRANSPORTATION; THIS ARRANGEMENT IS ROOTED IN THE HISTORICAL INDUSTRIAL NATURE OF THE CITY AND ALSO IN THE EARLY 20TH CENTURY PLANNING PRACTICES WHICH SHAPED THE CITY IN THE POST WAR ERA. COMMERICAL ENTITIES CLUSTER AROUND MAJOR THOROUGHFARES, ENSURING ACCESS BY AUTOMOBILE, AND THE STREETS BEST DEVELOPED TO THE NEW SCALE OF THE CITY CARRY THE MOST TRAFFIC EVERY DAY. THIS STRUCTURAL ALLOCATION OF LAND USE IS A LAYERING OF HISTORICAL SYSTEMS; HOWEVER IN THE CASE OF SYRACUSE; THE CENTRAL NATURE OF TRANSPORT COMBINE D WITH RAPID SUBURBANIZATION FOLOWING WW2 CREATED A FRAMEWORK FOR A COMMUTER-CITY, WHICH LED TO A DEARTH OF NON-WORK RELATED ACTIVITIES IN THE CITY CORE; CONTRIBUTING TO A GREATER SOCIAL / ECONOMIC / ETC PROBLEM AT THE CITY SCALE.


Apartment

Multiple Residenc

e

Single Family

Three Family

Two Family

1/4 mi

1 mi

1/2 mi

ONE ISSUE WHICH SYRACUSE FACES IN THE CURRENT DAY IS THE WAY IN WHICH BARRIERS – REAL AND PERCEIVED, HAVE DIVIDED THE CITY INTO RELATIVELY ISOLATED NEIGHBORHOODS AND AREAS IN TERMS OF PEDESTRIAN ACCESS. THESE BARRIERS FRAGMENT THE CITY, CONTRIBUTING TO THE LOW WALKABILITY OF THE CITY (OR THE AVAILABILITY OF THE NECESSITIES OF DAILY LIVE WITHIN A COMFORTABLE 15 MINUTE WALK – APPROXIMATELY ONE MILE) – A CONDITION AGGRAVATED BY COLD WINTER WEATHER.

THE SOLUTION TO THE FRAGMENTED NATURE OF THE CITY IS THE AUTOMOBILE – AND AS SUCH, THE CITY, EVEN THE DENSEST AREAS OF THE DOWNTOWN, IS PLAGUED BY THE SUBURBAN NECESSITY OF OWNING AN AUTOMOBILE OR RELYING HEAVILY ON BUS TRANSPORTATION IN ORDER TO CARRY OUT DAILY TRANSACTIONS.

THESE BARRIERS INCLUDE ONONDAGA CREEK, I-81, I-690, RAIL LINES, WEST STREET, ERIE BOULEVARD, ETC. SOME OF THE PERCEIVED BARRIERS ARE ALSO THE IMAGES THAT CERTAIN AREAS HAVE BEEN BURDENED WITH, OR THE INACCESSIBILITY OF THE DOWNTOWN / WEST SIDE FROM UNIVERSITY HILL. WHILE OTHER CITIES HAVE SIMILAR ISSUES (I.E. NYC, WITH MANHATTAN, WITH LIMITED ACCESSIBILITY), SYRACUSE’S RELATIVELY LOW DENSITY ALLOWS IT TO SIDESTEP THESE BARRIERS WITH OUTWARD; RATHER THAN CONNECTIVE DEVELOPMENT.

THIS OUTWARD DEVELOPMENT FURTHER REDUCES DENSITY, AND INCREASES DEPENDENCE ON THE AUTOMOBILE DUE TO THE DECENTRALIZED ARRANGEMENT OF LAND USES. WHEREAS IN THE EARLY 1900S PEOPLE LIVED, WORKED, AND PLAYED IN PROXIMITY TO THE CITY CORE, THIS LIFESTYLE TODAY IS LIVED ONLY BY THOSE WHO CANNOT AFFORD TO, OR CHOOSE NOT TO OWN AUTOS.

