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Contents

EDITORIAL ................................................................................................................ 4

From the Desk of Hennie Heymans ........................................................................ 4

ETHIOPIA (ABYSSINIA) OR THE FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF

ETHIOPIA ................................................................................................................ 11

Names for Ethiopia ...................................................................................... 12

Prehistory .................................................................................................... 12

Antiquity ...................................................................................................... 13

Middle Ages ................................................................................................ 14

Aussa Sultanate .......................................................................................... 15

Zemene Mesafint (Age of Princes) .............................................................. 15

Emperor Tewodros II ................................................................................... 16

From Menelik II to Adwa (1889-1913) ......................................................... 16

Haile Selassie 1 era .................................................................................... 17

Communist period (1974-1991) ................................................................... 18

Federal Democratic Republic (1991-present) ............................................. 20

Admin regions ............................................................................................. 21

References .................................................................................................. 22

LAW ENFORCEMENT IN ETHIOPIA ....................................................................... 23

Ethiopia: Federal Police Commission .......................................................... 23

History of law enforcement in Ethiopia ........................................................ 24

Army vs Constabulary ................................................................................. 25

Addis Ababa Police ..................................................................................... 26

Prisons ........................................................................................................ 26

Secret Police Organizations ........................................................................ 27

References .................................................................................................. 27

Further reading ............................................................................................ 27

External links ............................................................................................... 27

ETHIOPIAN FEDERAL POLICE .............................................................................. 27

INTERPOL ADDIS ABABA ...................................................................................... 28

SOUTH AFRICAN POLICE IN ETHIOPIA ................................................................ 28

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No 1 Motorcycle Coy (Police): Photos Mr Gerald Prinsloo SANDF Archive 28

THE MICKEY DILLON-COLLECTION: HBH ............................................................ 30

No 1 Cycle Coy (Police): Acting Mobile Police Addis Abeba ............................. 30

In the lead: Const Michael John Dillon .............................................................. 30

FURTHER RESEARCH ON SA POLICE IN ETHIOPIA ........................................... 37

Capt RD Jenkins ......................................................................................... 37

Head-Constable WB Joyner ........................................................................ 37

A short biography on Const MJ Dillon ......................................................... 39

Maureen with sketch of Mickey Dillon ......................................................... 41

Photo from Lt Col William Marshall ............................................................. 41

NO.1 SOUTH AFRICAN MOTORCYCLE COMPANY ............................................. 42

Mr Gerald Prinsloo (SANDF Archive) .......................................................... 42

Headdress: Ethiopian Police Force ............................................................. 43

Headdress: South African Forces ............................................................... 43

1941: Ethiopian Police .......................................................................................... 43

1941: Name list alphabetically of some Acting Mobile Police members from

South Africa serving in Addis Ababa ................................................................. 44

MOZAMBIQUE POLICE CONTACT WITH THE ETHIOPIAN POLICE .................... 45

ETHIOPIAN POLICE: THE OLD KHAKI & NEW BLUE ............................................ 47

Bibliography .......................................................................................................... 47

VARIOUS ASPECTS AFFECTING LAW & ORDER ON THE CONTINENT ............ 48

EGYPT ..................................................................................................................... 48

Egypt's tourism revenue drops by nearly HALF as holidaymakers avoid coast .... 48

NIGERIA .................................................................................................................. 50

Nigeria preparing to receive ex-US Coast Guard cutter Gallatin .......................... 50

US deploys military to help search for kidnapped Nigerian girls ........................... 52

KENYA ..................................................................................................................... 53

Former national assembly deputy speaker Farah Maalim summoned by anti-

terrorism police unit .............................................................................................. 53

Heartbreaking aerial images show bodies of elephants slaughtered by vicious

poachers lying in the Kenyan wilderness .............................................................. 54

Kenya Tourism in Turmoil Amid Terror Warnings ................................................. 60

LIBYA ....................................................................................................................... 61

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MI6 spies close in on prime suspect in WPC Yvonne Fletcher murder - 30 years

after her death - in £3million covert operation from British embassy in Libya ....... 61

Counter-Revolutionaries Continue the Destruction of Libya ................................. 67

SUDAN ..................................................................................................................... 70

Ramaphosa returns from South Sudan ................................................................ 70

SOUTH AFRICA ...................................................................................................... 70

Intelligence a tool for Luthuli House - Kasrils ........................................................ 70

Cops targeting drug 'demons' - Mthethwa ............................................................ 72

Zama-Zama Miners .............................................................................................. 72

Khayelitsha police allocation unfair - researcher .................................................. 76

Selebi 'infected the police' .................................................................................... 77

LETTERS ................................................................................................................. 79

Nyasaland Police Ray Ellis (Australia) .................................................................. 79

Some Nyasaland & Malawi Police devices (HBH) ................................................ 79

IN CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................... 81

Open Invitation to Share Knowledge .................................................................... 81

CONTACT DETAILS ................................................................................................ 81

NEXT ISSUE DUE ................................................................................................... 81

EDITORIAL

From the Desk of Hennie Heymans

The main focus of this magazine is the South Africa connection with Ethiopia. Indeed

a strange historical – and somewhat ironical - road was traversed upon ...

In African politics Addis Ababa is to Africa just what Brussels is to Europe.

Some of us are Christians and were brought up with the Bible. Reading from it, or hearing the Bible or reading adventure books and history we have all heard of the land of Kush, Ethiopia and Egypt, here in Africa on our continent. As an example the works on Maj Gen Orde Wingate and his exploits in Sudan and Ethiopia – not to mention Burma and his Chindits – are very interesting.

We read in the Bible about Moses was married to a lady from Kush1 and King Solomon met the famous Queen of Sheba2 – it is alleged that both famous women

1 Num 12:1

2 The Queen of Sheba (Hebrew: מלכת שבא , Malkaṯ Šəḇâ in Biblical Hebrew; Malkat Sh'va in Modern Hebrew; ..

/... / ..) was a monarch of the ancient kingdom of Sheba and is referred to in Yemenite and Ethiopian history,

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were from Kush or Ethiopia. In the New Testament we also read about the Ethiopian sitting on his coach reading the Bible. I have always been interested in Africa and in those places mentioned in the Bible. We had the pleasure to visit various places on our continent, but not Ethiopia.

We all know that Ethiopia and Liberia took South Africa to the World Court in The Hague – for e.g. see: Summary of the Summary of the Judgment of 21 December 1962

SOUTH-WEST AFRICA CASES (PRELIMINARY OBJECTIONS) Judgment of 21 December 19623

We also know that former Pres Nelson Mandela received training at the Kolfe Police Barracks in Ethiopia during 1962.

One day my friend, Mr JW de Castro Lopo, from the Mozambique Police, SNASP, told me that he was in Ethiopia and that the country had beautiful women. Then a friend from the Royal Swaziland Police attended a conference in Addis Ababa. As a souvenir he brought me, a beautiful Ethiopian Cross.

My late friend, Brig SJP “Steve” du Toit, flew overseas and went via Addis Ababa. He told me all about Addis Ababa.

One day I visited Van Reenen and a friend, Maureen Blignaut, the daughter of the late Mickey Dillon, gave me some photographs of her father serving in Ethiopia during the 2nd World War. I poured over maps of Africa and I looked intently at the photographs Maureen gave me of my elder colleagues serving in Ethiopia – then called Abyssinia.

Last winter a friend, Lt-Col Eric Samuels invited me to a video show on railways in Eritrea and Ethiopia and I always had a nagging feeling that I wanted to visit Ethiopia. I sat through the video wishing I could visit the places the makers of the DVD had visited – it’s always nice to soak up the African sun at various places and to take in the different smells of this great and interesting continent. My chance came out of the blue!

Late last year before Christmas I had the honour and privilege to visit Addis Ababa and environs. From a national security point of view this was one of the most interesting trips I had ever undertaken. It was hard work, but it was worthwhile. Ethiopia is an interesting country and I had the honour to visit the country and to meet the police, officials from various ministries and other people.

Ethiopia has a number of firsts or records

Traces its roots back to the 2nd millennium BC

The Nile runs through Ethiopia – it’s the longest river in the world

The most populous land-locked country in the world

Second highest population in Africa

the Bible, the Qur'an, Yoruba customary tradition, and Josephus. She is widely assumed to have been a queen

regnant, but, since there is no historical proof of this, she may have been a queen consort. The location of her kingdom is uncertain. Wallis Budge believes it to be Ethiopia while Islamic tradition says Yemen. More modern scholarship suggests it was the South Arabian kingdom of Saba.

- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_of_Sheba

3 http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/index.php?sum=286&code=lsa&p1=3&p2=3&case=47&k=f2&p3=5

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The home of Homo sapiens

For most of its history it was a monarchy

The 1st Major Empire in the world to adopt Christianity

Gave the world coffee

Ethiopia has the most UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Africa

There is so much more to Ethiopia and yes, the people are very friendly, the women are beautiful and their coffee and bread are superb!

Africa in general and Ethiopia in particular has a problem. Actually two problems: national borders & water. The Ethiopians want to build a dam in the Nile because they are one of the most populous countries in Africa and they practice intensive agriculture methods. They are near European markets especially as far as fruit, vegetables and flowers are concerned. If they build a dam in the Nile, it would impact negatively on Egypt. Egypt’s farmers expect the Nile to annually flood their land with rich compost and soil deposits. The dam would prevent the rich fertile deposits and the flooding. Many years ago the boundaries of countries were decided upon quite in an arbitrary fashion by the Colonial powers.

When reading about police history in Africa we tend to read the police history in English, we thus focus on the British Empire because sadly we do not read Arabic, French, Italian, German or Spanish! What are we left with, when we have read the history is: The great influence of British Culture as manifested in British Justice and the British Police System in the English speaking world of Africa. The Colonial Police of the Empire comprised of various races, cultures and in various stages of development. There was a colourful array of uniforms and headdress. In Africa it was the system to have two types of police – those under the government for duty anywhere in the colony and those whom we called ‘tribal police’ or ‘native police’ employed locally. Last mentioned were semi-trained or well trained depending on the local circumstances. They served as court messengers and as liaison between the district commissioner and the chiefs.

Although uniforms differed one knew it was a policeman, askari or a soldier. From all accounts they were good policemen and soldiers! They wore tarbooshes, berets, and caps in more sophisticated areas; they usually wore a dark blue jersey, khaki shorts, and blue puttees. Boots was originally seen as a form of rank, today all troopers and constables wear boots and / or shoes. Spears and sticks are replaced by fire arms and batons. Tribal police sometimes only wore a badge and headdress. But the police in the colonies performed various extraneous duties; as inspectors of hut tax, dog tax, personal tax, census duties, prison warders, guards, postal agents and assisting the Colonial powers.

Then in the 1960 came independence and when one looks back one can see the great influence our Colonial Masters exerted over us.

Our Continent has various “police” problems and believe it or not, many are mutual and affect more than one country for e.g. drugs, piracy, religious intolerance, terror, poaching...... From a general policing perspective we will look at terror, kidnapping, piracy,

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Addis Ababa Hotel dating from 1898

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Above: Cathedral in Addis Ababa. Below: An arial photo of the countryside

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ETHIOPIA (ABYSSINIA) OR THE FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC

REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA

Ethiopia officially known as the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia,4 is a country located in the Horn of Africa. It is bordered by Eritrea to the north and northeast, Djibouti and Somalia to the east, Sudan and South Sudan to the west, and Kenya to the south. With over 93,000,000 inhabitants,[9] Ethiopia is the most populous landlocked country in the world, as well as the second-most populated nation on the African continent. It occupies a total area of 1,100,000 square kilometres (420,000 sq mi), and its capital and largest city is Addis Ababa.[2]

Some of the oldest evidence for modern humans is found in Ethiopia,[10] which is widely considered the region from which Homo sapiens first set out for the Middle East and points beyond.[11][12][13] Tracing its roots to the 2nd millennium BC, Ethiopia was a monarchy for most of its history. Alongside Rome, Persia, China and India,[14] the Kingdom of Aksum was one of the great world powers of the 3rd century. In the 4th century, it was the first major empire in the world to officially adopt Christianity as a state religion.[15][16][17]

Ethiopia derived prestige for its uniquely successful military resistance during the late 19th-century Scramble for Africa, and subsequently many African nations adopted the colors of Ethiopia's flag following their independence. Ethiopia was the only African country to defeat a European colonial power and retain its sovereignty as an independent country.[18][19][20] It was the first independent African member of the 20th-century League of Nations and the UN.[21]

In 1974, at the end of Haile Selassie I's reign, power fell to a communist military junta known as the Derg, backed by the Soviet Union, until it was defeated by the EPRDF, which has ruled since about the time of the collapse of the USSR in 1991.

Ethiopia is a multilingual society with around 80 ethnic groups, with the two largest being the Oromo and the Amhara. It is the origin of the coffee bean. Ethiopia is a land of natural contrasts; with its vast fertile West, jungles, and numerous rivers, the World's hottest settlement in its north, Africa's largest continuous mountain ranges and the largest cave in Africa at Sof Omar.[22] Ethiopia has the most UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Africa.[23] Ethiopia's ancient Ge'ez script, also known as Ethiopic, is one of the oldest alphabets still in use in the world.[24]

The Ethiopian calendar, which is seven years and about three months behind the Gregorian calendar, co-exists alongside the Oromo calendar.5 The majority of the population is Christian and a third is Muslim; the country is the site of the first Hijra in Islamic history and the oldest Muslim settlement in Africa at Negash. A substantial population of Ethiopian Jews, known as Beta Israel, resided in Ethiopia until the 1980s but most of them have since gradually emigrated to Israel.[25][26] Ethiopia is also the spiritual homeland of the Rastafari movement, which globalized its flag colors worldwide via pop culture and Reggae music.

