appropriate use criteria for the surgical ......this auc for the surgical management of...

APPROPRIATE USE CRITERIA

FOR THE SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF

OSTEOARTHRITIS OF THE KNEE

Adopted by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons

Board of Directors

12/09/2016

Disclaimer

Volunteer physicians from multiple medical specialties created and categorized these

Appropriate Use Criteria. These Appropriate Use Criteria are not intended to be comprehensive

or a fixed protocol, as some patients may require more or less treatment or different means of

diagnosis. These Appropriate Use Criteria represent patients and situations that clinicians

treating or diagnosing musculoskeletal conditions are most likely to encounter. The clinician’s

independent medical judgment, given the individual patient’s clinical circumstances, should

always determine patient care and treatment.

Disclosure Requirement

In accordance with American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons policy, all individuals whose

names appear as authors or contributors to this document filed a disclosure statement as part of

the submission process. All authors provided full disclosure of potential conflicts of interest prior

to participation in the development of these Appropriate Use Criteria. Disclosure information for

all panel members can be found in Appendix B.

Funding Source

The American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons exclusively funded development of these

Appropriate Use Criteria. The American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons received no funding

from outside commercial sources to support the development of these Appropriate Use Criteria.

FDA Clearance

Some drugs or medical devices referenced or described in this document may not have been

cleared by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) or may have been cleared for a specific use

only. The FDA has stated that it is the responsibility of the physician to determine the FDA

clearance status of each drug or device he or she wishes to use in clinical practice.

Copyright

All rights reserved. Reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission, in any form, or

by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, of any part of this

document, requires prior written permission from the American Academy of Orthopaedic

Surgeons.

Published 2016 by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons

9400 West Higgins Road

Rosemont, IL 60018

First Edition

Copyright 2016 by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons

For a more user-friendly version of this AUC, or to view additional

AUCs, please visit the AAOS AUC web-based app at:

www.OrthoGuidelines.org/auc

To view the clinical practice guideline for this topic, please visit

www.orthoguidelines.org/smoakguideline

http://www.orthoguidelines.org/auc

http://www.orthoguidelines.org/smoakguideline

http://www.OrthoGuidelines.org/auc

Table of Contents

Writing Panel .............................................................................................................................. ii

Voting Panel................................................................................................................................ ii Voting Panel Round Two Discussion Moderator ...................................................................... iii AUC Section Leader, AAOS Committee on Evidence-Based Quality and Value .................... iii Chair, AAOS Committee on Evidence-Based Quality and Value ............................................. iii Chair, AAOS Council on Research and Quality ........................................................................ iii

AAOS Staff ................................................................................................................................ iii

I. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................1

Overview ..................................................................................................................................... 1 Assumptions of the Writing Panel/Voting Panel ........................................................................ 2 Patient Population ....................................................................................................................... 2

Burden of Disease ....................................................................................................................... 3 Etiology ....................................................................................................................................... 3

Incidence and Prevalence ............................................................................................................ 3

Potential Benefits, Harms, and Contraindications ...................................................................... 3

II. METHODS ..............................................................................................................................4

Developing Criteria ..................................................................................................................... 5

Formulating Indications and Scenarios ................................................................................... 5 Creating Definitions and Assumptions ................................................................................... 6

Literature Review........................................................................................................................ 7 Determining Appropriateness ..................................................................................................... 8

Voting Panel............................................................................................................................ 8

Rating Appropriateness ........................................................................................................... 8

Round One Voting .................................................................................................................. 9

Rounds Two and three Voting .............................................................................................. 10 Final Ratings ......................................................................................................................... 10

Revision Plans ........................................................................................................................... 11 Disseminating Appropriate Use Criteria ................................................................................... 12

III. PATIENT INDICATIONS AND TREATMENTS ...............................................................13

Indications ................................................................................................................................. 13 Treatments................................................................................................................................. 14

IV. RESULTS OF APPROPRIATENESS RATINGS ................................................................15

Appropriate Use Criteria for The Surgical Management of Osteoarthritis of the Knee ........... 20

V. APPENDICES .....................................................................................................................309

Appendix A. Documentation of Approval .............................................................................. 310 Appendix B. Disclosure Information ...................................................................................... 311

SMOAK AUC Writing Panel ............................................................................................. 311 SMOAK AUC Voting Panel ............................................................................................... 312

Appendix C. References ......................................................................................................... 314

Writing Panel

1. Paul A Manner, MD

American Academy of Orthopaedic

Surgeons

2. Bryan Bomberg, MD


Surgeons

3. Samuel Hawken, MD


Surgeons

4. Tamara N Huff, MD

Ruth Jackson Orthopaedic Society

5. Charles L Nelson, MD

J. Robert Gladden Society

6. David T Neuman, MD


Surgeons

7. Frederick F Buechel, Jr, MD


Surgeons

8. Brett R Levine, MD


Surgeons

9. Chick Yates Jr, MD

American Association of Hip and Knee

Surgeons

10. Louis F. McIntyre, MD

Arthroscopy Association of North America

Voting Panel

1. Dennis C. Chin, MD


Surgeons

2. Marc M. DeHart, MD


Surgeons

3. John R. Martell, Jr., MD


Surgeons

4. Kim J. Chillag, MD


Surgeons

5. Steven A. Silver, MD


Surgeons

6. Brad Bushnell, MD

Arthroscopy Association of North America

7. Claudette Lajam, MD *

Ruth Jackson Orthopaedic Society

8. Gwo-Chin Lee, MD

The Knee Society

9. Morgan H. Jones, MD *

American Orthopaedic Society for Sports

Medicine

10. Neil Segal, MD, MS

American Academy of Physical Medicine

and Rehabilitation

11. Creighton Collins Tubb, MD

Society of Military Orthopaedic Surgeons

iii

Voting Panel Round Two Discussion Moderator

Robert H. Quinn, MD

AUC Section Leader, AAOS Committee on Evidence-Based Quality and Value

Robert H. Quinn, MD

Chair, AAOS Committee on Evidence-Based Quality and Value

Kevin Shea, MD

Chair, AAOS Council on Research and Quality

David Jevsevar, MD, MBA

AAOS Staff

William O. Shaffer, MD

Medical Director

Deborah S. Cummins, PhD

Director, Department of Research and Scientific Affairs

Jayson Murray, MA

Manager, Evidence-Based Medicine Unit

Ryan Pezold, MA

Lead Research Analyst, Evidence-Based Medicine Unit

Peter Shores, MPH

Statistician, Evidence-Based Medicine

Anne Woznica, MLS

Medical Librarian

Kaitlyn Sevarino, MBA

Evidence-Based Quality and Value (EBQV) Specialist

Erica Linskey

Administrative Assistant, Evidence-Based Medicine Unit

1 AAOS Evidence-Based Medicine Unit

www.orthoguidelines.org/auc or download the OrthoGuidelines app via Apple or Google Play stores

I. INTRODUCTION

OVERVIEW

The American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS) has developed this Appropriate Use

Criteria (AUC) to determine appropriateness of various health care services for the Surgical

Management of Osteoarthritis of the Knee. The scope of these appropriate use criteria includes

nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic interventions for symptomatic osteoarthritis of the knee as

well as operative procedures. It does not provide recommendations for patients diagnosed with

rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis of other joints, or other inflammatory arthropathies.

An “appropriate” healthcare service is one for which the expected health benefits exceed the

expected negative consequences by a sufficiently wide margin.2 Evidence-based information, in

conjunction with the clinical expertise of physicians from multiple medical specialties, was used

to develop the criteria in order to improve patient care and obtain the best outcomes while

considering the subtleties and distinctions necessary in making clinical decisions. To provide the

evidence foundation for this AUC, the AAOS Evidence-Based Medicine Unit provided the

writing panel and voting panel with the 2015 AAOS Clinical Practice Guideline on the Surgical

Management of Osteoarthritis of the Knee, which can be accessed via the following link:

www.orthoguidelines.org/smoakguideline.

The purpose of this AUC is to help determine the appropriateness of clinical practice guideline

recommendations for the heterogeneous patient population routinely seen in practice. The best

available scientific evidence is synthesized with collective expert opinion on topics where gold

standard randomized clinical trials are not available or are inadequately detailed for identifying

distinct patient types. When there is evidence corroborated by consensus that expected benefits

substantially outweigh potential risks, exclusive of cost, a procedure is determined to be

appropriate. The AAOS uses the RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method (RAM).2 Our process

includes these steps: reviewing the results of the evidence analysis, compiling a list of clinical

vignettes, and having an expert panel comprised of representatives from multiple medical

specialties to determine the appropriateness of each of the clinical indications for treatment as

“Appropriate,” “May be Appropriate,” or “Rarely Appropriate.” To access an intuitive and more

user-friendly version of the appropriate use criteria for this topic online, please visit our AUC

web-based application at www.orthoguidelines.org/auc or download the OrthoGuidelines app

from Google Play or Apple Store.

