大学英语听说二教案 -...

. . 2011. .

Unit 1

Text A Game Theory

4 periods

1. Analyzing game theory and its application in life

2. Mastering the key language points and grammatical structures in the text

3. Conducting a series of reading, listening, speaking and writing activities related to the theme of the unit.

4. Mastering the translating skills of nominalization

Teaching emphasis: Understanding game theory and its application in life

Mastering the key language points and grammatical structures in the text

Teaching difficulties: Mastering the translating skills of nominalization

Teaching method: heuristic teaching

Teaching aids: Multi-media and blackboard

. . 2011. .

ITeaching Plan (180 minutes)

1. Warm-up (10 minutes)

2. Detailed Study ( 145 minutes)

3. Translating skills of nominalization (24 minutes)

4. Assignment (1 minute)

IITeaching Steps

1. Warm-up: (10 minutes)

1). Have you ever watched the movie A Beautiful Mind? What is the story about?

2). What are the basic elements of games and what is the goal of the participants in the game?

3). In order to win in a game, what kind of approach or strategy should be applied?

2. Detailed Study (145 minutes)

Step1. Text Organization

Part One: paras. 1-3

Game theory can be defined as the science of strategy which studies both pure conflicts (zero-sum games) and conflicts in cooperative forms.

Part Two: paras. 4-11

There are two distinct types of strategic imterdependence; sequential move game and simultaneous-move game.

Part Three: paras: 12-19

The typical examples of game theory are given as basic principles such as prisoners dilemma, mixing moves, strategic moves, bargaining, concealing and revealing information.

Part Four: para. 20

The research of game theory has succeeded in illustrating strategies in situations of conflict and cooperation and it will focus on the design of successful strategy in future.

Step 2. Detailed study of part one

Terms: game theory, zero-sum game,

Words and phrases:

1) outcome: The outcome of an activity, process, or situation is the situation that exists at the end of it

E.g:

Mr. Singh said he was pleased with the outcome...

2) rear: v. bring up and educate children rear a family

I was reared in east Texas.

n. [the rear] the back part a kitchen in the rear of the house

3) takeover: n.

The economy of Hong Kong goes well after its .

4) implement: 1. V. ; N-COUNT ;;

e.g We need money to implement the program.

plans, policies, a program of reforms

knives and other useful implements.

5) jointly: in collaboration or cooperation adv.

e.g The two boys owned the boat jointly.

joint: n. adj.

6) fight back: When an animal is under attack, it can run away or fight back.

e.g If he hit you, why didn't youfightback?

7)cut down: ;

e.g If you spend more than your income, can you try tocut down?

Content questions:

1. What kind of games did early game theory mathematicians emphasize? What is the current research focus?

2. Are game strategies different from decisions made in a neutral environment? Why or why not?

Step 3. Detailed study of part two

1) When thinking about how others will respond, one must put oneself in their shoes, and think as they would; one should not impose ones own reasoning on them.

2) In contrast to the linear chain of reasoning for sequential games, a game with simultaneous moves involves a logical circle.

Paraphrase: A game with simultaneous move requires a logical circular thinking, which is totally different from the linear chain of reasoning for sequential games

3) square: v.

That explanationsquares with the facts, doesn't it...

Square the circle: to attempt sth. impossible

4) When we say that an outcome is an equilibrium, there is no presumption that each persons privately best choice will lead to a collectively optimal result.

collectively: adv.

e.g. All members of the Cabinet arecollectivelyresponsible for decisions taken.

optimal: a. best or most favorable

e.g. Aim to do some physical activity three times a week foroptimalhealth.

3

Content questions:

1). What is the essence of the game?

2). In a sequential-move game, what do the players do? While in a simultaneous game, what do the players do?

3). What is the general principle for players in the simultaneous game?

4). Can you describe the concept of Nash equilibrium? How is it used in circular reasoning of games?

Step 4. Detailed study of part three and part four

1). confess:v. confessesto sth/doing sth ()

She finallyconfessedto having stolen the money.

confess sth to sb()

You just go to the church andconfessyour sins...

2). outweigh: v. be greater in weight, value or importance than sth

e.g The advantages far outweigh the disadvantages.

out- ,exceeds, go beyond

3). Prisoners dilemma : in game theory, the prisoners dilemma is a type of non-zero game in which two players can cooperate with or defect the other player.

4) Game theory quantifies this insight and details the right proportions of such mixtures.

5). deter: v. sb. from doing sth.

e.g Failure did not deter him from making another attempt.

6). credible: adj.

incredible: adj.credibility: n.

7). renege: v. fail to keep a promise, ones word

If someonereneged on a deal, they could never trade here again.

8). commit to: , ;

e.g. He has committed himself to the cause of education.

9). monopoly: n. gain a

In some countries, tobacco is a government

Content questions:

1). In tennis why is it crucial for players to mix their moves?

2). What is brinkmanship strategy in games of conflict?

3). What is the process of bargaining for players? What agreement can be reached?

3. The translating skillsnominalization (24 minutes)

Nominalization()

1)

water purification system

systempurification watera system for the purification of water

2)

acute bacterial peritonitis

All substances will permit the passage of some electric current, provided the potential difference is high enough.

passage

As a small-scale illustration of the artificial modification of physical weather processes, take the frost prevention in an orchard.


Do the exercises of multiple choice, blank filling, cloze.

. . 2011. .

Unit 2 Medicine

Text A Making a Little Progress

4

1. Learn about some progress in Medicine.

2. Understand the structure of the text and the devices for developing it.

3. Grasp some keys words, phrases and some useful sentence patterns.

Teaching emphasis: 1. ;

2. key words, phrases and some useful sentence patterns;

Teaching difficulties: some progress in Medicine

Teaching method: lecture with pair work and group discussion


1. .. .2001.

2. ...2000.

3. ...2001.

On-line resources: English on line


1 Lead in (5 minutes)

2 Specialized terms (30 minutes)

3 Text organization (10 minutes)

4 Text comprehension ( 35 minutes)

5 Detailed studies (30 minutes)

6 Reading Techiniques for EST (25 minutes)

7 Translation Techiniques for EST (25 minutes)

8 Assignment and Exercise ( 20 minute)

IITeaching Steps


Ask them to give some examples of the nanomaterials in our daily lives and show the students some slides of pictures.

Tips:

The feet of the shore flies are tiny flies that can be found near seashores or at smaller inland waters, such as ponds. The polar bear is a bear native largely within the Arctic Circle encompassing the Arctic Ocean. Polar bear fur consists of a layer of dense underfur and an outer layer of guard hairs. The toes of the gecko have a special adaptation that allows them to adhere to most surfaces without the use of liquids or surface tension.


Ask students to discuss, finding out the connotations of these terms.

1 10-5ten to the negative five

2 105ten to the five

3 positive

4 negetive

5 square

6 square root

7 cube

8 10-1ten to the negative one one over a (a11a)

Metric system

Metric system is a decimal [dsml] system of weights and measures based on the meter and the kilogram. Litre is a unit of capacity in the metric system. The kilometer is the biggest unit of length in the metric system.

Types of nanomaterials

The first type is nanoparticle. The second is the nanotube. This passage talks about the appliance of Nano particles to the cancer detection and treatment. 100nm ()()()(1) 100

Basic properties of nanometer materials

Basic properties of nanometer materials: surface effect, small size effect, quantum effect and macro quantum tunnel effect. ()

1

When the size of the particle has been in the nanoscale, the physical properties would change a lot. For example, the melting point of gold decreased to the 327 degrees celcius when reduced to 2nm. And the melting point of silver decreased to the 100 degrees celcius when reduced to 5nm. 10642nm3275nm100

2

10nm20%1nm99%

3

Targeting Drug Delivery System

2070

1 Targeted drug delivery, sometimes called smart drug delivery,[1] is a method of delivering medication to a patient in a manner that increases the concentration of the medication in some parts of the body relative to others.

2 The goal of a targeted drug delivery system is to prolong, localize, target and have a protected drug interaction with the diseased tissue.