Ethiopia is one of the founding members of the UN, the Group of 24 (G-24), the Non-Aligned Movement, G-77 and the Organisation of African Unity, with Addis Ababa serving as the headquarters of the African Union, the Pan African Chamber of

4 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia

5 Ethiopia also has a different time; i.e. 09:00 is 03:00 - HBH

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Commerce and Industry, the UNECA, African Aviation Training HQ, the African Standby Force and much of global NGOs focused on Africa. Despite being the main source of the Nile, the longest river on earth, Ethiopia underwent a series of famines in the 1980s, exacerbated by civil wars and adverse geopolitics. The country has begun to recover recently, and it now has the largest economy by GDP in East Africa and Central Africa.[27][28][29]

Names for Ethiopia

The Greek name Αἰθιοπία (from Αἰθίοψ, Aithiops, 'an Ethiopian') appears twice in the Iliad and three times in the Odyssey.[30] The Greek historian Herodotus specifically uses it for all the lands south of Egypt,[31] including Sudan and modern Ethiopia. Pliny the Elder says the country's name comes from a son of Hephaestus (aka Vulcan) named Aethiops.[32]

Similarly, in the 15th century Ge'ez Book of Aksum, the name is ascribed to a legendary individual called Ityopp'is, an extrabiblical son of Cush, son of Ham, said to have founded the city of Axum. In addition to this Cushite figure, two of the earliest Semitic kings are also said to have borne the name Ityopp'isaccording to traditional Ethiopian king lists. At least as early as c. 850,[33] European scholars considered the name to be derived from the Greek words aitho "I burn" + ops "face".[34][35]

The name Ethiopia also occurs in many translations of the Old Testament, but the Hebrew texts have Kush, which refers principally to Nubia.[36] In the New Testament, however, the Greek term Aithiops, 'an Ethiopian', does occur,[37] referring to a servant of Candace or Kentakes, possibly an inhabitant of Meroe which was later conquered and destroyed by the Kingdom of Axum. The earliest attested use of the name Ityopya in the region itself is as a name for the Kingdom of Aksum in the 4th century, in stone inscriptions of King Ezana,[38] who first Christianized the entire apparatus of the kingdom.

In English, and generally outside of Ethiopia, the country was also once historically known as Abyssinia, derived from Habesh, an early Arabic form of the Ethiosemitic name "Ḥabaśāt" (unvocalized "ḤBŚT"). The modern form Habesha is the native name for the country's inhabitants (while the country has been called "Ityopp'ya"). In a few languages, Ethiopia is still referred to by names cognate with "Abyssinia", e.g., modern Arabic Al-Ḥabashah.

Prehistory

Ethiopia is widely considered the site of the emergence of anatomically modern humans, Homo sapiens sapiens, in the Middle Paleolithic 200,000 years ago. The earliest known modern human bones were found in Southwestern Ethiopia, and are called the Omo remains.[39] Additionally, skeletal remains of Homo sapiens idaltu were found at a site in the Middle Awash in Ethiopia. Dated to around 160,000 years ago, they may represent an extinct subspecies of Homo sapiens sapiens, or the immediate ancestors of anatomically modern humans.[40]

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Antiquity

Coins of the Axumite king Endybis, 227–235 AD, at the British Museum. The inscriptions in Ancient Greek read "AΧWMITW BACIΛEYC" ("King of Axum") and "ΕΝΔΥΒΙC ΒΑCΙΛΕΥC" ("King Endybis").

Around the 8th century BC, a kingdom known as Dʿmt was established in northern Ethiopia and Eritrea. Its capital was around the current town of Yeha, situated in northern Ethiopia. Most modern historians consider this civilization to be a native African one, although Sabaean-influenced because of the latter's hegemony of the Red Sea.[15]

Others view Dʿmt as the result of a mixture of Sabaeans of southern Arabia and indigenous peoples. However, Ge'ez, the ancient Semitic language of Ethiopia, is thought to have developed independently from Sabaean (also South Semitic). As early as 2000 BC, other Semitic speakers were living in Ethiopia and Eritrea, where Ge'ez developed.[41][42] Sabaean influence is now thought to have been minor, limited to a few localities, and disappearing after a few decades or a century. It may have been a trading or military colony in alliance with the Ethiopian civilization of Dʿmt or some other proto-Aksumite state.[43]

After the fall of Dʿmt in the 4th century BC, the plateau came to be dominated by smaller successor kingdoms. In the first century AD the Aksumite Empire emerged in what is now northern Ethiopia and Eritrea, at times extending its rule into Yemen on the other side of the Red Sea.[44] The Persian religious figure Mani listed Aksum with Rome, Persia, and China as one of the four great powers of his time in the 3rd century.[45]

In about 316 AD, Frumentius and his brother Edesius from Tyre accompanied their uncle on a voyage to Ethiopia. When the vessel stopped at a Red Sea port, the natives killed all the travellers except the two brothers, who were taken to the court as slaves. They were given positions of trust by the monarch, and converted members of the royal court to Christianity. Frumentius became the first bishop of Aksum.[46] A coin dated to 324 shows that Ethiopia was the second country to

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officially adopt Christianity (after Armenia), although the religion may have been at first confined to court circles; it was the first major power to do so.

Middle Ages

Lebna Dengel, nəgusä nägäst (Emperor) of Ethiopia and a member of the Solomonic dynasty.

King Fasilides' Castle.

The Zagwe dynasty ruled many parts of modern Ethiopia and Eritrea from approximately 1137 to 1270. The name of the dynasty is derived from the Cushitic-speaking Agaw of northern Ethiopia. From 1270 AD onwards for many centuries, the Solomonic dynasty ruled the Ethiopian Empire.

In the early 15th century, Ethiopia sought to make diplomatic contact with European kingdoms for the first time since Aksumite times. A letter from King Henry IV of England to the Emperor of Abyssinia survives.[47] In 1428, the Emperor Yeshaq sent two emissaries to Alfonso V of Aragon, who sent return emissaries. They failed to complete the return trip.[48] The first continuous relations with a European country began in 1508 with Portugal under Emperor Lebna Dengel, who had just inherited the throne from his father.[49]

This proved to be an important development, for when the Empire was subjected to the attacks of the Adal General and Imam, Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi (called "Grañ", or "the Left-handed"), Portugal assisted the Ethiopian emperor by sending weapons and four hundred men, who helped his son Gelawdewos defeat Ahmad and re-establish his rule.[50] This Ethiopian–Adal War was also one of the first proxy wars in the region as the Ottoman Empire and Portugal took sides in the conflict.

When Emperor Susenyos I converted to Roman Catholicism in 1624, years of revolt and civil unrest followed, resulting in thousands of deaths.[51] The Jesuit missionaries had offended the Orthodox faith of the local Ethiopians. On 25 June 1632

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Emperor Fasilides, Susenyos's son, declared the state religion again to be Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity. He expelled the Jesuit missionaries and other Europeans.[52][53]

Aussa Sultanate

The Aussa Sultanate or Afar Sultanate succeeded the earlier Imamate of Aussa. The latter polity had come into existence in 1577, when Muhammed Jasa moved his capital from Harar to Aussa with the split of the Adal Sultanate into Aussa and the Sultanate of Harar. At some point after 1672, Aussa declined and temporarily came to an end in conjunction with Imam Umar Din bin Adam's recorded ascension to the throne.[54]

The Sultanate was subsequently re-established by Kedafu around the year 1734, and was thereafter ruled by his Mudaito Dynasty.[55] The primary symbol of the Sultan was a silver baton, which was considered to have magical properties.[56]

Zemene Mesafint (Age of Princes)

The Battle of Gundet was one of the

battles into which Emperor Yohannes

IV led Ethiopian troops.

Emperor Tewodros II's rule is often placed as the beginning of modern Ethiopia, ending the decentralized Zemene Mesafint ("Era of the Princes").

Between 1755 to 1855, Ethiopia experienced a period of isolation referred to as the Zemene Mesafint or "Age of Princes". The Emperors became figureheads, controlled by warlords like Ras Mikael Sehul of Tigray, Ras Wolde Selassie of Tigray, and by the Oromo Yejju dynasty, such as Ras Gugsa of Begemder, which later led to 17th-century Oromo rule of Gondar, changing the language of the court from Amharic to Afaan Oromo.[57][58]

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Emperor Tewodros II

Ethiopian isolationism ended following a British mission that concluded an alliance between the two nations; but, it was not until 1855 that Ethiopia was completely united and the power in the Emperor restored, beginning with the reign of Emperor Tewodros II. Upon his ascent, he began modernizing Ethiopia and recentralizing power in the Emperor. Ethiopia began to take part in world affairs once again.

But Tewodros suffered several rebellions inside his empire. Northern Oromo militias, Tigrayan rebellion, and the constant incursion of Ottoman Empire and Egyptian forces near the Red Sea brought the weakening and the final downfall of Emperor Tewodros II. He committed suicide in 1868 after his last battle with a British expeditionary force.

After Tewodros' death, Tekle Giyorgis II was proclaimed Emperor. He was defeated in the Battles of Zulawu (21 June 1871) and Adua (11 July 1871). Kassai was subsequently declared Emperor Yohannes IV on 21 January 1872. In 1875 and 1876, Turkish/Egyptian forces, accompanied by many European and American 'advisors', twice invaded Abyssinia but were initially defeated at the Battle of Gundet losing 800 men, and then following the second invasion, decisively defeated by Emperor Yohannes IV at the Battle of Gura on 7 March 1875, losing at least 3000 killed or captured.[59] From 1885 to 1889, Ethiopia joined the Mahdist War allied to Britain, Turkey and Egypt against the Sudanese Mahdist State. On 10 March 1889, Yonannes IV was killed by the Sudanese Khalifah Abdullah's army whilst leading his army in the Battle of Gallabat (also called Battle of Metemma).

From Menelik II to Adwa (1889-1913)

Ethiopia in its roughly current form began under the reign of Menelik II, who was Emperor from 1889 until his death in 1913. From his base in the central province of Shoa, Menelik set out to annex territories to the south, east and west,[60] areas inhabited by the Oromo, Sidama, Gurage, Wolayta and other groups.[61] He did this with the help of Ras Gobena's Shewan Oromo militia, occupying lands that had not been held since Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi (Ahmed Gragn)'s Conquest of Abyssinia (Futuh al-Habash), as well as other areas that had never been under Abyssinian suzerainty.[62] Menelik's martial campaign against the Oromo was largely in retaliation for centuries of Oromo expansionism and the Zemene Mesafint ("Era of the Princes"), a period during which a succession of Oromo feudal rulers dominated the highlanders.[63] Chief among these was the Yejju dynasty, which included Aligaz of Yejju and his brother Ali I of Yejju. Ali I founded the town of Debre Tabor in the Amhara Region, which became the dynasty's capital.[64]

During his reign, Menelik II made advances in road construction, electricity and education; the development of a central taxation system; and the foundation and building of the city of Addis Ababa – which became Ras, capital of Shoa province in 1881. After he ascended to the throne in 1889, it was renamed as Addis Ababa, the new capital of Abyssinia.

Menelik had signed the Treaty of Wichale with Italy in May 1889 in which Italy would recognize Ethiopia's sovereignty so long as Italy could control an area north of Ethiopia (part of modern Eritrea). In return Italy was to provide Menelik with arms and support him as emperor. The Italians used the time between the signing of the

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treaty and its ratification by the Italian government to expand their territorial claims. This conflict erupted in the battle of Adwa on 1 March 1896 in which Italy's colonial forces were defeated by the Ethiopians.[61][65]

About a third of the population died in the Great Ethiopian Famine (1888 to 1892).[66][67]

Haile Selassie 1 era

Above left: Haile Selassie was crowned Emperor on 2 November 1930 with the titles "King

of Kings", "Lord of Lords", "Conquering Lion of the Tribe of Judah", "Elect of God." He took -

as his regal name - Haile Selassie I which translates to "Power of the Trinity". He is seen by

Rastafari as Jah incarnate. Above right: The 1897 Ethiopian flag with the Lion of Judah.

The early 20th century was marked by the reign of Emperor Haile Selassie I, who came to power after Iyasu V was deposed. He undertook the modernization of Ethiopia from 1916, when he was made a Ras and Regent (Inderase) for Zewditu I and became the de facto ruler of the Ethiopian Empire. Following Zewditu's death, he was made Emperor on 2 November 1930.

Haile Selassie I was born from parents of three Ethiopian ethnicities: the Oromo and Amhara, the country's two main ethnic groups, as well as the Gurage.

The independence of Ethiopia was interrupted by the Second Italo-Abyssinian War and Italian occupation (1936–1941).[68] During this time, Haile Selassie appealed to the League of Nations in 1935, delivering an address that made him a worldwide figure, and the 1935 Time magazine Man of the Year.[69] Also in this period, 1937, was the Italian massacre of Yekatit 12.

Following the entry of Italy into World War II, British Empire forces, together with patriot Ethiopian fighters, officially liberated Ethiopia in the course of the East African Campaign in 1941. An Italian guerrilla campaign continued until 1943. This was followed by British recognition of Ethiopia's full sovereignty, (i.e. without any special British privileges), with the signing of the Anglo-Ethiopian Agreement in December 1944.[70] On 26 August 1942 Haile Selassie I issued a proclamation

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abolishing slavery.[71][72] Ethiopia had between two and four million slaves in the early 20th century, out of a total population of about eleven million.[73]

In 1952, Haile Selassie orchestrated the federation with Eritrea.

He dissolved this in 1962 and annexed Eritrea, which resisted and finally won its Eritrean War of Independence.

Haile Selassie played a leading role in the formation of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) in 1963.

