cnsx protein

8/9/2019 CNSX Protein

1/661

B GIO DC V O TOI HC NNG

TRNG I HC BCH KHOA

BI GING MN HC

CNG NGH SN XUT PROTEIN,AXIT AMIN V AXIT HU C

BIN SON: TRNG TH MINH HNHB MN CNG NGH THC PHM SINH HC

NNG, NM 2006


2/662

MC LC

PHN I: CNG NGH SN XUT PROTEIN TVI SINH VT

Mu

- Gii thiu chung vng hng sn xut protein- Nhu cu protein v kh nng sn xut protein trn th gii

Chng 1: Khi nim chung v vi sinh vt

1.1. Cc vi sinh vt tng hp protein v a xit amin- To- Nm men v vi khun- Nm mc v x khun

1.2. Qu trnh dinh dng t bo vi sinh vt1.3. Cch sinh tng hp protein1.4.Cc yu t t6ng hp protein

Chng 2: S dy chuyn cng ngh thu nhn cc sn phm protein

2.1. Nguyn liu v phng php x l2.2. Nui cy vi sinh vt2.3. Tch protein, c c v sy

Chng 3: Sn xut protein tcc ngun hydrat cacbon

3.1. Nui cy vi sinh vt trn dch thy phn cc nguyn liu thc vt3.2. Nui cy vi sinh vt trn dch thy phn than bn3.3. Nui cy vi sinh vt trn dch thy phn g3.4. Nui cy vi sinh vt trn nguyn liu polysacarit cha thy phn3.5. Nui cy vi sinh vt trn b ru t nguyn liu ht v rng

- c tnh nguyn liu- X l nguyn liu- S dy chuyn cng ngh

Chng 4: Cng ngh sn xut protein tngun cacbua du m, kht

4.1. Nui cy vi sinh vt trn nguyn liu cacbua hydro lng4.2. Nui cy vi sinh vt trn kh cacbua hidro

Chng 5: Sn xut thc n protein tvi sinh vt

5.1. Protein t nm men5.2. Protein t to v vi khun

5.3. Protein t nm si

PHN II: CNG NGH SN XUT CC AXIT AMIN

Chng 1: Khi qut chung v axit amin

1.1. c tnh ca cc axit amin, vai tr v ng dng1.2. Cchiu chnh sinh tng hp cc axit amin1.3. Cc phng php sn xut cc axit amin


3/663

Chng 2: Sn xut lizin

2.1. Tng hp lizin t t bo vi sinh vt2.2.Nguyn liu v phng php x l2.3. Qu trnh sinh tng hp lizin2.4. Tch v sy lizin2.5. S cng ngh sn xut lizin

Chng 3: Sn xut axit glutamic

3.1. Mt s phng php sn xut axit glutamic3.2. Tng hp axit glutamic t vi sinh vt3.3. Cc yu tnh hng n qu trnh sinh tng hp axit glutamic t rng

Chng 4 : Sn xut valin v triptophan

4.1. Ngun nguyn liu4.2. Ngun vi sinh vt tng hp4.3. S dy chuyn cng ngh

PHN III: CNG NGH SN XUT CC AXIT HU C

Mu

Chng 1: Axit xitric

1.1. Mt s khi nim chung1.2. Csl thuyt ca qu trnh ln men axit xitric1.3. Ging vi sinh vt v phng php nui cy1.4. Chun b mi trng nui cy

1.5. Ln men1.5.1. Phng php ln men b mt1.5.2. Phng php ln men b su

1.6. Cc yu tnh hng n qu trnh1.7. X l dch ln men bng phng php ha hc v thu nhn sn phm L: Trung ha -Phn gii xitrat caxi - Lc - Kt tinh - Sy

Chng 2: Axit lactic

2.1.Khi nim chung2.2.Vi sinh vt v nguyn liu2.3. Csl thuyt ca qu trnh ln men lactic

2.4. S cng ngh sn xut axit lactic2.4.1. Ln men lactic2.4.2.X l dch ln men - lc2.4.3. Phn gii lactac canxi2.4.4. C c

Chng 3: Axit axetic

3.1. Mu - Khi nim chung3.2. Nguyn liu v vi sinh vt


4/664

3.3. Csl thuyt ca qu trnh ln men axetic3.4. Cc phng php ln men axetic3.5. Chng ct axit axetic3.6. S cng ngh sn xut axit axetic

TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Nguync Lng, Cng ngh vi sinh tp 2, Nh xut bni hc Quc gia thnh phH Ch Minh, 20022. Lng c Phm, H Xng, Vi sinh tng h p, Nh xut bn khoa hc

v k thut, H Ni,1978

3. TS Nguyn Hu Phc, Gio trnh cng ngh vi sinh, Thnh phH Ch Minh, 20014. PGS. TS Trn Minh Tm, Cng ngh vi sinh ng dng, Nh xut bn nng nghip, Thnh

phH Ch Minh, 20005. Robert Noyes , Protein food supplement, Noyes Development corporation, Park Ridge, New

Jerbey, USA (1969)6. Richard I Matelles and Steven, Single - Cell Protein, R. Tanneebaum Editors, Cambrige,

Massachusettes and London, England (1978)

PHN 1

CNG NGH SN XUT PROTEIN

MU

1. Vai tr ca protein i vi con ngi:

- Cth ngi v ng vt thng xuyn i hi cung cp cc cht dinh dngc trong thc n c th tin hnh trao i cht, trc ht nhm duy tr s sng, tngcng sinh trng v pht trin.

- Thc n, ngoi nc cn gm nhng nhm cht: protein, cht bo, gluxit,

vitamin, mui khong, cc cht gia v, trong phn qu him nht l protein.- Protein l ngun nitduy nht cho ngi v ng vt. Trong qu trnh tiu

ho ca ngi v ng vt, protein phn gii thnh khong 20 axit amin thnh phn,trong c 8 axit amin khng thay th (hoc 9 i vi tr em, 10 i vi ln v 11 ivi gia cm) cn phi c sn trong thc n. Nu khng nhn c cc axit amin ny cth s b bnh hoc cht.

- Thiu protein s dn n nhiu bnh tt ht sc him ngho:


5/665

+ Bnh thiu protein ln u tin c pht hin Chu Phi, c tn gi quc tl Kwashiokor, hin ny l bnh ph bin nhiu vng trn th gii. Tr em mc bnhny chm ln, ci cc, km pht trin v tr tu. Bnh ny c thiu tr bng cchthm vo khu phn bnh nhn mt lng thch ng cc loi protein c phm cht ttnh cazein. Tuy nhin nhiu ti liu cho thy s km pht trin v tr tu v bnh nykhng phc hi c v nh hng n ton b cuc i ca bnh nhn.

+ V mt sinh l, thiu protein dn n gim th trng. Hng ngy cth ngitrng thnh c ti 100 t t bo cht v cn thay th. Thiu protein th trc ht

protein ca gan, mu v cht nhy nim mc, rut c huy ng b p. V nhvy s dn n suy gan, s lng khng th trong mu gim i, sc khng ca cthi vi bnh b yu.

+ V nhu cu protein ca ngi, nhiu nh nghin cu cho bit dao ng trongkhong 80 120g/ngy.

2. nh ngha v sinh khi:

Sinh khi l ton b t bo vi sinh vt (biomas) thu nhn c trong qu trnh

ln men. N c s dng nh mt ngun dinh dng protein cho ngi v ng vt,i khi ng ngha vi protein n bo (single cell protein SCP).

3. Protein n bo v a bo:

Cm t protein n bo c dng ch ngun protein mi tm ra t nhngc th n bo (t vi sinh vt), phn bit n vi protein t ng vt v thc vt(protein a bo v protein truyn thng).

3.1. Protein a bo: l ngun dinh dng quan trng nui sng loi ngi ttrc ti nay. y l ngun cung cp protein quan trng nht.

Tuy nhin, do tc pht trin dn s qu nhanh nn ngun protein ny khngcn cung cp cho nhu cu ngy cng tng ca con ngi. Hin nay trn th giic khong 2/3 dn sang ng trc thc trng thiu v i protein, cn 1/3 dn sli c cp s lng protein d tha so vi nhu cu. Nguyn nhn:

- S phn phi khng ng u ngun protein a bo gia cc quc gia v giacc vng dn c trong mt quc gia.

- Trnh k thut v pht trin ngun protein a bo khng ng u.

- S khc nhau viu kin a l: nhng vng sa mc t nhin hoc vng ciu kin kh hu khng thun li cho trng trt v chn nui.

