the art of problem solving - russian

110
The Art of Problem Solving Accompanied by Ackoff's Fables Russell L Ackoff University of Pennsylvania Illustrations by Karen W. Ackorf A Wiley-Interscience Publication John Wiley & Sons New York Chichester Brisbane Toronto 1978 n� HAYYHblX 6++0TEK P.AKO CKYCCTBO pemeH p06eM nepeBO C 3HrHHCKOro E. r. KOBaneHKO nO PCA3KUHeH KaH.. TeXH. HaYK. E. K. MaCJlOBCKOro �OCKBa '�HP» 1982

Upload: mohammad-abubakar-siddiq

Post on 22-Nov-2015

180 views

Category:

Documents


16 download

DESCRIPTION

Russian techniques

TRANSCRIPT

  • The Art of Problem Solving

    Accompanied by Ackoff's Fables

    Russell L. Ackoff University

    of Pennsylvania

    Illustrations by Karen W. Ackorf

    A Wiley-Interscience Publication John Wiley & Sons

    New York Chichester Brisbane Toronto

    1978

    nJ1 HAYYHblX 6115J1110TEK

    P.AKOCPCP

    I1CKYCCTBO pemeHIUI rrp06JIeM

    nepeBO)l C 3HrJlHHCKOro E. r. KOBaneHKO

    nO)l PCA3KUHeH KaH.lJ.. TeXH. HaYK. E. K. MaCJlOBCKOro

    OCKBa 'HP 1982

  • 66K 67.5 A40

    Y)l.K 577.4

    AK04>4> P. A40 I1cKycCTBO peWeHHH npOCiJleM: nep. C aHfJl.- M.:

    MHp, 1982.- 224 C., HJl. Auop - a

  • 6 n peiJucAo8ue " nepe80iJy

    epapXHH, 0 KOTOpOM TaK MHoro IlHWeT anTOp, HMeeT aa}/\IIoe 3Ha4CltHC H .llo.fJ)f{IIQ cttocoC'icT8oaaTb JJ.aJJblleHweMY pa30HTHIO TeopHH aBTOManl3HpOBaHlioro ynpaBJ1ellHH H nporH03HpoBaHHH pa3BHTHH TexIIHKH.

    nOCKOJJbKY cttCTeMllblH aHaJ1H3 np06J1eM Hepe)lKO CBs:!3aH C $HJIOCO$CKHM HX OCMblCJ1HBaIlHCM, B XOAe 3Toro npouccca HCH36e>KIIO Bbls:!Blls:!eTCs:! $HllOco$CKas:! n03HUHfi TOro, KTO 3a1lHMa eTCH peWCIUlCM !lp06_CM. n03TOMY OUCIIKH II BbiBOAbl aBTopa, KOTOPblC all .ne.rlaeT np" o6cY>K.neHHfI HeKOTopblX BonpocOB, OTIIOCfllllHXCfI K c$epe Ky.%TYPbl. 3KOIIOMHKH H COUHOJIorHH, Tpc6ylOT KPHTH4CCKOro OTHOWCIIHfI CO CTOPOllbl cOBeTcKoro 4HtaTeJ1f1.

    KII.Hra Halllicalia >KHBbIM f13bIKOM, C 60J1bWHM 4YBCTBOM IOMopa, KOTOPblH YAa41!o coce.nCTByeT C nO.ll.p06HblM allaJ1H30M ccpbe3HblX np06J1eM, H 3TOT npHeM npHAaeT Heo6xOAHMYlO s:!pKOCTh TeM acneKTaM MeTO)lo.J10rHH pcwellHs:! npo6JJeM, KOTOpblC aBTOp XOTeJ1 6b1 Ha.nOJJro 3ane4aTJ1eTb B naMHTH 4HTaTCJ1f1.

    KIIHra paCC4HTalla lIa lIay411b1x pa60THHKOB, 3allHMalOIllHxcH pa3pa6oTKOH aBTOMaTII3HpOBallllbiX CHCTeM, cneUHaJ1HCTOB B 06-JlaCTH opraHH3auHH npoH3BoAcTBa H nporl!03HpOBallHfI pa3BHTHH TeXIIHKH, a TaK>Ke $H.1l0CO$OB.

    AKaaeMUK A. A. BOPOHOO

    1131111C.1Y CII.1b6ep6epry c npU3ItaTe.1bf!OCTblO It yBalfH!I!KCM

    MexiJy UCTUHflbOI U AOXllblM npeocrOIJAeHUJlMU 06 QKpy:JKOIOUi('M HOC Mupe /leJlCUT eAbla pl/O 06pa30IJ, Koropble '\/b! CKAOHHbI HI>I(J080T/J 30 iJeCictoureAbHOCTb. CrpeMAeHue COXPOHUTt> C6010 npuaepXeHHOCTI> 3TUJ( 06pOJOM CKOIJI>IIJaeT Horue 8006paJ/(;i!Hue U Mb/CAI>.

    Aft>( iJOA:CHbI crpeM.UTI>CR OTXOQUTI> 01 npllflb/KaT B o6J1acTlI Teoplill COUHaJ1bIlOrO IIOBeAellllfl, TeopHH CBfl311 II Hll$opMaulIlI, oprallH3aullollllo-3KolloMH4ecKoro YllpaBJlcllHs:! II CHCTeMOTeXHHKl1. O)lHaKO, lIa Moli B3r.f1A, caMafi YAa411aH xapaKTcpHcTHKa MoeH .il.eHTCJlbIlOCTH KaK Y4eHoro npll' HaAJle>KIIT OAIIOMY H3 cTY)leIiTOB, KOTOPblH CKa3aJl, 4TO AKO$ct> 3allHMaeTCfI peweHueM npo6AeM. lleHcTBIITeJ1bIlO, H 3allllMalOCb pewellHeM npoi5,lleM, HCII0J1b3Yfl D..f1 3Toro Bce lIeo6xo)lHMble H !l.o cTynHble lIIe 311aHHfI. BHa4aJle fI 1I0AXOJlH.1l K pewaeMblM npo6.lle MaM C o6e,weTOaoAocu'lecKO{i T04KH 3pCllHfI. 3aTeM MCTO)lO.1l0I"Hs:! OTow.,a lla UTOPOi'! IIJlall, yCTylIlI13 MCCTO AtOTeMaTu'lecKoMY IIOA' x011y.B KOllC4l!OM HTore Ii oi5m3f1 MeT0110JlOrlifl, Ii HaY4Hble MeTO.llbl CT3J1H MOHMH COlO3HHKaMII IIpli pewellllH npoi5,IlCM. 011l1aKo no Mepe Toro, KaK H Bce 8 60J1hWeH CTcnCIiH IICn0J1b30BaJ1 II TO II Apyroe, fI Bce i50J1bWC yI5e>K)laJlcs:!, '-ITO .na>KC 8 C080KY"UOCTII oi511(aH MeT0110J10nal Il lIaY'UlblE' ME'TO.!l.bl lie MorYT 06ecne41ITb BOOJ1I!e YJlOBJ1eTBopIlTe.llbllOro 1I0.!l.XO.!l.a K peweliHIO np06J1eM, T. e. HH 0 Ka KOM HeOIKHAaHHOM peWCHIIH, KOTopoe Mbi 0i5bl4110 U33blBaeM Kpa CIIBblM), !Ie MOlKeT 6blTb II pC411. nOCJle.!l.Hee MOlKeT 6blTb no/[y'-IeHO TOJlbKO IIpli TaKOM 1l0JlXOAe K peweHHIO IIp06J1eM, KOTOPblH CO.!l.epIKIIT 3J1eM ellTbl liCKYCCTBa, T. e. 3.IlCMeHTbl TBop4eCTBa.

    HaCTOfllllal1 KIIHra IIMelll10 0 TBOp4CCKO1 1I0)lXO.ll.e K PCWCIlIlIO npo(i,lleM. GII

  • 8 npedU(A08Ue

    TllyecKOH J].CflTe.lJbflOCTH aBTopa B O('jJlBCTil 1I0HCK3 HBHCiOJlCC YSJlCK8Te'lblib!X II llal160Jlee TBOp4CCKHX nOJl.Xo.a,OB K pCWCHHIO npoOnCM. B KIOIre H3.1JOCHbi rc HllCU BSTopa 11 ero KOJlJ1er, KOTOPblC BblJl.CpIKBJlH npoacpKy BpCMClleM. TCPMIIII npo6J!eMa HcnOJlb3YCTCR TOJIbKO npltMCHIITeJlbllO K pea.llbllbiM 11po6J1CMaM, 3lPlPeKTHBiloe peWCHltC KOTOPblX MOCT HMCTb aa>KHOe 3Ha4CIIHC, 6yah TO liliCTO q,HJlOCQ(PCKIiC HllH 4HeTO TCOPCTH4CCKIIC np06JJCMbI.

    D.a)f{C IICIICKYWCIIHblH YllTaTeJlb 1l04YDCTByer, liTO H nHCaJl K!llIfy c 60.1JbWIIM YllOBOJlbCTBHCM. B 311B41lTCJlbHOH CTCIICIIH :nO aCib!'!cIIftCTCR 1eM, Il

  • 10 lIaen I (,1080 J

    PHC. 1 . 1 . Ta'lKa C 3.,1I1nTH'ICCKI1M KOJICCOM.

    XOA. KOTOPblH B CItJlbHOH Mepe CBoHcTBeli AeTIlM. yTpa'IHBaeTCfI HMH 110 Mepe TOro, KaK OIlH B3pOCJleIOT. 06 3TOM Har"lH.Q!lO CBHAeTeJ1bCTByeT c.lJeAYlOlllHft tlpHMep.

    BblAalOluHHcfI HCC.'1eAOBaTeJlb 3ARapA.Qe BOllo. 4HTafi JleKUHIO rpylllle PYKOBOAHTeJleH 1'1 lIaY41lblx pa60TlIHKOB B 06JlaCTll ynpaBJleIlHI'I. nOnpOCHJl HX 06bHCIIHTb, llo4eMY KOJleCO lIapHcoBaliHoH HM TattKH (pHC. 1.1) HMeeT Ke He CTpeMHMCfI I1OJll'ITb cc npllttHlibI. MC>K,ny TeM yTpaTa cnoco6HoCTil K TBop4ecTBY lie f1RJlfleTCH CTo.1Jb y>K TaHIICTBellHOH II HeothflcHHMOH.

    He.Jlo B TOM, "ITO Te, KTO nOJlb3yercl-l OCHOHHblMH 6;l

  • PIIC. 1.'1. HCCTaHAapTHoe peUlCHH(' lana'll!.

    Puc. 1.5. nepBblA 3mn lienauAapTl/oro pew('HIIR 33n3'111.

    2

    Pile. 1.6. OKOH'I3rI'JlbIlOC p('wellHC 33IHI'IIl.

    Puc. 1.7. CUI/AapTl/at PCWCHIIC 3a.D.3'1H.

    fJacTb I rAQ8Q I 13

    I-Ia CJJCllYlOlUHH .nCllb Sf Y3118J1, 'ITO 1f3 acero KJl8CCa TOlIbKQ IIRTb Y'ICIIHKOB, D TOM 4ltCJlC II MOR il04b, CMorJll1 CllpaOHTbCR C 3a)l8HHCM. nO npocb6c YlIltTeJlbllHUbi Q,IHill 113 3ntX IlitTepblX HapUCOB8J1 118 !lOCKe IIMI)].CIIHoe peWCIIHC. OKa38J10Cb. LITO lTO 6b1J10 TO calOe peWCIIHC, KDropae fI Korll,a'TO 31laJl, 110 110T01>1 3a6b1J1 (pile. 1.7). Korna IKe MOR Jl.04b 1l0llPOCltJl8 pa3pewclilul nOKa38Tb MO Bapl1allT pcmcIIllfi 3a1la4H, )TO ilb13D3J10 CTpawHoe HCY1l0aOJlbCTBHC Y4liTeJlbllllUbi. oo.'lce TOro, 118 38MC4aJlHC MOCH J].04CPH, 4TO HQBblH aapH811T PCWCIIHSl IIHCKOJlbKO He npOTJ160pC4HT YCJlOBHRM 3B.IlaHHR, Y'HlTeJJblIllUa OTOeTHJla, liTO ee :no cooeprneHHO He IIHTepecyeT.

  • 14 'IacT" f (Aona

    BOT TaK no.a.aDJlflCTCR TBOP4CCKItH lIo11xOll, XOTH H lie Bcer1l3 B ClOJIh HIHIOM 4l0PMC. YlIIITCJlblli\Ua flellO .aa.a 1101Ul.Tb KJlBCCY, 4TO UeJJb 3aAamUI COCTORJlB He B 1I0HCKC OpHfHlI3J1blloro peWClIlIR, a B 113XQiKllCIIIHI HMCIIHO Toro pCIIIClillfI, KOTopoe 0113 3113 .. '13 3apallce H XQTCJlB IIOJly41ITb OT y4CIIIIKOD, Llpyrllc B03MO>l1O}f(1I0 6b1.0 COe.l1.iI!IIITl. BCC TOYKII (pIlC. 1.B).

    vhal(lKeltlll1, KOTOPbl;>.IH MbI PYKOBO,nCTSyCMCS! Upl! 1I0tlblTKe 060HTII lIaBIl.3alll{ble OrpaIUI"IeIlHS!, OeJYCJlOBllO. lIo.eJllbI, 110 01111 lie MoryT 6b1Tl. OCHOBOH TBOpYCCKOrO 1l0llxo.aa K peWCllltlO npo6 JtCM. npe.llJlaraeMblc MIiOIO npllllUHllbi TBOpyeCKOrO pewclIHS! np06-JlCM OCIiOBallbl lIa allaJlft3C xapaKTcpa npo6J1cM II 60raTOM on biTe lIaY"lHblX HCCJtC}10BaIIlIH B 06,11aCTil HayKH ynpaRJlCIIIIR. B CRS!3It C 3THM ueJiCC006pa3110 IlpOSCCTII auaml3 caMoro npouccca pCWCIIIIR np06J1CM.

    BCSlKIIH npouecc peUJeHIIH np06J1eM, l

  • 16 I./(lCTt, I (AO(Ja I

    pe!>!eHllbie Moryr 6b1Tb KOJlIl'lCCTSCHHblMH POI{ B 3STOM06IlJle) IIJJH KB'lCCTOCllflbIMH Mo611JHI) .

    (lianpHMCp, (lianpIIMCp,

    "IIICJlO ABC-({BCT aOTO'

    - Bbl6op, l!Jlll npUHJlTUe petueHUII., T. e. npolleec uaXOMKHO cYU.lCCrUOBaTb He MCIICC Aayx B03MO>KllbiX lllillHH tlOnCilellHR, n IIpOTI/RIIOM cJly'lac npo(5.rreMbi lie B03HIIKacT, TaK KBK HeT Bbl6opa. Pa3YMeerCA, MO)f(CT CYLUCCTBoaBTb II 6CCKOIIC4110C MliomecTBo AIIUIIH lIoneaCIlHIl.

    - HeynpaOAReM.bl.e nepeMeHHble, T. C. ClfTyaulIlI, QXaaTblOaeMbfe np06JJCMOH, KOTOPblMlt lie MO>KeT ynpaBMlTb .III1UO, IlpHiHtMafOlllee peWCIIHe, HO KOToPble C08M(,CTII0 c YllpaBJlflCMblMIi IICPCMCllllbiMl1 !'olOryr BJlJUlTb liB pe3YJlbT3T ero obl6opa. HanpHMcp. OT lIoKyn3' TeJlH HC' 3BBHCHT HaJJOr lIa 110XOA OT npoAaIKH aBTOM0611JlR II 3a TpaTl>! lIa nOJIYlIellile BOAllTeJJbCKIIX IIpae, XOTH 01111 B.flHSlIOT Ha pe-3y.flbTaT - CTOIlMOCTb nOKynKIl. 3T11 lIepeMCllllble TaKmc MoryT 6b1Tb KO.flll"leeTBellllblMIi IiJJH Ka"lCCTBCHHblMIt. B COBOKYIlIiOCTH OHIt oOpa3YIOT OKpYJICaKJUI,ylU cpeuy ((jJuH) npo6JJeo\lbl.

    CJleAYCT IIMeTb B BHAY, "ITO HeynpallJlRe'\lblM nepeMellllbiM COB ceM IIC 06H3aTCJJbHO npHCyluc cBoHcTBO lIeynpaBJJHeMOCTll: npocTO 01111 MoryT pcrYJIIlpoBaTbcR D.pyrllMIl JlImaMIl (opraIl1l3auIIHMII) HaJJor C 060poTa peryJJHpyercH 3aKOII0.il.aTe.bHblMII opraliaMII; nocTYIIJJellile lIa npOMbllIlJJCIIIIOe npC1lnpHHTlIC 3aKa30B lIa H3rOTOB' JlellHe IIPOAYKUIIII lie 3a811CIIT OT PYKOBOAIITC.1H np0I13B01lCTBell-1I0ro OTD.eJJa, 110 0110 MomCT HaXOAIITbCR noD. KOIITpOJJCM CJJYIK6b1. C6b1Ta; a llepapXII"IecKO(1 oprallH38UIIII K8IK1lblii ypoBeHb yupaBJJHer TCMII ncpCMCllllbiMII, KOTOPblC IIC MoryT KOIiTpOJlllpOBaTbCH 60Jlcc 11113KIIMII ypOBIIHMII.

    - DHYTpeHHue 11.111 OHelUHue OepalW'leHllfl lIa B03MomllbiC 3118-"ICIIIIR ynpaB.flHCMblX II IIcynpaBJlRCMblX ncpCMCllllblX. HanpliMCp, nOKyn8Tc"lb aBTOM061lJJH .\lOmeT YCTaliOBIITb IIPC1leJJbIlYIO CyMMy,

    KOTOPYIO 011 rOToa 113paCXOAOB8Tb. KpoMe TOro, 011 Momer IIpllllHTb pCWCIIlie 0 np"06pcTeliHII n01lCpmaHHoro aBTOM06I1J1fI, a cro sbl60p MOlfKD.8R cliTyaullfI, CBfl3aHHafl C Bbl60poM, Tpe6ycT npllHRTlIR peWCIIIIH. OD.KaKO JlI06011 TaKoit npouecc U KOHC"IHO:>I tHore 0311a4a(,T Bbl6op. np06J1CMa ll03HtiKaCT TOr.ll8, Kor.lla y J1l1ua, npIIHHMalOlucro pCWCHHf'. IIMCIOTCR HCKOTOPblC COMHHUll B OTHOCHTCJJbHOH 3llCKTIIUIiOCTH pa3.fllI4HblX JlIIHII'"1 nOBCD.CHHR. npouecc PC1UCHHR np06JJCM lIanpaRJICIi lIa paCCCHHIlC 3T1IX COMIiCIIIiH. nOCKOJlbKY CTcnClih CO,\lIICIIHli y pa311b1X JJIOJlCit pa3.1I4Ha. 01lHa II Ta >KC CltTyaUHR 1lMt 011Horo "ICJ10BCKa l'olOmeT OKa3aTbCfl np06J1CMHOH, a 1l:HI 1lpyroro - Her. HMCIIHO n03ToMy B03HHK'-:ICT nOTpc6HOCTb e KOHCYJlbTaHTax, 3KcncpTax, COBCTlIlIKax li T. 1l.

    B CJJy4ac np06.'lCMlIoH cliTyauliH .fI II UO, npHHIIMalOL1lCe PCWCllIIC, Cfla'laJla 1l0J11K1I0 COCTaBHTb I1pC1lCTaB.CHHC 0 np06.1CMC, HJlII C03-1laTb ee M01le.b, 8 3aTCM 1I0llbiTaTbCR lIaHTIi pcwcliHe nOli 010-D.CJlllpOBaHlloH:t np06J1CMbl. ECJlH ero npCD.CTaUJJCIIIIC 0 np06J1CMC (UJJII ec MOn.CJlb) OKa>KCTCfl HCBCP"blM, TO pCWCHIlC MOlfKIIO npC:.itCTaBIITb B BH.IlC paBCIICTBa: UClllIOCTb IICX01la = 3aD.all Hoe COOTHOWCIIIIC Mem1lY ynpa8.1 RNlblM H

    II IIcynpaBJJRCMhlMH ncpCMCllllhlMIi.

