Unit 1, Chapter 3

The American Colonies Take Shape

“I said hey, hey, I said hey… what’s going on?

• 1689 – England’s

Glorious Revolution begins a bill of rights

• 1705– Virginia

introduces harsher slave codes

• 1707– England, Scotland,

and Wales join to form United Kingdom of Great Britain

• 1735– John Paul Zenger’s

trail becomes foundation for freedom of the press

“I said hey, hey, I said hey… what’s going on?

• 1736– Qianlong

becomes emperor of China

• 1740– Great Awakening

begins• 1748

– Montesquieu’s The Spirit of the Laws

• 1754– B. Franklin draws up

Albany Plan of Union• 1754-1763

– French and Indian War

• 1760– George III becomes

King of England• 1763-1764

– Pontiac’s Rebellion• 1763

– Treaty of Paris ends war b/t FR and GB

Section 1:Immigration & Slavery

• Europeans Migrate to the Colonies

• Main Idea: After a difficult start, the American colonies began to grow steadily. New immigrants from England, Scotland, Ireland, Germany, and other nations brought diversity and growth to the region.

• Africans Are Transported to America

• Main Idea: As English immigration began to decline in the 1600s, the demand for labor grew in the colonies. As a result, many colonists turned to another source of labor: enslaved Africans.

• Africans in the Americas

• Main Idea: Although enslaved Africans came from different countries, spoke various languages, and had many cultural differences, over time they forged a new culture as African Americans.

Who is here?

• By 1700 – 250,000 Europeans in the colonies– Rise ten times in 75 years– 90% English – why?

• 1/2 indentured servants

– Scots lived in backwoods (2nd)– Germans (many to Penn; 3rd)

• What is good about so many immigrants?

Why did they come?

The Africans are coming:• English immigration declined and need

for labor (crops) grew.

• African workers at first treated as indentured servants.– Freed after years of service (rights)

• Various cultural backgrounds

• Mid 1600’s – slavery laws

Transatlantic Slave Trade& Middle Passage

Transatlantic Slave Trade

• 1700’s, GB imported 1.5 mil slaves.

– 250,000 to the colonies

• 1.) Slave traders sailed from Europe to Africa– Traded

manufactured goods for Africans

• 2.) Middle Passage – shippers brought slaves to colonies.

• 3.) Traders returned to own country.

Middle Passage

• Watch scenes from “Amistad”

• Brutal conditions– Little food/water, disease spread,

no medicine, shackles, kept under deck, crowded, separated from families, branded painfully, stifling and dirty air, etc.

– 10% did not survive

Slavery in the Colonies• In NE and Mid –

house slaves

– South: hard labor

• 40% of pop in Chesapeake Bay area

• Poor living conditions, hard & long work

• Kept African culture

– Blended Christianity w/ own religion

• Some rebellion (Stono and escape)– Welcomed in FL

– why?

• Free?– Some – rare– Phillis Wheatley

• 1st African American to publish book of poems

Section 2: The AmericanColonies and England

• Government in the Colonies

• Main Idea: Having different types of regional government, the colonies were disunited, and the English monarchy exercised little control over them.

• England’s Economic Relationship With the Colonies

• Main Idea: The purpose of the English colonies was to increase England’s wealth and power. The economic philosophy of mercantilism supported those ideas.

• New Ideas Affect the American Colonies

• Main Idea: The intellectual movement known as the Enlightenment challenged old ways of thinking about science, religion, and government. Enlightenment ideas changed the way American colonists viewed the world as well.

Government in the Colonies

• North America was good for England:– 1.) Colonies supplied food and raw

materials.– 2.) They bought large amounts of GB

goods.– Got left alone

– English Civil War• Between Charles I and Parliament

– Again, got left alone

– Salutary neglect

Salutary Neglect spawns:Democracy

• Early English Documents:– Magna Carta and the English Bill of

Rights• Habeas corpus

• Enlightened thinkers: Locke & Montesquieu

• Freedom of the Press?!!?– John Peter Zenger

Britain's Colonial PolicyEarly 1700’s

Mercantilism• Get gold/$ by

exporting more than importing

• Colonies should just buy from GB– Not manufacture or

export

Colonial Gov’ts• Each colony creates

own assembly– House of Burgesses

(VA)

• Gov appt. by King

Navigation Acts• Export crops and raw

materials to England on GB ships

• Manufactured goods bought from GB

Colonial Life• Gentry

– Wealthy, politics• Trade people & farmers

– Next rank– Silversmiths,

printers, small farmers

• Women– Ran house/fam– Can’t vote or own

land• Children

– Few attend school; worked

Colonial Education

• Not compulsory• New England became leaders

– Why? Protestants want to read Bible• 1647 – Mass law of 50• Girls?• Home school?• College? – ministers and lawyers• By 1740’s 3 colleges

– Harvard (MA), William & Mary (VA), & Yale (CT)

Case Study:Ben Franklin

• What do you know about him?– Author, printer, inventor, politician, political theorist,

scientist, musician, satirist, diplomat, civic activist, postmaster, etc.