3 The conventional drug delivery system is the absorption of the drug across a biological membrane, whereas the targeted release system is when the drug is released in a dosage form.

4 The advantages to the targeted release system is the reduction in the frequency of the dosages taken by the patient, having a more uniform effect of the drug, reduction of drug side effects, and reduced fluctuation in circulating drug levels. The disadvantage of the system is high cost which makes productivity more difficult and the reduced ability to adjust the dosages.

5 There are two kinds of targeted drug delivery, active targeted drug delivery, such as some antibody medications; and passive targeted drug delivery, such as the enhanced permeability and retention effect (EPR-effect).

6 Delivery vehicles

There are different types of drug delivery vehicles, such as, polymeric micelles, liposomes, lipoprotein-based drug carriers, nano-particle drug carriers, dendrimers etc. An ideal drug delivery vehicle must be non-toxic, biocompatible, non-immunogenic, biodegradable and avoid recognition by the host's defense mechanisms.

Liposomes are composite structures made of phospholipids and may contain small amounts of other molecules. Though liposomes can vary in size from low micrometer range to tens of micrometers, unilamellar liposomes, as pictured here, are typically in the lower size range with various targeting ligands attached to their surface allowing for their surface-attachment and accumulation in pathological areas for treatment of disease. The most common vehicle currently used for targeted drug delivery is the liposome. Liposomes are non-toxic, non-hemolytic and non-immunogenic even upon repeated injections; they are biocompatible and biodegradable and can be designed to avoid clearance mechanisms (reticuloendothelial system (RES), renal clearance, chemical or enzymatic inactivation, etc.)

Dendrimers are also polymer-based delivery vehicles. They have a core that branches out in regular intervals to form a small, spherical and very dense nanocarrier.

7 Artificial DNA nanostructures

The success of DNA nanotechnology in constructing artificially designed nanostructures out of nucleic acids such as DNA, combined with the demonstration of systems for DNA computing, has led to speculation that artificial nucleic acid nanodevices can be used to target drug delivery based upon directly sensing its environment. These methods make use of DNA solely as a structural material and a chemical, and do not make use of its biological role as the carrier of genetic information. Nucleic acid logic circuits have been demonstrated that could potentially be used as the core of a system which releases a drug only in response to a stimulus such as a specific mRNA.[13] Additionally, a DNA "box" with a controllable lid has been synthesized using the DNA origami method. This structure could encapsulate a drug in its closed state, and open to release it only in response to a desired stimulus.

8 Applications

Targeted drug delivery can be used to treat many diseases, such as the cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. However, the most important application of targeted drug delivery is to treat cancerous tumors.

3. Text organization (10 minutes)

Ask students to discuss, finding out the organization of the text.

Part One: para.1

The government decided to take an initiative to fight against cancer by means of nanotechnology.

Part Two: para. 2

Nanotechnology holds promise for cancer treatment on account of two main reasons: size and function.

Part Three: paras. 3-8

Two kinds of nanoparticlesnanocrystals of iron oxide and quantum dotshave been used for cancer detection in tests on mice.

Part Four: paras. 9-18

Three kinds of nanoparticlesdendrimers, carbon nanotubes and liposomeshave been used in tests for cancer killing.

Part Five: paras. 19-21

In spite of great progress in cancer nanotechnology, there are still many problems to solve.

The structure is shown as the following.

Cancer(Para.1-2)

Conclusion

(Para.19-21)

Cancer

detection

Cancer

treatment

nanocrystals

ofironoxide

quantum

dots

dendrimersnanotubesliposomes

4. Text comprehension ( 35 minutes)

Ask the students to read the text and discuss the following questions.

1) What did NCI announce?

Tips: (Para.1) nanotech solutions to cancer

2) What is nanotech?

3) Why does it hold promise for cancer detection and therapy?

Tips: (Para.2) Size and function.

Targeted Drug Delivery System

4) What are the delivery vehicles for cancer detection?

Tips: two kinds of nanoparticles

nanocrystals of iron oxide (Para.3-5)

quantum dot-probes (Para.6-8)

5) Please find out the related researchers and the discoveries of their research.

Tips:

Nanocrystals of iron oxide:

Researcher: Jinwoo Cheon, a chemist at Yonsei Universary in Seoul, South Korea

reported in the Sept. 7 Journal of the American Chemical Society

His report: It can make MRI pick out smaller tumors (Para 3-4); An experiment. (Para 5)

Quantum Dot-probes:

Researcher: Shuming Nie, a biomedical engineer and a chemist

reported in the August 2004 Nature Biotechnology

His report: It can detect multiple tumor cells by using multiple colors. (Para 6-7); An experiment. (Para 8)

the limit of the research

Dendrimers:

Researcher: Baker and his team (Para 10)

reported in the June 15 Cancer Research

Their experiment: attached the vitamin folic acid to the particles (Para 10) added the chemotherapy drug methotrexate to the folio acid-loaded dendrimers (Para 11)

Carbon Nanotubes:

Researcher: Hongjie Dai and his group

reported in the Aug.16 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

The methodology:

absorb near-infrared light and target nanotubes to cancer cells and kill the cells with heat (Para 12)

turned to folic acid molecules for their cancer-seeking talents. (Para 13)

Liposomes:

Researcher: Esther Chang and Kathleen Pirollo (Para. 14)

the result of the experiment (Para. 18): The mice died of old age, cancer-free.

The methodology:

use liposomes to discover a gene called p53 (Para. 15)

adding functioning p53 to cancer cells can resensitize tumors to cancer treatments. (Para. 16)

attached to lipsomes an antibody fragment which will be received by the cells (Para. 17)

experiment to prove this discovery (Para. 18);

6) What are the problems and promising future?

Tips: (Para.19-21)

5. Detailed studies (30 minutes)

Show the meaning and usage with the help of the slide.

new blood: n, new member, new comer (=fresh blood)

We need to bring in some new blood to brighten up our image.

The company certainly needs some fresh blood with new ideas.

emit: v. to give out; to make a sound

Madam Curie found that radium emitted a faint blue light.

The face of the girl turned white and she emitted a low moan.

Revert to: to return to a previous state

If you revert to your eating habit, youll put on weight again.

The house reverted to its former state of wreck.

Usher: v, to lead sb politely to some place

The waitress ushered us to our seats reserved.

Mr. Johnson himself ushered us into his office.

tack on: to add

She tacked a ribbon on to her hat.

Its a tragic play but with a happy ending tacked on.

Probe:

n,

The surgeon examined his stomach with a probe.

There is congressional probe into price fixing.

v, to explore with or as if with a probe

The surgeon probed a wound to find its extent.

She tried to probe my mind and discover what I was thinking.

riddlewith: to be full of; to make a lot of holes with sth

The soccer team produced a disappointing performance riddled with errors.

A gunman riddled the facade of the building with bullets.

home in on: to move or lead toward a goal

A large insect was homing in on his neck.

The investigators were homing in on the truth.

Initiate: v, fml, to make sth. Start

The large company initiated a management training programme for its personnel.

We shall initiate urgent discussions with our trade partners.

malignant: a virulent

Fortunately, after the test, his tumor was benign, not malignant.

She was in despair when she learned about a malignant growth of her tumor.

Advanced:

adj

far along in course or time

progressive

of high level

The old man is so optimistic and energetic that we can never imagine him to be a patient with advanced lung cancer.

They have developed an advanced communications system.

She had difficulty learning advanced mathematics.

live up to: to satisfy; to fufill

He works very hard to live up to his parents expectations.

The boy was very happy because his father had lived up to the promise that the family would go to the amusement park if he had a good performance in the final exam.

6. Reading techiniques for EST (25 minutes)

Ask the students to learn and practice the techniques.

Compound Words

1.

a) + computer capacity

b) + synchronous orbit

c) + combined carbon

d) + altitude charging

e) + dynamic programming

f) industrial distribution equipment

2.

a) //+ red-hot

b) /+ high-frequency

c) //+-ed medium-sized

d) ///+ well-equipped

e) out-of-date

3.

a) +/+ point-and-click

b) + sign-on

c) + mass-produce

7. Translation techniques for EST (25 minutes)


1.

deep space

2.

hertz

e-mail

3.