    Bblno.,1HClilte 3Toro pBR('IICToa MomCT 3aBHCCTb OT orpalll14CHIIH, lIaJJaraCMblX lIa ynpaBJIHcMblC II IIcynpaBJJHCMblC nepCMCHllbiC.

    rOBOpRT, 4TO IIpo6J1CMa pelUeHa, CCJlIt Bbl6paHHblC 3Ha"lCHHH YllpaBJJRCMblX I1CPCMCllllblX AtaKClIMII3UPljlOT UellllOCTb IIcxOJ],a. T. e. eeJJIt oCYlueCTBJIRCTCR ero onTUMU3Qt,Ufl. ECJJlI mc Bbl6paHHblC 311a4ellllH ynpaBJIReMblX ncpCMCIIHblX IIC 06ecnC"IHRaIOT MaKCIIMII3aUIlIO, 110 1lalOT 1l0CT8T04110 XOpOWliM pCJYJJbTaT. TO rooopSlT. 'ITO

  • IS 'latTb I rAOaQ I

    np06Jl CM3 pewella yaOOAeT60pIITeAbffO. CYIUCCTBYeT II TpeThfl B03-MOIKIIOCTb: npo6J1Nl3 MO>KCT HC4e311YTb Boo(51uc. 310 .ll.OCTllr3erCR nYTeM H3MellCHHR ueHIIOCTH IICXOJl,3. B PC3YJlbT3TC 4ero BbJ60p Te PI'ICT CMblCJJ. HanpHMCp. np06J1CM3, CBR3811H3R C Bbl6opOM HOBora 3BTOM0(5IiJlR, nepecTaCT C),luecTBonaTb, etJlII 4CJlOaCK IlPillUCJI K 33KJ1IO'lCHitlO , liTO JlY4we nOJlb30a3TbCSl o6wecTnelillblM TpaHcnopTOM, KCr TaKIKC OTllae1b npll IICpee3,ilC 113 HODoe MeCTO >KllTCJlbCTB3, eCJlII OK3>1IIHfl np06JleM, lIy>KHO npCJlCTaSIiTb ee6e, CKOJlbKO YCHJlIH1 6btJlO flpeJlnpHtlftTO nCHH " MY>K'lHllaMH, II mClllUHH3MIi npOU1JlOrO, [laCTORlUero II 6Y.llywcro. O.allaKo nOBCK TaKoro IlD.CaJla OKa3BJlCil 6e3-YCllelllllblM no "POHIlIi cY.D.b6bl HMCIllIO 113-38 eJlHlUKOM C(>PbC3-

    IfaCT" 1 rAQ8(l I 19

    Horo OTHOU!CHIIR K 3TOMY ItOHCKy. nOtlblT81OCb nOHel/HTb CBOIO MbtCJlb.

    B O.aHOH H3 CKa30K rOROpltTCft 0 IOtiOWC, KOTOPblH Mor 3ara.aaTb JlI06ble Tpll >KeJJallllfl. 3ara.n3S ARa 113 HHX, 011 YXIlTPHJlCH nonaCTb 8 TaKYIO 6c.n y, liTO BblIlY>K.neH 6blJl 3ara.aaTb nOCJJC.Illice >KeJl8HHC, 'lT06bl BCPHYTbCfI K CBOCMY nCpaOHa'laJlbHOMY COCTORHHIO. YCJlblWaB OAIlII H3 MHorO'lHCJlCHHblX S3pllaklTOR :noil CKa3-KH, CMblWJlellblC .lICTII ,rOBOpHT, 'ITO OHII CMorJlH 6b1 Jly'lWC pacnOpH.lIllTbCH ;:J,a>Ke OAIIHM-e.!l,IIHCTSeIlHblM )f(eJIaHHeM - .lIJ1H noro HaAO 6blJTO cpa3y >KC 3ara.llaTb IICItQJlIICIIHC Rcex nocJlcAYlOlUIiX >KCJlaliHil.

    UCJICYCTPCMJlCIIHbI,\l CHCTCM3M (a 'lCJlOneK HBJ1HCTCR IIMCIIHO TaKOr, cHCTelOH ) 110 c80el1 IIpHpO.llC CBOHCTBCHIIO HMCTb >KeJJalllHI II npl! 3TOM HMCTb R03MO)!{1I0CTb IIX y.ll.OBJlCTBOpRTb. nJlR peaJlH3a

    . UllH TaKol1 803MO>KHOCTH Heo6xOllHMblMil II .nOCT3TO'lHblMII HB.!JHIOTCft CJleAYlOtUHe yCJl08ItR:

    - nOCTORilHoe nOBblweHlle 3KliO AOCTII'l'" nOCTaOJlClIlILlX u.eJlCrl, H, CJle.D.oaaTeJJbHO, lIenpCpbtBHOrO YBCJTH'lCIIIIR 06"bCMa III t$opMauHIl, 311aHHH II CTeneHH nOHtlMaHIIR, T. e. cfloco611OCTII 60JJcc nOJlHOrO nOCTH>KeHIIH IICTllllbI. 3alla'la HaYKII - paCl1IHpHTb H yrJl y6.nftTb HaWH 3HaHIIR, 3a.na'la TeXIIHKl1 - C03n3BaTb B03MO)!(HOCTb 3KeIlHH layKII;

    - lIenpepblBlloe B03pacTallHc 1'1 .lI0CTylt HOCTb IIc06xo.nHMbtX cpe.acTB, KOTopble cJle.nyeT HcnOJlb30BaTb C HaH60JJbweH 3q,$CKTHS HrJCTblO;

    - HenpepblBHoe OCJl3dncIllie nPOTHBOpe'llirl Me>K.Ily JlIO.llbMH. nOMlfMO nepC'lItCJlCHHbtX YCJlOBIiH lIeo6xo.llHMO aHaJ1I1TII'IeCKOC

    onllcaHIiC 3CTCTU'lCCKOI"' ynKuIIII. ECJlII 'leJIOBeK HaMepcH Henpepbl.BHO cTpeMIITbCft K lI.D.eaJ1Y, 011

    HC .IlOJl>Kell ;:J,OSOJIbCTBOBaTbCH MeHbWIII, T. e. Oil He MO>KeT 6b1Tb nOCTOftHIiO p330'lapOBaH HJIII nOJlHOCTblO Y.IlOBJTeTSopeH. KaK TOJIbKO 011 .lIOCTllr K3KOH-JlII60 ue.1H. 011 Cp33y >KC .lIOJ1)!(eH CTPCMHTbCR K Jl.pyroH. n03TOMY Hc06xOAHMO Bcerna yMeTb H8XOAHTb HORbie B03MO)!(HOCTlI .lIJ1R YJlYliwellHR CYWCCTBYlOwero nOJlO>KeHIIH II nOJlYlieHllH Y.lIOBJleTBOpCllllft; 'le.10BeK BcerAa JlOJl>Kell yMeTb H3pHCOBaTb nepcneKTHBY 6011ee >KeJJ8TeJlbHoro CQCTORHIIR, 'leN TO, S KOTOPOM OB 113XOAliTCH B .D.aH HblA IOICHT.

    3a.aa'l3 HCKYCCTsa KaK pa3 II COCTOItT B TOM, 4T06b1 1l0MO'lb cttapllCORaTb T3KllC nepCneKTIIBbi II TaKIiM 06 pa30M OOOXH.08UTb Hac 118 HX OCYIIlCCTBJleHlle [31]. BAOXtlOReHHe II CTpeMJlCHlle Hepa311eJlHMbl. npeKp3CHoe CUb CBOHCTBO TPY.lIOB H .Il.CHHllrl llCJlOReKa II npllpo.abl, BAOXIlOBJIRlOwee Hac lIa HOBbie CTpellleHHH II CBepl1leHHft. n03TmlY lie y.llltBIITeJlbHO, 'ITO 0 B.aOXHOBJIfllOWNI Hac peweHllH TOri IIJlH HHOH np06JleMbI MbI rOBopHM, 'ITO 0110 KpaCUBO.

  • 20 "OUb I (AaM 1

    np0tlUI1>KClllle 1\ ue.llit ,!I,OCTaSlUter lie MCHblUee YD.ORJlCTBOPCHltC, lJCM ec .l.OCTII>KCHIIC, a I1pouecc peWCHIis:! npo6.eM - He MeHbwce yAOUJ1CTBOPCHllC, 4CM CaMQ peWCHIlC. n03TOMY H C411131O. 'ITO B II.llCaJlbllOM CJly4ae 4eJlOeCK He .aOJDKeH 6b1Tb CBo6o.aCH OT np06JlCM, 011 Jl.OJ1IKCH 6b1Tb CI10C06eH peW3Tb HCllpepblBllblH nOTQK Bce CioJlce YCJlO>KHfllOtUIIXCH np06J1cM.

    vI3SCCTIIO, 'ITO nn3TOH BH)lCJI H33Ha4CHHC HCKYCCTS3 B oTo6pa>fKalOweii CH.110H. 3T11 acneKTbI MO}t(HO paCCMaTpHB3Tb Ii 06CY>K)J.3Tb nOp03llb, HO HX HCJlb3R OT,!I,eJUITb llpyr or Apyra. Or.llbiX He 4TO IIHoe. Kat< nOJly4HHe yaOBOJlbCTBHR B KaKaeHHR 3a Tpyabl; OTllbiX - 3TO nay3a MR OCae>KeHHR II BOCCTaHOBJ1eHIIH CHA. HCKYC, CTBO nOpO>K.o.aeT TaK)Ke He>KeJlallHe ll.OBOJIbCTBOBaTbcR aOCTHrHYTblM. 0110 BblT3CKllaaeT Hac 113 IIpOWAoro II TOJlItKlIO 3l1aTb. KaKOBbl ero UeJlII. HaKoHeu. Heo6xo.D.IIMO BblHCHHTb, KaK B3allMOCBR3allbl npeCJJe.ayeMbie HaMI1 UeJll1 C UeJlJlhtl1, K KOTOp1.HI CTPChtflTCfl .D.PY rile 3aHHTepecoBaHHble JlHua.

    PaccMoTpMM, KaK MO)KHO A06uTbcSl 60Jlee 3$eKTHBHoro pewe"HR np06J1eM 33 C4eT JI.l-Iwero nOHHMaHHR HaWHX c06cTBellHblx ue JleA, ueJleA Jl.pyrHx 3altllTepecoBaHHblx JlIIU II B3allMOCBH3H Me)KAY 3THMH UeJlRMH.

    HaWM c06cTeeHHwe lleJlII

    np06JleMbi 6b1BaIOT D.RyX BIIJl.oa: OD.HH 113 HIIX CBR3aHbl C pa3 pyweliHeM, YCTpaHCHlleM HJlII orpaHII4ClllleM Toro, 4TO CYUleCTSYCT, HO lie }KeJlaTeJlbHO; .o.pyrlle --e .nOCTiDKelllleM IIJlII npl106peTcHHeM Toro, 4TO )KeJlaTCJlbHO, 110 He CYU.leCTByer. Pewclllle np06JlCM lIep ooro Tllna 031184aeT 1136aB.fleHlle OT IICT04HIIKa Hey.noB,IleraopeHHOCTH cywecTBYIOw,HM nOJlO)KCHHeM aM (Hanp"MCp, OT OTs.eKalOUlero wYMa, 60Jle31111) , 8 pewelllle npoOneM BToporo lilna - no-

    . nY4CHilC .o.OCT)'na K IICT04HHKY y.nOBJlernopellllfl (HanpIIMep, 3TO MO>+KeJlaHlle 1136aBIITbCR OT wyMa MO)f(HO paCCMaTp"BaTb KaK )KeJlaHHe Jl.0611TbCR TIIWllllbl; )KMallHe H36aBIlTbcSl OT 60Jle3HH - KaK >KeJl alllle CTaTb 3AOpOBbiM. O.aL1a1Kae

  • 22 l/acn , rAo.dQ 2

    . . lHllllcTBe CJlY4aea H3{iaBJleHHe aT Taro, !.lTO He )f(eJl3TeJlbHO, He paB-HOCIIAbHO .i1,OCTH)KeHHIO Taro, 'tro >KeJITe.bHO. OCHOBHoe paJJHl4He MeIKilY n03ItTHBllbI!>1H II HeraTHBHblMH ue.IIRMIl HOCIIT nCHXOJlOrH4eCKIIA . a lie JlOfll4eCKilA xapaKTep.

    8 OTJlII411e aT 110311THBHblX Ii Her3TIIBHblX UeJleA cpeJl.CTBa II ueJlII no.rHH)(.'TblO 833I1MOCIH13311b1. Ka)f(AOe cpeACTBO MO)l(HO paCCM3TpHB3Tb O.llllOapeMeHIIO II K3K UMb, a K3>K.ayJO UeJlb - K3K Cpe.llCTBO. HanpllMep, nOKynK3 3aTOMoCilUHl - 3TO npHoCSpereHHe B JlH4HOe 1I0Jlb30B3HIle Oil.llOro 113 cpe.a.CTB nepeABH>KelHlA, KOTOpoe IIpll 3TOM BblCTynBcT 8 K34eCTse UeJlH. CoCiCTsellllbiA 3STOMoCiIlJlb D CBOIO 04epeJ],b MQlKllD paCCM3rpHS3Tb KaK cpeaCTBO DJIR noe3AOK lIa paCiOTY. KOTOpble CT3HOBHTCR UeJlblO. Ka)f{AYIO IIpOMC>KYTOllHYIO UeJlb MO>KIIO paCCM3TpllB3Tb KaK Cpe.llCTSO AJUI AOCTlt>KeHHR 1I0CJleAYIOtUHX UeJlerl.

    KpOMe TOro, Ka>KD,Oe cpeACTSo MO)HflO p3cueHHB3Tb K3K OKOH-1I3HIle KaKOrO-JlIl60 D,ertCTBHR. T3K, nOKynKa aSTOM0611J1R Se..lleT K npeKpawellll10 KOHT3KTOS C ToprOSbiM areHTOM; nOCetUeliHe TOprUl:wru KItO npO.llCMOIICTpltpOSaTb HHalie. PaHee YKa3b1DaJlOCb, lITQ JlItUO, npllllltM3JOIIlee peweHlle, HHTepecyeT 3KeHHR ltOCTalMeltHbiX ueJ1eH. B C3MOM 06tUeM CMbtCJIe 3lPlPeKTltSHOCTb Toro HJlH HHoro CpeJl.CTS3 Itpe.il.CTaBJlReT c060t1 sepOHTHOCTb Jl.OCTH)HeHHR )HMaeMOA UMH. YeM Bblwe 3T3 oepORTIIOCTb, TeM 3

  • 24 tfacTb I f.A.aaCl 2

    rHH npOH3BOD.CTSa, clloco6ax pecnpen.eneHHfI Ii C6blTa npO.ayKlJ.HH. nOcJle noro rpynna npHCTynHJla K nOHCK)" .npyrHx B03MO)f{HbiX H311eJIHH. H3roTOBJleHHe KOTOPblX He Tpe6osaJlo 6b1 H3MeHeHHH Tex

    ,HOJlOrH H npoH3Bo.ilcTsa, pacnpe.n.eJlelliHI Ii c6b1Ta npon.yKUHH. 3a.v;a-43 COCTORJla B TOM, 4106bl 113ftT" TaKoe H3AeJle, KOTopoe ycipaHSaJlO1> Cibl q>HPMY H xapaKTepH30sanOCb liP" 310M yse.'lH'le

    . HHeM copoca. nepSbiM Ii caMhlM OlleBHAHhlM eapHallTOM peweHHfI tSbiJi Bbl60p

    H HCTpYMellTOB 4J1f1 BO.ll.onpOaOA4HKOB. QIl.HaKO rpyttlla He TOpOnMJlaCb C006LUHTb PYKOBOjlflTeJlflM q,HPMbl 0 pe3YJlbTaTe CSOliX HOHCKOB, TaK KaK He 6b1J1a ynepeua, 4TO 1l011.06Hafl B03MOIKHOCTb HMH eme lie paccMaTpHBaJlacb. Kat{ OK333nCCb, PYKOBO..ilHTeJlK q,HPMbl n.efiCTBHTeJlbIlO HMeJlH TaKYIO B03MO)KllOCTb B BH1\Y, HO HalleRJlHCb HaHTH 4TO-TO I'1JJY4wee. Ha npocb6y 33011a YTO

  • 26 '1ach I rAGfJQ 2

    K3MnaHHiO npOTeCTa npOTHB cywecTlwaaaweH CHCTeMbI BblCT3ane. HilS'! OueHal(. KorAa HeJ],OBOJlbCTDO AOCTHfJlO r3KOH CTeneHH, "ITO ero IIMb3", Ci.blIlO CiOJlbWe HrHop"poa3Tb, 3.a,MHHIICTpaUHR yHHoepCIlTeTa H33H34Hna KOMHCCHIO 113 npcn01l3a3TeJleH )]..Ill'! nepec!oTpa :noft: CItCTeMbI. no npowecTBHH HeKoToporo BpeleHH KOMHCCHR BblpaCioT3J13 pCKOMeHAaUHH 0 BHeceHHII H60J1bWHX 1l3MClleHHH. KOTopble 6b1J1I1 eAHHOAYWHO OTseprHYTbI K3K IIpellOA3B3TeJlRMH, T3K H CTyaeHT3MH. nocne :noro CTy.neHTbl 1I0Tpe6oS3J1H. ,(T06b1 11M 6b1JlO A3HO "paBO fQJtoca npl! o4epellHoM uepec!>IOTpe cyWCCTBYIOUleH ClicreMbI cueHaK. ::ho rpe60a31lHe CiblJlO YliTeHo, II B HOBOA KOMIlCCtll1 cTY.ileHTbI nOJlY41lJlH CIlMBOJIH'teCKoe open.CT3BHTeJlbCTBO.

    PeKoMcIIA3UIIH DTopaA KOMIiCCIIII OK333J1HCb lie nY'twe peKoMeH'" D.aUHH nepeoH. npoTecTbI cTYD.eHTOB YCHJlHJlHCb, H D.ObeD.eHllaR D.O OT'tafIHIlR aD.MHHHCTpauIiR 6bJHY>KJl,eHa 6blJla cornaCllTbCR lIa TO, 'tT06bi CTYD.CHTbl C03D.aJlH CBOIO c06CTBeHHYIO KOIIICCHIO J],Jlfl. 6blpaClOTKII pCKOMellD.aUIIH, KOTopble Jl,OJl>KHbI ClblJlII OJ],OClPIlTb "PCIIOllaOaTCJHt H CTYllCIlTbi.

    Ha IIcpnOM 3aCCD.aIlUU KOMIlCClllt, COCTOflUlCi1 113 OD.ItHX CTYJ],CtlTOn, OD.HIt 113 tWx OHec IIpCJ],nO>KeHIIC OTMeHltTb oueHKH Bo06-mc. nOCJlC KopOTKoro oClCY>KD.CHIiR :no npeD.JlO>KCHUe ClJIJlo npHHRTO. 3aTCM 'tnCllbI KOMHCCHII npHcTynHJlH K oClCY>K.a.elllllO xapaKTepa 060CIIosaHIlR .a.alllloii peKOMCIIJ],aUllIl. B IIpouecce oClCY>K.neHHR OD.HH CTYJ],CIIT nOllllTepecoBaJlCfI, 'ITO npOll30H4eT, eCJlIl 011 II .npyrllc CTYllCIiTbI, IIC UhlCR OUCIIOK, Cly.ri.YT peKOMellll0Ballbi .nJlH nocTyn.eIlJIR B acnHpaliTYPY B llPyrue Y"IIBCPCHTCTbI. OCTa.llbllble 'tJlellbi COrJlaCIlJlIlCb, 'ITO nOT Bonpoc lIyl+0I0 H3Y'tIlTb; npellCCllaTe.llb 1l0llPOCIIJI Ka>K.1J.OrO 'tJlClla KOMHCCIIII lIaBCCTIl HcoClxo.nIlMl>le cnpaBKH II .1J.OJlO>KIITb pe3YJlbTaTbi lIa CJlellYlOtllCM 3acc.naIlHIl.

    Korlla lIa BTOpOM 3acellallilit KOMHCCIIH Ka>K.!lblil ee 'tJlCIl llQ.IIO>KII. 0 pe3YJlbTaTaX npO.1J.CJlaIiHOH paClOTbI, TO OKa3aJlOCb, 'ITO ClC3 ouelioK CTY.1J.CIITbI IIC MoryT ClblTb IIpllllRTbI HII B O.!lIlY 113 Tex acnllpaliTYP, KYlla 01111 06pall(aJII1Cb. YJlellbl KOMIICCIIH 6b1J111 CTpawliO Y.!lPYYClibi TaKIiM IlCXOJ],OM II B KOIIU,C KOIIUOB 6b1J1H. BbllIYlKllCllb! OTMClllITb pallcc npllHHTOC peUJellllC OTKa3aTbCH OT BbiCTaBJlClIIlH OUCIIOK. OllllaKO 3aTCM 01111 npOBCJlII WHPOKYIO .nIlCI{YCCIiIO C UCJlblO YCTaHOBltTb, 'ITO IKe RBJlRCTCR IIC)I{CJlaTCJlbHblM B CYIUeCTBYIOw,eii CHCTCMC OUCIIOK 3HaHIdL

    B PC3y.bTaTC ClblJlII BblHB.ellbl ABa lIellOCTaTKa II lIaii.1J.Cllbl nYTIl JlX YCTpaliCHIHI. BonepBbJX, CTYllCII.Tbl B03pa}f(am1 npOTlIB Toro, 'ITO OUCHKIl Olliloro CTY.1J.CItTa CTallOBHTCR 1l3BCCTIlbi ApyntM CTYllCHTaM. 3TO, no IIX MllelllllO, nopO}f(D.aJlO COBceM HCHY>+K.!lOM ceMccTpe 113y'taTb 0411H Hpe.nMCT no Bbl60py C nOCJlellYlOluei'i clla'tei'i 3a'tCTa.

    06e peKoMCHllaUIiH ClblJlII e.ll1ll10.1J.ylDIl0 npllllfiTbi KaK Hpeno-J],aBaTeJlHMH, TaK H cTyaeHTaMl1. .

    MOPAnb: peweHue oiJHOii. np06/1eMbi MOJICeT nopoiJuTb dpyzylO.

    Pe3YJlbTaT pcweHHH npOClJlCMbI Bcer4a MO)f(HO paCOtaTpHsaTb KaK Cpe.1J.CTBO aJlR 1l0CTlt>KeIiItH 60nec OTJ],aJleHHOrO pe3YJlbTaTa. nonOMY aJlR onpelleJIellllR BHetllllCH UCHIIOCTH JlIOCloro npOMe>KYTo'tHoro pe3YJlbTaTa Heo6xollilMO 3l1aTb, KaKoH HCXOJ], B KOlle'tHOM C'tCTe Heo6xollHM II HaCKOJlbKO npll6JlII>+KYTO'tHbiH HCXO.!l.

