chatham islands · 2018. 7. 5. · 1. surveillance and control of plant and animal pests already on...

Chatham Islands Biosecurity: A Snapshot

2011 – 2017

AcknowledgementsJan Crooks, Hannah Eastgate, Hayley Hillock and Katrina Sinclair, without whom this book would still be an idea. They made sense of the handwritten notes and did a great job with the text and formatting.

Paul Bradbury from SPS Biosecurity who provided much of the Border Control section, and whose company provides invaluable technical advice to our team along with the border control activities, which are often not as visible on the Chatham Islands.

Kerri Moir and Robin Seymour (our resident Biosecurity Officers) who “do the business” on the Islands. They are the people that have identified worthwhile projects and see them through to successful outcomes. They really are two brilliant staff members.

Laurence Smith (Environment Canterbury Principal Biosecurity Advisor) for answering my questions about Regional Pest Management Plans and providing input.

Graham Sullivan (my manager) for his advice and allowing me the freedom to propose and carry out projects that fall outside the norm of Environment Canterbury’s usual business.

Finally, but foremost, Owen Pickles (CEO), Alfred Preece (Mayor) and the Chatham Islands Council for their unwavering support of our biosecurity activities, and for thinking outside the square, beyond what’s required by legislation, for the good of the Chatham Islands.

Thank you all.

Steve Palmer

Biosecurity Advisor Special ProjectsEnvironment Canterbury

Disclaimer

While every effort has been made to ensure the information in this report is accurate, Environment Canterbury does not accept any responsibility or liability for error of fact, omission, interpretation or opinion that may be present, nor for the consequences of any decision based on this information.

ForewordThe Chatham Islands Council is a district council with most regional council functions. These include biosecurity and border control.

Environment Canterbury is engaged under contract to assist the Chatham Islands Council to meet its regional council obligations, with biosecurity being a significant part of this.

The Council is looking to control unwanted plants and animals found on the Chatham Islands and to prevent new ones establishing.

This publication explains how this is being achieved and how you can help.

The Chatham Islands have a unique biodiversity which the Council is serious about protecting.

I commend this publication to you and hope you can assist Steve, Kerri, Robin and the team with the work they do.

Owen Pickles

Chief Executive OfficerChatham Islands Council

1

Photo: Ngaire Lawson

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Contents

Introduction.............................................................................................................................4

Border Control ........................................................................................................................6

Special Programmes ............................................................................................................8

Border Control – Chatham Islands..................................................................................10

Recent Incursions ..................................................................................................................12

Pest Management Programmes .......................................................................................13

Eradication Programme – Plants .....................................................................................15

Eradication Programme – Animals .................................................................................31

Sustained Control Plants ....................................................................................................37

Site-led Programmes – Plants .........................................................................................43

Site-led Programmes – Animals.......................................................................................57

Exclusion Programme ..........................................................................................................61

Chatham Islands Council/Environment Canterbury Initiatives ............................66

Appendix - Marine Pest ID Guide (Ministry for Primary Industries) ....................74

3

IntroductionEnvironment Canterbury is contracted to the Chatham Islands Council to carry out a variety of services. This is a unique situation within New Zealand where a regional council is contracted to a district council.

One of the functions Environment Canterbury carries out on behalf of the Chatham Islands Council is biosecurity.

In very broad terms the biosecurity portfolio covers:

1. Surveillance and control of plant and animal pests already on the Chatham Islands

2. Border control – preventing new pests from arriving on the Chatham Islands

There are numerous subsections of both 1 and 2 which are detailed further within this document.

Our guiding document for everything we do is the Chatham Islands Pest Management Strategy 2008 – 2018, copies of which can be obtained from the Chatham Islands Council or the website.

Initially the Pest Management Strategy provided a good regulatory framework but over the years some sections have become redundant. As new pests have arrived the Council has adopted a number of initiatives which are unique and beneficial to Chatham Islanders.

In some cases, in consultation with the Council, we have stepped outside the original brief outlined in the Strategy document.

While Environment Canterbury does carry out other functions for the Chatham Islands Council, the purpose of this book is to give the reader a better appreciation of what the biosecurity team actually does on the Islands.

The current Strategy is up for review, so now is the optimum time to look at updating it to reflect our activities.

4

StaffThere are a multitude of people and organisations that support our biosecurity activities, both on and off the Islands.

The people most directly involved with Chatham Islands biosecurity are:

Steve PalmerBiosecurity Advisor Special Projects Christchurch Environment Canterbury

027 742 6126 [email protected]

Kerri MoirBiosecurity Officer Chatham Islands Environment Canterbury


Robin SeymourBiosecurity Officer Chatham Islands Environment Canterbury


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Border ControlIt goes without saying that keeping pests off the Chatham Islands is far more cost effective than trying to deal with them once they have become established.

We subcontract a portion of our border control work to SPS Biosecurity. Their primary role is to identify and minimise the risk pathways of pests transported to the Islands. Most of this work is carried out in New Zealand and focuses on freight handler training, transportation (sea/air/human), retail supplier pest awareness, port/supplier site checks, and diagnostic services.

Chatham Islands Border Quarantine and Biosecurity

Stopping new pests establishing on the Chathams thanks to SPS Biosecurity

The border biosecurity programme (No Pests Please) uses a risk-pathway approach to manage a wide range of pest and disease threats to the Chatham Islands.

The programme is science based and uses strategies aimed at achieving biosecurity outcomes outlined in the Chatham Islands Pest Management Strategy. These strategies cover pest risk to the environment and primary productive sectors.

The border programme strategies fall into three broad areas of work:

• Quarantine and risk site management

• Science and surveillance

• Training and increasing biosecurity awareness within key sectors and the general population

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Quarantine and risk site management

Pest management programmes are maintained at key sites to reduce pest load and help prevent ‘hitch hiker’ pests travelling to the Chatham Islands and also from Chatham to Pitt Island. (A distinction is made between the New Zealand – Chatham Islands border and the Chatham – Pitt border).

Additional inspections and surveillance occurs at up to 150 sites of interest and includes:

• Key freight suppliers and cargo consolidation locations for the Chathams

• Targeted surveillance for known serious pests

• Specialised biosecurity treatments and inspections of up to five vessels in 2016 -2017

‘High risk’ goods Pest or contamination of interest

Timber and posts Weeds and weed seed

Construction and farm materials Rodents and lizards

Garden and landscaping products Ants and wasps

Aggregate, soil and potting mix Soil

Vehicles and machinery Animal diseases

Vessels and marine equipment Marine fouling

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Special ProgrammesLarge events, major construction works or one-off shipments can present unique biosecurity risks. Inspection, cleaning and training occurs before any risk is transferred to the Chathams.

The Waitangi wharf construction has required the shipment of significant volumes of materials and equipment. A tailored biosecurity plan was developed with the construction company MPA to address marine and terrestrial pest risks associated with the project. MPA cover the cost of any additional treatments.

Vehicle and machinery cleaning and treatmentA pest risk analysis of vehicles and machinery imported by the general population found these items were often contaminated and efforts to get cleaning done by the importer sometimes failed due to purchasers using sites like TradeMe, and the ‘last minute’ nature of delivery to shipside.

Specific assessment, cleaning and treatment has been arranged with shipping companies to deal with contaminated vehicles and timber. Where possible, all cleaning costs are recovered for these activities.

Science and surveillance Decisions about Chatham Islands biosecurity have a solid scientific foundation by using key science partners – Landcare Research, AgResearch, and Scion. Reports and recommendations from these organisations are developed into operational outputs and delivered by SPS Biosecurity Ltd. Risk site monitoring and surveillance activities used by SPS Biosecurity are based on the Ministry for Primary Industries ‘best practice’ and internationally recognised protocols.

A formal twice-yearly surveillance programme to update pest baseline information is undertaken at designated risk sites on the Chathams and a similar programme occurs at sites on the New Zealand mainland with frequency based on a risk site ranking.

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Risk factors considered:

• Type and volume of freight sent and stored

• Commercial activity and visitor numbers (Chathams)

• Storage of imported goods (Chathams)

• Nature of special projects i.e. construction work (Chathams)

• Sentinel sites that have a good representation of flora and fauna

Training and awareness A key approach of the programme has been to change public and commercial behaviours around biosecurity. Groups and individuals receive training on basic biosecurity and are encouraged to notify biosecurity staff of pest issues. Biosecurity guides, workbooks and other information material has been developed to support the training activities.

• Skill checks and awareness training for freight and shipping companies

• Pest management training for Chatham Islands biosecurity staff

• Biosecurity training for construction company staff

• Inspection and treatment training for freight company staff

• Chathams biosecurity treatment training for commercial pest control companies

9

Border Control – Chatham IslandsIf, for some reason, ‘dirty’ freight slips through the New Zealand controls, our next back stop is to check as much freight as we can before it is dispersed after unloading on the Chathams.

This can be frustrating for people waiting to take possession of their goods and machinery. As you can imagine, pests come in many forms and even an untrained eye can spot a big one. At the other end of the scale we are dealing with seed, larvae, small insects and reptiles.

The following photo spread is a snapshot of some of the things that have slipped through the New Zealand controls and arrived on the Islands. Some have turned out to be non-invasive but you can see how easy it would be for a new pest to arrive if everyone isn’t vigilant.

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Border Control – PeopleVirtually every pest we have in New Zealand and the Chatham Islands arrived with the help of people (Canada geese would be the exception).

The Chatham Islands is regarded as a domestic port and therefore is not subject to customs or immigration checks before arrival. We endeavour to keep public awareness of biosecurity issues high through various media but sadly some people still aren’t aware, or worse, don’t care about protecting such a unique environment.

Border Control – Pitt IslandOf the 11 islands that make up the Chathams group, Pitt Island is the only other inhabited island aside from the main Chatham Island.

Where humans go, unwanted pests often follow. Pitt Island is no exception, although incidences of introduced pests are remarkably low.

Pitt Island is in a unique situation where we operate a biosecurity ‘border within a border’ as there are numerous pests that are present on the main Chatham Island but not present on Pitt Island.

The most notable of these are;

• Rats

• Possums

• Hedgehogs

• Feral goats

As well as all of the plants in the Chatham Islands Eradication Programme list (see p15).

Unfortunately, gorse has started to become established in and around Flower Pot Bay, and while total eradication is an optimistic aim, in the past we have carried out progressive control.

As long as constant pressure is maintained, it is possible the ‘seed bank’ will be reduced over time and we may be in a position to deem it an ‘eradication pest’ on Pitt Island in the future.

The results of the Pitt Island ‘Gorse Free’ initiative are depicted on the helicopter spraying map in the Chatham Islands Council/Environment Canterbury Initiatives section of this book.

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Recent IncursionsThere have been several new pest incursions to the Chatham Islands recently, which are described below.

German wasp (Vespula germanica)German wasps are a nuisance to the general public, and of particular concern to those working in forestry or the tourism industries. They are unwelcome guests at summer picnics and barbeques. The venom from a wasp sting contains several toxins that can cause a hypersensitive or allergic reaction in some people.

Wasps also eat huge numbers of native insects and have even been seen killing newly hatched birds.

Black ants (Lasius niger)Black ants are social insects that can be a considerable nuisance pest when they enter the home. They can also be a significant biodiversity pest when exotic species are introduced to vulnerable habitats.

CockroachesCockroaches are a common household pest in New Zealand. While they are only a low-level health risk, cockroaches thrive in unhealthy environments and can transmit a number of diseases.

Tree lupin (Lupinus arboreus)Tree lupin grows and matures quickly, producing many long-lived seeds. It is taller than competing coastal species and can quickly form a canopy, reducing light levels in open habitats and causing subsequent invasion by weedy shrubs and vines.

It is most likely to invade short tussockland, bare land, riverbeds, coastal areas, and sandy, well-drained areas.

(Photo courtesy of Weedbusters)

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Pest Management ProgrammesEach pest included in the Chatham Islands Pest Management Strategy is included in a management programme appropriate to infestation levels and based on achievable goals.

Eradication Progressive Containment ExclusionSustained

Control Site-led

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Eradication Programme – PlantsThe Eradication Programme refers to plants that are present in the Chatham Islands territory but are of low or limited distribution. The aim is to eradicate these pest plants from the Islands.

To be included in the Eradication Programme, eradication must be an achievable goal. New incursions are treated as eradication plants until it is determined that they don’t meet the criteria.

Eradication Programme plants are:

• Banana passionfruit (Passiflora tripartita and P.tarminiana)

• Broom: common (Cytisus scoparius), montpellier (Genista monspessulana) and white (Cytisus multiflorus)

• Chilean rhubarb (Gunnera tinctoria)

• Reed sweet-grass (Glyceria maxima)

• Old man’s beard (Clematis vitalba)

• Ragwort (Jacobaea vulgaris)

• Tree lupin (Lupinus arboreus)

More information on each of these plant pests is included on the following pages.

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Banana passionfruit (Passiflora tripartita and P.tarminiana)

DescriptionBanana passionfruit is a tall climbing vine with large pink tubular flowers producing pale green oval fruit throughout the year which turn yellow to orange when ripe.

HabitatBanana passionfruit can be found along forest and shrubland margins, on stream sides and coastal cliffs, on consolidated sand dunes, and in domestic gardens.

ImpactThe layering vines of banana passionfruit dominate the canopy and smother desirable species.

SpreadBanana passionfruit is mainly spread by birds and people.

Banana passionfruit (Photo courtesy of Weedbusters)

Banana passionfruit spread

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Distribution - Chatham Island

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0 3 6 12 18 KilometresPEST SPECIES: Banana passionfruit

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Common broom, montpellier broom and white broom (Cytisus scoparius, Genista monspessulana, Cytisus multiflorus)

DescriptionBroom is a multi-branched perennial shrub up to 2.5 metres tall. Common and montpellier broom have bright yellow flowers while white broom is smaller and has white flowers with a red fleck.

HabitatBroom can be found in developed pasture, river gravels, coastal dunes, tussock grasslands, road verges, and in domestic gardens.

ImpactBroom grows rapidly, establishing dense stands and shading out desirable species including pasture. Tolerant of dry conditions, broom is a prolific seed producer with seed remaining viable for many years.

SpreadSpread by stock, vehicles, machinery and water.

Montpellier broom flowers Young broom at Tioriori

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N

0 3 6 12 18 KilometresPEST SPECIES: Common broom, montpellier broom and white broom

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Chilean rhubarb(Gunnera tinctoria)

DescriptionChilean rhubarb is a large clump-forming perennial herb with large leaves (up to 1m x 1m). Hairy on the underside and on the leaf veins, both leaves and stout stems are covered in rubbery red prickles. Tiny, densely packed green flowers are produced in summer on long erect conical spikes which can be up to a metre long. They develop into reddish oblong fruit, each containing a single oval orange seed.

HabitatChilean rhubarb prefers moist leached soils in high rainfall areas, in full sun or dappled shade. It inhabits forest and forest margins, wetlands and drains, unfertilised farmland, stream sides and bluffs, and coastal cliffs.

ImpactChilean rhubarb can form dense stands shading out and suppressing native vegetation and altering the habitats of birds, insects, and lizards. It can block drains, streams, and access to natural and recreational areas. It also contributes to erosion on slip-prone banks.

SpreadSeeds are spread by birds, water, soil movement and by deliberate planting. Chilean rhubarb can also spread vegetatively by growth of rhizomes and regrowth of rhizome fragments.

The large leaves of a Chilean rhubarb plant(Photo courtesy of Weedbusters)

Chilean rhubarb

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N

0 3 6 12 18 KilometresPEST SPECIES: Chilean rhubarb

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Reed sweet-grass(Glyceria maxima)

DescriptionReed sweet-grass is a bright green mat-forming, rhizomatous perennial aquatic grass up to 2 metres tall with shiny hairless leaves and rough leaf edges. It produces a multi-branched flowerhead with numerous spikelets containing many seeds.

HabitatReed sweet-grass inhabits wetlands, bogs, freshwater margins, lakes, streams, and open, frost-free areas.

ImpactTolerant of damage and grazing, reed sweet-grass grows rapidly to maturity, forming dense mats on water and in damp areas replacing most other species. It degrades habitat for native flora and fauna and can cause silt accumulation and flooding.

SpreadReed sweet-grass can be spread by water, machinery, livestock, or in soil or dumped vegetation. It can also be transported into new catchments in eel nets, or on boats and trailers.

Reed sweet-grass in flower Reed sweet-grass invading a water body at Nigel Ryan’s

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N

0 3 6 12 18 KilometresPEST SPECIES: Reed sweet-grass

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Old man’s beard (Clematis vitalba)

DescriptionOld man’s beard is a deciduous, climbing, layering vine. It has long woody stems with prominent ribs and pale bark which is easily rubbed off. Leaves are made up of five widely spaced leaflets that fall in autumn. Creamy white flowers are produced from December to May followed by grey, hairy seeds in dense fluffy clusters which persist over winter.

HabitatOld man’s beard can be found in disturbed and open forest and forest margins, shrublands, fernlands and tussock grassland, riverbeds, cliffs, on roadsides, vacant land, and in hedgerows.

ImpactCapable of smothering and killing all plants to the highest canopy, old man’s beard prevents the establishment of desirable/native seedlings and moves readily over the canopy by layering. It is tolerant of shade, frost, wind, salt, and most soil types.

SpreadSeed is spread by water or wind, and both seed and stem fragments are spread in dumped vegetation.

Old man’s beard Old man’s beard in flower

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N

0 3 6 12 18 KilometresPEST SPECIES: Old man’s beard

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Ragwort (Jacobaea vulgaris)

DescriptionRagwort is a biennial or perennial plant up to 1.5 metres tall, with slightly furry leaves and purplish rigid stems. Producing bright yellow daisy-like flowers from November to April, ragwort has an unpleasant smell when crushed.

HabitatRagwort can be found in disturbed forest, shrubland, short tussockland, fernland and herbfields. It will invade wetlands, inshore and offshore islands, river systems, bare land, and coastal areas.

ImpactMaturing quickly, ragwort produces massive numbers of viable, long-lived, widely dispersed seeds and will rapidly colonise bare spots, light gaps and margins in full or partial light. It is tolerant of very hot to very cold temperatures, very wet to moderately-dry conditions, most soil types, and a little shade. Ragwort forms dense stands in disturbed and grazed areas and can prevent the establishment of seedlings of native plant species.

SpreadThe wind spreads ragwort seeds over great distances. They are also spread by water, soil movement, contaminated machinery, livestock, lime, clothing, and hay.

Ragwort at the Wharekauri Mairangi boundary Ragwort in flower

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N

0 3 6 12 18 KilometresPEST SPECIES: Ragwort

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Tree lupin (Lupinus arboreus)

DescriptionTree lupin is a short-lived, perennial shrub up to 2-3 metres tall with tough, branching stems which have silky hairs when young, and soft, woody hairs when mature. The grey-green leaves are hairless on top and silky underneath with 5-11 leaflets spreading like fingers from one point. Tree lupin produces pale yellow or white sweetly scented pea-like flowers from October to May, followed by stout, soft-haired seed pods that split explosively.

HabitatTree lupin can be found in short tussockland, on bare land, in riverbeds and in coastal, sandy, well drained areas.

ImpactGrowing and maturing quickly, tree lupin produces long-lived seeds. It is taller than many coastal species so can form a canopy and is tolerant of wind, salt, hot and cold temperatures, damage and grazing (not readily eaten), drought, fire and low fertility (fixes nitrogen) and causes sand and gravel build up. Increased cover prevents some birds from nesting and increases predation by cats and mustelids of birds that do nest.

SpreadSeeds are spread by explosive pods, water, and soil movement.

An infestation of tree lupinTree lupin at Vaughn Hills

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N

0 3 6 12 18 KilometresPEST SPECIES: Tree lupin

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Eradication Programme – AnimalsThe eradication programme refers to animals that are present in the Chatham Islands territory but are of low or limited distribution. The aim is to eradicate these pest animals from the Islands.

To be included in the eradication programme, eradication must be an achievable goal. New incursions are treated as eradication animals until it is determined that they don’t meet the criteria.

Eradication programme animals are:

• Canada geese (Branta canadensis)

• Feral goats (Capra aegagrus hircus)

More information about each of these species is contained in the following pages.

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Canada geese (Branta canadensis)

Canada geese on the Chatham Islands were first reported to Environment Canterbury staff in 2013. The initial estimated population was only 29 birds. Since that time, biosecurity staff have culled 232 birds using helicopter shooting and ground sniping control. We now estimate there are approximately 40-50 birds remaining but we do stress this is an estimate. Total eradication is entirely achievable but these last few birds could prove relatively costly. The intent is to locate them during the ‘molt’ when they are more reluctant to fly and easier to control.

DescriptionCanada geese have brown and grey plumage, and a black head and neck with white patches on their faces which are sometimes referred to as chinstraps. Their body length ranges from 75 to 110cm, they have a wingspan of up to 185cm, and a mature male can weigh up to 6.5kg. An average nest contains five eggs.

HabitatPastoral land adjacent to a lake or large pond provides preferred habitat, but geese may also be found in well-forested valleys and around alpine tarns. Communal molt gatherings are at secluded or very large lakes with grazing available at the immediate margins.

ImpactCanada geese are largely herbivores, eating a range of grasses and grains but also consume small fish and insects. Five geese can eat the same amount of grass as one sheep and they impact on farming by fouling paddocks. In the water, Canada geese feed from bottom sediments aquatic plants, but it is defecation from large numbers of birds that is the greatest threat to aquatic life. They introduce bacteria and nutrients into waterways and compete with other waterfowl for wetland resources.

Canada geeseCulled Canada geese

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N

0 3 6 12 18 KilometresPEST SPECIES: Canada geese

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Feral goats (Capra aegagrus hircus)

There are four known locations of the feral goats on Chatham Island. Extensive control by sniping and helicopter shooting commenced in 2013. We believe we have eradicated the goats from the largest of these areas (1156 shot) and are working with the landowners towards total control on the remaining three areas.