Kuru

4.

IBM system IBM

8. Assignments and exercises (20 minutes)

1) Reading: the development of nanotechnology

2) Exercises after each lecture

3) Writing: Write a brief report about the appliance of nanotech. (500 words)

4) Self-study of Text B and its exercises

. . 2011. .

Unit 3 Genetic Engineering

Text A Human ES Cells head toward the clinic

4

1. Learn something about Genetics Engineering

2. Understand the structure of the text and the devices for developing it.

3. Grasp some keys words, phrases and some useful sentence patterns.

Teaching emphasis: 1. 2. key words, phrases and some useful sentence patterns;

Teaching difficulties: Genetics Engineering

Teaching method: lecture with pair work and group discussion


1. .. .2001.

2. ...2000.

3. ...2001.

On-line resources: English on line




3 Text organization (10 minutes)

4 Text comprehension ( 35 minutes)

5 Detailed studies (30 minutes)

6 Reading Techiniques for EST (25 minutes)

7 Translation Techiniques for EST (25 minutes)

8 Assignment and Exercise ( 20 minute)

IITeaching Steps


Ask the students to discuss the following question.

What can a person do if he is told that he got sick and might not walk for ever?

Options: taking drugs? Do a surgery? ES cells therapy


Ask students to discuss, finding out the connotations of these terms.

Stem Cells

Stem cells are biological cells found in all multicellular organisms.

They can divide and differentiate into diverse specialized cell types and can self-renew to produce more stem cells.

In mammals, there are two broad types of stem cells: embryonic stem cells, and adult stem cells, which are found in various tissues.

In adult organisms, stem cells act as a repair system for the body, replenishing adult tissues.

In a developing embryo, stem cells can differentiate into all the specialized cells (these are called pluripotent cells), but also maintain the normal turnover of regenerative organs, such as blood, skin, or intestinal tissues.

Embryonic stem (ES) cells

1 derived from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst

2 can can be grown in their undifferentiated state

3 be capable of differentiating into all cells of the adult body.

Pluripotent, embryonic stem cells originate as inner cell mass (ICM) cells within a blastocyst.

These stem cells can become any tissue in the body, excluding a placenta. Only cells from an earlier stage of the embryo are able to become all tissues in the body.

Stem cell division and differentiation

A: stem cell;

B: progenitor cell;

C: differentiated cell;

1: symmetric stem cell division;

2: asymmetric stem cell division;

3: progenitor division;

4: terminal differentiation

A:

B

C

1:

2:

3:

To ensure self-renewal, stem cells undergo two types of cell division. Symmetric division gives rise to two identical daughter cells both endowed with stem cell properties. Asymmetric division, on the other hand, produces only one stem cell and a progenitor cell with limited self-renewal potential. Progenitors can go through several rounds of cell division before terminally differentiating into a mature cell.

The value of hES cells in recovering spinal cord injuries

Highly plastic adult stem cells are routinely used in medical therapies, for example in bone marrow transplantation.

Embryonic cell lines have also been proposed as promising candidates for future therapies.

Diseases and conditions where stem cell treatment is promising or emerging. Bone marrow transplantation is, as of 2009, the only established use of stem cells.

This passage talks about the possibility of the clinical trial of ES cells therapy in recovering SCI.

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is an insult to the spinal cord resulting in a change, either temporary or permanent, in its normal motor, sensory, or autonomic function.

Patients with spinal cord injury usually have permanent and often devastating neurologic deficits and disability.

Cells culture

Stem cells can now be artificially grown and transformed (differentiated) into specialized cell types with characteristics consistent with cells of various tissues such as muscles or nerves through cell culture.

Typically, stem cells have been maintained using tissue culture methods that essentially date from the 1950s.

In particular, they are often "fed" using mouse embryonic fibroblasts ("feeder cells") while being simultaneously suspended in a nutrient solution ("media").

However, many scientists are recognizing the importance of using media that is completely free of animal ingredients. This not only liberates cell lines from animal feeder cells, but also brings the in vivo therapeutic use of stem cells one step closer to reality.

3. Text organization (10 minutes)

Ask students to discuss, finding out the organization of the text.

Part One: paras.1-6

Although hES cells hold promise for the clinic, they still carry some risks in practice that discourage most groups from clinical trials except one companyGeron.


Keirstead and his colleagues have chosen spinal cord injuries as the first trial and carried out several experiments with the main purpose to indicate that the treatment can be safe.


Some potential problems may turn up with the clinical trials, such as improper differentiation, tumor formation, animal contamination and new mutations in culture.


There is still a long way to go before cell therapies come onto the stage.

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4. Text comprehension ( 35 minutes)

Ask the students to read the text and discuss the following questions.

1 Who is James Langevin?

2 What is James Langevin's plea?

3 Why did he plead with his colleagues to vote with him?

4 what is stem cell research?

5 what is the strength of the stem cell research/ hES cells?

6 what are the problems of the stem cell research/ hES cells?

7 What do people think of hES cell therapy?

8 What makes Geron feel confident in the plan?

9 What is the experiment conducted by Keirstead?

10 What are the problems for the clinical trial?

Explain the the pattern problem+solution+evaluation

Para 15-17

problem: It will spur the tumor formation.

solution: Putting in the specialized cells rather than the naive cells.

evaluation: If the animals live for a year without the signs of teraomas, he will feel confident that the cells are safe to try it in humans.

Para 18-20

problem: To date, almost all hES cell lines have been exposed to animal products, which may introduce

animal viruses into patients.

solution: growing these cells for more than 1 year without any feeder cells

evaluation: Geron can demonstrate that its cells are uncontaminated.

5. Detailed studies (30 minutes)

Show the meaning and usage with the help of the slide.

plead with: to ask for; to beg

He pleaded with her to stay, but she refused.

I was surprised that she pleaded with me to go to see the film.

trait: characteristic

Generosity is one of his personality traits.

Its a genetic trait that causes her deafness at an early age.

caution: v fml to warn

The policeman cautioned the prisoners not to play any trick.

Researchers cautioned that the drug is only partially effective.

plausible: adj likely to be true, reasonable

A bomb was the only plausible explanation for the plane crash.

The story was plausible but that didnt necessarily mean it was true.

tackle: v to deal with; to handle

I dont think I can tackle the problem until next week.

Well have to tackle the informal essay at the end of this term.

circumvent: v fml to avoid cleverly; to bypass

Ships are registered abroad to circumvent employment and safety regulations.

Motorists attempted to circumvent traffic jams.

highlight: v to emphasize

The report on the traffic accident just highlights the importance of safety.

Could you please highlight the problems of urban poverty at the meeting?

culture: v to grow in a specially prepared nutrient medium

Scientists have succeeded in culturing these microorganisms in the lab.

Sometimes you cannot tell a cultured pearl from the one growing in an oyster.

exotic: a from outside; foreign

Now there are various kinds of exotic fruits on our markets.

Have you ever seen these exotic tropical plants?

prerequisite: n prior condition

This course is a prerequisite to more advanced studies.

Public support is a prerequisite for/ to the success of the project.

prerequisite course

Prerequisite Programs

6. Reading techiniques for EST (25 minutes)


Abbreviation ()

1.

cpd-- compound

maths-- mathematics

2.

AMPS -- advanced mobile phone system)

3.

NATO-- North Atlantic Treaty Organization

7. Translation techniques for EST (25 minutes)


1. Conversion ()

a) ---

The addition of 2 percent sodium carbonate to boiling water increase the bactericide effect.

b) ---

The study of the brain is one of the last frontiers of human knowledge and of much more immediate importance than understanding the infinity of space or the mystery of the atom.

c) --

The pupil of the eye responds to the changes of light intensity.

2. Amplification ()

semi-permanent coupler

infinite adjustment

adjustmentspeed adjustment

3. Omission

Best varieties have good resistance to loading.

8. Assignments and exercises (20 minutes)

Text A: Exercises

Text B: Self-study

Discussion: Discuss a brief report about the concerns about the hES cells research

. . 2011.