    TOJlbKO KOHe'tHbie IICXO,ll,bI tOryT IIMCTb BHyTpCHll1010 UCIiHOCTb, nOCKOJlbKY 3a HHMII Y>Ke HH'tero lie CJlellyeT. Hx IICB03MO>KHO 1l0CTltrIlYTb, HO K HIIM MO>KIIO npIIClJlIl3ItTbCH: eCJlII Clbl 3TO 6blJlO lie Tal{, TO TaKHe HCXO.1J.hI He BJlIIHJlH 6b1 Ita llalUe IIOSC.1J.ellltC B Hacroflmce BpeMH. B03MO>KHOCTb npIl6J1H}f(CHltH K KOIIC'tllblM HCXOllaM lleJIaCT creneHb npoiJouxeHuR K HIIM Ba>KllblM "OKa-3aTeJleM BHCWHCit UCHHOCTH J1}060ro npOMe>KYTo'tHoro pe3YJlbTaTa. )f(CJlaTeJlbHblH KOHeKHOCTb YBe.IIIl'tHTb CI{OpOCTb. OIUYIueHIIC npO.1J.BIIH\eHHH K H.neaJlaM np"D.aCT CMblCJI >K1I3111l II aeJIaeT BbIOop OCMblCJleHHblM.

    04CB1I4110, 'ITO TO, K 'teMY Mbi CTPCMltMCH (HaWII UCJlII) SJlIlf["eT Ha Bbl60p "CpeaCTB. Menee O'tCSH.1J.CH TOT aKT, 'ITO IIMCIOw,lIe CH cpe.a.CTaa BJlHRIOT lIa Haw sbiClop Ue.'lCH. Hawe npCaCTaBJlClIIle o B03MO>KHblX HCXOD.aX SJlHHCT Ha TO, K KaKHM IICXOllaM Mbi CTPC' MIIMCR. TCM caMblM lIawa CllocoClHOCTb pewaTb IIpoClJlCMbI orpa HII'tllsaeTcfI HaWHMH >Ke npellCTaBJlCHllfiMIl 0 TOM, KaKltC UCJlII 40CTlOKIIMbi. no :nOH >+

  • 28 !.iacTb I fJl(ltla 2

    HJ-Ie Toro, 'tTO Heo6xo.AHMO. npC,ACTaBJlHiOT C060H nepcneKTUOH:Oe, ycrpeM.JleHHoe B 6y.aymee, peUJem-le Ilpo6.eM. npH TaKOM peweHHH iJp06JleM Mbi YCTaHannHBaeM py6e}f{H, KOTOPblX ,Q,OJDKHbI )].OCTH'lb, Ii crapaeMCSl no C,Ae.rtaTb. XOTSI Ii ttpH raKOM ttollXO,ll.e MO)KHO yllyCTHTb S3>KHble nOCJle)l.CTBHR HaWIIX peweHHH, OAIl3KO BepOHTHOCTb 3Toro MaJia. YeM 6.rIH>Ke >KeJl3TeJlbllblH HCXOll, reM 60Jlbwe BepmHHOCTb, 'lTO MbI 6y.aeM ytlHTblB3Tb IIpOMe>+KaHIUHX )1eHCTBHH. 4eM CKopee Mbl XOTliM H36aBHThCH OT HCT04HIIK3 lleYJl.OBJleTBOpeHHOCTIl, reM .\teHbwe BepOflTHOCTb roro, 4TO Mbi 6YAeM Y'tHTblB3Tb S3>KHble nOCJle)],CTBHH (1I.0CT3r04HO TOJtbKO BCtlOMHHTb nOCJleACTBHFi npHMeHeHHfI XHMH'leCKOrO npenapaTa LLUT). nonOMY oepORTHOCTb He 06paTIITb OHUMGHUR Ha (JQ:HCHble nOClleOCTfJUR MUHllMallbHa, K020a np06AeMa OPMYllupyeTcR 0 Tep,tlUliaX npU61lUXeHUR K OOHOM'y UIlU HeCKOllbKllM uoeallaM.

    Kor.a.a Mbl cocpe.a.OT04.HSaeM Hawe SHItMaHHe Ha He.a.ocTaT Kax cywecTBylOmero nOJlO>KeHHfI AeJI, TO CTpeMHMCfI paCCMaTpH' BaTb TH He)lOCT3TKH He3aSHCHMO Apyr OT Apyra. npl-l T3KOM [JoAxolle oKa3blBae-rCfI, 4.TO MHorHe H3 HHX TPYAHO YCTpaHHTb. nOCKOJlbKY npH CTpeMJleHHH K IIAeaJlY 06l1apY>KIIBaeTCfI B3aHMO' CBR3b Me>KAY pa3JlH4HblMH 6YAYWHMH C06b1THflMH, no 3aCTaBJlfleT Ilac paCCMaTpHsaTb OAHospeMeHHO M HO>KeCTBa B3aHMOCBfl3aHHblX on3CHocTeH H (5.arOllpHRTHbiX B03MO)l(HOCTeH KaK en.IfHOe lleJlOe, KaK CUCTeMY np06AeM. OAllaKO aH3J1H3 B3aHMOCBR3allHblX npOCiJleM KaK eAHHoro ueJloro OTHOCHTCR K nllaHupoeaHulO, a He K pe weHHIO npOCiJleM.

    nJlaHHpOBaHHe - no He TOJlbKO UeJlOCTHOe paCCIOTpeHue pRAa B3aHMOCBfl3aHHblX np06J1eM, HO H opHeHTaUH\l Ha 6YAywee. K CO iKaJleHHIO, MHoroe H3 Toro, 4.TO Ha3b1BaIOT nJlaHHpOBaHHeM, .Ha ca MOM .ueJle npe.llCTaBJlReT COCiOH npOCToe YCTpaHeHHe pRAa Be3a BUCHMO pacCMaTpHBaeMbix He.llOCraTKOB.

    HeoCixOAHMblM 3J1eMeHTOM npouecca nJlaHltpOBallHfI flBJlReTCfl nepClleKTHBllbiti 1l0AXOA K peweHHIO npOCiJleM. 3TO 3I1a4.IIT, 4.ro IIU o.n;Ha npo6.ea He paCCMarpHBaeTCfI 1130J11lpOBaHHO H K3>KAaR 113 HUX CPOPMYMtpyeTcfI C Y4.eTOM npHHaA.e}f{HOCTII ee MHO}f{ecTBY B3aHMOCBR3aHHblX npOCiJleM, p aCCMaTpHBaeMbiX K3K eAHHoe lleJloe. flepcneKTUOHoe nllQHllpo(JaHuecocTollT (J pQ.3pa60TKe oapuaHTa :HCe AaeM020 6yoyw,e20 U HaXO:HCOeHUJl nyTeu 60Aee 3eKTU(JH020 npu-6IlU:HCeHUR K HeM-y. TaKoe nJlaHHpOBaHlie Jly4.lUe Bcero MO>KeT Bbl nOJlHflTbCfI Tonia, KOfD.a OHO CTaHOBHTCfI TaI10M uoeaAu.'lUp()(JaH' Hail nepecTpoQKU Toro 06beKTa, B HHTepecax KOToporo ocyrnecTBJlHeTCH nJlaHl-lpOBaHl-le: 310 MO)f{eT 6blTb rOCY)l;apCTBO, Opra1-l1-l3aUHH, ToprOBoe npellnpHflTHe, rpynna JlHU, OT)l;CJIbHblH 4.eJI0neK. Ha TaKO" nJlH D,OJl)f{Hbi HBJlaraTbCH ABa OrpaHI-I4.eHHfI. nepBoe 1i3 HHX COCTO HT B TOM, 4TO nJlaH )l;OJl)f{eH CiblTb TeXHu'teCKU OCY/LleCT8UMbIM. 3TO OrpaHI-I4.eHHe OTHIO)l;b He npenflTCTByeT BHen.peHHIO TeXHOJlOrlilteC-

    ljaCTb I fJl(lll(l 2 29

    KHX 1I0BweCTB; 0110 HeoCiXO)l;IlMO Aliff Toro, 4.To6b1 He .Il0nyCTiiTb npeBpaweHHH IIpouecca nJlallllpOBaHHH B npouecc ynpa>Kllelll-iH B 06.aCTH lIay4HoH cpaHTaCTHKII. HanpHMep, IIpH nJlaHl-lpOBalH1H }f{eJlaeMOrO 6Y.!lywero AOIlYCTHMO npen.YCMOTpeTb nepeAa4.Y UBeTI-IblX cpaKCIlMIlJle Me>Kn.y Y4.pe)f{.IleHltflMH 1IJ111 HCnOJlb30BaHHe BepTOJI.eTOB B Ka4.eCTBe ropOACKoro TpaHcnopTHoro Cpen.CTBa. IIQCKOJlbKY Bce 3TO TeXHIl4eCKH OCYlUeCTBHMO. O.D.HaKO He cJleAyeT .D.OIlYCKaTb nJlaHHpOBaHlie TeJlenaTH4.eCKOH nepeAa4.H HHCPOpMaUH!l Me}f{AY lto MOM H KOHTOpOH.

    Bropoe orpaHH4.eHlle COCTOHT B TOM, 4TO pa3pa60TaHHblH oCibeKT HJIH HeKOTopoe 3anJlaHHpOBaHHoe COCTOflHHe AOJl>KHbI CiblTb npoAy' MaHbI HaCTOJlbKO, 4.T06b1, 6yltY4.H peaJlH30BaHHblMH, OHH MOrJlH "pOAOJl>KaTb CBoe cywecTBoaaHHe. HHblMH CJlOBaMH, nJlaH .Il0k >KeH 6b1Tb :HCU3HeCnoc06Hbl-lf ..

    nOMHMO .IlByX paCOiOTpeHHblX OrpaHIt4.eHHH Ha JlI060A nJlaH OKa3b1BaIOT BJlHHHlte TaKlie !aK:rOPbI, KaK OTcyrcTBHe y nJlaHH' pylOuero Jlltua HeoCiXO.D.Ill>lOH HHcpOpMaUIII-I, 3HaHHH, AOJl>KHoro nOHHMaHllf1 Borrpoca. MYAPOCTH, He roBOPH y>Ke 0 BooCipa>KeHHH. TaK, npH I-IAeaJlbHOM nOJlO)f{eHHH AM C03.i1.aTeJlll nJlaHOB AOJl)f{Hbi I-IMeTb B03MOIKHOCTb Y4.HTbCfI Ha co6CTseHHOM onbiTe H OllbiTe .IlpyrHx H nplicnocaCiJlHBaTbC K BHyTpeHH!lM H BHeWHHM H3MeHeHIIHM. OTClO.I1a CJIeltyeT, 4.TO HAeaJlbHafl C!lCTeMa !lJlH HAeaJlbHOe COCTOftHlte 1l0JJ>KHbI 6b1Tb rH6KltMH H cnocoCiHblMH JlerKO npeTepneBaTb JlIOCibie H3MeHeHHH.

    YlMeHHo IIOTOMY, 4.TO H.IleaJIbHblH nJlaH MO>KeT 6b1Tb YJlY4.we/!, OH He flBJlHerCA YTonHeH. 3TO uaIlJlY4.WI-IH H3 B03MO>KllbiX B oaHHbtil MOMeHT nJlaHOB, KOTOPblH B OTJllt4He OT yTonH4.eCKoro nJiaHa OCIIOBaH Ha npH3HaHHH Toro cpaKTa, 4TO OH He ,WO:HCeT OCTQ8aTbCJl UaeaAbHbtM. 001l20. TaKIiM 06pa30M, np0.llyKTOM H.IleaJlI-l3I-1pOBaHHoro nJlaHl-lpOBaHHfI flBJlfleTCA He H.D.eaJlbHOe COCTOflHl-le HJlH HAeaJlb' HaR .cHCTeMa, a COCTOflHHe HJ1H CHCTeMa, CiJlH3KHe K ItAeaJlbHblM.

    l1.D.eaJIbHbI nJlaH He flBJlReTCfI yronHeH eme H no ApyroH npH4.HHe. TaKOH nJlaH He eCTb He4.TO 3aBepweHHoe, a6COJllOTHOe, OKOH4aTeJJblloe HJlH nOCTOflHHoe. OH nO.D.BepraeTCH HenpepblBHOMY nepeOiOTpy B csere BHOBb nOJlY4ellHOH HHcpopMaUIIH, npHoCipe reHHblX 3I1aHHH, nOHHMaHHfI, onblTa, MyApOCTH H BooCipa>KeIlHH.

    l1Jl.eaJlbHblH UJlaH HCIIOJIb3yeTcR B caMbiX pa3J1H4.HblX ccpepax .ueflTeJIbHOCTH 4eJJOBeKa. HeAaBHO HaY4.HOHCCJle.i1.0BaTeJlbCKBfI rpynna, B KOTOPYIO R BXO>Ky I, B COTpyAHII4.eCTBe C npaBHTeJlbCT' BOM 4>paHuHH nO.D.rOTOBKJla ltD.eaJlbHblH nJlaH peKOHCTpYKUHH na pH)f{a [28) , KOTOPblH HBllllCfI OCHOBOH .D.OJIrOCp04.HOrO nJ1aHHpoBa HIiA pa3BliTHH ropoAa. AHaJlOnt4HaH pa60Ta npoBoAHTCH .ll.Jlfl Me XHKO. 3Ta )f{e rpynna npHHRJla Y4.aCTHe B pa3paCioTKe lIn.eaJlbHOrO

    l) PIIlI MOHX c06CTseHHblX HD,eaJlbHblX nJlaHOB onYMHKoaaH 8 KHHre .nJlaHHposaHHe ClY.11Yl1lero". [2).

  • 30 "(JUb I r'taRa 2

    n.ll3H3 nepecrpOHKl1 lIaCTIl 4>ellepaJIbHOH pC3epaliOH CIlCTCMbI eWA, B pa3paCioTKe HJ],eaJlbHOrO IIJlaH3 nepenpoHKIl CHCTCMbI npaDoeyJJ.HR B CWA no AeJlaM HeconepWCHllOJlCTHIlX 122] . a T310KC B nJlaHHpOB3HIIH nepecrpoHKIl HeCKOJlbKHX KopnopauliH B COC,iJ,HlleHHblx WT3T3X H 33 pyCie)f(OM. He Tal( AaBIlO rpylilla 33KQH411J1a pa3pa 60TKY ItD,CaJlil3HpOaaHHoro npoeKT3 CHCTCMbI 06MCII3 naY4110-TexHHlICCKOH HHopMaUHeA H nepc,a,a'lll reXHOJIOnlllCCKHX .Il0CTH>KeIlHH JlJlR COe.il.HHCIIHblX WTaTOB (4) . B H3CTORluee BpCMR rpynna npOBO,iUIT pa60TY B liaUHOllaJlbHOM HaYlIHQM IPOIIAC MeKeIlKH.

    yiAeaJlbHblii IlnaH B paBHoii CTeneH" npHMCHIIM K M3JJblM It CiOJlbWIlM CIlcrCM3M H llaiKC K OT.lleJlbHblM IIX 3J1eMeIlTa!, T. C. all pacnpOCTp311ReTCft KaK H3 4aCTli CHCTCMbI, TaK H lIa CHCTe'-IY 13 ue-nOM. -

    npouecc COCTaBJleHIIR lI,lJ.eaJlbHOrO nJlaHa naeT npOCTOp TBOplIecKOMY BooCipa>lKHbIX BHYTpeHHHX TaCiy II 3anperOB KynbTYPHoro X3p3KTep3. HanplIMep, rpynn3, nbiTaBwaRCR pa3paCioTaTb HJl.e3J1bHbjH nJlaH nepeCTpOHKH HaweH Jl3UHOH3J1bHOH 6aHKOBCKOH CHCTeMI;:.I, npeJl.JlO>KUl13 HCKJllOlIHTb HCnOJlb30BaHHe lIeKOB B T3KOH CHCTeMe H3-33 CJlIlWKOM CiOJlbWOrO OCi'beMa onepauHil no B3aHMHblM 6e311aJlH4-HblM paClIeTaM. O)J.HH H3 lIJ1eHOB rpynnbl YK33aJl, liTO no 6b1J10 Cibl B03MO>KHO, eCJlH Cibl cywecTBOBaJla 06'beJl.HHCHH3R H3UHOIl3J1bJl3R 3J1eKTpOHH3R CHcreMa nJlaTe>KeH. TaKaR CHCTeM3 tl03BO.llH.lla Cibl JlIOCioMY lIe.'1oBeKY MOMellr3J1bHO nepellHCJlRTb CYMMbI CO caoero 6aHKoBcKoro C'-Ier3 H3 C4eT Apyroro JlHU3 6C3 ItcnOJlb30B3HHR 6YM3rH . .upyroH '-IJlelt nOH rpynllbl 3aMeTHJI, 4TO O.K1l OT,lJ.eJIbllbiM .'1I1U3M UJIH opr3HH3aUHRM BblnOJlHflJlllCb 3JleKTpOHHOH anllap3TypoH. Ewe O,IJ.IlH lIJ1CH rpymlbl oCipaTUJI BHHMaHHe lIa TOT 4laKT, liTO CCJJH 6bl nOJlHbJe J],3Hllbie 0 .KAblH lIMOBeK Ciy.neT IIMeTb rOJlbKO OJl.ItH CiaHKOBCKUH C'-IeT IIJlI1 HeCKOJIbKO ClIeTOB, HO Ha Ka>KJ],OM 113 HHX Jl.OJl>KeH CTORTb KOJl.OBblA HOMep J],JlR HJl.eHTH4lIIK3UIII1.

    B :nOT MOMeHT KTO-TO H3 4J1eIlOB rpynllbl I3b1KPHKllyJl: c:nOAO>K.llHTC! Ho ae.ll.b eCJll1 y Hac HMelOTCfI tlO.1lllble ,lJ.allllbie 0 Bcex

    lfaCTb I rA(J8(J 2 3 J

    paCXOA3x, TO HC JlYllwe JlH HaM opHeHTllpOB3TbCR Jl3 paCXOAbI, a 'lIe fla .nOXOAbI?:t Ha1l3/locb O>KHBJleHHOe oCicY>K.II.eHHe :nOM II.11.CIi. B KOHel{HOM ClICTe OHO "PHBMO K p33paCioTKe HOBoH CHCTeMbJ HaJlOro06J10>KeHHR, KOTOPYIO Bce y1l3CTHHKH .II.llCKyCCllI1 nOClIHTaJlII 60Jlee cOBepweHHoH, lIeM CYWecTBYJOWafl. OHII 1I0IHIManH, 4TO a lIaCTORwee apeMR no nOJlHTllllecKHM co06paJoKCHllflM IIX nJlaH HeS03MOJoKHO OCyIUecTBHTb, HO paHo HJlIl n03.11.II0 K He'-ly "plI,lJ.erCR BCPHYTbCR. n03JoKe CTaJlO 113BCCTHO, liTO allaJlorlillHafl pa6Ta 6blJl3 IIpOBe.aeHa B WaeUHH II BeJlHKOCipHT3HilH.

    npe.aCT3BJ1eIlHR JlJOCioro 1IeJ[oaeK3 0 TOM, I{TO MO>Ker ClIIIT3TbCR OCYIUCCTBHMblM, RBJlHIOTCR O,IJ.HilM H3 BllyrpeHHilx orp3HlllleHIIH, H3J1araCMJ:;IX lIa pewelllie npOCi.'1eM H nJl3HUpOB3HHe. PaCCt-IOTpIlM cne.aYKHUHH npHMep.

    Bo BpeMR caoero [JOCJle,IJ.llero Tl30plleCKoro OTI1YCKa, KOTOPblii R npoao.alfn B MeXHKO, R BCTperHJlCR C rpynrloA IlJl3110BltKOa, 3aHHMaBwllxCR TpallCIlOpTllblMH "p06J1CMaMH 3Toro ropo.aa. 01111 03H3-KOMIIJlII MellR co BceMH l3apliaHTaMl1 nJlallOA ycooepwCIICTBOBallHR CHcTeMbi IICPCB030K, IIH OJ].IIH 113 KOTOPblX, lIa MOn B3rJlRA, IIC cnoc06CTBOB3.'1 yJJyllweHHIO CYUleCToYlOu(eA .c.:Ilc.:Tt!MbI. nUI.:JH! TUI"U KaK R BblCKa3an cooe MHeHHe, MeHR nOUpOCIlJll1 .II.3Tb CBOIl C06CTBeHllble npCAJlO>KCIIHR. 51 YK33aJl Ha UCJJblii pR.II. 003MO>KIIOCTCil, BKJlI01{3R H TaKllc, KaK

    - 113MeHeHIIC KOHCTPYKUHH aBToMoCiIl.R. npOIlYCKllaR cnoc06-HOCTb YJlHU IIpH ncpe1303KC naCCa>KHpOB MO)KCT 6blTb YBe.'1l1l1Clla no KpaAlIcA MCpC B wecTb pa3 3a ClIeT HCnOJlb30SaHII'" paUIiOllaJlb-1I0ro c:ropOJ],CKoro aBTOM0611J1f1 (rJl. 7 ) ;

    - 113MCIICllile pa60lleH lIe.!l.e.H. 0113 AOJl>Klla BKJlIO'taTb "RTb pa601lHX .KHTe.nbItOCTblO 9 lIacos C 06C,lJ.CllllblM nepepblBoM lie CiOJJee oJ].lIoro lIaC3. B HaCTOflwce opeMR, KorAa 06CllCUllbiA uepepblB IlpU.ll.UmKaeTCR .I,Sa-TplI 'iaca, Mllorlle MeKCHKallUbl e3J],RT 06enaTb .aOtOM. 3TO OCiCTORTCJJbCTao nOllTH BA130e YBeJllI'-lHBaeT OCi'beM TP311CIIOPTllbiX ncpcB030K;

    - paccpe.noTollelllle tlpaBHTeJlbCTaellHblx yllpC>K.aCII11H (pa3MeweHlle 60JlbWltllCT133 1t3 HIIX 3a npC.!l.CJlaMII ropoJ],a MCXIIKO ) . nOMHMO YMellbwellllR Tpc6ycMoro 06'beMa nepcB030K 3Ta Mcpa Mor Jla Cibl AaTb UeJlbln pR.