DescriptionFeral goats can be white, brown or black, or any combination of these colours, and both sexes have horns. All males and some females are bearded as adults.

HabitatRanging from sea level to the alpine zone, feral goats can be found in introduced and native grasslands, scrub and forest. They are agile and able to reach areas deer cannot reach and prefer sunny sides of slopes close to the shelter of forest or scrub.

ImpactHerding browsers such as goats cause two-fold damage by eating native plants and by trampling large areas of vegetation and compactable soils. They will eat the foliage of most trees and plants and quickly destroy all vegetation within their reach, eating seedlings, saplings, and litter fall, and will strip bark from trees. Loss of vegetation can also lead to increased erosion.

Feral goat in steep country Goat control on the Chathams

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N

0 3 6 12 18 KilometresPEST SPECIES: Feral goats

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Akeake tree

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Sustained Control PlantsThe Sustained Control programme aims to provide for ongoing control of the subject, or an organism being spread by the subject, to reduce its impacts on biodiversity values and spread to other properties on the Chatham Islands.

Sustained Control plants are:

• Gorse (Ulex europaeus)

• Variegated thistle (Silybum marianum)

• Californian thistle (Cirsium arvense)


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Gorse(Ulex europaeus)

DescriptionGorse is a sharp, spiny shrub up to 3-4 metres tall with woody, erect or spreading stems. Yellow pea-like flowers are produced from May to November and sometimes the plant may flower twice a year. Flowers are followed by hairy seedpods which turn black when mature and explode to release seeds.

HabitatGorse will establish in river systems, shrublands, along forest margins and coastlines, in tussockland, fernland, wetland, on consolidated sand dunes, on cliffs, in disturbed forest, on exotic plantations, poor pasture and on bare land.

ImpactProducing large numbers of long-lived seeds, gorse matures and grows rapidly. It is tolerant of both hot and cold temperatures, high to low rainfall, wind, salt, grazing and damage, and all soil types.

SpreadExplosion of seed pods spreads seed up to 5 metres from the parent plant. Seed is also spread by contaminated machinery, soil movement, animals, people, and in stock food.

Gorse visible from the air due to its distinctive yellow flowers Sprayed gorse

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Variegated thistle (Silybum marianum)

DescriptionVariegated thistle can grow up to 2.5 metres tall and a metre or more wide. Leaves are very shiny and have a distinctive variegated appearance due to white veins and blotches. Large purple flowers grow on stout hollow stems. Each flower can produce up to 200 black to brown seeds.

HabitatVariegated thistle tends to prefer coastal regions but it is frequently inland. It can be found on alluvial flats, stockyards, sheep camps, and other areas of high nitrogen soil levels. It may also invade pasture areas with summer drought and moist, mild winters.

ImpactVariegated thistle can form dense clumps, significantly reducing stock carrying capacity. It can kill the grass beneath and creates ideal cover for rabbits and hares.

SpreadSeeds are spread by stock, machinery, and birds.

Variegated thistle leaves Variegated thistle in flower

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Californian thistle (Cirsium arvense)

DescriptionCalifornian thistle is a perennial thistle with underground creeping roots from which many shoots emerge. Purple to mauve clusters of flowers occur from December to February with the male and female flowers produced on separate plants. Patches of this thistle are often a single plant, the flowers arising from the same root.

ImpactCalifornian thistle reduces pasture availability. Sheep, and to a lesser extent cattle, avoid grazing infested areas in a paddock, reducing carrying capacity. It can also increase stock susceptibility to scabby mouth when abrasions from thistle spines create entry points for the disease. Seed heads can contaminate wool.

SpreadPlants are spread by wind, stock and machinery, but also by underground creeping roots.

Californian thistle seed headsCalifornian thistle in flower(Photo courtesy of AgResearch)

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Ponga frond

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Site-led Programmes – Plants The Site-led Programme aims to control a plant in a specified place to an extent that protects the natural values and character of that place.

Plants included in the Site-led Programmes for the Chatham Islands are:

• Buddleia (Buddleja davidii)

• Chilean flame creeper (Tropaeolum speciosum)

• Chilean guava (Ugni molinae)

• Cotoneaster (Cotoneaster glaucophyllus and Cotoneaster franchetii)

• Himalayan honeysuckle (Leycesteria formosa)

• Ice plant (Carpobrotus edulis)

• Kahili ginger (Hedychium gardnerianum) and yellow ginger (Hedychium flavescens)

• Montbretia (Crocosmia x crocosmiiflora)

• Tutsan (Hypericum androsaemum)

• Sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus)

• Wilding conifers


43

Buddleia (Buddleja davidii)

DescriptionBuddleia is a deciduous, open, multi-stemmed shrub over 3 metres tall with willow shaped leaves and is white or grey and hairy on the underside. Buddleia produces distinctive, dense, cone-shaped clusters of fragrant purple or white flowers with orange insides from December to February.

HabitatBuddleia can be found in riverbeds, along stream sides, in disturbed forest and shrubland margins, in short tussockland, on pumice, lava, and stony and bare ground.

ImpactEstablishing and growing quickly, buddleia, forms self-replacing thickets. It is extremely versatile tolerating a wide range of soils (especially poor), hot to cold (likes frosts), wet to moderately dry conditions, deep shade or open areas, damage and wind. In riverbeds buddleia can alter water flow, causing silt build up and flooding.

SpreadSeeds are spread by wind and water, soil movement, and dumped vegetation.

Buddleia flower spike (Photo courtesy of Weedbusters)

Self-sown buddleia(Photo courtesy of Weedbusters)

44

Chilean flame creeper (Tropaeolum speciosum)

DescriptionChilean flame creeper is a climbing perennial vine which has slender stems and curling tendrils. Dull, soft green leaves with five leaflets and single tubular scarlet flowers (from November to April) are followed by a thin, fleshy deep-blue seed capsule made up of three round parts.

HabitatChilean flame creeper is likely to be found in disturbed forest and shrubland.

ImpactClimbing to the canopy, Chilean flame creeper alters light levels of bush areas and can prevent the establishment of native species. It is tolerant of warm to cold temperatures, salt, wind, many soils types, and damp to dry conditions.

SpreadSeeds are spread by birds.

Climbing Chilean flame creeper (Photo courtesy of Weedbusters)

Chilean flame creeper flower(Photo courtesy of Weedbusters)

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Chilean guava(Ugni molinae)

DescriptionChilean guava is an aromatic, bushy perennial shrub, 1-2 metres tall. Shoots are often reddish when young, then deep brown later with shiny green leaves, ovate in shape with reddish margins. Small pale pink flowers hang singly or in small clusters from November to April. The round fruit can reach 14mm in diameter and become purplish red when ripe. The flesh is white and sweet.

HabitatChilean guava can be found in low shrub and fernlands on peaty soils on Chatham Island.

ImpactChilean guava will out-compete low growing native species and establishes quickly. It produces many seeds in each fruit, suckers readily and re-sprouts after damage including fire. Tolerant of wet soils with high acidity, Chilean guava also tolerates cold temperatures and frosts.

SpreadSeeds are spread by birds.

Chilean guava leaves and berries (Photo by Sciadopitys)

Chilean guava infestation

46

Cotoneaster(Cotoneaster glaucophyllus and Cotoneaster franchetii)

DescriptionCotoneaster is a spreading evergreen tree or shrub, 2-5 metres tall with erect stems covered in downy hairs when young, but hairless and dark reddish-purple when mature and often covered in sooty mould. Clusters of white flowers appear from October to January and are followed by scarlet or orange berries from February to August.

HabitatCotoneaster can be found in most coastline habitats, inshore islands, dry forest and shrubland, forest margins, dry gullies, bluffs, rocky sites, slips, and riverbeds.

ImpactOvertopping and replacing native shrub species, cotoneaster will become the sole understorey shrub species and will completely prevent the establishment of other species except weedy vines. It is extremely tolerant of damp and drought conditions, hot and cold temperatures, salt, and a range of soil types.

SpreadSeeds are spread widely by birds.

Cotoneaster glaucophyllus (Photo courtesy of Weedbusters)

Cotoneaster franchetti(Photo courtesy of Weedbusters)

47

Himalayan honeysuckle (Leycesteria formosa)

DescriptionHimalayan honeysuckle is a deciduous or semi-evergreen, many-stemmed perennial shrub up to 2+ metres tall. It has straight, green, hairless round stems that are hollow and green when young but become woody with age. Its leaves are heart shaped and its flowers white and funnel-shaped with delicate reddish-purple bracts. Flowers appear from December to May and are followed by juicy, dark brownish-purple berries.

HabitatHimalayan honeysuckle can be found in wet forest, shrublands and margins, stream sides and damp gullies.

ImpactColonising light wells, slips and other gaps, Himalayan honeysuckle quickly forms dense thickets replacing native species that are trying to establish. It is tolerant of moderate to deep shade, frost, damage, damp and most soils, but is not long-lived so is eventually succeeded by other species.

SpreadThe few seeds produced are well dispersed by birds and water.

Himalayan honeysuckle flowers and fruit Monoculture of Himalayan honeysuckle

48

Ice plant (Carpobrotus edulis)

DescriptionIce plant is a low growing, mat-forming perennial with fleshy, succulent, three-angled leaves. It has many-petalled yellow flowers that turn pinkish-orange with age, and fleshy fruit containing seed are produced all year round but are most common from October to February. Not to be confused with the native Chatham Island ice plant which is smaller, has flattened two-angled stems and produces pink flowers from November to January only.

HabitatIce plant can be found on coastal cliffs and sand dunes, and open, but frost free areas such as roadsides.

ImpactSpreading rapidly, ice plant forms impenetrable mats up to 50 metres in diameter and over 50cm deep on sand dunes and in open areas. Aggressively competing with native species and displacing other vegetation, it alters the structure of sand dunes by preventing sand movement and hindering the natural change in dune environments.

SpreadSpread by seed produced in abundance and stem fragments.

Chatham Island ice plant (Disphyma papillatum) (Photo courtesy of Phil Bendle)

Ice plant (Carpobrotus edulis)(Photo courtesy of Weedbusters)

49

Kahili ginger and yellow ginger (Hedychium gardnerianum and Hedychium flavescens)

DescriptionBoth kahili and yellow ginger are non-woody, ginger scented perennials up to 2+ metres tall. Leaves are shiny on both gingers but while the leaves on yellow ginger point upwards, on kahili they hang slightly. Yellow ginger produces cream flowers from May to June, but these do not bear fruit. Kahili ginger produces many fragrant, lemon-yellow flowers with red stamens from January to March which develop into fleshy orange fruits containing bright scarlet seeds.

HabitatBoth yellow and kahili ginger can be found in most habitats except dry rocky areas. Both are frost tender but will grow under the canopy in cool forests.

ImpactLong-lived and fast growing, both gingers form deep rhizome beds. They are extremely shade tolerant and tolerate most soil types, good or poor drainage, and are frost tolerant once established. Rhizomes sprout from any fragment and can survive immersion in the sea, crushing, and years away from soil. Nothing can grow up through the mats of tubers, and native species are soon out-competed.

SpreadBoth yellow and kahili ginger spread outward slowly from clumps. New plants can establish from rhizome fragments in dumped vegetation and fill and by soil movement, flooding and contaminated machinery. Kahili ginger seeds are spread by birds and possibly possums.

Yellow ginger (Hedychium flavescens)(Photo courtesy of Weedbusters)

Kahili ginger (Hedychium gardnerianum)(Photo courtesy of Weedbusters)

50

Montbretia (Crocosmia x crocosmiiflora)

DescriptionMontbretia is a clump-forming, rhizomatous evergreen or summergreen perennial. Its leaves are sword-shaped, all rising from the base with a conspicuous mid-vein. Flattened light brown corms with a fibrous cover form clusters at the stem base. Orange to crimson six-petalled flowers are produced from January to February followed by three-sided reddish-brown seed capsules.

HabitatMontbretia can occupy most low-growing habitats, open shrubland, open or disturbed forest, stream sides, alluvial river systems, fernland, short tussock, and wetlands.

ImpactMonbretia competes with ground covers and small shrubs and inhibits the establishment of desirable species. It tolerates frost and heat, damage and grazing, damp, most soils, and moderate shade.

SpreadAlthough it produces few seeds, montbretia corms and rhizomes multiply rapidly. It also grows from fragments and is spread by water, soil movement, on machinery and vehicles, and in dumped vegetation.

Montbretia monoculture (Photo courtesy of Weedbusters)

Montbretia flowers (Photo courtesy of Weedbusters)

51

Tutsan (Hypericum androsaemum)

DescriptionA small perennial, semi-evergreen shrub growing up to 1.5 metres tall, tutsan has reddish, semi-woody stems. Its fragrant leaves are ovalish in shape, have no stalk, are bluish underneath and usually turn red in autumn. Yellow, five-petalled flowers appear from November to February and are followed by round red berries that ripen to black and contain cylindrical or curved seeds.

HabitatTutsan is likely to be found in disturbed forest and shrubland, low-growing habitats, tussockland, bare land, and rocklands, usually in high rainfall areas.

ImpactAn invader of regenerating sites, tutsan forms dense stands and prevents the establishment of desirable seedlings; it is usually succeeded by taller vegetation but is persistent in shorter habitats. It is tolerant of semi-shade, hot or cold temperatures, high to moderate rainfall, and damage.

SpreadTutsan is spread by birds, possibly possums, soil, and water movement.

Tutsan berries (Photo courtesy of Weedbusters)

Tutsan flowers (Photo courtesy of Weedbusters)

52

Sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus)

DescriptionSycamore is a deciduous tree with smooth grey bark and five-lobed leaves on reddish stems. Flowerheads are narrow drooping clusters of many dense green flowers followed by reddish winged, ‘helicopter’ seed capsules which contain two seeds.

HabitatSycamore is likely to be found in disturbed and intact forest and shrubland, short tussockland, fernland, river systems, and on bare land.

ImpactA long-lived tree, sycamore forms dense stands preventing establishment of desirable species. It produces many long-lived, well dispersed seeds that are shade tolerant. Sycamore tolerates warm to very cold temperatures, moist to dry conditions, most soils, wind, and salt.

SpreadSycamore is mainly spread by wind but also water movement.

Sycamore seedsYoung sycamore leaves

53

Wilding conifers

DescriptionWilding conifers are woody plants that produce cones. They include cedars, pines, firs, cypress, larches and spruces. Wilding conifer is a New Zealand term for introduced conifer that are self-sown and unwanted.

HabitatWilding conifer such as mugo and lodgepole can establish at altitude (above the treeline) in alpine areas, while others prefer open, low shrub and scrubland, tussock grassland and low intensity grazing environments. Douglas fir is shade tolerant and can be found in light wells within native forest, in open shrublands, and in regenerating native forest.

ImpactIn NZ wilding conifers are spreading at a rate of 5% annually, infesting tens of thousands of hectares each year. They can cause loss of native ecosystems and species extinctions, impact iconic landscapes, reduce water yields, and increase fire risk.

SpreadWhen conifer cones mature on the tree, they open to release masses of wind-blown seeds. These seeds can travel kilometres downwind and need no special conditions to take root and grow.

The spread of wilding conifers over a 17 year period(Photos courtesy of Marlborough District Council, Ministry for Primary Industries, and Department of Conservation)

1998 2004 2015

54

Site-led Programmes – AnimalsThe Site-led Programme aims to control an animal in a specified place to an extent that protects the natural values and character of that place.

Animals included in the Site-led Programmes for the Chatham Islands may include:

• Emu

• Feral cattle and sheep

• Feral pigs

• Possums

• Black swans


57

EmuThis is an unusual one in the Chatham Islands context. Environment Canterbury staff have assisted with some control of ‘escapees’ at the landowners’ request. While emu are not deemed a pest, any introduced species running wild is undesirable on the Chathams.

Feral cattle and sheep No formal control undertaken to date and it is highly unlikely we would do so, unless all concerned parties were in agreement i.e. the person who owns the land the animals are on, adjoining landowners if the animals ‘belong’ to them, and only if the Chatham Islands Council endorsed any control.

Feral pigsOften the target of very passionate hunting groups and consequently can be quite contentious if formal control is carried out. Landowners usually carry out their own control when necessary such as lambing time.

It should be noted that OSPRI (formerly TB Free NZ) use pigs as the feral animal monitor species to determine if Bovine Tuberculosis is present in any feral population.

PossumsTo date we have not carried out any possum control even though they are voracious eaters of native vegetation and prey on birds’ eggs. In addition to this, they are also a primary vector if Bovine Tuberculosis becomes established in a feral population.

In the first instance, if Bovine Tuberculosis is found in domestic stock on the Chatham Islands it is highly likely that OSPRI will take the lead to determine the origin and pathways of the disease and implement the appropriate control measures.

There is ample evidence that if any possum population is not subject to sustained control it will increase by 30% every year. Unfortunately, hunters supplying the fur trade barely scratch the surface of any population over a wide area. For biodiversity reasons alone, we should keep possums at the top of any potential ‘hit-list’.

Black swansEnvironment Canterbury staff do carry out the odd cull and sponsor the annual ‘egg hunt’ in an effort to reduce some pasture fouling, water quality issues, and potential aircraft bird-strike.

With no natural predators on the Chatham Islands, the black swan population will continue to grow as long as there is a food source available. As with any excessively high animal population, ecological and environmental damage usually occurs well before any natural reduction starts.

58

Parea Tuku (Chatham Island pigeon)

59

Exclusion ProgrammeThe Exclusion Programme aims to prevent a plant or animal species from becoming established in an area where it is not currently known to be.

Species included in the Exclusion Programme for the Chatham Islands are:

• Boneseed (Chrysanthemoides monilifera subspecies monilifera)

• Chilean needle grass (Nassella neesiana)

• Varroa (Varroa destructor)

• Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti)


61

Boneseed (Chrysanthemoides monilifera subspecies monilifera)

DescriptionBoneseed is a semi-woody, many-branched shrub or small tree up to 2-3 metres with ribbed and woolly young stems that become smooth as they mature. It has smooth, leathery, bright green leaves (70 x 35mm) with irregularly toothed edges arranged alternately on the stems. Bright yellow daisy-like flowers (25-30mm diameter) are produced from September to February and are followed by hard oval green fruit (6-9mm) which ripen to black and each contain a hard seed.

HabitatBoneseed grows on sand dunes, scrubland, coastal cliffs, offshore islands, and even rocky outcrops. It will tolerate most coastal soil types, salt, fire, wind, poor soils, and drought.

ImpactBoneseed quickly forms an incredibly dense cover that shades out everything else and can limit access to coastal areas. It rapidly replaces virtually all native species under two metres and prevents the establishment of native plant seedlings. Boneseed colonises disturbed sites faster than native species and creates heavy shade where high light levels should occur.

SpreadSeeds are spread by water, birds, and possums, as well as natural spread down cliffs below parent plants.

Boneseed flowersBoneseed infestation visible by its distinctive yellow flowers

62

Chilean needle grass (Nassella neesiana)

DescriptionChilean needle grass (CNG) is an erect, tufted perennial tussock that can grow up to one metre when left ungrazed. It produces seeds from three points on the plant: the panicle seed, mid-stem seed at leaf joins, and at the base of the plant. CNG is easiest to identify when panicle seeds are present from November to January, and can be identified by their sharp feathery tip and a long twisted tail (awn).

HabitatCNG is more likely to become established on properties where there is less competition from desirable pasture species such as dry, hard hill country, areas with light soil, heavily grazed pasture, and bare ground.

ImpactAn infestation of CNG can reduce pasture and crop yields, reduce availability of stock feed (due to its unpalatability during seeding) and cause animal welfare issues when the sharp panicle seeds become embedded in the skin and eyes of stock animals. Lambs are particularly vulnerable to seeds penetrating their eyes causing blindness. A change in farming practice is often required as stock must be removed from infested areas from late October until March to avoid contact with seeds.

SpreadCNG seeds are heavy and will generally fall close to the parent plant, building up a large amount of seed around existing plants. The panicle seed is very sharp and attaches to anything that brushes past the plant, including stock, people, vehicles and machinery. Feeding out hay contaminated with CNG seeds can also spread the plant to new areas.

Chilean needle grass panicle seed Seeding Chilean needle grass

63

Varroa (Varroa destructor)

DescriptionVarroa is an external parasitic mite that attacks honey bees. The disease caused by varroa mites is called varroosis. The adult female is reddish-brown in colour, while the male is white. They are flat and button shaped, up to 1.8mm long and 2mm wide with eight legs.

HabitatThe varroa mite can only reproduce in a honey bee colony.

ImpactA significant mite infestation can lead to the death of a honey bee colony, usually in the late autumn through to early spring. The varroa mite is the parasite with the most pronounced economic impact on the beekeeping industry.

SpreadMites reproduce on a ten day cycle. The female mite enters a honey bee brood cell and lays eggs on the larva. The young mites hatch in about the same time that a young bee develops and when the young bee emerges the varroa mites also leave and spread other bees and larvae.

Varroa mite sucking on the blood of a beeA family of varroa mites found at the bottom of a honey bee brood cell

64

Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti)

DescriptionVelvetleaf is an annual broad-leafed plant that is a member of the mallow family. It has large, heart-shaped leaves which are velvet-soft, and can be clammy to the touch and smelly. Velvetleaf plants can grow 1-2.5 metres in height, although this may be less in cooler regions. Large buttery yellow flowers are present from spring to autumn and only open for a few hours. Seed capsules are large and distinctive, forming a cup-like ring of 13 woody and hairy segments, about 2.5cm across. Each segment releases 1-3 seeds through a slit on top of the capsule.