These criteria should not be construed as including all indications or excluding indications

reasonably directed to obtaining the same results. The criteria intend to address the most

common clinical scenarios facing all appropriately trained surgeons and all qualified physicians

managing patients under consideration for surgically treating osteoarthritis of the knee. The

ultimate judgment regarding any specific criteria should address all circumstances presented by

the patient and the needs and resources particular to the locality or institution. It is also important

to state that these criteria were developed as guidelines and are not meant to supersede clinician

expertise and experience or patient preference.






INTERPRETING THE APPROPRIATENESS RATINGS

To prevent misuse of these criteria, it is extremely important that the user of this document

understands how to interpret the appropriateness ratings. The appropriateness rating scale ranges

from one to nine and there are three main range categories that determine how the median rating

is defined (i.e. 1-3 = “Rarely Appropriate”, 4-6 = “May Be Appropriate”, and 7-9 =

“Appropriate”). Before these appropriate use criteria are consulted, the user should read through

and understand all contents of this document.

ASSUMPTIONS OF THE WRITING PANEL/VOTING PANEL

Before these appropriate use criteria are consulted, it is assumed that:

1. The clinician knows the contraindication to the utilization of certain medications and the

anesthetic or important surgical contraindications to operative interventions.

2. The patient has a diagnosis of osteoarthritis of the knee. This AUC does not address

inflammatory arthritis.

3. The patient is symptomatic including pain, instability, stiffness, and/or deformity that

leads to loss of function.

4. The patient’s symptoms are consistent with the history, physical exam, and imaging

findings.

5. The imaging findings are consistent with osteoarthritis which may include: joint space

narrowing, sclerosis, presence of cysts, and/or osteophytes.

6. Patient has failed other relevant appropriate treatments.

7. AP and/or PA-flexion weight-bearing, lateral, and patellar view radiographs are

recommended when possible.

8. The physical examination, history, and imaging studies have excluded the following as

the main cause of knee pain:

o Referred pain from the spine

o Ipsilateral hip arthritis

o Ankle/foot deformity

o Vascular disease (arterial or venous)

o Non-articular causes of knee pain including soft-tissue disorders

o Neoplasm

o Neuropathy

o Stress fractures, insufficiency fracture, osteonecrosis, or symptomatic metabolic

bone disease

9. Shared decision making is encouraged between the patient and surgeon with an emphasis

on realistic expectations.

10. There will be patients not considered in this AUC (e.g. inflammatory arthritis) for whom

arthroplasty may be the most appropriate treatment, but the appropriateness of

arthroplasty for these patients was not considered in these appropriate use criteria.

PATIENT POPULATION

This AUC is intended for use with adults who have been diagnosed by a physician with

osteoarthritis of the knee and are undergoing treatment.




BURDEN OF DISEASE The burden of osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee is largely attributable to the effects of disability,

comorbid disease, and the expense of treatment. OA is the most frequent cause of disability

among adults in the United States (US), and the burden is increasing both as the prevalence of

OA increases and also as patient expectations for treatment rise. Twenty seven million adults

(more than 10 percent) of the US adult population had clinical osteoarthritis (OA) in 2005, and in

2009 OA was the fourth most common cause of hospitalization (Murphy & Helmick, 2012).

OA is the leading indication for joint replacement surgery; 905,000 knee and hip replacements

were performed in 2009 at a cost of 42.3 billion dollars (Murphy & Helmick, 2012).

Costs to be considered include:

1. Direct Medical Cost

2. Long-term Medical Cost

3. Home Modification Costs

4. Nursing Home Costs

ETIOLOGY Patients who require surgical treatment for osteoarthritis of the knee have developed the

condition naturally over time due to a variety of risk factors or in an accelerated fashion due to

prior trauma about the knee. Osteoarthritis is the imbalance of breakdown and repair of tissues

within a synovial joint. The etiology of osteoarthritis is varied and includes genetic factors,

trauma, prior meniscectomy, overuse, and infection.

INCIDENCE AND PREVALENCE Twenty seven million adults (more than 10 percent) of the US adult population had clinical

osteoarthritis (OA) in 2005, and in 2009 OA was the fourth most common cause of

hospitalization (Murphy & Helmick, 2012). The incidence of knee osteoarthritis is estimated to

affect 240 persons per 100,000/year. It is estimated that 9.9 million adults had symptomatic

osteoarthritis of the knee in 2010.

With rising life expectancy, it is estimated that the prevalence of knee osteoarthritis will continue

to increase. The number of people older than age 65 years is expected to increase from 37.1

million to 77.2 million by the year 2040.

POTENTIAL BENEFITS, HARMS, AND CONTRAINDICATIONS The benefits of surgical treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee include relief of pain and

improved function. Most invasive operative treatments, primarily arthroplasty, are associated

with known risks.

Early postoperative complications include prosthetic infection, venous thromboembolic disease,

arthrofibrosis, and pain. Late postoperative complications include infection, prosthetic aseptic

loosening, and pain. All can lead to a need for revision arthroplasty.

Contraindications are relative and require an in depth discussion with the patient and physician

(surgeon, anesthesiologist) about their individual risk factors. Additional factors, such as the




individual’s co-morbidities, and/or specific patient characteristics may affect the physician’s

choice of treatment. Clinician input based on experience increases the probability of identifying

patients who will benefit from specific treatment options. The individual patient and/or their

decision surrogate dynamic will also influence treatment decisions, therefore, discussion of

available treatments and procedures applicable to the individual patient rely on mutual

communication between the patient and/or decision surrogate and physician, weighing the

potential risks and benefits for that patient. Once the patient and/or their decision surrogate have

been informed of available therapies and have discussed these options with the patient’s

physician, an informed decision can be made.

II. METHODS

This AUC for the Surgical Management of Osteoarthritis of the Knee, hereafter referred to as

SMOAK AUC, is based on a review of the available literature and a list of clinical scenarios (i.e.

criteria) constructed and voted on by experts in orthopaedic surgery and other relevant medical

fields. This section describes the methods adapted from the RAND/UCLA Appropriateness

Method (RAM)2. This section also includes the activities and compositions of the various panels

that developed, defined, reviewed, and voted on the criteria.

Two panels participated in the development of the SMOAK AUC (see list on page ii). Members

of the writing panel developed a list of 864 patient scenarios, for which three treatments were

evaluated for appropriateness. The voting panel participated in three rounds of voting. During the

first round of voting, the voting panel was given approximately two months to independently rate

the appropriateness of each the provided treatments for each of the relevant patient scenarios as

‘Appropriate’, ‘May Be Appropriate’, or ‘Rarely Appropriate’ via an electronic ballot. After the

first round of appropriateness ratings were submitted, AAOS staff calculated the median ratings

for each patient scenario and specific treatment. An in-person voting panel meeting was held in

Rosemont, IL on Friday, August 5th of 2016. During this meeting voting panel members

addressed the scenarios/treatments which resulted in disagreement (definition of disagreement

can be found in Table 3). The voting panel members discussed the list of assumptions, patient

indications, and treatments to identify areas that needed to be clarified/edited. After the

discussion and subsequent changes, the group was asked to rerate their first round ratings during

the voting panel meeting, only if they were persuaded to do so by the discussion and available

evidence. After completion of the second round of voting, the voting panel opted to look again

at scenarios which still contained disagreement and open the ballot for a third round of voting.

The voting panel determined appropriateness by rating treatments for the various patient

scenarios (i.e. criteria) as ‘Appropriate’, ‘May Be Appropriate’, or ‘Rarely Appropriate’. There

was no attempt to obtain consensus about appropriateness.

AAOS Appropriate Use Criteria Section, the AAOS Council on Research and Quality, and the

AAOS Board of Directors sequentially approved the SMOAK AUC. AAOS submits this AUC to

the National Guidelines Clearinghouse and, in accordance with the National Guidelines

Clearinghouse criteria, will update or retire this AUC within five years of the publication date.




DEVELOPING CRITERIA Panel members of the SMOAK AUC, who are orthopaedic specialists in treating knee-related

injuries/diseases, developed clinical scenarios using the following guiding principles:

• Patient scenarios must include a broad spectrum of patients that may be eligible

for treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee [comprehensive]

• Patient indications must classify patients into a unique scenario [mutually

exclusive]

• Patient indications must consistently classify similar patients into the same

scenario [reliable, valid indicators]

The writing panel developed the scenarios by categorizing patients in terms of indications

evident during the clinical decision making process (Figure 1). These scenarios relied upon

definitions and general assumptions, mutually agreed upon by the writing panel during the

development of the scenarios. These definitions and assumptions were necessary to provide

consistency in the interpretation of the clinical scenarios among experts voting on the scenarios

and readers using the final criteria.