  • 32 '1acTb I r .. alla 2

    1I106b1 K3>KyweecJI HCB03MO>KHblM C.Il.enaTb B03MO>KHbUI . OtlH3KO 3BIHtMaTbCSI nJlaHHpOBaHlteM UJIH peweHHeM np06JJCM KaK npouecCOM C03AaHlifI B03MQ>KIIOrO - 31134111 npOCTO BeeTH nOJlIlTHlteCKYto "rpy, He H33b1Bafl ee CBOHM HMeHe1. nOAO(')Hoe noneaCHHe BBO.1"T B 3a6JlY)Kllelllle KBK Tex, K10 nC.ll.eT ny Hfpy, TaK H Tex, Ha Koro OHa OKa3b1Baer BJlllflHIlC.

    llro6b1 IlBHO HCB03MQ>KllOe CTallO B03MO)l(HblM, Iteo6xollH MO ycrpalHlTb liJll! ocna6HTb Orpal!H4eIlHR, BblTCK310lliHe "3 paceMOTpeHllfI caMOH B03MOlKHOCTH ocymecTBJlCHHIl nOllo6Horo npeapaweHIIR. HCKJllOlJHTeJlbHO 3lleKTHBllbiM CPC,ACTBOM YCTpaHCHIiR ItJlH oCJJa(')neHIlR 131mx OrpaHIl"leHIlH tO)KeT RBHTbCSI. ItAca.rlbHblH nJlaH.

    a HAeaJlbHQM nJlaHe. KBK Ii B JII060M ApyrOM. OT,I].eJl bllbiC qaCTIt 06'beJl.IIHeHbI B eAuHoe UeJloe. nnaHHpOBaliHe 110 CYWecTUY RB.1!Sl.eTCSI. npoueccoM CHHTe3a. Ero pe3ynbTaToM BcerAa flBJlSl.eTCSI. HClKe II CeHlJ3C RBJlRCTCR (lleoKeT IIOCHr3Tb Ha era

    l/(ll11> I rAOStl 2 33

    CYBepeHHTeT, nOCKOJlbKY B nOM c.'tyllae rapOA AOJllfKCTCSI. HeBOlMO)f(HbiM. KpOMe Taro, IIAcallbHblH Il.HHI cIloc06ell MoCiltJllt30BaTb KaJlJJCKTIIBHble YCHJ11I H Ha AOCTH)f(Clllle B03MO>KIIOro. nnaHbI. nonY4eHHble C noMOUlblO IIpouccca IIAeaJll13aUml, 4aCTO fl8JlRIOTCR Mo6uAU3Y/OIUIll IIAeRMIt, lIo6Y>Klla1OUlHMII K AOCTII)f(eHHIO Toro, 4.TO Kalf

  • 3' 'I acn, J r All 8a 2

    r3Ton, TO ropa3AO ner4e YCTP3HIlTb paCXO)KlI,eHHfI Il MHeHHRX OTHOCHTeJlbHO KpaTKOCpO'lHblX Ue.i'lCH H cpeaCTS HX J],OCTH>KeHHR. ECJlH me HCIUlIO'IHTb HMelOwHecR paCXO>KlI,ellHR HeJlb3R, TO AMI HX y.CTpaHeHIlR CJle.il.yer npe.aYCMOTpeTb IIpoaelleliHe 3KcnepHMeH-TOB B C"CreMe. -

    npe>K.ll.e 4eM 33KOH'IHTb paCCMOTpellHe ll.!l,eaJlbHoro nnaHa. MHe Cib[ xoreJlOCb npe,!l.JlO>KHTb 4HT3TeJilO BbitlOJlHHTb He6011bwoe 33)],3HHe, 4TO, H3 MoA B3rJlR.topMaUIlIO 0 TOM, KTO 300HHT,

    .!I.O TOro, KaK R OTBey Ha 300HOK. 3TO Il0300JlIIT MHe 0 3aBIiCH' MOCTI! OT 06CTOffTeJlbCTO OTOe'laTb IIJlII He OTBeKHOCTb nOJly1.!aTb IIHct>OPMa UItIO 0 TOM, KTO IlbiTaerCR KO MHe A03BOHIITbCR 0 TO BpeMR. KOrll,a R pa3rooapHoalO no TeJlect>OHy;

    - D03MO>K110CTb 3anOMIIHTb :nOT Bbl30D HJlH OToeTIITb Ha Hero HeMe.l1.J1eHHO. ECJlII iKe 3BOHIO R, TO MHe He HylKHO HeCKOJlbKO pa3 Ha611paTb HOMep B cny4ae 3a IlRTOCTH: COe.l1.IIHeHHe OCYlitecTBJlReTCR aOTOMaTlI'lecKIt. Kor.aa Bbl3b1BaeMblH al50HeliT cBo60.!l.eH It li Me eT >KeJlaHlle co MIIOII rOBopHTb;

    - D03MOiKIIOCTb nepeJl.aBaTb coo6w.eHIIR Ollpe.l1.e.eHHblM a60-HeHTaM, Korll.a R He B COCTORHHII rOBopHTb C HIIMII JlH1.!HO;

    - B03MO>KHOCTb "POBOJl,IITb KOHQ>epeHUIlIO 110 TeJleOHY TaK >Ke JlerKO, KaK II .lJ.0YCTOPOHHIIH pa3rooop;

    - D03MO>KHOCTb KaK o1l3yaJlbHOH, TaK II 30YKODOM COH3H. MOil APY3bR,clleUllaJl HCTbI 110 AaJlbHeH CDR3H 3aSepHJlII MeIlR,

    'lTO Bce 3TO TeXIIH'leCKH ocynteCToltMo. Tenepb cpaBHIITe oaw BTOPOt"1 lIepe'leHb C MOHM (SCpORTHO,

    OHH 3Ha'lllTeJlbHO nepeKpblBaIOTc R ) . nocJle :noro cpaBHIITe BaWH nepsbI" H BTopoH nepe'lHH. KaKoi1 H3 HIIX cooTseTCToyeT Jly'lwei1 cHcreMe? CKopee ocero BTOpoA, TaK KaK Dbi Y4J111 ycosepweHcTBo,

    'Iacrl> I fAUtlQ 2 35

    SaHItR, KOTOPblX He CO.IJ.ep>KHT Baw ncpeeHb HeAOCTaTKOB. Pa3Y' MeCTCR, B 3TOM If COCTOHT OAlla H3 'leJlcil 3a.naHllfI.

    l1J1,eaJlbH"'"1 nJlaH lie IIC4cpllblBaeT Bcex CpeJl,CTB peweHIIH "pol5-JleM HJlII 1IJ1311I1POBaIlIlR, 110 3T0 HaHJlY'lWUH 113BeCTHblH MHe cnoc06 pacKpblTb H CTHMYJlHpOBaTb TOOp'lecKYIO aKTIlBHOCTb. KpoMe TOro, 3TO HaHJlY4wIIH 1l3BecTHblH MHe cooc06 BblHCllHTb, KB KOObl HCTHIIHble UeJllI Toro IIJlH HHoro 'lCJIOBeKa.

    Y'leT eJleH APyrHx. JlHU,

    PeweHHe 60JlbWIIIICTBa mt"lHblX np06J1eM, He rOBopR y>Ke o np06J1eMaX, 3aTparilBalOUUIX rpynnbl, opraHH3aUHH UJI" 06W.eKeHlle HX c06CTBeHHblx UeJleH.

    Te, KTO IlMeeT BJlaCTb HaA APyrIt MII, 06b11I0 ClJHTaIOT, 'lTO OIlH nOllHM31OT .npyrHx If 3HalOT, K3KOBbi IIX UeJllf. O,!l,IIaKO TaKoe MHeHlle OKa3b1B3erCR OUlH60'lHblM. 1eM He MeHee, KorAa pe3J1H' 3aUHfi peweHIIH npliBOAHT K HeD)KH.naHHblM H IICnpe.l1.BIIAeHHblM 1I0000eACTBHRM OWH6oK TaKoro pO,!l,a , Te, KTO Jl,onycTlIJI OWII6KY, Bce >Ke pe.aKo nO,!l,BepralOT C01'olHeHHio ttpaBHJlbHOCTb COOIIX ope,!l,CTaaJleliH11 II HellpeJl,BH.neHllbie nOCJleJl,CTBIUI 06"RCHRIOT Hepa3YMIIb1M nODeAeHHeM .npyrHx JlHU,. KaKHMH (jbl HII 6b1J1 H nO.IJ.06Hble 06"RCHeHII H, OHH He n03BOJlHIOT ,!I,OCTHrllYTb Jlywero nOHHMaHIIR .apyl'HX H, CJle,!l,OBaTeJlbHO, He "PU BOAHT K JlYWHM peweHHRM. B nOM cJlY'lae 06b1'lllblM BblXOAOM RBJlfleTCR nOKopHoe npHHRTlie HescpcpeKTIIBHoro pewellHH.

    n06aceHKa 2.3. npo )'l4EHblE AM6HUHH H CEMEAHblE TPAAHLlHH

    B 1 957 r . 330n 110 npUrJlaWeHHIO npaBIITf.olbCTBa OAHOH 113 BOCT0411b1X CTpaH nponeJl TaM HeKOTopoe npeMfi. H3Y'laH MeTOllbi HaUII01l3J1bIlOrO pa301lTIiR. 80 npeMS! CHoero IIpe6b1Da1l1lSI B STOH CTpaHC 011 BCTpeTUJI lIeCKOJlbKHX ItIIOCTpa llueR (MH.CCIIOliepOB ) , KOTopble nblTa.HCb aaeCTIi 0 CTpalle n.lla H llpOBaHHe Ceibll D Ha/le>K.ne 1I0CTaOllTb 1I0.n KOHTpOJlb 6ypHbli1 POCT 4HCJleHHOCH! ee HaceJleHllfi. 13000bWHHCTBO 3TIIX Cepbe3ltbiX II npe/laHllblX CBoeMY /It!Jly JllOll,eli 3a1l1lM3J10Cb TeM, 'lTO pacnpOCTpaHHJlO npOTHB03a'laT04-Hble CPeAcraa It HHlopMauHIO 06 HX npHMeHeIlHH. O.IJ.HaKO IIX Jl,eHTeJlbHOCTb He HMeJla ycnexa. Bce caOH HCy.na'lH Oltll OTIIOCIIJlH Ha C4CT ueae;lK ecTBa, Hepa3YMHoro nOBe.neHHSI. II HecroBOp41tBOCTn HaCCJleIlHR, (nOA06Hoe 06"RCHeHlle HeYAa1.!, pa3YMeCTCR, He COOC06HO 6b1J1o 1I0POJl,HTb HHKaKHX HAeA OTHOCIITCJlbHO nOBhl-

  • 36 'latH I r AlJt!a 2

    weHHR 341eKTHBHOCTH npHMeHeHHR npOTHB03a4aT04HblX cpeACTS.) 330n npe,a,JlO>KI1J1 HeKDTOpblM H3 MHCCHOHepOB npHHRTb .Il.ony

    weHHe 0 rOM, 4TO Hepa3yMHo nocTynalOT OHH caMH, .a He )KHTeJ111 AaHHOH CrpaHbJ, YTaep>Kn.aR npH 370M, 'ITO TaKOH non.XOA K AeJlY Mor 6b1 npHaecTH K 60Jlee npHeMJICMOMY OObflCHeHHIO HeYAa4. KpoMe Toro, O H npHBeJJ AOKa3aTe.rlbCTBa OWH604HOCTH H .lI.pyroro OCHOBHoro ,a,onYill.eHHR, CocTORwero B TOM, llTO HaCeJleHHe He 3HaeT, KaK peryJlHpOB3Tb pa3Mep ceMbH: OCibl4HO B ceMbHX llHC"JlO .Il.ereH 3Ha4HTeJ1bHO MeHbwe 6UOJIOrH4eCKil B03MO>KHorO npelleJIa, paBHoro 20-30 le - a HX CiOJIbWHHCTBO - MOLflH Ha,a,eRTbCR Ha nOJlYlleHHe pa-60TbI TOJlbKO B nepBOH nOJlOBHHe nepHo,a,a CBoeH Tpy,a,ocnocoCi HOCTH. nonOMY, CiYAYliH MOJlO,a,blMH H HMeH paCiOTY, OHH 3aHHMaJlHCb nJlaHllpOBaHlleM celllbH C UeJ!blO oCiecne'lHTb CeCiR cpeACTBaMH cywecTBoBaHHH B nOCJleAYlOweM nepHOAe 6e3pa60THUbi.

    npaBHTe.lbCTBO He BblnJla'lHBaJlO Hli noc06HR no 6e3paCioTHue, HH neHCHH no cTapocTH. GlJeHb HeMHorHe >KHTeJlIl 3apa6aTblBaJlH CTOJlbKO, lIT06b1 06ecne4HTb ce6R Ha HCIO iKH3Hb. n03TOMY AJIH 60JIbWHHCTHa e,a,HHcTseHHblM cnoco60M 06ecne'lHTb CBoe cYw.ecTBosaHHe RBJlflJlOCb HaJlH4H.e ,a,OCTaT04Horo 'lHCJla AeTeH, KOTOPble MorJI 6b1 OKa3aTb nOMOill.b PO,a,HTeJlHM. KOr,Aa OAHH H3 HHX OKa>KeTCR 6e3pa60THblM. B cpeaHe1 OAHH pa60TalOill.HH MO)Ker 06ecne4HTb MHHlplaJl bHble Cpe,ACTaa cyw.ecTBoBaHHR ,AJIH OAHoro Hepa6oTalOlliero B3pOCJlOro. OAHaKo nOCKOJlbKY a cTpaHe 06b14HO pa60TaJlH TOJIbKO-MY>K4HHbI, TO 3TO 03H343J10, 'ITO B Cpe,AHeM ceMbR DOJl>KHa CiblJla HMeTb 'lerBepblX AeTeM. On.HaKO BCJle,llCTBHe BblCO IWM AeTcKoi"1 CMepniOCTH 4HCJlO p0>K,A3eMblX ,AereH ,AOMKHO 6b1Tb HecKOJlbKO 60JIbWe, C TeM 4TOCibi '1eTBepO BbI>KHJIH; Cpe,llHHH pa3Mep ceMbH nO'ITH B T04HOCTH COOTBeTCT80BaJl 3TO My TpeCioBaHHIO.

    Pa3YMeerCil, cpeDHHH pa3Mep ceMbH Mor 6b1Tb 06YCJ!OBJleH H ,llpyrHMH 4laKTopaMl-t. O,a,HaKO no MOiKHO 6b1JlO JlerKO YCTaHosHTb: eCJl H 06bRClleHHe cyw.ecTBoBaBw ero pa3Mepa ceMbH, OCHOBaHHoe Ha HeoCixo)]'IIMOCTH 06ecne4HTb caolO cTapocTb, BepHO, TO MO>KHO 6b1JIO O>KHn.aTb, 'ITO Te cynpy>KecKHe napbl, y KOTOPblX nepable n.aoe-Tpoe AeTeM - CblHOBbfl, CiyaYT HMerb MeHbwe n.ereH, 4eM Te, Y KOTOPblX nepBble HeCKOJlbKO )]'ereH - ,a,04epH. OKa3aJlOCb 'ITO AeJ10 O!5cTORJlO HMeHHO raK.

    330n YTBep)K,llaJl, 'ITO 03aCi04eHHOCTb JlIO)]'CH crapwero a03pacTa B CBR3H C S03MO/I

  • 38 f/orn, I r,mllo 2

    CTapwero B03paCT3 Ita Me.n.rceHHoe catOyCiHHCTBO; BPfl,lJ, Jill CiblJlO pa3YMHblM Ha3b1BaTb HX Hepa3yMHblMIl 113'33 Toro, 4TO OHlt OTKa 3b1S3J1HCb nocTynaTb 1l0AoCiHblM 06pa30M.

    MOPAnb: AOZUICQ 06b4'4HO orC{JTCTsyer B paCCY3ICiJeHUJU tj.a6AlOiJaTellJi. a He 8 noseiJeHuu Ha6/uoiJaeMOlO.

    HenOHHMBHHe UeJleH .apyrHx JllOllefi - 06b14HOe f1IlJleHlle, Kor.na re, KTO pewaer npOCiJ1eMbI, It Te, KTO HCllbiTblaaer 8.rHlFlHHe 3THX peweHHH. I'IBMIIOTCA npe.a.cr3BltTeJHIMH pa3JHl4HblX KyJJhTYp. CJleJlY' er IlMeTb B BItAY, 4TO KyJlbTypHble pB3.'l1l4I1R CYlUeCTBylOT KaK Me>KAY OCitUeCTSBMlt, TaK It BHyrpli 06weCTn3.

    n06aceHK3 2.4. 0 TOM, KAK '1TEHHE HE BW3b1BAJIO H H KAKoro n04TEHHSI

    PYKOBOAHTeJllI HerpHTflHCKoro reTTo, pacnOJlO>KeHHOrO BCiJ11l3H OT YHHBepCIITeTa B O.ll.HOM III rOpOD.OB CWA. C4IlT3J1 11, "ITO OCHODHOH npOCiJ1elOH B BBepeHHOM 11M pal'loHe HOJ1HeTCfI HerpaMOTIIOCTb. [lonOMY OHII OTKpblJ1H Ha"l3J1bHylO WKOJ1Y II np llrJ1aCIIJ111 cneullaJlIICTOB no MeTOJ],HKe oCiY"IeHHH "ITeHIlIO. 0.l1H3KO nporp3MMbI, pa3-paCiOT3HHble 3TilMH CneUH3J1HCT3MH, He J],aJ1H CK0.11bKO-HH6YJ],b CYweCTseHHblX pe3YJlbT3TOB. Tor.n3 CneUII3J1HCTbI C.I1eJ13J111 BblBO.n, 'ITO .ileTll He nOMalOTCH oCiY"IeHHIO. nOCJIe noro PYKOOO.ilHTeJlHM He OCT303J10Cb HII"IerO .ilpyroro, K3K 06P3THTbCH 3 3 nOMOUlblO K 330ny.

    33011 Ha"lan C Toro, "ITO C.ileJI3n npe.ilIl0J10>KE;HHe, corJlaCHO KOTOPOMY AeTI! BeaYT ceCiH pa3YMHO, 3 CJ1eAOa3TeJlbHO, Hep33YMHO nOCTynalOT caMl1 CneUH3JlHCTbI. HCXO.ll.fI 113 TaKoro npe.ilnOJlO>KeHllfI, 330n CTaJl HCKaTb npH4l t1!bI. no KOTOPblM IOHble Herpbl He XOTeJllI Y"IIITbCH 4HTaTb, II H3WeJI HX .ilOBOJlbHO J1erKO.

    npe>K.ile Bcero OH 06HapY>KIIJI, TO a CiOJ1bWHHCToe .nOMOB reTT9 He 6b1J10 HltK3KHX KHllr, KpoMe TeJlE$oHHoii. n03TOMY .ileTI! He SHAeJllI COOIIX p0.ilIlTeJleH "IIITalOtI\lIMII JlII60 BII.I1e.'IH, HO Kp3HHe peAKO. nOCKOJ1bKY pO.ll.IITeJI II , K3K np30HJlO, f1S.rlHIOTCfI Ky1IIpaMII CBOHX Aereil, eCTecToeHHo, 'lTO II lIerpHTHHCKlle .lI.erl! crpeMilJlIICb CJle.llOOaTb npli Mepy C80llX po.nllTeJleH II T3K >Ke. K3K OHII, He IIpll.n3SaJlII HIIK3Koro 31134eHIIH 'lTeHIlIO. 60Jlee TOro, MOJlO.nOH Herp. OTKPblTO HecYI1lIl'I Kllllril 110 ymluaM reTTO, 1I0.nsepraJlCH OCKopCiJleHIIHM, a Hepe.nKO Ii H3H4ecKOH paCllp3Be CO CTOPOHbI CBOIIX csepcTHHKoa: Ha Hero CMOTPeJlH He TOllbKO KaK Ha nHiKOH3, HO II K3K H3 lIepeHStawero 06p33 >K113HH

  • 40 lJaCtb J rJlCJSQ 2

    MOPAJlb; TO, 'lTO iJIIIl OiJHUX '1epHbI.M no 6eAOMY. allR 0PYlUX -cMOtuHOe 6eAoe nRTHO.

    .

