the domestic policy of teddy roosevelt

The Domestic Policy of Teddy The Domestic Policy of Teddy RooseveltRoosevelt

U.S. History 2 APU.S. History 2 AP

Mr. MelvinMr. Melvin

Unit 2, Lesson 3Unit 2, Lesson 3

McKinley Killed.McKinley Killed.

September 1901 – McKinley assassinatedSeptember 1901 – McKinley assassinated

Buffalo, NY by Leon Czolgosz (anarchist)Buffalo, NY by Leon Czolgosz (anarchist)

Died from wounds on September 14, 1901Died from wounds on September 14, 1901

33rdrd president killed in less than 40 years! president killed in less than 40 years!

T.R.T.R.

Youngest President in historyYoungest President in historyHarvard graduateHarvard graduateRancherRancherPolice commissionerPolice commissionerOrnithologistOrnithologistHistorian Historian AssemblymanAssemblymanCivil Service commissionerCivil Service commissionerAsst. Secretary of NavyAsst. Secretary of NavyVolunteer colonelVolunteer colonelGovernor of New YorkGovernor of New York

T.R.T.R.

Chose the Republican party because it Chose the Republican party because it gave him the best chance of successgave him the best chance of success

Was nominated to be McKinley’s Vice Was nominated to be McKinley’s Vice President to get him out of New York President to get him out of New York politicspolitics

Thomas Platt feared TR’s “reform venturesThomas Platt feared TR’s “reform ventures

Roosevelt’s PhilosophyRoosevelt’s Philosophy

Saw political office as method of doing Saw political office as method of doing what’s best for the peoplewhat’s best for the people

Define great national problems and win Define great national problems and win people over to his solutionspeople over to his solutions

Infuse presidency with an efficient Infuse presidency with an efficient administration and his ability to enforce administration and his ability to enforce the lawsthe laws


Surround himself with best possible mindsSurround himself with best possible minds


Did use party patronage to fill lesser Did use party patronage to fill lesser officesofficesCaused Marc Hanna to lose control of Caused Marc Hanna to lose control of party by 1904party by 1904Because of this, able to rely on state Because of this, able to rely on state conventions to pass his reformsconventions to pass his reformsAchieved balanceAchieved balance– Satisfied reformers but didn’t offend Old Satisfied reformers but didn’t offend Old

GuardGuard


Focused on the 3 C’s:Focused on the 3 C’s:

– Corporation ControlCorporation Control

– Consumer ProtectionConsumer Protection

– ConservationConservation

““Trust Buster”Trust Buster”

TR was a gradualistTR was a gradualist– Accept advice from Old Guard on tariff and Accept advice from Old Guard on tariff and

money mattersmoney matters– Would keep them happyWould keep them happy

– Was more concerned with industrial Was more concerned with industrial consolidationconsolidation

Can government control corporations?Can government control corporations?Supreme Court said “No” in Supreme Court said “No” in 1895 U.S vs. E.C. 1895 U.S vs. E.C. KnightKnight


1902 – TR ordered government to sue The 1902 – TR ordered government to sue The Northern Securities Company (Violation of Northern Securities Company (Violation of the Sherman Antitrust Act)the Sherman Antitrust Act)– Was holding company for series of railroadsWas holding company for series of railroads– Formed to stop Wall Street Panic in 1901Formed to stop Wall Street Panic in 1901– Consolidation worried farmersConsolidation worried farmers

Less railroad competition = high rate pricesLess railroad competition = high rate prices

How can they afford to ship their goods to market?How can they afford to ship their goods to market?


Main targets of suits were J.P Morgan and Main targets of suits were J.P Morgan and James J. Hill (Too much power!!)James J. Hill (Too much power!!)