Unit 4

Text A 10 Hottest Technologies of the Year

4 periods

1. Analyzing 10 Hottest Telecom Technologies of the Year.

2. Mastering the key language points and grammatical structures in the text.


4. Mastering the reading skill of blending and translating skill of comparative degree.

Teaching emphasis: Understanding 10 hottest telecom technologies of the year


Teaching difficulties: Mastering the reading skill of blending and translating skill of comparative degree



. . 2011. .




3. Reading skill of blending (12 minutes)

4. Translating skill of nominalization (12 minutes)


IITeaching Steps


1). Can you name some of the hot telecom technologies?

2). Telecom technologies have developed rapidly in China. Can you give an example of a dramatic technological change?

3). How do telecom technologies influence our daily life?



Part One: paras.1-3

The industry is thinking technology again and its time to check out 10 hottest technology picks for the year.


PacketCable Multimedia sets cable operators offering from a basic telephony service from an ILEC .


Wi-Fi roaming technology allows wireless user to wander from a narrowband cellular network onto a broadband Wi-Fi network without changing handsets.


Meshed networks provide city-or metro-wide broadband wireless coverage without requiring wired backhauls.


With the advent of hosted BoIP telephone, users will be able to manege all their calling feature over a web-based interface and gain access to productivity-enhancing applications.

Part Six: paras. 20-23

Active Ethernet is offered as as alternative to PON and it leverages the best of Ethernet and IP.

Step 2. Related Information

1) Telecommunications Magazine:

Telecommunications Magazine is owned by Horizon House, Inc. It is the global authority on the business of telecom. Through monthly print magazines, Telecommunications Americas and Telecommunications International and their website and a series of push e-mail products, interactive webinars and live events, Telecommunications plays a leading role in informing agenda-setting service providers around the globe on the technology and business issues that affects their businesses, their networks and their bottom lines.

2) VoIP()(Para.4):

VoIP (Voice over IP) is an IP telephony term for a set of facilities used to manage the delivery of voice information over the Internet. VoIP involves sending voice information in digital form in discrete packets rather than by using the traditional circuit-committed protocols() of the public switched telephone network (PSTN). A major advantage of VoIP and Internet telephony is that it avoids the tolls charged by ordinary telephone service.

3) ILEC()(Para.4):

An ILEC (incumbent local exchange carrier) is a telephone company in the U.S. that was providing local service when The Telecommunications Act of 1996 was enacted. ILECs include the former Bell operating companies (BOCs) which were grouped into holding companies known collectively as the regional Bell operating companies (RBOCs) when the Bell System was broken up by a 1983 consent decree. ILECs are in contradistinction to CLEC (competitive local exchange carriers).

4) DOCSIS()(Para.6):

Now known as CableLabs Certified Cable Modems, DOCSIS (Data Over Cable Service Interface Specifications) is a standard interface for cable modems, the devices that handle incoming and outgoing data signals between a cable TV operator and a personal or business computer or television set. DOCSIS 1.0 was ratified by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU-TS) in March of 1998. AlthoughDOCSIScontinues to be used, the newer name emphasizes that the standard is now being used to certify the products of cable modem makers.

5) SIP(Para.6:)

SIP, short for Session Initiation Protocol (), is an application-layer control protocol; a signaling protocol for Internet Telephony. SIP can establish sessions for features such as audio/videoconferencing, interactive gaming, and call forwarding to be deployed over IP networks, thus enabling service providers to integrate basic IP telephony services with Web, e-mail, and chat services. In addition to user authentication, redirect and registration services, SIP Server supports traditional telephony features such as personal mobility, time-of-day routing and call forwarding based on the geographical location of the person being called.

6) Wi-FI(Para.9):

Wi-Fi, short for wireless fidelity(), is a term for certain types of wireless local area network (WLAN) that use specifications in the 802.11 family. The term Wi-Fi was created by an organization called the Wi-Fi Alliance, which oversees tests that certify product interoperability.A product that passes the alliance tests is given the label Wi-Fi certified. Wi-Fi has gained acceptance in many businesses, agencies, schools, and homes as an alternative to a wired LAN. Many airports, hotels, and fast-food facilities offer public access to Wi-Fi networks. These locations are known as hot spots. Many charge a daily or hourly rate for access, but some are free. An interconnected area of hot spots and network access points is known as a hot zone.

7) PDA(Para.9):

PDA (personal digital assistant)()is a handheld computer for managing contacts, appointments and tasks. It typically includes a name and address database, calendar, to-do list and note taker, which are the functions in a personal information manager. Wireless PDAs may also offer e-mail, Web browsing and cellular phone service. Data are synchronized between the PDA and desktop computer via a cabled or wireless connection.

8) Meshed Wireless Network()(Para.13):

Meshed Wireless Network is a wireless network that relies on all the nodes in the network to propagate signals. Although the wireless signal starts out at some base station (access point) attached to the wired network, a wireless mesh network extends the transmission distance by relaying the signal from one active device to another. Although this type of network has been used on the battlefield for path diversity for years, it is used today for sensor networks and can be used for personal computers.

9) IP()(Para.17):

IP (short for Internet Protocol) specifies the format of packets, also called datagrams, and the addressing scheme. Most networks combine IP with a higher-level protocol called Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), which establishes a virtual connection between a destination and a source.

IP by itself is something like the postal system. It allows you to address a package and drop it in the system, but theres no direct link between you and the recipient. TCP/IP, on the other hand, establishes a connection between two hosts so that they can send messages back and forth for a period of time. The current version of IP is IPv4. A new version, called IPv6, is under development.

10) softswitch(Para.18):

Softswitch() is also called a proxy gatekeeper, call server, call agent, media gateway controller, or switch controller. Softswitch is used to bridge a public switched telephone network and voice over Internet by separating the call control functions of a phone call from the media gateway (transport layer). Softswitch performs call control functions such as protocol conversion, authorization, accounting and administration operations.

11) ATT(Para.19):

ATT() is the largest long distance carrier in the U.S. and leading provider of business networks and services. Founded in 1885 as American Telephone and Telegraph Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of American Bell Telephone Company, its telephone service, eventually reaching coast-to-coast, made it the largest corporation in America.

Step 3. Language Points

1) inkling: n.

a. a slight hint or indication

--Can you give me some inkling of the technological trend?

b. a slight understanding or vague idea or notion

--I have no inkling of what he has lectured.

2) slash

a. cut with sweeping strokes;

b. beat severely with a whip or rod

c. cut open

--She slashed her wrists

d. cut drastically

--Most will have to slash spending, or increase taxes, or do both.

slashing

3) be on the horizon,

--These exist only on the horizon, and they are less easy to assess and measure.

--There are new problems on the horizon, just beyond those oil platforms offshore.

4) vogue [vu] n.

the popular taste at a given time

a current state of general acceptance and use

in vogue out of vogue

--Leather is the latest vogue.

--A new vogue in caps seemed to have set in.

--Society should rejoice that greenery is in vogue.

5) set/distinguish/tell A apart from B

--Competence, commitment and character are what set us apart from the competition.

--It's set apart from other bridges by its curves that provide different perspectives of the landscapes.

: separate, split, divorce, dissociate from

6) position

in a great position:

in a position to:

--He is in a position to know the intention of the railroad.

7) prioritize [prai'ritaiz, 'prairi-]

v. assign a priority to

--to prioritize his personal goals

--to prioritize the agricultural programs

--Housing is prioritized in the city councils financial budget.

8) latency ['leitnsi] n.

a. (computer science) the time it takes for a specific block of data on a data track to rotate around to the read/write head

b. the state of being not yet evident or active

latency time

adj. latent

--Nowadays, bandwidth and transferring latency are still the bottlenecks of Internet.

--A latency period is the length of time between catching a disease and showing signs having caught it.

9) leverage ['li:vrid, 'le-] v.

a. supplement with leverage

b. provide with leverage

Leveraging their existing PacketCable and DOCSIS network infrastructure,

IPPacketCable DOCSIS

thats not stopping a group of pioneering vendors and service providers from offering an alternative that leverages the best of Ethernet and IP.