    Pa60T3R HaJl. .3ToH KHHrOH, SI 6 Te'leHHe rOlla H3XOAHJlCfl B TBQp* '1eC}{OM OTnYCKe B MeXHKO, rAe npetlOaaB3J1 H npOBo)].HJT HaYlJHble HCCJleJ].OBaHHfl. B MeXHKO R CTOJlKHYJlCfI co c!len.YIOWliM npHMepoM B33HM Horo HenOHHM3HHSI Me}l{.lly npe.llCTaBHTMRMH pa3J1H'lHhlX KYJlbTYPHblX elloee.

    n06aceHKa 2.5. 0 6J1ArHX HAMEPEHJ.tsIX H "IEPHOR H E6J1ArO,[lAPHOCTH

    OpraH MeKCHK3HCKoro npaOHTeJlbCTBa, OTBeTCTBeHHblH 33 p33-BHTHe BO.nHblX pecYPCOB, peWHJI naCTpOHTb nJlOTHHY H HCnOJlb30-BaTb ee )],J1fi opoweHHR CiOJlbWoro CeJlbCKOX03RikTBeHHoro paiiOHa II. reM caMblM yBeJJH4HTb ero npOllYKTHBHOCTb BJl.Boe. KarAa na opraHH3aUHH 33KOH4HJl3 COC1SBJleHite O.llaHOD, alia nOCJI3J13 CDQUX npe,llCTaBHTeJleii 0 COOTOeTCTBYIOUlHe CeJlbCKIH paiiOllbl, 'lT06b1 pa3'bflCHHTb KpN'TbHHaM 3Ha'leHu(> :nOH CTPOHKH H onpeaeJH tTb, HY>ICTMtlle e.D.IfHO.D.YWHO OTOeTHJlH, 'lTO I!Y>ItKaUlHe ropO.l1a HJlH npOCTO llJlH OTllbixa. CeJJ.bCKHe Tpy>t

  • " 'faab , fAQfJQ 2

    Tau."" C TeMH, KTO KpOBHD J311HTepeCOB3H 8 H3WHX peweHHHX. "I3crO paCCM3TpHS3erCR K3K 3KT arpeccHH, 1'I0CKOJlbKY Hepe.llKO )le.'1D 06CTO"T IIMeHHO T3K. n pHfJl3WeHHe K Y'l3CTlIIO B npHHRTHH peweHHH HamleTCI'{ 3KTOM npUMHpeHHll, npORBJleHHeM 3a6oTbi Ii 8HHM3HHfI.

    COOTHowellHA Me)KA)' u.eJlRMK ,IlByX "JIM 60J'lbWero 'tMella crapO"

    O)lH3 CTOPO"3 H3XOAIITCSI 8 KOHqJ.AUKTe C APyroH, eCJllt ACHeTSHe nepooH DK33b1SaeT BJlHflHlle H3 pe3YJlbT3T AeHCT8HFI RyopoA H :no BJlIIRHHe CHH>KaeT u.eHHOCTb pe3yJlbT3T3 STOPOH CTOpOHbl. ECJJH >Ke Jl.eikTBlle nepnoii CTOPOHbI YBeJlH41lS3eT ueHHOCTb pe-3YJlbT3T3 AeikTBHR BTOPOH, TO nepa3R CTopOHa corpYOHUllaer co STOpoH. EellH >Ke noeCAeH lte !lepnaA CTOPOHbI He OK33b1B3er K3KorO-JlH60 BJ1HRHltA H3 AeAcTilHe BTopoA, TO BTOp3H CTOpOH3 He 3aOUCUT OT llepooH.

    9TH COOTHoweHllR He Bcer1l3 ftRJlftlOTCR CHMMeTpI14HblMII. H3-npHMep, 0Jl.H3 H3 CTOPOH MO>KeT CTpeMHTbCfI K COTpYAI!H'lecTBY, B TO BpeMH K3K .ll.pyr3f1 H3XOJl.HTCfI C HeH B KOH$JlHKTe. npe.a.eJlbHblM CJlY43eM T3KOH CIITY3UHH flBJlftlOTCSI 633HMOOTHoweHHfI Me>KAY X03S1HHOM H p360M. ECJlH CHTy3UHH KOH$JlHKT3 HJlH COTpYAHII'IeCTsa He SlOJlHeTCSI CIIMMeTpIl4HOH, TO C'IHT3eTCSI, 4TO H3 .!lByX CTOPOH T3, KOTOP3S1 nOJlY43eT H3H60JlbwHe OblrOJl.bl HJlII HeceT H311MeHbWile nOlepH, 3Kcn/lyaTIlpyeT .ll.pyrylO CTOpOHy. 3KCnJlY3T3UIISI He 06f133TeJlb1i0 Jl.OJl>Klla 6b1Tb npeJl.HaMepeHHoH HJlH OC03H3HHOH.

    KOHKypeH/iUfl. 43CTO Ollpe.1.eJl SleTCfI KaK CKOH$J1I1KT B paMKax npaBHJI:., UJIH K3K c06ycJloBJIeHHbl H KOH$JlltKT:'. OAHaKO HII OJl.HO H3 3THX onpe.1.e.'leHHI1 lie pacKpblBaeT OCHOBHoro CBOHCTB3 KOIIKypeHllHH. B cJly'lae KOHKypeHuHII .1.Be HJlIt 60llbwee '1I1CJ10 CTOpOH H3XO.!lflTCR 8 KOH$J11IKTe .1.pyr C .1.pyrOM OTHOCHTeJlbllO OAHOH IIJlH HecKO.'lhKHX UeJleH Ka>K.1.0H CTOPOHbI, HO :310T KOH$JlIlKT 3$teKTIIOHO CJlyH

  • .. 'IOCT/> I r AIlSa. 2

    06b1l1HblMH npou,eaypaMH yperyJlltpOS3HHR KOH$J1HKTOB SIBJlSIIOTCfI neperOBopbI, 33KJl104eHHe CAMOK H oCipaweHHe K TPeTCHCKOMY cyay.

    YCTpaHUTtJ KOH4>J1HKT - 3Ha4HT H3MeHHTb nOpO>KA31OlUHe ero YCJlOBHR TaKHM 06paJOM. ll.TO OH "C'-IelaeT. 3ro MO>tKeT HHorAa npHB04HTb lH3H4ecKoe pa3AeJleHHe CPeAbI.. HanpHMep, C nOMOlU.blO 3aHaBeCKH MO)KHO H3CiaaHTb-01 OT naaalOwero Ha aac pa3apa)KalOl1lerO caeTa, a 3aKpblD ABepb, MO>KHO H3CiaBIlTbCR OT wYMa. npH YCTpaHeHHH KOH$JlHKTa HH 04Ha CTopOHa HH'lero He TepAeT H 06e Cie3 KOMnpoMilcca noJlY4alOT TO, 4TO XOTClIH.

    He Bce KOH$JlHKTbI. B03HltKalOT aCJJe.!lCTBHe CTon KHoaeHHR coo-6ohHo BbiCipaHHblx u.MeH; ocoCieHHO :no KacaeTCA KOH$JH1KTOB Me>Kay 4JleHaMH O.!lHOI1 H TOH >Ke opraHH33uHH. nOJl.OCiHble KOHCPJlHKTbI 'laCTO nOpO>K4IOTCfI TpeTbeH CTOPOHOH, HM elOw.eH BJlHSlHlle Ha nepabie .!l8e.

    n06aceHKa 2.6. TPYAHO npOAATb TO, 'lEro HE HMEEWb

    3TO noCiaceHKa 0 paCiOTe YHHBepcanbHoro MaraSHH3, KOTopblA 3aKyn3Jl H npo.aasaJl WHPOKHH accbpTHMeHT TOBapos, HO, nOCKOJlbKy pa3HooCipa3He npOAaB3BwHxCR TosapOB He HMeeT OTHoweHIiR K AMY, pe4b noH.a.er TOJlbKO oCi OllllOM BllAe npo.ayKUIiH.

    nBYMR OCHoaHblMH onepauHSlMII YHHBepc3nbHblx Mara311HOll RBJlAIOTCA nOJly4eHHe TOBapOB OT nOCT3BWHKOB H npoAa>Ka HX nOKynaTCJlAM. B .a.aHHOM CJlY4ae nH onepaUHH IlblOOJlHRJlH OTAM 3aKynoK H Toprollbll"t OT.a.M.

    UeJlb, nOCTaBJIeHHaR a4MHHHCTp3TOPOM Mar33HHa nepeA OT.I1enOM 3aKynOK, COCTOAna B MIIHHMH3aUHH cpe.nHero YPOBHA 3anaCOB npH y.aOB.I1eTBopeHHH O)KHAaeMOro cnpoca. n03TOMY HaHCiOJlee

    I/acr!> I rAG.IJG 2 45

    Ba>KHblMH nepeMeHHbI.MH, perYJlHpyeMblMH OT.a.e.l10M 3aKynoK, 6blnH pa3Mep 3aKa3a Ii 4aCTOTa 3aKynOK.

    nepe.ll ToproObiM OTAe.l10M CiblJla nOCTaBJleHa UeJIb - MaKCHMH-03HpoaaTb oCimylO npHCiblnb, paBHylO npOH3Be4eHHIO 'lHCJl a np04aHHblX "34MHH Ha pa3HOCTb Me>KAY npo.a.a>KHof H 3aKynoliHoH ueHaMH. OCHOBHOt\ nepeMeHHort, peryJlHpyeIOH ToprOBbiM OT.a.eJlOM, CiblJla np04a)KHaR u.eHa.

    ToprOBblH OTD.eJI HMeJI ceKTOp CTaTHCTHKH, KOTOPblH AnA Ka)KAoro nepHOAa CTpOHn 3aBHCHMOCTb lIHCJla np0JJ,allllbiX H3AMH" OT np04a)KHOH lleHbI. TaKaR 3aaHCHMOCTb cnpoca OT llellbl npeACTasneHa lIa pHC. 2. 1 . BepxHflA, OtlTHMHCTHlICCKaA:t, KpHB3R nOKa3blBaeT M3KCHMaJlbHOe 41lCnO H3D.eJIHH, KOTopoe pea.l1bHO Mor Cibl npoAaTb Mara3HH. CpeD.HRfI, peanbHafl_, KpHaaSl nOKa3b1Bae-r O)KIlAaeMoe_, HJlH cpeD.Hee_, 4HCJlO H3AeiIHH, npo.a.aBaeMbix npH Ka>KD.ml 311a'le1lHH uellbl. HH>KHRfI, neCCHMIlCTH4etKaA_, KpHBafi nOKa3b1SaeT MHHHMaJlbliOe 4HOlO H3AeJlHA, KOTopoe Mor 6b1 npo-43Tb Mara3HH. (BepxHRR H HH)KHAA KpHBble nocTpoellbi TaKHM 06P330M, I.ITO BepORTHOCTb Bblxoaa 3a npe.n.MbJ, O'lep'leHHble K3>KAoA 113 HIIX, COCTaBJIReT 0,05.)

    PYKOBOAHTe.lJb ToproBoro OTllena ( H330BeM ero MaHK) 40n)KeH 6b1Jl 33paHee pewHTb, KaKYIO ueHY HY)KHO Ha3Ha4HTb Ha lIeKOTOPblH nepHO.ll BpeMeHH. JJ.onYCTHM. TO OH BblCipaJl uellY P t (pIIC. 2.2). 3aTeM OH JJ,OJI)KeH CiblJl onpeneJIHTb, CKOJlbKO H3.a.e.IJHH lleo6xoD.HMO HMeTb 0 3anace I) cooTseTcTBYIOWHH MOMeHT BpeMeHH. C nOMOWblO 3aOHCHMOCTH, H30Cipa>KeIiHOH Ha pHC. 2.2, 011

    "

    1- '"

    \ \ I \ I \ I \ I

    \ \ \ \

    , \ , \ " \

    " \ " '

    .... .... - , ,

    -.... " 2 ' -

    - - - - - - -3

    qeHa PHC: 2.1. 3aBHCHJltOCTb cnpoca Of UeMb!.

  • 46 '1aCT!> I r "Gsa 2

    ,n- 1\ '. \ 1 \ \ \ '" . - . " \ . , 01 ;;!

    \\ I I '" . . ' ....

    1 "-,,-, "-, . "-i '4....... .... _- _ f . . ....... 2 I I ',--,------3

    P, P, SHa

    PKC. 2.2. Bbl60p CTOK,IIOCTK K 06'hCM3 JaK33b1BaeMbiX KJ.o.C.Hlt

    Bbl6paJl ypoBeltb 3anaCOB QL, 'lT06b1 6b1Tb ysepeHHblM [) TOM, 'lTO Betb 3anac He 6YJl.eT H3P3CXOJ],OB3H, T3K K3K B npOTHBHOM cJly'lae YXYJ],WHJlHCb 6b1 [[OK33aTeJ\H ero pa60Tt>l. npHHflB T3Koe peweHHe, OH H3BecTHJl PYKOBOAHTeJlR OT.aM3 33KynoK nna 0 CBoeM >KeJlaHIIII nOJlY4uTb K onpeneJleHHoMY speMeHH QL H3J],eJlHH.

    Ho J],CJI0 B TOM, 4TO Kor.aa-TO nn p360T3J1 33MeCTHTeJleM Ha4aJlbHHKa ToprOBoro OTJ],eJla; OH T3K>Ke HMeJI npeJl.CT3BJleHHe o 33BHCHMOCTH '1HCn3 npo.a.3HHblX H311,eJlHA OT npOJl.a>KHOH ueHbI (pHC. 2.2) H I5b1Jl 33paHee yBepeH, 4TO MaAK sbl6eper yposeHb QL. nST 1t3Y4Hn 3Ty 3aBllCU MOCTb H peWHJI BblCT3BHTb 3aKa3 ot5beMoM Q2, pasHbiM 0>KII.ll3e"tOy CI5b1TY npH ueHe PL. OH XOTCJI TaKHM 015pa30M 1136e>KaTb C0311,aHHSf '1pe3MepHblX 33naCOB, TaK KaK 3TO YXY.ll.WUJ!O t5b1 nOKa33TeJlII ero pa60Tbi.

    OnH3KO MaAK 3H3Jl, 'ITO nn nOCTYllllT IIMeHHO T3K, 3 He IIHa4e, [[OnOMY cf>3KTH4eCKII OH 6b1J1 H3MepeH YCT3HOBHTb u.eHY P2, M3KCIIMH311PYlOWYJO O>KHD.aeMYIO 06wyIO npH6b1J1b, ecJlH CiYD.eT 3aKa33HO TOJl bKO KOJlII.4eCTBO Q2. C D.pyro(! CTOPOHbI, n:n 3H3J1, 4TO MaHK H33H3411T ueHY P2, n03TOMY Oil UpeAn0Jl3r3Jl 3aK3' 3aTb TOJIbKO Q3 113.lleJlIIH, 'lTO COCT3BJ1RJlO O>KllnaeMblH 06beM cl5b1-T3 Upll ueHe P2. Ho MaflK 3HaJl, 4TO nST CAeJlaeT HMeHHO 3TO, H T. D.. KOHeu 3Toro npoueCC3 MO>KeT H3cTynHTb TOr.ll3, KOrAa HH4ero He 6y.aeT 33KYUJleHO H, CJleJl.OBaTeJl bHO, HH4ero He 15YAeT nponaHO. OnHaKO B AelicTBIITeJl bHOCTH OH He t5b1J1 nOCTHrHYT TOJIb KO nOTOMY, 4TO STIIM .llBYM PYKOBonllTCJUIM H e p33peWaJlOCb 06-m3TbCfr Apyr C npyroM. K3>KD.blA H3 HHX Mor TOJlbKO Aor3.ll.blB3Tb-

    lfaCTI> I rAo.eu 2 "

    eft 0 aeKcnHlSlX Apyroro. TaKoH no.D.xo,ll DpRA nil npHBeJl,eT K OnTltM3J1bHblM .neHcTBHRM, HO B nplIHu,Hne Oil 803MO>KeH .

    MOPAn b: ynpaSAJlJl iJpyZUMU. He sa6wsatl ynpa8ARTb c06ou.

    KOHJBtKT Me>KllY ABYMfl OT.IleJIaMH CiblJl Bbl3R3H YCT3Hosne1lHbIMil D.MI. H!lX U,eJlftMH. nOK333TeJliI paCioTtli OlAMOS II Mara31lH3 B U,eJI0M anOCJietl,CTBHIl YJly4WHJJlICb, KcrAa paAH ycrpaHeHIIR KOHcfJJlHKT3 9T11 11M" (iblJlH 113MeHeHbI. 3arpaTbI, KOTopble AOJl>KeH 6b1.'1 MHHHMH3HP003Tb ClAM 33KynOK, CiblJlH H3MeHeHbI TaKIiM 06pa30M, 'no OHII BIUllOQ3JlH CTOHMOCTb nOTepFlHHoro oC;beM3 c6b113. BMeCTe C TeM 113 ToprOBblH ClAM B03JlaranaCb OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb 33 pacXOAbi no xpaHeHHIO 33naCOB, npeSblW3101IJ,HX ypOBeHb, onpeD.eJueMblH O>KH,a,3eMbiM cnpOCOM.

    PaCCMOTpHM 3H3JlorH4HYlO CliTyaUHlO, HO cosepweHHO B .a.pyroM KOHTCKCTe.

    nOfiaceHKa 2.7. KorJlA rOJlOBA H E HA MECTE OAHa KpynHaH 4>HpMa, BbInYCKaBwaH p33Hoo/Spa3HylO npo.a.yK

    UIlIO, lIMeJl3 .a.Ba OTHOCIITeJlbHO caMOCTOflTeJlbHblX OTD,eJleHHfI, nplI-4eM OD,HO 113 III1X H3rOT3BJlHBaJlO H np0D,aBaJlO npOJJ.yKUHIO, nOTpeCiHTeJleM KOTOPOH I5blJlo Jl,pyroe OTJl,eJleHHe. YCTaHOBJleHHblH I} HlpMe nopflD,OK Tpe60B3J1. 'lTOI5b1 OTJJ.eJleIlHe-lIoKynaTeJlb lIoKynaJlo npo.a.YKUlllO TOJlbKO y OTAeJt ellllfl-nOCTaBWHKa, 3 0T.aeJIetHle-nOCTaBlliIlK nOCT3BJlflJlO IIpOAyKU.HIO TOJlbKO OTD,eJIeHlIlO-noKyn3TCJlIO. 3TO npHBeJlO K cepbe3HOMY KOH!PJlHKTY Me>K.ay OTD.eJleHlIflMH. 4aCTO OT.aeJleHlle-noKynaTeJtb MOrJlO npHol5peCTiI ny >Ke npoAyKUHIO y Apyrllx nOCTaBWHKOB no 15000ee H1I3KOH uelle, a OTD,eJIeHHenOCTaB WIiK MOrJlO npOD.aTb CBOIO npOD.yKuli1O SHeWHIlM nOTpel5uTeJlflM AOpO>Ke, 'leM IIJlaTlIJlO OTD,eJleHHeIIOKYIl3TeJlb. HepeAKO AIlS!. pa3-peweHuR cnopos Me>KAy OTJl.eJJeHlIflMli npllrJl3WaJlUCb COOTseTCTI}YlOlli11 e npe.acTaBHTeJlll PYKOBOD,CTBa !PllpMbI, HO UM pe.D.KO yD,3-BaJlOCb H3HTH cnocol5 CAeJlaTb TaK, 'lT06b1 yAOBJleTBOPHTb ol5e CTOpOHbI. 3TO npHBMO K yCHJleHll10 KOH4>JlHKT3. .

    TOr.ll3 ol5paTlIJlHCb 33 nOMOWblO K 330ny, H OH yCTpaUUJl KOIl4>.'1II KT, H3MellilB npa BHJl3, YCTaHOBJleHllbie .aJlfl OTD.CJI eHHH.

    OT.aeJteHIlIO-1I0KYII3TeJllO I5b1J1o pa3pewell0 npOl13BOD.HTb 3aKynKy y SHelll!lerO 1I0CTaStUHK3 3a MeHbWYIO ueHY, ecJlH TOJlbKO OTBeTCTBeHllblH PYKOBOD.HTeJJb He Tpe150SaJl npOSOAHTb 33KynKy BHyTpll 4>11PMbI. ECJ1H >Ke OTD.eJteHHe!loKynaTCJlb 15bIJlO rOTOBO nJlaTiITb OT.ll.eJteHIlIOnOCTaBUtHKY 3anpoweHHYJO ueliy, TO IIPOAYKUIIR npO.llaB3J13Cb HMeHHO eMY. ECJlII >Ke ueHa, 3311p3 wIIBaeMafl OTneJIeHlleM-ItOCTaBtUIlKOM, 15b1Jla HIl>Ke, 'leM y JlJOl5oro npyroro [JOCT3BlliHK3, TO OT.ll.eJIeHlle-noKyn3TeJJb D.OJl>KHO 6b1JlO lIoKynaTb TOJlbKO Y Ilero H BblnJla'UtB3Tb OTBeTCTBeHHoMY PYKoBOD.HTeIJIO p3'

  • .. lIoeTb I r AaBa 2

    "lillY Me>K,!I,Y BHYTpeHHeA uellOH II caMOH HH3KOA uellaH BHeWHero nOCTaaU1l1Ka.

