TaxonomyTaxonomy

ClassificationClassificationName three things that you classify at Name three things that you classify at

home.home.

1)1) Clothes Clothes

2) Music2) Music

3)3) Collections / hobbiesCollections / hobbies

Classification is the Classification is the groupinggrouping of of objects or information based on objects or information based on similaritiessimilarities..

Why do you think Biologists classify Why do you think Biologists classify things?things?

Classification has several Classification has several purposes:purposes:

• Easier to share information about Easier to share information about an organism by using one standard an organism by using one standard namename

• Identify characteristics of an Identify characteristics of an organism just by studying the organism just by studying the groups they are placed ingroups they are placed in

• Manage the information they collect Manage the information they collect on the 2.5 million known specieson the 2.5 million known species

TaxonomyTaxonomy

•Taxonomy is the Taxonomy is the scientific study of scientific study of how living things how living things are classified.are classified.

History of ClassificationHistory of Classification• Classification began in Europe withClassification began in Europe with

AristotleAristotle• He put organisms into two He put organisms into two

categories:categories:

plants plants & & animalsanimals

• Aristotle expanded animal Aristotle expanded animal classification to two main levels:classification to two main levels:– Animals with blood (vertebrates)Animals with blood (vertebrates)– Animals without blood (invertebrates)Animals without blood (invertebrates)

How do you think he How do you think he would divide the animals would divide the animals

with blood?with blood?• FISH FISH (WATER)(WATER)

• BIRDSBIRDS(AIR)(AIR)

• EGG-LAYING EGG-LAYING LAND ANIMALS LAND ANIMALS (4 LEGS) (4 LEGS) (LAND)(LAND)

• LIVE-BEARING LIVE-BEARING LAND ANIMALS LAND ANIMALS (4 LEGS) (4 LEGS)

• HUMANSHUMANS

Aristotle vs. Aristotle vs. Modern Modern ClassificationClassification

• 2 Kingdoms2 Kingdoms

• Animals in 2 sub-Animals in 2 sub-groupsgroups

• 5 Animal Classes5 Animal Classes

• 6 Kingdoms6 Kingdoms• Animals in 2 sub-Animals in 2 sub-

groupsgroups• 5 Animal Classes:5 Animal Classes:

– birdsbirds– fishfish– amphibiansamphibians– reptilesreptiles– mammalsmammals

Carl Linnaeus Carl Linnaeus (1707-(1707-1778)1778)

• Earliest version of modern day organized Earliest version of modern day organized

approachapproach• Morphology - basic shapeMorphology - basic shape• Form - body parts (head, legs, thorax…)Form - body parts (head, legs, thorax…)• Structure - bone and external supportsStructure - bone and external supports• Anatomy - muscle & organsAnatomy - muscle & organs• Described 1,000’s of plants & animals in: Described 1,000’s of plants & animals in:

System NaturaeSystem Naturae and and Species PlantarumSpecies Plantarum

Carl Linnaeus Carl Linnaeus (1707-(1707-1778)1778)

• KingdomKingdom• PhylumPhylum• ClassClass• OrderOrder• FamilyFamily• GenusGenus• SpeciesSpecies

Homo SapiensHomo Sapiens

• KingdomKingdom: : AnimaliaAnimalia• Phylum: Phylum: ChordataChordata• Class: Class: MammaliaMammalia• Order: Order: PrimatesPrimates• FamilyFamily: Hominidae: Hominidae• Genus: Genus: HomoHomo• Species:Species:SapiensSapiens  

Binomial NomenclatureBinomial Nomenclature

• Linnaeus developedLinnaeus developed• Two word naming system which identifies Two word naming system which identifies

species.species.

First word:First word: Genus Genus (Capitalized)(Capitalized)

Second word:Second word: species species (Lowercase)(Lowercase)

Both words should beBoth words should be italicized italicizedEx/Ex/ Homo sapiens (Man) Homo sapiens (Man)

Passer domesticus (House sparrow)Passer domesticus (House sparrow) Canis rufus (Red wolf)Canis rufus (Red wolf)

Cell OrganizationCell Organization• ProkaryoteProkaryote

– ““Before Nucleus”Before Nucleus”– Simple organisms, Simple organisms, – No membrane bound No membrane bound

organellesorganelles– (cell organs)(cell organs)

• EukaryoteEukaryote– ““True Nucleus”True Nucleus”– More complex organismsMore complex organisms– Membrane bound Membrane bound

organellesorganelles