- Do chnh con ngi gy ra nh tnh trng nhim mi trng, nhim ngunnc, rng tha, i trc, sng con, s khai thc thiu khoa hc lm cc ngun thy

hi sn ngy cng cn kit v .v..Cc gii php tng nhanh ngun protein a bo:

- Ci bin h thng di truyn ca cy trng v vt nui: thc phm c chbin t ngun ng vt v thc vt bin i gen gi l thc phm bin i gen.Chng trnh GMO (chng trnh cth bin i gen) gp nhiu kin phn i chtrch v cho rng thc phm bin i gen c th to ra nhng bnh tt cho ngi v


6/666

ng vt. Tuy nhin cho n nay nhiu nc nh M, Trung Quc v mt s nc vnpht trin mnh cc loi u, c chua, bp bin i gen.

- Pht trin k thut di truyn nhng vn khng ngng nghin cu nng cao hnna k thut truyn thng trong trng trt v chn nui.

3.2. Protein n bo:

Protein n bo l thut ng ch mt loi cht dinh dng c trong t bo v chc sn xut t vi sinh vt. Thut ng ny khng chn gin l protein t t bo cacthn bo, v rt nhiu vi sinh vt khng phi l cthn bo m vn khai thcchng. Do , thut ng ny nn hiu l ngun dinh dng cha nhiu protein t visinh vt (t vi khun, nm men, nm si v to).

Protein n bo l hng nghin cu mnh m hin nay gii quyt vn thiu ht protein.

3.2.1. Lch spht trin:

Thut ng protein n bo c t nhng nm 50 ca th k 20 nhng thc t loi

ngi bit s dng loi protein ny v cc cht c trong t bo vi sinh vt t rt lu:lm bnh m, sa chua, phomat, bia bng hot ng sng ca vi sinh vt d khng hiuvi sinh vt l g. Mi n th k 17, ngi ta mi bit n vi sinh vt l mt sinh vtth ba sau ng vt v thc vt.

Trc th k 20, vic s dng vi sinh vt trong cc qu trnh ch bin thcphm hon ton mang tnh truyn thng v iu kin t nhin. Vic nghin cu vsn xut protein n bo cn xa l vi loi ngi, nht l vi qui m cng nghip.

u th k th I, nh my sn xut sinh khi nm men c coi l nh my utin sn xut protein n bo ti c vi phng php nui Candida utilis cn gi lnm men Torula. Sau , mi quan tm ca c gim i nhng n nm 1930, cmphc hi v mrng sn xut, nng sut nm men l 15.000 Tn/nm, trn csnui trn dch kim sunfit, dch thi ca cng nghip xenluloza, lm thc phm phcv trong qun i v dn thng, ch yu l nu canh v lm xc xch. Sau nm 1950,

phong tro sn xut SCP lan rng khp Chu u, M. Tuy nhin tt c vn qui mva v nh, ch yu cho chn nui v c th chit tch tinh sch protein lm thcn nhn to hoc b sung vo cc ngun ch bin TP. Vo lc din ra hi ngh ln thI v SCP ti Vin K thut Massachusett (MIT) nm 1967, a s cc d n ch minm trong thc nghim, ch s hng British Petroleum (BP) l c bo co v nhng ktqu ca qu trnh ln men SCP qui m cng nghip (CNG NGHIP). Nhng nhi ngh ln th II hp vo nm 1973 th nhiu hng ca nhiu nc khc nhau btu sn xut SCP qui m CNG NGHIP. Cng bt u t nm 1973, CNG

NGHIP sn xut SCP c nhng bc pht trin nhy vt do vic s dnghidrocabon ca du m, kh t lm ngun cabon v nng lng rt c hiu qu. Vynguyn nhn no dn n vic nhiu nc phi sn xut SCP? Sn xut SCP l ngun

protein c cht lng cao thay th cc loi bt dinh dng lm t cc ht cha du nhu tng hoc bt c dnh cho ng vt s gii quyt c 2 vn :

+ Tng ngun u tng c, v c ng cc cho dinh dng ngi.

+ Cc nc Chu u, Nga, Nht v mt s vng khc khng trng c utng, do SCP s gip cho nc khng ph thuc vo vic nhp khu protein.


7/667

+ Trong t bo vi sinh vt, ngoi hm lng protein tng i ln cn c cht bo, vitamin v cc cht khong, nng sut ca vi sainh vt vt xa nng sut cytrng v vt nui trong cng nghip nhiu ln.

3.2.2. c im ca sn xut Protein n bo:

- Chi ph lao ng t hn nhiu so vi sn xut nng nghip.

- C th sn xut bt ka im no trn tri t, khng chu nh hng cakh hu thi tit, cc qu trnh cng nghip , d ckh ho v tng ho.

- Nng sut cao: vi sinh vt c tc sinh sn mnh, kh nng tng trngnhanh. Ch trong mt thi gian ngn c th thu nhn c mt khi lng sinh khi rtln; thi gian ny c tnh bng gi, cn ng vt v thc vt, tnh bng thng hochng chc nm.

- S dng cc ngun nguyn liu r tin v hiu sut chuyn ho cao. Ccnguyn liu thng l ph phm, ph phm ca cc ngnh khc nh rng, dchkim sufit, parafin du m v..v.. , thm ch c nc thi ca mt qu trnh sn xut no. Hiu sut chuyn ho cao: hidrat cacbon c chuyn ho ti 50%, cacbuahidro

ti 100% thnh cht kh ca t bo.- Hm lng protein trong t bo rt cao: vi khun l 60 -70%, nm men l

40-50% cht kh v..v Hm lng ny cn ph thuc vo loi v chu nhiu nhhng ca iu kin nui cy. Cn ch rng hm lng protein y ch bao hm

protein ch khng gm c thnh phn nitphi protein khi xc nh theo phng phpnittng s ca Kjeldal, nh axit nucleic, cc peptit ca thnh phn t bo.

- Cht lng protein cao: Nhiu axit amin c trong vi sinh vt vi hm lngcao, ging nh trong sn phm ca tht, sa v hn hn protein ca thc vt. Protein visinh vt c bit giu lizin, l mt li th ln khi b sung thc n v chn nui, vtrong thc n thng thiu axit amin ny. Tri li, hm lng cc axit amin cha lu

hunh li thp.- Kh nng tiu ho ca protein: c phn hn ch bi thnh phn phi protein

nh axit nucleic, peptit ca thnh t bo, hn na, chnh thnh v v t bo vi sinh vtkh cho cc enzim tiu ho i qua.

- An ton v mt c t: Trong sn xut protien n bo khng dng vi sinh vtgy bnh cng nh loi cha thnh phn c hoc nghi ng. V vy n nay hu nhSCP ch dng trong dinh dng ng vt.

- Nhng vn k thut: Sinh khi vi sinh vt phi tch v x l. Vn ny ph thuc ch yu vo kch thc t bo. Sinh khi nm men d tch bng li tmhn vi khun. Ngoi ra, vi sinh vt no c kh nng sinh trng mt cao s chonng sut cao, sinh trng tt nhit cao (c tnh cht a nhit v chu nhit) sgim chi ph v lm ngui trong sn xut, t mn cm vi tp nhim v..v.. s dng ccngun cacbon r tin, chuyn ho cng nhiu cng tt .. th sc dng trong snxut. V vy nm men c s dng ch yu trong sn xut protein n bo.

Nh vy u im ca sn xut protein n bo l c th phn lp v la chncc chng vi sinh vt c ch v thch hp cho cc qui trnh cng ngh, cho tng nguynliu 1 cch tng i nhanh v d dng.


8/668

CHNG 1

KHI NIM CHUNG V VI SINH VT

Protein ca vi sinh vt ch yu c tng hp hnh thnh cc enzim. V vyphn ln nm trong t bo, mt s rt t c tch ra ngoi mi trng.

Yu cu ca cc chng vi sinh vt dng trong sn xut:

- Thi gian nhn i ngn.

- C kh nng to thnh 40-70% protein.

- Tiu ho ti a cc cht dinh dng ca mi trng.

- Khng gy bnh v em vo mi trng c t.

- C sc bn cao v chu c iu kin nui cy khng v trng.

- D tch khi dch nui cy trong iu kin tuyn ni (flotation) v li tm tch.

1. Cc nhm vi sinh vt tng hp protein:1.1. To n bo v a bo

1.1.1. Vai tr ca to trong i sng

To theo ting Latin l Algue c ngha l c bin, nhng thc ra trong ncngt cng nh trong t, trong thn v l cy, trong bo hoa du v..v u c to.