THE DOWNTOWN AREA, HOWEVER – ONCE YOU PARK YOUR CAR FOR A WEEKEND JAUNT OR BUSINESS ACTIVITY; IS A VERY WALKABLE AREA, AS ARE CERTAIN STREET BASED STRIPS – SALINA, GENESEE, FAYETTE, GEDDES, LODI, BUTTERNUT, INNER JAMES – CERTAIN AREAS ON THESE STREETS PREFERENCE WALKING DUE TO CONCENTRATIONS OF COMMERCIAL / MIXED ACTIVITIES. HOWEVER, THESE STRIPS ARE CONTESTED BY THE DRAW FROM MORE AUTO CENTRIC AREAS SUCH AS ERIE BOULEVARD, CAROUSEL CENTER, AND SHOPPINGTOWN MALL.

walkability - drive up?


food access / systems

C.L Evers Market

A food system is the production, processing, distribution, sale, purchase, preperation, consumption and disposal of food products.

Supermarkets- Market shareWegmans-37%P&C-20%Price Chopper-12%Real food co-op- N/AFarmers Markets- N/A

Local markets-Camillus Farmers' MarketSponsor: Camillus Town Clerk’s OfficeLocation: Municipal Building, 4600 W. Genesee St., Syracuse, NY

Central New York Regional MarketSponsor: Central New York Regional Market AuthorityLocation: 2100 Park Street, I-81 exit 23, Syracuse, NY

Downtown Syracuse Farmers' MarketSponsor: Downtown Committee of Syracuse, Inc.Location: Parking lot at S. Salina & Washington Sts., Syracuse, NY

University Community Harvest Farmers' Market (SU)Sponsor: Syracuse University and the SUNY College of Environmental Science & Forestry

Green Hills Farmers' MarketLocation: Green Hills supermarket, north parking lot, 5933 S. Salina St, Syracuse

Manlius Farmers' MarketSponsor: Village of ManliusLocation: Behind Sno-Top, off Arkie Albanese Avenue

Syracuse Eastside Neighborhood Farmers' MarketSponsor: Westcott Community CenterLocation: Loguen Park at Lexington Ave.


local food supply

Syracuse Real Food Co-opLocated in the Westcott neighborhood in the unversity neighborhood. the syracuse real food Co-op is owned by over 2,600 members. Open to anyone to shop at.-Began operations in 1972- “Westcott nation” founders. Anti-war activists wanting a cooperatively-owned community. Inexpensive, local, high-quality. Support local growers.-Stock-Organic local produce, organic grass fed meats, Dairy products, Forzen foods, Fresh Bread, Cheese, Wild seafood.

-SourcesMonarch Farm - Skaneateles, New YorkSalad Greens, Heirloom vegetables, Tomatoes

Frosty Morning Farm - Truxton, New YorkPotatoes, garlic, herbs, salves, lotions and goat milk.

Grindstone Farm - Pulaskai, New YorkOrganic Vegetables

Black Brook Farm - Skaneatelas, New YorkHeirloom fruits, vegetables, beans, apples, potatoes, squash.

Reeves Farm - Baldwinsville, New YorkStrawberries, Blueberries

Gillie Farm - Baldwinsville, New YorkGarlic

Sacred Seed Farm - Central New YorkVegetables, Garlic, Carrot

Two Hearts Farm - Morrisville, NYEggs

Green Rabbit Farm - Madison, NYHigh quality produce

Lively Run Goat Dairy - Interlaken, NYGoat milk, cheese

Principles of a Co- op1.Open and Voluntary membership2. Democratic member control3. Member Economic Participation4. Autonomy and Independence5. Education training Information6. Cooperation Among Cooperatives7. Concern for Community.

