Chapter 29

Between Two Fires

After WWI

• Innovations After WWI

• (sciences, arts, pop. culture)

Voting:

• Women Receive Right to Vote

• (In Most Western Countries)

Transportation:

• Automobile And Highways

• Mass Marketed

Communication:

• Radio Is Mass Marketed

New Ideas

• Albert Einstein: • Relativity • Sigmund Freud:• Psycho-analysis

Arts

• Movies • Why? • Leisure Time (Shorter

Work Week) • SilentTalkies • Jazz Singer (First

Talkie 1927) • (Color Films 1939)

New Literature/Literary techniques

HARLEM RENAISSANCE:

• African Literary Movement

• Why?• To Address Social

Issues of the African American Community

Stream Of Consciousness:

• Literary Technique Used By James Joyce

• What Is It?• Continual Flow Of

Thought In Writing • Why? • To Reflect All The Forces,

External And Internal, Influencing The Psychology Of A Character

• (modern novel)James Joyce

Artists And New Art Forms

• Why? • War Transforms Life With Radical New

Ideas• Artists (Like Counterpart Authors)

Disillusioned After the War

Dada

• Why? • To Express

Absurdity/brutality Of Life

Hannah Hoch, Cut with the Kitchen Knife Through the

First Epoch of the Weimar Beer-Belly Culture,1919

Cubism

• Geometric Shapes In Art

Pablo Picasso, Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, 1907

Surrealism

• Dreamlike Objects• To Explore

Unconsciousness

Music And Dance

• Non-traditional Styles• United States: Jazz • (Folk Songs, West

African Rhythms, Harmonies From Europe, Slave Work Song )

• Swing Louis Armstrong

United States

• Stronger Than European Countries

• Why?• No Fighting On U.S.

Soil.

United States

• Do Not Want To Join League Of Nations

• Why? • Do Not Want Foreign

Entanglements• Expel Foreign-born

Radicals (1919, 1920)• Why?• Fear Of Communism

After WWI

• Problems After WWI

Unemployment (in United States)

• Why?• 1 Production:

• Demand: Down

• 2 Buying On Margin• 3 Farming Prices Fall• 4 (Dust Bowl)

Unemployment

• By 1933: • ¼ Of U.S Population

Is Unemployed• FDR Elected President

In 1932• Policy: New Deal

United States

• U.S. Better Off Than Many Other European Nations

Effects Of War (Europe)

Great Britain

• Loses Power As Economic Leader

• Why?• Overseas Markets

Taken Over During The War

Great Britain

• Factories Are Old And Outdated

• Workers Demand Higher Wages, Strike.

• Labour Party Becomes Second Leading Party

Great Britain

• Loses Political Power • Why?• Establish

Commonwealth Of Nations

• (To Link Former Colonies/Dominions As Equals)

Great Britain

• Uprising In Ireland:• Catholic South

(Dominion)• Protestant North

(Great Britain)• 1937 Ireland Becomes

A Republic

France • Fear Of Another War • Why? • WWI Wreaks Havoc On

France’s People And Land• (France Has Tough Time

Rebuilding)• Political Parties Compete For

Votes• Leads To Weak Gov’t • (With Extremists Threatening

Stability)

France

• Communists (1934) Appeal To Socialists

• To Combat Fascism• Become Known As

Popular Front

France

• Build Fortifications Along France’s Eastern Borders (Maginot Line)

• Why?• To Protect Against

Germany • (Fail To Protect

Border W/ Belgium)

The Rise Of Totalitarianism

• Where (After WWI)?• Italy, Germany, Russia• What Is Totalitarianism? • The Total Control Of Government Over

Individual • Two Forms (of Totalitarianism):• Fascism (Germany, Italy)• Communism (U.S.S.R.)

Totalitarian Governments After WWI

• Fascism• Glorifies State (Over

Individual)• One Party System With

A Strong Ruler• Aggressive Nationalism

And Racism• Allows Ownership of

Private Property

• Communism • Glorifies State (Over

Individual)• One Party System With

A Strong Ruler• Aggressive Nationalism

And Racism

Fascism

• Italy, Germany

Germany

• After WWI: Germany Becomes A Democracy

• (Weimar Republic)• Government Is Weak• The Republic Is

Associated With the Loss Of WWI

• Germany Has To Pay Cost Of War

Germany

• Weak Republic: • Loss Of (Industrial) Ruhr Valley To France

(Reparations)• Loss Of Industry+Printing Of More Money

(For Expenses)=• Inflation

Germany

• 1920- 1$=• 60-70 Marks• 1923- 1$=• 4,200,000,000,000

Marks

Adolf Hitler

• Born In Austria• High School Drop Out• Studied In Vienna (Art

And Architecture)• Believe Germans Are

“Master Race”