Trong t nhin c nhiu loi to c hm lng protein cao nhng khng sdng cho ngi v gia sc v c c t. Mt s to l mn n dn gian nhiu a

phng nh: Trung v ng , Nam M hay dng to lam, Bolovi v mt s nc Nam M dng loi Nostae commune (Sphaeronostos commune), Trung Quc dngloi Nematonostos Flagelliforme, Chu Phi vt loi to lam a bo Spirulinamaxima cc ao h giu mui canxi lm thc n bi b v dng lm mt s thuccha bnh nh ph chn, au rng v ng tiu ho. T, to Spirulina c nhiunc trn th gii a vo sn xut cng nghip. Khong nm 1970, nhng nh khoahc ngi Php pht hin ra to c kh nng pht trin nhanh v c hm lng proteincao nn h nghin cu v xy dng c nhng qui nh cng ngh sn xut to.

n nay ch c 3 loi to n bo sn xut qui m ln v c kinh t cao l:

+ Chlorella

+ Spirulina

+ Scenedesmus.

trong hai loi Chlorella v Spirulina c sn xut nhiu hn c.

1.1.2. u im ca to n bo:

- Gi tr dinh dng ca to cao v phm vi ng dng rng ri:

+ To n bo c hm lng protein rt cao (chim khong 40-55% cht kh),ring to Spirrlina c cha ti 70%.


9/669

+ Protein ca to thuc loi protein hon ho v c cht lng cao. Hm lngaxit amin ca nhng protein trong to gn vi qui nh protein tiu chun, c bit llizin trong protein ca to cao hn hn lizin ca la mch. Tng s axit amin khngthay th trong protein rt cao, c khi ln n 42% (bng 1 v bng 2).

+ To cha nhiu protein v vitamin (VTM) (nht l VTM B12 v C) nn csn xut lm thc n cho ngi, gia sc, gia cm v tm c.

+ Gi tr dinh dng ca to cn th hin cht lng v s lng ca ccVTM c trong . To Chlorella c nhiu VTM A, nhm VTM B, trong t bo ti crt nhiu VTM C. Ngoi ra c rt nhiu VTM B, K, axit aconitic, axit pantotenic,

biotin, lencophorin trong cc loi to.

- Cho n nay cha tm thy c t no nguy him tn ti trong sinh khi to.

- c im ca t bo cc loi to l c cht dip lc (chlorophyll). Cht ny cvai tr quan trng trong vic cnh nng lng nh sng mt tri ca to. V vy tol loi sinh vt t dng, chng hon ton c kh nng quang hp m cc gii hin visinh vt khc khng c.

- To c kch thc t bo ln, hon ton c thp ng ti mi yu cu kthut, c bit thun li trong giai on thu nhn.

- Khng b virus tn cng, sng trong nhng iu kin n gin.

- To c kh nng lm sch cc ngun nc bn, gi v sinh mi trng. Tolam c th tham gia qu trnh cnh nitca khng kh v nhnhng tnh cht c

bit ca mnh, to lam li cun s ch ca cc nh khoa hc trong lnh vc ditruyn, t bo, ho sinh, l sinh.

1.1.3. So snh 2 loi to Chlorella v Spirulina

- To Spirulina cha VTM B12, caroten nhiu hn hn to Chlorella, cha

nhiu xantophin l cht rt cn thit cho gia cm ( g CNG NGHIP cho trng gc lng ti, tht g vng v ngon), Spirulina cn cha nhiu loi cht khng sinhchng vi khun v cc loi nm, nn c th bo qun rt lu m khng b mc.

- Hm lng protein trong to Spirulina cao hn nhiu so vi to Chlorella.Protein ca t bo Spirulina l 60-70%, Chlorella l 40-50%.

- Kch thc ca to Spirulina ln hn kch thc ca to Chlorella. Mt khc,to Spirulina trong qu trnh pht trin c xu hng ni ln b mt trong khi toChlorella c kch thc nh li c xu hng lng chm khi khng khuy trn. Thuhoch to Spirulina bng nhng phong php n gin, trong khi vi to Chlorella th

phc tp ging nh thu hoch sinh khi nm men hoc sinh khi vi khun.

- Thnh t bo to Spirulina mng, thnh t bo ca Chlorella dy hn. Do h s tiu ho khi ta dng to Spirulina cao hn to Chlorella. To Spirulina pht trintrong mi trng kim cn Chlorella pht trin trong mi trng axit yu.

- Khi dng CO2 nh ngun cacbon, m ngun cacbon ny trong iu kin kimt d chuyn ho sang dng d hp th theo phn ng sau:

HCO3 + OH CO32- + H2O

CO32- + CO2 + H2O 2HCO3


10/6610

Spirulina hp th CO2 theo chiu hng ny tt hn to Chlorella.

V vy, hin nay trong sn xut cng nghip, to Spirulina chim mt v tru th.

1.2. Nm men v vi khun:

1.2.1. Nm men:

- Trong cc ngun protein sn xut bng con ng vi sinh vt, nm men cnghin cu sm nht v c p dng rng ri trn th gii. Con ngi s dngnm men hoc cc sn phm hot ng sng ca chng t hng nghn nm nay.

- Nm men l tn chung ch nhm nm c cu to n bo, sinh sn bngcch ny chi. Nm men khng c dip lc v khng th s dng nng lng mt tri.V vy chng dinh dng bng cc hydratcbon, cc hydrocacbua, trc ht l ng.

- Trong t bo nm men c cha hu ht cc cht cn thit cho s sng (protein,gluxit, lipit, cc enzim, cc VTM, cc axit nucleic, cc cht khong).

- Khng mt sn phm thc vt hoc ng vt no c trong thnh phn ca

mnh mt lng cc cht c tc dng c hiu nh trong nm men. Tuy nhin thnhphn cc cht c hiu ca nm men khng ph hp hon ton vi nhng nhu cu sinhl ca ng vt.

- Nm men c ch nhiu, v khng nhng trong t bo ca chng c nhiucht dinh dng c gi tr, m chng li c kh nng tng sinh khi v cc c imsinh l ph hp vi iu kin sn xut cng nghip.

- Vc im lch s: Men gia sc c sn xut u tin c vo khongnm 1880. Lc ngi ta dng men bia (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). Trong th chinth I, men gia sc v men thc phm c sn xut ch yu c l ging Torulautilis. M, t nm 1946 mi t chc sn xut sinh khi nm men.

Lc u, ngi ta nui cy nm men trn sacaroza thu hi sinh khi lmthc n cho ngi. Sau v l do kinh t, dn dn ngi ta thay sacaroza bng dchthy phn t tinh bt v xenluza, ph liu cng nghip ng, bia, ru

Nm 1968, Lin X l nc u tin xy dng nh my sn xut nm men tparaphin du m, sau Anh, Php , Nht vv.. tin hnh rt nhanh trong lnh vcs dng ngun nguyn liu di do v r tin ny vo mc ch thu protein ca nmmen v a sn lng nm men trn th gii ngy cng tng.

- V gi tr dinh dng:

+ Nm men rt giu protein v VTM, c bit l cc VTM nhm B.

+ Sinh khi nm men cha khong 75-80% nc, 20-25% cht kh trong :cacbon 45-50%, nit 7-10% (tng ng vi 40-60% protein, hydro 5-7%, oxy 25-30%, cc nguyn t v c5-10% (photpho v kali chim ti 95-97%) tng lng tro,s cn li l canxi, magi, nhm, lu hunh, clo, st, silic. Ngoi ra cn c mt lngrt nh cc nguyn t mangan, km, molipden, bo, cacbon ..).

+ Trong thnh phn qu nht l protein. Hm lng protein tu thuc votng loi ging, vo thnh phn mi trng v iu kin nui cy. Dao ng trongkhong 40-60%.


11/6611

+ V tnh cht protein ca nm men gn ging protein ngun gc ng vt.Protein ca nm men cha khong 20 axit amin khng thay th (bng 5). Thnh phncc axit amin ca nm men cn i hn so vi la m v cc ht ng cc khc, kmcht t so vi sa, bt c, bt xng tht v cc sn phm ng vt ni chung.

S thay i thnh phn cc axit amin trong thi gian nui cy c nghin cucho thy thnh phn ca cc axit amin thay i mt giai on pht trin: giai ontim pht. Sau 3 gipht trin, tng hm lng cc axit amin trong protein tng ln17% so vi thi im ban u. Sau tng hp axit amin gim xung v gimc trn 40%. n cui, t bo gi, cc cht d tr, trc ht l glucogen tiu hao nhiunn gim trng lng, do t l gia cc axit amin so vi trng lng chung ca cct bo tng ln gn 50% (tng khng thc cht).

- Cc ging nm men dng lm thc phm cho ngi v thc n gia sc l:

Endomyces vernalis, Hansenula anomala, Hansenula suaveolens,

Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida arbores, Candida tropicalis, Mycotorula

lipolytica, Mycotorula japonica, Torulopis utilis, Torulopis utilis var, major,Torulopsis utilis var thermophilis, Monilia candia, Oidium lactic.

