Welcome Back!!!Welcome Back!!!

First, let’s review First, let’s review concepts from Unit 2concepts from Unit 2

What are issues to What are issues to consider when consider when selecting what selecting what behavior to target for behavior to target for change?change?

What are ways to What are ways to measure change in measure change in behavior? How can behavior? How can this data be this data be collected?collected?

Now, we will focus Now, we will focus on learningon learning

What is learning?What is learning?

Learning is defined as:Learning is defined as:

any lasting change in behavior that any lasting change in behavior that results from experience.results from experience.

modification of preexisting behavior and modification of preexisting behavior and understandingunderstanding

Three Learning TheoriesThree Learning Theories

Classical ConditioningClassical Conditioning Operant ConditioningOperant Conditioning Social Learning TheorySocial Learning Theory

Premises of Behavior Premises of Behavior TherapyTherapy

Behavior is learned (and hence can be Behavior is learned (and hence can be unlearned)unlearned)

Behavior can be changed by applying the Behavior can be changed by applying the principles of classical conditioning, principles of classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational operant conditioning, and observational learning. learning.

Basic assumptions to Basic assumptions to Behavioral TherapyBehavioral Therapy

Human behavior is governed by basic Human behavior is governed by basic learning principles. learning principles.

Humans are neither good nor evil; they Humans are neither good nor evil; they are shaped by their environmentare shaped by their environment. .

All people are capable of modifying All people are capable of modifying behaviors under the right circumstances.behaviors under the right circumstances.

Classical Classical ConditioningConditioning

Classical ConditioningClassical Conditioning

Learn associations between stimuli.Learn associations between stimuli. Does not involve learning new behaviorsDoes not involve learning new behaviors Exhibit different behaviors in association Exhibit different behaviors in association

to stimuli.to stimuli.

Examples of Classical Examples of Classical ConditioningConditioning

Sound of bell paired with presentation of Sound of bell paired with presentation of food food dog starts to salivate when bell dog starts to salivate when bell rings because he anticipates rings because he anticipates presentation of foodpresentation of food

Pressing of bar paired with presentation Pressing of bar paired with presentation of shock of shock dog avoids pressing bar or dog avoids pressing bar or shows anxious behavior when doing so shows anxious behavior when doing so because he anticipates presentation of because he anticipates presentation of shockshock

Classical ConditioningClassical Conditioning

Overall, new stimuli are associated with Overall, new stimuli are associated with old behaviors (ex., ringing with old behaviors (ex., ringing with presentation of food or shock with presentation of food or shock with pressing of bar)pressing of bar)

Important Classical Important Classical Conditioning ConceptsConditioning Concepts

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS): Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS): A stimulus that elicits a A stimulus that elicits a response without conditioning (response without conditioning (presentation of foodpresentation of food))

Unconditioned Response (UCR): Unconditioned Response (UCR): Automatic response Automatic response elicited by the unconditioned stimulus (elicited by the unconditioned stimulus (salivationsalivation))

Conditioned Stimulus (CS): Conditioned Stimulus (CS): A neutral stimulus that A neutral stimulus that when paired with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) when paired with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) elicits a similar response (elicits a similar response (ringing of bellringing of bell))

Conditioned Response (CR):Conditioned Response (CR): A response that is A response that is learned by pairing the originally neutral conditioned learned by pairing the originally neutral conditioned stimulus (CS) with the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) stimulus (CS) with the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) salivation to sound of bellsalivation to sound of bell

Discussion QuestionDiscussion Question

Do you or anyone you know experience phobia? How might the principles of classical conditioning help you understand the origin of the phobia?

Operant Operant ConditioningConditioning

Operant ConditioningOperant Conditioning

People learn associations between People learn associations between behavior and consequences and respond behavior and consequences and respond accordingly accordingly learn to do the behaviors learn to do the behaviors that lead to pleasant consequences and that lead to pleasant consequences and avoid the responses that lead to painful avoid the responses that lead to painful consequences.consequences.

Responses are learned on the basis of Responses are learned on the basis of their rewarding or punishing their rewarding or punishing consequencesconsequences

Reinforcement vs. Reinforcement vs. PunishmentPunishment

Reinforcement:Reinforcement: The process in which a The process in which a behavior is strengthened, and thus, more behavior is strengthened, and thus, more likely to happen again. likely to happen again.

Punishment: Punishment: The process in which a The process in which a behavior is weakened, and thus, less behavior is weakened, and thus, less likely to happen again. likely to happen again.

Positive and Negative Positive and Negative ReinforcementReinforcement

Positive reinforcement Positive reinforcement occurs when a occurs when a behavior is followed by the presentation of a behavior is followed by the presentation of a stimulus event and the future frequency of the stimulus event and the future frequency of the behavior behavior increasesincreases under similar under similar environmental conditions.environmental conditions. Ex., clean room Ex., clean room earn allowance earn allowance clean room clean room

more often more often

Negative reinforcement Negative reinforcement occurs when a occurs when a behavior is followed by the removal of a behavior is followed by the removal of a stimulus event and the future frequency of the stimulus event and the future frequency of the behavior behavior increasesincreases under similar under similar environmental conditions.environmental conditions. Ex., clean room Ex., clean room parent stops nagging parent stops nagging clean clean