Monarch Farm - Skaneateles, New York

Brook Farm - Skaneateles, New YorkFrosty Morning Farm - Truxton, New York

Grindstone Farm- Pulaski, NY

Sacred Seed Farm- Cortland, NY

Two Heats Farm- Morrisville, NY

Green Rabbit Farm- Madison, NY

Lively Run Goat Dairy- Interlaken, NY

50 mile radius


research regional food supply

Onondaga County2003 156,100 acres of farm land 31% of total 499,388 acres720 farms - 217 acrese per farmRanks 20th in state for number of farms

Total market value of agricultural products $82.2 Million$113,330 per farm

Products sold:DiaryPoulty/ eggsgrains / dry beansvegetableNursery/ greenhouse

Value of farms average- $355,435Machinery- $127,518Production expenses $77.8 million$106,904 per farmHousehold income- $40,847

NY State has over 3.15 million HA of agricultural land cover.-Soil prone to erosion-2/3 of land devoted to perennial forage crops- 1/3 high value crop production

Regional food production is seasonal and cities rely on year round production sources for produce. California, Florida, etc.

Development threatening Farmland in New York State

Nursery/ Greenhouses

Other

Dairy

Poulty/ Eggs

Grains/ Dry Beans

Vegetables

Production

MILK: Cows & Production

YearAnnual Avg.M ilk Cows

AverageProduction Per

Cow

Total M ilkProduction

No. Head Pounds Million lbs.

1940 N/A N/A N/A1950 N/A N/A N/A1959 N/A N/A N/A1969 N/A N/A N/A1978 16,100 13,200 2131982 19,000 12,500 2381987 18,500 14,000 2591992 17,000 16,000 2721997 17,500 16,800 2941998 18,000 17,100 3081999 18,500 17,400 3222000 18,500 17,500 3242001 18,900 19,000 3602002 18,900 19,000 3602003 18,100 19,800 3582004 N/A N/A N/A

1940-1969 U.S. Census of Agriculture

Agricultural Districts- Onondaga CountyLand In Farms

(Acres)


global food supply

Wheat Food ChainTransportFarm Inputs

Farming

Logistics (Agricultural)

Manufacturing

Logistics (Food)

Retail / Catering

Consumer

Livestock FarmsFarms growing wheat

Grain Co-operatives

Flour Mills

Catering Suppliers

Supermarkets Caterers

Consumers

Seed MerchantsAgro-chemicalsMachinery etc

Feed Mills

Supermarket RDCs

Craft Bakers

Plant Baker / Food Processor

Grain Merchants

Flour Mills

Wheat Feed

independent Retailers

General Wholesalers

Global Food Chain

The Food Supply Chain - General

Transport

Farm Inputs

Farming

Logistics (Agricultural)

Manufacturing

Logistics (Food)

Retail / Catering

Consumer

Farm

Marketer

Processor

Wholesaler / Distributor

Retailer

Caterer

Consumer

Farm Supplier

Exports

Imports

Pro

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/ C

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Wegmans Food Marketsseven major suppliers -- Coca-Cola Co., General Mills, Hershey Co., J.M. Smucker Co., Nestle, PepsiCo, Inc. and Procter & Gamble Co.- 3rd largest employer in Syracuse- 3,760

P&C- 8th Largest Employer in Syracuse

Wegmans-3rd largest employer in Syracuse

Employment- Syracuse


research global food supplyGlobal imports- 3000 miles+

Wholesale/retail (refrigeration. electricity for store)

transport( farm to consumer)

Food productionCarbon Footprint-1 food mile equal to the distance food travels from where it is grown to where it is consumed- Weighted Average Source Distance (WASD) used to calculate a the distance and amount of food product.- Community Supported Agriculture Vs. Conventional methods of food transportation

The formula for WASD is: Σ (m(k) x d(k))/ Σ m(k) where: k = different locations of the production origin, m = amount consumed from each location of consumption origin, and d = distances from the locations of production origin to the point of consump-tion.

Our food is shipped via mulitple transportation methods to get to its final destination crossing thousands of miles. This will not change until fuels and means of transport become more and more expensive.

- Production of food is also a major contributer to carbon footprint, agriculural waste and processing .

