air quality in pakistan
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PAKISTAN CLEAN AIR PROGRAM
(PCAP)
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Sources of Air Pollution in Pakistan
Vehicles
Brick Kilns
Natural Dust
Stone
Crushers
Industry
Transboundary
PollutionDomestic
BurningBio-mass Burning
Garbage
Burning
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Pakistans Energy SuppliesTotal: 40.4 toe/y (825,000 toe/d)
Nuclear
Coal
Indigenous Oil
LPG
Gas
Hydro
Imported Oil
37.3%
0.2%
13.0%
5.1% 37.1%
6.8%0.4%
Fossil Fuels
87%
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QUALITY OF FUEL OIL
Pakistan Other Countries
ofRegion Sulphur in Diesel oil 0.5% 0.05-0.5%
Sulphur in Furnace oil 3% 0.5-1%
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million
1980 0.682
1985 1.288
1990 1.990
1995 2.8762000 3.997
2004 4.973
RISE SINCE 1980 > 600%
PRESENT ANNUAL AVERAGE GROWTH: 12%
Source: Economic Survey of Pakistan
National Transport Research Centre
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2004
Growth of Vehicles (Millions)
VEHICLE POPULATION
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Growth of Vehicles
(1980-2003)
Type of vehicle Nos (000) % increase
1980 2003
Motorcycles 287 2401 837 %Motor cars 148 1035 699 %
Jeeps 16 41 256 %
Rickshaws 32 80 250 %
Delivery vans 8 75 938 %Buses 25 98 392 %
Trucks 34 138 406 %
Source: Economic Survey of Pakistan 2003-2004
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Level of Suspended Particulate MattersMajor Cities
g/m3Microgram per Cubic Meter
Multan 1030
Faisalabad 870
Lahore 895
Karachi 230
Rawalpindi 709
Islamabad 520
Peshawar 834
Source: EPD/SUPARCO/NWFP EPA/PAK-EPAStudies carried out in 1993-2003
WHO Guidelines:120 g/m3
Japanese Standards:200 g/m3
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A Typical PM10 DistributionBaghbanpura, Gujranwala Year 2003
0.36%3.58%
5.30%
8.71%
36.27%45.78%
Soil Paricles
Small Comb
non-Fe
vehicle
mineral
unknown
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AIR EMISSION TRENDSALL SOURCES
0
100
200300
400
500
600
700
800
900
000
tonnes
1980 1985 1990 1995 1998 2003year
Sulphur Dioxide
Particulate Matter
Oxides of Nitrogen
Source:Country Report on Male Declaration 2000
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Effects of Air Pollution
Haze (fades out colors, affecting tourism and public health)
High suspended particulate matters facilitate
formation of fog
Less Blue Sky Days
Respiratory Diseases (Cough and irritation of throat are very common)
Increased deaths due to Heart Attack
Less agricultural yield
Suspended particulate matters facilitate spreading
of airborne bacteria and viruses
Deposition of dust on surface
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A uniform haze degrades visibility evenly across the horizon and from theground to a height well above the highest features of the landscape. Uniform
haze often travels long distances and covers large geographic areas, in which
case it is called a regional haze.
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In a layered haze, you can see the top edge of the pollution layer.This is often the case when pollution is trapped near the ground
beneath a temperature inversion.
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Plume hazeresult from local sources. Plumes and plume-like layers ofelevated pollution take their shape under certain meteorological condition
where the air is stable or constrained.
H t R d SPM d H ?
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How to Reduce SPM and Haze ?
Five types of fine particles contribute to SPM andhaze formation: Sulphates, Nitrates, OrganicCarbon, Elemental Carbon, and Crustal Material(loose dust).