• Poor family, 17 kids, Boston• Ended school at 10, ran away at 17• How does his story represent

American values at the time?– Social mobility and individualism.

How does Ben Franklin’s story represent common

American ideals/morals/values?

• Social mobility and individualism!

• The Enlightenment– Movement led by thinkers who

believed all problems could be solved using human reason.

• Why is this important for US history?

• How does it impact religion?– Don’t forget how imp this is… ever

heard of the Salem Witch Trails??

Religious Tensions

• GB colonists mostly…– Southern Presbyterians,

Quakers in Penn, etc.

• Ministers believed colonists weren’t pious enough!– Led revivals to renew

religious zest.

• Preaching impacted young audience– Great Awakening!!!!

The Great Awakening

• Why the name?• Religious revival

– Jonathan Edwards, MA

• Remind people of power/God

• Created a feeling of independence– People spoke for

themselves– Relied less on

ministers

• George Whitfield– Toured colonies 7

times– Anyone can have

relationship with J.C.

Significance of the Great Awakening

• 1740’s and 1750’s – many became Baptist– Methodist and Baptists were

middle of bottom of society

• Introduced idea of equality– Everyone can have relationship

with J.C.

• Revival in religion

Section 3: Comparing Regional Cultures

• Regional Economic Patterns • Main Idea: Variations in geography and climate

contributed to the differences between life in New England, the Middle Colonies, and the South. Farming prevailed more in the Middle Colonies than in New England, and the South succeeded at producing the most valuable and profitable crops.

• Regional Social Patterns• Main Idea: The three colonial regions varied in terms

of social characteristics. Access to education and different settlement patterns helped to create distinct features in each of the regions.

Diverse Economies• Spanish – mined silver, grew sugar• French – fur trade• GB – regions differed

– Southern• Staple crops tobacco and rice, used slaves

– Middle • Mix of farming and commerce

– New England• Carrying trade• Triangular Trade

Section 4: Wars of Empire• European Competition and the Colonies• Main Idea: Between 1689 and 1748, the British and the French fought

a series of wars. Most of the fighting occurred in Europe, but some spilled over into North America. The colonies suffered from raids by the French and their Indian allies.

• The French and Indian War• Main Idea: Both France and Britain claimed ownership of the fertile

Ohio River valley. France’s act of building a fort there angered the British and eventually led to a conflict called the French and Indian war.

• Pontiac’s Rebellion• Main Idea: After their conquest of Canada, England cut off delivery of

goods to the Indians and flooded Indian lands. In response, many Indian groups held an uprising that came to be known as Pontiac’s Rebellion.

• Aftermath of the War• Main Idea: England faced a large war debt following the French and

Indian War and had to pay a high price to guard their new territory. The British imposed new taxes and colonial trade regulations to pay for this, angering the colonists.

North America in North America in 17501750

North America in North America in 17501750

BritishBritish FrenchFrench

Fort Necessity Fort DuquesneFort Necessity Fort Duquesne ** George Washington George Washington ** Delaware & Delaware & ShawneeShawnee Indians Indians

The The Ohio ValleyOhio Valley

1754 1754 The First The First ClashClash

1754 1754 The First The First ClashClash

Ben Franklin Ben Franklin representatives representatives fromfrom New England, NY, MD, PA New England, NY, MD, PA

A Albany CongressAlbany Congress failed Iroquois failed Iroquois broke off relations with broke off relations with Britain & threatened to Britain & threatened to trade with the French. trade with the French.

1754 1754 Albany Plan Albany Plan of Unionof Union

1754 1754 Albany Plan Albany Plan of Unionof Union

Gen. Edward Braddock Gen. Edward Braddock evict the evict the French from the OH Valley & Canada French from the OH Valley & Canada (Newfoundland & Nova Scotia)(Newfoundland & Nova Scotia)

A Attacks OH Valley, Mohawk Attacks OH Valley, Mohawk Valley,Valley, & Acadia. & Acadia.A Killed 10 mi. from Ft. Duquesne Killed 10 mi. from Ft. Duquesne by 1500 French and Indian by 1500 French and Indian forces.forces.Only Br. Success Only Br. Success expelled expelled

France France from Louisiana. from Louisiana.

CAJUNSCAJUNS

1755 1755 Br. Decides Br. Decides to Eliminate Fr. to Eliminate Fr. Presence in No. Presence in No.

Amer.Amer.

1755 1755 Br. Decides Br. Decides to Eliminate Fr. to Eliminate Fr. Presence in No. Presence in No.