FORMULATING INDICATIONS AND SCENARIOS

The AUC writing panel began the development of the scenarios by identifying clinical

indications typical of patients commonly presenting with osteoarthritis of the knee in clinical

practice. Indications are most often parameters observable by the clinician, including symptoms

or results of diagnostic tests. Additionally, “human factor” (e.g. activity level) or demographic

variables can be considered.

Indication:

Observable/appreciable patient

parameter

Classification:

Class/category of an indication;

standardized by definitions*

Clinical Scenario:

Combination of a single

classification from each indication;

assumptions assist interpretation*

Chapter:

Group of scenarios based on

the major clinical indication

Major clinical indication

Figure 1. Developing Criteria

Criteria:

A unique clinical scenario with

a final appropriateness rating




Indications identified in clinical trials (derived from patient selection criteria) included in AAOS

Clinical Practice Guidelines (www.orthoguidelines.org/smoakguideline) served as a starting

point for the writing panel and ensured that these Appropriate Use Criteria referred to the

evidence base for the Surgical Management of Osteoarthritis of the Knee CPG. The writing

panel considered this initial list and other indications based on their clinical expertise and

selected the most clinically relevant indications (Table 4). The writing panel then defined distinct

classes for each indication in order to stratify/categorize the indication (Table 4).

The writing panel organized these indications into a matrix of clinical scenarios that addressed

all combinations of the classifications. The writing panel was given the opportunity to remove

any scenarios that rarely occur in clinical practice, but agreed that all scenarios were clinically

relevant. The major clinical decision making indications chosen by the writing panel divided the

matrix of clinical scenarios into chapters, as follows: function-limiting pain, range of motion

extension/flexion, functional instability, pattern of arthritic involvement (medial tibiofemoral,

lateral tibiofemoral or patellofemoral), imaging (joint space in most involved compartment),

limb alignment, mechanical symptoms (compatible with meniscal tear or loose body), and age.

CREATING DEFINITIONS AND ASSUMPTIONS

The SMOAK AUC writing panel constructed concise and explicit definitions for the indications

and classifications. This standardization helped ensure the way that the writing panel defined the

patient indications was consistent among those reading the clinical scenario matrix or the final

criteria. Definitions drew explicit boundaries when possible and were based on standard medical

practice or existing literature.

Additionally, the writing panel formulated a list of general assumptions in order to provide more

consistent interpretations of a scenario (see Assumptions of the Writing Panel). These

assumptions differed from definitions in that they identified circumstances that exist outside of

the control of the clinical decision making process.

Assumptions also addressed the use of existing published literature regarding the effectiveness of

treatment and/or the procedural skill level of physicians. Additionally, assumptions highlighted

intrinsic methods described in this document such as the role of cost considerations in rating

appropriateness or the validity of the definition of appropriateness. The main goal of assumptions

was to focus scenarios so that they apply to the average patient presenting to an average

physician at an average facility.1

The definitions and assumptions should provide all readers with a common starting point in

interpreting the clinical scenarios. This list of definitions and assumptions accompanied the

matrix of clinical scenarios in all stages of the development of this AUC and appears in the

Assumptions of the Writing Panel section of this document.

VOTING PANEL MODIFICATIONS TO WRITING PANEL MATERIALS

At the start of the in-person voting panel meeting, the voting panel was reminded that they have

the ability to amend the original writing panel materials if the amendments resulted in more





clinically relevant and practical criteria. In order to amend the original materials, the voting panel

members were instructed that a member must make a motion to amend and another member

must “second” that motion, after which a vote is conducted. If a majority of voting panel

members voted “yes” to amend the original materials, the amendments were accepted.

The voting panel opted to make the following amendment/addition to the original AUC

materials:

1. Change “Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty” to Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty

(medial or lateral tibiofemoral joint, not patellofemoral)

1. Change “Realignment Osteotomy (distal femoral and/or tibial osteotomy)” to

“Realignment Osteotomy (varus or valgus producing femoral or tibial osteotomy)”

2. Add the following language to the Assumptions list: “Patient has failed other relevant

appropriate treatments.”

3. Modify “Imaging” patient category to remove “without complete loss of joint space”

from “Mild to Moderate” patient subcategory and remove “complete loss of joint space”

from “Severe” patient subcategory.

4. Change “Ligamentous Instability” patient indication to “Functional instability”

LITERATURE REVIEW The 2015 Clinical Practice Guideline on the Surgical Management of Osteoarthritis of the Knee

was used as the evidence base for this AUC (www.orthoguidelines.org/smoakguideline). This

guideline helped to inform the decisions of the writing panel and voting panel where available

and necessary.

Direct links to the evidence for the treatments discussed in this AUC can be found below:

• Total knee arthroplasty

o Peripheral Nerve Blockade (PNB)

o Preoperative Physical Therapy

o Peri-Articular Local Anesthetic Infiltration

o Tourniquet: Blood Loss Reduction

o Tourniquet: Postoperative Pain Reduction

o Neuraxial Anesthesia

o Tourniquet: Postoperative Function

o Tranexamic Acid

o Antibiotic Bone Cement

o Polyethylene Tibial Components

o Patellar Resurfacing: Pain and Function

o Surgical Navigation

o Patient Specific Instrumentation: Pain and Function

o Patient Specific Instrumentation: Transfusions and Complications

o Drains



http://www.orthoguidelines.org/guideline-detail?id=1298

















o Postoperative Mobilization: Length of Stay

o Postoperative Mobilization: Pain and Function

o Bone Cement: Cemented Tibial Components VERSUS Cementless Tibial

Components

o Bone Cement: Cemented Femoral & Tibial Components Versus Cementless

Femoral & Tibial Components

o Bone Cement: All Cemented Components versus Hybrid Fixation (Cementless

Femoral Component)

o Bone Cement: All Cementless Components versus Hybrid Fixation (Cementless

Femoral Component)

• Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (medial or lateral tibiofemoral joint, not

patellofemoral)

o UKA: DVT & Manipulation Under Anesthesia

o UKA Versus Osteotomy

• Realignment Osteotomy (varus or valgus producing femoral or tibial osteotomy)

o UKA Versus Osteotomy

DETERMINING APPROPRIATENESS VOTING PANEL

A multidisciplinary panel of clinicians was assembled to determine the appropriateness of

treatments for the SMOAK AUC. A non-voting moderator, who is an orthopaedic surgeon, but is

not a specialist in the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee, moderated the voting panel. The

moderator was familiar with the methods and procedures of AAOS Appropriate Use Criteria and

led the panel (as a non-voter) in discussions. Additionally, no member of the voting panel was

involved in the development (writing panel) of the scenarios.

The voting panel used a modified Delphi procedure to determine appropriateness ratings. The

voting panel participated in three rounds of voting while considering evidence-based information

provided in the literature review. While cost is often a relevant consideration, panelists focused

their appropriateness ratings on the effectiveness of surgical treatment for osteoarthritis of the

knee.

RATING APPROPRIATENESS

When rating the appropriateness of a scenario, the voting panel considered the following

definition:

“An appropriate surgical treatment for osteoarthritis of the knee is one for which the

treatment is generally acceptable, is a reasonable approach for the indication, and is likely to

improve the patient’s health outcomes or survival.”

They then rated each scenario using their best clinical judgment, taking into consideration the

available evidence, for an average patient presenting to an average physician at an average

facility as follows:

















Table 1 Interpreting the 9-Point Appropriateness Scale

Rating Explanation

7-9

Appropriate:

Appropriate for the indication provided, meaning treatment is

generally acceptable and is a reasonable approach for the

indication and is likely to improve the patient’s health outcomes

or survival.

4-6

May Be Appropriate:

Uncertain for the indication provided, meaning treatment may

be acceptable and may be a reasonable approach for the

indication, but with uncertainty implying that more research

and/or patient information is needed to further classify the

indication.

1-3

Rarely Appropriate:

Rarely an appropriate option for management of patients in this

population due to the lack of a clear benefit/risk advantage;

rarely an effective option for individual care plans; exceptions

should have documentation of the clinical reasons for

proceeding with this care option (i.e. procedure is not generally

acceptable and is not generally reasonable for the indication).

Each panelist uses the scale below to record their response for each scenario:

Appropriateness of [Topic]

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

ROUND ONE VOTING

The first round of voting occurred after completion of the independent review of the scenarios by

the review panel and approval of the final indications, scenarios, and assumptions by the writing

panel. The voting panel rated the scenarios electronically using a personalized ballot created by

AAOS staff using the AAOS AUC Electronic Ballot Tool. There was no interaction between

panel members while completing the first round of voting. Panelists considered the following

materials:

• The instructions for rating appropriateness

May Be Appropriate Appropriate Rarely Appropriate




• The completed literature review, that is appropriately referenced when evidence is

available for a scenario

• The list of indications, definitions, and assumptions, to ensure consistency in the

interpretation of the clinical scenarios

ROUNDS TWO AND THREE VOTING

The second round of voting occurred during the in-person voting panel meeting on August 5th,

2016. Before the in-person meeting started, each panelist received a personalized document that

included their first round ratings along with summarized results of the first-round ratings that

resulted in disagreement. These results indicated the frequency of ratings for a scenario for all

panelists. The document contained no identifying information for other panelists’ ratings. The

moderator also used a document that summarized the results of the panelists’ first round voting.