1965= 787,000 Trucks on the road= 6.658 billion gallons of fuel1997= 1,790,000 Trucks on the road= 20.294 billion gallons of fuel

CSA footprtint conventional food systems footprint1 x 17

Tons of CO2

Tons of CO2 from methane

tons of CO2 from Nitrous Oxide

Truck WASD (US. Domestic1981- 1245 miles1989- 1424 miles1998- 1518 miles

2000+ miles- produce, meats, etc.domesticTruck

Syracuse Banana Company- Global- Re-gional- Local-One of the largest food distributes in the area.-Fully refrigerated 35,000 square foot, state of the art facility- Supplies institutions, restaurants, over 500 customers- Operate 23 delivery trucks (16-24 Ft. insulated, refrigerated). -Our delivery trucks circulate within a 150 mile radius of Syracuse, NY. This includes Rochester/Buffalo, Oswego/Watertown, Albany/Utica/Rome and Binghamton/Cortland/Ithaca areas.-98% of our produce including tomatoes directly from California and Florida. -We are a direct receiver and processor of Dole bananas, petites and quads. -During the summer months, also purchase NY State produce directly from farms located around Syracuse and Oswego. Produce from California is available year round at this facility. Purchases include a full line of Verdelli, Fresh-way, River Ranch, Dole and T&A brand products featuring salad mix and shredded lettuce.

Dole Bananas- Columbia to Syracuse= 3000miles.California Produce= 2500milesLocal distribution= 150+ miles in refrigerated trucks

150 mile radius

2000 Miles

3000+ Miles

Rome, NYRochester, NY

Buffalo,NY

Albany, NY

Binghampton, NY

Regional- Syracuse Banana Distribution

California- Imports- produce- 2500 miles


research syracuse trash �ows

Materials(products)

Trash

Seneca Meadows, 2600 acres of Landfill

Ley Creek Transfer Station

Syracuse Trash All trash generated in the city passes through the either the Lay Creek or Rock Cut Road Transfer Station before it is sorted and shipped off to either the Seneca Meadows Landfill or the Waste To Energy facility

The Waste To Energy (WTE) facility in Jamesville, NY is 10 miles south of Syracuse and burns solid wastes to heat water which then evaporates and turns a steam turbine. Metals are harvested from the ash before its sent to a landfill

Roughly 6,000 tons of waste are transp

orted 60 miles out of the city to Seneca Meadows Landfill daily


research syracuse water supply

Syracuse Water Supply Most of the water that is brought to the city originates in Skaneateles Lake. However in times of high demand or drought extra water is pumped from Lake Ontario

Syracuse Water Pipes The original water pipes that ran water from Skaneateles were put under the city streets more than a century ago. Today most of these same pipes still lie under the streets and are in very poor condition

Syracuse Sewer System The sewer system of Syracuse is in a similar state of disrepair as the water pipes. Both over a century old, they are degrading beyond use. The sewer system is also a Combined Sewer Overflow(CSO) which means that when rain runoff fills the sewers, both the surface and black water spill over into Onondaga Creek as well as Onondaga Lake


Syracuse Real Food Co-opLocated in the Westcott neighborhood in the unversity neighborhood. the syracuse real food Co-op is owned by over 2,600 members. Open to anyone to shop at.-Began operations in 1972- “Westcott nation” founders. Anti-war activists wanting a cooperatively-owned community. Inexpensive, local, high-quality. Support local growers.-Stock-Organic local produce, organic grass fed meats, Dairy products, Forzen foods, Fresh Bread, Cheese, Wild seafood.

-SourcesMonarch Farm - Skaneateles, New YorkSalad Greens, Heirloom vegetables, Tomatoes

Frosty Morning Farm - Truxton, New YorkPotatoes, garlic, herbs, salves, lotions and goat milk.

Grindstone Farm - Pulaskai, New YorkOrganic Vegetables

Black Brook Farm - Skaneatelas, New YorkHeirloom fruits, vegetables, beans, apples, potatoes, squash.