- Cc tiu chun la chn ging nm men sn xut protein t cc ngunhydrocacon:

+ C kh nng ng ho nhiu ngun cacbon khc nhau, nht l cc loipentoza (xiloza, arabinoza) v cc axit hu c.

+ C th pht trin tt trn mi trng c nng cht kh cao.

+ C kh nng pht trin nhanh, c sc khng cao i vi nng CO2.

+ Sn lng cao, sinh khi cha nhiu cht dinh dng c gi tr (hm lngprotein cao, c nhiu axit amin khng thay th, vitamin ..)

+ Kch thc t bo tng i ln d tch bng li tm.+ Chu ng c nhit tng i cao, t lm bin i pH mi trng.

- Trong sn xut nm men thng dng cc chng thuc ba gingSaccharmyces, Candida v Torulopsis. Kh nng chuyn ho ca ba ging ny rt caov a dng, qui trnh cng ngh tng i n gin.

1.2.2. Vi khun:

- Vi khun sn xut protein thng c nui trn cacbua hidro. Thng sdng cc gingPseudomonas, Flavobacterium, Mycobacterium v Nocardia.

- Cc ging vi khun ny c kh nng ng ho cc ankal (C6-C18) , cacbua

hydro bo v thm khc.- i vi nguyn liu s dng l metan, s dng cc ging Methylomonas,

Methyllococens capsulatus.

- Ngoi ra nhiu ni cn s dng vi khun kh n c cc i din ca gingHydrogenomonas (H. facilia, H. entropha).

- c im ca vi khun:

+ Tc sinh trng nhanh


12/6612

+ Dng c nhiu ccht.

+ pH cn gi 5-7, nu khng c th c nguy cnhim cc vi khun gy bnh.

+ Thu hi bng li tm: kh

+ Thnh phn cc axit amin cn i nhng hm lng cc axit amin cha S hithp.

+ Khi dng cc vi khun Gram m sn xut SCP cn lu kh nng sn sinhc t ca chng.

1.3. Nm mc v x khun:

- Ni chung ngi ta t dng nm mc v x khun sn xut protein. V mtdinh dng, protein ca cc vi sinh vt ny km gi tr hn so vi protein ca vikhun, nm men ... V kthut nui cy, do h si pht trin thnh bi chng cht nntrngi n vic sc kh v khuy trn.

- Nm mc l nhng ctha bo, giu vitamin nhm B, cha chng 30-60%protein. Hm lng metionin v tryptophan thp, cn c cc axit amin khc tng t

nh protein tiu chun ca FAO. Cc ging nm mc c hm lng protein cao l Fusarium, Rhizopus, Penicillium, Aspergillus. Trong nhng nghin cu thu nhnprotein t nm mc, ngi ta ch nhiu n cng trnh ca B.Volesky v H.Zajic.Hai ngi ny phn lp c t nc t chng mc thuc Graphium, chng ny ccha ti 52% protein, trong c 16 axit amin, metionin chim 1% so vi protein th,lizin chim n 7,7%, cc axit amin khng thay th khc u c hm lng tngng vi protein tiu chun, tr izolxin. Chng mc ny c kh nng ng ho etan,metan v c nui trong mi trng cha hn hp hai nguyn liu ny thu sinhkhi.

- Gi tr dinh dng protein mt s nm mc c th xem bng 14.

- Nh ni, nm mc t c dng trong sn xut protein. Hin nay ch cmt s c s sn xut nh United Parer rills Phn Lan, cng sut 10.000tn/nm,nguyn liu chnh l nc sunfit, RHM Foods ( 10.000tn/nm ) v Tate anotty1(4.000tn/nm) u Anh.

- Cho n nay x khun cha c dng trong sn xut protein. Tuy vy, ngita vn thng thu h si ca chng v ca nm mc, trong qu trnh sn xut cc chtkhng sinh, cc enzim, axit xitric di dng sn phm ph ca nh my, nhm sdng protein, vitamin, enzim c trong vo nhng mc ch khc nhau. Nhc imca sinh khi x khun v nm mc thu theo phng php ny l chng b h hng, vvy phi ch khu sy ngy sau khi tch sinh khi ra khi dy chuyn cng ngh.Trong cng nghip khng sinh, ngi ta c th thu c sinh khi h si gn 17% cccht cha nit, trong s cc cht cha nitng ho khong 14%, gn 10% proteintiu ho, 2% cht bo, 2,5% cht x sinh khi ny c th s dng trong chn nui.

2. Qu trnh dinh dng ca t bo vi sinh vt

Trong qu trnh sng, t bo vi sinh vt tin hnh trao i cht khng ngng vimi trng chung quanh. Cc cht dinh dng qua mng t bo v c chuyn ho to thnh nhng cht ring bit cn thit xy dng t bo. Cc cht dinh dngny khi i qua mng t bo s tham gia vo hai loi phn ng sinh ho:


13/6613

- Bin i d ho: lm xut hin nhng sn phm c cu trc n gin hn, Mtsc thi i, mt s khc lm vt liu hoc lm tin cht cho cc phn ng ngho. Nhng bin i ny cung cp cho vi sinh vt nng lng chuyn ho dng ATPhoc nhng hp cht giu nng lng khc.

- Bin i ng ho: m bo s tng hp ca thnh phn mi c cu trc phctp hn v phn t lng cao hn. Qu trnh ny gi l ng ho hoc phn ng sinhtng hp.

Khi trong mi trng c nhng hp cht - vt liu th vi sinh vt s trc tips dng. Nhng khng phi bao gi trong mi trng cng c sn nhng hp cht -vt liu cn cho qu trnh sinh tng hp. Mun c t bo vi sinh vt bt buc phi tsn xut bng cch t bin i d ho nhng thnh phn c trong mi trng nui cy.

Cc cht dinh dng ca vi sinh vt ch yu ly mi trng chung quanh ccmi trng dinh dng nhn to cn cung cp y nng lng, cc vt liu xydng t bo v m bo hiu sut sinh tng hp cao. Thnh phn ca mi trng gmcc ngun thc n cacbon, nit, cht khong, cc nguyn t vi lng v cc cht kchthch sinh trng. Vic la chn cc ngun dinh dng v nng ca chng trongmi trng ph thuc vo c tnh sinh l ca tng chng, tng loi vi sinh vt v iukin nui cy chng.

2.1. Dinh dng cacbon:

Ngun v sngun cacbon: Cacbon c trong t bo cht, thnh t bo, trong ttc cc phn t enzim, axit nucleic v cc sn phm trao i cht. S ngun cacbon ivi sinh vt v cng ln. Hu nh khng c hp cht cacbon no (tr kim cng, thanch) m khng c nhm vi sinh vt nht nh s dng.

Gi tr dinh dng v kh nng hp th ca cc ngun cacbonph thuc vo:

- Thnh phn v cu to ho hc, c bit l mc oxi ho ca nguyn t

cacbon.- c im sinh l ca vi sinh vt:

+ vi cc h p cht c phn t th p nh mt sng th vi sinh vt c thng ho trc tip.

+ Vi cc hp cht hu ccao phn t (tinh bt, protein ) sc phn hunh cc enzim to thnh cc h p cht phn t th p m vi sinh vt c thng hoc.

+ Vi cc hp cht khng tan trong nc (lipit, xenluloza, parafin ..) th vi sinhvt hp th quanh b mt ca chng v phn gii chng dn dn.

Ngun thc n cacbon ch yu ca vi sinh vt: l hydrat cacbon trc ht phikn glucoza. Trao i hydrat cacbon p ng 3 nhu cu ca t bo:

+ Sn sinh nng lng

+ To thnh nhng tin cht

+ To ra cc qu trnh oxi ho-kh bin i nhng tin cht ny thnh nhngsn phm trung gian hay sn phm cui cng xy dng t bo, ng thi tch ttrong mi trng mt hoc vi sn phm sinh tng hp.


14/6614

Trong cng nghip ln men ni chung, tr trng hp thu sinh khi vi sinh vtn thun, ngi ta c gng to iu kin cho vi sinh vt c th s dng ngun dinhdng cacbon tng hp cc sn phm cn thit nhiu hn l tng sinh khi vto thnh CO2.

Nh vy, ccht dinh dng lm ngun cacbon trong qu trnh trao i cht vtrong sn xut ln men l cc loi ng sacaroza, maltoza, lactoza, glucoza, ccng hexoza khc v cc loi bt ng cc nh bt go, bt ng, bt i mch chach yu l tinh bt. ng ho c tinh bt, cc vi sinh vt phi tit vo mi trngcc enzim amilaza nh-amilaza, -amilaza, -glucosidaza. H enzim ny c sinhra trong t bo ri tit ra ngoi mi trng phn hu ccht cm ng l tinh bt.