These personalized documents served as the basis for discussions of scenarios which resulted in

disagreement.

During the discussion, the voting panel members were allowed to add or edit the assumptions

list, patient indications, and/or treatments if clarification was needed. They were also asked to

record a new rating for any scenarios/treatments, only if they were persuaded to do so by the

discussion and/or the evidence. There was no attempt to obtain consensus among the panel

members.

Upon completion of the second round of voting, AAOS staff and moderators used the AAOS

AUC Electronic Ballot Tool to again identify any statistical disagreements. After discussing

these again, and at the request of the voting panel, the ballots were opened for a third round of

voting. No voter was forced to participate in this round of voting and there was no attempt to

obtain consensus among the panel members. After the final ratings were submitted, AAOS staff

used the AAOS AUC Electronic Ballot Tool to export the median values and level of agreement

for all voting items.

FINAL RATINGS

Using the median value of the third round ratings, AAOS staff determined the final levels of

appropriateness. Disagreement among raters can affect the final rating. Agreement and

disagreement were determined using the BIOMED definitions of Agreement and Disagreement,

as reported in the RAND/UCLA Appropriate Method User’s Manual 2, for a panel of 11-13

voting members (see Table 2 below). The 11-13 panel member disagreement cutoff was used for

this voting panel. For this panel size, disagreement is defined as when ≥ 4 members’

appropriateness ratings fell within the appropriate (7-9) and rarely appropriate (1-3) ranges for

any scenario (i.e. ≥ 4 members’ ratings fell between 1-3 and ≥ 4 members’ ratings fell between

7-9 on any given scenario and its treatment). If there is still disagreement in the voting panel

ratings after the last round of voting, that voting item is labeled as “5” regardless of median

score. Agreement is defined as ≤ 3 panelists rated outside of the 3-point range containing the

median.

Table 2 Defining Agreement and Disagreement for Appropriateness Ratings

Disagreement Agreement




Panel Size Number of panelists rating in

each extreme (1-3 and 7-9)

Number of panelists rating

outside the 3-point region

containing the median (1-3,

4-6, 7-9)

8,9,10 ≥ 3 ≤ 2

11,12,13 ≥ 4 ≤ 3

14,15,16 ≥ 5 ≤ 4

Adapted from RAM 1

The classifications in the table below determined final levels of appropriateness.

Table 3 Interpreting Final Ratings of Criteria

Level of Appropriateness Description

Appropriate • Median panel rating between 7-9 and no disagreement

May Be Appropriate • Median panel rating between 4-6 or

• Median panel rating 1-9 with disagreement

Rarely Appropriate • Median panel rating between 1-3 and no disagreement

REVISION PLANS These criteria represent a cross-sectional view of current use of treatments for osteoarthritis of

the knee and may become outdated as new evidence becomes available or clinical decision

making indicators are improved. In accordance with the standards of the National Guideline

Clearinghouse, AAOS will update or withdraw these criteria in five years. AAOS will issue

updates in accordance with new evidence, changing practice, rapidly emerging treatment options,

and new technology.




DISSEMINATING APPROPRIATE USE CRITERIA

All AAOS AUCs can be accessed via a user-friendly app that is available via the

OrthoGuidelines website (www.orthoguidelines.org/auc) or as a native app via the Apple and

Google Play stores.

Publication of the Appropriate Use Criteria (AUC) document is on the AAOS website at

[http://www.aaos.org/auc]. This document provides interested readers with full documentation

about the development of Appropriate Use Criteria and further details of the criteria ratings.

AUCs are first announced by an Academy press release and then published on the AAOS

website. AUC summaries are published in the AAOS Now and the Journal of the American

Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (JAAOS). In addition, the Academy’s Annual Meeting

showcases the AUCs on Academy Row and at Scientific Exhibits.

The dissemination efforts of AUC include web-based mobile applications, webinars, and online

modules for the Orthopaedic Knowledge Online website, radio media tours, and media briefings.

In addition AUCs are also promoted in relevant Continuing Medical Education (CME) courses

and distributed at the AAOS Resource Center.

Other dissemination efforts outside of the AAOS include submitting AUCs to the National

Guideline Clearinghouse and to other medical specialty societies’ meetings.



http://www.aaos.org/auc

http://www.orthoguidelines.org



III. PATIENT INDICATIONS AND TREATMENTS

INDICATIONS Table 4 Patient Indications and Classifications

Indication Classification(s)

Function-Limiting Pain

a. Function-limiting pain at moderate to long distances

(walking moderate to long distances greater than ¼ mile)

b. Function-limiting pain at short distances (limiting activity

to two city blocks, the equivalent to walking the length of a

shopping mall)

c. Pain at rest or night

Range of Motion Extension/Flexion

a. Full range of extension/flexion

b. Lack of full extension (> 5 degree flexion contracture)

and/or flexion < 110 degrees

c. Lack of full extension (>10 degree flexion contracture)

and/or flexion <90 degrees

Functional Instability

(not to include antalgic giving way)

a. No functional instability

b. Functional instability

Pattern of arthritic involvement

(medial tibiofemoral, lateral tibiofemoral or

patellofemoral)

a. Predominantly one compartment

b. More than one compartment

Imaging

(joint space in most involved compartment)

a. Mild to moderate

b. Severe

Limb Alignment

a. Normal Alignment

b. Varus/ valgus

Mechanical Symptoms

(compatible with Meniscal Tear or Loose Body)

a. Yes

b. No

Age

a. Young

b. Middle-aged

c. Elderly




TREATMENTS Treatments Addressed Within This AUC

1. Total knee arthroplasty

2. Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (medial or lateral tibiofemoral joint, not

patellofemoral)

3. Realignment Osteotomy (varus or valgus producing femoral or tibial osteotomy)




IV. RESULTS OF APPROPRIATENESS RATINGS

For a user-friendly version of these appropriate use criteria, please access our AUC web-based

application at www.orthoguidelines.org/auc. The OrthoGuidelines native app can also be

downloaded via the Apple or Google Play stores.

Web-Based AUC Application Screenshot

Click Here to Access the AUC App!







Results

The following Appropriate Use Criteria tables contain the final appropriateness ratings assigned

by the eight members of the voting panel. Patient characteristics are found under the column titled

“Scenario”. The Appropriate Use Criteria for each patient scenario can be found within each of

the 6 treatment rows. These criteria are formatted by appropriateness labels (i.e. “R”=Rarely

Appropriate, “M”=May Be Appropriate, and “A”=Appropriate), median rating, and + or -

indicating agreement or disagreement amongst the voting panel, respectively.

Out of 2592 total voting items (i.e. 864 patient scenarios x 3 treatments), 537 (21%) voting items

were rated as “Appropriate”, 645 (25%) voting items were rated as “May Be Appropriate”, and

1410 (54%) voting items were rated as “Rarely Appropriate” (Figure 1). Additionally, the voting

panel members were in statistical agreement on 1413 (55%) voting items and were in statistical

disagreement 0 voting items (Figure 2).

Figure 1. Breakdown of Appropriateness Ratings

Appropriate

21%

Maybe

Appropriate

25%

Rarely

Appropriate

54%




Figure 2. Breakdown of Agreement amongst Voting Panel

Agree

55%

Disagree

0%

Neither

45%




Figure 3. Distribution of Appropriateness Ratings on 9-Point Rating Scale

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

816

380

214 228195

222256

211

70

Rarely Appropriate

May Be Appropriate Appropriate




Figure 4. Within Treatment Appropriateness Ratings

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

Realignment Osteotomy (varus

or valgus producing femoral or

tibial osteotomy)

Total knee arthroplasty Unicompartmental knee

arthroplasty (medial or lateral

tibiofemoral joint, not

patellofemoral)

5

496

36

119

313

213

740

55

615

Appropriate Maybe Appropriate Rarely Appropriate


20

AAOS Evidence-Based Medicine Unit

AAOS AUC Web-Based Application: www.aaos.org/aucapp

APPROPRIATE USE CRITERIA FOR THE SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF OSTEOARTHRITIS OF

THE KNEE

Interpreting the AUC tables:

➢ R = Rarely Appropriate, M = May Be Appropriate, A = Appropriate

➢ Numbers under “M” column indicate the median rating of voting panel

➢ A plus symbol (+) indicates agreement between voting panel members and a minus symbol (-) indicates disagreement between

voting panel members

Scenario 1: Treatment Appropriateness Median

Rating Agreement

Function-limiting pain at moderate to long distances (walking

moderate to long distances greater than one fourth mile), Full

range of extension/flexion, No functional instability,

Predominantly one compartment, Mild to moderate , Joint space

narrowing as visible on imaging, Normal Alignment,

Mechanical Symptoms, Young

Total knee arthroplasty Rarely Appropriate 2 +

Unicompartmental knee

arthroplasty (medial or

lateral tibiofemoral joint, not

patellofemoral)

May Be Appropriate 6

Realignment Osteotomy

(varus or valgus producing

femoral or tibial osteotomy)



Rating Agreement






Mechanical Symptoms, Middle-aged

Total knee arthroplasty May Be Appropriate 5




patellofemoral)






http://www.aaos.org/aucapp

21




Rating Agreement






Mechanical Symptoms, Elderly

Total knee arthroplasty Appropriate 7




patellofemoral)





Rarely Appropriate 2 +


Rating Agreement





narrowing as visible on imaging, Normal Alignment, No


Total knee arthroplasty Rarely Appropriate 2




patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







22




Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement





narrowing as visible on imaging, Varus/ valgus, Mechanical

Symptoms, Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement






Symptoms, Middle-aged





patellofemoral)







23




Rating Agreement






Symptoms, Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement





narrowing as visible on imaging, Varus/ valgus, No Mechanical

Symptoms, Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







24




Rating Agreement






Symptoms, Elderly





patellofemoral)

May Be Appropriate 5 +






Rating Agreement




Predominantly one compartment, Severe, Normal Alignment,






patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement










patellofemoral)

Appropriate 7 +




Rarely Appropriate 3


25




Rating Agreement






Total knee arthroplasty Appropriate 8 +




patellofemoral)

Appropriate 7






Rating Agreement





No Mechanical Symptoms, Young





patellofemoral)

Appropriate 7






Rating Agreement





No Mechanical Symptoms, Middle-aged





patellofemoral)

Appropriate 7 +






26




Rating Agreement





No Mechanical Symptoms, Elderly





patellofemoral)

Appropriate 7






Rating Agreement




Predominantly one compartment, Severe, Varus/ valgus,






patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement










patellofemoral)

Appropriate 7






27




Rating Agreement










patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement




Predominantly one compartment, Severe, Varus/ valgus, No






patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement










patellofemoral)

Appropriate 7






28




Rating Agreement










patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement



range of extension/flexion, No functional instability, More than

one compartment, Mild to moderate , Joint space narrowing as

visible on imaging, Normal Alignment, Mechanical Symptoms,

Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement






Middle-aged





patellofemoral)







29




Rating Agreement






Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement





visible on imaging, Normal Alignment, No Mechanical

Symptoms, Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







30




Rating Agreement






Symptoms, Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement





visible on imaging, Varus/ valgus, Mechanical Symptoms,

Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement






Middle-aged





patellofemoral)







31




Rating Agreement






Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement





visible on imaging, Varus/ valgus, No Mechanical Symptoms,

Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement






Middle-aged





patellofemoral)







32




Rating Agreement






Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement




one compartment, Severe, Normal Alignment, Mechanical

Symptoms, Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement










patellofemoral)







33




Rating Agreement





Symptoms, Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement




one compartment, Severe, Normal Alignment, No Mechanical

Symptoms, Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement










patellofemoral)







34




Rating Agreement





Symptoms, Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement




one compartment, Severe, Varus/ valgus, Mechanical

Symptoms, Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement










patellofemoral)







35




Rating Agreement





Symptoms, Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement




one compartment, Severe, Varus/ valgus, No Mechanical

Symptoms, Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement










patellofemoral)







36




Rating Agreement





Symptoms, Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement



range of extension/flexion, Functional instability, Predominantly



Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement






Middle-aged





patellofemoral)







37




Rating Agreement






Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement






Symptoms, Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







38




Rating Agreement






Symptoms, Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement






Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement






Middle-aged





patellofemoral)







39




Rating Agreement






Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement






Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement






Middle-aged





patellofemoral)







40




Rating Agreement






Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement





Symptoms, Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement










patellofemoral)

Appropriate 7






41




Rating Agreement





Symptoms, Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement





Symptoms, Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement










patellofemoral)







42




Rating Agreement





Symptoms, Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement





Symptoms, Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement










patellofemoral)







43




Rating Agreement





Symptoms, Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement





Symptoms, Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement










patellofemoral)







44




Rating Agreement





Symptoms, Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement



range of extension/flexion, Functional instability, More than one

compartment, Mild to moderate , Joint space narrowing as


Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement






Middle-aged





patellofemoral)







45




Rating Agreement






Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement






Symptoms, Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







46




Rating Agreement






Symptoms, Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement






Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement






Middle-aged





patellofemoral)







47




Rating Agreement






Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement






Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement






Middle-aged





patellofemoral)







48




Rating Agreement






Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement




compartment, Severe, Normal Alignment, Mechanical

Symptoms, Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement










patellofemoral)







49




Rating Agreement





Symptoms, Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement




compartment, Severe, Normal Alignment, No Mechanical

Symptoms, Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement










patellofemoral)







50




Rating Agreement





Symptoms, Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement




compartment, Severe, Varus/ valgus, Mechanical Symptoms,

Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement





Middle-aged





patellofemoral)







51




Rating Agreement





Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement




compartment, Severe, Varus/ valgus, No Mechanical Symptoms,

Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement





Middle-aged





patellofemoral)







52




Rating Agreement





Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement


moderate to long distances greater than one fourth mile), Lack of

full extension (> 5 degree flexion contracture) and/or flexion <

110 degrees, No functional instability, Predominantly one



Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement







Middle-aged





patellofemoral)







53




Rating Agreement







Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement







Symptoms, Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement












patellofemoral)







54




Rating Agreement







Symptoms, Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement







Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement







Middle-aged





patellofemoral)







55




Rating Agreement







Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement







Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement







Middle-aged





patellofemoral)







56




Rating Agreement







Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement






Symptoms, Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)

Appropriate 7






57




Rating Agreement






Symptoms, Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement






Symptoms, Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)

Appropriate 7






58




Rating Agreement






Symptoms, Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement






Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement






Middle-aged





patellofemoral)

Appropriate 7






59




Rating Agreement






Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement






Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement






Middle-aged





patellofemoral)







60




Rating Agreement






Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement




110 degrees, No functional instability, More than one



Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement







Middle-aged





patellofemoral)







61




Rating Agreement







Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement







Symptoms, Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement












patellofemoral)







62




Rating Agreement







Symptoms, Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement







Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement







Middle-aged





patellofemoral)







63




Rating Agreement







Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement







Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement







Middle-aged





patellofemoral)







64




Rating Agreement







Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement






Symptoms, Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







65




Rating Agreement






Symptoms, Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement






Symptoms, Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







66




Rating Agreement






Symptoms, Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement






Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement






Middle-aged





patellofemoral)







67




Rating Agreement






Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement






Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement






Middle-aged





patellofemoral)







68




Rating Agreement






Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement




110 degrees, Functional instability, Predominantly one



Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement







Middle-aged





patellofemoral)







69




Rating Agreement







Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement







Symptoms, Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement












patellofemoral)







70




Rating Agreement







Symptoms, Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement







Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement







Middle-aged





patellofemoral)







71




Rating Agreement







Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement







Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement







Middle-aged





patellofemoral)







72




Rating Agreement







Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement






Symptoms, Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







73




Rating Agreement






Symptoms, Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement






Symptoms, Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







74




Rating Agreement






Symptoms, Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement






Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement






Middle-aged





patellofemoral)







75




Rating Agreement






Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement






Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement






Middle-aged





patellofemoral)







76




Rating Agreement






Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement




110 degrees, Functional instability, More than one compartment,

Mild to moderate , Joint space narrowing as visible on imaging,

Normal Alignment, Mechanical Symptoms, Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement






Normal Alignment, Mechanical Symptoms, Middle-aged





patellofemoral)







77




Rating Agreement






Normal Alignment, Mechanical Symptoms, Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement






Normal Alignment, No Mechanical Symptoms, Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement






Normal Alignment, No Mechanical Symptoms, Middle-aged





patellofemoral)







78




Rating Agreement






Normal Alignment, No Mechanical Symptoms, Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement






Varus/ valgus, Mechanical Symptoms, Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement






Varus/ valgus, Mechanical Symptoms, Middle-aged





patellofemoral)







79




Rating Agreement






Varus/ valgus, Mechanical Symptoms, Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement






Varus/ valgus, No Mechanical Symptoms, Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement






Varus/ valgus, No Mechanical Symptoms, Middle-aged





patellofemoral)







80




Rating Agreement






Varus/ valgus, No Mechanical Symptoms, Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement





Severe, Normal Alignment, Mechanical Symptoms, Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement





Severe, Normal Alignment, Mechanical Symptoms, Middle-aged





patellofemoral)







81




Rating Agreement





Severe, Normal Alignment, Mechanical Symptoms, Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement





Severe, Normal Alignment, No Mechanical Symptoms, Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement





Severe, Normal Alignment, No Mechanical Symptoms, Middle-

aged





patellofemoral)







82




Rating Agreement





Severe, Normal Alignment, No Mechanical Symptoms, Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement





Severe, Varus/ valgus, Mechanical Symptoms, Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement





Severe, Varus/ valgus, Mechanical Symptoms, Middle-aged





patellofemoral)







83




Rating Agreement





Severe, Varus/ valgus, Mechanical Symptoms, Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement





Severe, Varus/ valgus, No Mechanical Symptoms, Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement





Severe, Varus/ valgus, No Mechanical Symptoms, Middle-aged





patellofemoral)







84




Rating Agreement





Severe, Varus/ valgus, No Mechanical Symptoms, Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement







Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement







Middle-aged





patellofemoral)







85




Rating Agreement







Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement







Symptoms, Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement












patellofemoral)







86




Rating Agreement







Symptoms, Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement







Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement







Middle-aged





patellofemoral)







87




Rating Agreement







Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement







Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement







Middle-aged





patellofemoral)







88




Rating Agreement







Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement






Symptoms, Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







89




Rating Agreement






Symptoms, Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement






Symptoms, Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







90




Rating Agreement






Symptoms, Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement






Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement






Middle-aged





patellofemoral)







91




Rating Agreement






Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement






Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement






Middle-aged





patellofemoral)







92




Rating Agreement






Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement







Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement







Middle-aged





patellofemoral)







93




Rating Agreement







Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement







Symptoms, Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement












patellofemoral)







94




Rating Agreement







Symptoms, Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement







Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement







Middle-aged





patellofemoral)







95




Rating Agreement







Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement







Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement







Middle-aged





patellofemoral)







96




Rating Agreement







Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement






Symptoms, Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







97




Rating Agreement






Symptoms, Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement






Symptoms, Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







98




Rating Agreement






Symptoms, Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement






Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement






Middle-aged





patellofemoral)







99




Rating Agreement






Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement






Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement






Middle-aged





patellofemoral)







100




Rating Agreement






Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement







Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement







Middle-aged





patellofemoral)







101




Rating Agreement







Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement







Symptoms, Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement












patellofemoral)







102




Rating Agreement







Symptoms, Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement







Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement







Middle-aged





patellofemoral)







103




Rating Agreement







Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement







Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement







Middle-aged





patellofemoral)







104




Rating Agreement







Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement






Symptoms, Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







105




Rating Agreement






Symptoms, Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement






Symptoms, Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







106




Rating Agreement






Symptoms, Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement






Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement






Middle-aged





patellofemoral)







107




Rating Agreement






Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement






Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement






Middle-aged





patellofemoral)







108




Rating Agreement






Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







109




Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







110




Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







111




Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







112




Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement





Severe, Normal Alignment, Mechanical Symptoms, Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement





Severe, Normal Alignment, Mechanical Symptoms, Middle-aged





patellofemoral)







113




Rating Agreement





Severe, Normal Alignment, Mechanical Symptoms, Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement





Severe, Normal Alignment, No Mechanical Symptoms, Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement





Severe, Normal Alignment, No Mechanical Symptoms, Middle-

aged





patellofemoral)







114




Rating Agreement





Severe, Normal Alignment, No Mechanical Symptoms, Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement





Severe, Varus/ valgus, Mechanical Symptoms, Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement





Severe, Varus/ valgus, Mechanical Symptoms, Middle-aged





patellofemoral)







115




Rating Agreement





Severe, Varus/ valgus, Mechanical Symptoms, Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement





Severe, Varus/ valgus, No Mechanical Symptoms, Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement





Severe, Varus/ valgus, No Mechanical Symptoms, Middle-aged





patellofemoral)







116




Rating Agreement





Severe, Varus/ valgus, No Mechanical Symptoms, Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement

Function-limiting pain at short distances (limiting activity to two

city blocks, the equivalent to walking the length of a shopping

mall), Full range of extension/flexion, No functional instability,








patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)

Appropriate 7






117




Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)

Appropriate 7






118




Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement






Symptoms, Young





patellofemoral)





Appropriate 7


Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







119




Rating Agreement






Symptoms, Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement






Symptoms, Young





patellofemoral)





Appropriate 7


Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







120




Rating Agreement






Symptoms, Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement










patellofemoral)

Appropriate 7






Rating Agreement










patellofemoral)

Appropriate 7 +






121




Rating Agreement










patellofemoral)

Appropriate 7






Rating Agreement










patellofemoral)

Appropriate 7






Rating Agreement










patellofemoral)

Appropriate 7 +






122




Rating Agreement










patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement










patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement










patellofemoral)







123




Rating Agreement










patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement










patellofemoral)





Appropriate 8


Rating Agreement










patellofemoral)







124




Rating Agreement










patellofemoral)

Appropriate 7






Rating Agreement




More than one compartment, Mild to moderate , Joint space







patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







125




Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







126




Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement






Symptoms, Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







127




Rating Agreement






Symptoms, Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement






Symptoms, Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







128




Rating Agreement






Symptoms, Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement




More than one compartment, Severe, Normal Alignment,






patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement










patellofemoral)







129




Rating Agreement










patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement




More than one compartment, Severe, Normal Alignment, No






patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement










patellofemoral)







130




Rating Agreement










patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement




More than one compartment, Severe, Varus/ valgus, Mechanical

Symptoms, Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement










patellofemoral)







131




Rating Agreement





Symptoms, Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement




More than one compartment, Severe, Varus/ valgus, No






patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement










patellofemoral)







132




Rating Agreement










patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement



mall), Full range of extension/flexion, Functional instability,








patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







133




Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







134




Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement






Symptoms, Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







135




Rating Agreement






Symptoms, Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement






Symptoms, Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







136




Rating Agreement






Symptoms, Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement










patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement










patellofemoral)







137




Rating Agreement










patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement










patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement










patellofemoral)







138




Rating Agreement










patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement










patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement










patellofemoral)







139




Rating Agreement










patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement










patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement










patellofemoral)







140




Rating Agreement










patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







141




Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







142




Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement






Symptoms, Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







143




Rating Agreement






Symptoms, Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement






Symptoms, Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







144




Rating Agreement






Symptoms, Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement










patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement










patellofemoral)







145




Rating Agreement










patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement










patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement










patellofemoral)







146




Rating Agreement










patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement





Symptoms, Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement










patellofemoral)







147




Rating Agreement





Symptoms, Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement










patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement










patellofemoral)







148




Rating Agreement










patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement



mall), Lack of full extension (> 5 degree flexion contracture)

and/or flexion < 110 degrees, No functional instability,








patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement












patellofemoral)

Appropriate 7






149




Rating Agreement












patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement












patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement












patellofemoral)

Appropriate 7






150




Rating Agreement












patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement







Symptoms, Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement












patellofemoral)







151




Rating Agreement







Symptoms, Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement







Symptoms, Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement












patellofemoral)







152




Rating Agreement







Symptoms, Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)

Appropriate 8 +






153




Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)

Appropriate 7






Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)

Appropriate 7 +






154




Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







155




Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







156




Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement




and/or flexion < 110 degrees, No functional instability, More

than one compartment, Mild to moderate , Joint space narrowing

as visible on imaging, Normal Alignment, Mechanical

Symptoms, Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement












patellofemoral)







157




Rating Agreement







Symptoms, Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement






as visible on imaging, Normal Alignment, No Mechanical

Symptoms, Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement












patellofemoral)







158




Rating Agreement







Symptoms, Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement






as visible on imaging, Varus/ valgus, Mechanical Symptoms,

Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement







Middle-aged





patellofemoral)







159




Rating Agreement







Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement






as visible on imaging, Varus/ valgus, No Mechanical Symptoms,

Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement







Middle-aged





patellofemoral)







160




Rating Agreement







Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement





than one compartment, Severe, Normal Alignment, Mechanical

Symptoms, Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







161




Rating Agreement






Symptoms, Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement





than one compartment, Severe, Normal Alignment, No






patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







162




Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement





than one compartment, Severe, Varus/ valgus, Mechanical

Symptoms, Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







163




Rating Agreement






Symptoms, Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement





than one compartment, Severe, Varus/ valgus, No Mechanical

Symptoms, Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







164




Rating Agreement






Symptoms, Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement




and/or flexion < 110 degrees, Functional instability,








patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement












patellofemoral)