HabitatIn 2016 velvetleaf seed was accidentally imported with fodder beet seed and planted on over 600 properties throughout New Zealand. It is found mainly in cropland but could also establish on roadsides and in gardens.

ImpactVelveltleaf is one of the world’s most invasive plant pests, damaging arable crops by competing with them for nutrients, space and water. Seeds can remain viable in the soil for up to 60 years. It is known to produce allelopathic chemicals that can inhibit water uptake and chlorophyll production in many crop plants.

SpreadSeeds can be spread by farm machinery (e.g. when harvesting grain), through livestock, and as a contaminant of grain or silage.

Velvetleaf in a maize crop (Photo courtesy of Trevor James, AgResearch)Velvetleaf in a fodder beet crop

Velvetleaf seed pods (Photo courtesy of Trevor James, AgResearch)

65

Chatham Islands Council/Environment Canterbury Initiatives‘Gorse Free’ initiativeGorse is the predominant (and most noticeable) plant pest on the Chatham Islands (main Chatham and Pitt Islands). In 2012, the Chatham Islands Council approved the expenditure of $150,000 towards aerial (helicopter) spraying of scattered gorse. Prior to this, the services of a helicopter were only used if, and when the helicopter company secured enough landowner paid work to warrant getting the machine to the Islands. The cost of just getting a helicopter to and from the Islands with relevant insurance is approximately $35,000. Consequently, the helicopter company needs to secure about $100,000 of paid work to make the trip viable.

In the years prior to 2012, the availability of this service was sporadic and the gorse spread quite happily in the intervening years. While the Chatham Islands Council is under no legal obligation to fund any gorse control, they took the initiative under the premise of ‘where it is cost effective to do so, Council may undertake control’. This allowed the Council contractor (Environment Canterbury) to carry out this control on scattered infestations, aligned to the strategy of ‘keeping the clear areas clear’. With the guaranteed Council funding, this secured the services of a helicopter to the Islands and the landowners have funded additional work each time the helicopter has been on the Islands.

Chatham Islanders have been very fortunate that $150,000 has been approved for this project annually since 2012. At present, it is funding that is applied for each year, so there is no guarantee that it will roll over indefinitely.

The project itself has evolved from just doing scattered plants at Environment Canterbury’s discretion to trying to match landowner funded work on a dollar for dollar basis. Out of the $150,000, we do however set aside $30,000 to help keep the ground we have cleared maintained. Moving forward (and assuming ongoing funding is approved) the model of trying to match landowners’ expenditure on helicopter spraying appears to be the best long term investment of funding i.e. when landowners contribute to the expense of control, they are more likely to maintain the area worked.

Note: There have been occasional enquiries from various helicopter companies and Environment Canterbury advertised a registration of interest in 2015. All enquiries and prices were considered but in the end, Mt Hutt Helicopters have been the sole provider of this service since the project began. It should be noted that in committing to the Chatham Islands work, Mt Hutt Helicopters can, and have been disadvantaged. The quickest they have ever completed our project is 16 days, and the longest seven weeks due to weather. An inactive machine on the Chatham Islands could be generating $10,000 plus per day in New Zealand.

66

The following maps illustrate each year’s spraying completed by Mt Hutt Helicopters. This includes the Council and landowner funded work. Unfortunately, some of the 2012/13 year’s GPS data was lost when the machine’s GPS unit ‘crashed’ before it could be downloaded. A fairly impressive picture regardless!

Spraying of gorse by Mt Hutt Helicopters 2013 – 2016.

Chatham Island

2016

2015

Nov 2014

Mar 2014

2013

0 3 6 12 18 KmN

67

Pitt Island

0 3 6 12 18 Km

2016

2015

Nov 2014

Mar 2014

2013

N

68

The ‘Gorse Contestable’ Fund Helicopter spraying is an excellent tool to deal with isolated, inaccessible, or large infestations of gorse, but there are a lot of small to moderate infestations that are well within the scope of ground control by landowners. With this is mind, the Chatham Islands Council contractor (Environment Canterbury) proposed an annual $30,000 contestable fund that landowners could apply for, in the form of chemical to be supplied.

This fund has now been running since 2012 and is advertised in July/August of each year. Submissions are invited with all applications assessed by a panel of three Chatham Islanders. Once the assessments are done, the chemical is purchased and shipped to the Islands with dispersal to applicants occurring in September.

After a cautious start, we now receive between 30-40 applicants each year and demand exceeds the budget. When assessing the applications the panel place a lot of emphasis on the applicant’s previous allotments and if the work was carried out. Other than the encouragement this fund offers to landowners to control their own gorse, the applicants reap the cost savings of us being able to bulk purchase chemical. Once again, the Chatham Islands Council is under no legal obligation to fund any chemical purchase for gorse control.

Cat de-sexingCats, both domestic and wild, can wreak havoc on indigenous fauna. A vet from New Zealand makes occasional visits to the Islands and carries out a cat de-sexing service. The Chatham Islands Council recognises this is an opportunity to minimise a potential problem and consequently subsidise this service. Since 2012, the biosecurity budget has provided $1000 for each of the three times the vet has carried out this service.

Black swan reductionWith no natural predators, the black swan population is flourishing on the Chatham Islands. From a pest perspective, the fouling of pasture and water quality is of concern. When conditions permit, Environment Canterbury staff carry out occasional culls but for the past two years we have branched into the sponsorship of prizes for the ‘most swan eggs collected’ contest held in conjunction with the annual Chatham Islands pig hunt competition. Other than supplying the ingredients for numerous sponge cakes, this collection has resulted in over 2500 eggs not turning into swans. This sponsorship of prizes is a minimal cost compared to the gains.

18 Km

69

Marine biosecurity This is a relatively new and uncharted space for the biosecurity section. While we have our border controls checking for hitch hikers on the likes of second hand rope, floats, craypots and so on, we knew very little about the presence or absence of marine pests under the water around the Chatham Islands.

Following the identification of undaria in Port Hutt in 2011 and a subsequent de-limiting survey carried out by government appointed NIWA, no systematic underwater surveys have been carried out to determine the presence or absence of marine pests.

In 2014, Environment Canterbury asked the the Ministry for Primary Industries (MPI) if the Chatham Islands was on its radar to carry out any sort of marine pest surveys. The response was no, as the Chathams are not regarded as a first port of call to shipping, as are 11 New Zealand Ports. But they would be happy to investigate any report of invasive species found.

With this response from MPI, we investigated the viability and costs of engaging a suitably qualified New Zealand contractor such as NIWA or Cawthron to carry out surveys at our expense. It was immediately apparent that these costs were prohibitive. With the wealth of diving experience present on the Islands amongst commercial divers, the Chatham Islands Council saw the benefits of training its own team to the required Worksafe NZ Standard (ADAS part 1 restricted scientific diving to 30m) and equipping them.

The main benefits are;

• We have a highly qualified dive team that can carry out two annual dives at each of the four Chathams ports whenever conditions permit, at a fraction of the cost of bringing in contractors.

• This training provides additional employment opportunities for four Chatham Islands residents.

• Chatham Islands take real ownership of their own marine biosecurity.

• Even when not engaged in ‘official’ surveys, the knowledge they have gained means they act as another set of eyes underwater while commercial harvesting.

• This training has already transpired into carrying out a marine pest survey at Lyttelton Harbour on behalf of Environment Canterbury and MPI.

As a preamble to the diver training, we engaged NIWA to identify the ten most likely marine pests we should look for on the Chatham Islands. This list is attached in the appendix on p74.

70

Note: At the time of this book going to print, the Environment Canterbury biosecurity team and divers have just addressed a fairly major potential marine pest incursion on the Chathams. One tug and two barges associated with the MPA wharf project were found to have one (or more) of the following:

• Undaria pinnatifida

• Sabella spallanzanii (Mediterranean fanworm)

• Styela clava (Clubbed tunicate)

• Didemnum vexillum

• Oysters/mussels (that are currently being tested for the Bonamia disease)

A full report will be presented to the Chatham Islands Council by late November 2017.

The dive team is staffed as follows:

• Steve Palmer (Environment Canterbury, Christchurch)

• Robin Seymour (Environment Canterbury, Chatham Islands)

• Nick Cameron (Commercial Diver/Contractor, Chatham Islands)

• Justin Johansen (Commercial Diver/Contractor, Chatham Islands)

• Chase Lanauze (Commercial Diver/Contractor, Chatham Islands)

The marine dive squad, from left to right: Robin Seymour, Nick Cameron, Chase Lanauze, and Justin Johansen

71


N

0 3 6 12 18 Kilometres

August 2017 dive sites searching for undaria and other marine pests

Undaria found

Clean

Chatham Island

72

Extent of undaria spread at Port Hutt August 2017

Chatham Island

N

73

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

1

DISEASES OF FISH

2

AND SHELLFISH

ALGAE

Aquarium caulerpa

7

Wakame/Undaria

9

BIVALVES

Asian clam

11

CRABS

Asian paddle crab

13

Chinese mitten crab

15

European shore crab

17

POLYCHAETE WORMS

Mediterranean fanworm

19

SEASTARS

Northern Pacific seastar

21

SEASQUIRTS

Australian droplet tunicate

23

Clubbed tunicate

25

Pyura

27

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sho

wn, w

ith k

ey d

istin

guis

hing

feat

ures

labe

lled

to a

ssis

t with

fie

ld id

entifi

catio

n.

Dise

ases

in fi

sh a

nd s

hellfi

sh a

re ju

st a

s im

porta

nt a

s pe

sts,

but

are

har

der t

o de

tect

and

dia

gnos

e, s

o in

form

atio

n on

dis

ease

s in

fish

and

fish

kill

s ca

n be

foun

d in

the

first

sec

tion

of th

is g

uide

.

INTR

OD

UCT

ION

Hab

itat

• Ge

nera

lly s

ubtid

al b

ut a

lso

inte

rtida

l

• Es

tuar

ies

and

shel

tere

d wa

ters

• So

ft se

dim

ents

– s

and,

mud

, cla

y or

seag

rass

bed

s

• A

rang

e of

sal

initi

es fr

om s

alt t

o

fresh

wat

er

• Gr

ows

well

in p

ollu

ted

or n

utrie

nt-r

ich

wate

rs

Impa

ct•

Form

s va

st, d

ense

col

onie

s (>

25

000

per m

2 )

• Fi

lter-f

eede

r tha

t com

pete

s wi

th n

ativ

e sp

ecie

s an

d pr

eys

on la

rvae

of fi

sher

ies

spec

ies

• Di

spla

ces

nativ

e, c

omm

erci

al a

nd

recr

eatio

nal fi

sher

ies

spec

ies

• Hi

gh s

elen

ium

con

tent

, whi

ch is

toxic

to

ani

mal

s th

at e

at it

• Di

srup

ts n

atur

al e

colo

gica

l bal

ance

Key

feat

ures

1 T

hin,

sm

ooth

biv

alve

up

to 3

cm

long

2 S

hell

yello

w, ta

n or

dirt

y

white

, fre

quen

tly w

ith

br

own

stai

ning

3 D

istin

ctiv

e “o

verb

ite”

–

on

e of

the

pair

of s

hells

is la

rger

than

the

othe

r

4 O

ld s

hells

may

hav

e

wr

inkl

ed e

dges

ASI

AN

CLA

MPo

tam

ocor

bula

am

uren

sis

‘If fo

und

anyw

here

in N

ew Z

eala

nd, i

mm

edia

tely

cal

l

0800

80

99 6

6

2

3

YHshells; Hao Yang

NIWANIWA US Geological Survey

1 cm

1 cm

2 cm

4

11

1 C

orbu

la h

as a

less

pro

min

ent,

regu

lar,

even

ove

rbite

aro

und

mos

t of t

he p

erim

eter

of t

he s

hell

(Pot

amoc

orbu

la h

as a

n ov

erbi

te

arou

nd 1

/4–1

/3 th

e pe

rimet

er)

2 G

ener

ally

smal

ler (

<1.

5 cm

)3

Not

foun

d in

est

uarie

s or

she

ltere

d wa

terw

ays

1 N

o ov

erbi

te2

Not

foun

d in

est

uarie

s3

Sm

alle

r she

ll (<

1.5

cm)

1 C

yclom

actra

has

no

over

bite

2 L

arge

r she

ll (to

6 c

m)

Cor

bula

zel

andi

ca

BA

SKET

SH

ELL

How

to d

iffer

entia

te P

otam

ocor

bula

am

uren

sis

from

:

Mao

rim

actr

a or

dina

ria

SUR

F C

LAM

Cyc

lom

actr

a tr

isti

s SU

RF

CLA

M

11

Kate Neill

Kate Neill

YHshells; Hao Yang

Kate Neill

NAT

IVE

SPEC

IES

THAT

LO

OK

SIM

ILA

R

To re

port

susp

ecte

d m

arin

e pe

sts

or d

isea

ses

call

0800

80

99 6

6

5 m

m5

mm

1 cm

1 cm

12

To re

port

susp

ecte

d m

arin

e pe

sts

or d

isea

ses

call

0800

80

99 6

6

Key f

eatu

res

Defin

ing

feat

ures

of

the

pest

are

nu

mbe

red

here

Habi

tat

Like

ly pl

aces

yo

u m

ight

find

th

e pe

st a

re

liste

d he

re

Bann

erRe

d ba

nner

; pe

st n

ot

pres

ent i

n NZ

Gree

n ba

nner

; pe

st p

rese

nt

in N

Z

Impa

ctOu

tline

s im

pact

s th

e pe

st

may

ha

ve

Nam

ePe

st

spec

ies’

co

mm

on

and

Latin

na

me

Map

Show

s lo

catio

ns

the

pest

is

kno

wn

from

Pest

spec

ies

Phot

o of

the

feat

ured

pes

t

Nativ

e sp

ecie

sPh

otos

of n

ativ

e sp

ecie

s th

at

look

sim

ilar

Key f

eatu

res

Defin

ing

feat

ures

of

nat

ive

orga

nism

s th

at

diffe

rent

iate

th

em fr

om

the

pest

1

How

you

can

hel

p:

be o

ur u

nder

wat

er e

yes

If yo

u se

e an

ythi

ng o

ut o

f the

ord

inar

y inc

ludi

ng

unus

ual m

arin

e pl

ants

and

ani

mal

s, o

r unu

sual

nu

mbe

rs o

f dea

d fis

h or

aqu

atic

life

, cal

l 08

00 8

0 99

66.

INTR

OD

UCT

ION

Take

a p

hoto

Colle

ct a

sam

ple

Reco

rd lo

catio

n an

d la

ndm

arks

Call

08

00 8

0 99

66

to

repo

rt fi

nd

1 3

To re

port

susp

ecte

d m

arin

e pe

sts

or d

isea

ses

call

0800

80

99 6

6

If yo

u co

me

acro

ss a

sus

pect

non

-nat

ive

mar

ine

plan

t or

anim

al o

utsi

de o

f its

kn

own

rang

e (a

s sh

own

on th

e m

aps

in

this

gui

de),

or a

larg

e nu

mbe

r of

dea

d

or d

isea

sed

fish

or s

hellf

ish:

Rem

embe

r, d

on’t

spr

ead

or

intr

oduc

e m

arin

e pe

sts

or

dis

ease

s:•

Chec

k an

d cl

ean

any e

quip

men

t (e.

g. p

ots,

net

s,

fishi

ng o

r div

ing

gear

) bef

ore

mov

ing

to a

new

lo

catio

n, to

ens

ure

it is

cle

an a

nd fr

ee o

f mar

ine

life.

Use

fres

h wa

ter a

nd d

eter

gent

or s

oak

in

a 2%

ble

ach

solu

tion

for 3

0 m

inut

es, o

r use

a

spec

ific

biol

ogic

al tr

eatm

ent p

rodu

ct. A

ltern

ativ

ely,

dry y

our e

quip

men

t the

n le

ave

it fo

r >48

hou

rs

befo

re u

sing

it in

a d

iffer

ent a

rea.

• In

spec

t and

cle

an yo

ur b

oat’s

hul

l, ni

che

area

s an

d ot

her p

lace

s th

at re

tain

wat

er b

efor

e m

ovin

g to

a

new

loca

tion.

Thi

s in

clud

es a

ncho

r wel

ls, l

iveb

ait

wells

, bilg

es, b

alla

st ta

nks,

etc

. Rem

ove

and

treat

an

y mar

ine

life

cont

aine

d wi

thin

thes

e ar

eas

and

disp

ose

of a

ny m

arin

e fo

ulin

g to

an

appr

opria

te

rubb

ish

bin

asho

re.

• Se

afoo

d wa

ste

and

offa

l and

bai

t fro

m n

on-lo

cal

sour

ces

can

be v

ecto

rs fo

r tra

nsfe

rring

pes

ts a

nd

dise

ases

, so

disp

ose

of th

em th

ough

tfully

. A la

nd-

base

d ru

bbis

h bi

n is

bes

t.

• Re

gula

rly a

pply

antif

oulin

g pa

int t

o yo

ur m

oore

d ve

ssel

’s hu

ll.

• Us

e th

is g

uide

to m

ake

your

self

awar

e of

pes

ts

that

are

like

ly to

occ

ur in

your

are

a, a

nd e

nsur

e yo

u do

n’t s

prea

d th

ese

furth

er.

• If

disp

osin

g of

aqu

ariu

m p

lant

s, a

nim

als

or

othe

r mat

eria

ls, t

reat

them

as

a bi

osec

urity

risk

. Di

spos

e of

them

to a

land

fill o

r (if

your

sew

erag

e go

es to

a tr

eatm

ent p

lant

) you

can

flus

h th

em

down

the

toile

t.

2

This

gui

de d

escr

ibes

som

e of

the

mar

ine

pest

spe

cies

that

hav

e re

cent

ly ar

rived

in N

ew Z

eala

nd, a

s we

ll as

som

e of

the

wors

t glo

bal m

arin

e pe

sts

that

MPI

is tr

ying

to k

eep

out.

The

guid

e al

so in

clud

es in

form

atio

n on

how

to

reco

gnis

e co

mm

on d

isea

ses

of fi

sh a

nd s

hellfi

sh.

Sinc

e 20

05 w

e ha

ve fo

und

mor

e th

an 3

30 in

trodu

ced

(non

-nat

ive)

spe

cies

, of w

hich

abo

ut h

alf n

ow h

ave

an

esta

blis

hed

popu

latio

n or

pop

ulat

ions

in N

ew Z

eala

nd. T

hese

can

hav

e ne

gativ

e im

pact

s on

our

fish

erie

s, th

e en

viro

nmen

t, th

e aq

uacu

lture

indu

stry

and

be

a co

nsid

erab

le n

uisa

nce

to a

wid

e ra

nge

of re

crea

tiona

l or c

usto

mar

y us

ers

and

mar

ine

indu

strie

s. In

trodu

ced

spec

ies

can

also

brin

g va

rious

new

dis

ease

s an

d pa

rasi

tes.

How

to u

se th

is g

uide

Each

pag

e of

this

gui

de h

as in

form

atio

n on

the

mai

n m

arin

e pe

sts

of c

once

rn a

nd is

ord

ered

alp

habe

tical

ly by

ta

xono

mic

gro

up. P

ages

with

spe

cies

that

are

est

ablis

hed

in s

ome

parts

of N

ew Z

eala

nd a

re g

reen

. Pag

es w

ith

spec

ies

that

hav

e ca

used

pro

blem

s ov

erse

as a

nd w

hich

we

are

activ

ely t

ryin

g to

kee

p ou

t are

red.

Note

: Dis

tribu

tion

as d

epic

ted

in th

e m

aps

is a

ccur

ate

as o

f the

tim

e of

prin

ting

and

shou

ld b

e us

ed a

s a

guid

e on

ly. If

you

want

mor

e in

form

atio

n on

the

upda

ted

dist

ribut

ion

of th

ese

spec

ies

visi

t the

mar

ine

bios

ecur

ity

porth

ole,

www

.mar

ineb

iose

curit

y.org

.nz.

For e

ach

spec

ies,

key

feat

ures

and

the

habi

tat w

here

it is

like

ly to

be

foun

d ar

e ou

tline

d an

d so

me

of it

s im

pact

s ar

e de

scrib

ed. N

ativ

e sp

ecie

s th

at lo

ok s

imila

r are

sho

wn, w

ith k

ey d

istin

guis

hing

feat

ures

labe

lled

to a

ssis

t with

fie

ld id

entifi

catio

n.

Dise

ases

in fi

sh a

nd s

hellfi

sh a

re ju

st a

s im

porta

nt a

s pe

sts,

but

are

har

der t

o de

tect

and

dia

gnos

e, s

o in

form

atio

n on

dis

ease

s in

fish

and

fish

kill

s ca

n be

foun

d in

the

first

sec

tion

of th

is g

uide

.

INTR

OD

UCT

ION

Hab

itat

• Ge

nera

lly s

ubtid

al b

ut a

lso

inte

rtida

l

• Es

tuar

ies

and

shel

tere

d wa

ters

• So

ft se

dim

ents

– s

and,

mud

, cla

y or

seag

rass

bed

s

• A

rang

e of

sal

initi

es fr

om s

alt t

o

fresh

wat

er

• Gr

ows

well

in p

ollu

ted

or n

utrie

nt-r

ich

wate

rs

Impa

ct•

Form

s va

st, d

ense

col

onie

s (>

25

000

per m

2 )

• Fi

lter-f

eede

r tha

t com

pete

s wi

th n

ativ

e sp

ecie

s an

d pr

eys

on la

rvae

of fi

sher

ies

spec

ies

• Di

spla

ces

nativ

e, c

omm

erci

al a

nd

recr

eatio

nal fi

sher

ies

spec

ies

• Hi

gh s

elen

ium

con

tent

, whi

ch is

toxic

to

ani

mal

s th

at e

at it

• Di

srup

ts n

atur

al e

colo

gica

l bal

ance

Key

feat

ures

1 T

hin,

sm

ooth

biv

alve

up

to 3

cm

long

2 S

hell

yello

w, ta

n or

dirt

y

white

, fre

quen

tly w

ith

br

own

stai

ning

3 D

istin

ctiv

e “o

verb

ite”

–

on

e of

the

pair

of s

hells

is la

rger

than

the

othe

r

4 O

ld s

hells

may

hav

e

wr

inkl

ed e

dges

ASI

AN

CLA

MPo

tam

ocor

bula

am

uren

sis

‘If fo

und

anyw

here

in N

ew Z

eala

nd, i

mm

edia

tely

cal

l

0800

80

99 6

6

2

3

YHshells; Hao Yang


1 cm

1 cm

2 cm

4

11

1 C

orbu

la h

as a

less

pro

min

ent,

regu

lar,

even

ove

rbite

aro

und

mos

t of t

he p

erim

eter

of t

he s

hell

(Pot

amoc

orbu

la h

as a

n ov

erbi

te

arou

nd 1

/4–1

/3 th

e pe

rimet

er)

2 G

ener

ally

smal

ler (

<1.