Qu trnh ng ho tinh bt vi sinh vt c gii thiu trong s sau (theoV.Lilli v G.Banettu, 1953):

2.2. Dinh dng nit:

Vi sinh vt cng nh tt c cc c th sng khc rt cn nit trong qu trnhsng xy dng t bo. Tt c cc loi protein u cu to t axit amin. Cc axitamin dng t do l nguyn liu tng hp cc phn t protein. Cc axit amin cto thnh do qu trnh trao i cacbon v nit. Vic tng hp cc axit amin tri quanhng hng lot nhng phn ng phc tp vi s xc tc ca nhiu loi enzim khcnhau, nhng c th qui v hai phn ng c trong t bo vi sinh vt l phn ng aminho v phn ng chuyn amin.

Ngun nit

+ Nit trong khng kh rt phong ph, song n rt bn vng v mt ho hc,kh b oxi ho hoc kh. Ch c mt s vi sinh vt cnh nitmi c kh nng ngho nittrong khng kh.

+ Trong tt c cc mi trng nui cy cn thit phi c cc loi hp cht nitm vi sinh vt c thng ho c m bo hiu sut ln men cao. Cc ngunnitdng trong cng nghip ln men l cc hp cht nithu cv v c.

Cc qu trnh ngoi bo

Tinh bt Maltoza Glucoza

- glucosidaza , - amilaza T bo vi sinh vtCc qu trnh ni bo

Glucoza

Cc enzim Cc enzim

CO2, ru v cc axit hucv cc sn phm traoi hiu kh khc

CO2, ru v cc snphm trao i hiu kkhc


15/6615

* Cc axit amin c mt trong mi trng thng khng c vi sinh vt sdng trc tip m phi tin hnh 2 loi phn ng trao i cht: phn ng kh amin v

phn ng kh cacboxy1.

* Cc axit amin dng hp cht thng l cc protein ca u tng, kh lc ..v pepton. Mun ng ho c cc hp cht ny, Vi sinh vt phi tit vo mi trngh enzim proteaza thy phn cc axit amin thnh cc axit amin. Rt nhiu loi nmmc, vi khun, x khun c hot tnh proteaza cao:Asperillus, Penicillium, Fusarium,

Rhizopus, Actinomyces, Clostridium, Bacillus ..v..v.. Nhng axit amin, purin v pirimidin l nhng thc n thch h p hay c Vi sinh vt s dng. S d ho ca purin v pirimidin l hai h p cht c to thnh trong qu trnh thu phn axitnucleic, nucleotit hoc nucleozit thnh cacbonic, amoniac, axit focmioc, axetic hoclactic v chng c th tham gia vo cc chui chuyn ho khc nhau.

* Ur c dng tronuwg cng tng hp c hai tc dng: Lm ngun N v chtiu chnh pH. Di tc dng ca ereaza, uree phn hu thnh CO2 v NH3.

(NH2)2CO + H2O 2NH3 + CO2

* Nitrat: Vi sinh vt thng khng trc tip ng ho c nitrat m phi quacc qu trnh bin i:

4AH2 + HNO3 NH3 + 3H2O

AH2 - cht kh c trong mi trng.

HNO3 HNO2 (HNO)2 NH2OH NH3

Axit nitric Axit nit Hyponitrit Hydrolamin

Qu trnh ny thc hin nhh enzim nitratreductaza.

Mui amon: Tt c cc loi vi sinh vt u ng ho c mui amon.

Vic s dng ngun N hu c, ure v cc mui amon u gn lin vi vic tchNH3 ra ri h p th vo t bo. Nh vy, NH3 l trung tm ca cc con ng dinhdng nitca Vi sinh vt.

nh hng ca ngun nitn kh nng sinh tng hp ca vi sinh vt khngnhng ch ph thuc vo cc ngun N m cn ph thuc vo t s C:N trong mitrng. T s ny c nhiu ngha. N to cho vi sinh vt c kh nng trao i chtthch hp, kh nng tch t cao cc sn phm sinh tng hp v to thnh cc h enzim tin hnh cc phn ng ho sinh theo chiu hng c li.

2.3. Dinh dng khong

2.3.1. Cc hp cht photpho

S c mt ca cc hp cht photpho v nng ca chng trong mi trng cnh hng rt ln n qu trnh trao i cht trong t bo vi sinh vt. Ngoi ra,

photpho trong mi trng cn c tc dng iu chnh hot tnh h enzim ng ho ccloi thc n cacbon.

Ngun photpho c mt trong mi trng nui cy vi sinh vt thng l cc loihp cht photpho hu cc trong bt u, cao ng, b ru, kh du v cc hpcht photpho v c, cc mui photpho mono hoc dibazic ca K hoc Na, amon vsuper photpho.

ereaza


16/6616

Yu cu v photpho ca vi sinh vt ph thuc vo chng loi, vo t l thnhphn mi trng trc ht l t l C:N v iu kin nui cy. Nng cc ngunphotpho qu cao cng lm cho vi sinh vt km pht trin v gim hiu sut sinh tnghp.

Nu trong mi trng c cacbonat canxi, khi thanh trng, cc cht photpho vckt hp vi ion Ca2+ v to thnh kt ta. Vi sinh vt thng s dng nhanh nhtcc photpho v c ho tan, cn cc h p cht photpho v c khng tan trong mitrng thng s dng t v chm.

2.3.2. Cc cht khong khc

Trong t bo vi sinh vt c hng lot cc cht khong khc nh: magi, natri,st, nhm, kali, liti, rubidi, mangan, ch v..v.. Vi sinh vt ly cht khong t mitrng dinh dng, c trng hp phi b sung vo mi trng mt s mui khonghoc c khi chng c sn trong nguyn liu pha mi trng (ng, bt, cao ng, rng, cacbonnat canxi) v trong nc.

Nhng hp cht khong trong mi trng c nhiu ngha sinh l khc nhau:

- Lm thay i trng thi ho keo ca cc t bo cht.- Lm thay i tc cc phn ng enzim trong t bo cht.

V d nh mui n (NaCL) trong mi trng ln men cc cht khng sinh,ngoi tc dng cung cp ngun ion Cl-, cn c tc dng lm thay i sc thm thuca t bo, to iu kin tit cht khng sinh t cc si mc, x khun vo mi trngd dng.

Mt s kim loi (km, st, mangan, magi ..) l cc cht hot ho enzim. Mt skim loi nh Zn, Cu, Mn, Mo, B, K, Mg, Ca cng c nh hng ln n hot tnhsinh tng hp ca vi sinh vt. Nm cht u cn vi mt lng rt t nn gi l nguynt vi lng v thng c sn trong cc nguyn liu pha trong mi trng. C khi cn

phi pha thm vo trong mi trng ny dng mui.

3. Cch sinh tng hp protein

3.1. Vai tr iu khin stng hp protein ca ADN.

Protein c phn t rt ln, trong ho hc ngi ta gi l i phn t. i phnt protein c cu to t nhng phn tn gin hn l cc axit amin nh kt ktip nhau. S lng cc axit amin trong phn t protein c n hng trm hoc hngnghn n v, nhng tt c cng ch thuc trong s 20 axit amin khc nhau. Mt loi

protein c th khng c y c 20 loi axit amin (thng l khong trn 10), do thnh phn cc protein ca cc vi sinh vt khc nhau th khc nhau. Gi tr dinh dng

ca cc loi protein cng hon ton ph thuc vo thnh phn v s lng ca cc axitamin trong vic hnh thnh cc chng loi protein khc nhau. Do t 20 axit amin,cth sng c th hnh thnh v s cc loi protein khc nhau.

Trong t bo sng thng xuyn c 2 loi axit nucleic: Ribonucleic (ARN) vdexoxyribonucleic (ADN). Chng khc nhau v thnh phn, cu to ha hc v v trca chng trong t bo. ADN ch c hoc ch yu trong nhn cn ARN thng cthy trong t bo cht nhiu hn trong nhn.


17/6617

Theo cc thuyt v sinh tng hp protein, cc axit nucleic quyt nh cu trcho hc v xc nh cc v tr cc axit amin trong chui protein tng hp trong vaitr ca ADN rt quan trng. N quyt nh thnh phn v cu to cc kiu ARN c

bit gi l ARN thng tin (ARNt), do quyt nh thnh phn v cu to phn tprotein. Nhng ARN i vo riboxm thc hin chc nng lm khun mu. Cc axitamin c xp t vo phn t protein theo trt t ph hp vi cu trc ca ARNt .

Qu trnh iu khin sinh tng hp protein ca axit nucleic c th trnh by shnh 1.1 sau:

Hnh 1.1. S tng hp protein v vai tr nh hng ca axitdexoxyribonucleic (ADN)

Theo s ny s tng hp protein xy ra riboxm. y c 2 dng ho livi nhau: l dng ARNt t nhn ti v dng cc axit amin c hot ho v nhARNvn ti (ARNv), chuyn n.