165




Rating Agreement












patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement












patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement












patellofemoral)







166




Rating Agreement












patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement







Symptoms, Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement












patellofemoral)







167




Rating Agreement







Symptoms, Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement







Symptoms, Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement












patellofemoral)







168




Rating Agreement







Symptoms, Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







169




Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







170




Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







171




Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







172




Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement




and/or flexion < 110 degrees, Functional instability, More than



Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement







Middle-aged





patellofemoral)







173




Rating Agreement







Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement







Symptoms, Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement












patellofemoral)







174




Rating Agreement







Symptoms, Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement







Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement







Middle-aged





patellofemoral)







175




Rating Agreement







Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement







Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement







Middle-aged





patellofemoral)







176




Rating Agreement







Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement






Symptoms, Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







177




Rating Agreement






Symptoms, Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement






Symptoms, Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







178




Rating Agreement






Symptoms, Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement






Symptoms, Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







179




Rating Agreement






Symptoms, Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement






Symptoms, Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







180




Rating Agreement






Symptoms, Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement












patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement












patellofemoral)







181




Rating Agreement












patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement












patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement












patellofemoral)







182




Rating Agreement












patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement







Symptoms, Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement












patellofemoral)







183




Rating Agreement







Symptoms, Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement







Symptoms, Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement












patellofemoral)







184




Rating Agreement







Symptoms, Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







185




Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







186




Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







187




Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







188




Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement




and/or flexion < 90 degrees, No functional instability, More than



Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement







Middle-aged





patellofemoral)







189




Rating Agreement







Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement







Symptoms, Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement












patellofemoral)







190




Rating Agreement







Symptoms, Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement







Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement







Middle-aged





patellofemoral)







191




Rating Agreement







Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement







Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement







Middle-aged





patellofemoral)







192




Rating Agreement







Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement






Symptoms, Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







193




Rating Agreement






Symptoms, Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement






Symptoms, Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







194




Rating Agreement






Symptoms, Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement






Symptoms, Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







195




Rating Agreement






Symptoms, Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement






Symptoms, Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







196




Rating Agreement






Symptoms, Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement












patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement












patellofemoral)







197




Rating Agreement












patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement












patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement












patellofemoral)







198




Rating Agreement












patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement







Symptoms, Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement












patellofemoral)







199




Rating Agreement







Symptoms, Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement







Symptoms, Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement












patellofemoral)







200




Rating Agreement







Symptoms, Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







201




Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







202




Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







203




Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







204




Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement







Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement







Middle-aged





patellofemoral)







205




Rating Agreement







Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement







Symptoms, Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement












patellofemoral)







206




Rating Agreement







Symptoms, Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement







Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement







Middle-aged





patellofemoral)







207




Rating Agreement







Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement







Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement







Middle-aged





patellofemoral)







208




Rating Agreement







Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement






Symptoms, Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







209




Rating Agreement






Symptoms, Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement






Symptoms, Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







210




Rating Agreement






Symptoms, Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement






Symptoms, Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







211




Rating Agreement






Symptoms, Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement






Symptoms, Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement











patellofemoral)







212




Rating Agreement






Symptoms, Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement

Pain at rest or night, Full range of extension/flexion, No

functional instability, Predominantly one compartment, Mild to

moderate , Joint space narrowing as visible on imaging, Normal

Alignment, Mechanical Symptoms, Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement




Alignment, Mechanical Symptoms, Middle-aged





patellofemoral)







213




Rating Agreement




Alignment, Mechanical Symptoms, Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement




Alignment, No Mechanical Symptoms, Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement




Alignment, No Mechanical Symptoms, Middle-aged

Total knee arthroplasty May Be Appropriate 5 +




patellofemoral)







214




Rating Agreement




Alignment, No Mechanical Symptoms, Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement



moderate , Joint space narrowing as visible on imaging, Varus/

valgus, Mechanical Symptoms, Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement




valgus, Mechanical Symptoms, Middle-aged





patellofemoral)







215




Rating Agreement




valgus, Mechanical Symptoms, Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement




valgus, No Mechanical Symptoms, Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement




valgus, No Mechanical Symptoms, Middle-aged

Total knee arthroplasty May Be Appropriate 6 +




patellofemoral)







216




Rating Agreement




valgus, No Mechanical Symptoms, Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement


functional instability, Predominantly one compartment, Severe,






patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement








patellofemoral)

Appropriate 7 +






217




Rating Agreement








patellofemoral)

Appropriate 7






Rating Agreement








patellofemoral)

Appropriate 7






Rating Agreement








patellofemoral)

Appropriate 7 +






218




Rating Agreement








patellofemoral)

Appropriate 7






Rating Agreement








patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement








patellofemoral)







219




Rating Agreement








patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement








patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement








patellofemoral)

Appropriate 7






220




Rating Agreement








patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement


functional instability, More than one compartment, Mild to







patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement









patellofemoral)







221




Rating Agreement









patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement









patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement









patellofemoral)







222




Rating Agreement









patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement









patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement









patellofemoral)







223




Rating Agreement









patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement









patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement









patellofemoral)







224




Rating Agreement









patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement


functional instability, More than one compartment, Severe,






patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement








patellofemoral)







225




Rating Agreement








patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement








patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement








patellofemoral)







226




Rating Agreement








patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement








patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement








patellofemoral)







227




Rating Agreement








patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement








patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement








patellofemoral)







228




Rating Agreement








patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement

Pain at rest or night, Full range of extension/flexion, Functional

instability, Predominantly one compartment, Mild to moderate ,

Joint space narrowing as visible on imaging, Normal Alignment,






patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement









patellofemoral)







229




Rating Agreement









patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement









patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement









patellofemoral)







230




Rating Agreement









patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement



Joint space narrowing as visible on imaging, Varus/ valgus,






patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement









patellofemoral)







231




Rating Agreement









patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement



Joint space narrowing as visible on imaging, Varus/ valgus, No






patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement









patellofemoral)







232




Rating Agreement









patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement


instability, Predominantly one compartment, Severe, Normal






patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement








patellofemoral)







233




Rating Agreement








patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement








patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement








patellofemoral)







234




Rating Agreement








patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement


instability, Predominantly one compartment, Severe, Varus/






patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement








patellofemoral)







235




Rating Agreement








patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement








patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement








patellofemoral)







236




Rating Agreement








patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement


instability, More than one compartment, Mild to moderate , Joint

space narrowing as visible on imaging, Normal Alignment,






patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement









patellofemoral)







237




Rating Agreement









patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement



space narrowing as visible on imaging, Normal Alignment, No






patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement









patellofemoral)







238




Rating Agreement









patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement



space narrowing as visible on imaging, Varus/ valgus,






patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement









patellofemoral)







239




Rating Agreement









patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement



space narrowing as visible on imaging, Varus/ valgus, No






patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement









patellofemoral)







240




Rating Agreement









patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement


instability, More than one compartment, Severe, Normal






patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement








patellofemoral)







241




Rating Agreement








patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement








patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement








patellofemoral)







242




Rating Agreement








patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement


instability, More than one compartment, Severe, Varus/ valgus,






patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement








patellofemoral)







243




Rating Agreement








patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement








patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement








patellofemoral)







244




Rating Agreement








patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement

Pain at rest or night, Lack of full extension (> 5 degree flexion

contracture) and/or flexion < 110 degrees, No functional








patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement










patellofemoral)







245




Rating Agreement










patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement










patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement










patellofemoral)

Appropriate 7






246




Rating Agreement










patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement










patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement










patellofemoral)







247




Rating Agreement










patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement










patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement










patellofemoral)







248




Rating Agreement










patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement









patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement









patellofemoral)

Appropriate 7 +






249




Rating Agreement









patellofemoral)

Appropriate 7






Rating Agreement









patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement









patellofemoral)

Appropriate 7 +






250




Rating Agreement









patellofemoral)

Appropriate 7






Rating Agreement









patellofemoral)





Appropriate 7


Rating Agreement









patellofemoral)

Appropriate 7






251




Rating Agreement









patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement









patellofemoral)





Appropriate 7


Rating Agreement









patellofemoral)







252




Rating Agreement









patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement










patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement










patellofemoral)







253




Rating Agreement










patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement










patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement










patellofemoral)







254




Rating Agreement










patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement










patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement










patellofemoral)







255




Rating Agreement










patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement










patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement










patellofemoral)







256




Rating Agreement










patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement









patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement









patellofemoral)







257




Rating Agreement









patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement









patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement









patellofemoral)