5 cm

)3

Not

foun

d in

est

uarie

s or

she

ltere

d wa

terw

ays

1 N

o ov

erbi

te2

Not

foun

d in

est

uarie

s3

Sm

alle

r she

ll (<

1.5

cm)

1 C

yclom

actra

has

no

over

bite

2 L

arge

r she

ll (to

6 c

m)

Cor

bula

zel

andi

ca

BA

SKET

SH

ELL

How

to d

iffer

entia

te P

otam

ocor

bula

am

uren

sis

from

:

Mao

rim

actr

a or

dina

ria

SUR

F C

LAM

Cyc

lom

actr

a tr

isti

s SU

RF

CLA

M

11

Kate Neill

Kate Neill

YHshells; Hao Yang

Kate Neill

NAT

IVE

SPEC

IES

THAT

LO

OK

SIM

ILA

R

To re

port

susp

ecte

d m

arin

e pe

sts

or d

isea

ses

call

0800

80

99 6

6

5 m

m5

mm

1 cm

1 cm

12

To re

port

susp

ecte

d m

arin

e pe

sts

or d

isea

ses

call

0800

80

99 6

6

Key f

eatu

res

Defin

ing

feat

ures

of

the

pest

are

nu

mbe

red

here

Habi

tat

Like

ly pl

aces

yo

u m

ight

find

th

e pe

st a

re

liste

d he

re

Bann

erRe

d ba

nner

; pe

st n

ot

pres

ent i

n NZ

Gree

n ba

nner

; pe

st p

rese

nt

in N

Z

Impa

ctOu

tline

s im

pact

s th

e pe

st

may

ha

ve

Nam

ePe

st

spec

ies’

co

mm

on

and

Latin

na

me

Map

Show

s lo

catio

ns

the

pest

is

kno

wn

from

Pest

spec

ies

Phot

o of

the

feat

ured

pes

t

Nativ

e sp

ecie

sPh

otos

of n

ativ

e sp

ecie

s th

at

look

sim

ilar

Key f

eatu

res

Defin

ing

feat

ures

of

nat

ive

orga

nism

s th

at

diffe

rent

iate

th

em fr

om

the

pest

1

This guide describes some of the marine pest species that have recently arrived in New Zealand, as well as some

of the worst global marine pests that MPI is trying to keep out. The guide also includes information on how to

recognise common diseases of fish and shellfish.

Since 2005 we have found more than 330 introduced (non-native) species, of which about half now have an

established population or populations in New Zealand. These can have negative impacts on our fisheries, the

environment, the aquaculture industry and be a considerable nuisance to a wide range of recreational or customary

users and marine industries. Introduced species can also bring various new diseases and parasites.

How to use this guide

Each page of this guide has information on the main marine pests of concern and is ordered alphabetically by

taxonomic group. Pages with species that are established in some parts of New Zealand are green. Pages with

species that have caused problems overseas and which we are actively trying to keep out are red.

Note: Distribution as depicted in the maps is accurate as of the time of printing and should be used as a guide

only. If you want more information on the updated distribution of these species visit the marine biosecurity

porthole, www.marinebiosecurity.org.nz.

For each species, key features and the habitat where it is likely to be found are outlined and some of its impacts

are described. Native species that look similar are shown, with key distinguishing features labelled to assist with

field identification.

Diseases in fish and shellfish are just as important as pests, but are harder to detect and diagnose, so information

on diseases in fish and fish kills can be found in the first section of this guide.

INTRODUCTION

Habitat

• Generally subtidal but also intertidal

• Estuaries and sheltered waters

• Soft sediments – sand, mud, clay or

seagrass beds

• A range of salinities from salt to

fresh water

• Grows well in polluted or nutrient-rich

waters

Impact

• Forms vast, dense colonies (> 25 000 per m

2)

• Filter-feeder that competes with native

species and preys on larvae of fisheries

species

• Displaces native, commercial and

recreational fisheries species

• High selenium content, which is toxic

to animals that eat it

• Disrupts natural ecological balance

Key features

1 Thin, smooth bivalve up

to 3 cm long

2 Shell yellow, tan or dirty

white, frequently with

brown staining

3 Distinctive “overbite” –

one of the pair of shells

is larger than the other

4 Old shells may have

wrinkled edges

ASIAN CLAM

Potamocorbula amurensis

‘If found anywhere in New Zealand, immediately call

0800 80 99 66

23

YHshells; Hao Yang

NIWA NIWAUS Geological Survey

1 cm

1 cm

2 cm

4

11

1 Corbula has a less prominent,

regular, even overbite around

most of the perimeter of the shell

(Potamocorbula has an overbite

around 1/4–1/3 the perimeter)

2 Generally smaller (<1.5 cm)

3 Not found in estuaries or sheltered

waterways

1 No overbite

2 Not found in estuaries

3 Smaller shell (<1.5 cm)

1 Cyclomactra has no overbite

2 Larger shell (to 6 cm)

Corbula zelandica

BASKET SHELL

How to differentiate Potamocorbula amurensis from:

Maorimactra ordinaria

SURF CLAM

Cyclomactra tristis

SURF CLAM

1

1

Kate Neill

Kate Neill

YHshells; Hao Yang

Kate Neill

NATIVE SPECIES THAT LOOK SIMILAR


0800 80 99 66

5 mm

5 mm

1 cm

1 cm

12


0800 80 99 66

Key features

Defining

features of

the pest are

numbered

here

Habitat

Likely places

you might find

the pest are

listed here

Banner

Red banner;

pest not

present in NZ

Green banner;

pest present

in NZ

Impact

Outlines

impacts

the pest

may

have

Name

Pest

species’

common

and Latin

name

Map

Shows

locations

the pest

is known

from

Pest species

Photo of the

featured pest

Native species

Photos of native

species that

look similar

Key features

Defining

features

of native

organisms that

differentiate

them from

the pest

1

How

you

can

hel

p:

be o

ur u

nder

wat

er e

yes

If yo

u se

e an

ythi

ng o

ut o

f the

ord

inar

y inc

ludi

ng

unus

ual m

arin

e pl

ants

and

ani

mal

s, o

r unu

sual

nu

mbe

rs o

f dea

d fis

h or

aqu

atic

life

, cal

l 08

00 8

0 99

66.

INTR

OD

UCT

ION

Take

a p

hoto

Colle

ct a

sam

ple

Reco

rd lo

catio

n an

d la

ndm

arks

Call

08

00 8

0 99

66

to

repo

rt fi

nd

1 3

To re

port

susp

ecte

d m

arin

e pe

sts

or d

isea

ses

call

0800

80

99 6

6

If yo

u co

me

acro

ss a

sus

pect

non

-nat

ive

mar

ine

plan

t or

anim

al o

utsi

de o

f its

kn

own

rang

e (a

s sh

own

on th

e m

aps

in

this

gui

de),

or a

larg

e nu

mbe

r of

dea

d

or d

isea

sed

fish

or s

hellf

ish:

Rem

embe

r, d

on’t

spr

ead

or

intr

oduc

e m

arin

e pe

sts

or

dis

ease

s:•

Chec

k an

d cl

ean

any e

quip

men

t (e.

g. p

ots,

net

s,

fishi

ng o

r div

ing

gear

) bef

ore

mov

ing

to a

new

lo

catio

n, to

ens

ure

it is

cle

an a

nd fr

ee o

f mar

ine

life.

Use

fres

h wa

ter a

nd d

eter

gent

or s

oak

in

a 2%

ble

ach

solu

tion

for 3

0 m

inut

es, o

r use

a

spec

ific

biol

ogic

al tr

eatm

ent p

rodu

ct. A

ltern

ativ

ely,

dry y

our e

quip

men

t the

n le

ave

it fo

r >48

hou

rs

befo

re u

sing

it in

a d

iffer

ent a

rea.

• In

spec

t and

cle

an yo

ur b

oat’s

hul

l, ni

che

area

s an

d ot

her p

lace

s th

at re

tain

wat

er b

efor

e m

ovin

g to

a

new

loca

tion.

Thi

s in

clud

es a

ncho

r wel

ls, l

iveb

ait

wells

, bilg

es, b

alla

st ta

nks,

etc

. Rem

ove

and

treat

an

y mar

ine

life

cont

aine

d wi

thin

thes

e ar

eas

and

disp

ose

of a

ny m

arin

e fo

ulin

g to

an

appr

opria

te

rubb

ish

bin

asho

re.

• Se

afoo

d wa

ste

and

offa

l and

bai

t fro

m n

on-lo

cal

sour

ces

can

be v

ecto

rs fo

r tra

nsfe

rring

pes

ts a

nd

dise

ases

, so

disp

ose

of th

em th

ough

tfully

. A la

nd-

base

d ru

bbis

h bi

n is

bes

t.

• Re

gula

rly a

pply

antif

oulin

g pa

int t

o yo

ur m

oore

d ve

ssel

’s hu

ll.

• Us

e th

is g

uide

to m

ake

your

self

awar

e of

pes

ts

that

are

like

ly to

occ

ur in

your

are

a, a

nd e

nsur

e yo

u do

n’t s

prea

d th

ese

furth

er.

• If

disp

osin

g of

aqu

ariu

m p

lant

s, a

nim

als

or

othe

r mat

eria

ls, t

reat

them

as

a bi

osec

urity

risk

. Di

spos

e of

them

to a

land

fill o

r (if

your

sew

erag

e go

es to

a tr

eatm

ent p

lant

) you

can

flus

h th

em

down

the

toile

t.

2

How you can help:

be our underwater eyes

If you see anything out of the ordinary including

unusual marine plants and animals, or unusual

numbers of dead fish or aquatic life, call

0800 80 99 66.

INTRODUCTION

Take a photo

Collect a sample

Record location

and landmarks

Call

0800 80 99 66

to report find

13


0800 80 99 66

If you come across a suspect non-native

marine plant or animal outside of its

known range (as shown on the maps in

this guide), or a large number of dead

or diseased fish or shellfish:

Remember, don’t spread or

introduce marine pests

or diseases:

• Check and clean any equipment (e.g. pots, nets,

fishing or diving gear) before moving to a new

location, to ensure it is clean and free of marine

life. Use fresh water and detergent or soak in

a 2% bleach solution for 30 minutes, or use a

specific biological treatment product. Alternatively,

dry your equipment then leave it for >48 hours

before using it in a different area.

• Inspect and clean your boat’s hull, niche areas and

other places that retain water before moving to a

new location. This includes anchor wells, livebait

wells, bilges, ballast tanks, etc. Remove and treat

any marine life contained within these areas and

dispose of any marine fouling to an appropriate

rubbish bin ashore.

• Seafood waste and offal and bait from non-local

sources can be vectors for transferring pests and

diseases, so dispose of them thoughtfully. A land-

based rubbish bin is best.

• Regularly apply antifouling paint to your moored

vessel’s hull.

• Use this guide to make yourself aware of pests

that are likely to occur in your area, and ensure

you don’t spread these further.

• If disposing of aquarium plants, animals or

other materials, treat them as a biosecurity risk.

Dispose of them to a landfill or (if your sewerage

goes to a treatment plant) you can flush them

down the toilet.

2

To re

port

susp

ecte

d m

arin

e pe

sts

or d

isea

ses

call

0800

80

99 6

6

Impa

ctDi

seas

es c

an c

ause

fish

and

she

llfish

sto

ck c

olla

pses

, whi

ch in

turn

can

affe

ct th

e na

tura

l bal

ance

of a

n ec

osys

tem

. Fis

h st

ock

colla

pses

can

hav

e se

vere

effe

cts

on c

omm

erci

al, c

ultu

ral a

nd re

crea

tiona

l fish

erie

s an

d di

seas

es m

ay a

lso

be o

f con

cern

to h

uman

hea

lth.

Mas

s-m

orta

lity

even

tsM

ass-

mor

talit

y eve

nts

invo

lve

the

deat

h of

an

unus

ually

larg

e nu

mbe

r of o

rgan

ism

s. A

mas

s m

orta

lity i

s us

ually

un

expe

cted

and

ther

e m

ay b

e a

num

ber o

f spe

cies

invo

lved

(inc

ludi

ng b

ut n

ot li

mite

d to

fish

, inv

erte

brat

es a

nd

mar

ine

plan

ts, i

nclu

ding

farm

ed o

r wild

spe

cies

or b

oth)

. A m

ass

mor

talit

y of c

omm

erci

ally

and/

or re

crea

tiona

lly

valu

able

spe

cies

is o

ften

know

n as

a “

fish

kill”

, and

it is

this

type

of e

vent

that

is o

f par

ticul

ar c

once

rn. I

f you

se

e a

fish

kill,

ple

ase

call

0800

80

99 6

6 as

soo

n as

pos

sibl

e.

The

follo

wing

info

rmat

ion

is u

sefu

l whe

n in

vest

igat

ing

a fis

h ki

ll an

d sh

ould

be

reco

rded

whe

neve

r pos

sibl

e:

• Da

te a

nd ti

me

of th

e ev

ent

• W

hen

anim

als

were

col

lect

ed

• Lo

catio

n an

d si

ze o

f the

fish

kill

• Sp

ecie

s an

d nu

mbe

r of i

ndiv

idua

ls a

ffect

ed

(pho

tos

are

ofte

n us

eful

)

• Ab

norm

al b

ehav

iour

of a

nim

als

• Ab

norm

al e

nviro

nmen

tal c

ondi

tions

(e

.g. r

iver

floo

ded,

alg

al b

loom

pre

sent

, un

usua

lly h

igh

tem

pera

ture

)

• Co

nditi

on o

f the

ani

mal

s wh

en fo

und

(e

.g. n

ear d

eath

, dea

d, d

ecom

posi

ng)

• An

y les

ions

or o

ther

mar

ks o

n an

imal

s

DIS

EASE

S O

F FI

SH A

ND

SH

ELLF

ISH

3

DIS

EASE

S O

F FI

SH

Key

dia

gnos

tic

feat

ures

A fis

h ki

ll m

ay b

e ob

viou

s: a

larg

e nu

mbe

r of a

sin

gle

spec

ies

of fi

sh d

ead

or d

ying,

ove

r a w

ide

area

. Fis

h re

spon

d to

dis

ease

s in

a fa

irly c

onsi

sten

t way

. The

sig

ns o

f dis

ease

may

be

subt

le, b

ut m

ore

obvi

ous

indi

catio

ns o

f dis

ease

m

ay b

e be

havi

oura

l or e

xter

nal.

Exte

rnal

sig

ns:

• Ob

viou

s le

sion

s on

the

fish

(ulc

ers,

loss

of fi

ns,

stra

nge

lum

ps o

r gro

wths

, red

stre

aks

or s

pots

)

• Re

dden

ing

at th

e ba

se o

f the

fins

or i

n th

e ey

es

• Bu

lgin

g ey

es

• Gi

lls s

wolle

n or

cov

ered

in m

ucus

• Fi

sh fa

t or b

loat

ed

• Ra

sh o

n th

e bo

dy

Beha

viou

ral s

igns

:

• Fi

sh d

ispl

ayin

g ab

norm

al s

wim

min

g be

havi

our

(leth

argy

, swi

mm

ing

in c

ircle

s)

• Ga

spin

g fo

r air,

esp

ecia

lly n

ear s

urfa

ce

(ope

n m

outh

)

• Qu

ick

spin

ning

mov

emen

ts a

nd/o

r scr

atch

ing

or

rubb

ing

agai

nst o

bjec

ts

To re

port

susp

ecte

d m

arin

e pe

sts

or d

isea

ses

call

0800

80

99 6

6

Som

e ex

ampl

es o

f dis

ease

d fi

sh

A wi

ld-c

augh

t rai

nbow

trou

t with

unu

sual

ski

n di

scol

oura

tion

as m

ay b

e ob

serv

ed in

a d

isea

sed

fish

A sn

appe

r with

der

mal

/sub

derm

al h

aem

orrh

agin

g on

the

vent

ral s

ide,

in th

is

case

attr

ibut

able

to a

sep

ticae

mia

cau

sed

by V

ibrio

bac

teria

Chris Speirs

Cara Brosnahan

4

Key

dia

gnos

tic

feat

ures

A m

ass

mor

talit

y may

be

obvi

ous:

a la

rge

num

ber o

f a s

ingl

e sp

ecie

s of

rece

ntly

dead

she

llfish

was

hed

up o

n

the

beac

h, o

r rec

ently

dea

d or

dyin

g ov

er a

wid

e ar

ea in

the

wate

r. Ex

cept

in c

ases

of m

ass

mor

talit

y, si

gns

of

dise

ase

are

usua

lly m

ore

subt

le.

Sign

s a

shel

lfish

is s

ick:

1 S

hellfi

sh s

uch

as p

aua

may

be

retra

ctin

g aw

ay fr

om

th

e sh

ell w

ith th

e ed

ges

of th

e m

antle

cur

ling

away

2 T

here

may

be

visi

ble

pust

ules

, les

ions

or h

ard

nodu

les

pres

ent

3 S

hellfi

sh m

ay lo

ok w

ater

y or i

n po

or c

ondi

tion

4 S

hellfi

sh s

uch

as p

aua

may

not

be

able

to s

tay

at

tach

ed to

the

subs

trate

5 S

hellfi

sh s

uch

as p

aua

may

not

be

able

to ri

ght

th

emse

lves

whe

n tu

rned

ups

ide

down

6 B

ival

ves

may

be

gapi

ng o

r slo

w to

reac

t whe

n

to

uche

d

7 B

ival

ves

may

not

be

able

to s

tay s

hut

8 E

xces

s m

ucus

pro

duct

ion

may

be

evid

ent

DIS

EASE

S O

F SH

ELLF

ISH

To re

port

susp

ecte

d m

arin

e pe

sts

or d

isea

ses

call

0800

80

99 6

6

Som

e ex

ampl

es o

f dis

ease

d sh

ellf

ish

Shuc

ked

paua

with

nod

ules

ass

ocia

ted

with

Per

kinsu

s.

Paua

retra

ctin

g its

man

tle a

way f

rom

its

shel

l.

Wate

ry, si

ck-lo

okin

g sc

allop

s inf

ecte

d wi

th se

vera

l pat

hoge

nic s

pecie

s of b

acte

ria.

Wate

ry, s

ick-

look

ing

oyst

er.

1

22

3 3

Anjali Pande, MPI Anjali Pande, MPI

5

DIS

EASE

S O

F FI

SH A

ND

SH

ELLF

ISH

Col

lect

ing

sam

ples

for

in

vest

igat

ion

Call

MPI

on

0800

80

99 6

6 –

they

will

adv

ise

on

whet

her s

ampl

es a

re re

quire

d, h

ow to

pac

k th

em

and

wher

e to

sen

d th

em. O

ther

wise

, as

a ge

nera

l rul

e:

• Co

llect

5–1

0 wh

ole

anim

als

that

are

mor

ibun

d (d

ying

but n

ot d

ead)

or f

resh

ly de

ad

• Ch

ill th

em o

n ic

e or

in a

refri

gera

tor (

but d

o

not f

reez

e)

• Ta

lk to

MPI

abo

ut h

ow to

pac

kage

and

sen

d th

e an

imal

s to

the

lab

To re

port

susp

ecte

d m

arin

e pe

sts

or d

isea

ses

call

0800

80

99 6

6

Info

rmat

ion

to c

olle

ct•

Date

and

tim

e of

the

obse

rvat

ion,

and

whe

n fis

h/sh

ellfi

sh w

ere

colle

cted

• Lo

catio

n an

d ap

prox

imat

e si

ze o

f are

a af

fect

ed

• Sp

ecie

s an

d nu

mbe

r of i

ndiv

idua

ls a

ffect

ed

(a p

hoto

is o

ften

usef

ul)

• W

heth

er fi

sh/s

hellfi

sh w

ere

dead

or m

orib

und

when

co

llect

ed (o

r bot

h)

• An

y abn

orm

al e

nviro

nmen

tal c

ondi

tions

(e

.g. r

iver

floo

ded,

alg

al b

loom

pre

sent

, unu

sual

ly hi

gh te

mpe

ratu

re)

If yo

u su

spec

t you

hav

e se

en s

igns

of d

isea

se in

ca

ptiv

e or

wild

fish

or s

hellfi

sh c

all M

PI im

med

iate

ly

on 0

800

80 9

9 66

.

6

To re

port

susp

ecte

d m

arin

e pe

sts

or d

isea

ses

call

0800

80

99 6

6

Impa

ctDi

seas

es c

an c

ause

fish

and

she

llfish

sto

ck c

olla

pses

, whi

ch in

turn

can

affe

ct th

e na

tura

l bal

ance

of a

n ec

osys

tem

. Fis

h st

ock

colla

pses

can

hav

e se

vere

effe

cts

on c

omm

erci

al, c

ultu

ral a

nd re

crea

tiona

l fish

erie

s an

d di

seas

es m

ay a

lso

be o

f con

cern

to h

uman

hea

lth.

