AIA Continuing Education1.5 CEU (SD & HSW)

The Masonry Institute of Washington is a Registered Provider with The American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems. Credit earned on completion of this program will be reported to CES Records for AIA members. Certificates of Completion for non-AIA members are available upon request.

This program is registered with the AIA/CES for continuing professional education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of construction or any method or manner of handling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product. Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be addressed at the conclusion of this presentation.

Steve Dill•Principle at KPFF Consulting Engineers.

•Involved in masonry design and code for 30+ years.

•Member of Masonry Standards Joint Committee.

•Teaches for the Structural Engineers Association of Washington.

Presentation Title3 Month ##, 200#

Andy Lang•Principle with Morrison Hershfield in Vancouver, Canada.

•Expertise in building envelope construction and maintenance.

•Expert consultant in support of defect litigation cases related to building envelope failures.

Presentation Title4 Month ##, 200#

Jed Olafson•Partner at Johnston Construction Company.

•Served on numerous professional and community committees.

•Designer for the Barkshire Panel Systems.

•Lead Project Manager on many large projects, including Benaroya Hall and King Street Station.

Presentation Title5 Month ##, 200#

Learning Objectives•Discuss the benefits of masonry design techniques used most often in the Northwest.

•Discuss how to choose between these techniques.

Talking Points

• Introduction

• Anchored Veneer / Reinforced Veneer

• Movement Issues• Limit Design• Questions

Two types of Masonry CladdingTwo types of Masonry Cladding

• Anchored VeneerAnchored Veneer• Reinforced VeneerReinforced Veneer

• Anchored VeneerAnchored Veneer• Reinforced VeneerReinforced Veneer

Anchored VeneerAnchored VeneerAnchored VeneerAnchored Veneer

Anchored Veneer Anchored Veneer Delivery SystemDelivery SystemAnchored Veneer Anchored Veneer Delivery SystemDelivery System

Design, Bid, BuildDesign, Bid, BuildBidder DesignBidder Design

Design, Bid, BuildDesign, Bid, BuildBidder DesignBidder Design

• Most common methodMost common method• All brick colors / textures availableAll brick colors / textures available• Complex bonding is availableComplex bonding is available• Minimal (prescriptive) design requirementsMinimal (prescriptive) design requirements

• Most common methodMost common method• All brick colors / textures availableAll brick colors / textures available• Complex bonding is availableComplex bonding is available• Minimal (prescriptive) design requirementsMinimal (prescriptive) design requirements

AdvantagesAdvantagesAdvantagesAdvantages

Anchored VeneerAnchored VeneerAnchored VeneerAnchored Veneer

• Difficult to support precastDifficult to support precast• Difficult to accommodate recessed elementsDifficult to accommodate recessed elements• Frequent penetrations through the wall membraneFrequent penetrations through the wall membrane• Performance can be compromised by prescriptive Performance can be compromised by prescriptive designdesign

• Difficult to support precastDifficult to support precast• Difficult to accommodate recessed elementsDifficult to accommodate recessed elements• Frequent penetrations through the wall membraneFrequent penetrations through the wall membrane• Performance can be compromised by prescriptive Performance can be compromised by prescriptive designdesign

DisadvantagesDisadvantages

Anchored VeneerAnchored VeneerAnchored VeneerAnchored Veneer

Anchored VeneerAnchored VeneerAnchored VeneerAnchored Veneer

• Concrete Footing or Ledger AngleConcrete Footing or Ledger Angle• Must be levelMust be level• Cantilever no more than ¾”.Cantilever no more than ¾”.

• Concrete Footing or Ledger AngleConcrete Footing or Ledger Angle• Must be levelMust be level• Cantilever no more than ¾”.Cantilever no more than ¾”.