room more oftenroom more often

Positive and Negative Positive and Negative PunishmentPunishment

Positive punishment Positive punishment occurs when a behavior is occurs when a behavior is followed by the presentation of a stimulus event followed by the presentation of a stimulus event and the future frequency of the behavior and the future frequency of the behavior decreases decreases under similar environmental conditions. under similar environmental conditions. Ex., stay out past curfew Ex., stay out past curfew get yelled at get yelled at stop staying stop staying

out past curfewout past curfew Negative punishment Negative punishment occurs when a behavior is occurs when a behavior is

followed by the removal of a stimulus event and followed by the removal of a stimulus event and the future frequency of the behavior the future frequency of the behavior decreasesdecreases under similar environmental conditions.under similar environmental conditions. Ex., stay out past curfew Ex., stay out past curfew lose cell phone privileges lose cell phone privileges

stop staying out past curfewstop staying out past curfew

Sally is playing with her toys, putting Sally is playing with her toys, putting them in an electric socket. She gets a them in an electric socket. She gets a shock. She doesn’t put toys in the shock. She doesn’t put toys in the electric socket again.electric socket again.

Positive Reinforcement, Negative Positive Reinforcement, Negative Reinforcement, Positive Punishment, or Reinforcement, Positive Punishment, or Negative Punishment?Negative Punishment?

Positive Positive PunishmentPunishment

Positive Reinforcement, Negative Positive Reinforcement, Negative Reinforcement, Positive Punishment, or Reinforcement, Positive Punishment, or Negative Punishment?Negative Punishment?

Gabe’s best friend stops talking to him Gabe’s best friend stops talking to him after he cheats on a test at school. Gabe after he cheats on a test at school. Gabe doesn’t cheat on a test again.doesn’t cheat on a test again.

Negative Negative PunishmentPunishment

Positive Reinforcement, Negative Positive Reinforcement, Negative Reinforcement, Positive Punishment, or Reinforcement, Positive Punishment, or Negative Punishment?Negative Punishment?

Mike receives extra allowance when he Mike receives extra allowance when he keeps his room clean. He is keeping his keeps his room clean. He is keeping his room clean more consistently.room clean more consistently.

Positive Positive ReinforcementReinforcement

Positive Reinforcement, Negative Positive Reinforcement, Negative Reinforcement, Positive Punishment, or Reinforcement, Positive Punishment, or Negative Punishment?Negative Punishment?

Lisa’s boss doesn’t lecture her if she Lisa’s boss doesn’t lecture her if she arrives to work on time. She has been arrives to work on time. She has been arriving to work on time more frequently.arriving to work on time more frequently.

Negative Negative ReinforcementReinforcement

More Examples of More Examples of ReinforcementReinforcement

More attention (e.g., interacting, noticing, commenting) More attention (e.g., interacting, noticing, commenting) Praise (e.g., "Good job!" "I like that!") Praise (e.g., "Good job!" "I like that!") Concrete rewards (e.g., favorite treat, book or toy) Concrete rewards (e.g., favorite treat, book or toy) Privileges (e.g., going to the zoo, a movie or having a Privileges (e.g., going to the zoo, a movie or having a

friend over to play) friend over to play) Removal of negatives (e.g., "If you keep up with your Removal of negatives (e.g., "If you keep up with your

school work and keep your room clean this week, then school work and keep your room clean this week, then you can be excused from yard work this weekend.") you can be excused from yard work this weekend.")

More Examples of More Examples of PunishmentPunishment

Time out Time out Critical feedback (e.g., "No," "I don’t like it when you do Critical feedback (e.g., "No," "I don’t like it when you do

that") that") Removal of privileges (e.g., television viewing, time Removal of privileges (e.g., television viewing, time

with friends) with friends) Ignoring or withdrawing attention (e.g., not responding Ignoring or withdrawing attention (e.g., not responding

or reacting to a child when he or she whining or or reacting to a child when he or she whining or throwing a tantrum) throwing a tantrum)

Enforcing consequences (e.g., additional chores or Enforcing consequences (e.g., additional chores or homework assignment) homework assignment)

Guidelines for Effective Guidelines for Effective PunishmentPunishment

Specify why punishment is being given.Specify why punishment is being given. Emphasize that the behavior, not the Emphasize that the behavior, not the

person, is being punished.person, is being punished. Punishment should be immediate and Punishment should be immediate and

noticeable.noticeable. Escalation effect problemEscalation effect problem

Identify and positively reinforce more Identify and positively reinforce more appropriate responses.appropriate responses.

Discussion QuestionDiscussion Question

Why might punishment be considered less effective in changing behavior than reinforcement?

Drawbacks PunishmentDrawbacks Punishment Does not “erase” an undesirable habit.Does not “erase” an undesirable habit. Can produce unwanted side effects.Can produce unwanted side effects. Often ineffective unless Given immediately Often ineffective unless Given immediately

after the undesirable behavior and Each time after the undesirable behavior and Each time the behavior occurs. the behavior occurs.

Can become aggression if given in anger.Can become aggression if given in anger.

Reinforcement and punishment Reinforcement and punishment must be applied in specific must be applied in specific ways to be successful:ways to be successful:

Reinforcement and punishment must be Reinforcement and punishment must be consistent. consistent.

Reinforcement and punishment must Reinforcement and punishment must occur very quickly after the behavior has occur very quickly after the behavior has occurred. occurred.

Reinforcement must be something that Reinforcement must be something that the individual actually wants. the individual actually wants.

Great job tonight!Great job tonight!

Any ending questions or comments?Any ending questions or comments?