Adolf Hitler

• World War I War Hero (Receives 2 Iron Crosses)

• After WWI, Joins Political Group:

• Nationalist-Socialist German Workers’ Party

• Nazi Party

Adolf Hitler

• 1923 Hitler Attempts A Government Revolution

• Revolution Fails• Hitler Imprisoned• In Prison, Writes Book:

Mein Kampf

Mein Kampf

• Blames Jews And Communists For WWI Defeat

• Declares Germans A “Master Race” (Aryan Race)

Adolf Hitler

• Elected Chancellor In 1933• Why?• (Due To Continued Economic

Depression) • 1933-Reichstag Burned • Arson Blamed On

Communists • (Civil Liberties Are Stripped)

Adolf Hitler cont’d

• Hitler Is Given More Power To Deal With “Threats”

• Communists Are Arrested

• Trade Unions Are Abolished

Reichstag

Nuremberg Laws (1935)

• Jews-1% Of German Population

• Nuremberg Laws Strip Jews Of Citizenship

• “Pure Must Not Mix With The Impure”

• Hitler Takes Title• “Der Fuhrer”• Calls His Government The Third Reich• Reich=power/rule

The Third Reich

• 1st Reich- • Germany Under Holy

Roman Empire• 2nd Reich-• Germany Under Bismarck• 3rd Reich-• Under Hitler, To Rule For

1000 Years

German Economy

• Hitler Restores Jobs• How?• Through Military Production • Violates The Treaty Of Versailles

Italy

Why Fascism In Italy?

• WWI Veterans Find Little Work After War

• Workers Go On Strike For Pay/benefits

• Peasants Seize Land… • Conditions Set For The

Rise Of Totalitarianism

Benito Mussolini

• Rise of Mussolini• (Totalitarianism)• Also Due to Middle

Class Fear of Communism

• Workers Want Full Employment And Benefits

Mussolini

• Mussolini Wants Italy To Be Returned To Greatness of Roman Empire

• Mussolini Seizes Power

• (Black Shirt Party Uses Physical Force)

Mussolini

• King Names Mussolini Prime Minister• Many Favor Mussolini (But Don’t Like Fascism)• Mussolini Restores Order, Builds Up Military-

Provides Jobs• Italy Invades Ethiopia (1935)• (in 1896 Italy lost war to Ethiopia/Abyssinia)• Italians View Fascism as a Better Alternative

Than Communism

Communism

• Soviet Union

Lenin

• Under Lenin, Bolsheviks Bring Major Industries Under State Control

• Create Powerful Bureaucracy

• (But Inefficient)• Peasants Have Little

Political Power

Vladimir Lenin

New Economic Policy

• Created To Stimulate The Economy• Allows Some Private Businesses To

Operate And Sell For Profit

1922

• Russia Becomes Union Of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)

Theory of Communism

• State Controlled By Workers

Reality (in Practice)

• Communist Party Controls Workers Central Government In Moscow

• Russians Remain Dominant Over Other Republics

Trotsky And Stalin

• Lenin Dies In 1924• Who Will Succeed Him?

Trotsky

• Built The Red Army (Wants Worldwide Revolution)

Stalin

• Wants To Focus On Soviet Union First• Skilled Administrator/propagandist

(Outmaneuvers Trotsky)• Stalin Gains Control

Marx’s Five Year Plan

• Why? • To Build USSR Into An Industrial Power

(End N.E.P.)

Collectivization

• In Agriculture (To Increase Exports And Pay For Industry)

• Stalin Uses Collectivization To Intimidate Peasants

• Crushes Resistance In Ukraine

Effect Of Stalin

• First 5 Year Plan Successful• Transforms USSR Into An Industrial Power• (Enormous Human Cost- 10,000,000

Lives?)

1920s To 1953-

• One Of History’s Most Brutal Dictatorships• 1930s:• Stalin Begins Purges Against Potential

Enemies: • Millions Of Party Members Are Expelled,

Put In Labor Camps, Or Shot.

Arts

• Writers And Artists Are Forced To Create “New Reality”

• (Glorifying State- Soviet Heroes And Achievements)

World War II

Japan

• Imperialism In Asia• Why?• Territoriesnew Materials And Markets• Japan Invades Manchuria

Italy

• Mussolini (Italy) Invades…• Ethiopia

Spain (Civil War)

• Nationalists • (Conservative)• Supported By

Germany And Italy

• Loyalists • (Left-wing) • Supported By Soviet

Union

Hitler On The Offensive

• (March 1936)• Violates Treaty Of

Versailles By Seizing The Rhineland

• (France And Britain Don’t Want War)

The Axis Powers

• October 1936 Power Created Between Germany And Italy

• (Later Japan)anti-comintern Plan

Austria

• 1938 Hitler Annexes Austria

• (Wants To Unite German Peoples)

• No Action From Western Democracies

Hitler informs jubilant Nazi deputies in the Reichstag that Germany has

annexed Austria, 1938

Rome Berlin Axis

Czechoslovakia

• 1930s National Czechs Demand Freedom.