IP

n.

--Since its inception, the company through investment projects, attracting a lot of capital and played a better financial leverage.

10) seamless ['si:mlis] adj.

a. not having or joined by a seam or seams seamless stockings

b. perfectly consistent and coherent the novel's seamless plot

--I don't think that I will fail because I have a seamless plan.

--Seamless steel industry experts said China would also experience a more severe test.

--Cooperative network based on value chain should realize seamless marketing management.

11) patent ['ptnt]

n. an official document granting a right or privilege

national patent

patent law

patent application

patent protection

v. obtain a patent for

--His company, Synthetic Genomics, based in San Diego, plans to patent the new bug.

12) spectrum ['spektrm] n.

a. an ordered array of the components of an emission or wave

b. broad range of related values or qualities or ideas or activities

--The system divides the frequency spectrum of a physical system or phenomenon.

--The primary colors of the spectrum of a signal into a number of bands.

--A whole spectrum of techniques is employed to do this job.

13) in the event of

--Call the police in the event of an emergency.

--In the event of his death, his daughter will inherit the money.

--In the event of war, Iran's allies would probably be used to attack US forces in the country.

14) make sense: v.

be reasonable or logical or comprehensible

--Does a tax on junk food make sense?

--But it does not make sense for the people of poor countries to finance consumers in the richest.

15) with the advent of

with the advent/coming/appearance of

--With the advent of a new semester, I'm full of ambitions.

--With the advent of buyer's market , the market competence will be drastic than ever.

--With the advent of tourisms Tibetan handicrafts and costumes are now becoming more popular.

16) not to mention ;;() without mentioning

--That sounds terrible! Not to mention I thought variety was supposed to be good for you.

--So more steel mills and chemical plants mean more acid rain and smog, not to mention global warming.

17) premise [pri'maiz, 'premis] n.

a statement that is assumed to be true and from which a conclusion can be drawn

on the premise (that)

--Advice to investors was based on the premise that interest rates would continue to fall.

Step 4. Content questions

1) What benefits can PacketCable Multimedia bring to subscribers?

By using the PCMM specification, cable operators can enhance a users broadband experience by prioritizing or reserving bandwidth for latency-sensitive or feature-rich applications.

2) What are the six main elements that compose PCMM?

The six main elements are IP endpoints, cable modem, CMTS, record keeping server, policy server and an application manager.

3) What important benefits can Wi-Fi bring to wireless users?

Wi-Fi can help wireless users save time, increase productivity and improve overall communications.

4) Which companies are building dual-band, dual-mode devices?

Avaya, Motorola and Proxim are working together to build dual-band, dual-mode devices.

5) What is the essence of mesh network?

In essence, mesh networks provide city- or metro-wide broadband wireless coverage without requiring wired backhaul from every access point.

6) What benefits can Hosted VoIP bring to enterprise users?

The users will be able to manage all their calling features over a web-based interface and to gain access to productivity-enhancing applications.

7) What are the advantages of Active Ethernet compared with Passive Optical Network?

Active Ethernet has more active devices than a PON does.

8) What are the advantages of Active Ethernet compared with PON?

Compared with PON, Active Ethernet means bandwidth flexibility and lower cost per subscriber.

3. The reading skillblending (12 minutes)

Blending ()

1) +

Chunnel (channel+tunnel)

2) +

Copytron (copy+technology)

3) +

Autocamp (automobile+camp)

4) +

Biotech (biology+technology)

4. The translating skillcomparative degree (12 minutes)

1)

2) +than

Morethan:

Less than

3) +

much,far, even, still, a bit, a little, yet,

4) more and more

5) the morethe more



. . 2011.

Unit 5

Text A Your Next Computer

4 periods

1. Analyzing Your Next Computer.



4. Mastering the reading skill of derivative and translating skill of non-finite verb.

Teaching emphasis: Understanding your next computer


Teaching difficulties: Mastering the reading skill of derivative and translating skill of non-finite verb



. . 2011. .







IITeaching Steps


1). Do you know anything about the brief history of mobile phones?

2). Nowadays most college students have got a mobile phone. What do you think about this?

3). Do you really think mobile phones will be our next computer? If yes, reason out or give some examples.



Part One: paras.1-3

Now people spend countless/many hours using their mobile phones Internet connection to download, check or send messages.


There are 1.5 billion cell phones in the world today, more than three times the number of PCs. The emergence of mobile phone around the world has been slow but overwhelmingly momentous.


As our phones get smarter, smaller and faster and enable users to connect at high speed, it has, in one sense, already turned into the next computer.


The future mobile phones one day could actually perform many of the functions of PC, like word processing and Web browsing.


Our cell phones arent likely to take the fastest road to its bright future. Innovation in the mobile industry is full of zigzags and wrong turns, but one day well leave all PCs behind.


1The brief history of mobile phones

The first call also made by someone was also Martin Cooper to his rival Joel Engel of Bell Laboratories. Martin Cooper, a Motorola researcher and executive, was the key researcher on Mitchell's team that developed the first hand-held mobile telephone for use on a cellular network. Using a somewhat heavy portable handset, Cooper made the first call on a handheld mobile phone on 3 April 1973 to his rival, Dr. Joel S. Engel of Bell Labs. Martin Cooper, a Motorola researcher and executive, was the key researcher on Mitchell's team that developed the first hand-held mobile telephone for use on a cellular network. Using a somewhat heavy portable handset, Cooper made the first call on a handheld mobile phone on 3 April 1973 to his rival, Dr. Joel S. Engel of Bell Labs.

The new invention sold for $3,995 and weighed two pounds, leading to the nickname "the brick".

(The world's first commercial automated cellular network was launched in Japan by NTT in 1979, initially in the metropolitan area of Tokyo. In 1981, this was followed by the simultaneous launch of the Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) system in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden. Several countries then followed in the early to mid-1980s including the UK, Mexico and Canada.)

On 6 March 1983, the DynaTAc mobile phone launched on the first US 1G network by Ameritech, taking over a decade to hit the market. The phone had a talk time of just half an hour and took ten hours to charge. Consumer demand was strong despite the battery life, weight, and low talk time, and waiting lists were in the thousands.

(The first commercial mobile phone went on sale in 1983. It was the Motorola DynaTAC 8000X. It only boasted one hour of talk time and eight hours of standby time. )

In 1991, the second generation (2G) cellular technology was launched in Finland by Radiolinja on the GSM standard, which sparked competition in the sector as the new operators challenged the incumbent 1G network operators.

Mobile phones based on 2G technology were much smaller than the huge mobile phones from 1G technology of the 80s. They were also much lighter than their predecessors. Advances in battery technology as well as computer chip technology also helped make 2G mobile phones much smaller than the 1G mobile phones.With these new innovations to the mobile phones the popularity of mobile phones soared. 2G technology also brought new features to mobile phones such as SMS and email

Ten years later, in 2001, the third generation (3G) was launched in Japan by NTT DoCoMo on the WCDMA standard. This was followed by 3.5G, 3G+ or turbo 3G enhancements based on the high-speed packet access (HSPA) family, allowing UMTS networks to have higher data transfer speeds and capacity.

By 2009, it had become clear that, at some point, 3G networks would be overwhelmed by the growth of bandwidth-intensive applications like streaming media. Consequently, the industry began looking to data-optimized 4th-generation technologies, with the promise of speed improvements up to 10-fold over existing 3G technologies. The first two commercially available technologies billed as 4G were the WiMAX standard (offered in the U.S. by Sprint) and the LTE standard, first offered in Scandinavia by TeliaSonera.

Third generation mobile phones is the technology that is currently available today and it is commonly referred to as 3G.

3G is not necessarily a rigid standard but is a set of requirements that most networks and mobile phone providers follow. There are two main requirements for 3G networks. They include 2 Megabits of maximum data rate for indoor use and 384 kbits for outdoor use.

For example SMS is available and some 3G phones also offer email and internet access.

Currently technologies are continuing to improve and new innovations such as streaming radio and streaming television as well as Wifi are currently breaking into the market

OPERATORS your options? China Mobile?

