Advanced Design System－ Fundamentals

Mao Wenjiewjmao@263.net

Main Topics in This Class

Topic 1: ADS and Circuit SimulationIntroduction

Topic 2: DC and AC SimulationsTopic 3: S-parameter SimulationTopic 4: E-Syn, Momentum and Transient

SimulationTopic 5: Harmonic BalanceTopic 6: Circuit Envelope SimulationTopic 7: Circuit and System Co-Simulation

ADS and Circuit Simulation Introduction

Topic 1:

Integrated Design Environment

A/DBaseband

DSP

I

Q

FrequencySynthesizer90

A/D

D/AAGC

From Synthesizer

Receiver Block

Circuit Envelope SimulationTransient SimulationHP Ptolemy Simulation

Here is ADS Simplified: 3 steps

Plot or list data & write equations.

Insert circuit & system components

and set up the simulation.

Layout / Momentum.Layout / Momentum.

Simulation results (data) are written to

a dataset.

Netlist is automatically sent to

the simulator.

STEP 1: design captureSTEP 2: Simulate

STEP 3: display the results

ADS Windows: Main, Schematic, Status, Data Display

Main window: manage projects and open other windows...

Data Display window:plots, lists, equations

Schematic window:create / refine circuits & run simulations...

Simulation Controller

Project Directory

Default Dataset

Sim

ulate

Display opens

Open a schematic

Main window: File , View, and more...Use icons or commands. However, not all commands have icons. But all icons have commands.

File commands:

View commands:

Zap projects

Spice or IFF

Examples directory

Click + box to expand or -box to collapse.

Schematic window

A new schematic becomes a.dsn file in the networks directory only after you save it.

Save your work often... All icons have labels (balloon help).

Also – use Window > Open Designs

Data Displays are powerful...

Write equations to manipulate data to be listed or plotted.

Markers have readout properties you can edit. Use cursor or arrow keys to move a marker.

Scroll through lists.

Explicit dataset..path if not default.

Traces can be edited for color and thickness.

View and zoom data.

Insert Templates.

DC and AC Simulations

Topic 2:

DC SimulationYou get steady-state DC voltages and currents according to Ohm’s Law: V= IR

• Capacitors = treated as ideal open circuits

• Inductors = treated as ideal short circuits

• Topology check: dc path to ground (if not => error message)

• Kirchoff’s Law satisfied: sum of node current = 0

• Convergence simulator algorithms (modes) can be set

DC simulation controller

Sweep: allows you to sweepa parameter but it must be defined as a variable. Note the dialog entry automatically puts quotes on the controller (screen) entry.

Simulation Controller and Editor (dialog box)

VAR

AC SimulationYou get linear small-signal response and you get Noise values:• DC analysis performed (unseen)• Nonlinear devices are linearized• Kirchoff’s Law satisfied: sum of node current = 0• Noise contributors defined and listed • Budget analysis available (for named nodes) • Signal voltages are peak - noise voltages are RMS

AC Simulation Controller

AC is a linear or small signal simulation and freq is usually set in the controller not the source.

Turn Noise on/off:yes / no.

Set on-screen parameters in the Display tab.

Set up the circuit & simulate with Noise

NOTE: Freq is a global variable.Here, Freq is controlled by the source. Use freq=freq, freq=10 MHz, or a variable: freq=F_RF.

Use ideal DC blockers.Vcc is a node name.

Vin and Vout nodes provide data (noise and voltage) for equations.

V_AC source voltage = 1 V, cosine wave.

MeasEqn:

Simulation results... Write the same equation in Data Display as you did in schematic. Then put it in a list.

Edit the traces on-screen: all are equal.

Two schematic MeasEqns: One Data Display eqn:

S-parameter Simulation

Topic 3:

S-parameters are Ratios

Results of an S-Parameter Simulation in ADS• Read the complex reflection coefficient (Gamma) • Change the marker readout for Zo• Read all four S-parameters• Smith chart plot: use for impedance matching (S11 and S22) • Similar to Network Analyzer measurements

• S11 - Forward Reflection (input match - impedance)• S22 - Reverse Reflection (output match - impedance)• S21 - Forward Transmission (gain or loss)• S12 - Reverse Transmission (isolation)

S-parameter ratios: S out / S in

These are easier to understand and simply plotted.

These are best viewed on a Smith chart (next slides).

Usually given in dB as 20 log of the voltage ratios of the waves at the ports: incident, reflected, or transmitted.