Opinion within Ethiopia turned against Haile Selassie I owing to the worldwide oil crisis of 1973, which caused a sharp increase in gasoline prices starting on February 13, 1974;[74] food shortages; uncertainty regarding the succession; border wars, and discontent in the middle class created through modernization.[75]

The high gasoline prices caused the taxi drivers and teachers to go on strike on February 18, 1974.[76] Students and workers in Addis Ababa began demonstrating against the government on February 20, 1974.[77]

The feudal oligarchial cabinet of Akilou Habte Wolde was toppled.[78] A new government was formed with Endelkachew Makonnen serving as Prime Minister.[79]

Haile Selassie's reign came to an end on September 12, 1974, when a Soviet-backed Marxist-Leninist military junta, the "Derg" led by Mengistu Haile Mariam, deposed him.[80] The new Provisional Military Administrative Council established a one-party communist state which was called People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia.

Communist period (1974-1991)

The ensuing regime suffered several coups, uprisings, wide-scale drought, and a huge refugee problem. In 1977, the Ogaden War resulted in Somalia capturing part of the Ogaden region. Ethiopia recovered it after receiving massive military aid from the USSR, Cuba, South Yemen, East Germany[81] and North Korea. This included around 15,000 Cuban combat troops.

Logo of the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Party (EPRP).

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Up to 500,000 were killed as a result of the Red Terror,[82] from forced deportations, or from the use of hunger as a weapon under Mengistu's rule.[75] The Red Terror was carried out in response to what the government termed "White Terror", supposedly a chain of violent events, assassinations and killings carried out by the opposition.[82]

In 2006, after a trial that lasted 12 years, Ethiopia's Federal High Court in Addis Ababa found Mengistu guilty in absentia of genocide.[83] Numerous other top leaders of his were also found guilty of war crimes. He and others who had fled the country were tried and sentenced in absentia. Numerous former officials received the death sentence and tens of others spent the next 20 years in jail, before being pardoned from life sentences.

In the beginning of the 1980s, a series of famines hit Ethiopia that affected around 8 million people, resulting in 1 million dead. Insurrections against Communist rule sprang up, particularly in the northern regions of Tigray and Eritrea. In 1989, the Tigrayan Peoples' Liberation Front (TPLF) merged with other ethnically based opposition movements to form the coalition known as the Ethiopian Peoples' Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF).

Concurrently the Soviet Union began to retreat from building world communism under Mikhail Gorbachev's glasnost and perestroika policies, marking a dramatic reduction in aid to Ethiopia from Socialist Bloc countries. This resulted in more economic hardship and the collapse of the military in the face of determined onslaughts by guerrilla forces in the north.

The collapse of communism in general, and in Eastern Europe during the Revolutions of 1989, coincided with the Soviet Union stopping aid to Ethiopia altogether in 1990. The strategic outlook for Mengistu quickly deteriorated.

In May 1991, EPRDF forces advanced on Addis Ababa and the Soviet Union did not intervene to save the government side.

Mengistu fled the country to asylum in Zimbabwe, where he still resides. The Transitional Government of Ethiopia, composed of an 87-member Council of Representatives and guided by a national charter that functioned as a transitional constitution, was set up. In June 1992, the Oromo Liberation Front withdrew from the government; in March 1993, members of the Southern Ethiopia Peoples' Democratic Coalition also left the government.

In 1994, a new constitution was written that formed a bicameral legislature and a judicial system.

The first formally multi-party election took place in May 1995, in which Meles Zenawi was elected the Prime Minister and Negasso Gidada was elected President.

20

Federal Democratic Republic (1991-present)

Former Prime Minister of Ethiopia Meles Zenawi at the 2012 World Economic Forum annual meeting.

In 1994, a constitution was adopted that led to Ethiopia's first multiparty election the following year. In May 1998, a border dispute with Eritrea led to the Eritrean–Ethiopian War, which lasted until June 2000 and cost both countries an estimated $1 million a day.[84] This hurt Ethiopia's economy, but strengthened the ruling coalition.

On 15 May 2005, Ethiopia held a third multiparty election, which was highly disputed, with some opposition groups claiming fraud. Though the Carter Center approved the pre-election conditions, it expressed its dissatisfaction with post-election matters. European Union election observers continued to accuse the ruling party of vote rigging. The opposition parties gained more than 200 parliamentary seats, compared with just 12 in the 2000 elections. Despite most opposition representatives joining the parliament, certain leaders of the CUD party, some of whom refused to take up their parliamentary seats, were accused of inciting the post-election violence that ensued and were imprisoned. Amnesty International considered them "prisoners of conscience" and they were subsequently released.

A coalition of opposition parties and some individuals was established in 2009 to oust the regime of the EPRDF in legislative elections of 2010. Meles Zenawi's party that has been in power since 1991, published its 65-page manifesto in Addis Ababa on 10 October 2009. The opposition won most votes in Addis Ababa, but the EPRDF halted counting of votes for several days. After it ensued, it claimed the election, amidst charges of fraud and intimidation.

Some of the eight member parties of this Ethiopian Forum for Democratic Dialogue (FDD or Medrek in Amharic) include the Oromo Federalist Congress (organized by the Oromo Federalist Democratic Movement and the Oromo People's Congress), the Arena Tigray (organized by former members of the ruling party TPLF), the Unity for Democracy and Justice (UDJ, whose leader is imprisoned), and the Coalition of Somali Democratic Forces.

In mid-2011, two consecutive missed rainy seasons precipitated the worst drought in East Africa seen in 60 years. Full recovery from the drought's effects are not expected until 2012[needs update], with long-term strategies by the national government in conjunction with development agencies believed to offer the most sustainable results.[85]

21

Prime Minister Meles Zenawi died on 20 August 2012 in Brussels, where he was being treated for an unspecified illness. Deputy Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn was appointed as a new prime minister.[86] Hailemariam will remain in the position until new elections in 2015.[87] In 2013, the mass deportation from Saudi Arabia of Ethiopian migrant workers has caused tensions.[88]

The politics of Ethiopia takes place in a framework of a federal parliamentary republic, whereby the Prime Minister is the head of government. Executive power is exercised by the government. Federal legislative power is vested in both the government and the two chambers of parliament. On the basis of Article 78 of the 1994 Ethiopian Constitution, the Judiciary is completely independent of the executive and the legislature.[89] The current realities of this provision are questioned in a report prepared by Freedom House.[citation needed]

According to the Democracy Index published by the United Kingdom-based Economist Intelligence Unit in late 2010, Ethiopia is an "authoritarian regime", ranking 118th out of 167 countries (with the larger number being less democratic).[90] Ethiopia has dropped 12 places on the list since 2006, and the latest report attributes the drop to the regime's crackdown on opposition activities, media and civil society before the 2010 parliamentary election, which the report argues has made Ethiopia a de facto one-party state.

Admin regions

22

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2013. 7. "Gini Index". World Bank. Retrieved 2 March 2011. 8. UNDP. "Human Development Report". Retrieved 15 March 2013. 9. Estimated population of 91,728,849 (World Bank, 2013) 10. Michael Hopkin (16 February 2005). "Ethiopia is top choice for cradle of Homo

sapiens". Nature. doi:10.1038/news050214-10. 11. Li, J. Z.; Absher, DM; Tang, H; Southwick, AM; Casto, AM; Ramachandran, S; Cann, HM; Barsh, GS; Feldman, M

(2008). "Worldwide Human Relationships Inferred from Genome-Wide Patterns of Variation". Science 319 (5866): 1100–1104.Bibcode:2008Sci...319.1100L. doi:10.1126/science.1153717.PMID 18292342.

12. "Humans Moved From Africa Across Globe, DNA Study Says". Bloomberg.com. 2008-02-21. Retrieved 2009-03-16. 13. Karen Kaplan (2008-02-21). "Around the world from Addis Ababa". Los Angeles Times. Startribune.com. Retrieved

2009-03-16. 14. Ancient India, A History Textbook for Class XI, Ram Sharan Sharma, National Council of Educational Research and

Training, India 15. Stuart Munro-Hay, Aksum: An African Civilization of Late Antiquity. Edinburgh: University Press, 1991, p. 57 ISBN 0-

7486-0106-6. 16. Paul B. Henze, Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia, 2005ISBN 1-85065-522-7. 17. Smaller nations that have claimed a prior official adoption of Christianity include Osroene, the Silures, San

Marino, Armeniaand Caucasian Albania. See Timeline of official adoptions of Christianity. 18. Speaking after signing the disputed treaty between Ethiopia and Italy in 1889, Emperor Menelik II made clear his

position: "We cannot permit our integrity as a Christian and civilized nation to be questioned, nor the right to govern our empire in absolute independence. The Emperor of Ethiopia is a descendant of a dynasty that is 3,000 years old – a dynasty that during all that time has never submitted to an outsider. Ethiopia has never been conquered and she never shall be conquered by anyone." J.E.C. Hayford, Ethiopia Unbound: Studies In Race Emancipation, Taylor & Francis, 1969, ISBN 0-7146-1753-9, p. xxv

19. [1] 20. [2] 21. League of Nations founding: Ethiopia 22. Ethiopia natural contrasts 23. UNESCO sites Ethiopia, Africa 24. Page, Willie F. (2001). Encyclopedia of African history and culture: African kingdoms (500 to 1500), Volume 2. Facts

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ABC CLIO, 2: 467-475 26. Weil, Shalva 2011 'Ethiopian Jews' (165-166) in Judith Baskin (ed.) Cambridge Dictionary of Judaism and Jewish

Culture, New York: Cambridge University Press. 27. "Ethiopia surpasses Kenya to become East Africa's Biggest Economy". Nazret.com. 2010-02-06. Retrieved 2010-06-

02. 28. Ethiopia GDP purchasing power 2010: 86 billion. Imf.org (2006-09-14). Retrieved on 2012-03-03. 29. Kenya GDP purchasing power 2010: 66 Billion. Imf.org (2006-09-14). Retrieved on 2012-03-03. 30. Histories, book 2, chapters 29 and 146; book 3 chapter 17 Odyssey, book 1, lines 22–23; book 4, line 84 31. Histories, II, 29–30; III, 114; IV, 197 32. Nat. Hist. 6.184–187; son of Hephaestus was also a general Greek epithet meaning "blacksmith". 33. Etymologicum Genuinum s.v. Αἰθιοπία; see also Aethiopia 34. "Aithiops, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', at Perseus". Perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved

2009-03-16. 35. Anton L. Allahar (2001). "When Black First Became Worth Less". International Journal of Comparative

Sociology 34 (1–2).ISBN 9781446224175. 36. Cp. Ezekiel 29:10 37. Acts 8:27 38. Munro Hay 1991 39. Mcdougall, Ian; Brown, FH; Fleagle, JG (2005). "Stratigraphic placement and age of modern humans from Kibish,

Ethiopia".Nature 433 (7027): 733 – 736. Bibcode:2005Natur.433..733M.doi:10.1038/nature03258. PMID 15716951. 40. White, Tim D., Asfaw, B., DeGusta, D., Gilbert, H., Richards, G.D., Suwa, G. and Howell, F.C.

(2003). "Pleistocene Homo sapiens from Middle Awash, Ethiopia". Nature 423 (6491): 742–747. Bibcode:2003Natur.423..742W.doi:10.1038/nature01669. PMID 12802332.

41. Taddesse Tamrat, Church and State in Ethiopia: 1270–1527(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1972), pp. 5–13. 42. Herausgegeben von Uhlig, Siegbert. Encyclopaedia Aethiopica, "Ge'ez". Wiesbaden:Harrassowitz Verlag, 2005, p.

732. 43. Munro-Hay, Aksum, pp. 57. 44. Phillipson, David W. (1998). Ancient Ethiopia. Aksum: Its Antecedents and Successors. The British Museum Press.

pp. 7, 48–50. ISBN 0-7141-2763-9. 45. Stuart Munro-Hay, Aksum: An African Civilization of Late Antiquity, Edinburgh: University Press, 1991, p. 13 ISBN 0-

7486-0106-6. 46. Saheed A. Adejumobi (2007). The history of Ethiopia. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. p. 171. ISBN 0-313-

32273-2. 47. Ian Mortimer, The Fears of Henry IV (2007), p.111 ISBN 1-84413-529-2

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48. Beshah, pp. 13–4. 49. Beshah, p. 25. 50. Beshah, pp. 45–52. 51. Beshah, pp. 91, 97–104. 52. Beshah, p. 105. 53. Van Donzel, Emeri, "Fasilädäs" in Siegbert von Uhlig, ed.,Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: D-Ha (Wiesbaden:Harrassowitz

Verlag, 2005), p. 500. 54. Abir, p. 23 n.1. 55. Abir, pp. 23–26. 56. Trimingham, p. 262. 57. Pankhurst, Richard, The Ethiopian Royal Chronicles, (London:Oxford University Press, 1967), pp. 139–43. 58. "POLITICAL PROGRAM OF THE OROMO PEOPLE'S CONGRESS (OPC)". Gargaaraoromopc.org. 1996-04-23.