Mas

s-m

orta

lity

even

tsM

ass-

mor

talit

y eve

nts

invo

lve

the

deat

h of

an

unus

ually

larg

e nu

mbe

r of o

rgan

ism

s. A

mas

s m

orta

lity i

s us

ually

un

expe

cted

and

ther

e m

ay b

e a

num

ber o

f spe

cies

invo

lved

(inc

ludi

ng b

ut n

ot li

mite

d to

fish

, inv

erte

brat

es a

nd

mar

ine

plan

ts, i

nclu

ding

farm

ed o

r wild

spe

cies

or b

oth)

. A m

ass

mor

talit

y of c

omm

erci

ally

and/

or re

crea

tiona

lly

valu

able

spe

cies

is o

ften

know

n as

a “

fish

kill”

, and

it is

this

type

of e

vent

that

is o

f par

ticul

ar c

once

rn. I

f you

se

e a

fish

kill,

ple

ase

call

0800

80

99 6

6 as

soo

n as

pos

sibl

e.

The

follo

wing

info

rmat

ion

is u

sefu

l whe

n in

vest

igat

ing

a fis

h ki

ll an

d sh

ould

be

reco

rded

whe

neve

r pos

sibl

e:

• Da

te a

nd ti

me

of th

e ev

ent

• W

hen

anim

als

were

col

lect

ed

• Lo

catio

n an

d si

ze o

f the

fish

kill

• Sp

ecie

s an

d nu

mbe

r of i

ndiv

idua

ls a

ffect

ed

(pho

tos

are

ofte

n us

eful

)

• Ab

norm

al b

ehav

iour

of a

nim

als

• Ab

norm

al e

nviro

nmen

tal c

ondi

tions

(e

.g. r

iver

floo

ded,

alg

al b

loom

pre

sent

, un

usua

lly h

igh

tem

pera

ture

)

• Co

nditi

on o

f the

ani

mal

s wh

en fo

und

(e

.g. n

ear d

eath

, dea

d, d

ecom

posi

ng)

• An

y les

ions

or o

ther

mar

ks o

n an

imal

s

DIS

EASE

S O

F FI

SH A

ND

SH

ELLF

ISH

3

DIS

EASE

S O

F FI

SH

Key

dia

gnos

tic

feat

ures

A fis

h ki

ll m

ay b

e ob

viou

s: a

larg

e nu

mbe

r of a

sin

gle

spec

ies

of fi

sh d

ead

or d

ying,

ove

r a w

ide

area

. Fis

h re

spon

d to

dis

ease

s in

a fa

irly c

onsi

sten

t way

. The

sig

ns o

f dis

ease

may

be

subt

le, b

ut m

ore

obvi

ous

indi

catio

ns o

f dis

ease

m

ay b

e be

havi

oura

l or e

xter

nal.

Exte

rnal

sig

ns:

• Ob

viou

s le

sion

s on

the

fish

(ulc

ers,

loss

of fi

ns,

stra

nge

lum

ps o

r gro

wths

, red

stre

aks

or s

pots

)

• Re

dden

ing

at th

e ba

se o

f the

fins

or i

n th

e ey

es

• Bu

lgin

g ey

es

• Gi

lls s

wolle

n or

cov

ered

in m

ucus

• Fi

sh fa

t or b

loat

ed

• Ra

sh o

n th

e bo

dy

Beha

viou

ral s

igns

:

• Fi

sh d

ispl

ayin

g ab

norm

al s

wim

min

g be

havi

our

(leth

argy

, swi

mm

ing

in c

ircle

s)

• Ga

spin

g fo

r air,

esp

ecia

lly n

ear s

urfa

ce

(ope

n m

outh

)

• Qu

ick

spin

ning

mov

emen

ts a

nd/o

r scr

atch

ing

or

rubb

ing

agai

nst o

bjec

ts

To re

port

susp

ecte

d m

arin

e pe

sts

or d

isea

ses

call

0800

80

99 6

6

Som

e ex

ampl

es o

f dis

ease

d fi

sh

A wi

ld-c

augh

t rai

nbow

trou

t with

unu

sual

ski

n di

scol

oura

tion

as m

ay b

e ob

serv

ed in

a d

isea

sed

fish

A sn

appe

r with

der

mal

/sub

derm

al h

aem

orrh

agin

g on

the

vent

ral s

ide,

in th

is

case

attr

ibut

able

to a

sep

ticae

mia

cau

sed

by V

ibrio

bac

teria

Chris Speirs

Cara Brosnahan

4

Key

dia

gnos

tic

feat

ures

A m

ass

mor

talit

y may

be

obvi

ous:

a la

rge

num

ber o

f a s

ingl

e sp

ecie

s of

rece

ntly

dead

she

llfish

was

hed

up o

n

the

beac

h, o

r rec

ently

dea

d or

dyin

g ov

er a

wid

e ar

ea in

the

wate

r. Ex

cept

in c

ases

of m

ass

mor

talit

y, si

gns

of

dise

ase

are

usua

lly m

ore

subt

le.

Sign

s a

shel

lfish

is s

ick:

1 S

hellfi

sh s

uch

as p

aua

may

be

retra

ctin

g aw

ay fr

om

th

e sh

ell w

ith th

e ed

ges

of th

e m

antle

cur

ling

away

2 T

here

may

be

visi

ble

pust

ules

, les

ions

or h

ard

nodu

les

pres

ent

3 S

hellfi

sh m

ay lo

ok w

ater

y or i

n po

or c

ondi

tion

4 S

hellfi

sh s

uch

as p

aua

may

not

be

able

to s

tay

at

tach

ed to

the

subs

trate

5 S

hellfi

sh s

uch

as p

aua

may

not

be

able

to ri

ght

th

emse

lves

whe

n tu

rned

ups

ide

down

6 B

ival

ves

may

be

gapi

ng o

r slo

w to

reac

t whe

n

to

uche

d

7 B

ival

ves

may

not

be

able

to s

tay s

hut

8 E

xces

s m

ucus

pro

duct

ion

may

be

evid

ent

DIS

EASE

S O

F SH

ELLF

ISH

To re

port

susp

ecte

d m

arin

e pe

sts

or d

isea

ses

call

0800

80

99 6

6

Som

e ex

ampl

es o

f dis

ease

d sh

ellf

ish

Shuc

ked

paua

with

nod

ules

ass

ocia

ted

with

Per

kinsu

s.

Paua

retra

ctin

g its

man

tle a

way f

rom

its

shel

l.

Wate

ry, si

ck-lo

okin

g sc

allop

s inf

ecte

d wi

th se

vera

l pat

hoge

nic s

pecie

s of b

acte

ria.

Wate

ry, s

ick-

look

ing

oyst

er.

1

22

3 3

Anjali Pande, MPI Anjali Pande, MPI

5

Key diagnostic features

A mass mortality may be obvious: a large number of a single species of recently dead shellfish washed up on

the beach, or recently dead or dying over a wide area in the water. Except in cases of mass mortality, signs of

disease are usually more subtle.

Signs a shellfish is sick:

1 Shellfish such as paua may be retracting away from

the shell with the edges of the mantle curling away

2 There may be visible pustules, lesions or hard

nodules present

3 Shellfish may look watery or in poor condition

4 Shellfish such as paua may not be able to stay

attached to the substrate

5 Shellfish such as paua may not be able to right

themselves when turned upside down

6 Bivalves may be gaping or slow to react when

touched

7 Bivalves may not be able to stay shut

8 Excess mucus production may be evident

DISEASES OF SHELLFISH


0800 80 99 66

Some examples of diseased shellfish

Shucked paua with nodules associated with Perkinsus.

Paua retracting its mantle away from its shell.

Watery, sick-looking scallops infected with several pathogenic species of bacteria.

Watery, sick-looking oyster.

1

2

2

33

Anjali Pande, MPIAnjali Pande, MPI5

DIS

EASE

S O

F FI

SH A

ND

SH

ELLF

ISH

Col

lect

ing

sam

ples

for

in

vest

igat

ion

Call

MPI

on

0800

80

99 6

6 –

they

will

adv

ise

on

whet

her s

ampl

es a

re re

quire

d, h

ow to

pac

k th

em

and

wher

e to

sen

d th

em. O

ther

wise

, as

a ge

nera

l rul

e:

• Co

llect

5–1

0 wh

ole

anim

als

that

are

mor

ibun

d (d

ying

but n

ot d

ead)

or f

resh

ly de

ad

• Ch

ill th

em o

n ic

e or

in a

refri

gera

tor (

but d

o

not f

reez

e)

• Ta

lk to

MPI

abo

ut h

ow to

pac

kage

and

sen

d th

e an

imal

s to

the

lab

To re

port

susp

ecte

d m

arin

e pe

sts

or d

isea

ses

call

0800

80

99 6

6

Info

rmat

ion

to c

olle

ct•

Date

and

tim

e of

the

obse

rvat

ion,

and

whe

n fis

h/sh

ellfi

sh w

ere

colle

cted

• Lo

catio

n an

d ap

prox

imat

e si

ze o

f are

a af

fect

ed

• Sp

ecie

s an

d nu

mbe

r of i

ndiv

idua

ls a

ffect

ed

(a p

hoto

is o

ften

usef

ul)

• W

heth

er fi

sh/s

hellfi

sh w

ere

dead

or m

orib

und

when

co

llect

ed (o

r bot

h)

• An

y abn

orm

al e

nviro

nmen

tal c

ondi

tions

(e

.g. r

iver

floo

ded,

alg

al b

loom

pre

sent

, unu

sual

ly hi

gh te

mpe

ratu

re)

If yo

u su

spec

t you

hav

e se

en s

igns

of d

isea

se in

ca

ptiv

e or

wild

fish

or s

hellfi

sh c

all M

PI im

med

iate

ly

on 0

800

80 9

9 66

.

6

DISEASES OF FISH AND SHELLFISH

Collecting samples for

investigation

Call MPI on 0800 80 99 66 – they will advise on

whether samples are required, how to pack them

and where to send them. Otherwise, as a general rule:

• Collect 5–10 whole animals that are moribund

(dying but not dead) or freshly dead

• Chill them on ice or in a refrigerator (but do

not freeze)

• Talk to MPI about how to package and send the

animals to the lab


0800 80 99 66

Information to collect

• Date and time of the observation, and when fish/

shellfish were collected

• Location and approximate size of area affected

• Species and number of individuals affected

(a photo is often useful)

• Whether fish/shellfish were dead or moribund when

collected (or both)

• Any abnormal environmental conditions

(e.g. river flooded, algal bloom present, unusually

high temperature)

If you suspect you have seen signs of disease in

captive or wild fish or shellfish call MPI immediately

on 0800 80 99 66.

6

Hab

itat

• M

arin

e aq

uaria

If Caulerpa

was

to b

e re

leas

ed in

to th

e en

viro

nmen

t, th

en it

wou

ld b

e fo

und

in:

• Sa

nd, m

ud, r

ock

or s

eagr

ass

beds

• Es

tuar

ies,

har

bour

s an

d co

asts

• Sh

elte

red

to s

emi-e

xpos

ed e

nviro

nmen

ts

• Lo

w tid

e to

100

m d

epth

Impa

ct•

Form

s va

st, d

ense

bed

s

• Sm

othe

rs a

nd d

ispl

aces

nat

ive

and

fis

herie

s sp

ecie

s

• Fa

st-g

rowi

ng

• Di

srup

ts n

atur

al e

colo

gica

l bal

ance

• Ac

cum

ulat

es to

xins

Key

feat

ures

1 B

right

gre

en2

Fro

nds

have

a s

moo

th

mid

rib

3 P

aire

d br

anch

lets

, al

l flat

tene

d in

the

sa

me

plan

e

4 F

rond

s up

to 1

5 cm

(tr

opic

al fo

rm) o

r 40+

cm

(M

edite

rrane

an fo

rm) i

n le

ngth

5 L

ong

horiz

onta

l run

ners

(s

tolo

ns) w

ith m

any

uprig

ht, fl

atte

ned

frond

s

AQ

UA

RIU

M C

AU

LER

PACa

uler

pa ta

xifo

lia

‘If fo

und

anyw

here

in N

ew Z

eala

nd, i

mm

edia

tely

cal

l

0800

80

99 6

6

2

2

33

55

4

Bob Fenner

Australian Institute of Marine Science Government of South Australia, Biosecurity SA

5 cm

10 c

m

7

Habitat

• Marine aquaria

If Caulerpa was to be released into the

environment, then it would be found in:

• Sand, mud, rock or seagrass beds

• Estuaries, harbours and coasts

• Sheltered to semi-exposed environments

• Low tide to 100 m depth

Impact

• Forms vast, dense beds

• Smothers and displaces native and

fisheries species

• Fast-growing


• Accumulates toxins

Key features

1 Bright green

2 Fronds have a smooth

midrib

3 Paired branchlets,

all flattened in the

same plane

4 Fronds up to 15 cm

(tropical form) or 40+ cm

(Mediterranean form) in

length

5 Long horizontal runners

(stolons) with many

upright, flattened frondsAQUARIUM CAULERPA

Caulerpa taxifolia


0800 80 99 66

2

2

3

3

5

5

4

Bob Fenner


5 cm

10 cm

7

1 C

. arti

cula

ta h

as c

ylind

rical

, tur

gid,

bea

d-lik

e ve

sicl

es

that

are

not

flat

tene

d lik

e C. t

axifo

lia

2 C

. arti

cula

ta is

foun

d in

the

North

Isla

nd a

nd o

ffsho

re

isla

nds,

and

the

north

ern

Sout

h Is

land

1 C

. bro

wnii

has

dist

inct

ivel

y thr

ee-d

imen

sion

al s

hagg

y fro

nds;

they

are

not

flat

tene

d in

cro

ss-s

ectio

n 2

C. b

rown

ii is

foun

d in

the

sout

hern

Nor

th Is

land

, So

uth

Isla

nd a

nd o

ffsho

re is

land

s

Cau

lerp

a ar

ticu

lata

How

to d

iffer

entia

te C

aule

rpa

taxi

folia

from

:

Cau

lerp

a br

owni

i SE

A R

IMU

J.M. Huisman

Richard Kinsey

NAT

IVE

SPEC

IES

THAT

LO

OK

SIM

ILA

R

To re

port

susp

ecte

d m

arin

e pe

sts

or d

isea

ses

call

0800

80

99 6

6

11

1

1

1

10 c

m

10 c

m5

cm

Bob Fenner

Addi

tiona

l inf

orm

atio

n: th

e m

ost l

ikel

y way

of C

auler

pa ta

xifoli

a ar

rivin

g in

New

Zea

land

is

thro

ugh

impo

rtatio

n wi

th o

ther

aqu

ariu

m s

peci

es. A

quar

ium

cau

lerp

a is

an

unwa

nted

org

anis

m,

so if

you

susp

ect y

ou'v

e se

en it

in a

quar

ia, o

r any

wher

e, p

leas

e ca

ll 08

00 8

0 99

66

imm

edia

tely.

8

Hab

itat

• In

terti

dal t

o 40

m d

epth

• W

harv

es, p

onto

ons

and

buoy

s

• Ro

cky c

oast

s an

d re

efs

• Bo

at h

ulls

• Sh

elte

red

to e

xpos

ed e

nviro

nmen

ts

• Gr

ows

well

in p

ollu

ted

or n

utrie

nt-e

nric

hed

wate

rs

Impa

ct•

Very

fast

gro

wing

and

can

form

den

se

colo

nies

dis

plac

ing

nativ

e an

d fis

herie

s sp

ecie

s

• Fo

uls

boat

s, a

quac

ultu

re in

stal

latio

ns

and

othe

r mar

ine

stru

ctur

es

WA

KA

ME/

UN

DA

RIA

Und

aria

pin

natifi

da

Repo

rt if

foun

d ou

tsid

e kn

own

loca

tions

0800

80

99 6

6

Key

feat

ures

1 S

trap-

like

mid

rib in

pl

ants

larg

er th

an 1

0 cm

2 S

moo

th, t

hin,

lam

inar

bl

ade,

with

sid

e lo

bes,

th

at s

tarts

just

abo

ve

the

hold

fast

, or a

bove

th

e fri

lly re

prod

uctiv

e tis

sue

in m

atur

e pl

ants

3 B

ase

of m

atur

e pl

ant

is fr

illy (

repr

oduc

tive

tissu

e), w

ith a

root

-like

ho

ldfa

st

4 A

dult

plan

ts b

rown

to

yello

wish

, up

to 3

m ta

ll5

Top

s of

mat

ure

plan

ts

are

ofte

n er

oded

Kate Neill

Kath Blakemore Lesley Patston Serena Wilkens

1

2

2

3

10 c

m

10 c

m

10 c

m 5

1

3

9

NAT

IVE

SPEC

IES

THAT

LO

OK

SIM

ILA

R

To re

port

susp

ecte

d m

arin

e pe

sts

or d

isea

ses

call

0800

80

99 6

6

1 E

cklon

ia h

as ro

ugh,

leat

hery

bla

de, o

ften

with

man

y sm

all,

rais

ed b

umps

; Und

aria

has

sm

ooth

, thi

n an

d fra

gile

bla

des

2 E

cklon

ia h

as n

o m

idrib

(Not

e: p

lant

s ar

e di

fficu

lt to

di

ffere

ntia

te b

efor

e th

is c

hara

cter

dev

elop

s in

Und

aria

at

abo

ut 1

0 cm

leng

th)

3 E

cklon

ia h

as a

cyli

ndric

al tr

unk-

like

stip

e. U

ndar

ia h

as

a fla

ttene

d, s

trap-

like

stip

e4

Eck

lonia

has

no

frilly

repr

oduc

tive

tissu

e at

bas

e

1 C

arpo

phyll

um h

as m

ultip

le ri

bbed

leav

es; U

ndar

ia h

as

only

a si

ngle

mid

rib a

nd b

lade

2

Car

poph

yllum

has

stif

f, to

ugh,

leat

hery

leav

es3

Car

poph

yllum

has

no

frilly

bas

e

Eckl

onia

rad

iata

EC

KLO

NIA

How

to d

iffer

entia

te U

ndar

ia p

inna

tifid

a fr

om:

Car

poph

yllu

m fl

exuo

sum

1

1

11

2

23

3

4

10 c

m10

cm

10 c

m

Kate Neill

Kate Neill

Richard Kinsey

10

Hab

itat

• M

arin

e aq

uaria

If Caulerpa

was

to b

e re

leas

ed in

to th

e en

viro

nmen

t, th

en it

wou

ld b

e fo

und

in:

• Sa

nd, m

ud, r

ock

or s

eagr

ass

beds

• Es

tuar

ies,

har

bour

s an

d co

asts

• Sh

elte

red

to s

emi-e

xpos

ed e

nviro

nmen

ts

• Lo

w tid

e to

100

m d

epth

Impa

ct•

Form

s va

st, d

ense

bed

s

• Sm

othe

rs a

nd d

ispl

aces

nat

ive

and

fis

herie

s sp

ecie

s

• Fa

st-g

rowi

ng

• Di

srup

ts n

atur

al e

colo

gica

l bal

ance

• Ac

cum

ulat

es to

xins

Key

feat

ures

1 B

right

gre

en2

Fro

nds

have

a s

moo

th

mid

rib

3 P

aire

d br

anch

lets

, al

l flat

tene

d in

the

sa

me

plan

e

4 F

rond

s up

to 1

5 cm

(tr

opic

al fo

rm) o

r 40+

cm

(M

edite

rrane

an fo

rm) i

n le

ngth

5 L

ong

horiz

onta

l run

ners

(s

tolo

ns) w

ith m

any

uprig

ht, fl

atte

ned

frond

s

AQ

UA

RIU

M C

AU

LER

PACa

uler

pa ta

xifo

lia

‘If fo

und

anyw

here

in N

ew Z

eala

nd, i

mm

edia

tely

cal

l

0800

80

99 6

6

2

2

33

55

4

Bob Fenner


5 cm

10 c

m

7

Habitat

• Marine aquaria

If Caulerpa was to be released into the

environment, then it would be found in:



• Sheltered to semi-exposed environments


Impact

• Forms vast, dense beds

• Smothers and displaces native and

fisheries species

• Fast-growing


• Accumulates toxins

Key features

1 Bright green

2 Fronds have a smooth

midrib

3 Paired branchlets,

all flattened in the

same plane

4 Fronds up to 15 cm

(tropical form) or 40+ cm

(Mediterranean form) in

length

5 Long horizontal runners

(stolons) with many

upright, flattened frondsAQUARIUM CAULERPA

Caulerpa taxifolia


0800 80 99 66

2

2

3

3

5

5

4

Bob Fenner


5 cm

10 cm

7

1 C

. arti

cula

ta h

as c

ylind

rical

, tur

gid,

bea

d-lik

e ve

sicl

es

that

are

not

flat

tene

d lik

e C. t

axifo

lia

2 C

. arti

cula

ta is

foun

d in

the

North

Isla

nd a

nd o

ffsho

re

isla

nds,

and

the

north

ern

Sout

h Is

land

1 C

. bro

wnii

has

dist

inct

ivel

y thr

ee-d

imen

sion

al s

hagg

y fro

nds;

they

are

not

flat

tene

d in

cro

ss-s

ectio

n 2

C. b

rown

ii is

foun

d in

the

sout

hern

Nor

th Is

land

, So

uth

Isla

nd a

nd o

ffsho

re is

land

s

Cau

lerp

a ar

ticu

lata

How

to d

iffer

entia

te C

aule

rpa

taxi

folia

from

:

Cau

lerp

a br

owni

i SE

A R

IMU

J.M. Huisman

Richard Kinsey

NAT

IVE

SPEC

IES

THAT

LO

OK

SIM

ILA

R

To re

port

susp

ecte

d m

arin

e pe

sts

or d

isea

ses

call

0800

80

99 6

6

11

1

1

1

10 c

m

10 c

m5

cm

Bob Fenner

Addi

tiona

l inf

orm

atio

n: th

e m

ost l

ikel

y way

of C

auler

pa ta

xifoli

a ar

rivin

g in

New

Zea

land

is

thro

ugh

impo

rtatio

n wi

th o

ther

aqu

ariu

m s

peci

es. A

quar

ium

cau

lerp

a is

an

unwa

nted

org

anis

m,

so if

you

susp

ect y

ou'v

e se

en it

in a

quar

ia, o

r any

wher

e, p

leas

e ca

ll 08

00 8

0 99

66

imm

edia

tely.