Design Considerations - BearingDesign Considerations - BearingDesign Considerations - BearingDesign Considerations - Bearing

Anchored VeneerAnchored VeneerAnchored VeneerAnchored Veneer

Anchored VeneerAnchored VeneerAnchored VeneerAnchored Veneer

• MetalMetal• FlexibleFlexible• MetalMetal• FlexibleFlexible

Design Considerations – FlashingDesign Considerations – Flashing

Anchored VeneerAnchored VeneerAnchored VeneerAnchored Veneer

• Sheet MembraneSheet Membrane• Water BarrierWater Barrier• Air and Water BarrierAir and Water Barrier

• Fluid Applied MembraneFluid Applied Membrane• Air and Water BarrierAir and Water Barrier

• Sheet MembraneSheet Membrane• Water BarrierWater Barrier• Air and Water BarrierAir and Water Barrier

• Fluid Applied MembraneFluid Applied Membrane• Air and Water BarrierAir and Water Barrier

Design Considerations – MembraneDesign Considerations – Membrane

Anchored VeneerAnchored Veneer

• Corrugated TieCorrugated Tie• Easy to useEasy to use• Accommodates Accommodates variations of airspacevariations of airspace

• Corrugated TieCorrugated Tie• Easy to useEasy to use• Accommodates Accommodates variations of airspacevariations of airspace

Design Considerations – Wall TiesDesign Considerations – Wall Ties

Anchored VeneerAnchored VeneerDesign Considerations – Wall TiesDesign Considerations – Wall Ties• Vertical Plate TieVertical Plate Tie

• Accommodates Accommodates variations of airspacevariations of airspace• Installed prior to Installed prior to insulationinsulation• Vertical movementVertical movement• No mortar bridgingNo mortar bridging

• Vertical Plate TieVertical Plate Tie• Accommodates Accommodates variations of airspacevariations of airspace• Installed prior to Installed prior to insulationinsulation• Vertical movementVertical movement• No mortar bridgingNo mortar bridging

Anchored VeneerAnchored VeneerDesign Considerations – Wall TiesDesign Considerations – Wall Ties• Byna-Lok TieByna-Lok Tie

• Accommodates Accommodates variations of airspacevariations of airspace• Installed after Installed after insulationinsulation• Vertical movementVertical movement• No mortar bridgingNo mortar bridging

• Byna-Lok TieByna-Lok Tie• Accommodates Accommodates variations of airspacevariations of airspace• Installed after Installed after insulationinsulation• Vertical movementVertical movement• No mortar bridgingNo mortar bridging

• 213 Tie213 Tie• Accommodates Accommodates variations of airspacevariations of airspace• Installed prior to Installed prior to insulationinsulation• Vertical movementVertical movement• Potential mortar Potential mortar bridgingbridging

• 213 Tie213 Tie• Accommodates Accommodates variations of airspacevariations of airspace• Installed prior to Installed prior to insulationinsulation• Vertical movementVertical movement• Potential mortar Potential mortar bridgingbridging

Anchored VeneerAnchored VeneerDesign Considerations – Wall TiesDesign Considerations – Wall Ties

Anchored VeneerAnchored VeneerDesign Considerations – Wall TiesDesign Considerations – Wall Ties• Seal TieSeal Tie

• Accommodates Accommodates variations of airspacevariations of airspace• Installed after Installed after insulationinsulation• Vertical movementVertical movement• No mortar bridgingNo mortar bridging• Self sealingSelf sealing

• Seal TieSeal Tie• Accommodates Accommodates variations of airspacevariations of airspace• Installed after Installed after insulationinsulation• Vertical movementVertical movement• No mortar bridgingNo mortar bridging• Self sealingSelf sealing

Anchored VeneerAnchored VeneerDesign Considerations – Wall TiesDesign Considerations – Wall Ties• Truss Eye LoopTruss Eye Loop

• Accommodates Accommodates variations of airspacevariations of airspace• Vertical movementVertical movement• No mortar bridgingNo mortar bridging• Requires modular Requires modular veneerveneer

• Truss Eye LoopTruss Eye Loop• Accommodates Accommodates variations of airspacevariations of airspace• Vertical movementVertical movement• No mortar bridgingNo mortar bridging• Requires modular Requires modular veneerveneer