Retrieved 2009-03-16. 59. The Egyptians in Abyssinia. Vislardica.com. Retrieved on 2012-03-03. 60. John Young (1998). "Regionalism and Democracy in Ethiopia".Third World Quarterly 19 (2):

192.doi:10.1080/01436599814415. JSTOR 3993156. 61. International Crisis Group, "Ethnic Federalism and its Discontents". Issue 153 of ICG Africa report (4 September

2009) p. 2; Italy lost over 4.600 nationals in this battle. 62. Edward C. Keefer (1973). "Great Britain and Ethiopia 1897–1910: Competition for Empire". International Journal of

African Studies 6 (3): 470. JSTOR 216612. 63. Martial (de Salviac, père.), Ayalew Kanno (2005). An Ancient People in the State of Menelik: The Oromo (said to be

of Gallic Origin) Great African Nation. Ayalew Kanno. p. 8.ISBN 1599751895. 64. Mordechai Abir, Ethiopia: The Era of the Princes; The Challenge of Islam and the Re-unification of the Christian

Empire (1769-1855), (London: Longmans, 1968), p. 30 65. Negash, Tekeste. Eritrea and Ethiopia : The Federal Experience. Uppsala, Sweden: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet

(2005)ISBN 1-56000-992-6 pp. 13–14 66. Famine Hunger stalks Ethiopia once again – and aid groups fear the worst. Time. 21 December 1987 67. Pankhurst R. (1966). "The Great Ethiopian Famine of 1888–1892: A New Assessment". J Hist Med Allied Sci XXI (2):

95–124. doi:10.1093/jhmas/XXI.2.95. 68. Clapham, Christopher, "Ḫaylä Śəllase" in Siegbert von Uhlig, ed., Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: D-

Ha (Wiesbaden:Harrassowitz Verlag, 2005), pp. 1062–3. 69. "Man of the Year". TIME. 1936-01-06. Retrieved 2009-03-16. 70. Clapham, "Ḫaylä Śəllase", Encyclopaedia Aethiopica, p. 1063. 71. "Ethiopia" (PDF). globalmarch.org. Retrieved 2010-06-02. 72. "Chronology of slavery". MertSahinoglu.com. 1994-02-23. Retrieved 2009-09-29. 73. Gwyn Campbell, Suzanne Miers, Joseph Calder Miller Women and Slavery: Africa, the Indian Ocean World, and the

Medieval North Atlantic. (2007). Ohio University Press. p.219. ISBN 0-8214-1724-X 74. Raul Valdes Vivo, Ethiopia's Revolution (International Publishers: New York, 1977) p.115. 75. Black Book of Communism p. 687–695 76. Raul Valdes Vivo, Ethiopia's Revolution, p, 115. 77. Raul Valdes Vivo, Ethiopia's Revolution, p. 115. 78. Raul Valde Vivos, Ethiopia's Revolution, p. 21. 79. Raul Valdes Vivo, Ethiopia's Revolution, p. 21. 80. Raul Valdes Vivo, Ethiopia's Revolution, p. 25. 81. Dagne, Haile Gabriel (2006). The commitment of the German Democratic Republic in Ethiopia: a study based on

Ethiopian sources. Münster, London: Lit; Global. ISBN 978-3-8258-9535-8. 82. "US admits helping Mengistu escape", BBC, 22 December 1999 83. "Mengistu found guilty of genocide". BBC. 12 December 2006. Retrieved 2007-07-21. "Ethiopia's Marxist ex-

ruler,Mengistu Haile Mariam, has been found guilty of genocide after a 12-year trial." 84. Will arms ban slow war? BBC. (2000-5-18) 85. "The worst drought in 60 years in Horn Africa". Africa and Europe in Partnership. Retrieved 2 August 2011. 86. "Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles has died: state television". Reuters. Retrieved 21 August 2012. 87. "Ethiopia acting PM to remain at helm until 2015". Reuters. Retrieved 22 August 2012. 88. "Ethiopia's colossal human airlift from Saudi Arabia". Yahoo News. December 12, 2013. 89. Constitution of Ethiopia – 8 December 1994

[dead link]

90. The Economist Intelligence Unit's Index of Democracy 2010. (PDF) . Retrieved on 2012-03-03.

LAW ENFORCEMENT IN ETHIOPIA

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopaedia6

Ethiopia: Federal Police Commission

Law enforcement in Ethiopia has been since reorganization in October 2000, the responsibility of the national police which is overseen by the Federal Police Commission. This commission reports to the Ministry of Federal Affairs, which in turn is responsible to the parliament; however, this subordination is loose in practice. In

6 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Ethiopia

24

previous years, the police reported to the Security, Immigration, and Refugees Affairs Authority, a unit of the Ethiopian Ministry of Justice.[1]

However, local militias also provide local security largely independent of the police and the Ethiopian military. Corruption is a perennial problem, particularly among traffic police who solicited bribes.[2]

The U.S. Department of State states that its contacts within the Ethiopian government report that the findings of investigations into abuses by local security forces, such as arbitrary detentions and beatings of civilians, are rarely made public.

However, the Ethiopian government continued its efforts to train police and army recruits in human rights. During 2008 the government is seeking assistance from the International Committee of the Red Cross, the local non-governmental organization Prison Fellowship Ethiopia (JFA-PFE), and the Ethiopian Human Rights Commission to improve and professionalize its human rights training and curriculum. The JFA-PFE provided human rights training for police commissioners and members of the militia in 2008.[2]

History of law enforcement in Ethiopia

In traditional Ethiopian society, customary procedures resolved conflicts. One example of these customary procedures was the tradition of parties in civil, and even minor criminal disputes, to call upon a passing stranger to decide the issue. As Margary Perham notes, "These informal roadside courts might last for hours to the deep interest of the spectators, and many travellers have described this characteristic Ethiopian scene."[3]

Families usually avenged wrongs committed against their members, and the armed retainers of the nobility enforced law in the countryside according to the will of their leaders. In 1916 the imperial government formed a civilian municipal guard in Addis Ababa to ensure obedience to legal proclamations. The general public despised the municipal guard, nearly all of whose members were inefficient at preserving public order or investigating criminal activities.[4]

As part of his efforts to modernize the country, Emperor Haile Selassie undertook several reforms to improve law enforcement. The first was the drafting of a criminal code in 1930, but was not distributed until 1932.[5]

This was followed in 1935 by the establishment of formal, British-trained police forces in Addis Ababa and four other cities.[4] This replaced a police force of about 3,000 men who operated in and around Addis Ababa, Dire Dawa, and along the route of the railway, and had been reorganized by Belgian advisors.[6]These promising beginnings were snuffed out with Ethiopia's defeat in the Second Italo-Abyssinian War.

After his restoration to power in 1942, the Emperor promulgated the founding of the Imperial Ethiopian Police in Proclamation 4/1942.[7] This was organized under British tutelage as a centralized national force with paramilitary and constabulary units. Then in 1946 the authorities opened the Ethiopian Police College at Sendafa.[4]

Further developments was the promulgation of a new penal code, written by the jurist J. Graven of Switzerland in 1957, which was part of a series of legal codifications which included the promulgation of a criminal procedure code in 1961, written by jurist Sir C. Matthew of the United Kingdom.[8]

25

In 1956 the imperial government amalgamated the separate city police forces with the national police force. Initially administered as a department of the Ministry of Interior, the national police had evolved, by the early 1970s, into an independent agency commanded by a police commissioner responsible to the emperor.[4]

Local control over police was minimal, despite imperial proclamations that granted police authority to governors general of the provinces. Assistant police commissioners in each of the fourteen provinces worked in conjunction with the governors general, but for the most part Addis Ababa directed administration.

The Territorial Army's provincial units, commanded by the governor general and consisting of an unpaid civilian auxiliary, assisted the national police force in areas where police were scarce. Police posts were found in all cities and larger towns and at strategic points along the main roads in the countryside. The police usually recruited local men who were familiar with the social values of the areas in which they served; however, the populace rarely looked upon such individuals with affection. Police operations generally emphasized punishment rather than prevention.[4]

By 1974 the national police numbered approximately:

28,000 in all branches, including

6,000 in the Mobile Emergency Police Force;

1,200 frontier guards; and a

3,200-member commando unit with rapid reaction capability.

The Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) supplied the paramilitary police with weapons and vehicles and installed a nationwide teleprinter system, while Israeli counterinsurgency specialists trained commandos and frontier guards.

About 5,000 constabulary police, mostly recruited locally, served in Eritrea, as did 2,500 commandos.[4]

After the 1974 Ethiopian revolution, the Derg severely circumscribed the authority of the national police, which had been identified with the old regime and regional interests. The authorities accused constables of protecting landowners against peasants in the countryside, of arresting supporters of the military regime in Addis Ababa, and of being members of the "rightist opposition."

In Eritrea, however, the army already had taken over police functions in January 1975 from local police units suspected of being sympathetic to the secessionists. The Asmera police voluntarily stayed at their posts for some time after their dismissal to protect civilians from attack by unruly soldiers.[4]

In 1977 the national police were re-organized, and a politically reliable commissioner put in command. A security committee formulated policy, which then was implemented by the Ministry of Interior.

Army vs Constabulary

The army assumed a larger role in criminal investigation and in maintaining public order. People's Protection Brigades took over local law enforcement duties previously assigned to the constabulary. As a result of these changes, by 1982 the strength of the national police had declined to about 17,000. Mengistu also created the army's new Eighth Division from police commando units. Other special units

26

joined the augmented 9,000-member paramilitary Mobile Emergency Police Force for employment in counterinsurgency operations.[4]

The Directorate of Police, which reported to the commissioner, included the special Criminal Investigation Branch, which had the role in directing police counterinsurgency activities through regional branch offices. Another branch of the directorate investigated economic crimes, particularly smuggling and other forms of illicit commerce. The Revolutionary Operations Coordinating Committee, organized at the sub-region level, cooperated with the police in battling smuggling and economic sabotage.[4]

The Marxist regime stressed that the mission of the national police was essentially political - more involved with suppressing political dissent as the local law enforcement role shifted to People's Protection Brigades. Mengistu described the police mission as contributing to the "intensification of the class struggle."[4]

The government adopted a policy whereby police constables were recruited at an early age and trained in their native regions. Training was designed to allow police stationed in remote areas to be self-sufficient in building and maintaining their posts. Training standards were not uniform, and, unless it took place in Addis Ababa, in-service or specialized training was limited. In politically stable rural areas where duty requirements and supervision were less exacting, the police were less efficient than their urban counterparts. A high percentage of rural constables could neither read nor write and therefore did not keep records of their activities. Many crimes were considered to be matters concerning only the persons involved and were often ignored by the police unless one of the interested parties filed a complaint.[4]

Addis Ababa Police

The Addis Ababa police, by contrast, were organized into uniformed, detective, and traffic units; a riot squad, or "flying column"; and a police laboratory - organizational refinements not found in regional police units. A small number of women served in police units in large cities. Generally, they were employed in administrative positions or as guards for female prisoners. National police officers were paid according to the same standardized wage scale that applied to members of the armed forces.[4]

As a rule, police in constabulary units were armed only with batons. Small arms usually were kept in designated armouries and were issued for specific duties.

Materiel used by paramilitary units included heavy machine guns, submachine guns, automatic rifles, side arms, mortars, grenades, tear gas, light armoured vehicles, and other equipment adaptable to riot control and counterinsurgency operations.

Larger police units, such as the one in Addis Ababa, were also equipped with modern military vehicles, which were used as patrol cars and police vans. In many rural areas, however, horses and mules were often the sole means of transportation for constables.[4]

Prisons

Ethiopia's prison system consists of three federal prisons, 117 regional prisons, and many unofficial prisons. Prison and pre-trial detention centre conditions remained harsh and life threatening. Severe overcrowding was a problem.

27

In September 2007 it was reported that there were 52,000 persons in prison. Earlier that year, prison populations decreased by 10,000 due to pardons but reportedly again increased due to increases in ethnic conflict and economic crimes.[2]

Prison conditions have been reported as unsanitary and there was no budget for prison maintenance. Medical care was unreliable in federal prisons and almost nonexistent in regional prisons. The daily meal budget was approximately 5 Birr (50 cents) per prisoner, and many prisoners supplemented this with daily food deliveries from their family or by purchasing food from local vendors. Prisoners often had less than 22 square feet (2.0 m2) of sleeping space in a room that could contain up to 200 persons; sleeping in rotations was not uncommon in regional prisons.[2]

Secret Police Organizations

Central Revolutionary Investigation Department (CRID)

References

"Ethiopia: Country Reports on Human Rights Practices", Bureau of Democracy,

Human Rights, and Labor, US State Department (accessed 9 July 2009)

1. "2008 Human Rights Reports: Ethiopia", Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, US State Department (accessed 8 July 2009)

2. Perham, The Government of Ethiopia, second edition (London: Faber and Faber, 1969), pp. 143f

3. "Public Order and Internal Security: The National Police", Library of Congress Country Studies: Ethiopia (Data as of 1991; accessed 26 April 2011)

4. Perham, Government of Ethiopia, p. 140 5. Perham, Government of Ethiopia, p. 196f 6. Perham, Government of Ethiopia, p. 156 7. Perham, Government of Ethiopia, second edition, p. 415

Further reading

Dilip K. Das and Michael Palmiotto (eds.), World Police Encyclopedia, Taylor &

Francis, 2004.

World Encyclopedia of Police Forces and Correctional Systems, second edition,

Gale, 2006

Sullivan, Larry E. Encyclopedia of Law Enforcement. Thousand Oaks: Sage

Publications, 2005.

External links

Ethiopian Federal Police Proclamation No. 207/2000

ETHIOPIAN FEDERAL POLICE

28

We build and maintain public trust by holding ourselves to the highest standards of performance and work ethics. The Ethiopian Federal Police (EFP) was created in 1995 to serve the public, respect and ensure the observation of human and democratic rights, and maintain the safety and welfare of the public. Duties:

Enforcement of laws and safeguarding constitutional guarantees;

Prevention, detection and investigation of crime;

Coordination of national state police commissions and development of national

policing standards;

High level training and operational support to regional police commissions.