8

Hab

itat

• In

terti

dal t

o 40

m d

epth

• W

harv

es, p

onto

ons

and

buoy

s

• Ro

cky c

oast

s an

d re

efs

• Bo

at h

ulls

• Sh

elte

red

to e

xpos

ed e

nviro

nmen

ts

• Gr

ows

well

in p

ollu

ted

or n

utrie

nt-e

nric

hed

wate

rs

Impa

ct•

Very

fast

gro

wing

and

can

form

den

se

colo

nies

dis

plac

ing

nativ

e an

d fis

herie

s sp

ecie

s

• Fo

uls

boat

s, a

quac

ultu

re in

stal

latio

ns

and

othe

r mar

ine

stru

ctur

es

WA

KA

ME/

UN

DA

RIA

Und

aria

pin

natifi

da

Repo

rt if

foun

d ou

tsid

e kn

own

loca

tions

0800

80

99 6

6

Key

feat

ures

1 S

trap-

like

mid

rib in

pl

ants

larg

er th

an 1

0 cm

2 S

moo

th, t

hin,

lam

inar

bl

ade,

with

sid

e lo

bes,

th

at s

tarts

just

abo

ve

the

hold

fast

, or a

bove

th

e fri

lly re

prod

uctiv

e tis

sue

in m

atur

e pl

ants

3 B

ase

of m

atur

e pl

ant

is fr

illy (

repr

oduc

tive

tissu

e), w

ith a

root

-like

ho

ldfa

st

4 A

dult

plan

ts b

rown

to

yello

wish

, up

to 3

m ta

ll5

Top

s of

mat

ure

plan

ts

are

ofte

n er

oded

Kate Neill

Kath Blakemore Lesley Patston Serena Wilkens

1

2

2

3

10 c

m

10 c

m

10 c

m 5

1

3

9

Habitat

• Intertidal to 40 m depth

• Wharves, pontoons and buoys

• Rocky coasts and reefs

• Boat hulls

• Sheltered to exposed environments

• Grows well in polluted or nutrient-enriched

waters

Impact

• Very fast growing and can form dense

colonies displacing native and fisheries

species

• Fouls boats, aquaculture installations

and other marine structures WA

KAME/UNDARIA

Undaria pinnatifida

Report if found outside known locations

0800 80 99 66

Key features

1 Strap-like midrib in

plants larger than 10 cm

2 Smooth, thin, laminar

blade, with side lobes,

that starts just above

the holdfast, or above

the frilly reproductive

tissue in mature plants

3 Base of mature plant

is frilly (reproductive

tissue), with a root-like

holdfast

4 Adult plants brown to

yellowish, up to 3 m tall

5 Tops of mature plants

are often eroded

Kate Neill

Kath BlakemoreLesley PatstonSerena Wilkens

1

2

2

3

10 cm

10 cm

10 cm5

1

3

9

NAT

IVE

SPEC

IES

THAT

LO

OK

SIM

ILA

R

To re

port

susp

ecte

d m

arin

e pe

sts

or d

isea

ses

call

0800

80

99 6

6

1 E

cklon

ia h

as ro

ugh,

leat

hery

bla

de, o

ften

with

man

y sm

all,

rais

ed b

umps

; Und

aria

has

sm

ooth

, thi

n an

d fra

gile

bla

des

2 E

cklon

ia h

as n

o m

idrib

(Not

e: p

lant

s ar

e di

fficu

lt to

di

ffere

ntia

te b

efor

e th

is c

hara

cter

dev

elop

s in

Und

aria

at

abo

ut 1

0 cm

leng

th)

3 E

cklon

ia h

as a

cyli

ndric

al tr

unk-

like

stip

e. U

ndar

ia h

as

a fla

ttene

d, s

trap-

like

stip

e4

Eck

lonia

has

no

frilly

repr

oduc

tive

tissu

e at

bas

e

1 C

arpo

phyll

um h

as m

ultip

le ri

bbed

leav

es; U

ndar

ia h

as

only

a si

ngle

mid

rib a

nd b

lade

2

Car

poph

yllum

has

stif

f, to

ugh,

leat

hery

leav

es3

Car

poph

yllum

has

no

frilly

bas

e

Eckl

onia

rad

iata

EC

KLO

NIA

How

to d

iffer

entia

te U

ndar

ia p

inna

tifid

a fr

om:

Car

poph

yllu

m fl

exuo

sum

1

1

11

2

23

3

4

10 c

m10

cm

10 c

m

Kate Neill

Kate Neill

Richard Kinsey

10



0800 80 99 66

1 Ecklonia has rough, leathery blade, often with many

small, raised bumps; Undaria has smooth, thin and

fragile blades

2 Ecklonia has no midrib (Note: plants are difficult to

differentiate before this character develops in Undaria

at about 10 cm length)

3 Ecklonia has a cylindrical trunk-like stipe. Undaria has

a flattened, strap-like stipe

4 Ecklonia has no frilly reproductive tissue at base

1 Carpophyllum has multiple ribbed leaves; Undaria has

only a single midrib and blade

2 Carpophyllum has stiff, tough, leathery leaves

3 Carpophyllum has no frilly base

Ecklonia radiata

ECKLONIA

How to differentiate Undaria pinnatifida from:

Carpophyllum flexuosum

1

1

1

12

2

3

3

4

10 cm

10 cm

10 cm

Kate Neill

Kate Neill

Richard Kinsey10

Hab

itat

• Ge

nera

lly s

ubtid

al b

ut a

lso

inte

rtida

l

• Es

tuar

ies

and

shel

tere

d wa

ters

• So

ft se

dim

ents

– s

and,

mud

, cla

y or

seag

rass

bed

s

• A

rang

e of

sal

initi

es fr

om s

alt t

o

fresh

wat

er

• Gr

ows

well

in p

ollu

ted

or n

utrie

nt-r

ich

wate

rs

Impa

ct•

Form

s va

st, d

ense

col

onie

s (>

25

000

per m

2 )

• Fi

lter-f

eede

r tha

t com

pete

s wi

th n

ativ

e sp

ecie

s an

d pr

eys

on la

rvae

of fi

sher

ies

spec

ies

• Di

spla

ces

nativ

e, c

omm

erci

al a

nd

recr

eatio

nal fi

sher

ies

spec

ies

• Hi

gh s

elen

ium

con

tent

, whi

ch is

toxic

to

ani

mal

s th

at e

at it

• Di

srup

ts n

atur

al e

colo

gica

l bal

ance

Key

feat

ures

1 T

hin,

sm

ooth

biv

alve

up

to 3

cm

long

2 S

hell

yello

w, ta

n or

dirt

y

white

, fre

quen

tly w

ith

br

own

stai

ning

3 D

istin

ctiv

e “o

verb

ite”

–

on

e of

the

pair

of s

hells

is la

rger

than

the

othe

r

4 O

ld s

hells

may

hav

e

wr

inkl

ed e

dges

ASI

AN

CLA

MPo

tam

ocor

bula

am

uren

sis

‘If fo

und

anyw

here

in N

ew Z

eala

nd, i

mm

edia

tely

cal

l

0800

80

99 6

6

2

3

3

YHshells; Hao Yang


1 cm

1 cm

2 cm

4

11

Habitat

• Generally subtidal but also intertidal

• Estuaries and sheltered waters

• Soft sediments – sand, mud, clay or

seagrass beds

• A range of salinities from salt to

fresh water

• Grows well in polluted or nutrient-rich

waters

Impact

• Forms vast, dense colonies (> 25 000 per m

2 )

• Filter-feeder that competes with native

species and preys on larvae of fisheries

species

• Displaces native, commercial and

recreational fisheries species

• High selenium content, which is toxic

to animals that eat it


Key features

1 Thin, smooth bivalve up

to 3 cm long

2 Shell yellow, tan or dirty

white, frequently with

brown staining

3 Distinctive “overbite” –

one of the pair of shells

is larger than the other

4 Old shells may have

wrinkled edges

ASIAN CLAM

Potamocorbula amurensis


0800 80 99 66

2

3

3

YHshells; Hao Yang


1 cm

1 cm2 cm

4

11

1 C

orbu

la h

as a

less

pro

min

ent,

regu

lar,

even

ove

rbite

aro

und

mos

t of t

he p

erim

eter

of t

he s

hell

(Pot

amoc

orbu

la h

as a

n ov

erbi

te

arou

nd 1

/4–1

/3 th

e pe

rimet

er)

2 G

ener

ally

smal

ler (

<1.

5 cm

)3

Not

foun

d in

est

uarie

s or

she

ltere

d wa

terw

ays

1 N

o ov

erbi

te2

Not

foun

d in

est

uarie

s3

Sm

alle

r she

ll (<

1.5

cm)

1 C

yclom

actra

has

no

over

bite

2 L

arge

r she

ll (to

6 c

m)

Cor

bula

zel

andi

ca

BA

SKET

SH

ELL

How

to d

iffer

entia

te P

otam

ocor

bula

am

uren

sis

from

:

Mac

tra

(Mao

rim

actr

a)

ordi

nari

a SU

RF

CLA

M

Cyc

lom

actr

a tr

isti

s SU

RF

CLA

M

11

Kate Neill

Kate Neill

YHshells; Hao Yang

Kate Neill

NAT

IVE

SPEC

IES

THAT

LO

OK

SIM

ILA

R

To re

port

susp

ecte

d m

arin

e pe

sts

or d

isea

ses

call

0800

80

99 6

6

5 m

m5

mm

1 cm

1 cm

12

Hab

itat

• Lo

w tid

e to

15

m d

epth

• Sa

nd a

nd m

ud

• Es

tuar

ies,

har

bour

s an

d an

d m

ost

coas

tal h

abita

ts

Impa

ct•

High

ly de

trim

enta

l to

shel

lfish

aqu

acul

ture

• Ag

gres

sive

pre

dato

r

• Di

spla

ces

nativ

e an

d fis

herie

s sp

ecie

s

• Ca

n ca

rry d

isea

ses

that

affe

ct c

rab,

lobs

ter,

shrim

p an

d pr

awn

fishe

ries

Key

feat

ures

1 S

ix pr

omin

ent s

pine

s on

eac

h si

de o

f the

ca

rapa

ce

2 F

ive

prom

inen

t spi

nes

on

upp

er s

urfa

ce o

f ea

ch c

law

3 C

arap

ace

up to

12

cm

wide

4 F

latte

ned

swim

min

g pa

ddle

s on

bac

k le

gs

5 C

olou

r ran

ges

from

off-

white

and

pa

le g

reen

, thr

ough

oliv

e-gr

een

to a

dee

p ch

estn

ut b

rown

with

pu

rplis

h m

arki

ngs

ASI

AN

PA

DD

LE C

RA

B

Char

ybdi

s ja

poni

ca

Repo

rt if

foun

d ou

tsid

e kn

own

loca

tions

0800

80

99 6

6

4

5

5

5 cm

1

Colin McLay

Serena Wilkens Serena Wilkens

2

2

13

Habitat


• Sand and mud

• Estuaries, harbours and and most

coastal habitats

Impact

• Highly detrimental to shellfish aquaculture

• Aggressive predator

• Displaces native and fisheries species

• Can carry diseases that affect crab, lobster,

shrimp and prawn fisheries

Key features

1 Six prominent spines

on each side of the

carapace

2 Five prominent spines

on upper surface of

each claw

3 Carapace up to 12 cm

wide

4 Flattened swimming

paddles on back legs

5 Colour ranges from off-white and

pale green, through olive-green

to a deep chestnut brown with

purplish markings

ASIAN PADDLE CRAB

Charybdis japonica


0800 80 99 66

4

5

5

5 cm

1

Colin McLay


2

2

13

NAT

IVE

SPEC

IES

THAT

LO

OK

SIM

ILA

R

To re

port

susp

ecte

d m

arin

e pe

sts

or d

isea

ses

call

0800

80

99 6

6

1 O

valip

es h

as fi

ve fl

atte

ned

spin

es

on e

ach

side

alo

ng th

e fro

nt a

nd

exte

ndin

g ar

ound

the

side

s (n

ot

six p

oint

ed s

pine

s al

ong

the

front

as

in C

. jap

onica

) 2

One

pro

min

ent s

pine

on

the

claw

3 T

wo d

istin

ct re

ddis

h “s

pots

” on

th

e ca

rapa

ce4

Pal

e sa

ndy-

grey

with

ora

nge-

red

high

light

s5

Swi

mm

ing

padd

les

ofte

n wi

th

purp

lish

tint

1 L

iocar

cinus

has

five

spi

nes

on

each

sid

e (n

ot s

ix)

2 M

uch

smal

ler –

max

imum

2.

5 cm

wid

e3

Fin

e co

rruga

tions

ove

r mos

t of

the

shel

l

1 N

ecto

carc

inus

has

four

spi

nes

on

each

sid

e (n

ot s

ix)2

Red

to p

inki

sh-r

ed c

olou

ratio

n

Ova

lipes

cat

haru

s

SWIM

MIN

G/P

AD

DLE

CR

AB

How

to d

iffer

entia

te C

hary

bdis

japo

nica

from

:

Lioc

arci

nus

corr

ugat

us

DW

AR

F SW

IMM

ING

CR

AB

Nec

toca

rcin

us a

ntar

ctic

us

HA

IRY

RED

SW

IMM

ING

C

RA

B

11

12

3

33 5

5 cm

5 cm

1 cm

2 cm

Colin McLay

Colin McLay

Colin McLay

Colin McLay

14

Hab

itat

• Lo

w tid

e to

15

m d

epth

• Sa

nd a

nd m

ud

• Es

tuar

ies,

har

bour

s an

d an

d m

ost

coas

tal h

abita

ts

Impa

ct•

High

ly de

trim

enta

l to

shel

lfish

aqu

acul

ture

• Ag

gres

sive

pre

dato

r

• Di

spla

ces

nativ

e an

d fis

herie

s sp

ecie

s

• Ca

n ca

rry d

isea

ses

that

affe

ct c

rab,

lobs

ter,

shrim

p an

d pr

awn

fishe

ries

Key

feat

ures

1 S

ix pr

omin

ent s

pine

s on

eac

h si

de o

f the

ca

rapa

ce

2 F

ive

prom

inen

t spi

nes

on

upp

er s

urfa

ce o

f ea

ch c

law

3 C

arap

ace

up to

12

cm

wide

4 F

latte

ned

swim

min

g pa

ddle

s on

bac

k le

gs

5 C

olou

r ran

ges

from

off-

white

and

pa

le g

reen

, thr

ough

oliv

e-gr

een

to a

dee

p ch

estn

ut b

rown

with

pu

rplis

h m

arki

ngs

ASI

AN

PA

DD

LE C

RA

B

Char

ybdi

s ja

poni

ca

Repo

rt if

foun

d ou

tsid

e kn

own

loca

tions

0800

80

99 6

6

4

5

5

5 cm

1

Colin McLay


2

2

13

Habitat


• Sand and mud

• Estuaries, harbours and and most

coastal habitats

Impact


• Aggressive predator


• Can carry diseases that affect crab, lobster,

shrimp and prawn fisheries

Key features

1 Six prominent spines

on each side of the

carapace

2 Five prominent spines

on upper surface of

each claw

3 Carapace up to 12 cm

wide

4 Flattened swimming

paddles on back legs

5 Colour ranges from off-white and

pale green, through olive-green

to a deep chestnut brown with

purplish markings

ASIAN PADDLE CRAB

Charybdis japonica


0800 80 99 66

4

5

5

5 cm

1

Colin McLay


2

2

13

NAT

IVE

SPEC

IES

THAT

LO

OK

SIM

ILA

R

To re

port

susp

ecte

d m

arin

e pe

sts

or d

isea

ses

call

0800

80

99 6

6

1 O

valip

es h

as fi

ve fl

atte

ned

spin

es

on e

ach

side

alo

ng th

e fro

nt a

nd

exte

ndin

g ar

ound

the

side

s (n

ot

six p

oint

ed s

pine

s al

ong

the

front

as

in C

. jap

onica

) 2

One

pro

min

ent s

pine

on

the

claw

3 T

wo d

istin

ct re

ddis

h “s

pots

” on

th

e ca

rapa

ce4

Pal

e sa

ndy-

grey

with

ora

nge-

red

high

light

s5

Swi

mm

ing

padd

les

ofte

n wi

th

purp

lish

tint

1 L

iocar

cinus

has

five

spi

nes

on

each

sid

e (n

ot s

ix)

2 M

uch

smal

ler –

max

imum

2.

5 cm

wid

e3

Fin

e co

rruga

tions

ove

r mos

t of

the

shel

l

1 N

ecto

carc

inus

has

four

spi

nes

on

each

sid

e (n

ot s

ix)2

Red

to p

inki

sh-r

ed c

olou

ratio

n

Ova

lipes

cat

haru

s

SWIM

MIN

G/P

AD

DLE

CR

AB

How

to d

iffer

entia

te C

hary

bdis

japo

nica

from

:

Lioc

arci

nus

corr

ugat

us

DW

AR

F SW

IMM

ING

CR

AB

Nec

toca

rcin

us a

ntar

ctic

us

HA

IRY

RED

SW

IMM

ING

C

RA

B

11

12

3

33 5

5 cm

5 cm

1 cm

2 cm

Colin McLay

Colin McLay

Colin McLay

Colin McLay

14

Hab

itat

• Ab

ove

high

tide

to s

ubtid

al

• Bu

rrows

in s

and,

mud

, silt

or c

lay

• Fr

eshw

ater

, bra

ckis

h, e

stua

rine

and

m

arin

e wa

ters

• Pr

efer

s po

llute

d or

nut

rient

-enr

iche

d wa

ters

Impa

ct•

Can

form

den

se c

olon

ies

• Di

srup

ts n

atur

al e

colo

gica

l bal

ance

• Ac

cum

ulat

es to

xins

• Ag

gres

sive

, hig

hly e

ffect

ive

pred

ator

• Di

spla

ces

nativ

e an

d fis

herie

s sp

ecie

s

• Da

mag

es fi

shin

g ne

ts a

nd c

atch

es

• Bu

rrowi

ng w

eake

ns a

nd c

olla

pses

rive

r/es

tuar

y ban

ks

• Ca

n ca

rry a

live

r fluk

e th

at h

arm

s hu

man

s

CHIN

ESE

MIT

TEN

CR

AB

Erio

chei

r si

nens

is

‘If fo

und

anyw

here

in N

ew Z

eala

nd, i

mm

edia

tely

cal

l

0800

80

99 6

6

Key

feat

ures

1 H

airy

“m

itten

s” w

ith

white

tips

on

front

cla

ws2

Dis

tinct

ive

notc

hes

betw

een

the

eyes

3 F

our s

pine

s on

eac

h si

de

of th

e ca

rapa

ce

4 C

arap

ace

0.5-

10 c

m w

ide

but g

ener

ally

>3

cm5

Lig

ht b

rown

to o

live-

gree

n ca

rapa

ce

2

1

1

1

5

3 cm

5 cm

3

University of Valencia

Central Fisheries Board, IrelandPhil Crabb, Natural History Museum

15

1 A

. cra

ssa

has

larg

e, ro

unde

d cl

aws

– no

t fur

ry o

r whi

te-t

ippe

d2

A. c

rass

a is

muc

h sm

alle

r –

cara

pace

wid

th 4

cm

max

and

di

stin

ctly

oblo

ng/s

quar

e-sh

aped

3 A

. cra

ssa

has

no s

pine

s on

the

front

edg

e of

the

cara

pace

1 H

. cre

nula

tus c

laws

are

only

sligh

tly

hairy

and

the h

airs

are

on th

e inn

er

side o

nly

2 H

. cre

nula

tus i

s a

muc

h sm

alle

r cr

ab –

car

apac

e wi

dth

less

than

4

cm3

H. c

renu

latu

s has

no

spin

es o

n th

e fro

nt e

dge

of th

e ca

rapa

ce

1 H

emip

lax c

laws

are

smal

l, fri

nged

with

ha

irs a

nd w

ith lo

ng s

lend

er fi

nger

s2

Hem

ipla

x has

eye

s on

long

sta

lks

3 H

emip

lax i

s a

muc

h sm

alle

r cra

b –

cara

pace

wid

th le

ss th

an 3

cm

Aus

troh

elic

e cr

assa

TU

NN

ELLI

NG

M

UD

CR

AB

How

to d

iffer

entia

te E

rioc

heir

sin

ensi

s fr

om:

Hem

igra

psus

cre

nula

tus

HA

IRY-

HA

ND

ED C

RA

BH

emip

lax

hirt

ipes

ST

ALK

-EYE

D M

UD

CR

AB

NAT

IVE

SPEC

IES

THAT

LO

OK

SIM

ILA

R

To re

port

susp

ecte

d m

arin

e pe

sts

or d

isea

ses

call

0800

80

99 6

6

11

1

33

23

5 cm

5 cm

3 cm

2 cm2

cm


Chris Woods

Colin McLay

Serena Wilkens Chris Woods

16

1 A. crassa has large, rounded claws

– not furry or white-tipped

2 A. crassa is much smaller –

carapace width 4 cm max and

distinctly oblong/square-shaped

3 A. crassa has no spines on the

front edge of the carapace

1 H. crenulatus claws are only slightly

hairy and the hairs are on the inner

side only

2 H. crenulatus is a much smaller

crab – carapace width less than

4 cm

3 H. crenulatus has no spines on the

front edge of the carapace

1 Hemiplax claws are small, fringed with

hairs and with long slender fingers

2 Hemiplax has eyes on long stalks

3 Hemiplax is a much smaller crab –

carapace width less than 3 cm

Austrohelice crassa

TUNNELLING

MUD CRAB H

ow to differentiate Eriocheir sinensis from:

Hemigrapsus crenulatus

HAIRY-HANDED CRAB

Hemiplax hirtipes

STALK-EYED MUD CRAB



0800 80 99 661

1

1

3

3

2

3

5 cm

5 cm

3 cm

2 cm2 cm


Chris Woods

Colin McLay

Serena Wilkens Chris Woods16

Hab

itat

• In

terti

dal t

o 60

m d

epth

• Sa

nd, m

ud, r

ock

or s

eagr

ass

beds

• Es

tuar

ies,

har

bour

s an

d co

asts

• Ge

nera

lly n

octu

rnal

Impa

ct•

Can

form

den

se c

olon

ies

(up

to 2

00 p

er m

2 )

• Ag

gres

sive

and

hig

hly e

ffect

ive

pred

ator

• Di

spla

ces

nativ

e an

d fis

herie

s sp

ecie

s

• Hi

ghly

detri

men

tal t

o sh

ellfi

sh a

quac

ultu

re

• Ca

n co

llaps

e wi

ld-h

arve

st s

hellfi

sher

ies

• Fa

cilit

ates

oth

er p

est i

nvas

ions

EUR

OPE

AN

SH

OR

E CR

AB

Carc

inus

mae

nas

‘If fo

und

anyw

here

in N

ew Z

eala

nd, i

mm

edia

tely

cal

l

0800

80

99 6

6

Key

feat

ures

1 T

hree

roun

ded

“tee

th”

or

lobe

s be

twee

n th

e ey

es2

Fiv

e sp

ines

on

each

sid

e3

Adu

lt up

to 8

cm

wid

e

4 N

o sw

imm

ing

padd

les

on le

gs5

Juve

nile

s ge

nera

lly

light

er in

col

our t

han

adul

ts

7 A

dult

colo

ur v

arie

s fro

m g

reen

on

top

and

yello

wish

und

erne

ath,

to

mot

tled

red

and

oran

ge a

bove

and

or

ange

or p

artly

red

unde

rnea

th

1 3

3 34

5 cm

5 cm

5 cm

2

Michael Marmach

A.M. Arias Hans Hillewaert

17

1 O

. cat

haru

s is

larg

er –

car

apac

e wi

dth

up to

15

cm, c

ompa

red

to

8 cm

in C

arcin

us2

O. c

atha

rus i

s sa

ndy g

rey

in c

olou

r wi

th o

rang

e-re

d hi

ghlig

hts

3 O

. cat

haru

s has

pad

dles

on

rear

le

gs fo

r swi

mm

ing

1 H

. sex

dent

atus

has

no

spin

es/lo

bes

betw

een

the

eyes

2 H

. sex

dent

atus

has

two

(not

five

) sp

ines

on

oute

r edg

es o

f car

apac

e3

H. s

exde

ntat

us h

as a

dis

tinct

ive

squa

re p

urpl

e-an

d-cr

eam

ca

rapa

ce4

H. s

exde

ntat

us is

sm

alle

r –

max

imum

wid

th a

bout

4 c

m

1 L

. var

iegat

us h

as n

o sp

ines

/lobe

s be

twee

n th

e ey

es

2 L

. var

iegat

us h

as th

ree

spin

es o

n ea

ch s

ide

of th

e ca

rapa

ce b

ehin

d th

e ey

es3

L. v

arieg

atus

has

gro

oves

on

the

surfa

ce o

f the

car

apac

e4

The

car

apac

e is

var

iega

ted

with

m

any c

olou

rs in

clud

ing

gree

n,

brow

n, p

urpl

e an

d cr

eam

5 L

. var

iegat

us h

as a

car

apac

e le

ss

than

7.5

cm

wid

e

Ova

lipes

cat

haru

s SW

IMM

ING

/PA

DD

LE C

RA

B

How

to d

iffer

entia

te C

arci

nus

mae

nas

from

:

Hem

igra

psus

sex

dent

atus

C

OM

MO

N R

OC

K/

SHO

RE

CR

AB

Lept

ogra

psus

var

iega

tus

PU

RP

LE R

OC

K C

RA

B

11

12

2

22 2

23

3

3

4

NAT

IVE

SPEC

IES

THAT

LO

OK

SIM

ILA

R

To re

port

susp

ecte

d m

arin

e pe

sts

or d

isea

ses

call

0800

80

99 6

6

5 cm

5 cm

5 cm

2 cm

Michael Marmach

Colin McLay

Colin McLay

Colin McLay

18

Hab

itat

• In

terti

dal t

o 60

m d

epth

• Sa

nd, m

ud, r

ock

or s

eagr

ass

beds

• Es

tuar

ies,

har

bour

s an

d co

asts

• Ge

nera

lly n

octu

rnal

Impa

ct•

Can

form

den

se c

olon

ies

(up

to 2

00 p

er m

2 )

• Ag

gres

sive

and

hig

hly e

ffect

ive

pred

ator

• Di

spla

ces

nativ

e an

d fis

herie

s sp

ecie

s

• Hi

ghly

detri

men

tal t

o sh

ellfi

sh a

quac

ultu

re

• Ca

n co

llaps

e wi

ld-h

arve

st s

hellfi

sher

ies

• Fa

cilit

ates

oth

er p

est i

nvas

ions

EUR

OPE

AN

SH

OR

E CR

AB

Carc

inus

mae

nas

‘If fo

und

anyw

here

in N

ew Z

eala

nd, i

mm

edia

tely

cal

l

0800

80

99 6

6

Key

feat

ures

1 T

hree

roun

ded

“tee

th”

or

lobe

s be

twee

n th

e ey

es2

Fiv

e sp

ines

on

each

sid

e3

Adu

lt up

to 8

cm

wid

e

4 N

o sw

imm

ing

padd

les

on le

gs5

Juve

nile

s ge

nera

lly

light

er in

col

our t

han

adul

ts

7 A

dult

colo

ur v

arie

s fro

m g

reen

on

top

and

yello

wish

und

erne

ath,

to

mot

tled

red

and

oran

ge a

bove

and

or

ange

or p

artly

red

unde

rnea

th

1 3

3 34

5 cm

5 cm

5 cm

2

Michael Marmach

A.M. Arias Hans Hillewaert

17

Habitat

• Intertidal to 60 m depth



• Generally nocturnal

Impact

• Can form dense colonies (up to 200 per m

2)

• Aggressive and highly effective predator



• Can collapse wild-harvest shellfisheries

• Facilitates other pest invasions

EUROPEAN SHORE CRAB

Carcinus maenas


0800 80 99 66

Key features

1 Three rounded “teeth” or

lobes between the eyes

2 Five spines on each side

3 Adult up to 8 cm wide

4 No swimming paddles

on legs

5 Juveniles generally

lighter in colour than

adults

7 Adult colour varies from green on

top and yellowish underneath, to

mottled red and orange above and

orange or partly red underneath

13

33

4

5 cm

5 cm

5 cm

2

Michael Marmach

A.M. Arias Hans Hillewaert17

1 O

. cat

haru

s is

larg

er –

car

apac

e wi

dth

up to

15

cm, c

ompa

red

to

8 cm

in C

arcin

us2

O. c

atha

rus i

s sa

ndy g

rey

in c

olou

r wi

th o

rang

e-re

d hi

ghlig

hts

3 O

. cat

haru

s has

pad

dles

on

rear

le

gs fo

r swi

mm

ing

1 H

. sex

dent

atus

has

no

spin

es/lo

bes

betw

een

the

eyes

2 H

. sex

dent

atus

has

two

(not

five

) sp

ines

on

oute

r edg

es o

f car

apac

e3

H. s

exde

ntat

us h

as a

dis

tinct

ive

squa

re p

urpl

e-an

d-cr

eam

ca

rapa

ce4

H. s

exde

ntat

us is

sm

alle

r –

max

imum

wid

th a

bout

4 c

m

1 L

. var

iegat

us h

as n

o sp

ines

/lobe

s be

twee

n th

e ey

es

2 L

. var

iegat

us h

as th

ree

spin

es o

n ea

ch s

ide

of th

e ca

rapa

ce b

ehin

d th

e ey

es3

L. v

arieg

atus

has

gro

oves

on

the

surfa

ce o

f the

car

apac

e4

The

car

apac

e is

var

iega

ted

with

m

any c

olou

rs in

clud

ing

gree

n,

brow

n, p

urpl

e an

d cr

eam

5 L

. var

iegat

us h

as a

car

apac

e le

ss

than

7.5

cm

wid

e

Ova

lipes

cat

haru

s SW

IMM

ING

/PA

DD

LE C

RA

B

How

to d

iffer

entia

te C

arci

nus

mae

nas

from

:

Hem

igra

psus

sex

dent

atus

C

OM

MO

N R

OC

K/

SHO

RE

CR

AB

Lept

ogra

psus

var

iega

tus

PU

RP

LE R

OC

K C

RA

B

11

12

2

22 2

23

3

3

4

NAT

IVE

SPEC

IES

THAT

LO

OK

SIM

ILA

R

To re

port

susp

ecte

d m

arin

e pe

sts

or d

isea

ses

call

0800

80

99 6

6

5 cm

5 cm

5 cm

2 cm

Michael Marmach

Colin McLay

Colin McLay

Colin McLay

18

1 O. catharus is larger – carapace

width up to 15 cm, compared to

8 cm in Carcinus

2 O. catharus is sandy grey in colour

with orange-red highlights

3 O. catharus has paddles on rear

legs for swimming

1 H. sexdentatus has no spines/lobes

between the eyes

2 H. sexdentatus has two (not five)

spines on outer edges of carapace

3 H. sexdentatus has a distinctive

square purple-and-cream

carapace

4 H. sexdentatus is smaller –

maximum width about 4 cm

1 L. variegatus has no spines/lobes

between the eyes

2 L. variegatus has three spines on

each side of the carapace behind

the eyes

3 L. variegatus has grooves on the

surface of the carapace

4 The carapace is variegated with

many colours including green,

brown, purple and cream

5 L. variegatus has a carapace less

than 7.5 cm wide

Ovalipes catharus

SWIMMING/PADDLE CRAB

How to differentiate Carcinus maenas from:

Hemigrapsus sexdentatus

COMMON ROCK/

SHORE CRAB

Leptograpsus variegatus

PURPLE ROCK CRAB

1

1

1

2

2

222

2

3

3

3

4



0800 80 99 66

5 cm

5 cm

5 cm

2 cm

Michael Marmach

Colin McLay

Colin McLay

Colin McLay18

Hab

itat

• Lo

w tid

e to

30

m d

epth

• Sh

elte

red

harb

ours

to s

emi-e

xpos

ed ro

cky

coas

ts a

nd re

efs

• W

harv

es, p

onto

ons

and

aqua

cultu

re

stru

ctur

es

• Bo

at h

ulls

• At

tach

es to

har

d su

rface

s in

sof

t sed

imen

ts

• Pr

efer

s po

llute

d/nu

trien

t-en

riche

d wa

ters

Impa

ct•

Can

form

den

se c

olon

ies

(1

000

indi

vidu

als

per m

2 )

• Di

spla

ces

nativ

e an

d fis

herie

s sp

ecie

s

• Hi

ghly

effe

ctiv

e fil

ter-f

eede

r

• Pr

eys

on la

rvae

of fi

sher

ies

spec

ies

• Di

srup

ts n

atur

al e

colo

gica

l bal

ance

• Fo

uls

boat

s, a

quac

ultu

re in

stal

latio

ns

and

othe

r mar

ine

stru

ctur

es

MED

ITER

RA

NEA

N F

AN

WO

RM

Sabe

lla s

palla

nzan

ii

Repo

rt if

foun

d ou

tsid

e kn

own

loca

tions

0800

80

99 6

6

Key

feat

ures

1 S

ingl

e sp

iral c

rown

of

elon

gate

d fil

amen

ts

proj

ects

from

tube

2 S

pira

l app

ears

yello

w-or

ange

, mad

e of

ban

ds o

f wh

ite, y

ello

w an

d br

own

3 T

ube

is b

rown

to

grey

, fine

ly ba

nded

, m

uddy

-look

ing,

mad

e of

a le

athe

ry, fl

exib

le

mat

eria

l; no

rmal

ly 10

–50

cm b

ut ra

rely

up

to 1

m lo

ng

4 B

ristle

lobe

s on

bod

y se

gmen

ts w

ith

bris

tles

set i

n a

spira

l pa

ttern

(evi

dent

whe

n wo

rm re

mov

ed fr

om tu

be)

5 T

ubes

may

be

evid

ent a

t lo

w tid

e

1

1

2

2

3

3 5

5 cm

5 cm 20

cm

6 C

an fo

rm d

ense

clu

mps

of m

any

indi

vidu

als,

cre

atin

g a

larg

e ar

ea

of fe

edin

g fa

ns

5

Geoff Read

Richard TaylorSerena Wilkens

19

1 N

o na

tive

sabe

llids

hav

e a

band

ed ye

llow-

oran

ge c

rown

like

Sab

ella

spal

lanz

anii

2 N

ativ

e sa

belli

ds h

ave

a no

n-el

onga

te, m

ore

flowe

r-lik

e, d

ense

r cro

wn, n

ot u

sual

ly sp

iralle

d; a

nd n

one

of th

em h

ave

spira

lled

body

bris

tles

3 A

ll na

tive

sabe

llid

fanw

orm

s ar

e sm

alle

r, wi

th tu

bes

rare

ly lo

nger

than

20

cm4

All

serp

ulid

fanw

orm

s ha

ve a

har

d wh

itish

cal

care

ous

tube

that

is a

ttach

ed to

the

subs

trate

alo

ng m

uch

or a

ll of

its

leng

th; S

abell

a ha

s a

flexib

le tu

be a

nd is

onl

y atta

ched

at o

ne e

nd

Nat

ive

sabe

llid

and

ser

pulid

tube

wor

ms

How

to d

iffer

entia

te S

abel

la s

palla

nzan

ii fr

om:

NAT

IVE

SPEC

IES

THAT

LO

OK

SIM

ILA

R

To re

port

susp

ecte

d m

arin

e pe

sts

or d

isea

ses

call

0800

80

99 6

6

4

4

5 cm

5 cm

5 cm

Geoff Read

Department of Conservation

Ken Grange

20

Hab

itat

• Lo

w in

terti

dal t

o 25

m, o

ccas

iona

lly

to 2

00 m

• Ro

cky r

eef,

mud

, san

d or

peb

bles

• W

harv

es, p

onto

ons

and

buoy

s

• Aq

uacu

lture

stru

ctur

es

• Es

tuar

ies,

har

bour

s an

d co

asts

• Sh

elte

red

to s

emi-e

xpos

ed e

nviro

nmen

ts

Impa

ct•

Fast

-gro

wing

• Fo

rms

vast

, den

se c

olon

ies

• Di

spla

ces

nativ

e an

d fis

herie

s sp

ecie

s

• Vo

raci

ous

pred

ator

• Hi

ghly

detri

men

tal t

o sh

ellfi

sh a

quac

ultu

re

and

wild

-har

vest

she

llfish

erie

s

NO

RTH

ERN

PA

CIFI

C SE

AST

AR

As

teri

as a

mur

ensi

s

‘If fo

und

anyw

here

in N

ew Z

eala

nd, i

mm

edia

tely

cal

l

0800

80

99 6

6

Key

feat

ures

1 F

ive

arm

s 2

Poi

nted

, ofte

n up

turn

ed

tips

3 Y

ello

w to

ora

nge,

ofte

n wi

th p

urpl

e m

arki

ngs

on

top;

yello

w un

dern

eath

4 A

rms

cove

red

with

nu

mer

ous

smal

l, irr

egul

arly-

arra

nged

ch

isel

-like

spi

nes

5 U

sual

ly up

to 2

4 cm

ac

ross

, but

can

reac

h

50 c

m6

Rea

ches

hig

h de

nsiti

es

2

2

3

4

4 6

6

10 c

m

10 c

m

Serena Wilkens

CSIRO Creative commons Flikr – Saspotato Serena Wilkens

21

1 W

ell-d

efine

d ro

ws o

f spi

nes

exte

ndin

g do

wn th

e ar

ms

2 P

ale

red

to o

rang

e, w

ith ye

llow

band

s an

d cr

eam

spi

nes

3 T

hin

arm

s4

Gen

eral

ly do

es n

ot h

ave

prom

inen

tly u

ptur

ned

arm

tips

unle

ss it

’s m

ovin

g al

ong

the

subs

trate

1 A

. poly

acan

thus

is g

ener

ally

brow

nish

red

to fa

wn w

ith a

dar

ker

cent

re2

Has

a ro

w of

spi

nes

exte

ndin

g la

tera

lly a

roun

d th

e ed

ges

of

the

arm

s3

A. p

olyac

anth

us d

oes

not g

ener

ally

have

pro

min

ently

upt

urne

d ar

mtip

s un

less

it’s

mov

ing

alon

g th

e su

bstra

te

1 A

. ins

igni

s is

oran

ge, r

ed o

r pur

ple

2 A

. ins

igni

s usu

ally

has

six a

rms

(occ

asio

nally

five

); As

teria

s alw

ays

has

five

arm

s3

A. i

nsig

nis h

as g

roup

s of

~3

spin

es

in ro

ws e

xten

ding

dow

n th

e ar

ms,

wh

ich

Aste

rias l

acks

4 A

. ins

igni

s doe

s no

t gen

eral

ly ha

ve

prom

inen

tly u

ptur

ned

arm

tips

unle

ss it

’s m

ovin

g al

ong

the

subs

trate

5 S

mal

ler b

ody (

< 3

5 cm

acr

oss)

Scle

rast

eria

s m

ollis

A

PR

ICO

T SE

AST

AR

/ C

RO

SS F

ISH

How

to d

iffer

entia

te A

ster

ias

amur

ensi

s fr

om:

Ast

rope

cten

pol

yaca

nthu

s C

OM

B S

EAST

AR

All

osti

chas

ter

insi

gnis

TH

REE

-AN

D-T

HR

EE

SEA

STA

R

11

2

2 2

2

3

3

1

34

4

NAT

IVE

SPEC

IES

THAT

LO

OK

SIM

ILA

R

To re

port

susp

ecte

d m

arin

e pe

sts

or d

isea

ses

call

0800

80

99 6

6

10 c

m

10 c

m20

cm

15 c

m

Serena Wilkens seafriends.org.nz

Paddy Ryan

Chris Woods

22

Hab

itat

• Lo

w in

terti

dal t

o 25

m, o

ccas

iona

lly

to 2

00 m

• Ro

cky r

eef,

mud

, san

d or

peb

bles

• W

harv

es, p

onto

ons

and

buoy

s

• Aq

uacu

lture

stru

ctur

es

• Es

tuar

ies,

har

bour

s an

d co

asts

• Sh

elte

red

to s

emi-e

xpos

ed e

nviro

nmen

ts

Impa

ct•

Fast

-gro

wing

• Fo

rms

vast

, den

se c

olon

ies

• Di

spla

ces

nativ

e an

d fis

herie

s sp

ecie

s

• Vo

raci

ous

pred

ator

• Hi

ghly

detri

men

tal t

o sh

ellfi

sh a

quac

ultu

re

and

wild

-har

vest

she

llfish

erie

s

NO

RTH

ERN

PA

CIFI

C SE

AST

AR

As

teri

as a

mur

ensi

s

‘If fo

und

anyw

here

in N

ew Z

eala

nd, i

mm

edia

tely

cal

l

0800

80

99 6

6

Key

feat

ures

1 F

ive

arm

s 2

Poi

nted

, ofte

n up

turn

ed

tips

3 Y

ello

w to

ora

nge,

ofte

n wi

th p

urpl

e m

arki

ngs

on

top;

yello

w un

dern

eath

4 A

rms

cove

red

with

nu

mer

ous

smal

l, irr

egul

arly-

arra

nged

ch

isel

-like

spi

nes

5 U

sual

ly up

to 2

4 cm

ac

ross

, but

can

reac

h

50 c

m6

Rea

ches

hig

h de

nsiti

es

2

2

3

4

4 6

6

10 c

m

10 c

m

Serena Wilkens

CSIRO Creative commons Flikr – Saspotato Serena Wilkens

21

1 W

ell-d

efine

d ro

ws o

f spi

nes

exte

ndin

g do

wn th

e ar

ms

2 P

ale

red

to o

rang

e, w

ith ye

llow

band

s an

d cr

eam

spi

nes

3 T

hin

arm

s4

Gen

eral

ly do

es n

ot h

ave

prom

inen

tly u

ptur

ned

arm

tips

unle

ss it

’s m

ovin

g al

ong

the

subs

trate

1 A

. poly

acan

thus

is g

ener

ally

brow

nish

red

to fa

wn w

ith a

dar

ker

cent

re2

Has

a ro

w of

spi

nes

exte

ndin

g la

tera

lly a

roun

d th

e ed

ges

of

the

arm

s3

A. p

olyac

anth

us d

oes

not g

ener

ally

have

pro

min

ently

upt

urne

d ar

mtip

s un

less

it’s

mov

ing

alon

g th

e su

bstra

te

1 A

. ins

igni

s is

oran

ge, r

ed o

r pur

ple

2 A

. ins

igni

s usu

ally

has

six a

rms

(occ

asio

nally

five

); As

teria

s alw

ays

has

five

arm

s3

A. i

nsig

nis h

as g

roup

s of

~3

spin

es

in ro

ws e

xten

ding

dow

n th

e ar

ms,

wh

ich

Aste

rias l

acks

4 A

. ins

igni

s doe

s no

t gen

eral

ly ha

ve

prom

inen

tly u

ptur

ned

arm

tips

unle

ss it

’s m

ovin

g al

ong

the

subs

trate

5 S

mal

ler b

ody (

< 3

5 cm

acr

oss)