NY Banker

RR Tycoon


Morgan was arrogantMorgan was arrogantTried to have lawyer settle issue out of Tried to have lawyer settle issue out of court = FAILEDcourt = FAILED1903 – Federal Court ordered trust 1903 – Federal Court ordered trust dissolveddissolvedUpheld by Supreme Court in 1904Upheld by Supreme Court in 1904Symbolized shifting of power to Symbolized shifting of power to Washington and away from strong NYC Washington and away from strong NYC BankersBankers


44 more during terms44 more during terms

Beef Trust (1902)Beef Trust (1902)

American Tobacco American Tobacco Co (1906)Co (1906)

DuPont Corp (1906)DuPont Corp (1906)

New Haven RR New Haven RR (1907)(1907)

Standard Oil (1907)Standard Oil (1907)

Really a Trust Buster??Really a Trust Buster??

Not really true – More of a “Trust Not really true – More of a “Trust Regulator”Regulator”

Only break up if misbehavior existsOnly break up if misbehavior exists

TR had no issues with corporations that TR had no issues with corporations that benefitted consumerbenefitted consumer

Proved government, not industry in powerProved government, not industry in power

The Square DealThe Square Deal

Implemented in December 1901Implemented in December 1901

TR believed:TR believed:– Expert management rather that popular viewsExpert management rather that popular views– Reforms that punish bad corporationsReforms that punish bad corporations– Reforms that still assist in growing industryReforms that still assist in growing industry– Better the lives of all U.S. citizensBetter the lives of all U.S. citizens

Square Deal LegislationSquare Deal Legislation

1903 – law that expedited anti-trust 1903 – law that expedited anti-trust prosecutionsprosecutionsElkins Act – forbade giving and receiving Elkins Act – forbade giving and receiving railroad rebatesrailroad rebatesDepartment of Commerce and LaborDepartment of Commerce and Labor– Bureau of Corporations:Bureau of Corporations:

Investigated bad business practicesInvestigated bad business practicesGave government the evidence to prosecuteGave government the evidence to prosecuteOriginal opposition from Nelson RockefellerOriginal opposition from Nelson Rockefeller

– Passed Congress soon after revelationPassed Congress soon after revelation

1902 Coal Miners’ Strike1902 Coal Miners’ Strike

Lasted from May through OctoberLasted from May through October

Workers wanted:Workers wanted:– Union recognitionUnion recognition– 8 hour workday8 hour workday– Pay IncreasePay Increase

Mine owners refused to negotiate with Labor Mine owners refused to negotiate with Labor Union (United Mine Workers)Union (United Mine Workers)


Winter loomed and coal Winter loomed and coal shortagesshortagesTR wasn’t sure if he can TR wasn’t sure if he can legally get involvedlegally get involvedBrought both to White Brought both to White HouseHouseUnion agreed to arbitrate; Union agreed to arbitrate; Owners refusedOwners refusedOwners wanted army to Owners wanted army to take over minestake over mines– TR: Threatened to use TR: Threatened to use

army against owners!army against owners!


The SolutionThe SolutionNo Union recognitionNo Union recognitionOwners can raise coal prices 10%Owners can raise coal prices 10%Workers – 10% pay increase and 9 hour Workers – 10% pay increase and 9 hour workdayworkday1st president to threaten to nationalize 1st president to threaten to nationalize private industryprivate industry1st to have labor and management 1st to have labor and management accept commission arbitrationaccept commission arbitration

Election of 1904Election of 1904

TR and Charles TR and Charles Fairbanks elected by Fairbanks elected by large marginlarge margin

Stole reform banner Stole reform banner from Democratsfrom Democrats

Beat Alton ParkerBeat Alton Parker

Electoral Votes – 336-Electoral Votes – 336-140140

Other Square Deal LegislationOther Square Deal Legislation

Hepburn Act (1906) - gave Interstate Hepburn Act (1906) - gave Interstate Commerce Commission power to Commerce Commission power to prescribe substitute railroad rates upon prescribe substitute railroad rates upon complaintcomplaint

Employer Liability Act (1908) – protects Employer Liability Act (1908) – protects and compensated RR workers injured on and compensated RR workers injured on jobjob

Other Square Deal LegislationOther Square Deal Legislation

1906 Pure Food and 1906 Pure Food and Drug ActDrug ActFederal prevention of Federal prevention of altering, mislabeling, altering, mislabeling, and selling bad foodsand selling bad foods1906 Meat Inspection 1906 Meat Inspection ActAct