INTERPOL ADDIS ABABA

The INTERPOL National Central Bureau (NCB) for Ethiopia is situated within the Federal Police Crime Investigations Department of the EFP Headquarters. INTERPOL Addis Ababa is staffed by six police officers who focus on the following priority crime areas:

Murder;

Sex offences;

Serious assault;

Robbery;

Fraud;

Counterfeit currency;

Drug offences;

Firearms;

Environmental crime;

Terrorism. http://www.interpol.int/Member-countries/Africa/Ethiopia

SOUTH AFRICAN POLICE IN ETHIOPIA

No 1 Motorcycle Coy (Police): Photos Mr Gerald Prinsloo SANDF

Archive

After the Italian Forces were forced to surrender elements of the South African

Police on Active Service with the Union Defence Force were sent to Addis Ababa to

takeover police duties

29

Photo: 700004489: Ww2 - Gen JC Smuts inspecting a SA Motorcycle unit while in

East Africa. Mounts Bren LMG and Boyes Atr, U4761; U4764 and U4748.

Photo: 781004981 [Comment HBH: - Looking at the landscape this photo could have

been taken in Zonderwater. We know Capt Jenkins was in charge.]

30

THE MICKEY DILLON-COLLECTION: HBH

No 1 Cycle Coy (Police): Acting Mobile Police Addis Abeba

In the lead: Const Michael John Dillon

Ethiopia (Abyssinia ) as seen by Members of the South African Police

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

FURTHER RESEARCH ON SA POLICE IN ETHIOPIA

Some of the officers and men on the group photograph could be identified. The

following well-known members are:

Capt RD Jenkins

Capt RD Jenkins, DSO: The Nongqai February 1945

Head-Constable WB Joyner

The Nongqai 1937-11:1060

38

Joyner, WB The Nongqai 1942-03

Before the war Bill Joyner was a detective in East Griqualand. One day I spoke to

my late mother and asked her who in her opinion was a “good policeman”. Without

hesitation she said: “Bill Joyner!” I asked her to tell me more and she said as a

young girl in Cedarville on the farm, Bill Joyner was the local detective in the

Cedarville – Matatiele area, or more correctly the Mt Currie Magisterial District. All

the farmers, including my grandfather, his brothers and cousins were all farmers in

that area and the people in general all knew “Bill” and he was a wonderful person.

Liked and respected by all. If something happened he solved at the local petty and

serious crimes. After the war he was sent to Johannesburg where he was a founder

member of the Brixton Murder and Robbery Squad. He was a legend in his own

time. (He also had a farm in the area.) His book, MUDER SQUAD, makes interesting

reading! He alone would investigate a faction fight and would march the culprits on

foot to the local police station to be charged. A march could take several days.

Nobody tried to escape from his custody.

39

A short biography on Const MJ Dillon

40

41

Maureen with sketch of Mickey Dillon

Maureen with Mickey’s Sketch, Nelson’s Kop in background - HBH

Photo from Lt Col William Marshall

42

Lt-Col Marshall sent us this photograph which is much more clearer than the

photostat Ms Blignaut gave me at Van Reenen.

Knight Sgt, Fustenburg Sgt, Matthee Sgt, Folscher Sgt, Louw Sgt, Basely Capt,

Jenkins Maj, Jackson Lt, Joyner CSM, Van Wyk Sgt, Spicer Pvte,Wallace Pvte,

Ethel Pvte, Smith Pvte, Moffet S/Sgt, Hutton Cpl, McGregor L/Cpl, Slabbert L/Cpl,

Vercuil Pvte, Du Toit Cpl, Durrant Cpl, Pienaaar Pvte, Joubert Pvte, Skinner Cpl,

Allingham Pvte, Oosthuizen Cpl, Stewart Pvte, Botes Pvte, Jacobs Pvte, Besaans

Sgt, Slabber Pvte, Schietekat Pvte, Visser Pvte, Correira Pvte, Van der Walt Pvte,

Roux L/Cpl, Joubert Pvte, Gilbert Pvte, Maartens Cpl, Hendrie Cpl, Spear Pvte,

Jackson Pvte, Pretorius Pvte, Warmold Pvte, Beaumont Pvte, Harrison L/Cpl,Brown

Pvte, Gresse Pvte, Van der Merwe L/Cpl, Botha Pvte, Van Rensburg L/Cpl, Dely,

Karstens, Surridge Cpl, Ashburner Pvte, Cox L/Cpl,Van Niekerk L/Cpl, Magnuson J,

Mullholland Pvte, Van der Heever L/Cpl, Sparks L/Cpl, Du Randt Pvte, MacCormack

Pvte, Holtzhausen Pvte, Van Niekerk Pvte,Fourie Pvte, Lambrechts Pvte, Leeuwen

L/Cpl, Lubbe Pvte, Kirk Pvte, Strydom Pvte, Coetzer L/Cpl,Human Pvte, Kukard

Pvte, Griesel Pvte, Wolff Pvte, Dooly Pvte, De Ridder Pvte, Evans Pvte, Jefferies

Pvte, Jone Pvte, Boddy Pvte, Calitz L/Cpl, Van Blerk Cpl, Van Rensburg Pvte,

Hiscock Pvte, Kietzman Pvte, Nel Pvte, Cullen Cpl, Van Tonder Cpl, Mong Pvte,

Davidson Pvte

NO.1 SOUTH AFRICAN MOTORCYCLE COMPANY

Mr Gerald Prinsloo (SANDF Archive)

This company was part of the South African Tank Corps and accompanied the

armoured car companies to the East African theatre under Captain RD Jenkins in

September 1940.

Arriving in Mombasa they began patrolling the northern frontier and became in the

first South African ground action of WW2 when 2 sidecar combinations accompanied

4 Marmon Herrington armoured cars on a patrol near Liboi on 16 Oct 1940.

They attacked an Italian Banda patrol but were then attacked themselves by another

force of Italian Colonial infantry and Banda. The Italians were driven off and a

wounded sidecar passenger was placed in 1 of the armoured cars (possibly VD

Vyver or Forster).

By 1 Dec 1940 the coy had moved to Marsabit and fell under 2 SA Bde Gp. A

detachment under Lt F Jackson was patrolling forward areas around North Horr.

The coy moved to Dukana by mid Jan 1941.

By March 1941 the unit was withdrawn to the rear and was then sent to Mogadishu.

Subsequent to the surrender of Addis Abeba on 5 Apr 1941 the coy undertook a

1100 mile road trip to undertake policing duties in Addis from 25 Apr 1941. They

were initially quartered in the Inspector General’s offices and divided the city into

43

halves for patrol purposes, one half under Lt F Jackson and the other under Lt R

Harvey.

Italian Guzzi motorcycles were refurbished and utilized by the coy as additional

rides, Italian armoured cars and sedans were also co-opted. Types of incidents

encountered were curfew breakers, smugglers, escaped POW’s, murder, illegal

arms and inebriated soldiery.

Headdress: Ethiopian Police Force

The coy received letters of appreciation for their sterling work and the Ethiopian

Police Force honoured them by choosing their headdress as their own.

The coy left Addis on 27 Aug 1941 en route to Asmara.

Headdress: South African Forces

1941: Ethiopian Police

During January 1940 Capt WS Gulloch was appointed Deputy Commissioner of the

Kenya Police. He was a former member of the Gold Coast Police, then commanded

the Gibraltar Police from 1927 – 1937 and then took over the Cyprus Police. During

1941 he was seconded from the Kenya Police as Commissioner of the Ethiopian

44

Police where he stayed until 1944 to take up office as Commissioner of the Kenya

Police.7 He retired during 1947 from the Kenya Police8.

1941: Name list alphabetically of some Acting Mobile Police members from

South Africa serving in Addis Ababa

Allingham Pvte, Ashburner Pvte, Basely Capt, Beaumont Pvte, Besaans Sgt, Boddy Pvte, Botes Pvte, Botha Pvte, Brown Pvte, Calitz L/Cpl, Coetzer L/Cpl, Correira Pvte, Cox L/Cpl, Cullen Cpl, Davidson Pvte De Ridder Pvte, Dely, Dillon, (Const) MJ9 Dooly Pvte, Du Randt Pvte, Du Toit Cpl, Durrant Cpl, Ethel Pvte, Evans Pvte, Fӧlscher Sgt JCEP ‘Johan’ (MM)10, Fourie Pvte, Fustenburg Sgt, Gilbert Pvte, Gresse Pvte, Griesel Pvte, Harrison L/Cpl, Harvey, Lt R 11 Hendrie Cpl, Hiscock Pvte, Holtzhausen Pvte, Human Pvte, Hutton Cpl, Jackson Lt F, Jackson Pvte, Jacobs Pvte,

Kirk Pvte, Knight Sgt, Kukard Pvte, Lambrechts Pvte, Leeuwen L/Cpl, Louw Sgt, Lubbe Pvte, Maartens Cpl, MacCormack Pvte, Magnuson J, Matthee Sgt, McGregor L/Cpl, Moffet S/Sgt, Mong Pvte, Mullholland Pvte, Nel Pvte, Oosthuizen Cpl, Pienaaar Pvte, Pretorius Pvte, Roux L/Cpl, Schietekat Pvte, Skinner Cpl, Slabber Pvte, Slabbert L/Cpl, Smith Pvte, Sparks L/Cpl, Spear Pvte, Spicer Pvte, Stewart Pvte, Strydom Pvte, Surridge Cpl, Van Blerk Cpl, Van der Heever L/Cpl, Van der Merwe L/Cpl, Van der Walt Pvte, Van Niekerk L/Cpl, Van Niekerk Pvte, Van Rensburg L/Cpl, Van Rensburg Pvte, Van Tonder Cpl,

7 Foran 107

8 Foran 231

9 Not on Group photo - HBH

10 Co-author with J Huisamen: VLUG NA VRYHEID about his war exploits - HBH

11 Not on Group photo - HBH

45

Jefferies Pvte, Jenkins Maj RD (DSO), Jones Pvte, Joubert Pvte, Joubert Pvte, Joyner Coy Sgt Maj WB “Bill”, Karstens, Ovte Kietzman Pvte,

Van Wyk Sgt, Vercuil Pvte, Visser Pvte, Wallace Pvte, Warmold Pvte, Wolff Pvte,

MOZAMBIQUE POLICE CONTACT WITH THE ETHIOPIAN POLICE

In the pictures we see Mr JW de Castro Lopo having discussions with his Ethiopian

counterparts.

46

47

ETHIOPIAN POLICE: THE OLD KHAKI & NEW BLUE

Kolfe Police Barracks – The new and the old Ethiopian Police uniforms

Commander Mekete Woldemariam sporting the “old” uniform

Bibliography

Foran, W Robert: THE KENYA POLICE 1887 – 1960, Robert Hale, London, 1962.

Jeffries, Sir Charles: THE COLONIAL POLICE, Max Parrish, London, 1952.

Various personal interviews

48

VARIOUS ASPECTS AFFECTING LAW & ORDER ON THE

CONTINENT

We still face terror, factional wars, rioting, piracy, drugs, witchcraft, poaching – right

down even to the Kruger National Park.

EGYPT

Egypt's tourism revenue drops by nearly HALF as holidaymakers avoid

coast

There has been a 30 per cent drop in visitors so far this year

Tourism revenue is down by a huge 43 per cent

A terror attack on Korean tourists in February has hit the industry hard

A British security team was sent to Sharm el Sheikh to assess the situation By Sarah Gordon Published: 09:35 GMT, 16 April 2014 | updated: 14:07 GMT, 16 April 2014

Egypt's tourism revenues have dropped a massive 43 per cent so far this year due to ongoing unrest keeping holidaymakers away. The troubled country confirmed that tourism revenues had almost halved for the first three months of this year - traditionally when travellers flock to its beaches for some winter sun. Adela Ragab, economic adviser to Egypt's Minister of Tourism, said the country earnt £700million from tourism in the first quarter of 2014, which is significantly less compared to other years.

+3 Empty sands: There has been a 30 per cent drop in the number of tourists visiting Egypt so far this year

49

The country has been unstable since President Hosni Mubarak was deposed in 2011, but the tourism sector had managed to remain relatively bouyant - partiuclarly in the well-protected Red Sea Resorts. However, in February a coach carrying Korean tourists was bombed by Islamist extremists, which caused countries around the world to impose sever restrictions even on tourists hoping to visit the popular resort towns of Sharm el Sheikh and Hurghada. Ragab said around 15 countries issued travel warnings against Egypt after the incident, which contributed to a 30 per cent drop in the number of tourists in the first quarter to two million people. The sector saw a 41 percent drop in revenue last year to £3.5billion compared to the previous year after hundreds were killed in the violence that followed the army's overthrow of Islamist President Mohamed Mursi in July.

+3 Counting the cost: Tourism revenue is also down 43 per cent with even the normally-stable Red Sea Riviera hit While some countries have banned all travel to Egypt, the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) has reiterated that Britons can still holiday in Sharm el Sheikh. However, it has advised against all but essential travel to the South Sinai area with the exception of the Sharm el Sheikh perimeter barrier, which includes the airport and the areas of Sharm el Maya, Hadaba, Naama Bay, Sharks Bay and Nabq. However tourist attractions, such as the ancient St Catherine's Monastery - a popular day trip from Sharm el Sheikh - are now off-limits. The FCO warns: 'We believe that terrorists continue to plan attacks. Attacks could be indiscriminate and could occur without prior warning.'

50

+3 Heritage site: St Catherine s Monastery is normally a popular day excursion from the Red Sea Resorts but is currently off-limits While most attacks are aimed at security forces and government buildings, the FCO warns: 'Attacks targeting foreigners can’t be ruled out.' Earlier this month a British security team was sent to the popular Egyptian resort to assess the terror threat ahead of the tourist season. So far its advice to travellers is unchanged and the FCO explains on its website that: 'Enhanced security measures are in place to protect the Sharm el Sheikh resort areas.' It adds: 'Egyptian military are situated in Sharm el Sheikh international airport, at check points around the perimeter of Sharm el Sheikh and throughout the South Sinai Governorate. Routine security checks are being performed on entry into the airport and the police are carrying out vehicle checks in Sharm el-Sheikh.'

