HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGYLevels of Organization (Cellular)Standard 1

Anatomy is…

Physiology is…

Levels of Organization of an Organism…

Smallest ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Most Complex

1

Labeling the organelles of an animal cell:

2

Name or Organelle that matches this physical description:1) _____Thin Rods and Tubules2) _____Porous double membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm3) _____Particles composed of protein and RNA molecules4) _____Non-membranous structure composed of two rod-like centrioles5) _____Motile projections att. to the basal bodies beneath membranes (small & abundant)6) _____Motile projections att. to the basal bodies beneath membranes (long & whiplike)7) _____Membranous vesicles abundant in the liver and kidney, releasing H2O2

8) _____Membranous sacs, “garbage disposals”9) _____Membranous sacs with inner partitions of two layers folded into cristae10) _____Membranous sacs of various sizes throughout the cell11) _____Group of flattened, membranous sacs12) _____Fibers composed of protein and DNA molecules13) _____Dense substance composed of protein and RNA molecules, in nucleus14) _____Complex of connected, membrane-bound sacs, canals, and vesicles15) _____Barrier mainly composed of protein and lipid molecules

Name or Organelle that matches this function:1) _____Transports materials within the cell, provides attachment for ribosomes, and synthesizes

lipids2) _____Synthesizes proteins3) _____Support cytoplasm and help move substances and organelles within the cytoplasm4) _____Site of ribosome formation5) _____Release energy from food molecules and transform energy into usable form6) _____Propels fluids over the cell surface7) _____Packages and modifies protein molecules for transport and secretion8) _____Maintains the integrity of the nucleus and controls passage of materials between the

nucleus and the cytoplasm9) _____Maintains the integrity of the cell, controls the passage of materials into and out of the

cell10) _____Helps distribute chromosomes to new cells during cell division and initiates the formation

of cilia11) _____Enable sperm cells to move12) _____Contains substances that recently entered the cell and store ad transport newly

synthesized molecules13) _____Contains cellular information for synthesizing proteins14) _____Contain enzymes capable of digesting worn cell parts or foreign substances15) _____Contain enzymes called peroxidases, important to the breakdown of many organic

molecules

3

I – MEMBRANE TRANSPORT

Below is the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane (including some membrane proteins)… Match the structure to the description below.

________ A carb + a protein that is important for hormone interactions with the cell.

________ A carb + phospholipid that is a marker for cellular recognition (like a name tag)

________ Cholesterol

________ Glycolipid (A sugar attached to a lipid)

________ Glycoprotein (A sugar attached to a protein)

________ Hydrophilic portion of phospholipid

________ Hydrophobic portion of phospholipid

________ Integral / Transmembrane Protein

________ Keeps cell membrane fluid, not stiff

________ Lipid Bi-layer

________ Phospholipid Head

________ Phospholipid Tail

________ Protein possibly used for facilitated diffusion or active transport

4

What is the definition of “Selectively Permeable”?

What substances are always allowed to go straight through the cell membrane?

Compare and Contrast the following forms of transport across a membrane:

Active or Passive?(A / P)

Uses Energy?(Y / N )

Down the Gradient or Up?

(↓ / ↑)

Carrier Protein Used?(Y / N )

Diffusion

Osmosis

Facilitated Diffusion

Active Transport

Endo/Exocytosis n/a

Will a cell with an internal solute concentration of 5% placed in PURE 100% water shrink/shrivel or expand/pop? Why? Use the term hypotonic or hypertonic.

5

Matching

A. Active Transport

B. Diffusion

C. Exocytosis

D. Facilitated Diffusion

E. Osmosis

F. Phagocytosis

G. Pinocytosis

I _____ Movement of water across a semipermeable membrane down its concentration gradient.

II _____ The movement of materials across a semipermeable membrane down their concentration gradients with the assistance of carrier proteins.

III _____ The movement of materials down their concentration gradients.

IV _____ Pumping of materials across a membrane against their concentration gradients

V _____ Intake of small droplets of liquid by endocytosis

VI _____ Occurs when a vesicle fuses with the cell membrane releasing the contents to the outside of the cell

VII _____ Intake of large solid molecules

VIII _____ Drinking sea water causes the loss of water from cells lining the stomach and intestines

IX _____ Sodium-potassium pumps maintain excess potassium inside the cell and excess sodium outside the cell

X _____ Carrier proteins are used to transport glucose or amino acids down their concentration gradients into the cell.

XI _____ A white blood cell engulfs a harmful bacterium

II - HOMEOSTASISWhat is the definition of homeostasis?

6

What are the 3 key components of the mechanism of homeostasis?

Label the missing terms…

Describe the mechanism of negative feedback and give a specific example.

Describe the mechanism of positive feedback and give a specific example.

For each of the following describe the process of maintaining homeostasis. Body Temperature

pH

7

Receptor

Blood Glucose

Water/ Electrolyte

Oxygen & Carbon Dioxide levels in blood

Circadian Rhythms

Mood

Blood Volume / Blood Pressure

What are two consequences of a failure to maintain homeostasis?

Looking at this graph, what is the likely set point for this blood sugar over 24 hours?