Because of Sinclair’s Because of Sinclair’s The JungleThe JungleNow subject to federal Now subject to federal regulations and regulations and inspections for inspections for sanitary conditionssanitary conditions

ConservationConservation

TR believed it very important to protect TR believed it very important to protect natural resources for future generationsnatural resources for future generations1902 Newlands Act – funded irrigation 1902 Newlands Act – funded irrigation projects for 17 Western Statesprojects for 17 Western States– Laws limiting miner entry into certain coal Laws limiting miner entry into certain coal

minesmines– Laws limiting amount that cattlemen can use Laws limiting amount that cattlemen can use

prairie landprairie land– Angered many Western Senators and Angered many Western Senators and

RepresentativesRepresentatives


Product of Newlands Act is the Roosevelt Product of Newlands Act is the Roosevelt Dam in ArizonaDam in Arizona


Roosevelt and Pinchot also assisted in Roosevelt and Pinchot also assisted in creating many National Parks and creating many National Parks and MonumentsMonuments

Crater Lake National Park Devil’s Tower National Monument

Who Can Forget about the Grand Who Can Forget about the Grand Canyon? (1908)Canyon? (1908)

Opposition over ConservationOpposition over Conservation

1907 – Western Reps. attached a rider to 1907 – Western Reps. attached a rider to appropriations bill to create new reservesappropriations bill to create new reserves

Rider limited amount of reservesRider limited amount of reserves

TR signed it – needed $ anywayTR signed it – needed $ anyway– Attached more acres to reserves to Attached more acres to reserves to

compensatecompensate

Opposition to ConservationOpposition to Conservation

1908 – TR and Pinchot formed the 1908 – TR and Pinchot formed the National Conservation CongressNational Conservation Congress

Composed of governors and conservation Composed of governors and conservation expertsexperts– Congress hostile to it; ignored all Congress hostile to it; ignored all

recommendationsrecommendations– TR continued to battle Congress over TR continued to battle Congress over

conservation for remainder of presidencyconservation for remainder of presidency

Panic of 1907Panic of 1907

Businessmen blamed Roosevelt – “Too Businessmen blamed Roosevelt – “Too much meddling!”much meddling!”

Causes:Causes:– Industrial production expanded beyond Industrial production expanded beyond

consumptionconsumption– Bankers engaged in speculative behaviors Bankers engaged in speculative behaviors

Giving out easy and bad loansGiving out easy and bad loans

Panic of 1907Panic of 1907

Solution:Solution:– TR was forced to rely on J.P. Morgan and TR was forced to rely on J.P. Morgan and

other bankersother bankers– Morgan would use his money to create trust to Morgan would use his money to create trust to

stabilize marketstabilize marketWould need approval from TR that he wouldn’t get Would need approval from TR that he wouldn’t get “busted” for forming monopoly“busted” for forming monopoly

TR secretly agreedTR secretly agreed

Panic soon subsidedPanic soon subsided

Panic AftermathPanic Aftermath

TR called for financial TR called for financial reforms (1908)reforms (1908)– Federal incorporation and Federal incorporation and

regulation of all interstate regulation of all interstate businessbusiness

– Federal regulation of stock Federal regulation of stock marketmarket

– Limitation of labor Limitation of labor injunctionsinjunctions

– Investigation of labor Investigation of labor disputesdisputes

– 8 hour work days for all 8 hour work days for all employeesemployees

– Income and inheritance Income and inheritance taxestaxes

Created Aldrich/Vreeland Created Aldrich/Vreeland Act (1908)Act (1908)– National Bank can issue National Bank can issue

emergency currency emergency currency backed by collateral in backed by collateral in cases of financial paniccases of financial panic

– Established National Established National Monetary CommissionMonetary Commission

Studied European BanksStudied European BanksHow can US Banks How can US Banks become more efficient?become more efficient?Studies eventually used Studies eventually used for Federal Reserve Act for Federal Reserve Act of 1913of 1913

He Must Have Done Something Good, right? That’s not too shabby of company!

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