-Originated as a study in Europe in the latter part of the 19th century (1870s)

-Early pioneers: -Wilhelm Wundt 1832-1920

-Sigmund Freud 1856-1939

-Paul Pierre Broca 1824-1880

-Jean Piaget 1896-1980

-Carl Gustav Jung 1875-1961

Origins of Psychology

Pierre Paul Broca

-Lived 1824-1880

-French national

-Held many university positions, all in the medical field-Most notably as professor of surgical pathology at the University of Paris

Pierre Paul Broca

-Broca’s Area of the brain

-Associated with:

-Articulated language

-Language processing

-Speech production

-Comprehension

Jean Piaget

-Lived 1896-1980

-Swiss national

-Psychologist

-Philosopher

4 Stages of Development

Jean Piaget and the Theory of Cognitive Development

Broca and Piaget: Who Cares?

Legacy:-Broca: Study and evolution of psychology and brain function

-Piaget: Advances of the studies of psychology and cognitive development, and education.

Sigmund Freud (1856-

1939)

Freud’s impact on European

Society

Established the theory that the

unconscious motives control

much of human behavior

Freud’s Impact on European Art

Movement

Freud’s theories influenced surrealism

Freud performed psychoanalysis

which was like the concept of many

paintings

Exploring the inner depths of the

unconscious mind

Freud’s Theories

The unconscious plays a large role

in shaping someone’s behavior

Freud’s Form of Therapy

Psychoanalysis is a technique of therapy

Free association- basic method of transference of

information

The patient, lays down and says whatever comes to

mind

Catharsis- the sudden release of emotion

Freud’s Division of the

Brain

Freud believed that the brain was

divided into three different parts

The Id (unconscious self)

The Ego (conscious self)

The Superego

Thought everyone was born with

certain natural drives which he called

instincts

Freud’s Sexual Stages of

Development

Freud said that the sex drive is the most important motivating force

He created a psychosexual stage theory with stages starting from infancy until adulthood

Stages:Oral Stage (Birth - 18 months)

Anal stage (18 months - 3 or 4 years old)

Phallic Stage (3 or 4 years old - 7 years old)

Latency Stage (as young as 5 years - puberty)

Genital Stage (puberty -> )

From The Interpretation of

Dreams, 1900

The interpretation of dreams is

the royal road to a knowledge of

the unconscious activities of the

mind.

-- Sigmund Freud

Reflected the spirit of the early 20th century, with its

emphasis on greedy irrational creatures

Became an international movement by 1910 and received popular attention after 1918, esp in Protestant countries in N. Europe & the U.S.

Shattered the enlightenment view of rationality and progress

Impact

Surrealism

The practice of producing fantastic imagery or effects in art, literature, film, or theater by means of unnatural or irrational juxtapositions and combinations.

Approaching Puberty (1921) Max Ernst Mixed Media

“Surrealism is not a style. It is the cry of a mind turning back on itself.”

Antonin Artaud

“Surrealism sought communication with the irrational and illogical, deliberately disorienting and reorienting the conscious, by means of the unconscious.”

The Anti-Pope (1942) Max ErnstOil on Canvas

The art world had been forever changed by the visions bequeathed from the omnipotence of the dream world.

Giraffe on Fire (1937) Salvador DalíOil on Canvas

Jean Martin-Charcotand

Sigmund Freud

Meditation on the Harp (1932-1934)Salvador DalíOil on Canvas

Jean Martin-Charcot was Sigmund Freud’s

teacher, and had a great deal of influence over Freud, and

the course of study he undertook regarding the study of the human mind.

Untitled (Tamara Toumanova), (1940)Joseph CornellMixed Media Collage

Freud practiced self analysis, and over time became overwhelmed with the “power of the imaginary and the sway of pictures that came to dominate” his conscious thoughts.

The mind which plunges into Surrealism, relives with burning excitement the best part of childhood.

ANDRE BRETON, Surrealist Manifesto, 1924

The Robing of the Bride (1940)Max Ernst Oil on Canvas

“Dreams provide a continuous, symbolic commentary in our internal psychological (and sometimes physical) functions whenever language fails to convey a particular inner experience, dream imagery can capture it vividly and authentically…”

Metamorphosis of Narcissus (1936-1937) Salvador Dalí Oil on Canvas

“Conceptualizing dream imagery as a metaphorical

narrative is analogous to understanding the underlying meaning of an abstract painting.”

Myron L. Gluckman M.D.

While we now have a better understanding of the inner workings of the unconscious mind, much of it is still speculation.

Carte Blanche (1965) René Magritte Oil on Canvas