    313 Mepa c,a.e.'1ana Ka>K,lloro OTBeTCTSeHHora PYKOBO,ilIlTeJlfI npH' '1aCTHbiM K ,!leJIy nOJly"leHHfI npH6b1J1H, 1I0CKO.bKy Tenepb B ero 0(5f133HHOCTH crano BXOD.11Tb onpeAeJIeHHe ue.necoo6pa3HOCTH AJIR $HpMbI 331! C03A3HHfI HBHO KOHKype-HTIiOA cHryauHH Me>KAY ASyMR APYfllMIi CTOPOH3MII, H3D, KOTOPblMH OHa IIMeeT SJl3CTb, AMRerCR BIlOJlHe 06b14HblM AeJlOM. KaK "paSIIJlO, no npltBOAHT K S03-IIHKHoseHll1O KOHKeHIIA ero KHllfll II BKJl104aeT CJIeAYlOtIllie nanbl:

    I. Ka}KAblH Y43CTHIIK J],IICKYCCIlH SblCJlYlUllBaeT H3J10}KeHHe 83rJlHAOS ApyroH CTOPOHbI J],O Tex 1I0P, nOKa He CiYAer B COCTOR"H" C!JleMOli OAR

    YaCTb I r A(l.110 2 .9

    Hee q,opMe. nocJle nor.o Ka>KD.blH y'laCTHHK .IlHCKyCCIHI IlbiTaeTCH npHeMJleMO 060CHoaaTb n03HUHIO .Il.pyroH CTOpOHbI. EeJ'IH >Ke $opMYJlHpOBKa K3KOrO-JlH60 Y43cTHHKa OK33b1B3erCSl HenplleMJle!>!OH AJlR APyroH CTOPOHbI, TO AHCKyCCllfI "pOnOJDKaeTCI'f AD lex nap. IIOK3 o6e CTOPOHbI He JtOCTllrHYT cornaeKS'!.

    EeJiH DAHa 1t3 CTOPOH }KeJl3eT coxpaHHTb cyw.eCTSYlOtUee noJlO>KeHHe nell (H3npHMep, COXp3HHTb CMepTHylO K3JIlb T3M, rAe OHa IIpIlMeHReTCR), TO OHa AOJUKHa nepBOH nOtlblT3TbCR C

  • 50 'IaCTb f r 1I08G 2

    Koil MerOA II npOTHBHIIK C IIH CorJl8CHTCH, TO npHMeHReTCH npeAJlaraeM3R npoue.aypa. ECJ\ll >Ke Ilpe.llJ\araeMafl npoue.a.ypa He nplleMJleMa AJ1A npOTllGOnOJlO>KHOH CTOpOl/bI, TO 310 npe,aJlO>KeHHe cr3HOBHTCR npeAMeTOM AIiCKYCCIIII, KOTopafl I1pOBOAHTCfI B om1-call1lOM 3.ileCb nopfiAKe.

    3. KaK TOJlbKO AOCTllrHYTO COI'JlaweUHe OTIIOCIITeJIhHO YCJlOBIIH YCTpaHeHHR KOHcfJJIIIKTa, KalKAblH Y4acTltI{K AHCKyCClI1I lOpMyJlII" pyer CBoe np.e.nCTaBJleHHe 0 TOM, KaKUM 06pa30M MOiKeT 6b1Tb ycr311oRJleHO TeKytUee n0J10iKeHHe AeJl.

    CTOPOHbI MoryT, lIanpHMCp. cor.aCIITbCR H3y4HTb nOJJO>KeHHe B 4en .. pex rpynnax WTaTOB 33 nOCJle.!lHHe 10 JleT: I ) WTaTax, B KOTOPblX 8 Te4ellHe 310ro neplto.n3 BpeMeltH nOC10flHHO npIIMeHHJ13Cb CMepTll3R Ka3Hb; 2) WT3Tax, B KOTOPblX CMepTHafl Ka3Hb He npllMeHflJlaCb, HO 3aTeM 6b1J1a BRelleua; 3) WTaTaK, B KOTOpblX B Te'telille 3Toro nepHo.lla opeMeHIl He IIpHMeHRJlaCb CMepTilaR Ka3Hb; 4) WTaTax, B KOTOPblX CMepTilaR Ka3Hb npltMeHflnaCb, HO 3aTeM 6b1J1a OTMeHeHa. CTOPOHbI MoryT npHit T lt K corMlllleHHIO 0 TOM, 'tTO ecJlH B WTaTax, He npltMellRBWItX CMepTHylO Ka3Hb, HO 3aTeM caHKUHOHlipODaDWIIX ee DSe.lleHlle, YMeHb' WIlJlCR nocne noro npoueHT Tfl)t(KIiX IlpecTyn.rleHIIH no cpaBlleHHiO co WTaTaMIi OCTaJlbllbiX Tpex KaTeropllH, TO CMepTIlYIO Ka3Hb CJIe.llyeT C'tIITaTb 3e!>e!>eKTlIBIl0i'i MepO!"1 YCTpaweHIIH; B npOTItBIlOM CJIy'tae na Mepa .llOJlit< Ha 6b1Tb np"3HaHa He3e!>e!>eKTItBlIoH.

    ECJlH me npoTHBHHKII lie MoryT .llOrOBOplITbCR 0 TOt, KaK onpe.lleJIltTb CTenellb cOOTBeTcTDHfI peanbHblX YCJlOBItH YCJlOBItRM, JlJlKBI.ll"pyiOmIM KOHe!>JlIIKT, TO B03HUKtUite pa3HorJlaCliR llOJlitcpeKTHBHblM cnoco60M npOBeJ],eHHR .ilHCKYCCIIH, 0 'teM CBH.lleTCJlhCTsyeT, UanpHMep, npouellypa CY.il.eOHOrO 3aCe.llaHHR.

    E.llHHOe MHeHHe 0 TOM, CYlll.ecTBYIOT nit Kone!>nHKTbI, KOTopble B np"HUHne CiblJlO 6bA HeB03MO)!(HO yperYJlHpoaaTb HJlH YCTpaHIITb, OTCYTCTByer. O.llHaKO OTMe'taeTCR 60JlbWaR corJlaCOSalfllOCTb TO'teK 3pellllR, XOTR H He nOJ1Hoe eJ],IIHO.ilYWHe. ecJl H 3TOT Bonpoc pacCMaTpHBaeTCR npaKTII'tecKII, a He Ha KOHuenTYaJIbHOH OCHOBe. Ha np8KTHKe 60JlbWIIHCTBO nlOJ],eH C'tHTaer, "ITO cymeCTBYIOT KOlle!>' JlIfKTbi, KOTopble HeJlb3R yperyJlHpOB8Tb HJlII YCTpaIIltTb. HanpliMep, HeKOTopblM Ka>KeTCR O'teall.ll.HblM, 'tTO ecJl H KOlle'tHOH ue!lblO O.llHOti CTOPOHbI R8JlReTCR YHH'tTO>KeHHe J1.pyroH, TO Ha npaKTHKe HeB03-MO)f(HO yperyJlHposaHHe 11J1I1 'YCTpaHeHlle KOHJlHKTa.

    E.!J.i1i1CTSeHHUI!, KJlHKT He nO.il.ilaIOWHMCR ypery JlHpOBaHHiO HJlH YCTpaHeHHlO, TO OH CiY.lleT pa3BHs8TbCH HMeHHO B COOTBeTCTBHH C 3THM nOJlO>KeHlleM. E.llHHCTSeHHblH cnocoCi .ao Ka3aTb HaJlII'tlle HeYCTpaHIIMbiX KOHq)JIHKTOB - 310 nOKa3aTb, 'tTO nlO6aR nonblTKa yperyJlllpOBaTb HJlIl yCTpaHHTb KOHe!>JlHKT nOTepnella HeYAa'tY HJlH .llOJl>Klla OKa3aTbCR HeYAa'tHoA. HaCKOJlbKO MHe \f3eeCTII0, HHKTO ewe lie npO,lleJIaJl 3Toro HII .ilJlH O.llHOrO KOHJlHKTa. n03TOMY, ecJlH n03BOJlHIOT OCiCTOH1eJJbCTsa, npe;:J.CTaBJ1ReTCR >KeJ1aTeJlbHblM npeAnpHHHMaTb nonblTKy ycrpaHeHHR IIJlII ypery.llltpOBaHIiH KOHe!>J1HKT8, np e>K.lle 'teM nplIMeHRTb cllny IIJ1H Ca8BBTbCH.

    KpaTKHe BblBOJl.bl Mbi Ha'taJlII C .lleJIeHHfl UeJIeH Ha lIeraTHBHble, T. e. lIanpaB

    neHHble Ha 1136a B.'1eHlle OT Toro, 'tTO lIe>KelIaTeJlbHO, H n0311THBHble, T. e. Hanpa8JleHHble Ha .llOCTH>KeHHe Toro, 'tTO )f(en aTCJlbHO. nOA06-

  • 52 lIoetb I r /laBU 2

    Hblll [JOAXOA npellno.1Jaraer cOBepweHHo pa3J1H'lHble cnoco6b1 pewe HHf!. COOTBerCTIlYIOUlHX np06J1eM. npH paccMorpeHHH HeraTHBHblX UeJlei1 MO)\{HO H e YBUAeTb 60.tlee OTAaJlellHblX nOCJJeACTBHH HaWHX peweHHH.

    UeJlH (>KeJlaeMbie HCX04b1 ) HBJHIIOTCSI KOHe'lHblMH pe3yJlbTaraMH, a JlHHHH nOBe,ll,eHHH, HaMelJeHllble Jl}lH HX J.OCTH>KeHHH, "peACraBJiRIOT c06011: cpe.ncTIla. OAH3KO UeJiH Ii CpeJl.CTSa - OTHOel1-TMbHble nOHHTHR. CpeaCTsa HMefOl KaK BHyTpeHHIOIO. 13K Ii SHewHIOIO ueHHOCTb. BHYTpeHHflR UeHHQCTb Cpe.a.CTB onpeAeJlRerCfI yAOBJleTBOpeHHeM, nOJlY4aeMbiM OT HX HCnOJlb30S3 HHH, He33SHCHMQ OT Toro, K 4eMy 310 npHBollHT; BHeWHIHI ueHHoCTb cpeACTS 3aKJlJO'IaeTCSI B HX cnoco6HoCTH o6ecne4HBarb nOJly"leHHe J1pyrHx lIKe HMelOT BHYTpeHHlO1O H SHeWHlO1O ueHHocTb. Hx BHyTpeHHFlfl ueHHOCTb COCTOIH B YAOIlJleTSOpeHHOCTH, KOTOpylO AOCTBSJJl'leT AOCTloKeHHe UeJIH. Hx BHeWHRR ueHHOCTb COCTOHT' B TOM, K 4eMY S KOHe4HOM C4eTeOHH npHBOAA'T, T. e. S nOCJle.llCTBHA'X, B 06eCnelteHHH npO,ll.BH)I{eHHR K KOHe'lHblM Ue.flM, HJlH H.a.eanBM.

    3$tf>eKTHsHaR tf>0pMYJmpOBKa rrp06JteMbi Tpe6yeT 3HaHHfI 803-MO)l{HblX nOCJJeaCTSHH .!leitcTsHH, BblXO)1A'WHX 3a paMKH HCXOAa, Ha KOTOPOM Mbi COCpeJl.OT04HBaeM CBoe BHHMaHHe. Ha MOit S3rJlA'1l, . uCJIec006PB3HO KOHueHTpHpOBaTb 8HHMaHHe Ha HlleaJJax, nOCKOJJbKy 4eTKOe onpeAeJleHHe COOTSeTCTSYIOWHX H)1eBJlOB n03BOJlA'eT TeM, KTO CIlfl3BH C np06JleMHOM CHTyaUHeH, 4erKO Bblpa3HTb CIlOH CTHJleSbie npe.nn04TeHIIR.

    H.n.eaJlbHblif" nJJaH .n.aeT S03MO)l{HOCTb paCCMBTpHsaTb cOBoKynHOCTH BJaHMOCSS13aHHblX np06JJeM, npH4eM ,nenaTb no C nepcneKTHBHOH, a He C .peTpOCneKTltBHOil opHeHTaUHeH. 3TO - Sa>KHOe Tpe60BaHHe nJlaHHpOBaHHfl. B npouecce pa3pa60TKII HAeaJlbHOro

    'nJIaHa MoryT npHHHMaTb Y'laCTHe BCe 3aHHTepecosaHHble JlHUa, nOCKOJlbKY TaKoe nJlaHHpOBaHHe cnoc06cTByeT 1l0CTH>KeHIlIO corJlaCHA' Me>KAY Y4aCTHHKaMII H tf>opMHpollaHHIO npe.ncTaBJIeHHH 06 ocywecTBHMOCTH HAeaJlOS. B npouecce H,neBJlH3aUHII OCJla 6JJRIOTCfI H8SA'3aHHble orp8HH4f'HHR. CnSMf'CTHne paCCtOTpeHHe 838HMOCSR-38HHblX np06J1eM 06b14HO Jl.CJIaeT ocyweCnntMblMH peweHIHI np06-.lleM, KOTopble, eCJm HX paccMaTpHBaTb no OT!l,eJIbHOCTH, Ka)l I r Auno 2 53

    UfJJH, KOTOPblX Y HHX a .nel1cTBHTeJJbHocTH Her. Oc06eHHO 4aCTO 310 npOHCXOAHT a cJly1 JlHKBHAHpOBaTb KOIltf>JlHKT. 3TO MO)KHO CllMBTb, H3MeHHB 06CTBHOBKY HJJH caMllx I1pOTHBHHKOB. 06CTaHOllKY MO>K'HO H3MeHHTb TaK, 'ITO npOTHBHHKH OKa)KYTCfl H30JlllpOSaHHblMH Apyr OT ,II.pyra, T. e. 6YAeT HCKJlI04eHa B03MO)K HOCTb HX B3aHMo.a.eMCTBHfI, JlHKBHAHpOBaHa HeXBBTKa, I'IBJJA'IOWaRCR IICT04HHKOM KOHCI)JIHKTa, JlH60 6YJl.YT H3MeHeHbI UeJ1H, HaSfl3aHHble H3BHe.

    KpoMe Toro, KOHtf>JlHKT W}f(HO YCTpaHltTb, H3MeH){B Bb/60p ero Y4acTHHKBMH CpeJl.CTB H. H ueJleit. TaKlte Jl.eiicTllltR MoryT YCTpaHflTb KOHtf>mIKT 6e3 nOTepb AJiH JlI060A 113 KOH$JlHKTYIOW,HX CTOpOH, a B03MO)KHO, H C BbJrOAOH llJlfl 06eHx crOPOH. nOJl.XO,ll.HmHMH cnoco-. 6aMH BHeceHHfl TaKHX H3MeHeHHM Mbi C4HTaeM H,aeaJlH3aUHIO H y6eiK.neHHe. C :7TOH UeJ1blO 6b1J1a paCCMOTpeHa tf>0pMaJJII30BaHHafl npcme.ll.ypa npOBe11eHHH 11I1CKYCCHH, cnoc06Hafl npHso.nHTb K H3MeHeHHIO 1l3rJlflJl.OB II npe.nCTBBJleHHI:t 0 ueHHOCTflX.

    6b1TyeT MHeHHe, 4TO B03MO)KHbl TaKHe KOHtf>JlIIKTbl, KOTopble . He MoryT 6b1Tb yperYJlHpOBaHbI. IIJln YCTpaHeHbl 6e3 I1pHMeHeHHR CHJlb!. OJl.HaKO eme HHKTO He ,nOKB3aJl, 4TO no MHeHHe cnpaae,nJlHBO. n03TOMY HMb3R OTKa3b1BaTbCl'I OT nonblTnK yperYJJH posaHHR HJJIi yCTpaHeHHfI KOH$JJHKTOB. C4HTaTb, 4TO KOH$JJHKT HeJlb3H yperYJlHpOBaTb HJlIi YCTpaHHTb,- 3Ha4HT 3aHHMaTbCfl KyCTapHblM npop04eCTBOM. 3TO Jl.oporoit cnoe06 Jl.OKa3aTeJlbCTSa I1pa-1l0Tb!, oc06eHHo Koraa CYUlecTByeT 60JlbWaR llepORTHOCTb OKa3aTbCH HenpaBbiM.

  • " '1acTa J r A(JB(J 3

    r Jl asa 3. Ynp aSJlHeMble nepeMeHHble 06b1llHO Mbi MO>KeM KOHTpOJlllpOe8Tb PRn, acneKTOB npo6JleM

    HOH cHTyaUHII, XOTfI MHonle li3 HIIX He IIMelOT HHKaKoro OTHoweHilfl K paCCM8TpHaaeMOH np06J1eMe. HallpllMep, TOT KeJlaHHIO, 4ToCibi I1p" 4TeHHH 6b1J1o RpKoe OCBemCHHe. BMeCTe C TeM MHorHe np06JleMItbie cHTyaU1l1i xapaKTepH3YIOTCfI t'50JlbWHM llHCJlOM BalKHblX ynpaBJII'leMbiX nepeMeHHblX, lleM OC'ibl4HO paCCMaTpItOaeTCR. BaIKHble HeynpaBnReMbie nepeMeHHble, eCJlH OilH nOJJ.D.alOTcfl KOHTpOJllO, TaK>Ke llaCTO n03BQJlRIOT nOJlYllaTb TBop4eCKHe H 34l4leKTltaHble peWeHltfl. n03TOMY CJle.a.yer BHIIM8TeJlbHO oTt'5HpaTb H OCMOTPHTeJlbHO onpeJJ,eJIf1Tb, llTO >Ke H a caMOM JJ,CJIe RBJlReTCfI cYw.ecTseHHblM,

    Mbi nOAXOAH M K 60JlbWHHCTBY npot'5ne lIIblx cHTyauHA Y>Ke C rOTOBblMH KpHTepHflMH oTt'5opa. TaKlie KpliTepltlt BbiBOARTCfl IIa OCHOaaHli1t lIawero 0t'5pa30aaHHR II onblTa, npll06pereHHoro S aHaJlOrH4HblX cilTyaUHflX. n03TOMY He YJ\HlmTp.JlhHO, llTO npH allaJlH-3e OAlloA H Toif >Ke cHTyaUIiH 3KOHOMHCTbI CKJlOHHbI t'50JlbWC aHHMaHIiR Y.lleJlRTb ee 3KOHOMHllecKHM acneKTaM, a COUI10JlOrH - coUHOJlorHlleCKIiM acoeKTaM. 06pa30BaHHe, nOJlYlleliHoe Ha OCHoae ' 1t3ylleHIIR OT4eJ1bHblX .IlHCUHnJIHH, AaeT B03MO>KHOCTb OnpeAeJl HTb lIeKOTopblC ynp80JlReMbie nepeMeHHble, ItO n TO >Ke BpeMS! uaacBaeT IIa HaWH rJl83a WOpbl, MeWalOUllte yBHACTb OCTaJlbHble ynpasJlfleMbie oepeMeHHble.

    He3aBHCHMO OT Toro, KaKOBbi HaWH KpHTepllH peJleBaHTHOcTH H KaK OHH t'5b1JlH nOJly4cHbI, llaCTO TaKHe KpHTepHH npenflTcraYIOT paCCIOTpeHIlIO Tex yopaaJlfleMbiX nepeMellHblX, KOTopble MO>KHO CiblJlO C'ibl 3cfJcf1p.KTHBHO liCnOJlb30B8Tb.

    nOfiaceHKa 3.1. 0 Pbl6E, I(OTOPYIO TPY)lHO 6b1nO 3ACTABIHb D,BI HATbCSl

    r10cJle DTOPOH MHPOBOH BOHHbI >KH3Hb H a OpltTaHCKlix OCTpOBax nOCTeneHHO BX04Hna B npe>KHIOIO KonelO, II JlIOAH cra.ll H Bce 60.lIbwe olllymaTb HeoC'ixo4HMoCTb B pa3J1HllHblX YA06cTBax, a TOM llHCJle B ueHTpanbHOM OTOnJleHHH H XOJlOAHJlbllbiX YCTaHOBK3X. YlHTeHcHBHoe nOJlb30aaHHe XOJl04HJlbHHKaMil npHaeJIO K TOMY, llTO ao MHOruX .ll.OMaX OORSHJlHCb Mop0311nbHble KaMepbl. nonoMy npOH3B04CTBO 33MOp0>KeHHbtX npOAyKTOB CTaHOBHJlOCb Bce 150-nee nepcneKTHBHbiM 4eJ10M.

    0411a KpynHaR 4lllpMa no npOH3BoAcTay [lH WeBbiX npOA)'KTOB peWIIJla HaJl8AHTb ablnycK MOpO>KeHOH Pblt'5b1, KOTopafl flBJlflerCfI Ba>KHbiM IICTOllHHKOM t'5enKa B paUHOHe aHrJlHllaH. 3T3 KAOrO H3 asyx npeAJlO>KeHHblX C110C060B. OblJlO yCTaHOSJleHO, llTO .acweBJle npeBpaTlITb TplOMbi cYJl.lla B 6acceHHbI, lleM 060PYJl.OBaTb ero XO,10.llHJ1bHbJMII YCTaHosKaMI!. H CHoaa ncpROHallaJlbHblH npoCiHblH ypoaeHb c6b!Ta OKa-3anCR BbiCOKIl M, HO 3aTCM OIllHb pe3KO CIII13IlJlCSl.