Two Types of Masonry CladdingTwo Types of Masonry Cladding

• Anchored VeneerAnchored Veneer

• Reinforced VeneerReinforced Veneer• Anchored VeneerAnchored Veneer

• Reinforced VeneerReinforced Veneer

Reinforced Veneer Reinforced Veneer Reinforced Veneer Reinforced Veneer

Reinforced VeneerReinforced VeneerDelivery SystemDelivery SystemReinforced VeneerReinforced VeneerDelivery SystemDelivery System

Bidder DesignBidder Design Design, Bid, BuildDesign, Bid, Build Bidder DesignBidder Design Design, Bid, BuildDesign, Bid, Build

Reinforced VeneerReinforced VeneerReinforced VeneerReinforced VeneerAdvantagesAdvantagesAdvantagesAdvantages• Plan Relief (non-flat)Plan Relief (non-flat)• Lighter and simpler backup stud framingLighter and simpler backup stud framing• Supports heavy precast or prefabricated brick Supports heavy precast or prefabricated brick elementselements• Can self-support without ledgersCan self-support without ledgers• Easier to isolate from building movementsEasier to isolate from building movements• Minimal penetrationsMinimal penetrations

• Plan Relief (non-flat)Plan Relief (non-flat)• Lighter and simpler backup stud framingLighter and simpler backup stud framing• Supports heavy precast or prefabricated brick Supports heavy precast or prefabricated brick elementselements• Can self-support without ledgersCan self-support without ledgers• Easier to isolate from building movementsEasier to isolate from building movements• Minimal penetrationsMinimal penetrations

DisadvantagesDisadvantages• Color/texture selection is more limitedColor/texture selection is more limited• Complex bonding more difficultComplex bonding more difficult• Fewer contractors have experience with the systemFewer contractors have experience with the system

• Color/texture selection is more limitedColor/texture selection is more limited• Complex bonding more difficultComplex bonding more difficult• Fewer contractors have experience with the systemFewer contractors have experience with the system

Reinforced VeneerReinforced VeneerReinforced VeneerReinforced Veneer

Reinforced VeneerReinforced VeneerReinforced VeneerReinforced Veneer

• Concrete FootingConcrete Footing• Can be sloped for drainageCan be sloped for drainage

• Concrete FootingConcrete Footing• Can be sloped for drainageCan be sloped for drainage

Design Considerations – BearingDesign Considerations – Bearing

Reinforced VeneerReinforced VeneerReinforced VeneerReinforced Veneer

• MetalMetal• FlexibleFlexible• MetalMetal• FlexibleFlexible

Design Considerations – FlashingDesign Considerations – Flashing

Reinforced VeneerReinforced VeneerReinforced VeneerReinforced VeneerDesign Considerations – MembraneDesign Considerations – Membrane• Sheet MembraneSheet Membrane

• Water BarrierWater Barrier• Air and Water BarrierAir and Water Barrier

• Fluid Applied MembraneFluid Applied Membrane• Air and Water BarrierAir and Water Barrier

• Sheet MembraneSheet Membrane• Water BarrierWater Barrier• Air and Water BarrierAir and Water Barrier

• Fluid Applied MembraneFluid Applied Membrane• Air and Water BarrierAir and Water Barrier

Reinforced VeneerReinforced VeneerReinforced VeneerReinforced VeneerDesign Considerations - Vertical SupportDesign Considerations - Vertical Support• Dead load support Dead load support to the footingto the footing• Simplified stud Simplified stud framingframing

• Dead load support Dead load support to the footingto the footing• Simplified stud Simplified stud framingframing

Reinforced VeneerReinforced VeneerReinforced VeneerReinforced VeneerDesign Considerations - Lateral SupportDesign Considerations - Lateral Support• Lateral support Lateral support typically at the floor typically at the floor lineslines• Minimized Minimized penetrationspenetrations• Isolation designIsolation design

• Lateral support Lateral support typically at the floor typically at the floor lineslines• Minimized Minimized penetrationspenetrations• Isolation designIsolation design

Reinforced VeneerReinforced VeneerReinforced VeneerReinforced VeneerDesign Considerations - Precast or prefabricated brick elementsDesign Considerations - Precast or prefabricated brick elements