Reeves Farm - Baldwinsville, New YorkStrawberries, Blueberries

Gillie Farm - Baldwinsville, New YorkGarlic

Sacred Seed Farm - Central New YorkVegetables, Garlic, Carrot

Two Hearts Farm - Morrisville, NYEggs

Green Rabbit Farm - Madison, NYHigh quality produce

Lively Run Goat Dairy - Interlaken, NYGoat milk, cheese

research water / waste �ow

Skaneateles LakeLake Ontario

Syracuse Homes

Main Interceptor Sewer (A CSO Sewer)Runoff Rain Onondaga Stream and

Onondaga Lake

Metropolitan Syracuse Wastewater Treatment Plant

Clean Water into Onondaga Lake

Solid Waste(Biosolids)

Lay CreekWestsideLiverpool

+Kiln dust+Lime

N-Viro Fertilizer for Farmers

Methane released from Biosolids reused to power the Plant

ContaminatedOverflow

INPUT OUTPUTUSE Water Flow This flow chart shows how water cycles from either Skaneateles or Ontario Lake through the city of Syracuse back into the aquifer. This flow chart also breaks down some important processes like runoff overflow and water treatment

Improvements There are many costly improvements that need to be made to the current system in order for it to function more efficiently and be more eco-friendly. The major areas that need fixing are enclosed with red dashed lines

Syracuse Homes Currently households in Syracuse aren’t making a serious effort to recycle their own greywater. Greywater from showers and sinks can be used to water your garden.

Main Inceptor Sewer and Overflow Currently the main sewer line that runs throughout Syracuse is a Combine Sewer Overflow(CSO). This means that when rain runoff is carried by the same sewer that handles blackwater. When this sewer floods the blackwater spews over to surrounding creeks and lakes. The two sewer types should be separated


Trash / recycling �ows

GENERATORS OUTPUTRECYCLE Trash Flows Syracuse has a complex and multifaceted waste disposal system. Solid trash is collected and brought to one of the two Transfer Stations. Here the trash goes through preliminary sorting, separating out recyclables, hazardous waste, metals, regular trash, etc. Non-recyclable trash is sent to the Waste To Energy Facility (WTE) where it will be burned to create energy via steam turbines. Metals are then removed from the ash and it is sent to landfills. The Seneca Meadows landfill buries waste using synthetic containment in the base layer. The landfill also captures Methane that it uses to power some processes in the landfill

ImprovementsWTE Facility This facility reduced the amount of physical trash in landfills while generating enough energy to power 30,000 homes. However it still releases a massive amount of C02 which should be regulated in a better way

Seneca Meadows Landfill While this facility goes beyond normal standards by reusing its methane byproduct, the Leachate it produces and maintains is highly detrimental to the environment

IndustryCommercial

People Compost

Ley Creek or Rock Cut Road Transfer Station

Waste To Energy(WTE) Metals

Ash Byproduct

C02

Energy to power30,000 homes

Trash Burned

Soil

Recyclable Items(Paper, Plastic, etc.)

Saved Resources

Seneca Meadows Landfill

Methane

Leachate

Small Amounts of Energy

Water Treatment

Trash


research state energy

SYRACUSE

PETROLEUM

COAL

HYDRO

NATIONAL GRID (UTILITY) + ONONDAGA COUNTYELECTRIC

ELECTRIC + NATURAL GAS

HIGH POWER TRANSMISSIONOVERHEAD LINES

NUCLEAR26%

HYDRO17%

IMPORTS13%

COAL11%

NATURAL GAS / OIL DUEL

17%

NATURAL GAS11%

OIL1%

OTHER3%

IN NEW YORK STATE, THE PRINCIPAL DISTRIBUTION UTILITY IS NATIONAL GRID, WHICH TRANSMITS ENERGY GENERATED FROM A VARIETY OF SOURCES THROUGHOUT THE STATE.THE STATE USES

TOTAL : 165613 GwH ANNUALLY (NYS 2009 ENERGY PLAN DRAFT )

THROUGH THE DEVELOPMENT OF A RENEWABLE PORTFOLIO STANDARD, THE STATE HOPES TO ACHIEVE A DISTRIBUTION PERCENTAGE OF 25% FROM RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES, MAINLY WIND, PV, AND HYDROELECTRIC PLANTS BY 2013.