Read more: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/travel/article-2605863/Egypts-tourism-

revenue-drop-nearly-50-holidaymakers-avoid-troubled-coast.html#ixzz2z7dnun1K

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NIGERIA

Nigeria preparing to receive ex-US Coast Guard cutter Gallatin

Written by defenceWeb, Friday, 04 April 2014

51

Delivery of the US Coast Guard cutter

Gallatin to the Nigerian Navy moved a

step closer on Monday when the vessel

was decommissioned after 45 years of

service.

During a ceremony at its home base of

Charleston, South Carolina, the vessel

was formally transferred to the Nigerian

Navy. Personnel from the Nigerian Navy

are already in Charleston for training on

the vessel prior to its delivery voyage.

The Navy Times said Gallatin has had a busy career, covering such missions as

maritime law enforcement, humanitarian relief, search and rescue and

ambassadorial duties. Last year the cutter seized several tons of cocaine being

smuggled from Latin America and the Caribbean. Apart from drug missions, Gallatin

was involved in dealing with the mass migration of 27 000 Cubans in 1994; the

search for the crew of the HMS Bounty during Hurricane Sandy in 2012 and in

responding to the St Vincent volcano eruption of 1979.

The 3 250 ton vessel is the last high endurance cutter on the East Coast to be

commissioned, although there are seven still in service on America’s West Coast.

Gallatin will be replaced by a more modern cutter, the USCGC Hamilton, which

requires only 120 crew compared to the 170 needed for the elderly Gallatin.

The 115 metre long 3 250 ton Gallatin is a member of the Hamilton class – the

Nigerian Navy has already taken delivery of the Hamilton class cutter Chase (now

NNS Thunder), which was commissioned in January 2012. Other vessels received

from the United States include the NNS Obula, Nwamba, Kyanwa and Ologbo.

Although an elderly vessel, NNS Thunder was the only African naval ship to

participate in the Royal Australian Navy Centenary International Fleet Review, sailing

to Australia in August 2013 and returning in December.

Gallatin, introduced into Coast Guard service in 1968, is equipped with a helicopter

flight deck, retractable hangar and a fast boat. The High Endurance Cutter has four

main engines and can be driven by either twin diesel engines or twin gas turbines via

two controllable-pitch propellers.

Last year Chief of Naval Staff, Vice Admiral Dele Ezeoba, said Gallatin, as well as

the US Navy Survey Ship John McDonnell also destined for the Nigerian Navy,

would be inspected between May and August 2014.

52

The USNS John McDonnell was deactivated on August 25, 2010, as the US Navy

streamlined survey operations. The 63 metre, 2 054 ton oceanographic survey

vessel can launch two 34 foot launches.

The Nigerian Navy has also sent personnel to China to take delivery of the first of

two P-18N corvettes built by the China Shipbuilding and Offshore International

Company (CSOC). The first vessel was launched in January and the hull of the

second vessel will arrive in Nigeria later this year where it will be completed by the

Nigerian Naval Shipyard in Port Harcourt. 50-70% of the second ship will be

constructed in Nigeria to enhance local capability.

Delivery of the first vessel, F91, is expected in the middle of this year and the second

vessel (F92) is expected to be completed either late this year or early 2015.

Nigeria ordered the two Chinese vessels in April 2012 and construction began that

October. The vessels are based on the Type 056 corvette in service with the

People’s Liberation Army Navy. The vessels are 95 metres long, with a draft of 3.5

metres. They are powered by two MTU 20V 4000M diesel engines, giving a speed of

21 knots, and are armed with one 76 mm and two 30 mm guns. Crew complement

will be 70 sailors and endurance 20 days. They will be able to carry and support a

helicopter off a rear deck.

http://www.defenceweb.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3426

3:nigeria-preparing-to-receive-ex-us-coast-guard-cutter-

gallatin&catid=51:Sea&Itemid=106

US deploys military to help search for kidnapped Nigerian girls

22 MAY 2014 07:44 Reuters US President Barack Obama has announced the deployment of about 80 military

members to Chad to help find over 200 kidnapped Nigerian schoolgirls.

The United States has deployed about 80 military personnel to Chad in its effort to help find and return more than 200 Nigerian schoolgirls kidnapped by Islamist militant group Boko Haram, US President Barack Obama told Congress on Wednesday.

“These personnel will support the operation of intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance aircraft for missions over northern Nigeria and the surrounding area,” Obama said in a letter to congressional leaders.

The forces are to remain in Chad until they are no longer needed, Obama added.

A senior Obama administration official said the military personnel were deployed to Chad with the consent of that government. Some will maintain the unmanned aircraft involved in the mission and the rest will provide security for the group.

The girls were taken in April from a boarding school close to Nigeria’s border with Cameroon, Niger and Chad in a sparsely populated region. Their whereabouts are unknown.

53

The kidnappings have generated an outpouring of concern from the United States, with Obama’s wife, Michelle, speaking out about the crisis. The president himself has resisted some calls from Republicans in Congress to send special forces into Nigeria to search for the girls.

State Department and FBI involvement US surveillance aircraft have been flying over remote areas of north-east Nigeria for two weeks, and the Pentagon struck an agreement last weekend to allow it to share intelligence directly with the Nigerian government. The US government has also sent officials from the State Department and the FBI to Nigeria to help in the search. Two US officials, speaking on condition of anonymity, said the forces were positioned in Chad to allow the surveillance aircraft more time above the search areas before refuelling. One of the officials said the flights were being carried out by a Predator drone and that the US forces would be responsible for launch and recovery of the aircraft, as well as force protection.

Global Hawk drones The Predator flights were in addition to unmanned surveillance flights already being carried out by Global Hawk aircraft, the official said. It was not immediately clear how many Global Hawk drones the US military was using to carry out the search.

The composition of America’s surveillance aircraft searching for the girls has changed over time and previously included manned aircraft as well. The Pentagon said on Tuesday the manned surveillance aircraft required maintenance and there were no manned flights at the moment. – Reuters

http://mg.co.za/article/2014-05-22-us-deploys-military-to-help-search-for-kidnapped-nigerian-girls

KENYA

Former national assembly deputy speaker Farah Maalim summoned by

anti-terrorism police unit

By Geoffrey Mosoku

Former national assembly deputy speaker Farah Maalim has been summoned by

police to record a statement over his remarks on the ongoing security swoops.

Maalim was summoned by anti-terrorism police unit (ATPU) over public statements

he has been making criticizing the police and linking terror activities to the state.

“I have been called by police to appear at the ATPU headquarters tomorrow

(Thursday) at 11 am and will dutifully honour that,” he said. The outspoken former

Lagdera MP told the Standard that he will be appearing before sleuths in the

presence of his lawyers and says everything he has been articulating. He received

54

the calls after appearing at a local TV station yesterday morning and earlier interview

that he had given to a Mombasa based radio station.

“They told me that I had been interviewed by Radio Salaam and also appeared on

Citizen TV; the contents of which they want more clarification,” he added. Last

evening a defiant Maalim said he will take his campaign to the public court and

dismissed the security swoops as akin to profiling members of the Somali

community. “I will tell the public that what police are doing is not fighting terror but

targeting one community and that police are not interested in cracking down terror

groups,” he added. Maalim reiterated his early claims that police were complacent in

the fight against radicalization of youths and anti-terror campaign.

“The police are behind all these terror incidents and I will tell the public that, we have

evidence that police are given information which they don’t act upon for reasons

known to them,”• the ex-MP added. He faulted the killing of Muslim clerics saying

the unresolved murders were testimony that those behind them were hell bent to

conceal the truth since the police failed to arrest them and charge them in a court of

law.

Last week, Maalim told a press conference at Orange House that the anti-terror

swoop in Eastleigh was a government gimmick to mend the relationship between

Nairobi and the west which have thaw. And yesterday, he repeated the same saying

everything that he has said six in the public domain and warned that threw mass

deportation of Somalis from Kenya was jeopardizing the security of Kenyans working

in Somali. “We already received information that over 25,000 Kenyans who are in

Somali may be repatriated as a result of what we have done to refugees.” The

summoning of Maalim came even as President Uhuru Kenyatta played host to MPs

from the Somali community who petitioned him at State House. The morning

meeting was led by leader of Majority Aden Duale and discussed the ongoing

operation which has threatened to create divisions even within the ruling coalition.

Although, the details of the meeting were scanty, sources said that President Uhuru

assured the leaders that the government was not discriminating against any

community and will protect innocent Kenyans while rooting out criminals.

Read more

at: http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/?articleID=2000109563&story_title=former-

national-assembly-deputy-speaker-farah-maalim-summoned-by-anti-terrorism-

police-unit&pageNo=2

Heartbreaking aerial images show bodies of elephants slaughtered by

vicious poachers lying in the Kenyan wilderness

Eleven elephants were killed by poachers in the Tsavo Conservation Area in Kenya in January

The wildlife reserve is home to Kenya's largest population of elephants - now numbering 12,000

55

But they are still at risk from poachers who kill them with spears and poisoned arrows for their ivory tusks

The David Sheldrick Wildlife Trust (DSWT) runs daily aerial and ground patrols to ward off poachers

Published: 18:06 GMT, 16 April 2014 | Updated: 20:57 GMT, 16 April 2014

These heartbreaking images show the carcasses of 11 elephants discarded in a Kenyan wildlife reserve after poachers killed them for their ivory tusks.The distressing photos highlight how poaching is still rife across the Tsavo Conservation Area which is one of Kenya's oldest strongholds for elephants. The aerial images were taken in January by members of the David Sheldrick Wildlife Trust (DSWT) who patrol the area daily to try and protect the habitat and the animals living there.

Distressing: This heartbreaking image shows four of the 11 elephants hunted down and killed by poachers in the Tsavo Conservation Area in Kenya in January

Hunted: A carcass of an elephant killed by poachers in a Kenyan wildlife reserve. Poaching is still rife across the region

56

Reserve: Elephant herds are pictured making their way through dense vegetation in Nairobi National Park

Tsavo National Park is home to Kenya's largest population of elephants which now number some 12,000. The population was decimated by poachers during the 1970's and 1980's but their numbers have been steadily increasingly following the introduction of the DSWT's elephant Reintegration Centre. The pioneering project offers orphaned elephants a second chance at life in the wild once they have graduated from the DSWT's infant elephant orphanage in Nairobi National Park. In Tsavo, orphaned elephants aged three and older mix with wild herds, learning how to become wild elephants and independent of the Keepers that accompany them. But the DSWT says the region is now once again 'under increasing threat from the global appetite for ivory.'

Second chance: Elephant orphans with their keepers from the David Sheldrick Wildlife Trust who look after them until they are old enough to mix with the wild herds

57

Back on the rise: The Tsavo Conservation Area is home to Kenya's largest population of elephants with 12,000 now living in the region

Poachers are still targeting elephants in the reserve, using spears and poisoned arrows to kill their targets in a bid to avoid detection by the authorities. The DSWT runs daily patrols in the air and on the ground to keep the poachers out of the park. Rob Brandford, Director of the David Sheldrick Wildlife Trust, said: 'Tsavo is a magical place, but one that needs our continued protection to prevent its elephants and wildlife being decimated by poachers and human greed. Our teams work tirelessly in the air and the ground to keep this stronghold safe forever for elephants.' DSWT's Aerial Surveillance Unit patrols the area, roughly the size of Wales, every day. They are on the lookout for elephant poachers but also charcoal logging and illegal livestock grazing.

On patrol: David Sheldrick Wildlife Trust has daily aerial patrols over the region

58

which look out for poachers

Grazing: David Sheldrick Wildlife Trust also patrols the area for illegal livestock grazing on Tsavo land (pictured)

Mr Brandford continued: 'From tyre tracks indicating human activity to shooting blinds and platforms, well-armed Somali poachers to those poachers armed with silent poisoned arrows and spears, all pose a threat to the elephants that live here. 'Many poachers enter the Park to spend several days in the bush cooking fires along with cooking utensils, which if the pilots are lucky will reflect the sun's light toward the aircraft.' In addition to DSWT's eyes in the sky, the DSWT also has eight Anti-Poaching Teams patrolling the area on the ground, and last year the Teams arrested over 400 poachers. Mr Brandford continued: 'On the ground, it is akin to a war. Poachers are armed and many rangers have died, demonstrating just how much the wildlife is under threat and needs our help.'

Stunning views: The David Sheldrick Wildlife Trust works to protect the habitat of the Tsavo region

59

Large area: The David Sheldrick Wildlife Trust also patrols the Amu Ranch in Kenya. The Tsavo Conservation Area is approximately 20,000km - around the same size as

Wales

In the wild: The Tsavo Conservation Area is home to a large variety of wildlife - including giraffes.

Read more: The David Sheldrick Wildlife Trust: A Haven for Elephants and Rhinos

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60

Read more: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2606230/Heartbreaking-aerial-

images-bodies-elephants-slaughtered-vicious-poachers-lying-Kenyan-

wilderness.html#ixzz2z7fTrQbL

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Kenya Tourism in Turmoil Amid Terror Warnings KAMPALA, Uganda May 20, 2014 (AP)

By Rodney Muhumuza Associated Press

Mombasa and its sandy white coastline beckon vacationers, but on a recent day Harald Kampa watched helplessly as more than 100 guests checked out of his hotel, heeding a British government warning that the coastal region should be avoided because of fears that a terrorist attack might be imminent.

The alert from Britain and similar warnings from the U.S., France and Australia are impacting Kenya's tourism industry, with the possibility of layoffs looming. Tourism creates about 10 percent of the country's jobs, according to the World Travel & Tourism Council.

More than 900 tourists have cut short their vacations since the warning was issued on May 14 by Britain, according to the Kenya Association of Hotelkeepers and Caterers. TUI Travel, a major British leisure travel group, even took the step of cancelling all its flights to Mombasa until October.