The Impedance Smith Chart simplified...

Bottom Half:Bottom Half:Capacitive Capacitive

Reactance (Reactance (--jxjx))

Top Half:Top Half:Inductive Inductive

Reactance (+Reactance (+jxjx))

OPENSHORT

This is an impedance chart transformed from rectangular Z. Normalized to 50 ohms, the center = R50+J0 or Zo (perfect match).For S11 or S22 (two-port), you get the complex impedance.

Circles of constant Resistance

Lines of constant Reactance (+jx above

and -jx below)Zo (characteristic impedance) = 50 + j0

25 50 100

Matching means:

Moving toward the center of the Smith Chart!

Add Series or Parallel (shunt)components. .

Adjust the value to move towardopen, short, L, C, orcenter of chart.

Series

L

Parallel CSeries C

Para

llel R

Parallel L

Serie

s R

S-Parameter Simulation ControllerDefault sweep = Freq

Sweep plan can also be used (see next slide). Either way, simulation data (S matrix) will be for the specified range and points.

The simulator requires port termination: Num = 1

Typical S-parameter plots: ADS data display

Plotted S21 in dB vs frequency Plotted S11 on a Smith Chart:note marker readout.

Complete S-matrix with port impedance

Note marker readout is x50.

NOTE: For example, you can write an equation for Z at Term (port 2), as freq changes >400MHz, Z = 35 Ohms.

E-Syn, Momentum and Transient Simulation

Topic 4:

Using E-SynWhat does E-Syn do?It makes it easy to create FILTERS and Matching Networks.

E-Syn user interface is a little different than the ADS interface. Also, you could use a Filter Design Guide instead of E-Syn. This may appear in future releases of ADS!

• You specify the TYPE of design, the RESPONSE, and the BAND.

• SYNTHESIZE the design and you get a selection of topologies and values.

• ANALYZE the design and plot the response in the ADS data display. Optimize if desired.

Quick S-parameter simulation

Using MomentumWhat is Momentum? E-M (electro-magnetic) solver using Method of Moments technique and Green’s functions to compute the current in planar structures, including vias and the coupling between surfaces.

Why use Momentum?• You have no accurate model for a passive layout.• You want to know the coupling effects between structures.• You want to optimize the layout real-estate, performance, etc.• Your other structure simulator takes too long to simulate!• You want to use the results in ADS simulations.

Example spiral meshed as a “strip”geometry.

Hole in ground plane is meshed as a “slot”, which is more efficient than meshing the entire ground plane.

MOM engine gives S-parameter results

Antenna patterns!

Transient simulation • Analysis performed in the Time Domain• Use any Source • Solutions use Newton_Raphson iterations• You get Amplitude vs. Time• Time Domain data can be transformed: FS

NOTE on Convolution:Frequency domain models (microstrip) can be brought into the time domain and converted to the time domain -then convolved with the time-domain input signal to obtain the time-domain output signal. The convolution tab in the transient simulator allows you to define methods and settings.

Transient simulation controller

Integration: step control & error (default:Fixed)

Time Step is critical !Time Step is critical ! Ignored if no TL’s

Setting the Transient Time Step

Use the Nyquist rule: Sample at 2 x or morethe rate of the highest frequency of interest:

To sample the fundamental (1900 MHz) plus harmonics,you must calculate @ 2 x (rate of highest harmonic desired).

1 / (2 x 15 x 1900MHz) = 17.54 picoseconds.

Start time: sampling beginsStop time: sampling endsTime step: sampling rate Sample @ 2 x BW

Setting the Transient Stop Time

For many circuits: stop time should allow for periodic - settling.

Stop Time

NOTE: Transient analysis can be tricky. Sampling before a circuit reaches steady state will not give correct results when transformed into the frequency domain. Also, you must use a time step that is a multiple of the frequencies of interest or the results will not be correct.

Start Time

Dataset

Transient simulation of 1900 MHz BPFMicrostrip coupled line filter with substrate and VtSine source.