3.2. Cch sinh tng hp protein

S tng hp protein c th trnh by theo s nh sau:

Theo s ny, t nhn t bo, ARNt chui qua mng nhn m i vo t bo chtv nh vo riboxm. Cc axit amin tn ti t do trong t bo cht c gn vo mtloi ARN c bit gi l ARN vn ti (ARNv), ri ARNv chuyn cc axit amin vo mtriboxm. Ti y, ARNt ng vai tr cc khun mu. Trn cc khun mu ny, ccaxit amin nh vo mt cch c la chn ti cc riboxm ny v qu trnh tng hp

protein c hon thnh. Nh vy, cch sinh tng hp protein c th tm tt nhsau:

- Ni tng hp protein trong t bo vi sinh vt (v c t bo ng thc vt) lcc riboxm.


18/6618

- S tng hp protein cn c s tham gia ca cc enzim hot ho v cc ARNvn ti.

- riboxm xy ra qu trnh tng h p protein do ADN iu khin, nh vyphi tn ti mt mc xch trung gian gia nhn v t bo cht. l cc ARNt.

- Trong t bo vi khun, ARN thng tin rt nhanh chng b ph hu, n ch

hon thnh chc nng ca mnh trong mt thi gian rt ngn, ngha l xc nh proteintng hp nn, sau cc phn t ARNt khc li i vo ribxm.

Hnh 1.2. S tng hp protein trong t bo ( theo Lobasov)

4. Cc yu t tng hp protein

4.1. Riboxm

Trong t bo cht ca cc vi sinh vt, c 1 loi ht b nh nht trong cc thnh

phn cu to nn t bo cht, loi ht ny gi l ribxm, cquan trung tm tng hpnn mi loi protein. Ribxm ca vi khun cha khong 40-60% ARN v 60-40% protein. Ngoi ra, ribxm cn cha mt t lipit, mt s enzim nh ribonucleaza,lexinaminopeptidaza, B-galactozidaza v cht khong (im c bit ca ribxm lgiu magi v t canxi hn cc thnh phn khc ca t bo).

Ribxm l trung tm tng h p protein ca t bo, nhng khng phi miribxm u c kh nng tham gia vo qu trnh ny. S ribxm tham gia tng hp

protein thng khng qu 5-10% tng s protein c trong t bo. Nhng ribxm hot


19/6619

ng ny dng nhng tp hp gm 1 s ribxm gi l poliribxm hay l polixm.Cu trc ny khng vng chc v cc ribxm lin kt vi nahu ch bng mt siARNt.

4.2. ARN thng tin

u tin trong nhn t bo xy ra hin tng sao chp nhng on ca phn

t ADN v nhs sao chp ny m mt loi ARN c bit c hnh thnh. S saochp thc hin theo nguyn tc b sung nhau, nhng c mt vi ngoi l: Chui kpgm 2 si ADN tch ri nhau, mt trong 2 si c dng lm khun tng hpnn si ARN. Theo nguyn tc b sung nhau, tng ng vi xitozin (vit tt l X)trong ADN l guanin (G) trong ARN. Tng ng vi timin (T) trong ADN l adenin(A) trong ARN, nhng tng ng vi adenin trong ADN th khng phi l timin nam l uraxin (U) trong ARN. im ngoi l ny khng quan trng lm v v mt hohc th uraxin v timin cng tng t nhau. Khc vi ADN c cu to chui kp (gmhai si) phn t AND c cu to chui n (ch c mt si). V ADN c sao chpli theo trt t ca cc nucleotit (cc gc kim) trong khun ADN, nn ngi ta nirng ADN truyn thng tin cho ARN, cn ARN th gi ly thng tin di truyn

ca ADN thay mt ADN iu khin s tng hp protein. V th loi ARN c bitny gi l ARN mi gii hay ARN thng tin.

4.3. ARN vn chuyn

ARNv l mt loi axit ribonucleic c bit, c phn t lng th p (khong25.000 n 30.000). Trong lc , ARNt c phn t lng cao hn trn 10 ln(250.000 n 500.000).

Mi mt loi axit amin trong s 20 axit amin thng thng c t nht mt kiuARNvc th cho mnh, c khi c vi kiu ARNv. Mi mt ARNv, ny c cu trc

phn tc bit ring, ch cho php nh kt c vi mt axit amin thch h p vmang n n ARNtt n vo mt ch trn ARNt dnh sn cho axit amin (chkhng cho axit amin khc). Sau khi giao c axit amin ny cho ARNt, ARN v tip tclm nhim v vn chuyn ln khc v c th vn chuyn axit amin mt ln lin tipnh vy.

Trn khun mu (tc l ARNt) c lp y axit amin cn thit th mtchui cc axit amin c hnh thnh. chnh l chui polipeptit. Mt protein c thgm mt chui polipeptit, nhng thng th protein gm mt s chui polipeptit khcnhau.

(SdARNv c kh nng chuyn cc phn t ca mt loi axit amin nht nhn nhng ni nht nh trn ARNt l do trong ARNt c nhng n v m ring bittc l c nhng b ba ca cc gc kim (nucleotit). Phn t ARNt l mt chui di k

tip ca nhng b ba nh th. Mi ARNv cng c mt n v b ba ca cc gc kimc bit. Cc n v b ba nhng gc kim k tip nhau trong phn t ARNt tng ngtheo nguyn tc b sung (tc l A trong ARN ny tng ng vi U trong ARN kia vngc li; G trong ARN ny tng ng vi X trong ARN kia v ngc li) vi n v

b ba ca nhng gc kim ca cc ARNv, nh th m ARNv cng vi axit amin nh kt vo n c th tm ch thch hp trn ARNt.

4.4. Shot ho axit amin


20/6620

Trc khi tham gia vo tng hp protein, axit amin phi c hot ho, ngha lc lin kt vi mt ARNv tng ng. Ch sau axit amin ny mi c vnchuyn n ribxm. Qu trnh hot ho axit amin din ra qua 2 bc nhvo xc tcca cng mt loi enzim axit amin ARNv sintetaza c trng i vi mi axit amin:

- Trc ht axit amin phn ng vi ATP thnh phc hp cao nng axit aminAMT.

- Tip n axit amin phc hp c chuyn n ARNv tng ng.


21/6621

CHNG 2

S DY CHUYN CNG NGH

THU NHN CC SN PHM PROTEIN

1. Sn xut sinh khi nm men tngun nguyn liu thng thng1.1. Nguyn liu v xl nguyn liu

Cc dng nguyn liu cha hydrat cacbon thng l cc ph phm v ph phm sau:

- Cc sn phm cha sacaroza ca cng nghip ch bin ng (rng ma,rng c ci, b ma, cn rng, nc ra th ..)

- Nc thi ca nh my sa cn cha nhiu lactoza

- Dch kim sunfit c cha nhiu pentoza, hexoza, dch thu phn g.

- Cc nguyn liu cha tinh bt v xenluluza khc.

im chung nht d nhn thy cc dng nguyn liu trn l ngoi ng,chng cn cha nhiu axit hu c, N.P,S v cc cht khc. S phc tp ny ny sinhhin tng sinh trng kp lm cn trs dng chng trong nui cy lin tc mt giaion.

1.1.1. RngV l thuyt: T 1g C6H12O6 c th thu c 0,5 g sinh khi nm men kh (theo

nghin cu ca A.J.Forage):

C6H12O6 (1g) + O2 (0,4g) CO2 (0,67g) + H2O (0,27g)

+ NH3 (0.05g) Q(1,25kcal) Sinh khi nm men kh 0,5g

Hoc theo nghin cu C.L CoooreyC6H12O6 (2kg) + O2 (0,7g) Sinh khi nm men kh (1kg)

+ N,P,K, Mg, S(0,1kg) + CO2 (1,1g) + H2O (0,7g)

Cc nguyn liu cha sacaroza (rng..) l dng nguyn liu l tng nht nsn xut protein n bo, v cc nguyn liu ny cha nhiu yu t kch thch sinhtrng, kh,biotin v sn phm protein thu c hu nh sch, khng c.

Rng c dng lm cc ccht cho nhiu qu trnh ln men v:

- Gi thnh r hn cc nguyn liu cha ng khc.

- Ngoi ng sacaroza, r ng cn cha mt s cht v c, hu c vvitamin c gi tr.

Thnh phn ca rng ma v rng c ci c s khc nhau c bng 2.1.