We must reduce emissions across broadareas of the country
COS S O O G
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COSTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE
Cost to Pakistan Economy
InsixEnvironmental AreasUS $ 1.8 billion
Annual Damage in US$
Municipal Solid & Liquid Waste 883 million
Urban Air Pollution 369 millionSoil in Cropland Degradation 357 million
Rangeland Degradation 125 million
Deforestation 28 million
Destruction of Mangrove Forests 15.7 million
Total 1777.7 million
Source: Dr. Brandon-World Bank 1992-93/Mathew Addison 1997
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NEED FOR A NATIONAL PROGRAM
Federal and Provincial Governments have taken anumber of steps to control air pollution but given
the magnitude of the problem, a systematic andcoordinated approach is needed through anational program to improve air quality
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PAKISTAN CLEAN AIR PROGRAM
PCAP
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Pakistan Clean Air ProgramPCAP
Phasing out 2-stroke and diesel public service vehicles in urban centers
Establishment of Continuous Air Monitoring stations
Raising Awareness
Fuel Improvement and balanced fuel mix
Vehicle Inspection System
Promotion of CNG and Alternate Fuels Fuel efficiency in road transport anddomestic appliances
Fuel Adulteration Management
Industrial Zoning
Traffic Management
Waste Management
Mass Transit Adoption of EURO standards at manufacturing stage
Promotion of pollution control technology (including catalyticconverters,
exhaustrecirculation devices,
Particulate Matterarresters )
Industrial Emission Monitoring Paving alongside major roads
Plantation to stabilize loose dust
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PLAN FOR PHASING OUT POLLUTINGPUBLIC SERVICE VEHICLES Conti
Sr,No. City Population Banning 2-Stroke
Rickshaws
By End
Banning 2-
Stroke Vans
Plying for
Fare
By End
Banning Entry of
Public Service Diesel
Buses and vans in City
By EndSet of 1st Largest Cities
1. Karachi 9269265 2006 2007 2008
2. Lahore 5143495 2006 2007 2008
3. Faisalabad 2008861 2007 2009 2009
4. Rawalpindi 1409768 2006 2007 2009
5. Multan 1197384 2008 2009 2009
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PLAN FOR PHASING OUT POLLUTING
PUBLIC SERVICE VEHICLES Conti
Sr,No. City Population Banning 2-Stroke
Rickshaws
By End
Banning 2-
Stroke Vans
Plying for
Fare
By End
Banning Entry of
Public Service Diesel
Buses and vans in City
By End
Set of 2nd Largest Cities
6. Hyderabad 1166894 2009 2009 2010
7. Gujranwala 1042509 2008 2009 2010
8. Peshawar 988005 2006 2007 2008
9. Quetta 565137 2006 2007 2008
10. Islamabad 529180 2006 2007 2008
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PLAN FOR PHASING OUT POLLUTINGPUBLIC SERVICE VEHICLES Conti
Sr,No. City Population Banning 2-Stroke
Rickshaws
By End
Banning 2-
Stroke Vans
Plying for
Fare
By End
Banning Entry of
Public Service Diesel
Buses and vans in City
By End
Set of 3rd Largest Cities
11. Sargodha 553604 2008 2009 2010
12. Sialkot 421502 2008 2009 2010
13. Bahawalpur 408395 2008 2009 2010
14. Sukkur 335551 2010 2010 2010
15. Jhang 293366 2010 2010 2010
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Sr,No. City Population Banning 2-Stroke
Rickshaws
By End
Banning 2-
Stroke Vans
Plying for
Fare
By End
Banning Entry
of Public
Service Diesel
Buses and vans
in City
By End
Set of 4th Largest Cities
16. Sheikhupura 280263 2008 2009 2010
17. Larkana 270283 2011 2010 2010
18. Gujrat 251792 2008 2009 2010
19. Mardan 244511 2011 2010 2010
20. Rahim Yar Khan 233537 2011 2011 2010
21. Sahiwal 207388 2011 2010 2010
22 Okara 201815 2011 2010 2011
PLAN FOR PHASING OUT POLLUTINGPUBLIC SERVICE VEHICLES Conti
E d Shif i f 2 k di l d
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Islamabad Rawalpindi to nearby small cities
Gujranwala
Lahore Sialkok
Sargodha to nearby small cities
SahiwalOkara
Faisalabad Sheikhupura to nearby small cities
Multan Bahawalpur Rahim Yar Khan to nearby small cities
Jahang
Karachi Hyderabad Sukhar to nearby small cities
Peshawar Mardan to other small cities
Quetta to nearby small cities
Expected Shifting of 2-stroke, diesel andold vehicles
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Fitness inspection shall be made compulsory for all private vehicles.
Production of 2-stroke vehicles of any sort shall be banned within
five years.
To facilitate implementation of PCAP, special incentives including
soft loans and credit line shall be provided
PAKISTAN CLEAN AIR PORGRAMME
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Ministry of Environment will coordinate
with concerned Federal and ProvincialGovernments to implement PCAP
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Recommendation
Pakistan Clean Air Program may beapproved for implementation