titan atmosphere and evolution chris mckay nasa ames chris.mckay@nasa
DESCRIPTION
Titan atmosphere and evolution Chris McKay NASA Ames [email protected]. With Kevin Zanhle Jeff Moore, Brian Toon, Feng Tian. Talking points. Titan’s current thermal and chemical structure is adequately understood. The central problem in extrapolating this over time is CH 4 . - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Titan atmosphere and evolution
Chris McKay NASA Ames
With Kevin Zanhle Jeff Moore, Brian Toon, Feng Tian
Talking points
• Titan’s current thermal and chemical structure is adequately understood.
• The central problem in extrapolating this over time is CH4.
• There is good evidence for ~10x CH4.
• Two scenarios- continuously wet Titan- recently wet Titan
• Both have significant issues.
Organic haze
N2-N2, CH4-N2, CH4-CH4, H2-N2 collision induced opacity
Anti-greenhouse
Greenhouse
The Greenhouse Effect on Titan is due to N2 and CH4
From McKay et al. Science 1991
The Antigreenhouse Effect due to Haze
From McKay et al. Science 1991
Net global averaged solar flux normalized to total incident solar flux. DSIR results compared to model of McKay et al. 1989. Figure from Tomasko et al (2007).
Energy balance in Titan’s atmosphere Chemistry
3.8 W m-2
From McKay et al. Science 1991
C6H6N
C6H6
N2-N2, N2-CH4, CH4-CH4 C2H6
Cold trap limits CH4
~1%
H2
~1010 cm-2s-1
~108 years
CH4
T(z)
Methane on Titan today
RH CH4 0.43 (Nieman et al. 2005)
Atmosphere 400 gm-C/cm2 (Lorenz et al. 2008)
Lakes 20 – 200 gm-C/cm2
Dunes 200 – 640 gm-C/cm2
Fluvial activity at the Equator
Large lakes at the Equator in the past
Storms require high RH at the equator.
Flooding the equator to form seas implies ~ 10x atmospheric CH4.
N2 Clouds
Titan’s surface temperature over time with lakes
With N2 condensation (preliminary, but no obvious way to deep freeze)
CH4 limiting flux (the loss rate of H2) is reduced in the past but only ~4x.
Continuously Wet Titan• Outgassing of 40x atmospheric CH4 (and 40Ar)
provides enough CH4 to last to the present time.
• Photochemistry produces 39x C2H6 and 1x dune material.
• Dunes are visible.
• C2H6 peculates into the surface.
• CH4 photochemical lifetime implies we are coincidentally close to the end of CH4. Waiting for cryovolcanios or at the end of the wet era.
• Not clear how to hide the C2H6 (> 200 m is hidden, with or without CH4).
1 Gyr ago10x current CH4
Today1.2x atmospheric CH4
100 Myr No CH4
Recently wet Titan: an initial cold inventory, no cryovolcanism, recent atmosphere & past rain,
Recently Wet Titan• Titan spends most of its history in a Triton-like state. • Runaway greenhouse nx108 Gyr ago with production
of nx atmospheric CH4 (and 40Ar) provides enough CH4 to last to the present time. Minimum n ~ 5 , implies wet age is > 5x108 years
• Photochemistry produces C2H6 and tholin, C2H6 converts to dunes. Dunes have nx C.
• No hidden C2H6
• CH4 photochemical lifetime implies we are coincidentally close to the end of CH4.
• Not clear how to keep a Triton-like state cold enough to shut off CH4 photolysis.
• Not clear how C2H6 converts to dune material.
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