AT THE NATIONAL LEVEL, OUR MAIN SOURCE OF ELECTRIC GENERATION ARE FROM FOSSIL FUELS; HOWEVER, THE REGIONAL NATURE OF THE POWER GRIDS CREATES VARIOUS SUB-CATEGORIES OF DOMINANT GENERATION TYPE. IN THE STATE OF NEW YORK, ESPECIALLY, THERE IS A GREAT SHIFT IN PLANT TYPES EVEN BETWEEN THE “UPSTATE” REGIONS AND THE DOWNSTATE + LONG ISLAND AREAS. WHILE A LARGE PORTION OF THE POPULATION IS CENTERED IN NYC AND THE GREATER METROPOLI-TAN CORRIDOR OF THE NORTHEAST, THE GENERATION OF POWER IS DISTRIBUTED ACCORDING TO AVAILABLITY OF RESOURCES AND LAND, SO THERE ARE SOURCES OF POWER THROUGHOUT THE STATE; WHILE ON ONE HAND THIS IS A GOOD THING, AS PEOPLE HAVE ACCESS TO POWER REGARDLESS OF WHERE THEY LIVE, ON THE OTHER, THE ASSOCIATED TRANSMISSION LOSSES COULD BE AVOIDED BY LOCATING POWER GENERATION FACILITIES CLOSER IN ALIGNMENT WITH POPULATIONS.

PETROLEUM - PETROLEUM IS IMPORTED THROUGH THE NEW YORK HARBOR AND ALSO THE PORT OF BUFFALO, AND THROUGH PIPELINES FROM THE GULF COAST. THE REGION, WITH ITS HIGH WINTERTIME HEATING LOADS, IS SUCEPTIBLE TO FLUCTUATIONS IN FUEL COSTS.

NATURAL GAS - WHILE NY HAS SOME NATURAL GAS WELLS, IT IMPORTS THE REMAINDER OF ITS SUPPLY FROM ACROSS THE US AND CANADA, MAINLY FROM THE TENNESEE PIPELINE AND IROQUOIS PIPELINE.

NUCLEAR - THE STATE GENERATES APPROXIMATELY 30% OF ITS ENERGY THROUGH THE USE OF NUCLEAR GENERATION, REDUCING ITS USE OF FOSSIL FUELS FOR ELECTRICITY GENERATION

HYDRO - NY IS A LEADER IN HYDROELECTRIC POWER, WITH THE MOST HYDRO CAPACITY EAST OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS.

RENEWABLES - ALTHOUGH THE STATE HAS AGRESSIVE FUNDING AND IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGIES UNDERWAY, RENEWABLES SUCH AS WIND, WASTE, BIOMASS AND SOLAR ONLY ACCOUNT FOR 3% OF ITS ENERGY USAGE.

THE STATE IS ONE OF THE LARGEST USERS OF ENERGY; HOWEVER IT ALSO HAS ONE OF THE LOWEST ENERGY CONSUMPTION PER CAPITA NUMBERS; ATTRIBUTABLE TO GOOD PUBLIC TRANSIT AND DENSITY IN POPULATION CENTERS

STATE LEVEL POWER GENERATION (NYS)

STATE LEVEL ENERGYNATURAL GAS

HYDRO

WIND


Syracuse Banana Company- Global- Re-gional- Local-One of the largest food distributes in the area.-Fully refrigerated 35,000 square foot, state of the art facility- Supplies institutions, restaurants, over 500 customers- Operate 23 delivery trucks (16-24 Ft. insulated, refrigerated). -Our delivery trucks circulate within a 150 mile radius of Syracuse, NY. This includes Rochester/Buffalo, Oswego/Watertown, Albany/Utica/Rome and Binghamton/Cortland/Ithaca areas.-98% of our produce including tomatoes directly from California and Florida. -We are a direct receiver and processor of Dole bananas, petites and quads. -During the summer months, also purchase NY State produce directly from farms located around Syracuse and Oswego. Produce from California is available year round at this facility. Purchases include a full line of Verdelli, Fresh-way, River Ranch, Dole and T&A brand products featuring salad mix and shredded lettuce.