The world's largest individual mobile operator by subscribers is China Mobile with over 500 million mobile phone subscribers. Over 50 mobile operators have over 10 million subscribers each, and over 150 mobile operators had at least one million subscribers by the end of 2009. In February 2010, there were 6 billion mobile phone subscribers, a number that is expected to grow.

Manufacturers: your options?

Prior to 2010, Nokia was the market leader.

In the first quarter 2012, based on Strategy Analytics, Samsung surpassed Nokia sold by 93.5 million units and 82.7 million units, respectively. Standard & Poor's has also downgraded Nokia to 'junk' status at BB+/B with negative outlook due to high loss and still declined with growth of Lumia smartphones was not sufficient to offset a rapid decline in revenue from Symbian-based smartphones over the next few quarters.

Top Five Worldwide Total Mobile Phone Vendors, Q4 2012

Rank

Manufacturer

Gartner

IDC

1

Samsung

22.7%

23.0%

2

Nokia

18.0%

17.9%

3

Apple

9.2%

9.9%

4

ZTE

3.4%

3.6%

5

LG

3.2%

-

5

Huawei

-

3.3%

Others

43.5%

42.3%

Note: Vendor shipments are branded shipments and exclude OEM sales for all vendors

Other manufacturers outside the top five include TCL Communication, Lenovo, Sony Mobile Communications, Motorola.

Smaller current and past players include Karbonn Mobile, Audiovox (now UTStarcom), BenQ-Siemens, Casio, CECT, Coolpad, Fujitsu, HTC Corporation, Just5, Kyocera, Micromax Mobile, Mitsubishi Electric, Modu, NEC, Neonode, Openmoko, Panasonic, Palm, Pantech Wireless Inc., Philips, Qualcomm Inc., Research In Motion, Sagem, Sanyo, Sharp, Sierra Wireless, SK Teletech, Soutec, Trium, Toshiba, and Vidalco.

197343 1.13

19831013Ameritech ?Soldier Field DynaTAC 8000X23995

3200 ()

19873200DynaTAC 8000X

8900

89008019952

328c

328c

3210199920008210

Global System of Mobile communicationGSM20010GSMGSM"" GSM GSM (2G) GSM3GPP

GSM

GH337GSMGH337220g1304924mm900MHzGSM

1G are analog networks and 2G are digital networks. This enabled quicker network signaling and increased the call quality.

2) iPod(Para.4)

The iPod is a brand of portable media players designed and marketed by Apple Computer in 2001 for Mac and in 2002 for Windows. The iPods are noted for their user interface, originally featuring a circular scroll() wheel that later became touch sensitive and clickable. For downloading and battery charging, connection is made to the computer via FireWire or USB.

The iPod is currently the worlds best-selling digital audio player and its worldwide mainstream adoption makes it one of the most popular consumer brands.

The combination of sound quality, sleek() design and unique user interface made the iPod a hit, causing an entire industry of accessories to emerge almost overnight.

The hard disk iPod is a multimedia device, which plays audio and video and displays photos. It also includes an address book and calendar, and vendors have developed games and many other applications for it.

3) PalmOne(Para.7)

Palm is a market leader in smartphones, handhelds(), software and accessory solutions. You can create a mobile lifestyle with you Palm Treo smartphone powered by the Palm OS or Windows Mobile platform or a Palm handheld, powered by Palm OS.

Palm is the handheld market leader in areas such as mobile business, healthcare, education and government and will continue to extend that lead by delivering compelling business and enterprise mobile information-management solutions, business-focused hardware and software products, robust service and support, and innovative market-leading alliances with developers and solutions providers.


1) pop up: to appear, sometimes unexpectedly

--Click here, and a list of files will pop up.

--She is one of those film stars who pops up everywhere, on TV, in magazine, on Broadway.

2) hang in there []

hang on

hang out

hang up

hang out with

hang around with

hang together

hang over

hang from

hang onto

get the hang of

--Hang in there and you never know what is achievable.

--A constant threat of unemployment hangs over thousands of university researchers.

--It's a bit tricky at first till you get the hang of it.

3) indulge: v. to let someone do or have sth. That someone enjoys, esp. sth. That is considered bad for someone

--My aunt indulges the children dreadfully.

--Eva had never been one to indulge in self-pity.

--His father sometimes indulges in a cigarette.

vt. meet, fulfill, fill, please, baby

vi. luxuriate, to satisfy

indulge

adv. indulgently

n. indulgence

indulging

4) come into:

a. If someone comes into some money, some property, or a title, they inherit it. [no passive]

--My father has just come into a fortune in diamonds.

b. If someone or something comes into a situation, they have a role in it. [no passive]

--We don't really know where Hortense comes into all this, Inspector.

5flavor ['fleiv] n.

the general atmosphere of a place or situation

the taste experience when a savory condiment is taken into the mouth

--You might even choose your flavor -cherry or strawberry, for example.

--On a shelf nearby is coffee, already packed cans to preserve its flavor.

6) grind :

a. If you grind a substance such as corn, you crush it between two hard surfaces or with a machine until it becomes a fine powder.

--Store the peppercorns in an airtight container and grind the pepper as you need it.

b. If a vehicle grinds somewhere, it moves there very slowly and noisily. ()

--Tanks had crossed the border at five fifteen and were grinding south. 515

7) roll out: to produce in large quantities, spread out

--Quaratone helped Ellis roll out the plans.

--The company will roll out new user-friendly graphic software.

--The factory rolls out 300 boxes of its products every day.

roll in

roll up

roll on

roll over

roll into

8) dwarf [dw:f] n. a person who is markedly small

--He is a giant academically but a dwarf in everyday matter.

v. make appear small by comparison

--On one antitrust issue, though, the transatlantic gulf has been unusually wide: how to deal with firms with a market share so large as to dwarf their rivals.

9) in a sense

make sense

make sense of

no sense

in the sense of

narrow sense

in a broad sense

sense organ

sense of smell

sixth sense

sense of responsibility

sense of humor

sense of belonging

sense of beauty n.

sense of direction

common sense

--In this sense, the universe is self-contained.

--You hope people make some sense out of it and use it.

--Income disparity can breed a healthy sense of competition.

--That is why it makes sense to minimise the risk of conflict now.

10) eclipse:

n. cause an eclipse of (a celestial body) by intervention

--What causes the eclipse of the sun?

v. exceed in importance; outweigh

--The company has eclipsed all other issues during this election campaign.

Channel 5s tremendous line-up of TV programes has eclipsed its competitors best efforts.

11) trot out v. bring out and show for inspection and admiration

: show off, cut a swath

--He trotted out his best china.

--The student trotted out his knowledge.

--His novel trots out a rich heiress; always able to trot out some new excuse.

12) launch [l:nt, l:nt] v.

a. set up or found

b. propel with force

c. begin with vigor

d. get going

--It takes courage to launch into a new business in these difficult times.

--The municipal government will launch an extensive public works program next year.

13) a good run for one's money: a good right, a hard struggle

--Although our team failed to win the game, they gave the other team a run for their money.

--We are going to give the other candidate a run for their money.

14) shrink [rik] v.

a. wither; draw back, as with fear or pain

b. reduce in size; 3. decrease in size, range, or extent

--Hot water will shrink the sweater?

--Can you shrink this image?

--The government expects Irish GDP to shrink by 8% this year. 8%

--The IMF forecast that the world economy would shrink by 1.3% in 2009, the first global fall in 60 years. 20091.3%60

15) prophecy ['prfisi] n.

a. knowledge of the future (usually said to be obtained from a divine source)

b. a prediction uttered under divine inspiration

n.prediction, message

prophet

adj. prophetic

adv. prophetically

n. prophet prophetess

vi. prophesy

vt. prophesy

16) emit [i'mit] v.

a. expel (gases or odors)

b. give off, send forth, or discharge; as of light, heat, or radiation, vapor, etc.

c. express audibly; utter sounds (not necessarily words)

--Since they emit light directly, OLED displays do not need a backlight. OLED

--Earthquakes emit three types of waves which have their own characteristics.

--The new device emits a powerful circular column of light.