• Hitler Uses National Cause To His Advantage

• Destroys The Country

Sudetenland

• Demands That German Peoples In Region Must Be Given Right Of Self-determination

Appeasement

• To Appease Hitler, • Sudetenland Given To

Germany

Munich Conference

• Italy, Germany, France, England Meet.

• Give Sudetenland To Hitler In Exchange For Czech Sovereignty.

• (Hitler Controls All Of Czech.)

The Coming Of War

• March 1939• Hitler Takes Control

Of The Western Part Of Czechoslovakia

• West Begins To Prepare For War

Poland

• March 1939• Hitler Threatens Poland.• Great Britain And France Promise Support

For Poland

Soviet Union

• Stalin Believes That The West Won’t Come To Soviet’s Aid.

• Signs Non-aggression Pact With Germany

September 1, 1939

• Germany Invades Poland (WWII Begins)

• Uses Blitzkrieg (Lightning War Tactics)

• Luftwaffe (German Air Force) + Tanks + Infantry Attack Poland

• (Poland Is Overrun in 20 Days)

The “Phony War”

• Relative Quiet After Attack On Poland

Scandinavia

• April 9 • Germany Controls

Denmark And Norway (Outlet To Atlantic)

• May Chamberlain Resigns.

• Winston Churchill Becomes Prime Minister

• May 10 • Germany Invades

Netherlands • (Britain And France

Move Troops To Belgium)

France

• Maginot Line• Has 50mile Gap In Ardennes• Dunkirk• Germans Force Allied Troops

To Evacuate (NW France)• June 14 • Germans Enter Paris, Control

Northern France

Vichy France

• Vichy- Southern France

• Puppet Government

Free French

• French Citizens Who Fight Against The Nazis

Britain

Battle Of Britain

• England Has A Superior Naval Power

• August 1940 • Germany Begins

Bombing Britain• (R.A.F. Does Well)

Blitz

• Nightly Bombings Of Britain

• Does Not Break British Morale

Winston Churchill

• “Never In The Field Of Human Conflict Was So Much Owed By So Many To So Few.”

United States (Cash And Carry Policy)

• U.S. Wants To Remain Neutral.

• However, gives Britain 50 Naval Destroyers.

• Begins selling war supplies, food.

• (U.S. gets bases in Newfoundland, Bermuda, British West Indies)

Lend-lease Policy

• Lend War Equipment to Britain• Why? • Defense Of (American) National Security.

(Cash and Carry drains British economy)• August 1941-call For Freedom Of Trade• Self-choice Of Gov’t,• “Final Destruction Of Nazi Tyranny.”

Eastern Europe And Africa• (Mussolini wants Med.

Empire)• June 1940 Mussolini

Declares War On France And Britain.

• However, British Crush Italians In Libya

• German Troops Diverted To Southeastern Europe.

• Germany Sweeps Through Yugoslavia And Greece (Rescue Italians In Libya)

Soviet Union

Operation Barbarossa

• June 22, 1941 Germans begin attack on Soviet Union

• Stalin: Scorched Earth Policy

November 1941

• 40% of Soviet Population Captured

• Kiev Captured• Begun Siege Of

Leningrad• On The Outskirts Of

Moscow• But… winter sets in

December 2, 1941

• Germans Begin All Out Assault On Moscow• Soviets Stage Counterattack• Germans Are Forced To Retreat

Nazi Order

• New Order:• Nazis To Rule Europe• Exploit Its Resources• Eliminate “Undesirable Elements”• Nazis Plunder Occupied Countries (art

treasures, raw materials, factories)• Seize Resources• Drive (.5) Millions Into Forced Labor And

Concentration Camps

The Holocaust

• 1941, Holocaust Begins • (Systematic Killing Of More Than 6 Million

Jews)• Largest Number Of Jews Are In Poland And

Soviet Union• Germans Force Jews Into Ghettos• Fed Starvation Rations• June 1941 Imprisonment Turns to Mass

Murder

Final Solution

• January 1942 • Summer 1942

Transport Of Jews To Death Camps

• (e.g. Auschwitz)• France, Italy, Hungary

Send Jews• Denmark Resists

Expulsion Of Jews

Japanese Expansion

• Japan Acquires New Territories In Southeast Asia

• How?• As A Result Of Hitler’s

Offensive In Europe • (European Countries lose

control of colonies)