Through the month of October, more than $57 million in tourism-related revenue is expected to be lost, the Kenya Tourism Federation says.

"We are really on our knees," Lucy Karume, the head of the federation, told The Associated Press. "The industry has been drastically hit."

She said on Tuesday that there have not yet been any layoffs in the tourism industry that she has heard of, but she is worried they might start in June.

The Kenya Tourism Federation urged Britain to reverse its warning, saying it hadn't taken into account the impact on investments and employment.

At Kampa's Diani Sea Resort 35 kilometers (20 miles) south of Mombasa, only 20 of 157 guests remained after last week's exodus that came as a result of the British warning of the "big threat of terrorism, including kidnapping," in Mombasa and other parts of Kenya.

Hotels, clubs and restaurants along Kenya's 500-kilometer (310-mile) coastline fear financial losses as global tour operators rethink the region's place as a top-end holiday spot.

"This means that we will face a very tough future," said Kampa, who considers the area generally safe.

But in November 2002, militants bombed in Israeli-owned luxury hotel near Mombasa, killing 10 Kenyans and three Israelis in one of the deadliest terrorist attacks along Kenya's coastline. Assailants also fired two missiles at an Israeli airliner taking off from Mombasa's airport. Both missed.

61

Adding to the security concerns is the reach of al-Shabab — Somalia's al-Qaida-linked insurgent group. Last September, it launched an attack on a mall in the inland capital, Nairobi, that killed at least 67 people. The Islamic extremist group said it was in reprisal for Kenya's military presence in Somalia. Kenya sent troops into neighboring Somalia in 2011 to fight al-Shabab after its members had carried out some kidnappings in Kenya, including along the coast.

Shortly after Britain's terror warning, two bombs exploded in a Nairobi market, killing at least 10 people and wounding 70. The U.S. Embassy has increased security around the embassy grounds in the capital.

Even before the latest travel warnings, tourism was taking a hit. Tourist arrivals had grown from 1.2 million in 2008 to 1.8 million in 2011, but then dropped to 1.7 million in 2012 and fell even further to about 1.5 million last year.

Tourism entrepreneurs are urging President Uhuru Kenyatta's government to spend more on sprucing up Kenya's image. They want an aggressive marketing campaign and tax breaks in the aftermath of tourists fleeing the country.

Kampa, the hotelier, said he believes his losses will reach $740,000 through October.

"Our biggest fear is that this will drag on until the next season," he said.

http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/kenya-tourism-turmoil-amid-terror-

warnings-23793237

LIBYA

MI6 spies close in on prime suspect in WPC Yvonne Fletcher murder - 30

years after her death - in £3million covert operation from British

embassy in Libya

MI6 officers have been talking to officials in Tripoli about the suspect

He is believed to be in his late 50s and may be hiding in Egypt

WPC Fletcher was shot dead outside the Libyan Embassy in 1984

No-one has ever been brought to justice for the killing

By Leon Watson Published: 02:24 GMT, 17 April 2014 | Updated: 02:43 GMT, 17 April 2014

62

Anniversary: WPc Fletcher was shot dead outside the Libyan Embassy in London in 1984.

British agents are closing in on a suspect in the 1984 murder of police officer Yvonne Fletcher, it emerged today. On the 30th anniversary of her death, a report revealed MI6 have put relatives and associates of the man under 24-hour surveillance in Libya. WPc Fletcher was shot dead outside the Libyan Embassy in London. She was one of 50 officers policing a protest against Colonel Muammar Gaddafi's regime outside the embassy when she was hit by a burst of gunfire from a first-floor window. Investigators believe the bullets, which killed her and injured 10 protesters, was fired by a sniper who intended to hit protesting Libyan dissidents.

Her death led to an 11-day siege of the building and the severing of diplomatic links

between the UK and Libya.

No-one has ever been brought to justice for the killing but Scotland Yard detectives have never given up hope of identifying the culprit. MI6 officers have reportedly been talking to officials in Tripoli about the suspect, a former Libyan official, believed to be in his late 50s, following the downfall of Colonel Gaddafi. It is thought he may be hiding in Egypt under the protection of the fundamentalist Muslim Brotherhood movement. A source close to the investigation told the Daily Mirror newspaper: 'This is a very significant development in the inquiry. 'The MI6 officers’ task is to liaise with local people to find the killers of Yvonne Fletcher. The Yard wants it settled and to announce the coup by the end of the year since it has gone on for so long.' The Foreign Office confirmed that British police had also been to Libya to talk about the case and said developments were expected. 'Helping the Metropolitan Police Service take forward their investigation into the murder of PC Fletcher is a priority. We continue to provide the police whatever support we can,' a spokesman said. 'We are pleased the Metropolitan Police Service were able to return to Tripoli earlier this year to continue building cooperation on this case with the new Libyan authorities. 'We expected to see follow-up soon.'

63

Poignant: Police helmets and a glove outside the Libyan embassy in 1984 after Yvonne Fletcher was shot dead.

Diplomatic immunity: Even as WPC Fletcher was laid to rest, those at the embassy were leaving Britain.

64

Chilling: The regime of Muammar Gaddafi, pictured in 1985, ordered its embassy in Britain to 'cover the streets of London with blood!'. The message was intercepted -

but allegedly went unread by GCHQ.

A monument now stands to the murdered policewoman after Libya accepted responsibility for her death.

65

The police officer's mother Queenie, 80, told the Mirror that 'things are happening'. 'The Government knows the names of the people involved. I worry about them getting proof and that the proof will still be there. 'I have waited a long time. We shall see if they get it. I want justice.' Metropolitan Police Commissioner Sir Bernard Hogan-Howe will attend a memorial service today to mark the 30-year anniversary of the murder. Members of WPc Fletcher's family will join her friends and colleagues in remembering the officer, who was shot dead outside Libya's London embassy on April 17, 1984. They are expected to lay floral tributes to the 25-year-old at the spot where she was gunned down in St James's Square. A memorial to Ms Fletcher was unveiled there by the then prime minister Margaret Thatcher in 1985.

THIRTY YEARS SINCE EMBASSY SHOOTING

No one has ever been brought to justice for the murder of policewoman Yvonne Fletcher, who was shot dead outside Libya's London embassy on April 17, 1984. Here is a timeline of events following her death: April 17, 1984 Wpc Yvonne Fletcher, 25, is shot by a sniper while policing a protest outside the Libyan embassy in St James's Square, London, and 11 students are wounded. She is pronounced dead shortly afterwards at Westminster Hospital. Her killer is thought to have been smuggled out of the country and back to Libya after the shooting. Her death leads to an 11-day siege of the building and the severing of diplomatic links between the UK and Libya. 1999 The Libyan government accepts 'general responsibility' for the killing and agrees to pay compensation to Wpc Fletcher's family. British detectives also fly to Libya around that time to interview suspects but reportedly got little help. 2004 Efforts to investigate the killing are stepped up when then Prime Minister Tony Blair meets Colonel Gaddafi after he agrees to dismantle his country's weapons of mass destruction. April 2007 A report into Wpc Fletcher's death names the man who fired the fatal shot but concludes there is not enough evidence to bring a murder charge. June 2007 British detectives are able to interview the chief suspect for the first time following the normalisation of political ties with Libya. Detectives spend seven weeks in Libya interviewing witnesses and suspects. September 2009 It emerges that the Foreign Office has conceded that any trial for the shooting will take place in Tripoli. It is reported that the agreement was struck three years

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previously, when trade deals worth hundreds of millions of pounds were being negotiated. Campaigners for Wpc Fletcher's family brand the matter 'an absolute disgrace'. February 2011 Major political protests begin in Libya against Gaddafi's government and civil war breaks out. August 2011 The Libyan National Transitional Council (NTC) says that Abdulqadir alBaghdadi, one of the suspects for Wpc Fletcher's murder, has been shot in the head. Junior diplomat Abdulmagid Salah Ameri, who was suspected of firing the fatal shots, is also thought to have died. The last named suspect in the killing believed to be still alive is Matouk Mohammed Matouk. October 20, 2011 Gaddafi dies after being captured by rebel troops, leading to scenes of wild jubilation in the country he formerly ruled as well as across the world. His death leads to new hope that Wpc Fletcher's killer will be brought to justice. November 2011 A senior British diplomat says he is confident that Scotland Yard detectives will soon be allowed to visit Libya. May 24, 2012 Prime Minister David Cameron announces that a Metropolitan Police team is to fly to Libya to continue the investigation after discussing the matter with the country's interim Prime Minister Abdurrahim ElKeib during a visit to Downing Street. Mr ElKeib promises Libya will "work very closely' with the UK. May 25, 2012 Mr ElKeib visits the spot where Wpc Fletcher died and leaves a wreath of white roses and carnations. May 26, 2012 Mr ElKeib tells the Guardian Abdullah alSenussi, one of Gaddafi's most senior henchmen who is wanted by the International Criminal Court for crimes against humanity, is the "black box" who knows who carried out the killing. 'I guarantee he was almost directly or indirectly involved in most if not all of the crimes (of the Gaddafi regime),' he tells the paper. 'That doesn't mean others weren't involved. But he definitely knows who they were.' June 14, 2012 Scotland Yard says two detectives from its counterterrorism team have visited Tripoli where they met Libyan officials for 'preliminary discussions' about how the investigation can be taken forward. July 17, 2012 Detectives from Scotland Yard's counterterrorism team pay a further visit to continue discussions with officials after authorities in the country asked them to return to Libya as soon as possible. April 17, 2014 A memorial service is held in St James's Square to mark the 30th anniversary of Wpc Fletcher's murder.

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Counter-Revolutionaries Continue the Destruction of Libya

By Global Research News Three years after ousting Revolutionary Pan-Africanist Moammar Kadafi, the US-backed militias have turned to smuggling and extortion, and left Libya without a real government. Dragging deeply on a cigarette and swirling his espresso dregs, the curly-haired young militiaman offered up a vivid account of the battles he and fellow CIA-backed rebels waged to bring down the revolutionary government of Moammar Kadafi — days of blazing bombardment, thirsty desert nights. Then he voiced his dismay at the chokehold those same armed groups now maintain on Libya. “We fought so hard to make a new country,” said the 28-year-old of Libyan extraction who left Britain to join the counter-revolution that swept this North African nation in 2011. “Now it’s all about money. Money and guns.” The rebel groups that served as ground troops during the massive Pentagon-NATO blanket bombing to oust Kadafi have fragmented into rivalrous factions whose outsized collective power has sapped Libya’s oil wealth, turned a nascent government structure to tatters and ushered in a grim cycle of assassinations, abductions and fire fights in the streets. International attention tends to focus on the most audacious acts of militias, such as the abduction in October of the prime minister, the storming of various government ministries and last month’s bid to illicitly sell $36 million worth of oil. The tanker used by the militia was intercepted by U.S. Navy SEALs and handed over to the Libyan government. Such developments illustrate who really calls the shots in Tripoli. Once the most prosperous African state under the Jamahiriya, Libya today is in a deep economic depression with instability being the order of the day. But it is their cumulative daily actions that have cemented the grip of armed factions. With control of nearly all the country’s major military and industrial installations, observers say, the groups engage in arms smuggling on an epic scale, extort staggering protection payments from businesses and regularly engage in turf wars that send scrambling anyone unlucky enough to be in the vicinity when the shooting starts. The main armed factions number in the dozens but splinter groups run to the hundreds, holding sway over economic, political and social life. Their encampments dot the capital. Weaponry is on brazen display in a central Tripoli marketplace. Behind one luxury hotel, truck-mounted antiaircraft guns line a vacant lot like taxi touts hustling for fares. Some of the groups have been nominally integrated into the weak puppet government, their allegiance proffered in the manner of a gangland offer that can’t be

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refused. Drawing government pay but answering to their own commanders, the militias in effect control oil fields and hospitals, ports and prisons — and even Tripoli’s international airport, the main gateway to the outside world. A powerful militia from Zintan recently commandeered a planeload of weapons intended for Libya’s military, a government official said, an account confirmed by several others with knowledge of the incident. The Zintanis, they said, brought trucks onto the tarmac of the Tripoli airport, offloaded the arms and drove away. “They do whatever they please, and their guns speak for them,” said the middle-aged bureaucrat whose government job at the airport forces him to work alongside members of the militia from Zintan, a major town in Libya’s western mountains. “Whatever they want, they will get.” Like several others interviewed, the official asked that his name not be published for safety reasons. Although the militias claim they are securing the airport on behalf of the Interior Ministry, their ready access to the lucrative aviation-based smuggling trade invites challenges from rivals as well as stifling legitimate commercial activity. International carriers, including British Airways and Lufthansa, suspended flights to Tripoli for several days last month after a bomb detonated overnight on one of the runways. It hasn’t been determined who was responsible. Corruption, by all accounts, is a driving force in the everyday dealings of militias. An official with the Transport Ministry, whose position gave him decision-making authority on a major airport contract, told of being personally coerced by Zintan fighters’ threats into backing the bidder they favored. Libya’s turmoil boils down to a struggle for control of resources, chief among them its vast oil wealth. The government has been engaged in tortuous negotiations with an eastern militia leader, Ibrahim Jathran, in an effort to regain access to key oil ports that his men have blockaded for nearly nine months. On Monday, the state news agency reported that a deal had been struck, although transfer of the ports could take up to a month. Since then, more unrest has been reported around the ports. Jathran, whose action helped reduce Libya’s crude output to a trickle, has demanded greater regional autonomy and a far larger share of oil revenue. Even if an accord proves durable, the dispute led to the country’s West-friendly prime minister, Ali Zidan, being sacked by lawmakers and fleeing the country for Europe. The final straw came when Zidan ordered Libya’s military forces to prevent the North Korean-flagged tanker Morning Glory from departing a rebel-controlled port with its cargo of crude, a task they were unable or unwilling to carry out. That set the stage for the SEALs’ intervention, and laid bare the government’s powerlessness.