    TorAa CiblJlO npeJl.npHHflTO elite OAHO HCCJTeaOBaHlte PblHK8, KOTopoe IIOKa3aJTO, llTO BKYCOBbie Kalte(Taa MopOlKeHOM PloIObl nO-npC>KHeMY OCTanJlflJlIl lKe,11aTb Jlyltwero. CHona 6blJl II 01H13saHb! Ha 1I0MOlUb cneUltaJlHCTbI no XIIM IIII flllUlCBblX npoaYKTOB. Ha :nOT pa3 OHII 06HapY>KH.llH, llTO TplOMbi 6b1JlIt C.llHWKOM 3a611-Till pbl60H Ii OHa npaKTlIlte(KH He MOrJla n,BHraTbCfI. 2ho II 6b1Jl O npll4HHOH Tex XHMH4e(KHX H3MeHeIIlIH, B pe3YJlbTaTe KOTOPblX Pbl6a TepflJla CBOII SKYCOBbie Ka4eKeHepbI-lICCneAOBaTCJH I YCT8HOBHJlH a Jla60paTOpiut pe3epByapbl C ROn,OI'I, BhlflyCTHJlII R HltX Pbl6y Ii CTaJlII np060BaTb pa3-JlHltHbiC cnocoOI>! ncpeMcwlIBaHllfI nOAbI, ObiTaflCb 3aCTaSltTb PbI-6y AallraTbcfl. Bce, ltTO 011\-1 HI1 npOCiOS8J11l, He npHaO.lll1JlO K ycnexy: KaKIiM 6b1 cnoc060M 11 KaK 6b1 CHJTbliO HII nepeMeWHBanaCb SOAa, Pbl68 He n,BHraJlaCb.

    O.llHa>KAbi Jla60paTOpitlO nOCeTlIJl (CDeceM no .a.pyroH npHlllllle) CneUHaJHICT no e(TetTaeHHoA 3BOJllOUIHI pbl6. YBIIJleB peJepayapbl

  • 56 lIaeT/> I rlllUJQ 3

    :

    K n06aCtHKe 3.1.

    C pblCioA, OH nOll llTepecoBaJlCR, liTO C HeH AcnaK>T HHlKeHepbI. Bblcnywas IIX 06oSlcHeillHI., OH CTan MOJl4a Ha6nto.a.aTb, KaK OHH nbiTalOTCH 3aCTaBIITb Pbl6y ,lISHraTbCSI. KorAa HH)f(eHepbI 3aKOH-4HJlII 3KcnepIIMeHT, OH HanpaSHJlCR K BbiXOllY H. Y)f(e OTKpblMS'I ,lIBepb, 3aMeTlln: A n04etoty Cibl BaM He nyCTHTb B pe3epsyap XHIIHylO Pbl6yh

    MII)f(eHepbI TaK II noeTYlIIlnH, nOCJle lief 0 .ll.fnO nowJlO Ha Jla.a.: Pbl6a ,lIBHranaCb, '-IToCibi He 6blTb coe.a.eHHoA ,lI0 3aMopalKHsaHHR. KOHe4HO, HeKOTopblM OC06HM He nOBe3JJQ:t, HO 3aTO u.eHoH ManbiX nOTepb 6b1J13 nonYlieHa BKYCHaA MOpO>KeHaR pblCia.

    lIacn I rllatta 3

    MOPAnb: qaero CTUMfjJlOM aM iJ8U31CeHUJI OOHUX CAfJ3KUT ZOAoiJ dpyzux.

    57

    no nocneAHero apeMeHH R He 6b1n yaepeH, liTO HellTO nOA06Hoe AeHCTBHTenbHO HMeno MeeTO. Ho eny4.HnOeb TaK, liTO R aKJlIO-4Hn ny He6b1J1HUY B neKUHlO, npOllllTaHHYIO 0 WBeUHII AJIR rpynnbl PYKOBOAHTe.eH ToprOBo-npOMbIWJleHHblX npeAnpllflTHH. 11 BApyr OAHH H3 cnywaTeJ1eH eKa3an, liTO Ha HopBelKCKHX Tpaynepax HCnOJlb30BaHHe XHUlHOH pblCibl Slsnl1eTCI'I 06blllHOH IIpaKTHKoii.

    . 3TOT npHMep He3aSHCHMO OT Toro, npaDAllB OH IUIII Her, noKa3b1BaeT, KaK ynpomeHHe npOCiJleMbi tOlKeT 3aTpyAIlHTb ee peweHHe. npaSHnbHblH BblXOA eoeTOHT B paCWHpeHHH rpallHU HeeJle.ayeMoro 06beKT3 C UeJJblO HCIIQJlb30SaHHSI HHlopMaUltH 0 Cio_ec KpynHoH eHCTeMe, lI3CTblO KOTOPOH Oil HsmleTCfl.

    06blllHO Mbi CTapaeMCR CseCTII CJlO)f(Hbie I1p061eMbi K OAHOH HnH HecKonbKHM npOCTblM pa3peWHMblM np06neM3M. HHOf.ila nOT npouecc Ha3b1BaT COKp3meHHeM pa3MepHOCTII 3a,ilallll. D.eHCTByR TaKHM 06pa30M, Mbi '1aCTO YMeHbwaeM HaWI! w'aHCbI HaATH TSOp'-lecKoe peweHHe nepsoHa'-l3J1bHoA npoCineMbi.

    113 npHse.ileHHoA Bblwe no6aceHKH MOIKHO H3BJlb eme OD,IIH Sa)f(HbiA ypOK: '-IeM pa3Ho06pa3Hee npo$eCCHOHaJlbHaR nOll.rOTOSKa Tex, KTO HCCne.ilYeT npo6neMHYlO cHTyaUIIO, TeM pa3Ho06pa3-Hee nepeMeHHble, KOTopble MOIKHO e'lIlT3Tb nOllA310111HMHCSI peryJlHPOS3HHIO. 3THM OCioRCHRIOTCSI nOBceMeCTHO nonTBep>k,llalOlllHeCR WHpoKHe B03MO>KHOCTH peWeHHI'I np06neM YCHJlHSlMIl Me>K.ilHCUllnJlHHapHblX rpynn. rJl3SHOe ll.OCTOHIICTBO TaKoro nOll.XOll.a COCTOHT B TOM, '-ITO npe.ilCT3BHTeJlH pa3nH4/1b1X AllCUHnnlfH COOMeCTftQ pa6oTalOT Ha,ll peweHlieM np06JleMbi 6e3 pa3ll.eneHHR ee H3 lIaCTlI, KaKoH 6b1 cnOIKHOH OHa /III 6wJla.

    H 3ll.ecb yMecTHo scnOMHHTb seCbMa 1I0Y411TCllbllYto IICTOplllO.

    n06aceHKa 3.2. B3RETbI " nA,[lEHHSI

    CMOTpftTeJ1b 60JlbWOrO 3AMHHHCTpaTllBHOrO 3A3HilR CT3Jl nony-113Tb Bee 60JlbWe >t:3J106 H3 paOOTY JlII$T08, oco6eHHo B 4aCbI nHK. KOf.a.3 >Ke HeCKOJlbKO apeH.lI.3TOpOB 3aRBHJlH, 'ITO nepeeAYT B Apyroe 3A3HHe, ecJlH o6cny>KHB3HHe He ynyllUlHTCR, CMOTPHTMb npHrnaCHJl rpynny HH>KeHepOB-KOHCYJlbT3HTOB, CneUHaJlH311-poa30WHXCR H3 npOeKTHpOBaHHH JlH'KHble JlHHH" nOaeD,eHHR: yaeJIH'tHTb '1HCJlQ JlHlTOB; 33MeHlITh Bee linK HeKOTopble JlHCPTtIl; sseeTH ueHTpa.tlb"YIO CHCTeMY ynpaBJIeHHH JUHiJraMH C nOMOWblO 38M, o6ecnelIHB31OWylO 60J1ee CiblcTpoe 06CJlY>KHB3HHe.

    3aTeM HH>KeHepbl "POBeJlH aHanH3 oKynaeMocTH 3aTpaT no Ka)f(Jl.oMY H3 3THX Tpex BapHaHToB. 6b1no YCTaHOSJIeHO, 4.TO TQJlb-

  • 58 'Iacrl> I r A(JIJ(l J

    KO YBCJll14eHHe 'lIICJla JHtKIIB8HHH. OAH8KQ 3arp8TbI, Heo6xOAIlMbie ilJUI ocymecTBJ1elHift ::ITIIX IIJlaHOB, lIeB03MOIKHO 803-MecTHTb 3a C4eT JlOXO.llOB aT apeHJl'" 3AaHIHI. no CYllleCTSY, HII OAHH 113 npeAJlOlKeHHblX BapHaHTOB He 6b1Jl npHeMJleM. TOfa8 eMorpHTeJJb 3.naHHH cAMan TO, 4TO PYKOBO,il,HTeJlIl AeJJalOT KpMlHe peAKO (ecJl\l TOJlbKO 01111 He nOlla.llI! B 6e3BblXOAlioe tlOJlO)f( eHHe): 011 peW\lJl naCQBeTOSaTbCf\ co CBOIIMlt nO)J.'HllleIIHblMH. 011 co-3eBA COSell(3HHe CBOIIX COTPYllHIlKOB II npe.ilJ10i+KIl.a.aHHO .a.JlH scex CJlOSO nonpocllJl MOJJO.a.Oit COTpy.a.HIIK OT.a.ena Ka.a.pos. CMyuJ,aHCl> II p06eH, OH npe.ncTaSIIJl Ha cy.a. c06paswIlxcH csoe npe,ll.JlO>KeHIle., KOTopoe cpa3y )f{e 6b1Jlo npHHHTO. HecKOJlbKO He.a.eJlb cnycTH IIpH cpaBHIITeJlbliO He60J1bwHx 3aTpaTax np06JleMa C:Jmqna 6b1Jla peweHa: Ha Ka)f{.a.OM ::!Tame liB Tex CTeHax, r.a.e 6b1Jl II P3CHOJlO>KeHb[ asepl! JlIITOB, 6b1JlH nOBeWe!lbl 60JlbWHe 3epKana.

    MOJlO.a.OM COTpy.a.HIIK H3 OT.a.eJla Ka.a.pOB OKa3anCH XOPOWHM nClixonorOM. 011 paccy.a.IIJl, liTO )f{an06b1 Bhl3Ba HbI CKYKOM BO apeHI O)l( II.a.aHIIH nllTa. il>aKTlll1ecKIi BpeMR O>KII.a.aHIlR 6b1JlO COBceM lIe60Jl bWIIM, HO OHO Ka3aJlOCb npo.a.OJl>KIITeJlbHblM, TaK KaK npH O>KII.a.aHIIIl JlIHtlTa nlO.a.RM OblJIO HelieM 3aHRTbCH. Hanlllllle 3epKaJla 03Hallano B03MO)f{HOCTb 4eM-TO ce6R 3aHRTb (1\10)l(HO OblJlO ,:,e3aMeTHO nOCMOTpeTb Ha ce6R II Ha .a.pyrllx, Oc06eHHO Ha JlHIl npOTHBOIIOJlO>KHOrO nona), II 3TO 3aHRTlie .a.ocraBJlRnO y.a.OBOJlbCT BHe.

    MOPA.r1b: UTplUICeHHbld CBeT n03BOIIReT YBuiJeTb pa3Hble zpaHU np06I1eMW.

    no cBoeA npllpOJle Mbi CKJlOHHbI K TOMY, 4T06b1 HCKaTb npU4HHy Toro HJlH HHoro HeJl,OCTaTKa. nopO>K.a.alOmero npo6neMY, II YCTpa HRTb ee 1IJ111 orpaHlI lIllBaTb ee Jl,e(ICTBHe. 5e3ycnewHoCTb TaKoro nO)]'xOAa Y>Ke npORBHJlaeb B cliTyauHH C 3a npemeHileM npo.A3>KII crmpTHbiX HamlTKOD, HO Tenepb Mbi CHOBa COBepwaeM Ty )f{e OWIl6KY [[PH BelleHIHI 60Pb6b1 co 3J1oynoTpe6J1elllleM HapKOTlIKaMl1. K CO>KaJleHIlIO, Jl,eJlO Bcer.Aa OOCTOIIT TaK, 4TO Jl,a>Ke ecJlIi HaM Y.AaeTCR 1l36aBIlTbCR OT lIerO-TO lIe>KeJl aTeJlbHoro, Mbi He 06R3aTeJlbHO nonY4aeM TO, liTO HaM XOTeJlOCb 6b1. Kor.Aa H nepeKJlIO-4alO TeJleBH30p Ha .ApyroH KaHaJl, lIT06b1 H30aBHTbCH OT !lellllTepecHoii llJIR MeHR nporpaMMbI, H pe.AKO HaXO)KY .ApyrylO, KOTO' paH yJl,ODneTDOpHna 6b1 MeHR. OlieSII.!l.HO TaK>Ke, liTO 3.AOpOBbe -310 He TonbKO OTCYTCTBlie 60JleJHI-I, XOTR MHOrl-le Bpa4H .AeAeTBYlOT TaK, KaK eCJlII 6b1 310 6blno O.AHO Ii TO )f{e. nonblTKI-I YCTpa

    liacTl> I r AlMa 3 59

    HHTb HeJl.OCTaTKIl 6blBalOT ycnewHblMU, HO cymecTsyeT II .a.pyroA nOJl,XOA K peweHll10 np06J1eM, KOTOPhlH TaK)f{e Heo6x04HMO yllHTbIBaTb, nOCKOJlbKy lIacro O H OKa3b10aeTCH 60Jlee 3leKTHBHblM: A06aBJleHHe, a He 1l3'bHTlle lIerOJllI60 113 np06JleMHOA cHTyaull1i n03BOJlACT npeBpaTlITb nopOK B Jl,06pOAeTeJlb.

    n06aCeHKa 3.3. BOJlHTE.r1H-JIHXA4H

    O.ll.Ha KomaHHfl no CTpaXOBaHlllO aBTOM061lJleH, HBJlRlOmaRCH

  • 60 !locrb I r 11080 3

    llaJla 3BTOMOCiHJHI y6HpalOlllHMHCfI nepHCKon3MH. TaKlie nepUCKOObi, YCT3HODneHHble s6JlH3H 3epK3n3 33,ll.HerO oehapa, ' n03S0JlHJlH Cibl BOllHTe.JlRM Me)lJleHHO .nSII>KYUUIXCSI. 3STOMOCiHJleA CMOTPeTb nosepx 3BTOM06HJleA, ,!lBH>KyillHXCR lIepea HHMH. BO-BTOPblX, ecnH BOAHTe.b, no OItHe KOTopere npOH30WJlO AOPO>KHO-TpaHcnopTHoe npOHcweCTBHe, 3aX04eT npOAJlHTb CTpaXOBKY. TO K Jl1060MY aSl0-MoCiHJllO, KOTOPblH OM 6YAeT BOD.HTb BnO("CACTijlHt. B Te4elllte weCTH MecRu.ea AOJDKH3 6b1Tb npltKpnJle)[a Ta6.1HlIKa c ero HMeHeM, CBHAeTeJlbCTBylOW3R 0 TOM, "ITO HeAaellO 01-1 6b1J1 BHHOBHHKOM .D.OPO)KHO-TpaHcnopTHoro npOHcweCTBHfI. no MHeHHIO 3300a, 3T3 Mepa 33CT3SHJl.3 6b1 .a.pyrHx BOAHTe.neH, H3XOJl,flUlHXCR BOJlH3" Hero, npOflMflTb 66J1bWYM> OCTOPO)f(HOCTb H, KpOMe Toro, n06yllHna 6b1 ero calOro BOllHTb aBToMo(5Hnb 60.lee YMe..I10 II 60J1ee OCTOPO)f(HO.

    MOPAJlb; cMorperb nosepx "ezo-Hu6yiJb eUie He 3Ha"UT 6",Tb SepXOZAlliJOM.

    PeKOMeH.l.aUlllt, .II.aHHble ::honOM, 6b1JlH OTIUlOHeHbI KaK HepeaJlbHble:.. O.l.HaKO BnOCJle.l.CTBHH B OAHOH 113 CTpaH B 3KcnepHMeHTaJlbHOM nOpH.l.Ke TaKCH 6b1J1H 060pYJlOaaHbI. nOA06HblMH nepHCKOnaMH, liTO npHBeJlO K 3HallHTeJlbHOMY COKpaWemtlO lIllCJla .l.0P0>KHO'TpaHcnopTHbiX npoHcwecTBHH. B ApyroH CTpaHe B 3KCflepHMeHTaJlbHOM nOpR.II.Ke YCTaHaSJlHsaJlHCb CneUHaJlbHble HOMepHble 3HaKIt Ha aBTOM06HJlH, 3a PYJleM KOTOPblX Clt,iJ,eJIH Te, KTO 6b1.JI Silllon H'HKOM He.naSHHX .II.0pO>KHOTpaHcnopTH biX npoHcwecTSItH. Co06wa JlOCb, 4.TO TaKaR Mepa TaK>Ke npHBeJla K YMeHbweHillO 411CJla aBapHH. B BCJlHK06pilTaHHH HCnOJlb3yeTcfI sapHaHT :31011 H,iJ,eH, KorAa Ha nlO60M aBToM06Hne, 3a PYJleM KOToporo CHAIlT y4eHHK, Tpe6yercR YCT3HaBJIHBaTb 60JlbWoil 3HaK C 6YKSOH L.

    fibl.l1o 6b1 HaMHoro JlY4we, ecJlH 6b1 XOTb 4aCTb YCHJlHK, HanpasJlReMbiX Ha o6ecne4eHHe 60J1bweA 6e30nacHocTH naCCa>KHpOS B cny-1.!ae AOP0>KHo'Tpa HcnopTHbix npoHcwecT8HH, npHXO,iJ,HJlaCb Ha npoeKTHpOBaHHe aBTOM06HJleH TaKHM 06pa30M, 4T06b1 OHH C MeHbweH sepoRTHoCTblO nonaAaJlH D asapHHHble cHTyauHH. 51 scnOMHHalO 0 seCbMa He06b14HOM, HO npeBOCXOAHOM npeJ].JlO)f(eHHH Moero apyra CTaq,cflopAa fiHpa, BblAalOwerOCR aHrJlHHCKOro KH6epHeTHKa, KOTopoe CBOAHJlOCb K CJle.aylOweMY: SMeCTO YCTaHODKH Me>K.ay npH60pHblM WHTKOM H BOAHTeJleM Ha.aYBHoro 6anJlOHa, npe,iJ,OXpaHRIOl.1.l.erO BO,iJ,HTeJI"- OT y.aapa S CJlY4ae crOJlKHOOeHHR, nOMeUlaTb Ha npHOopHOM l.1.l.HTKe OCTpb!e wHnbl. 3TO rapaHTHposano 6bi MeHbWYIO BepORTHOCTb AOP0>KHO-TpaHcnopTHbiX npOltCwecTsHit

    BepORTHo, 60Jlee npHeMJleMOH 6b1J1a 6b1 YCTaHoBKa YCTPOHCTea, KOTopoe OnpeAeJlReT paccTORHHe J].o snepe.a.H H.aywero aDTOt.100HJlR, Sbl4HCJlRer MaKcHMaJlbHYIO CKOpOCTb 6e30naCHoro .aBH-

    '1aCT/) I r .toea 3 6 1

    )f(eHIUI npH AaHHOM paCCTO"-HHH H He n03BOJU!eT npeSblCHTb 3Ty CKOpOCTb.

    nOKa>KeM Tenepb, KaK B HeKOTopOH cilTyaulIH .D.JIR npeBparueIIHR pa3PYWHTCJlbHOfi CHJlbl B C03HAaTeJlbHYlO M9>Ker 6b1Tb HCnOJlb-30BaH MopaAbHblfl, a He MaTepHanbHblH CTHMYJI.

    n06acellKa 3.4. KAK MO)I{tW PAcnOPAHTbCSl BPEMEHEM

    B OAHOIi q,HpMe no H3rOTosneHHIO He60nbwHx npeUH3HoHHbiX .II.eraneli B KattecTse KOHTponepoB rOToDoH npo.ayKUHH pa60-T3J1H, KaK npasHno, >KeHl.1.l.ItHbi. 11M BceM He3aBHCHMO OT sblpa60TKH 6b1Jla YCTaH()BneHa o.aHHaKosaR .aHeBHaR craBK8. BCKope IiX npOH3BOAHTeJlbHOCTb Pe3KO CHH3HJlaCb H OJlHOSpeMeHHO yBeJUI'IHnOCb 4HCJlO oWH604HO npHHRTbiX H HenpaBHnbHO sa6paKosaHHblX .aeTaneiL CTpeMRCb nOBbl.CHTb npOH3BOJl.HTeJlbHOCTb II. 'YMeHbWHTb 4HCJtO OWH6oK, PYKOBOAHTeJlb npe.nnpHRTHl! npe.aJlO>KHn CHCTeMY CAeJlbHOH 3apa6oTHOH nJiaTbi. 3TO n03S0JlHJlO 6b1 pa60THHuaM nOJlY4aTb 3Hi:l4HTeJlbHO 6om.we "PH YCJlOSHH, TO HX npOH3-BO.!l.HTeJlbHOCTb D.OCTHrHeT npe>KHero ypOBIIR. Pa60THHt1bl JlPY>KHO OTKnOHHJlIi 310 npeD.JlO>KeHHe, TaK KaK npH coxpaHeHIiH npOH3BOJlHTeJlb'IOCTI{ HS CYW.eCTBYlOweM YPOBHe OHM 3apaClaTblSaJlH 6b1 MeHbwe.

    TaKaR peaKUHR YJl.HBHJla PYKOBO.aHTeJlR, 11.0, nOCKOJlbKY Y Hero lie 6b1JlO .apyrHx H.aeA, 011 06paTHncR 3a nOMOl.1.l.blO K rpynne IICCJle.nosareneH, KOTopaR B no speMS paClOTaJla Ha ero npe.anpil"-THH.