258




Rating Agreement









patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement









patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement









patellofemoral)







259




Rating Agreement









patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement









patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement









patellofemoral)







260




Rating Agreement









patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement


contracture) and/or flexion < 110 degrees, Functional instability,








patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement










patellofemoral)







261




Rating Agreement










patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement










patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement










patellofemoral)







262




Rating Agreement










patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement





Symptoms, Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement










patellofemoral)







263




Rating Agreement





Symptoms, Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement





Symptoms, Young





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement










patellofemoral)







264




Rating Agreement





Symptoms, Elderly





patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement









patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement









patellofemoral)







265




Rating Agreement









patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement









patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement









patellofemoral)







266




Rating Agreement









patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement









patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement









patellofemoral)







267




Rating Agreement









patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement









patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement









patellofemoral)







268




Rating Agreement









patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement










patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement










patellofemoral)







269




Rating Agreement










patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement










patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement










patellofemoral)







270




Rating Agreement










patellofemoral)







Rating Agreement





Symptoms, Young





patellofemoral)







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V. APPENDICES


310



APPENDIX A. DOCUMENTATION OF APPROVAL

AAOS BODIES THAT APPROVED THIS APPROPRIATE USE CRITERIA

Evidence-Based Quality and Value Committee: Approved on 9/10/2016

The AAOS Committee on Evidence Based Quality and Value consists of 22 AAOS members. The

overall purpose of this committee is to plan, organize, direct, and evaluate initiatives related to

Clinical Practice Guidelines and Appropriate Use Criteria.

Council on Research and Quality: Approved on 10/14/2016

To enhance the mission of the AAOS, the Council on Research and Quality promotes the most

ethically and scientifically sound basic, clinical, and translational research possible to ensure the

future care for patients with musculoskeletal disorders. The Council also serves as the primary

resource to educate its members, the public, and public policy makers regarding evidenced-based

medical practice, orthopaedic devices and biologics regulatory pathways and standards development,

patient safety, occupational health, technology assessment, and other related areas of importance.

Board of Directors: Approved on 12/09/2016

The 16 member AAOS Board of Directors manages the affairs of the AAOS, sets policy, and

determines and continually reassesses the Strategic Plan.


311

APPENDIX B. DISCLOSURE INFORMATION

SMOAK AUC WRITING PANEL

Paul A Manner, MD Submitted on: 06/02/2015

Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research: Editorial or governing board ($60,000) Senior Editor(Self);

JointMetrix Medical: Employee ($0) Chief Medical Officer(Self)

Bryan Bomberg, MD Submitted on: 07/08/2015

DJ Orthopaedics: Paid consultant ($0); DJ Orthopaedics: Other financial or material support ($0);

Medtronic: Paid consultant ($0)

Samuel Mc Comas Hawken, MD Submitted on: 08/14/2015

Biomet: Stock or stock Options Number of Shares: 0

Tamara Nicole Huff, MD (This individual reported nothing to disclose); Submitted on: 07/18/2015

Charles L Nelson, MD Submitted on: 08/13/2015

American Association of Hip and Knee Surgeons: Board or committee member ($0) Committee

Member(Self); J. Robert Gladden Society: Board or committee member ($0) (Self); Zimmer: Paid

consultant ($35,875) Consultant(Self)

David T Neuman, MD (This individual reported nothing to disclose); Submitted on: 08/06/2015

Frederick Buechel, Jr MD Submitted on: 11/26/2014

Stryker: Paid presenter or speaker ($0) Number of Presentations: 0; Stryker: Paid consultant ($0)

Brett Russell Levine, MD Submitted on: 08/15/2015

American Association of Hip and Knee Surgeons: Board or committee member ($0) Patient Education

Committee(Self); Biomet: Research support ($10,000) Receive research money for cemented and

cementless THA research projects; CORD: Board or committee member ($0) Education Committee

Member (CORD Report Liason)(Self); Human kinetics: Editorial or governing board ($500) Author of

book (Self); Link Orthopaedics: Paid consultant ($10,000) Surgeon Consultant(Self); McGraw-Hill: Paid

consultant ($3,500) Question Editor(Self); Orthoview: Paid consultant ($2,500) Product develop and

training(Self); SLACK Incorporated: Editorial or governing board ($0) Publishing a board review book.

not yet completed.; Zimmer: Paid consultant ($35,000) Consultant--Surgeon and Resident

Education(Self); Zimmer: Research support ($0) Institutional research money is received. Nothing is

directly given to me or myresearch funds.(Self)

Adolph J Yates Jr, MD Submitted on: 08/08/2015

American Association of Hip and Knee Surgeons: Board or committee member ($0) committee chair,

EBM Report

Louis F McIntyre, MD Submitted on: 04/09/2015

AAOS: Board or committee member ($0);

Advocacy for Improvement in Mobility: Board or committee member ($0);

Arthroscopy Association of North America: Board or committee member ($0);

Delegate Medical Society of the State of New York: Board or committee member ($0);

DePuy, A Johnson & Johnson Company: Research support ($0);

Orthopedic Practice Management, Inc.: Board or committee member ($0);

Orthopedics Today: Editorial or governing board ($0);

312

Quintiles Medical: Paid presenter or speaker ($0) Number of Presentations: 0;

Tornier: Stock or stock Options Number of Shares: 0

SMOAK AUC VOTING PANEL

Brandon Dubose Bushnell, MBA, MD: AAOS: Board or committee member; Arthroscopy Association

of North America: Board or committee member; Georgia Orthopedic Society: Board or committee

member; Mitek: Paid consultant; Rotation Medical: Paid consultant; Research support; Submitted on:

05/02/2016

Kim J Chillag, MD: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research: Editorial or governing board; Journal

of Arthroplasty: Editorial or governing board; Submitted on: 05/30/2016

Dennis C Chin, MD: Smith & Nephew: Employee; Submitted 04/06/2016

Marc M DeHart, MD: Board Member, Texas Orthopaedic Association: Board or committee member;

Journal of Arthroplasty: Editorial or governing board; Speaker honorarium for Orthopaedic Review

Courses: Publishing royalties, financial or material support; Submitted on: 04/04/2016

Morgan H Jones, MD: American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine: Board or committee

member; Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine: Editorial or governing board; Submitted on:

06/03/2016

Claudette Lajam, MD: AAOS: Board or committee member; International Orthopaedics: Editorial or

governing board; Journal of Arthroplasty: Editorial or governing board; My home hospital journal:

Editorial or governing board; Pfizer: Employee; Stock or stock Options; Ruth Jackson Orthopaedic

Society: Board or committee member; Stryker: Paid consultant; Submitted on: 04/21/2016

Gwo-Chin Lee, MD: AAOS: Board or committee member; CD Diagnostics: Research support

Ceramtec: Paid presenter or speaker; Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research: Editorial or governing

board; DePuy, A Johnson & Johnson Company: Paid consultant; Paid presenter or speaker; Journal of

Arthroplasty: Editorial or governing board; Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery: Editorial or governing

board; Orthopedics: Editorial or governing board; Pacira: Paid consultant; SLACK Incorporated: Editorial

or governing board; Smith and Nephew: Research support; Stryker: Paid consultant; Zimmer: Research

support; Submitted on: 05/31/2015

John R Martell Jr, MD: (This individual reported nothing to disclose); Submitted on: 04/04/2016

Neil Segal, MD: American Academy of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation: Board or committee

member; Association of Academic Physiatrists: Board or committee member; Myoscience: Research

support; Orthotrophix: Research support; Springer: Publishing royalties, financial or material support;

Submitted on: 04/01/2016

Steven Alan Silver, MD: (This individual reported nothing to disclose); Submitted on: 05/12/2016

Creighton Collins Tubb, MD: AAOS: Board or committee member; American Association of Hip and

Knee Surgeons: Board or committee member; Submitted on: 06/11/2016

Moderators

313

Robert H Quinn, MD: AAOS: Board or committee member; American Orthopaedic Association: Board

or committee member; Journal of Wilderness & Environmental Medicine: Editorial or governing board;

Musculoskeletal Transplant Foundation: Research support; Musculoskeletal Tumor Society: Board or

committee member; Wilderness Medical Society: Board or committee member; Submitted on:

05/24/2016

314

APPENDIX C. REFERENCES

(1) American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. The Burden of Musculoskeletal Diseases

in the United States. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons; 2008.

(2) Fitch K, Bernstein SJ, Aguilar MD et al. The RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method

User's Manual. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation; 2001.

(3) American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Surgical Management of Osteoarthritis of

the Knee Clinical Practice Guideline. http://www.orthoguidelines.org/smoakguideline.

Published December 4, 2015.


appropriate use criteria for the surgical ......this auc for the surgical management of...

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