Greater East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere

• Why? • To Gain Support Of

Asians Who Wished To Rid Their Lands Of European Rule

• Invade Indochina

United States’ Response:

• “Withdraw From China And Indochina.”• Place Embargo On Oil; All Japanese Assets

Frozen In The U.S.• (Know Of Attack…Think It Will Be In

Southeast Asia)

Isoroku Yamamoto

• Why Attack? • Most Of Pacific Fleet Stationed At Pearl

Harbor

Pearl Harbor

• December 7, 1941• “A Date Which Will

Live In Infamy”• 19 Ships

Sunk/disabled• 188 Airplanes

Destroyed• 2,400 Dead• 1,100 Injured

Allies

• Plan: Focus Plan Of Attack N. Africa, Mediterranean Area

Sea And Air Battles

• Germans look to control the seas build massive ships

• (i.e. Bismarck, Prinz Eugen• May 1941, Bimarck Is Sunk • (Ends Surface Ship Effort By

Germans)

Stalingrad

• July 1942 • Soviets In Full Retreat• August 1942 • Attack Of Stalingrad• Stalin: “Hold City At

All Costs”

Stalingrad

• Why Attack?• Major Industrial Center • February 1943 • Germans Surrender• German Loss: 100,000

(Best Of German Troops)• Soviets Loss: 1,100,000

War In The Desert

• Gen. Erwin Rommel Vs. Gen. Bernard Montgomery

"General Bernard L. Montgomery

watches his tanks move up."

El Alamein

• Spring 1942 British Stop Germans

• Force Germans Back Across Egyptian-Libyan Frontier

“Pincers”

• Allies Plan Eastward Advance “Pinch” Rommel (Surrenders, May 1943)

Italy-Sicily Air And Sea Attack

• (July 1943)• General Dwight D.

Eisenhower begins assault on Sicily

General Dwight D. Eisenhower

• Fall Of Sicily Leads To Mussolini’s firing

• (Sept 3 Secret Surrender)• Germans Occupy N. Italy• Rescue Mussolini• June 4, 1944 • Allies Forces Enter Rome

General Dwight D. Eisenhower addresses American paratroopers on D-Day.

Pacific War

• May 1942• Battle Of The Coral

Sea• First Allied Victory In

Pacific

Battle of Midway

• June 1942• Ends Japanese Naval

Superiority In Pacific• Next, launch Battle of

Guadalcanal• (last six months)

Gen. Douglas Macarthur

• Commander on land in Pacific

Gen. Chester W. Nimitz

• Commander of seas in Pacific

Island Hopping

• Leapfrog From Island To Island In Pacific

Kamikaze

• Beginning November 1943

• Japanese use kamikaze tactics

• After Americans Pause To Rebuild

• (After Guadalcanal)

Operation Overlord

• Plan for invasion of France

Allied Victories

• D-Day• June 6, 1944 • Allies Sail From England

(Across English Channel) To Normandy Region of France

• Encounter Heavy Resistance

• (But, the Plan is a Success)• August 25-26, 1944

Liberate Paris

Gen. George S. Patton

• Tank commander races across Northern France (towards Germany)

"Old Blood and Guts"

Victory In Germany

• Summer 1944 • Soviets Force Germans Out Of Soviet

Union.

Battle Of The Bulge

• December 16, 1944- January 16, 1945• By March 1945 • Allies Storm Across The Rhine River

VE DAY

• May 7 V-E Day• (Victory in Europe)• Hitler Commits

Suicide• Mussolini

Assassinated

Yalta Conference

• (Before War Is Over)• What To Do With

Germany? • Decision: Divide Into

Zones • Propose Formation Of

United Nations

Yalta Conference, 1945

Yalta Conference (continued)

• Allies Give Eastern Poland To Soviets

• (In Return, Promise Free Elections)

Potsdam Conference

• Plans For Occupation Of Germany

• Demand Japanese Surrender

Prime Minister Clement Atlee (U.K.), President Harry S. Truman, Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin

Victory Over Japan

• Late 1944-early 1945 • Japanese Commanders

Refuse Surrender • (Even Though Heavy

Losses)• July 1945 • Decision To Use Atomic

Bomb (Harry Truman)

• August 6 Hiroshima

• August 9 Nagasaki• (Altogether 200,000

Dead)

• August 14, 1945 • VJ Day

Effects Of The War

• 55 Million Dead

Nuremberg Trials

• November 1945- September 1946

• Trials Held Against Nazi Leaders.

• First Time In History That Officials Were Held Responsible For Crimes Against Humanity

A courtroom scene: The defendants (at back, in front of military police) and defense lawyers (in front of defendants). (Photos courtesy of Special Collections Department, Harvard Law School Library)

Next…

• The Cold War