Step 4. Content questions

1) According to the passage, what can we do with a cell phone now?

By means of Internet connection, we can check sport, download new ringtones, watch TV, read books and magazine and play games, etc.

2) How do technological revolutions happen? And whats the result?

They appear in both fast and slow flavors. The emergence of them has changed our cultural background and the way we live and work.

3) What are the main features of todays cell phones?

With the capability of the processing power to send e-mail, browse the Web and take photos, our new cell phones are now turning into full-featured computerlike phones.

4) What is Jeff Hawkinss idea about coming innovation?

You phones would possess all the features of the computers and it seems that you are going to have the equivalent of a persistent TI line in your pocket.

5) Why do defenders object to the prophecy that PCs will disappear?

As mobile phones are getting smaller and smaller, people are not going to replace the full screen, mouse and key board experience with staring at a little screen. And whats more, with Wi-Fi technology equipped, its more convenient for the PC users to set up their temporary offices anywhere at any time.

6) What is the new technology applied into PDA?

Speech-recognition systems.

7) What is a projection keyboard? How does it work?

Such phone has got a laser inside it to emit the pattern of a large keyboard on a flat surface, and the phones camera perceives the users finger movements.

8) What are the problems the experts are faced with/

At present stage, our phones dont have enough processing power for speech recognition.

9) Do you think that mobile phones will improve the quality of our lives? Why or why not?

Omitted.

10) Why do we say that the mobile industry is full of zigzags and wrong turns?

Because the phone world has no open and single set of protocols for programers to build around.

3. The reading skillderivative (12 minutes)

Derivative

Microscope scope look

Monoraph graph written

4. The translating skillnon-finite verb (12 minutes)

1)

The MEMS part, made by Analog Devices Inc. of Wilmington, Massachusetts, and other firms, is a tiny chunk of silicon suspended in a cavity.

MEMS

2)

Squeezing fullerenes and nanotubes is unlikly to be an inexpensive, practical synthetic route.

squeezing fullerenes and nanotubes

3)

Materials to be used for structural purposes are chosen so as to behave elastically in the environmental conditions.

4)

At the same time the waves are fanning out, they are also separating b wavelength, a process known as dispersion.



. . 2011.

Unit 6

Text A Get Mean, Go Green

4 periods

1. Analyzing Get Mean, Go Green.



4. Mastering the reading skill of derivative and translating skill of non-finite verb.

Teaching emphasis: Understanding your next computer


Teaching difficulties: Mastering the reading skill of meaning guessing



. . 2011. .







IITeaching Steps


1What is computer? Can you give a definition now?

2How does computer help you? Please give us some example?

3Can you image the future computer?



Part 1 (1-2) Reversible computing is the key to unlocking the power of tomorrows computing platforms.

Part 2(3-9)Reasons why computing architectural changes are inevitable.

Part3 (10-13) when reversible computing will be largely adopted depends on their applications

Part4 (14-17) How reversible computing works.

Part5 (18)Conclusion: its time to investigate reversible computing further.


Computer

A computer is an electronic device that can receive a set of instructions, or program, and then carry out this program by performing calculations on numerical data or by manipulating other forms of information.

1642 The computer began as a calculating machine

1822 The Analytical Machine was made by Charles Babbage.,

1936Alan Turing() wrote a book to describe how computers could be made to work

1940s Computers had grown as large as a room.

1960s The first family of computers was connected to

each other.

1970sComputers were used in offices and homes

now Computers connect people all over the world

together.

The fifth-generation computer effort to develop computers that can solve complex problems in ways that might eventually merit the description creative is another trend in computer development, the ideal goal being true artificial intelligence. One path actively being explored is parallel-processing computing, which uses many chips to perform several different tasks at the same time. One important parallel-processing approach is the neural network, which mimics the architecture of the nervous system.

Another ongoing trend is the increase in computer networking,which now employs the worldwide data communications system of satellite and cable links to connect computers globally. These is also a great deal of research into the possibility of optical computershardware that processes not pulses of electricity but much faster pulses of light.


1. Algorithms ['lgr()m] n.

2. Architecture['ktekt] n.

3. advent

n.

4. Conversational adj.

5. Synthesis n.

6. Concatenation [knkt'nen]

7. put stock in

put little stock in

put great stock in

8.

9. assistant professor n.

()

10.where existing technology would falter:

11.

Reversible computers are computers that can calculate both forwards and backwards. They are based on reversible logic operations. Michael Frank indicates that reversible computers could potentially become thousands of times faster, more energy efficient, and more cost-effective than traditional approaches in the next few decades.

Reversible computing, the intellectual seeds of which date back to the early 1960s, means performing computation in such a way that any previous state of the computation can always be reconstructed given a description of the current state.

12. ease

vt.

n.

vi.

Examples: 1. The pain began to ease up.

2. I was struck with ease after finishing the article.

3. Doctors have temporarily removed about half of her skull to ease pressure.

13. WPS OfficeMicrosoft OfficeGoogle Docs

Oracle DatabaseSQL Server

CATIANXAutoCAD

Adobe PhotoshoppainterGIMPMAYASoftimage3DS MAXBlenderxsilight wavecineme 4dHoudini

after effectscombustiondigital fusionshakeflame

Internet ExplorerFirefoxChromeSafariOpera

ICQWindows Live MessengerUU callSkypeYahoo! MessengerQQAOL Instant Messenger

MPlayerRealPlayerGOM PlayerWMP

14. Come at a steep price

15.

16. 3.5x1020 power bit operations per second per watt:3.51020

17. 1017

18. boggle ['bl] v.

1. startle with amazement or fear

2. hesitate when confronted with a problem, or when in doubt or fear

3. overcome with amazement

vi.

vt.

n.

19.Switching

Routing device

Firewalling

Packet inspection

Virus checking

Application monitoring

Packet delay

20. Delivering those sorts of functions without packet delay will require the order of improvement in computing capabilities offered by reversible computing.

21. Backplane

A backplane (or "backplane system") is a group of electrical connectors in parallel with each other, so that each pin of each connector is linked to the same relative pin of all the other connectors forming a computer bus. It is used as a backbone to connect several printed circuit boards together to make up a complete computer system.



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Unit 7

Text A Location-Aware Networking: We Know Where You Are

4 periods

1. Analyzing Location-Aware Networking: We Know Where You Are.



4. Mastering the reading skill of post-attributive and translating skill of attributive clause.

Teaching emphasis: Understanding location-aware networking


Teaching difficulties: Mastering the reading skill of post-attributive and translating skill of attributive clause



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IITeaching Steps


1). Are you aware of location technologies? If yes, please give your partner a general introduction of these technologies?

2). What do you know about E911?

3). What will be the benefits and drawbacks if your location can be detected anywhere you go?



Part One: para.1

In the future, location-aware networking will present great opportunities for users and improve the security and effectiveness of Wi-Fi networks.


It summarizes the demand for location-aware technology due to wider application of VoIP and VoIP over Wi-Fi and E911 legislation and present deployment situation in the U. S..


It compares different location-aware technologies and summarizes the approaches for Wi-Fi vendors, which are through current access points, triangulation and RF fingerprinting.


Location-aware presence will improve Wi-Fi security in a number of ways.


1E911(Enhanced 911)(Para.2):

The wireless Enhanced 911(E911) rules seek to improve the effectiveness and reliability of wireless 911 service by providing 911 dispatchers with additional information on wireless 911 calls.

2) VoIp over Wi-Fi(Para.2):

Transmitting IP-based telephone calls (VoIP) over a Wi-Fi network. Voice over Wi-Fi (VoWi-Fi) provides enhancements to the 802.11 standards for handling the realtime environment of voice calls. With a single mode VoWi-Fi phone, users can make calls only within a Wi-Fi hot spot. With dual mode phones that support VoWi-Fi and a cellular carrier, calls can be made by the most expedient method.

3) ANI(Automatic Number Identification)(Para.4)():

ANI is a service that provides the receiver of a telephone call with the number of the calling phone. The method of providing this information is determined by the service provider (such as AT&T, MCI, Sprint, and so forth).The service is often provided by sending the digital tone multi frequency (DTMF) tones along with the call. Home users of ANI can screen callers.

