political & social changes industrial revolution
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Political & Social Political & Social ChangesChanges
Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution
Adam SmithAdam Smith1723–1790 1723–1790
AdamAdam Smith laid the Smith laid the intellectual framework intellectual framework for the concept of the for the concept of the free marketfree market
SocialismSocialism
BasicsBasics– Economic competition is inherently Economic competition is inherently
unfair and leads to injustice and unfair and leads to injustice and inequalitiesinequalities
– Belief in gov’t interventionBelief in gov’t intervention– Led to socialist parties and labor Led to socialist parties and labor
unionsunions
Karl Marx (1818-1883)Karl Marx (1818-1883)
GermanGerman Lived in EnglandLived in England Books – Books – Communist ManifestoCommunist Manifesto - -
1848 1848 Das KapitalDas Kapital -1867 -1867
PhilosophyPhilosophy– Bourgeoisie growing richer & more Bourgeoisie growing richer & more
monopolisticmonopolistic– Proletariat (workers) would take Proletariat (workers) would take
over the factors of productionover the factors of production– The state (the people) would own The state (the people) would own
the factors of productionthe factors of production– Marxism = communismMarxism = communism
Workers’ MovementWorkers’ Movement
Labor UnionsLabor Unions– At 1At 1stst illegal illegal– Pushed for higher wages, work hrs. Pushed for higher wages, work hrs.
& working conditions& working conditions
Political PartiesPolitical Parties– Workers’ parties emergedWorkers’ parties emerged– Example – Labour Party of Great Example – Labour Party of Great
Britain Britain
Women & Family in Women & Family in 1919thth Century Western Century Western
SocietiesSocieties
Working Class WomenWorking Class Women
Led lives of toil & painLed lives of toil & pain Domestic servantsDomestic servants
– Long hrs., physical abuse & sexual Long hrs., physical abuse & sexual abuseabuse
Young women in factories – poorly Young women in factories – poorly paid work in textilespaid work in textiles
Married women – stay home, take Married women – stay home, take care of children, sewing jobs and care of children, sewing jobs and take in boarderstake in boarders
Poorest women – orphans & single Poorest women – orphans & single mothers – many turned to mothers – many turned to prostitutionprostitution
Middle ClassMiddle Class
““Victorian Age” – Victorian Age” – 1850-19141850-1914
Refers to Queen Refers to Queen VictoriaVictoria
Rules of BehaviorRules of Behavior– Ideology Ideology
surrounding surrounding family& relations family& relations between men & between men & womenwomen
– ““Separate Separate spheres”spheres”
Middle Class Women’s Roles – Middle Class Women’s Roles – Victorian Age Victorian Age
Most important work was rearing Most important work was rearing childrenchildren
Only single women could work – Only single women could work – not in factories – usually in not in factories – usually in educationeducation
Discrimination – women were Discrimination – women were considered minorsconsidered minors
Western FeminismWestern Feminism
Mary Wollstonecraft – influenced by Mary Wollstonecraft – influenced by the enlightenment women should be the enlightenment women should be equal with menequal with men
Push for women's suffragePush for women's suffrage Some women joined organizations Some women joined organizations
fighting prostitution, child labor and fighting prostitution, child labor and alcohol consumption alcohol consumption
Intellectual and Cultural Intellectual and Cultural Currents in EuropeCurrents in Europe
RomanticismRomanticism
Represented a backlash against the logic Represented a backlash against the logic and reason-oriented outlook of the and reason-oriented outlook of the EnlightenmentEnlightenment
Stressed personal emotion, free play of Stressed personal emotion, free play of the imagination, and freedom from rules of the imagination, and freedom from rules of formform
Writers and poets – Lord Byron, Victor Writers and poets – Lord Byron, Victor HugoHugo
Musicians – Ludwig van Beethoven, Musicians – Ludwig van Beethoven, WagnerWagner
Thomas ColeThomas Cole
RealismRealism
Rejected Romanticism’s idealized, Rejected Romanticism’s idealized, dramatic outlook in favor of a more dramatic outlook in favor of a more sober, critical view of lifesober, critical view of life
Charles Dickens and Leo TolstoyCharles Dickens and Leo Tolstoy
Charles DarwinCharles Darwin
Evolution – is a Evolution – is a random process in random process in which physical which physical changes that changes that increase an increase an animal’s chance for animal’s chance for survival are passed survival are passed on to that animal’s on to that animal’s offspringoffspring
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