How does the response by effectors compare to the original stimulus. (Same direction or opposite direction? S or O) (Also- Is homeostasis restored? Y or N)

S or O? Homeostasis Restored?Negative Feedback

8

Positive Feedback

Give an example of how when homeostasis is NOT restored in a human being, it can lead to sickness or death.

When blood glucose levels rise above a set point after eating a meal high in carbohydrates, β-cells in the pancreas are activated and release insulin into the blood. Insulin causes an increase in glucose uptake by body cells and causes the liver to take in glucose and convert it to glycogen. As a result, blood glucose levels decline to the set point. mIs this an example of positive or negative feedback? How do you know? How is the maintenance of homeostasis affected?

Identify each of the following as Positive or Negative feedback.______ Response is opposite of or counters the stimulus______ Response amplifies or reinforces the stimulus______ Continues to disrupt homeostasis______ Restores homeostasis______ When blood pH levels fall below a set point, the kidneys collect and remove more H+ (hydrogen ions) from the blood, thus bring the blood pH levels back to normal______ The female hormone estrogen triggers the release of the luteinizing hormone (LH); increased production of LH increases the production and release of estrogen______ The anterior pituitary gland produces a hormone called FSH (follicle stimulating hormone); FSH causes the ovaries to produce and release estrogen; increased production of estrogen causes a decrease in production of FSH.______ When blood calcium levels rise above a set point (hypercalcemia) specialized cells in the thyroid secrete a hormone called calcitonin. Calcitonin causes specialized cells in bone tissue to take calcium out of the blood and store it in bone tissue.III - PROTEINSWhat are the two primary steps of protein synthesis?

Name of Process Description of process…

9

Once a protein is made, it has four levels of structure. Describe each level of organization.

Primary Structure:

Secondary Structure:

Tertiary Structure:

Quaternary Structure:

What happens if they are not twisted or folded properly?

For each primary type of protein, give a description and 2 named examplesFibrous Globular

Function Description Example Location in Cell

Antibody

10

Enzyme

Messenger

Structural Component

Storage

Indicate the level of protein structure (1, 2, 3 or 4)I _____ α helix

II _____ β pleated sheets

III _____ Collagen and hemoglobin

IV _____ Determined by the sequence of DNA bases

V _____ Form stabilized by hydrogen bonds

VI _____ Form stabilized by hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, hydrophobicinteractions, and disulfide bridges

VII _____ Globular proteins

VIII _____ Interaction among several polypeptide chains

IX _____ Most enzymes

X _____ Regular, repeated folding of the peptide chain

XI _____ Sequence of amino acids in a proteinIV – CELL CYCLE

(complete cell cycle activity first)

Define totipotent

11

Define Pluripotent

**There are 100 Trillion cells in the human body… 220 Specialized cells in the human adult body

Define Multipotent Progenitor Cells

4 Stems Cell Lines come from Embryonic Stem Cells

Type Description and Examples of Specific Cells Hemoatopoetic

Mesenchymal

12

Endodermal

Neural

Read the following and then summarize below

Terminally differentiated cells are defined by specialized properties, which are the result of tissue-specific gene expression, associated with a physiologically irreversible growth arrest. Terminal differentiation characterizes the majority of the cells in an adult mammal. The inability of TD cells to replicate poses strategic problems to the organism. These cells must live as long as the organism itself,

13

which requires extraordinary measures to ensure their survival. In addition, organs and systems devoid of stem cell compartments and whose parenchyma is composed exclusively of TD cells cannot renew their tissues by means of cell proliferation. This makes them especially vulnerable to irreplaceable cell loss caused by diseases or injuries. The ability to induce sustained proliferation of TD cells such as neurons, myocardiocytes, or endocrine cells would potentially have a major impact on the therapy of diseases and traumas of such organs.

14

Life Spans of Human Cells Activity

Like all organisms, cells have a given life span from birth to death. In multicellular organisms, such as humans, the health of the organism depends on cell not exceeding their life span. This is especially true of cells that tend to divide rapidly. If these cells did not die on schedule overcrowding of cells would occur, causing uncontrolled growth that would be life threatening. The data table shows the life spans of various human cells. It also contains information about the ability of the cells to multiply through cell division.

Cell Type Life Span Cell Division

Lining of esophagus 2-3 days Can divide

Lining of small intestine 1-2 days Can divide

Lining of large intestine 6 days Can divide

Red blood cells Less than 120 days Cannot divide

White blood cells 10 hours to decades Many do not divide

Smooth muscle (along digestive system) Long lived Can divide

Cardiac (heart) muscle Long lived Cannot divide

Skeletal muscle Long lived Cannot divide

Neuron (nerve cell) Long lived Most do not divide

Data & observations:

Bar graph the Cell type vs. Life spans.X-axis: Label “cell type.” List the types of cells in the data tabley-axis: Label “life span.” Units in days, from 0-long lived. Long lived will be the very top of your graph.

15

16

Analysis & Conclusions:

White blood cells help protect the body from infection and disease-producing organisms. How might their function relate to their life span?

Based on the data, how are the consequences of injuries to the heart and spinal cord similar to each other? How are they different from the consequences of injuries to smooth muscle?

Cancer is a disease related to cell life span and cell division. If cancer cells were added to the data table, predict what would be written under the column headings “Life Span” and “Cell Division.” Explain the reasoning underlying your predictions.

17