The Worldat War -

WWI:1914-1918

Causesof theWar

1. Militarism & Arms Race

1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 191494 130 154 268 289 398

Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br.,

Rus.] in millions of £s (pounds).

1910-1914 Increase in Defense

ExpendituresFrance 10%Britain 13%Russia 39%

Germany

73%

2. The Alliance SystemTriple Entente: Triple Alliance:

Britain, France and Russia

Germany, Italy, Austria-Hungary

Two Armed Camps!Allied Powers: Central Powers:

Europe in 1914

3. Imperialism

4. Nationalism!!!

The“Spark

”

Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914

The“Powder

Keg”of Europe• Brinkmanship – the practice of threatening to go to war to achieve one’s goals

• Conscription – a military draft

• Mobilization – the process of assembling and making both troops and supplies ready for war.

The Assassination: Sarajevo (in Bosnia)

The Assassin:GavriloPrincip

Who’s To Blame?

Soldiers Mobilized

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

France Germany Russia Britain

Mill

ions

Womenand the

HomeFront

Financing the War

For Recruitment

Munitions Workers

French Women Factory Workers

Red Cross Nurses

Spies

e “Mata Hari”e Real Name:

Margaretha Gertruide Zelle

e German Spy!

Posters:

WartimePropagan

da

In order to ensure that enough was produced for the war, governments increased their powers, even taking over industries

Free speech was curtailed to prevent dissention that could harm war effort

Used propaganda to sway public opinion

Governments Increase Powers

German Atrocities in Belgium

Britain Joins the War

Recruitment Posters (Propaganda)

Recruits of the Central Powers

Austro-Hungarians

A German Soldier Says

Farewell to His Mother

New French Recruits

Australian Poster

American Poster

Financing the War

The Western Front:

A “War of

Attrition”

The Schlieffen (SHLEE-fun) Plan

A 2 War Front War *Germany had to fight from

both the East (Russia) & West (France)

The Western Front

Trench Warfare – fighting from ditches, protected by barbed wire, led to stalemate

War of attrition – a war based on wearing the other side down by constant attack and heavy losses.

Trench Warfare

Trench Warfare“No Man’s Land”

= the area of land between your trench and the enemy trench

TheEastern

Front

Russia experienced a revolution in 1917 and quits the war, signing the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

Russia Drops Out

The“Colonial

”Fronts

Other than Europe, the Middle East saw the biggest battles as the Ottomans (Turks) fought Britain, Russia, and France

The Middle East

Hussein-McMahon Correspondence

G.B. promised the land of Palestine to Arabs if they helped fight the Ottomans

Balfour Declaration

Jews promised a homeland in Palestine if they helped the Allies fight

The Middle East – A Dual Promise

T. E. Lawrence & the “Arab Revolt”,

1916-18

T. E. Lawrence & Prince Faisal at Versailles, 1918-

19

Arabs Left Out at Versailles

Arabs Left Out at Versailles

Fighting in Africa

British Sikh Mountain Gunners

Black Soldiers in the German

Schutztruppen[German E. Africa]

Major reason Allies fighting war was nationalism, and to gain independence for eastern Europe

So, colonial subjects in Africa, and other parts of world thought that in return for their assistance they would gain independence

This did not happen

Fighting in Africa

Fighting in Asia

Japan had alliance with Britain, so entered WW1 on side of Allies

Japan able to take more land (especially from China) during the war

Following the war, Japan was mostly ignored at the peace conference

The Japanese were angry and continued to expand

Japan’s Continued Rise

America

Joinsthe

Allies

Neutrality Helps As Europe became embroiled in war, the

U.S. benefitted economically

Sold war supplies and, along with Japan, became major exporter, replacing Europeans in many parts of world

This would remain after the war

The Sinking of the Lusitania

The Zimmerman Telegram

The YanksAre

Coming!

Americans in the Trenches

The War of the

Industrial Revolution:

NewTechnology

French Renault Tank

Krupp’s “Big Bertha” Gun

U-Boats

The Airplane

“Squadron Over the Brenta”

Max Edler von Poosch, 1917

The Flying Aces of World War I

Eddie Rickenbacher, US

FrancescoBarraco, It.

Rene PaukFonck, Fr.

Manfred vonRichtoffen, Ger.

[The “Red Baron”]

Willy Coppens deHolthust, Belg.

Eddie “Mick”Mannoch, Br.

Curtis-Martin U.S. Aircraft Plant

Looking for the “Red Baron?”

FlameThrowers

GrenadeLaunchers

Poison Gas

Machine Gun

The Endof

WorldWar I

11 a.m., November 11, 1918

The Armistice is Signed! End of WWI

Versailles Germany punished – war guilt, reparations, and

disarmament

Leads to social and economic problems in Germany

Wilson’s self-determination not granted around the world, only eastern Europe (see map)

Colonial peoples are dissatisfied, leads to independence movements (ex: Gandhi in India)

League of Nations

World War I Casualties

01,000,0002,000,0003,000,0004,000,0005,000,0006,000,0007,000,0008,000,0009,000,000

10,000,000RussiaGermanyAustria-HungaryFranceGreat BritainItalyTurkeyUS

15,000,000 Dead from WWI

Another 20 million wounded

The Somme American Cemetery, France

116,516 Americans DiedAmerica becomes Isolationist