• Heavy precastHeavy precast• Recessed sills or Recessed sills or soffitsoffit

• Heavy precastHeavy precast• Recessed sills or Recessed sills or soffitsoffit

Talking Points

• Introduction

• Anchored Veneer / Reinforced • Movement Issues• Limit Design• Questions

Forces on Cladding

Gravity

Earthquake

WindWind

Differential Movement

Interstorey drift

Frame shortening & slab edge deflection

Cyclic movement (thermal and

moisture driven)

Deflection under wind and seismic

load

44

Expansion/Contraction

Cumulative displacement

10 story concrete frame

Masonry expansion

0.6” over 10 stories

Frame shrinkage & creep

0.6” or more

Total of 1.2”

Expansion/Contraction

46

Expansion/Contraction

0.6”

0.2”

Cumulative displacement

4 story wood frame

Masonry expansion

0.2” over 3 stories

Frame shrinkage & creep

0.6” or more

Total of 0.8”

Window sill at brick

47

Compensation channel at window head must allow for deflection

Floor structure deflection

Building Movement

Live load weight

Floor deflection

Compensation channel at window head must allow for deflection

Floor structure deflection

Building Movement

Presentation Title50 Month ##, 200#

Forces on Cladding

Seismic Design of Masonry Cladding

• There is (typically) expected damage to cladding in large seismic events.

• Proper isolation design will improve the seismic performance of masonry systems.

• Reinforced masonry offers the designer more flexibility in the design of the isolation system than anchored veneer.

Isolation ConsiderationsIsolation Considerations

Continuous braced ledger angle supporting one story

of masonry with studs & windows (from below)

connected with a compensation track.

Omit compensation track in this area.

Optional “hinge” in studs and masonry at this

location.

Presentation Title55 Month ##, 200#

Anchored Veneer

• Design the studs to support the weight of the veneer and be appropriately isolated from building movements.

• Accommodate the expected movement of the joints in the sheathings and membranes.

• Reflect those joints in the masonry (and add expansion joints, etc. if desired)

Isolation ConsiderationsIsolation Considerations

Loading bearing column covers hinge-supported

between spandrels.

Spandrel travels with deck. Supported by column

covers below.

Windows attached to studs at top and bottom only.

Reinforced Veneer

• Design the studs to be appropriately isolated from building movements (and to support the windows).

• Accommodate the expected movement of the joints in the sheathings and membranes.

• Independently design the masonry cladding to be appropriately isolated from building movement.

Isolation ConsiderationsIsolation Considerations

220 Westlake Ave.

333 Elliott Avenue

Full height column cover. Base hinged.

Spandrel travels with deck. Hinge supported to column

covers.

Windows attached to studs at top and bottom only.

Presentation Title66 Month ##, 200#

Seismic Design of Masonry Cladding

• There is (typically) expected damage to cladding in large seismic events.

• Proper isolation design will improve the seismic performance of masonry systems.

• Reinforced masonry offers the designer more flexibility in the design of the isolation system than anchored veneer.

Isolation ConsiderationsIsolation Considerations

Movement Joint at Floor Slab

68

Flexible backing

Flexible Membrane Flashing

Insulation

Deflection track

Water (and Air) Barrier

Brick Veneer

Metal flashing

Flexible Membrane Flashing

Water (and Air) Barrier

Insulation

Brick Veneer

Vertical Movement Joint

69

Movement Joint Compressible Insulation

Exterior Sealant Joint

Brick VeneerExterior Insulation

Flexible Membrane Flashing

Water (and air) Barrier

Inter-story Drift Considerations

DisplacedStatic

Vertical Movement Joint – Panelized Masonry to Curtain Wall – Aligned configuration

71

Exterior Sealant Joint

Brick Veneer

Exterior Insulation

Flexible Membrane Flashing

Water (and air) Barrier

Edge of Slab

Metal Flashing (sacrificial)

Vertical Movement Joint – Panelized Masonry to Curtain Wall – Offset configuration

72

Exterior Sealant Joint

Brick Veneer

Exterior Insulation

Flexible Membrane Flashing

Water (and air) Barrier

Metal Flashing (sacrificial)

Compressible Insulation

Limit Design of Masonry