Also calculate delay:

Harmonic Balance

Topic 5:

Harmonic Balance SimulationAnalyze circuits with Linear and Non-linear components:

• You define the tones, harmonics, and power levels• You get the spectrum: Amplitude vs. Frequency• Data can be transformed to time domain (ts function) • Solutions use Newton-Raphson technique• Krylov subspace method also available (large circuits) • Use only Frequency domain sources• Similar to Spectrum Analyzer

Harmonic Balance Simulation Flow Chart

Measure LinearCircuit Currents

in the Frequency-Domain

StartSample Points

Number of HarmonicsSimulation Frequency

Error Tolerance

• Inverse Fourier Transform: Nonlinear Voltage Now in the Time Domain

• Calculate Nonlinear Currents • Fourier Transform: Nonlinear Currents

Now back in the Frequency Domain

Measure NonlinearCircuit Voltages

in the Frequency-Domain

DC analysisalways done

Linear Components

Test: Error > Tolerance: if yes, modify & recalculate

if no, then Stop= correct answer.

Nonlinear Components

Kirchoff’s Lawsatisfied!

Basic 1 Tone HB simulation setupBasic HB controller and source setup gives you spectral tones:

Freq[1] is the fundamental tone you want HB to calculate. Freq[1] must match a tone in the circuit or you get a warning message.

Order [1] = 3 means HB calculates 3 harmonics of Freq [1]

Numerous built-in sources and measurement equations.

HB gives you a Mix table:

Circuit Envelope Simulation

Topic 6:

What is Circuit Envelope ?

• Time samples the modulation envelope (not carrier)• Compute the spectrum at each time sample• Output a time-varying spectrum• Use equations on the data• Faster than HB or Spice in many cases• Integrates with System Simulation & HP Ptolemy

Circuit Envelope Technology:Time sample the envelope and then

performs Harmonic Balance on the samples!

V(t) * e j2π fot

tt11tt44

tt22

tt33

ModulationCarrier

Periodic input signal

NOTE: V(t) can be complex - am or fm or pm

Circuit Vout

…more on CE Technology

Captures time and frequency impairments:

dBm (fs (Vout))

CE example: AMP with RF pulse

•mag of Vin [1]: envelope• ts of Vout: signal• mag of Vout [1]: envelope

Step time is critical for sampling the envelope: rise, fall, and modulation rate. Therefore, Step (sample time) is NOT the same as Transient.

You will do this in the lab!

...where [1] is the carrier Freq[1].

ONE TONE

Env Setup tab in dialog

Time step– Determines bandwidth of Circuit Envelope simulation– Small enough to capture highest modulation frequency

Stop time– Determines resolution bandwidth of output spectrum– Large enough to resolve spectral components of interest

(Reference slide for one tone with 3 harmonics)

more

Time step

Modulation BW

Resolution BW

Stop Time

ENV Steup tab (continued)

7 Harmonics of Fundamental: Freq [1]3 Harmonics of Fundamental: Freq [2]

Harmonic Balance

t0

t1

time

t2t3

t4

(Reference slide for multiple tones: mixer)

Multiple tone simulation requires more data display

Circuit and SystemCo-Simulation

Topic 7:

What is Co-simulation?• Integrated Circuit, System Simulation & HP Ptolemy

Co-simulation is simulating an A/RF schematicdesign with a DSP schematic design.

Top Level System Design:

DSPnetwork

A/RFnetwork

DSPnetwork

The A/RF schematic can be any kindof design: amplifier, mixer, PLL, etc...

The simulator in the A/RFdesign must use either Transient

or Circuit Envelope

DSP Schematic Window

What is Ptolemy ?

• TSDF is a unique Agilent EEsof Innovation• Agilent Ptolemy adds timed elements

- parameters on signals are t, I, Q, Fc (rf carrier)

• Benefits:- easy to add real RF effects on signals- more efficient simulations- more accurate modeling of RF effects

Agilent Ptolemy is a Timed Synchronous Data Flow Simulator

Agilent Ptolemy is the data flow simulator used in the DSP schematic window...

What is Data Flow?

Tokens can also be “time stamped” - then they become samples. Now you can simulate time and frequency domain impairments such as multi-path and fading ...

arc(like a wire)

NODE (or component)

NODE (or component)

Token

Tokens (like current or numbers)

Co-simulation continued...Open a top level DSP network so that the Ptolemy / DSP palettes become available in schematic.

Then build the system shown here:All the steps are in the lab, including the settings for the data components, filters, etc. The t_step and t_stop are now set for symbol rate and time.

Bottom level system.

Data flow controller runs showing filtered bits and IF signal: TkXY plots

Data Flow simulation - TK plots are active!

Quit the DF simulation and connect a SpectrumAnalyzer sink to collect the data. Results of this co-simulation show spectrum of the behavioral system. To use amp_1900 and your filters, replace them in the system and setup a new simulation (requires more time).

Spectrum Analyzer sink:

Thank you!3/25/02