Scle

rast

eria

s m

ollis

A

PR

ICO

T SE

AST

AR

/ C

RO

SS F

ISH

How

to d

iffer

entia

te A

ster

ias

amur

ensi

s fr

om:

Ast

rope

cten

pol

yaca

nthu

s C

OM

B S

EAST

AR

All

osti

chas

ter

insi

gnis

TH

REE

-AN

D-T

HR

EE

SEA

STA

R

11

2

2 2

2

3

3

1

34

4

NAT

IVE

SPEC

IES

THAT

LO

OK

SIM

ILA

R

To re

port

susp

ecte

d m

arin

e pe

sts

or d

isea

ses

call

0800

80

99 6

6

10 c

m

10 c

m20

cm

15 c

m

Serena Wilkens seafriends.org.nz

Paddy Ryan

Chris Woods

22

Hab

itat

• In

terti

dal t

o su

btid

al

• Sa

nd, m

ud, r

ock

or s

eagr

ass

beds

• Aq

uacu

lture

stru

ctur

es

• W

harv

es, p

onto

ons

and

buoy

s

• Es

tuar

ies,

har

bour

s an

d co

asts

• Sh

elte

red/

sem

i-she

ltere

d en

viro

nmen

ts

Impa

ct•

Can

form

den

se c

olon

ies

• Di

spla

ces

nativ

e an

d fis

herie

s sp

ecie

s

• Sm

othe

rs b

each

es, r

ocks

, tid

epoo

ls

• Fo

uls

boat

s, a

quac

ultu

re in

stal

latio

ns a

nd

othe

r mar

ine

stru

ctur

es

Key

feat

ures

1 W

hite

or c

ream

-col

oure

d cy

lindr

ical

tube

s (tu

nics

)2

Som

etim

es w

ith s

hort,

wa

rtlik

e pr

oces

ses

at

the

base

3 G

ener

ally

5–20

mm

in

dia

met

er4

Tun

ic g

ener

ally

5–30

cm

lo

ng b

ut c

an re

ach

1.5

m

5 T

unic

cont

ains

man

y sm

all i

ndivi

dual

or

gani

sms a

nd ca

n

som

etim

es a

ppea

r or

ange

-flec

ked

owin

g to

th

e pre

senc

e of b

right

or

ange

larv

ae

AU

STR

ALI

AN

DR

OP

LET

TUN

ICAT

E Eu

dist

oma

elon

gatu

m

Repo

rt if

foun

d ou

tsid

e kn

own

loca

tions

0800

80

99 6

6

11

2

2

5

5 cm

5 cm

5 cm

Sean Handley

H BlomfieldSean HandleyNorthland RC

5

23

1 D

idem

num

form

s m

ats

with

mes

sy in

terc

onne

cted

dro

opin

g en

twin

ed

tend

rils,

whe

reas

Eud

istom

a co

nsis

ts o

f dis

cret

e ci

rcul

ar tu

bes

2 A

fine

net

work

of r

egul

ar c

anal

s is

vis

ible

on

the

surfa

ce o

f Did

emnu

m b

ut

not o

n Eu

dist

oma,

whe

re th

e po

res

are

mor

e irr

egul

arly

dist

ribut

ed a

nd la

ck

visi

ble

cana

ls3

Eud

istom

a is

firm

and

gel

atin

ous

to th

e to

uch;

Did

emnu

m le

ss s

o an

d is

als

o ea

sily

torn

How

to d

iffer

entia

te E

udis

tom

a el

onga

tum

from

:

Did

emnu

m s

pp.

CO

LON

IAL

SEA

SQ

UIR

T

NAT

IVE

SPEC

IES

THAT

LO

OK

SIM

ILA

R

To re

port

susp

ecte

d m

arin

e pe

sts

or d

isea

ses

call

0800

80

99 6

6

1

2

1 cm

5 cm

Sean Handley Paul Barter, Cawthron Institute

24

Hab

itat

• Lo

w in

terti

dal t

o 25

m d

epth

• Ro

cky c

oast

and

reef

• Bo

at h

ulls

• W

harv

es, p

onto

ons

and

aqua

cultu

re

stru

ctur

es

• Gr

ows

on o

ther

org

anis

ms

Impa

ct•

Can

form

den

se c

olon

ies

excl

udin

g ot

her

orga

nism

s

• Hi

ghly

effe

ctiv

e fil

ter-f

eede

r

• Pr

eys

on la

rvae

of c

omm

erci

ally

impo

rtant

fis

herie

s sp

ecie

s

• Di

spla

ces

nativ

e an

d fis

herie

s sp

ecie

s

• Fo

uls

boat

s, a

quac

ultu

re in

stal

latio

ns a

nd

othe

r mar

ine

stru

ctur

es

CLU

BB

ED T

UN

ICAT

E/LE

ATH

ERY

SEA

SQ

UIR

TSt

yela

cla

va

Repo

rt if

foun

d ou

tsid

e kn

own

loca

tions

0800

80

99 6

6

Key

feat

ures

1 B

rown

with

lum

py,

leat

hery

ski

n2

Woo

dy s

talk

, gen

eral

ly lo

nger

than

the

body

, wi

th lo

ngitu

dina

l fol

ds

3 T

wo c

lose

ly sp

aced

si

phon

s at

the

top

of th

e bo

dy, u

sual

ly su

rroun

ded

by w

arty

pro

ject

ions

1

1

2

2

3

3

5 cm

5 cm

5 cm

5 cm

Jeannine Fischer

Chris WoodsNorthland RC Biopix: JC Schou

25

1 S

tyela

is li

ght o

r dar

k br

own;

Py

ura

is w

hite

to p

urpl

ish-

red

2 P

yura

has

a m

uch

long

er s

talk

–

up to

thre

e-qu

arte

rs o

f its

ove

rall

leng

th –

and

can

gro

w to

ove

r hal

f a

met

re lo

ng; S

tyela

onl

y rea

ches

16

cm3

Pyu

ra h

as a

bul

bous

bod

y with

rid

ges

alon

g its

leng

th; S

tyela

’s bo

dy la

cks

ridge

s al

ong

its le

ngth

1 N

eith

er C

nem

idoc

arpa

spec

ies

has

a

stal

k2

C. b

iornu

ta h

as a

wid

e sa

ddle

be

twee

n th

e si

phon

s, w

here

as

Stye

la’s

siph

ons

are

clos

e to

geth

er

3 C

. nisi

otis

has s

ipho

ns a

t opp

osite

en

ds of

the b

ody.

The b

ody i

s flat

tene

d ag

ains

t the

subs

trate

, not

stal

ked

4 T

he b

ody o

f C. n

isiot

is ca

n

be o

bscu

red

by h

eavy

foul

ing,

wh

erea

s St

yela

is a

lway

s pr

omin

ent

1 S

. plic

ata

has

no s

talk

2 G

ener

ally

has

a sm

ooth

, whi

te to

cr

eam

-col

oure

d bo

dy a

nd is

not

us

ually

foul

ed w

ith o

ther

spe

cies

su

ch a

s hy

droi

ds a

nd b

ryoz

oans

Pyu

ra p

achy

derm

atin

a SE

A T

ULI

P

How

to d

iffer

entia

te S

tyel

a cl

ava

from

:

Cne

mid

ocar

pa b

icor

nuta

an

d C

. nis

ioti

sSt

yela

plic

ata

Pyur

aSt

yela

NAT

IVE

SPEC

IES

THAT

LO

OK

SIM

ILA

R

To re

port

susp

ecte

d m

arin

e pe

sts

or d

isea

ses

call

0800

80

99 6

6

1

1

2

22

23

33

3

4

S. p

licat

a

S. cl

ava

5 cm

5 cm

5 cm

5 cm

5 cm

5 cm

Jeannine Fischer Mike Page

John Barkla

Mike Page

Chris Woods

Serena Wilkens

26

Hab

itat

• Lo

w in

terti

dal t

o 25

m d

epth

• Ro

cky c

oast

and

reef

• Bo

at h

ulls

• W

harv

es, p

onto

ons

and

aqua

cultu

re

stru

ctur

es

• Gr

ows

on o

ther

org

anis

ms

Impa

ct•

Can

form

den

se c

olon

ies

excl

udin

g ot

her

orga

nism

s

• Hi

ghly

effe

ctiv

e fil

ter-f

eede

r

• Pr

eys

on la

rvae

of c

omm

erci

ally

impo

rtant

fis

herie

s sp

ecie

s

• Di

spla

ces

nativ

e an

d fis

herie

s sp

ecie

s

• Fo

uls

boat

s, a

quac

ultu

re in

stal

latio

ns a

nd

othe

r mar

ine

stru

ctur

es

CLU

BB

ED T

UN

ICAT

E/LE

ATH

ERY

SEA

SQ

UIR

TSt

yela

cla

va

Repo

rt if

foun

d ou

tsid

e kn

own

loca

tions

0800

80

99 6

6

Key

feat

ures

1 B

rown

with

lum

py,

leat

hery

ski

n2

Woo

dy s

talk

, gen

eral

ly lo

nger

than

the

body

, wi

th lo

ngitu

dina

l fol

ds

3 T

wo c

lose

ly sp

aced

si

phon

s at

the

top

of th

e bo

dy, u

sual

ly su

rroun

ded

by w

arty

pro

ject

ions

1

1

2

2

3

3

5 cm

5 cm

5 cm

5 cm

Jeannine Fischer

Chris WoodsNorthland RC Biopix: JC Schou

25

1 S

tyela

is li

ght o

r dar

k br

own;

Py

ura

is w

hite

to p

urpl

ish-

red

2 P

yura

has

a m

uch

long

er s

talk

–

up to

thre

e-qu

arte

rs o

f its

ove

rall

leng

th –

and

can

gro

w to

ove

r hal

f a

met

re lo

ng; S

tyela

onl

y rea

ches

16

cm3

Pyu

ra h

as a

bul

bous

bod

y with

rid

ges

alon

g its

leng

th; S

tyela

’s bo

dy la

cks

ridge

s al

ong

its le

ngth

1 N

eith

er C

nem

idoc

arpa

spec

ies

has

a

stal

k2

C. b

iornu

ta h

as a

wid

e sa

ddle

be

twee

n th

e si

phon

s, w

here

as

Stye

la’s

siph

ons

are

clos

e to

geth

er

3 C

. nisi

otis

has s

ipho

ns a

t opp

osite

en

ds of

the b

ody.

The b

ody i

s flat

tene

d ag

ains

t the

subs

trate

, not

stal

ked

4 T

he b

ody o

f C. n

isiot

is ca

n

be o

bscu

red

by h

eavy

foul

ing,

wh

erea

s St

yela

is a

lway

s pr

omin

ent

1 S

. plic

ata

has

no s

talk

2 G

ener

ally

has

a sm

ooth

, whi

te to

cr

eam

-col

oure

d bo

dy a

nd is

not

us

ually

foul

ed w

ith o

ther

spe

cies

su

ch a

s hy

droi

ds a

nd b

ryoz

oans

Pyu

ra p

achy

derm

atin

a SE

A T

ULI

P

How

to d

iffer

entia

te S

tyel

a cl

ava

from

:

Cne

mid

ocar

pa b

icor

nuta

an

d C

. nis

ioti

sSt

yela

plic

ata

Pyur

aSt

yela

NAT

IVE

SPEC

IES

THAT

LO

OK

SIM

ILA

R

To re

port

susp

ecte

d m

arin

e pe

sts

or d

isea

ses

call

0800

80

99 6

6

1

1

2

22

23

33

3

4

S. p

licat

a

S. cl

ava

5 cm

5 cm

5 cm

5 cm

5 cm

5 cm

Jeannine Fischer Mike Page

John Barkla

Mike Page

Chris Woods

Serena Wilkens

26

Hab

itat

• Ro

cky i

nter

tidal

and

sha

llow

subt

idal

• Gr

ows

on h

ard

surfa

ces

in s

oft s

edim

ents

Nat

ive

spec

ies

that

look

si

mila

r:•

No n

ativ

e sp

ecie

s lo

ok s

imila

r to

pyur

a

Impa

ct•

Form

s de

nse

popu

latio

ns o

r mat

s, a

nd c

an

surv

ive

over

a w

ide

geog

raph

ical

rang

e

• Co

uld

disp

lace

impo

rtant

nat

ive

New

Zeal

and

spec

ies,

incl

udin

g gr

eens

hell

mus

sels

PYU

RA

Py

ura

dopp

elga

nger

a

Repo

rt if

foun

d ou

tsid

e kn

own

loca

tions

0800

80

99 6

6

Key

feat

ures

1 F

latte

ned

uppe

r sur

face

su

rroun

ded

by a

ridg

e wi

th tw

o si

phon

s pr

ojec

ting

slig

htly

from

th

e ce

ntre

2 H

ard,

sac

-like

bod

y with

br

own

or re

ddis

h-br

own

leat

hery

ski

n, o

ften

inco

rpor

atin

g sa

nd a

nd

shel

l fra

gmen

ts

3 A

dults

1.5

–6 c

m h

igh

and

3–5

cm in

dia

met

er,

squa

t and

glo

bula

r in

shap

e

4 C

olon

ies

may

form

a

dens

e m

at, w

hich

may

be

vis

ible

at l

ow ti

de

12

2

3

4

3 cm

5 cm

5 cm

10 c

m

Roger Grace

Bruce HaywardSerena WilkensNRC

27

Habitat

• Rocky intertidal and shallow subtidal

• Grows on hard surfaces in soft sediments

Native species that look

similar:

• No native species look similar to pyura

Impact

• Forms dense populations or mats, and can

survive over a wide geographical range

• Could displace important native New Zealand

species, including greenshell mussels

PYURA

Pyura doppelgangera


0800 80 99 66

Key features

1 Flattened upper surface

surrounded by a ridge

with two siphons

projecting slightly from

the centre

2 Hard, sac-like body with

brown or reddish-brown

leathery skin, often

incorporating sand and

shell fragments

3 Adults 1.5–6 cm high

and 3–5 cm in diameter,

squat and globular in

shape

4 Colonies may form a

dense mat, which may

be visible at low tide

1

2

2

3

4

3 cm

5 cm

5 cm

10 cm

Roger Grace

Bruce Hayward Serena Wilkens NRC27

Habitat




similar:


Impact

• Forms dense populations or mats, and can

survive over a wide geographical range



PYURA

Pyura doppelgangera


0800 80 99 66

Key features

1 Flattened upper surface

surrounded by a ridge

with two siphons

projecting slightly from

the centre

2 Hard, sac-like body with

brown or reddish-brown

leathery skin, often

incorporating sand and

shell fragments


and 3–5 cm in diameter,

squat and globular in

shape

4 Colonies may form a

dense mat, which may


1

2

2

3

4

3 cm

5 cm5 cm

10 cm

Roger Grace

Bruce HaywardSerena WilkensNRC27

Habitat




similar:


Impact

• Forms dense populations or m

ats, and can survive over a wide geographical range



PYUR

A

Pyura doppelgangera


0800 80 99 66

Key features

1 Flattened upper surface surrounded by a ridge with two siphons projecting slightly from

the centre

2 Hard, sac-like body with brown or reddish-brown leathery skin, often incorporating sand and shell fragm

ents


and 3–5 cm in diam

eter, squat and globular in shape

4 Colonies may form

a dense m

at, which may


12

2

3

4

3 cm

5 cm

5 cm

10 cm

Roger Grace

Bruce Hayward Serena Wilkens NRC

27

Ack

now

ledg

emen

tsM

any p

eopl

e pr

ovid

ed v

alua

ble

inpu

t to

the

cont

ent,

desi

gn a

nd p

rodu

ctio

n of

this

doc

umen

t, fro

m M

PI

and

the

wide

r sci

ence

com

mun

ity, a

nd w

e th

ank

you

all f

or yo

ur in

valu

able

inpu

t. Of

par

ticul

ar n

ote,

in

alph

abet

ical

ord

er, R

ose

Bird

(MPI

), Li

sa M

aria

(MPI

), Br

uce

Mar

shal

l (NI

WA)

, Col

in M

cLay

(Uni

vers

ity o

f Ca

nter

bury

), Ka

te N

eill

(NIW

A), W

endy

Nel

son

(NIW

A),

Mik

e Pa

ge (N

IWA)

, Anj

ali P

ande

(MPI

), Ge

off R

ead

(NIW

A), S

eren

a W

ilken

s (N

IWA)

, Ris

sa W

illia

ms

(MPI

), pl

us a

ll th

e ph

oto

cont

ribut

ors

who

have

gra

ciou

sly

allo

wed

us to

use

thei

r im

ages

. Fro

nt c

over

illu

stra

tion

by A

riseC

reat

ions

Col

ombi

a.

Colla

ted

by Ti

m R

idin

g &

Hern

ando

Aco

sta.

Edite

d by

Mik

e Br

adst

ock,

Bra

dsto

ck E

dito

rial S

ervi

ces.

Desi

gned

by D

ink

Desi

gn L

td.

Pub

licat

ion

Cit

atio

nAl

l tex

t lic

ense

d un

der t

he C

reat

ive

Com

mon

s At

tribu

tion

4.0

New

Zeal

and

Lice

nce

unle

ss o

ther

wise

sta

ted.

Al

l non

-tex

t con

tent

is s

ubje

ct to

spe

cific

con

ditio

ns.

If us

ing

text

con

tain

ed w

ithin

this

pub

licat

ion,

ple

ase

refe

renc

e ap

prop

riate

ly:

Min

istry

for P

rimar

y Ind

ustri

es (2

015)

. New

Zea

land

M

arin

e Pe

st ID

Gui

de. M

inis

try fo

r Prim

ary I

ndus

tries

, W

ellin

gton

. 30p

p.

ISBN

num

bers

: 97

8-1-

7766

5-11

2-2

(prin

t) 97

8-1-

7766

5-11

3-9

(onl

ine) To

repo

rt su

spec

ted

mar

ine

pest

s or

dis

ease

s ca

ll

0800

80

99 6

6

0 cm

1 cm

2 cm

3 cm

4 cm

5 cm

6 cm

7 cm

8 cm

9 cm

10 c

m

11 c

m

12 c

m

13 c

m

14 c

m

15 c

m

Ack

now

ledg

emen

tsM

any p

eopl

e pr

ovid

ed v

alua

ble

inpu

t to

the

cont

ent,

desi

gn a

nd p

rodu

ctio

n of

this

doc

umen

t, fro

m M

PI

and

the

wide

r sci

ence

com

mun

ity, a

nd w

e th

ank

you

all f

or yo

ur in

valu

able

inpu

t. Of

par

ticul

ar n

ote,

in

alph

abet

ical

ord

er, R

ose

Bird

(MPI

), Li

sa M

aria

(MPI

), Br

uce

Mar

shal

l (NI

WA)

, Col

in M

cLay

(Uni

vers

ity o

f Ca

nter

bury

), Ka

te N

eill

(NIW

A), W

endy

Nel

son

(NIW

A),

Mik

e Pa

ge (N

IWA)

, Anj

ali P

ande

(MPI

), Ge

off R

ead

(NIW

A), S

eren

a W

ilken

s (N

IWA)

, Ris

sa W

illia

ms

(MPI

), pl

us a

ll th

e ph

oto

cont

ribut

ors

who

have

gra

ciou

sly

allo

wed

us to

use

thei

r im

ages

. Fro

nt c

over

illu

stra

tion

by A

riseC

reat

ions

Col

ombi

a.

Colla

ted

by Ti

m R

idin

g &

Hern

ando

Aco

sta.

Edite

d by

Mik

e Br

adst

ock,

Bra

dsto

ck E

dito

rial S

ervi

ces.

Desi

gned

by D

ink

Desi

gn L

td.

Pub

licat

ion

Cit

atio

nAl

l tex

t lic

ense

d un

der t

he C

reat

ive

Com

mon

s At

tribu

tion

4.0

New

Zeal

and

Lice

nce

unle

ss o

ther

wise

sta

ted.

Al

l non

-tex

t con

tent

is s

ubje

ct to

spe

cific

con

ditio

ns.

If us

ing

text

con

tain

ed w

ithin

this

pub

licat

ion,

ple

ase

refe

renc

e ap

prop

riate

ly:

Min

istry

for P

rimar

y Ind

ustri

es (2

015)

. New

Zea

land

M

arin

e Pe

st ID

Gui

de. M

inis

try fo

r Prim

ary I

ndus

tries

, W

ellin

gton

. 30p

p.

ISBN

num

bers

: 97

8-1-

7766

5-11

2-2

(prin

t) 97

8-1-

7766

5-11

3-9

(onl

ine) To

repo

rt su

spec

ted

mar

ine

pest

s or

dis

ease

s ca

ll

0800

80

99 6

6

0 cm

1 cm

2 cm

3 cm

4 cm

5 cm

6 cm

7 cm

8 cm

9 cm

10 c

m

11 c

m

12 c

m

13 c

m

14 c

m

15 c

m

Chatham Islands Council PO Box 24 Tuku Road Waitangi Chatham Islands

Ph: (03) 3050 033 (03) 3050 034 Fax: (03) 3050 044 Email: [email protected] Web: www.cic.govt.nz Report Number R17/6

chatham islands · 2018. 7. 5. · 1. surveillance and control of plant and animal pests already on...

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