Dole Bananas- Columbia to Syracuse= 3000miles.California Produce= 2500milesLocal distribution= 150+ miles in refrigerated trucks

renewable energy

WINDSOLARHYDROGEOTHERMAL

THESE FORMS OF POWER GENERATION ACT WITH RENEWABLE, RATHER THAN LIMITED, CARBON PRODUCING STORED FORMS OF ENERGY; SUCH AS FOSSIL FUELS. HOWEVER, RENEWABLES ARE DEPENDENT ON A NUMBER OF FACTORS RELATED TO THEIR SITING AND FLUCTUATIONS IN GENERATING RELIABILITY. THIS IS ONE OF THE REASONS WHY IT IS DIFFICULT TO ADOPT CERTAIN TYPES AS THE SOLE SOURCE OF POWER, ESPECIALLY AT A LOCAL SCALE. FOR EXAMPLE, IN ORDER TO MAINTAIN AN EVEN FLOW OF POWER, INTENSIVE BATTERY SYSTEMS OR HYBRIDS OF SOLAR / WIND MUST BE USED.

HYDROPOWER AND GEOTHERMAL ARE MUCH MORE REGULAR, HOWEVER, BOTH REQUIRE SPECIFIC TOPOGRAPHIC CONDITIONS WHICH DO NOT EXIST EVERYWHER THAT POWER IS NEEDED.

RENEWABLE ENERGY, WITH A VARIETY OF SYSTEMS OF GENERATION AND A MORE EFFICIENT POWER GRID, ARE POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS TO OUR ENERGY CRISIS. A REDUCTION OF PER-CAPITA USAGE WILL ALSO BE ESSENTIAL, AS POPULATIONS CONTINUE TO GROW AT A RATE OUTSTRIPPING DEMAND .

RENEWABLE ENERGY PRODUCTION (Gw)

0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

30.00

35.00

40.00

45.00

50.00

1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2010 2020 2030TIME

GIGA

WAT

TS

pro

jecte

d

windbiomasswastegeothermal

SOLAR ENERGY POTENTIALWIND ENERGY POTENTIAL

THIS DOE GRAPH REPRESENTS THE UNITED STATES DEVELOPMENT OF RENEWABLE SOURCES FOR ELECTRICITY GENERATION WITH REGARDS TO TIME; AND OFFERS AN INSIGHT INTO THE PLANNING OF RENEWABLE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT TO COME. AS THE GUES T SPEAKER ELABORATED, THE MAIN SOURCE OF GROWTH IN THE FIELD IS IN WIND POWER, WHICH IS PROVEN (EUROPE) HOWEVER REQUIREDS SPECIAL SITING OF PROJECTS AND A LARGE, LESS EFFICIENT TRANSMISSION GRID.

GEOTHERMAL TEMPERATURES


national level energy

NATURAL GAS41%

OIL6%

COAL31%

PUMPED STORAGE2%

HYDRO 7%

NUCLEAR10%

CONVENTIONAL WIND2%

WOOD1%

SOLAR / THERMAL<1%

OTHER BIOMASS<1%

PUMPEDSTORAGE

<1%

SUBGRID STRUCTURE

NATIONAL LEVEL POWER GENERATION(EIA.DOE)

AT THE NATIONAL LEVEL, POWER IS GENERATED ACROSS THE COUNTRY; HOWEVER THE DISTRIBUTION OF PEOPLE AND RESOURCES - DOES NOT ALIGN PERFECTLY; AS A RESULT, ENERGY MUST BE CARRIED THROUGH THE GRID; WERE EFFI-CIENCY LOSSES OCCUR. WHILE THERE ARE SEVERAL NEW TECHNOLOGIES AIMED AT CHANGING / IMPROVING LOSSES, THE WAY IN WHICH THE GRID WORKS IS INHERENTLY INEFFICIENT.

230, 000 V345, 000 V500,000V765, 000 VHIGH VOLTAGE DC

WESTERN INTERCONNECT

TEXAS INTERCONNECT

EASTERN INTERCONNECT

POWER GENERATING STATIONSSIZE DENOTES OUTPUT


national energy �ow

2008 DOE EIA Annual Energy Review - (quadrillion btus)

syrecuse_research

Design

city of syracuse

syracuse university

syracuse faces

evers market sponsor

downtown committee of

city growth time

ecology of cities

city inthe post war