22/6622

Bng 2.1. Thnh phn ca rng c ci v rng ma cha 75% cht kh

Thnh phn Rng c ci Rng ma

ng tng s %Cht hu ckhng phi ng %

Protein (Nx6,25) %K %Ca %Mg %P %Biotin mg/kgAxit pantothenic mg/kgInozitol mg/kgTiamin mg/kg

48 - 5212 - 17

6 - 102,0 - 7,00,1 - 0,5

0,090,02 - 0,070,02 - 0,1550 - 110

5000 - 8000khong 1,3

48 - 569 - 12

2 - 41,5 - 5,00,4 - 0,8

0,060,6 - 2,01,0 - 3,015 - 55

2500 - 60001,8

S khc bit cbn gia 2 loi nguyn liu ny l:- Rng ma ni chung c pH thp hn (5,5 6,5) do s c mt ca cc axit

bo v pH thp dng trong qu trnh lm trong.

- Rng ma c mu ti hn ng c ci nn khi dng khng trn vi rng c ci th nm men thu c s c mu ti hn.

- R ng c ci cha nhiu ng sacaroza hn r ng ma v trong rng c ci hu nh khng c mt loi ng chuyn ho no (c khi ch c khong1%) trong khi rng ma c th cha ti 15-25% hidrat cacbon ca n di dngng chuyn ho.

- Ni chung, rng c ci cha nithu cnm ln cao hn rng ma,nhng mt na l betain, mt thnh phn khng c Saccharomyces ng ho, trongkhi betain khng c mt trong rng ma.

- S khc bit v hm lng vitamin trong rng ma v ng c ci cngl tiu chun quan trng:

+ Cc cht sinh trng c mt trong rng ma vi hm lng ln: rngma cha khong 2,5 g biotin/g g p 20 ln hn rng c ci.

+ Trong khi rng ma ngho cc cht khong v axit amin: rng cci cha axit pantothenic gp 2-4 ln so vi rng ma.

Nh vy, rng dng nui cy nm men khng nhng l ngun ng mcn cung cp cc hp cht hu ckhc, cc mui khong cn thit v cc nhn t sinh trng.

Tuy nhin, ngoi cc thnh phn c ch cho s sinh trng ca nm men, rng cng c th cha cc hp cht c hi c th lm h hng qu trnh ln men:hm lng canxi cao ni ln cht lng thp ca rng v c th gy nn nhngkh khn trong vic sn xut nm men. Rng cng c th d dng nhim cc visinh vt v gy nn nhng vn khng c li trong ln men.

Xl rng:


23/6623

Rng cn c x l cht t trc khi nui cy. Thng thng n c axitho bng axit sunfuric ti pH = 4 v un nng ti 120-1500C trong 1 pht kt tamt s cht v cv cht l lng. Cn phi loi b mt phn cc cht sinh trng,ng thi b sung cc mui khong cn thit (nh ur 0,15%, KH2PO4 0,35%, Mg,Ca) v c th phi thm hn hp cc axit amin dng protein thy phn (dch nm ment phn, dch thi trong sn xut nc chm, dch b ru giai on nhn ging).

Khi chun b phi trn, rng c ci v rng ma phi c x l tchbit trong cc khu pha long, iu chnh pH, un nng, lm trong, kh trng ri mic phi trn. Thng pha long n nng ng khong 5-6%.

Sau khi chun b xong mi trng dinh dng, tin hnh thanh trng nhit 1200C.

1.1.2. Cc nguyn liu khc:- Dch kim sufit: Nc thi cc nh my giy xenluloza theo phng php

sunfit gi l dch kim sunfit (SWL-Sunfit Waste Liquors) cng l ngun nguyn liutt sn xut nm men. Thnh phn hydrocacbon ca n ch yu l ng pentoza,mt loi ng ch c nm men mi chuyn ho tt. Ngoi ra cn c linhin, phi

xenluloza, mt s axit hu cKhi s dng dch kim sunfit cn phi c lm nng v thng kh trc khi

nui nm men loi bo cc yu t kim hm (SO2 v furfurol). B sung cht dinhdng vo dch thi trn (nh NH4

+ v PO4--), iu chnh pH v khong 5 sc mi

trng nui cy nm men kh tt v lng sinh khi nm men sinh ra sau qu trnh lnmen c cht lng ng k vi cc thnh phn nh sau: protein (46% cht kh), lipit(7-8%), photpho (1,8%), axit nucleic (10%)

Ngi ta tnh rng khong 5 tn bt xenluloza sn xut giy s thi ra mtlng dch kim sunfit cha ti 180 kg ng. Dch ny h p ph nhiu O2 nn khinui cy nm men c th gim mc cung cp oxi ti 60% so vi bnh thng.

- Cc ngun xenluloza thc vt (g, rm, r b ma, li ng..)c ch nhiu trong sn xut nm men. Trc ht cn phi thu phn xenluloza bng axit hoc

bng enzim. Nu dng g th thng phi thu phn bng axit sunfuric.

- Nc thi ca nh my ch bin sa, cn gi l nh thanh (lactoserum):trong qu trnh ln men lactic ch bin phomat, sau khi kt ta cazein ra khi sa,

phn cn li gi l nh thanh c cha lactoza, protein, axit lactic, axit bo, mt svitamin v mui khong. Ngi ta chn chng nm men thch hp c th thu phnc lin kt -galactozidaza v thu c sinh khi nm men dng kh c thnh phn

protein th khong 32%, lipit 4-5%, lacto khong 23%. Chng nm men C.utilis vC.pseudotropicalrt thch hp trong mi trng trn y.

- Bt ng cc: l ngun sn xut sinh khi nm men rt tt. Bt hoc tinh btdng vo mc ch ny trc tin phi tin hnh thu phn bng axit hoc bng enzimca mm m hoc enzim ca vi sinh vt bin cc polysacarit thnh cc dng ngm nm men c thng ho c.

Trong trng hp dng nm men Saccharomysces cerevisiae th c th kt hpchng ct thu ly cn t dch thi sau khi tch sinh khi. Nh vy trong dy chuyncng ngh cn phi trang b thm b phn chng ct. Dch ly tm c a vo h litm tch (separator) v dch thi sau khi c tch ra c chuyn n khu chng ct.


24/6624

1.2. Chng nm men:

Tu theo tng loi nguyn liu khc nhau, chng ta c th s dng nhng chngnm men ph hp to sinh khi c hiu qu nht.

i vi nguyn liu l r ng, dung dch ng, nm men thng dng lSaccharomysces cerevisiae, Candidas tropicalis, Candidas utilis.

i vi nguyn liu tinh bt hay nc thi tinh bt, dng chng nm men tngng l Endomycopis fibuligera hoc phi h p gia Endomycopis vi Candidastropicalis.

Nu nguyn lin l b ru, chng nm men l Candidas utilis.

Nu s dng lactoserum (nh thanh sa) th chng nm men c chng l Torulacremoris, T. lactosa.

Nguyn liu l kim sunfit, chng nm men s dng l Cryptococus diffluens,Candidas tropicalis, Candidas utilis.

Tuy nhin trong trng hp khng c nhng chng nm men ph hp, chng ta

c th thay th mt trong cc chng trn y.1.3. Mt s qui trnh cng ngh tiu biu

1.3.1. Sn xut sinh khi nm men trng

Rng

X l

Pha long

Thanh trng

Mi trng dinh dng

Nui thu sinh khi

Nm menCc mui v c

Li tm

Nhn ging

X l Thi b

Sinh khi

Sy kh

Thnh phm


25/6625

1.3.2. Sn xut sinh khi vi sinh vt tnguyn lu cha tinh bt hoc

xenluloza:

2. Sn xut sinh khi vi khun

Nguyn liu v vi sinh vt

Ngoi nm men, ngi ta cn s dng rng ri vi khun sn xut protein tnguyn liu xenluloza. Protein vi khun c hm lng axit amin cn i hn nmmen, t l protein trong t bo vi khun li rt cao, trung bnh l 60-70%, c loi ti87%.

Nhiu nghin cu thnh cng trong vic nui vi khun protein t cy c, rmr nh:

Nm 1969, Srinivaan v Han phn lp c hai loi vi khun c kh nngcng sinh l Cellulomonas v Alcaligens. Trong mi trng xenluloza, nu ch ringmt mnhAlcaligens th hu nh vi khun khng pht trin c. Nu ch mt mnh

Alcaligens th vi khun pht trin rt km. Nhng nu mt nui cy cng mt lc c

hai vi khun ny th sinh khi tng vt ln ( hinh 2.1)- Cc nh bc hc Mtrng i hc Luisiana phn lp t b ma mt loi

vi khun phn hu mnh xenluloza ca ngun nguyn liu ny. Cng trnh nghin cuny ang c ng dng c kt quM v Cuba: C 113 136 kg b ma c th snxut c 18 -23kg protein. Thnh cng ny c mt ngha thc tin v n cho phps dng b ma, li ng, rm r sn xut protein mt cch trc tip m khng

phi qua khu thu phn bng H2SO4.