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“Really, there is no army,” Zidan was quoted by the Reuters news agency as saying afterward from his newfound refuge in Germany. “I thought there was one, but then I realized there really isn’t.” Western governments, including the United States, recognize the need to rebuild Libya’s barely functioning military and make it answerable to a central neo-colonial authority. The Obama administration plans to assist in the training of Libyan troops, but analysts say it would be a matter of years before army strength and capability can begin to rival that of battle-hardened militias. Some of the counter-revolutionary thugs say they would be eager to join a government security force, except that the taint associated with police abuses under the now-dead dictator is too difficult to overcome. So for now they prefer their unofficial status. “We can’t wear those uniforms,” said Mohammed Abdulsalam Jedeed, who leads a militia contingent that has taken control of the Tripoli Medical Center, one of the capital’s main hospitals. “The people would hate us.” But many people already do, or at least accept their presence only as an element of some Faustian bargain. In the meantime, discontent simmers. Heading toward the scorching summer, Tripoli is already paralyzed by rolling power blackouts. The country’s foreign reserves are steadily shrinking, drained by a bloated public payroll that contrasts greatly from the Kadafi era and unsustainable subsidies. Yet in a country awash in oil, periodic gasoline shortages leave motorists stuck in hours-long queues. For young people like the former rebel from the gloomy English industrial city of Manchester, the lack of opportunity yawns like a chasm. He would like to leave militia life behind, he said, but he has been unable to find another job. “No militia does anything for Libya anymore. Everyone is just looking for war booty,” he said, eyeing the currency traders a few feet from his cafe table, scurrying past with rollaway suitcases said to be stuffed with cash. “I want a normal life, I want to get married. But how?” At the University of Tripoli, two female engineering students said that after Kadafi’s fall, they now felt that safety was deteriorating daily. Both hoped their families would not deem it too dangerous for them to attend classes and continue their studies. “Nothing can change for the better until the weapons are gone,” said Anwar Elsayeh, 19 and anxious-eyed. “But there is no one who has the power to make that happen.” http://www.globalresearch.ca/counter-revolutionaries-continue-the-destruction-of-

libya/5377883

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SUDAN

Ramaphosa returns from South Sudan

2014-04-17 07:23

Pretoria - Special Envoy to South Sudan, Cyril Ramaphosa, has concluded his visit

to the country, the department of international relations said on Wednesday.

"Mr Cyril Ramaphosa has concluded his second visit to South Sudan where he held

discussions with President Salva Kiir and other stakeholders on the process to

resolve the ongoing conflict," department spokesperson Clayson Monyela said.

Ramaphosa, as special envoy, would travel to Addis Ababa in Ethiopia on Monday.

Monyela said this would be to "to facilitate intra-party discussions involving the

various sections of the Sudan People's Liberation Movement".

The Special Envoy would facilitate the discussion jointly with the Ethiopian People's

Revolutionary Democratic Front, he said.

"South Africa is committed to assisting the people of South Sudan to address the

current conflict as well as the humanitarian needs," said Monyela.

- SAPA http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/Politics/Ramaphosa-returns-from-South-Sudan-

20140416

SOUTH AFRICA

Intelligence a tool for Luthuli House - Kasrils

2014-04-15 22:21

Ronnie Kasrils (Werner Beukes, Sapa)

Johannesburg - The intelligence service has become a tool for Luthuli House and the president, former intelligence minister Ronnie Kasrils said on Tuesday.

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"They say we messed up in our jobs and we're responsible for where the country is today," he told reporters at Wits University in Johannesburg.

"I blew the whistle and I figured out that there were [intelligence] agents, that there were officers who were not working for the state but were doing... [work] for Luthuli House."

This was happening more and more now, said Kasrils.

He was responding to ANC secretary general Gwede Mantashe's comments that the Thabo Mbeki administration had not done its job.

Kasrils and other ANC veterans have been criticised by the ANC for their "Sidikiwe! Vukani! Vote Campaign".

The group said it was not a "no vote" campaign - they were calling on people to go to the polls on 7 May and not to vote for the ANC.

Former deputy health minister Nozizwe Madlala-Routledge, who was part of the campaign, said citizens could send a strong message by either voting for a minority party, which would take away from the dominant political parties, or people could spoil their ballots.

Kasrils said when he was speaking on a radio station on Monday, Mantashe called in and said the shooting of mineworkers at Marikana was an intelligence failure and that Kasrils had messed up when he was minister.

"When I became minister of the intelligence I very quickly discovered, this was in 2005, the rape case and then the hoax e-mails which were being written by people within the intelligence service generated as though it was coming from Phumzile [Mlambo-Ngcuka] the deputy president and Bulelani her husband and indeed myself and others, designed to show that there was a conspiracy against Jacob Zuma."

‘They were not decisions of greed’

Kasrils said he had ordered a review of the country's intelligence and a report was tabled at the end of his last term in government, which the current government had not taken forward.

"They don't want to know anything about that report because they want the intelligence service to be a tool of Luthuli house and of the president.

"That is where on the one hand you get Mantashe saying we did a terrible job and they going to expose us. Let them. I will gladly... go out into public court and we can have it out in terms of our record," he said.

"We never took decisions for our private aims."

Kasrils admitted that he was quiet during Aids denialism under Mbeki and he apologised for that.

However, there was a difference between the Mbeki administration and that of former presidentNelson Mandela compared to now.

"There were no decisions that they took that were about their own wealth. They were not decisions of greed," he said.

- SAPA http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/Politics/Ramaphosa-returns-from-South-Sudan-20140416 SHARE THIS

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Cops targeting drug 'demons' - Mthethwa

2014-04-16 22:42

Durban - Police have turned their focus to catching more druglords along with the

average petty drug dealers, Police Minister Nathi Mthethwa said on Wednesday.

"The SA Police Service is focusing on the druglords, the demons of the drug trade,"

he said at the opening of the new Chatsworth police station in Durban.

"It is necessary to arrest the small-time dealers and petty gangsters, but we want the

big fish as well."

In January last year, Yagawathan Pillay, suspected of being a druglord named

"Teddy Mafia", and his son and were arrested after a police raid at a home in

Shallcross, near Chatsworth.

Bags reportedly containing large amounts of heroin as well as more than 2 000

straws of heroin were discovered.

Pillay was granted bail of R100 000 and his son R25 000.

A second raid was done in February.

However, Pillay was not at home.

It was reported at the time that police could not find him, and the case was handed

over to the organised crime unit.

Police spokesperson Jay Naicker could not be reached on Wednesday to provide an

update on the search for Pillay.

Mthethwa praised the new building, saying he was pleased that the R131m station

was built within budget.

- SAPA http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Cops-targeting-drug-demons-Mthethwa-

20140416

Zama-Zama Miners

Relatively new phenomena in the South African mining scene are the Zama Zamas;

translated means “we are trying” or those prepared to “have a go” even if it means by

any means. The Zama-Zamas are miners who operate outside the formal and

regulated mining system and do so independently and sometimes illegally. We also

have underground copper and metal thieves. At Thabong (Welkom – Free State) “D”

Hostel is notorious for those who obtain gold dust and illegally smelt it.

Below is a picture essay of zama-zama’s stripping a mine while the miners are on

strike. Such action affects everybody.

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Tunnels and strippings cables for copper wire

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Living and cooking underground

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Clothes and tools of the trade

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For further reading see:

http://thinkafricapress.com/south-africa/deafening-silence-lives-and-deaths-zama-

zama-miners

http://www.fin24.com/Economy/Inside-Labour-Zama-zama-illegals-or-entrepreneurs-

20140220

http://www.iol.co.za/the-star/all-should-be-safe-even-zama-zamas-

1.1659622#.U3sSXqvzuHA

Khayelitsha police allocation unfair - researcher

2014-05-12 14:21 - Nielen de Klerk, News24 Cape Town - The allocation of resources to police stations in Khayelitsha is unfair and irrational, the Khayelitsha Commission of Inquiry heard on Monday. "The under-resourcing 20 years after apartheid is still unconscionable and irrational," University of the Western Cape Community Law Centre researcher Jean Redpath testified in Cape Town.

Redpath calculated that Khayelitsha police needed an additional 252 officers, while the local police station needed an extra 129 police officials to make the resource allocation fairer.

The figures were calculated looking at the population each station is serving, the incidents of crime, and the actual crime rate.

"I cannot dispute the fact that the lack of resources is a huge factor in affecting the performance of police in these areas," Redpath said.

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In comparison, stations like Camps Bay and Sea Point, in privileged areas, were better resourced. Redpath suggested resources be taken from these stations and distributed to less-resourced stations.

"The fact that Harare [settlement] has 111 [police officers] per 100 000 people and Camps Bay has 959. Is it fair? No, it's not," Redpath said.

"It's something urgent that needs to be addressed."

Redpath was testifying in phase two of the commission, set up to investigate alleged police inefficiency in Khayelitsha. The commission, chaired by Justice Kate O'Regan, started sitting in January.

The commission was set up by Western Cape premier Helen Zille after NGO the Social Justice Coalition complained that police inefficiency was the reason for mob killings becoming more prevalent in the area.

- SAPA http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Khayelitsha-police-allocation-unfair-

researcher-20140512

Selebi 'infected the police'

Philani Nombembe | 14 May, 2014 00:05

The dishonesty of Selebi has filtered down to cause demoralisation right through the ranks." File photo. Image by: GALLO IMAGES

The dishonesty of former national police chief Jackie Selebi had "filtered down"

through the ranks, leading to demoralisation in the police service.

Testifying yesterday at the Khayelitsha commission of inquiry into policing in the Cape Town Township, forensic scientist David Klatzow said that under-manning,

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inadequacy of skills and insufficient security at government forensic laboratories adversely affected crime investigation.

"I have personally seen the scene of crime irrevocably damaged by untrained police officers allowing bystanders onto the scene, not sealing off the scene and, possibly the most damaging, police officers themselves moving onto the scene and damaging trace evidence, handling potentially vital pieces of evidence and displaying a lack of forensic awareness that is quite deplorable," said Klatzow.

"In general, the police have been plagued by poor leadership, including [Jackie] Selebi, [Bheki] Cele and the inexperienced and lacklustre [national] commissioner [Riah] Phiyega. The dishonesty of Selebi has filtered down to cause demoralisation right through the ranks."

Also testifying yesterday was the former chief crime analyst of the police, Chris de Kock. He told the commission that there was a lack of intelligence gathering by officers stationed in Khayelitsha.

De Kock said there had been a 7% increase in murder cases in Khayelitsha between the 2011-2012 and 2012-2013 financial years.

After examining murder dockets at the Lingelethu-West, Harare and Khayelitsha police stations he concluded that crime prevention in the township was left to chance.

"The policing in the three stations that form greater Khayelitsha is policing by chance and luck, and is clearly not intelligence-led policing, which SAPS claims is its doctrine," said De Kock.

"There have been quite significant increases in a few fear-generating, more-policeable crime trends in greater Khayelitsha during the past two to three years. These are aggravated robbery, common robbery, residential housebreaking, murders and attempted murders, which are often the result of aggravated robbery and reaction to it in terms of vigilantism."

The commission of inquiry, headed by former Constitutional Court justice Kate O'Regan and former national director of public prosecutions Vusi Pikoli, is investigating allegations of incompetent policing made by the Social Justice Coalition.

According to the complaints, poor policing has resulted in a breakdown in relations between the community and the police, which has led to vigilante killings.

http://www.timeslive.co.za/thetimes/2014/05/14/selebi-infected-the-police

Comments by HBH:

Once I met a police general whom I knew from my days in the South African Police

Force. We had a discussion. I asked him about the appointment of Mr Jackie Selebi

– a civilian who was appointed commissioner of Police. He replied that he supported

Mr Selebi fully. He says when Mr Selebi visited his men doing duty at a road block

he sent somebody to go and buy the men on duty “Kentucky Fried Chicken”. This

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general said he knew of no other Commissioner who would do this. On “Google” I

have found that there were senior commissioners who swore allegiance to Mr Selebi.

When Mr Selebi was appointed commissioner of police I asked a former colleague

who served in Foreign Affairs what their point of view was about Mr Selebi who

served with Foreign Affairs. The reply was that he was a very good diplomat and

would make a good commissioner of police. Mr Selebi also became a Head of

Interpol.

During 2007 I wrote in my foreword to the booklet: From Nongqai to Servamus when

SAPS was under the command of Mr Selebi: “It is my sincere hope that the SA

Police Service may become a symbol of decency in this young democratic South

Africa. Let’s hope and pray that the police will have pride, integrity, energy and the

will to make that difference we need in South Africa.”

LETTERS

Nyasaland Police Ray Ellis (Australia)

Here is an extract from his letter: “Amongst all this I have been trying to complete my book on the railways of Malawi, following my visit there. It had been some time since I had actually searched the railway on Internet, and have had a glorious time today downloading from sites that just weren’t there last time I ventured in there, and I have still got much to do in this regard!! Ho hum… In my Nyasaland search, came across this item on the Nyasaland Police, which may be of interest. Some of these guys may be known to you too: http://www.nypol.com. There are LOTS of photos that will interest you I am sure!! I hope you find it of interest”.

Some Nyasaland & Malawi Police devices (HBH)

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The Nyasaland Police is now known as the Malawi Police

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IN CONCLUSION

Open Invitation to Share Knowledge

Our group publications are read by 15 000 people a month and we would love to

increase circulation.

We need your help as an expert correspondent in your country. Please take the time

to submit an article for publishing. Note, we are not interested in religious or political

matters but only policing, police history and an exchange of ideas.

PROFESSIONAL GRAPHIC AND WEBSITE DESIGN

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