ANI is commonly used by emergency center dispatchesrs to save the caller having to report the information and, when necessary, to help locate callers. A telephone companys 9-1-1 service to a public safety point usually includes the ANI feature.

In a call center, ANI displays the number of the calling party to the call center agent in real time. Among other things, the call center can use the information to forward calls to different people for different geographic areas.

4) Uniform Resource Identifiers(URIs)()(Para.9)

They are text strings that identify resources, or concepts. Commonly referred to as URLs, like the strings starting with http: or ftp: that you often find on the World Wide Web. They come in many forms (and are extensible, so that new forms can be created) and identify many things. Anyone can create a URI, and the ownership of them is clearly delegated(),so they form an ideal base technology with which to build a global Web on top of. In fact, the World Wide Web is such a thing: anything that has a URI is considered to be on the Web.

5) PSTN(Public Switched Telephone Network)()(Para.10)

It is the worlds collection of inetrconnected voice-oriented public networks, both commercial and government-owned. Its also referred to as the Plain Old Telephone Service. Its the aggregation() of circuit-switching telephone networks that has evolved from the days of Alexander Graham Bell.

Today, it is almost entirely digital in technology except for the final link form the central(local)telephone office to the user. In relation to the Internet, the PSTN actually furnishes much of the Internets long-distance providers for access to their infrastructure and share the circuits among many users through packet-switching. Internet users avoid having to pay usage tolls() to anyone other than their ISPs.

6) Triangulation()Para.15:

Triangulation is a process for determining the location of radio transmitter by measuring either the radical distance, or the direction, of the received signal form two or three different points. Triangulation is sometimes used in cellular() communications to pinpoint geographic position of a user.

7) RF fingerprintingPara.16):

Traditionally, there have been two approaches to location tracking: Closest AP and Triangulation.Today a third way, RF fingerprinting builds upon the earlier methods to provide granular,higher-resolution location to within a few meters.802.11

8) VLAN(Virtual Local Area Network)()(Para.18):

It is a network of computers that behave as of they are connected to the same wire even though they may actually be physically located on different segments of a local area network. VLANs are configured() through software rather than hardware, which makes them extremely flexible. One of the biggest advantages of VLANs is that when a computer is physically moved to another location, it can stay on the same VLAN without any hardware reconfiguration.


1) conventional: a. following what has been customary

--His opinions are rather narrow and conventional.

2) valid:a.

a. effective because made or done with correct formalities

--The tourists are prevented form entering a country if they do not have a valid passports.

b. (of arguments, reasons, etc.)well based or sound

--The newly appointed project manager raised valid objections to the original plan.

[antonym]:invalid

3) incapacitated: a. incapable of doing things

--An 83-year-old man suffered a series of heart attacks that left him incapacitated, and other medical problems soon developed.

incapacitate v.

4) infrastucture: n.

a. the basic facilities, services, and installations needed for the functioning of community or society

--The earthquake caused many people injured or dead and much infrastructure damage in Hainan province.

b. an underlying base or foundation esp. for an organization or a system.

--The economic infrastructure of China has been greatly enhanced since the adoption of reform and opening-up policy.

5corporate: a.of or belonging to a corporation

--Corporate bonds are issued by private utilities, transportation companies, industial enterprises, or banks and finance companies.

6) detect: v.The determined wife finally detected the three criminals who killed her husband 19 years ago.

--The young woman tried to escape detection by disguising as a man,but her fake passport was detected by the customs officer.

detection n.

detective a.& n.

detector n.

7) regulatory:

a. having the purpose of controlling an activity or process, esp. by rules.

--In the interest of lightening the regulatory burden on industry, the new administration of President.

--Ronald Reagan proposed sweeping changes in federal environmental policy.

b. being able to adjust

--The regulatory function of the central government cannot be seen so far as real estate market is concerned.

regulation n.

8) offset:v.to balance;to compensate for

--The girl had to offset his small income by living very economically since she wanted to save more for those needy students in the rural areas.

9) approximate:a.very near correct; about right

--As it was dark when the accident happened, the witness could only give an approximate description of the escaped driver.

10) interference:n.

a. the act or instance of hindering, obstructing or impeding

--The interference in other countries internal affairs will arouse international disputes.

b. (physics)the inhibition or prevention of clear reception of broadcast signals.

--The interference caused by mobile signals greatly enhanced the danger of the plane, which accounts for the reason why the fine of using mobile on plane is to be increased to about 2,000 yuan.

interfere v.

11) architect: n. person who designs and supervises the construction of buildings, etc.

--Innovative architects have turned Shanghai into a wonder of buildings.

12) susceptible: a. easily influenced by sth.

--The heavy use of emotional and other non-rational appeals to influence consumer buying patterns by television advertising will have tremendous influence upon the particularly susceptible children audience.

--It is said that susceptible young men will easily fall in love at the first sight, but such relationship usually wont last long.

3. The reading skillpost-attributive (12 minutes)

Post-attributive

1)

a. of

b. for

c. with

2)

--Cryptography also enables Bob to check that the message sent by Alice was not modified by Eve and that the message he receives was really sent by Alice.

3)

A player can use threats and promises to alter other players expectations of his future actions, and thereby induce them to take actions favorable to him or deter them from making moves that harm him.

4)

The air outside pressed the side in.

4. The translating skillattributive clause (12 minutes)

Attributive Clause ()

1)

In 1952scientists working with frogs transferred nulei into unfertilized eggs whose own nuclei had been removed.

1952

2)

A doctor cell is fused to the egg b pulses of electricity, which break down the donor cells outer membrane and allow the egg to envelope its new nucleus.



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Unit 8

Text A Designing Superhard Materials

4 periods

1. Understanding the hottest issues in the field of materials science.

2. Mastering the key language points and grammatical structures in the text


4. Mastering the translating skillAdverbial clause

Teaching emphasis: Mastering the language points and grammatical structures

Teaching difficulties: Mastering the translating skillAdverbial clause



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2. Detailed Study ( 145minutes)

3. Translating skills-Adverbial clause(24 minutes)


IITeaching Steps


1). Have a look at your clothes and tell what the materials are.

2). As far as you know, what is the hardest material in the world and what is the softest?

3). Why do you think some materials are hard while some others soft?

2. Detailed study (145 minutes)

Background information

1) structures of diamond and graphite

2) Sp3 and sp2 hybridizations

3) Youngs modulus

4) C3N4

5) Fullerene

6) Solid solution

7) Phase

8) Grain size

9) Index of refraction

Text organization:

Part one: para. 1 the design of superhard materials of both scientific and practical values.

Part two: pars.2-6 In designing superhard materials, the types of structural changes that a material can undergo under load has to be taken into account for a three-dimensional network composed of short, strong bonds is critical for hardness.

Part three: paras. 7-10 Two main approaches to the design of superhard materials, combining light elements and combining elements with very high densities of valence electrons and the respective developments,

Part four: paras.11-12 Although efforts have been made to design superhard materials which are likely to replace diamond altogether, the challenge of finding a superhard material will remain for years.

Language points:

1) analogous to: similar to in such a way as to permit the drawing of an analogy

e.g. the human heart is analogous to a pump.

2) cleave: v. to split with or as if with a sharp instrument; to cling, or stick fast

e.g. A blow of the whales tail cleft our boat into half.

We must cleave to our principles.

3) elastic: a. easily resuming original shape after being stretched or expanded

e.g. This swimming costume is made of elastic material.

4) bulk: n. the property possessed by a large mass; size, mass, or volume, especially when very large

e.g. Soil weight is referred to as soil bulk density.

Do they charge carriage by bulk or by weight?

5) with respect to: when we come to speak of

e.g. With respect to the recent flood, please report the number of sheep that were drowned.

6) hypothetical: a. supposed to be so; not yet proved to be true or known to have happened

e.g. Dont keep asking hypothetical questions!

7) solution: a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances, which may be solids, liquids, gases

An action or process of solving a problem; an answer to a problem

e.g. What color is copper su

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