Amer.Amer.

Native American tribes Native American tribes exploited both sides! exploited both sides!

Lord Lord LoudouinLoudouin

Marquis Marquis de Montcalmde Montcalm

1756 1756 War Is War Is Formally Formally

Declared! Declared!

1756 1756 War Is War Is Formally Formally

Declared! Declared!

BritishBritish

• March in formation or March in formation or bayonet charge. bayonet charge.

• Br. officers wanted toBr. officers wanted to take charge of colonials. take charge of colonials.

• Prima Donna Br. Prima Donna Br. officers with servants officers with servants & tea settings. & tea settings.

• Drills & toughDrills & tough discipline. discipline.

• Colonists should payColonists should pay for their own defense. for their own defense.

• Indian-style guerillaIndian-style guerilla tactics. tactics.

• Col. militias servedCol. militias served under own captains. under own captains.

• No mil. deference orNo mil. deference or protocols observed. protocols observed.

• Resistance to risingResistance to rising taxes. taxes.

• Casual, Casual, non-professionals. non-professionals.

Methods ofMethods ofFighting:Fighting:

MilitaryMilitaryOrganization:Organization:

MilitaryMilitaryDiscipline:Discipline:

Finances:Finances:

Demeanor:Demeanor:

British-American British-American Colonial TensionsColonial TensionsBritish-American British-American Colonial TensionsColonial Tensions

ColonialsColonials

A He understood colonial concerns.He understood colonial concerns.

A He offered them a compromise:He offered them a compromise:

-- col. loyalty & mil. cooperation-- col. loyalty & mil. cooperation-->Br. >Br. would reimburse col. assemblies would reimburse col. assemblies forfor their costs. their costs. -- Lord Loudoun would be Lord Loudoun would be removed.removed.

RESULTS?RESULTS? Colonial morale Colonial morale increased by 1758. increased by 1758.

1757 1757 William Pitt William Pitt Becomes Foreign Becomes Foreign

MinisterMinister

1757 1757 William Pitt William Pitt Becomes Foreign Becomes Foreign

MinisterMinister

1758-1761 1758-1761 The Tide The Tide Turns for EnglandTurns for England

1758-1761 1758-1761 The Tide The Tide Turns for EnglandTurns for England

France --> France --> lost her Canadian lost her Canadian possessions, most of her empire in possessions, most of her empire in India, and claims India, and claims to lands east of the Mississippi to lands east of the Mississippi River.River.Spain -->Spain --> got all French lands west got all French lands west of the Mississippi River, New of the Mississippi River, New Orleans, but lost Florida to Orleans, but lost Florida to England.England.England -->England --> got all French lands in got all French lands in Canada, exclusive rights to Canada, exclusive rights to Caribbean slave trade, and Caribbean slave trade, and commercial dominance commercial dominance in India.in India.

1763 1763 Treaty of Treaty of ParisParis

1763 1763 Treaty of Treaty of ParisParis

North America in North America in 17631763

North America in North America in 17631763

1.1. It increased her colonial empire It increased her colonial empire in in the Americas. the Americas.

2.2. It greatly enlarged England’s It greatly enlarged England’s debt.debt.

3.3. Britain’s contempt for the Britain’s contempt for the colonials colonials created bitter feelings. created bitter feelings.

Therefore, England felt that aTherefore, England felt that amajor reorganization of her major reorganization of her

American EmpireAmerican Empire was necessary! was necessary!

Effects of the War Effects of the War on Britain?on Britain?

Effects of the War Effects of the War on Britain?on Britain?

1.1. It united them against aIt united them against a common enemy for the first common enemy for the first time. time.

2.2. It created a socializing It created a socializing experience for all the experience for all the colonials who participated. colonials who participated.

3.3. It created bitter feelings It created bitter feelings

towards the British that towards the British that would only intensify. would only intensify.

Effects of the War on Effects of the War on the American the American

ColonialsColonials

Effects of the War on Effects of the War on the American the American

ColonialsColonials

17631763 Pontiac’s Pontiac’s RebellionRebellion

Fort DetroitFort Detroit

British “gifts” of smallpox-British “gifts” of smallpox-infected blankets from Fort Pitt.infected blankets from Fort Pitt.

The Aftermath: The Aftermath: Tensions Along the Tensions Along the

FrontierFrontier

The Aftermath: The Aftermath: Tensions Along the Tensions Along the

FrontierFrontier

Pontiac’s Rebellion Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763)(1763)

Pontiac’s Rebellion Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763)(1763)

British British ProclamationProclamation Line of 1763. Line of 1763.

Colonials Colonials Paxton Boys Paxton Boys (PA)(PA)

BACKLASH!BACKLASH!BACKLASH!BACKLASH!