    I1cCile.aoBaTe!IH 06HapY)f(HJlH, 4TO 6o.nbWIIHCTBO paCloTHliu -3aMy>KHHe >KeHWHHbI,. H 4TO HX My>KbR 3apa6aTbiBalOT D.ocraT04-11.0, ttT06b1 o6ecne4HTb ceMblO sceM lIe06xOAHMblM. )l(eHwHHbI >Ke pa60TaJlH TOJlbKO nOTOMY, 'ITO XOTeJlH "Merb .aeHbrH, KOTopble MO>KHO 6b1no 6b1 nOTpaTHTb Ha npHo6peTeHHe Tosapos OTHlO.Ilb He nepSOH lleo6XO.llHMOCTH. 60Jlee TOro, OHH He XOTeJlH 3apa6aTbIBaTb HapaSH-t C c06CTseHHblMH My>KbSMH, TaK KaK C4HTaJlH, 4TO no MO>KeT pa3pywHTb npe.aCTaBJleH"R HX MY>KeH 0 ce6e KaK o KOpMHJlbQax ceMbli. (lle.no npOHCXO,lJ,HJlO .11.0 Ha4aJl8 60PbClbl >KeHl.1.l.HH 3a CSOIO He3aSHCHMoCTb.) I1McHHo n03ToMY OHH He CTpeMIIJlItCb nOlly4aTb 60JlbWe, 4eM nOJlY4aJlH. KpOMe Toro, pa60TaR 6e3 cneWKIi H oc060ro HanpR>KeHHR, OHH HMeJllt S03MO>KHOCTb oOwaTbCR apyr C ,iJ,pyroM B npouecce pa60TbI, 4TO AaB"8J10 HM pa3-pRAKY npH Bbl.nOJlHeHHH 0D.HOOOpa3HblX It nOBTopHIOIIUIXCR onepauHIl

    KaK oClHapY)f(HJlH HCCJle,lJ,OBaTeJ!H, ewe 60.'tce cyw.ecTseHHblM q,aKTopoM R3MIJlOCb TO, 4TO ClOJlbWHHCTSO pa60TIIHu HMeJlO AeTeH wKonblloro B03p3CTa, KOTopble q,aKTli4eCKH OblJlH npe.ll.OCT3sneHbl caMHM cc6e. 3TO, eCTeCTBeHHO, Sbl3b!sano 6ecnoKoHcTDO HX MaTepCH, II. nocne.aHHe C"liTaJlH, "TO HMeHHO q,HPM3 Hccer OTBeTCTBeH HOCTb 3a nOll06Hble IIcYll06cTBa " BOJllleHHR.

  • 62 'IaCT/;> , r JlOBO 3

    Kor;:J;a Hccne.nOB3TeJ1H Bce 3TO BblHCHHJHl, OHI! pa3paCloT3J1H Hoayto npelI{anbHylO CHCieMY OnJl3Tbl Tpy.a.3. fiblJla yCT3HOBJleHa nOJlHOu.eHHafi llHeBHafl Bblpa60TKa - onpe.lleJleHHOe lIHCJlO npa-8HJlbHO npOBepeHHblX .neTaJleH; aHa COOTBe.TCTBOB3J1a aMoMy BblCOKOMY p-aHee .llOCTHPHYTOMY ypOBHIO Bblpa6oTKH. O.ll.HaKO )KeHIlJ,HHaM pa3p eW3J10Cb yXOJl,HTh C pa60Tbl .nOMOH, KaK TOJlbKO OHM BblnOJlHHT ycr3HoBJleHHYlO HOpMy; OHII T3K>Ke MOrJlH npO,ll,OJDKaTb pa60TY no c.aeJlbHblM pacueHK3M B Te4eHH' ,!I.OnOJlHHT','lbHoro BpNleHH, CKOJlbKO nO>Ke!13IOT, eCJlH n03BOJlfltoT YCJlOBHH npOHJBo,Q,CTB3. Pa-60THHU,bI C 3HTY3H33MOM npHHsMH AaHHoe npe.llJlOiKeHHe. l1x npoH3BOAHTeJ1bHOCTh YBe.JIH4HJl3Cb 60Jlee '1eM B 4B3 pa3a, II OHM nOJlY4HJlH B03MO>KHOCTb yXOllHTb C pa60Tbl paHbwe, 'lT06bl BCTpe THTb lleTeH H3 WKOJIbl. 4HCJlO OWH60K YMeHbWHJlOCb, H B03pocna y llOBneTBOpe HOCTb.

    MOPAJlb: HU WHO iJlMO He Tpe6yeT CTOllbKO BpeMeHU. KaK HU1feZoHeiJeAaHue.

    PYKOBOJ].HTeJJb O)],Horo 6aHKa c!>e.llepaJlbHOH pe3epBHOH CHCTeMbI, yCJlblwaB OT MeHH ny HCTOpHlO. npeJ].JlO>KHJI aHaJlorH4HYlO cxeMY CBOHM C4eT4HKaM 1OHeT. OHH TaK)f{e BCTpeTHnH ee C 3HTY3Ha3-MOM, HO no ,IlpyroH npH4HHe: OHa n03BOJlHJla HM pa60TaTb no COSMeCTHTeJIbCTBY H HMeTb BpeMA: J].JlA: OTllblxa.

    KOHe4HO, B HeKOTopblX c.rlY4aHX >Ke. aTeJlbHO He SBO)],HTb H3-JlHWHero C06Jla3Ha, HO, KaK nOKa3b1BaeT CJle.nYIOw,aH n06aceHKa, no Petl.KO y.naeTCfI CJ].eJJaTb, He 3aMeHHB ero 4el-.H60 .npyrHM.

    n06aceHKa 3.5. TPE6YETCSI BOP. PYKOBOlllITeJ1H rpynobl He3aBHCHMoro pa3BHTHfI H3 HerpHTRH

    CKoro reTTO ollHoro H3 ropO)]'OB CWA OCipaTIlJlI1Cb K 330llY 3a noMOlUbJO. Hx BOJlHOBaJlO, 4TO Haxo.nHlUHeCfI B HX paHOHe Mara 311Hb! P03HH'IHOH ToprOBJlH CTpa.aalOT OT SOpOBCTBa, pa360R H aKTOB Il8HllaJllt3Ma. 3TH npecTynHble J].eHCTBHfI npHllflJlIt TaKlle MacwTaCibl, 'ITO CTpaxOSbie KOMnaHHH OTKa3b!BaJlHCb CTpaXOBaTb TOprosueB OT no.no6HblX Hana.a.eHIlH. B pe3YJlbTaTe ToprOBUbl Ha'laJlH nOKHllaTb nOT paHOH, H 'IltCJlO Mara31lHOB 13 HeM pe3KO eOKpaTHJlOCb.

    06cY>KlleHHe npo6.n.eMbI nOKa3aJlO, 4TO CiOJlbWHHCTSO Kpa)f{, HaJleTOB II pa3pYLUellHf1 COI3CpwaJIIl 4J1ellbl MOJlo.ne>tOlbIX 6aH.Q, KO TOPble paCnJlOllHJJHCb R 3TOM pai-ioHC. 411ClleHIIOCTb nOllHUHIl 3lleCb 6b1J1a He)]'ocTaT04HOH Jl)IfI Toro, 4ToCibi 3alliHTHTb ToprOBueB, a CTapaHHR ToprOBueB YBeJIlt'lHTb ee He YBeH'laJlHCb ycueXOM.

    Torlla 33011 peWHJI HCKaTb He Clloc06 3atllHTbI ToprOBueB OT 6aHll, a cnoc06 npeSpaHteHllfI 'IneHOB 6aH.a 1t3 pa3pywHTeJ1b HOH CItJlbl B C03H)1aTeJIbHYIO. B KOHu.e KOHUOB no eMy YllaJlOCb. no peKOMeH'llaUHH 3300a PYKOBOllHTeJIH 06WHHbl OpellJlO>KHJlH

    lIacr/} I "lana 3 63

    ToprOBuaM npHHflTb Ha pa60Ty 'lJleHOB 6aHll B Ka'lecTBe no)], C06HblX pa60'lHx. HeKOTopble H3 HHX OTBeTHJIH cornacHeM, H HanaD.eHHfI Ha Mara3HHbl npeKpantnHcb. no npowecTBHH HeKoToporo BpeMeHH H OCTaJlbHble ToproBubi nocTynHJlIl TO'lHO TaK >Ke. B pe SYJlbTaTe ToprOBUbi nepeCTaJIH nepeCeJlflTbCR B J].pyrHe paHOHbI, H OTnaJla Heo6xollHMOCTb B CTpaxoBaHHH nOJ].06Horo polla.

    MOPAJI b: HepeiJKo pa60Ta - CllMoe Ay1fUlee lteKapCT8o.

    B HeKOTopblX cJlY'-IaSlx lleHCTBYKH1I.He CTHMYJlbl torYT Sbl3b1Barb nO.BeJ].eHHe, nopO>K)l.alOmee cepbe3Hble np06neMbi. CTHMYJlbI - )l.eJJo TOHKoe: OHH He BcerJ].a BaOAflTCH OCMOTpHTeJIbHO H He BCer)l.a 3aMeTHbi. nO.9TOMY Mbi '-IaCTO H e nO,l103peSaeM 06 HX cYll1eCTBo, saHHII, )],a>Ke Kor,lla OHIl OKa3b1SaIOT Ha Hac BJIllflHHe. ECJlH >Ke Mbi 3HaeM 0 cyll1eCTBOSaHHH CTHMYJlOB, TO, KaK npaBHJlO, OHH OKa3b1 BalOT HHoe BJlHflHHe, 4eM TO, KOTopoe Ha6JIIO)l.aeTC51 B lleHCTBHTeJlb' HOCTH. PaCCMOTpHM HeKOTOPble npHMepbI.

    n06aCeHKa 3.6 . . C K,oro SPATb AOPO)KHYto nOWmtHY YnpaSJleHlle nopTa B OJ].HOM H3 KpynHblx aMepHKaHCKIiX ropo

    )10B KOHTpOJlllpye-r Bce MOCTbl H TyHHeJIH B ropOJ].CKOH 'lepTe. noD.06HO 60JlbWHHCTSY TaKH.X opraHOB, OHO YCTaHaBJIHBaeT nOHH>KeHHble c60Pbl .nJlA: Tex, KTO 60Jlee 'laCTO HCnOJlb3YeT D.0P0>KHOTpaHcnopTHbie coopY>KeHHSI. Pa3YMeeTCR, 3Ta Mepa nOOll.lpfleT peryJlHpm>le aSTOM061tJlbHble noe3llKIt B ropo,n II nOTOMY B 3Ha4HTeJIbHOH CTeneHH cnoc06CTBYeT 06pa30BaHHIO 3aTopOB Ha YJlHuaX ropo,na. fOPO)1CKOH OTlleJJ ,nopO>KHOrO ,IlBH>KeHHfI nOTpe6oSaJl, 4T06b1 HHTeHCHBHOCTb TpaHcnopTHbiX nOTOKOB 6b1Jla yMeHbweHa. OllHaKO ynpaBJIeHHe He 6b1JlO 3aHHTepecoBaHo B cOKpaWeHHH perynflpHblx nOe3.nOK nyTeM nOBblllleHHSI llOPO>KHOH nOWJlHHbI, TaK KaK OT noro 3aBHCeJJH ero )10XO)l.bI. 06paTHJlHCb 3a KOHcYJlbTau.HeH K 330ny.

    J.1cCJle,noBaHHfI nOKa3aJIH, 'ITO B 60JlbWHIICTBe aBTOM06HJleH, B"be3>KaSWHX B ropo.n, HaXOllHJlHCb Bcero OllHH'llBa 'IeJlOSeKa, a S cpellHeM - cymecTBeHHO MeHbwe .llByX. n03TOMY CBo60llHblX MeCT B HHX 6b1J10 HaMHoro 60JIbWe, 'IeM 3aHflTbiX. Y BOllHTeJ1eH He 6b1J10 cTHMyJla 3anOJlHflTb aBTOM06HJIb naCC3>KHpaMH nyTeM 06'be.nllueHHH C )1pyrHMH BJla.lleJIbUaMH MaWHH, TaK KaK pa3Mep ,nOPO>KHOH nOWJlHHbI He 3aSIlCeJl OT 41lCJla nacca>ImpOB. 330tl npell,O>KIlJl S31lMaTb nJlaTY B 3aBIleHMoeTH OT 4HCJla He3aHflTbiX MeeT B aSTOM06HJle H nponYCKaTb CiecnJlaTHO aBTOMOCiHJlH, B KO' TOPblX 3aHflTbI Bce MeCTa. nJlaTY 3a He3aHflTbie Mecra MO>KIIO CiblJlO YCTaHaBJlHBaTb B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT Tpe6YCMoro .a.oxo.na II npH HeoCixOllHMOCTH perYJlHpOBaTb. 330n C'IHTaJl, '-ITO TaKaSl CHCTeMa cCiopa llOpO>KHOH nOWJlHHbI MorJla Cibl cnoC06CTBOBaTb KaK 06'be.nHHeHHiO BJlalle.'1bueB aBTOM06HJleH ,nJlfl COBMeCTHblX noe3.nOK, TaK

  • 64 f/acn I fAaBa 3

    H IlCnOJlb30BaHHIO aBTOMOCiIlJleH MeHbWIlX pa3MepoB. H TO, II APYroe n03BOJlHJlO Obi CHH3HTb I-lHTeHCHBHOCTb TpaHcnopTHbiX nOTOKOB B ropOAe.

    MOPAJlb: He clleiJyer Ulrpat/J06Qrf1 TOlO, K.TO c06AlOiJaer npa8UAQ.

    npeAJlO>KellHe 330na 6b1Jlo OTKJlOHeHQ no nOJlHTlI4eCKIlM co06-pa)f{eHllflM. KpOMe Toro, B pe3YJlbTaTe peaJlIl3aUHH :noro npeAJlO)f(eHllfi 3Ha4HTeJlbHO YCJlO)f(HltJlCfI Obi c60p AopmtKeHIIR 330na (SblJl ycnewHo np"MeHeH Ha MOCTY 6,U1 B paHOHe C3HpaHuHcKo. 3.!lecb 30TOMOCiHJlH C 'IHCJlOM n3CC3>KUPOB, He MeHbWHM 33AaHHoro, MorYT exaTb 'Iepe3 MOCT 6ecnJlaTHO H II'MeIOT npaBO nOJlb30B3TbCfI pe3epBHblMli nOJlOCaMIi CKopOCTlioro ADIUKe' II lUI B 43CbI mtK.

    n06aCeHKa 3.7. ABTOM06HJlb C n H W HHM rpY30M

    OJJ.Ha IIJ IltpM TeXHH1.IeCKOrO 06CJlY>KIIBaHHR KopnopauuH Bell System npeAJlO)f(HJla 330ny nonblTaTbCR YMeHbwHTb KOJJlt4ecT' BO rpy3a, nepes0311Moro B aBTOM06HJlSlX, Bble3>Ka1OLUItX no Bbl30 BaM a60HeHTOO llJlSl peMOHTa, 3aMeHbI, YCTaHOBKII HJlII CHRTItfi Te JlecjloHHblX annapaTOB. B OCibl'lHblH AeHb MaCTep BblnOJlHReT cpaB' HHTeJlbHO He60JlbWOe 1.IHCJlO 3aRBOK. nOCKOJlbKY eMY HeIt3neCTHO, Ka!K 110 6b1Tb, nOCKonbKY CTltMynllpoB3Hlle npCCJleAyeT, KaK npa OIlJlO, .!lOCTH>KeHlte K3KO'TO OAHOil Ue.IIH, 3 IIX MO>KeT 6b1Tb HecKOJlb KO. Me>KAY TeM TO, 'ITO flBJlReTCI'I CTHMYJlOM AJlR AOCTlt>KeHHfi OAHOH UeJlH, MO>KeT He SlBJlSlTbCfI T3KOBbiM AJlR .!lOCTH>KeHHR .!lPY

    '1acTb I f"aBO 3 55

    roA:. KpOMe Toro, pa3pa6oTKa 3lleKTltBHOH CHCTeMbI CTHMyIlHpOBaHHft Tpe6yeT, Bo-nepBblX, nOHHMaHHSI ueJleii Tex, AJifi Koro BBO.LUITeR CTlHtyJlbl, H, BO-BTOPblX, 4eTl\Oro npe.nCT3BJleH llfI 0 co6CTBeHHbiX U.e!lHX. ECJlH Heo6XOJl.HMOCTb nepaoro Tpe60BaHHfI H e Bbl3b1-8aeT COMHeHHH:, TO HeoCixOAHMOCTb BToporo J],aJleKO He C1Mb 04eSHAHa.

    n06aceHKa 3.8. OCTAH08HTbC HJlH Jl8HrATbC?

    npltMepHO B OAHO II TO >Ke apeml (SblJlIt pa3p3CiOT3HbI ABe COBepweHHO pa3JlH'IHble cxeMbl YMeHbweHIIR IIHTeHCHBHOCTH TpaH' cnopTllbiX nOTOKOB B HblOf!:opKe II JIoH.!lOHe. AJlR HblOf!:0pKa TaKaSl cxeMa npCAYCMaTp"B3n3 YCT3HOBKY Ha YJlHuaX ropOA3 3JleKTpOHHblX AaT4HKOD. nOA06Hble YCTpOHCTDa .!lOJl>KHbI 6b1JHI C'IHTblB3Tb HOM epa, 3anHC3HHble H3 M3rHHTHOM HOCHTe.lle, YCTaHOB JleHHOM Ha CiOKOBOH 43CTII aBTOM06I1JUl. II nepe.naB3Tb HX B ueHT p3JlbHYIO BbltlHCJlIITMbHYIO M 3WIIHY. H3K3nJlHB3A TaKlle A3HHble, M3WHlHl IIcnOJlb30Dana IIX Mn nOArOTODKH C4CTOD, npCAi>RDJlRe MbiX BnaAeJ1buaM aSTOMOCiHJleH 33 npOe3A no ropOAY; npH 310M pa3Mep nJlaTbI AOJl>KeH 3aBliCeTb OT BpeMCHH C'IIITblB3HHR HOMC pa - AHR IICAe.1H II BpeMeHH . CYTOK. nJlaTa AOJl)f{H 3 6blJl3 llOCTH raTb MaKCIIM3J1bHOH Be.'1H4HHbI npH noe3AK3X 8 4aCbI H3H60J1bWeA HarpYlKH TpaHcnopTHOH Celli. npc.n.nOJl3r3J10Cb, tlTO T3KHM cnoco 150M MO>KHO yMeHbwHTb HHTeHCHBHOCTb llBH>KCHHR aSToMo6HJleH B 43CbI nHK. OAH3KO nOll06H3R CIICTCMa )l3T4HKOB, CpellCTB CBSl3H H Bbl4HCJlHTeJlbHblX YCTPOHCTB OK33aJl3Cb CJlHWKOM CJ10>KHOH H llO poroH.

    CxcMa, pa3pa(SoTaHH3R AJlR JImiAoHa, npeAycM3TpHBaJl3 YCTa IIOBKY B K3>KAOM 3BTOM0611J1e C4eT'lHKa, no KOTOPOMY nepHo, llH4CCKH (HanpIiMep, nplt TeXIHt1.leCKOM OCMOTPC HJlH npH Bble3AC 3a ropoll) MO)l(HO 6b1J1o 6b1 npoaepflTb paccToRHlle. npOitneHHoe B ropon.e. 1l0po>KH3R nOWJlHHa JJ.OJl>KHa 6b1J1a B3HMaTbCR B 33BH' CIIMOCTH OT KHJJOMerpa}Ka. 3Ta cxeMa, XOTR II 6b1Jla npome, 1.IeM cxeMa, pa3pa60TallH3f1 llJIR HblOY!:OPK3. HMeJla cYUlecTBeHHblH Hen-OCTaTOK: crpYlnypa nJlaTe>Kel"l He 3aBIICeJl3 OT YCJlOBHH ll.BH >KeHHfI TpaHcnopT3.

    ami oueHKH JJ.BYX B03MO>KHblX BapH3HTOB peweHHH TpaHcnopT HOH np06JleMbi II Bbl60pa JlY'Imero 113 HItX 6b1J1 npHrJlaWeH 330n. 330n CP33Y >Ke YCTaliOBIIJI, 4TO B 06eHx cxeMax nJlaTa B3HMaerCR 3a JlRII)f(eHHe aBTmlot'iIlJlR. BMecTe C TeM TpaHcnopTHblH 3aTQP H3MepRCTcR BpeMeHeM, KOTopoe TP3THTCR Ha oc;aHoBKH, a He BP MeHeSI, B Te'leHlle KOToporo aBTOMOCiHJlb HaXOAH1CR B ABH>KejiHH. n03TOMY, no MHeHll10 330na, Heo6xOAilMO 6b1J1o BBCCTH nJlaT1 sa oCTaHoBKII, a He 3a llBII>KeHHe. nJlR noro Tpc60BancSl O'leHb npOCTOH H3MepHTeJlbHblH np"60p, no,aCtlltTblOalOlUHH 1.IIICJlO OCTa HOBOK, CAe.naHHblX aBTOMoCiHneM1 H nOJBOJlRIOUHtH YCTallOBllTb

  • 66 '10(TI, f r Aoeo 3

    onpe.D.eJl