Nguyn liu

Thu phn

To mi trng dinh dng

Nui thu sinh khi

Li tm

Sinh khi

Sy kh

Thnh phm

Ch bin enzim xenluloza hocamilaza

Nm si

Nhn ging

Dch li tm Li tm

X l

Thi b


26/6626

- Hai nh bc hc ngi Austraylia l Roper v Moss a ra mt phngphp sn xut protein vi khun t c, rm, b ma, vu, mn ca, dm bo .. vihiu sut rt cao, c tht n 35% so vi lng rm c s dng. c bit proteindo Roper v Moss thu c t rm r c cht lng tng ng vi lng trngg. Gio s Macmilan, nh lnh o phong tro chng i Australia gi cong trnhca hai nh pht minh ny l Mt ting n k diu trong cuc chin u vi nn i

protein ca th gii.

Hnh 2.1. S pht trin ca Cellulomonas v Alcaligenes trong mi trng xenluloza


27/6627

3. Sn xut protein vi sinh vt tdu m v kht3.1. c im lch s:

- Nm 1925, Tauson pht hin kh nng phn gii cacbua hydro ca vikhun.

- Nm 1940, nhiu nh khoa hc trn th gii nghin cu sau v vic sdng vi sinh vt trong thm d v khai thc du kh.

- Nm 1961, Fush nghin cu thng k c 26 ging trong c 75 loi visinh vt c kh nng phn hu mch vng.

- Nm 1962, cng trnh u tin v kh nng s dng du m kh t nuicy vi sinh vt thu nhn sinh khi giu protein cho gia sc c cng b ti Hingh du m quc t ln th 6.

Sau nhiu nh khoa hc phn lp c 498 chng nm men c kh nngphn gii cacbua hidro. V t c nhiu nh my sn xut c sinh khi nmmen m sn phm cha ti 60 70% protein.

3.2.Nguyn liu3.2.1. Du m

Ch nhng phn du m nht nh mi c vi sinh vt ng ho nh:

- Cc alkan (paraphin) vi chiu di chui C10 - C20- Cc alkin, anken, hydrocacbon thm.- Cc parafin chui ngn cn li trong phn du m c nhit nng chy thp.- S dng n-parafin tinh khit c tch t m da trn cc nguyn tc sng

phn t lm c cht c u im l ngun C b tiu th hon ton v khng linhng cacbua hidro c.

Cch ca s hp th ankal cho n nay cng cha c lm sng ty .So vi cc t bo sinh trng trn glucoza th nm men nui trn cacbua hidro cmng t bo dy hn v c np nhn.. Tuy nhin cc t bo ny khng gp kh khn gtrong vic hp th nhng ccht khng tan trong nc c b sung vo mi trngvi nng 2 - 4%.

3.2.2. Kh thin nhin- Me tan: Metan l thnh phn chnh ca kh thin nhin. Tuy nhin metan

khng ch l nguyn liu trong lng t m cn c to thnh qua con ng vi sinhvt nh s ln men metan v c sinh ra trong cc b cha bn mc nt trong ccthit b lm sch. Nguyn tc sn xut protein t kh thin nhin l nui vi khun trndch mui amon v mui khong c thng xuyn thi kh metan v khng kh.

u nhc im ca vic s dng metan:u im:- Kh thin nhin r hn du m nhiu ln.- Phn kh khng c vi sinh vt ng ho c loi b mt cch d dng. V

vy sn phm rt tinh khit v khng tn km dung mi cho vic ra t bo nh khi sdng du m lm ccht.

Nhc im:- Vi sinh vt ng ho kh thin nhin u l cc vi sinh vt hiu kh. Do mi

trng dinh dng phi thng xuyn thi hn hp kh metan v oxi hoc l khngkh rt d gy n. Nu nng hn hp kh cao rt d bt la v n, cn nng khthp th vi sinh vt khng h hp. C hai trng hp khng dinh dng v ngtth, vi sinh vt u pht trin km v hiu sut nui cy thp.


28/6628

- thc hin c qu trnh sinh tng hp protein th oxy v metan phi cchuyn t tng kh sang tng lng bt kh mang nhin liu v cht oxy ho ncc t bo vi sinh vt ang sinh trng mt cch nhanh chng v thc hin qu trnhng ho. Tuy nhin, ho tan ca metan v oxy trong nc thp. C th khc phc

bng cch l tng p sut d trong thit b nhng vic ch to thit b chu p lc caos phc tp v khng kinh t. Hoc a mt dung mi hu cno vo mi trng

dinh dng tng ho tan ca metan, nhng s lm cho vi sinh vt thch dung mihn metan v nh vy vic dng kh thin nhin mt ht ngha.

- Metanol: khc phc nhng nhc im ca vic s dng metan, c th sdng metanol thu c t metan nhs oxy ho ho hc. l nhnhng u imsau ca metanol:

+ Metanol d tan trong nc nn c th dng nng cao hn (2-3%).+ Nhu cu oxy ca sng ho metanol l thp hn.+ C th dng nm men ng ho metanol. M nm men c kch thc t

bo ln hn vi khun nn nng lng cn thit cho qu trnh li tm tch sinh khi thn so vi vi khun s dng ng ho metan. Tnh kinh t cao hn.

Tuy nhin dng metanol c nhc im sau:

+ Metanol t hn nhiu so vi metan hoc kh thin nhin.+ Thu hoch t bo t metanol thp hn t metan.

- Etan, propan, butan: Vic s dng cc alkal dng kh chui ngn cha trongdu m nh etan, propan, butan din ra khng qua vi khun ng ho metan m chtrong hn h p qun th cha cc c th c kh nng ni trn (Mycobacterium,

Nocardia, Pseudomonas).

3.3. Cc chng vi sinh vt3.3.1. Vi sinh vt phn gii cacbua hidro:

- Vi khun:Achrobacter, Alkaligenes, Bacillus, Bacterium, Corynebacterium,Micrococcus, Flavobacterium, Pseudomonas, Micromonospora, Mycobacterium,

Mycococcus, Nocardia.

- Xa khun: Streptomyces, Actinomyces.- Nm men: Candida, Cytomyces, Debaryomyces. Endomyces, Hansemula.

Monolia, Scopuloriopsis.-Nm si:Acremonium, Aspergillus, Penicillium.3.3.2. Vi sinh vt phn gii kh thin nhin:

Ch yu l cc vi khun: Mycobacterium, Pseudomonas, Methanomonas,Bacillus, Corynebacterium, Brevibacterium, Flavobacterium, Bacterium.

3.4. Cch chuyn hoQu trnh ng ho cacbon t du m v kh t c th ra dng tng qut

nh sau:(1) Hydro cacbua Ru bc 1 hoc bc 2 andehyt Cht bo(2) i vi n-alkal, c th l:


29/6629

hoc

andehyt metylxetonSp

Di ra hoc ngn bt

(3) i vi cc hp cht khng no (th d nh 1-olefin), ngi ta cho rng qu trnhoxy ho nhvi sinh vt c thi theo con ng sau:

(4) Cch chuyn kh metan:Cc vi sinh vt phn gii kh metan thnh CO2 v H

+ hot ng. Vi sinh vt sdng H+ kh tip CO2 to thnh cc hp cht hu ctheo nhng phng trnh tmtt sau:

CH4 + 2 H2O CO2 + 8(H)4(H) + CO2 (CH2O) + H2O4(H) + O2 2H2OCH4 + O2 (CH2O + H2O

Cc axit bo to thnh sc li cun vo cc qu trnh ng ho tip theo,

tham gia vo cc qu trnh trao i cht t bo vi sinh vt trong chu trnh Kreb. Mtphn cc axit amin c to thnh s kt hp vi NH3 cho ra cc aminoaxit. Nhccphn ng chuyn amin m mt s loi axit amin c to thnh ngy cng phong phv cui cng, di siu khin ca ADN trong t bo vi sinh vt, cc axit amin nysc t hp li vi nhau thnh cc phn t protein.

3.5. S qui trnh cng ngh sn xut sinh khi nm menS cng ngh sn xut sinh khi nm men t cc sn phm du m cng

tng t nh t cc ngun hydrocacbon, tc l gm cc giai on sau:- Chun b mi trng dinh dng.

n-alkan Ru bc 1 Ru bc 2

Axit bo

1,2n nguyn t

1-olefin

1,2 - epoxyt

1,2 - diol

+H2o

aldehyt Axit bo

Oxy ho

-CO2

Axit bo ngn bt 1C


30/6630

- Nhn ging v ln men.- Tch v ra sinh khi nm men,- Sy kh.Qui trnh cng ngh sn xut sinh khi nm men c th t du m th v

parafin tinh khit cng tng t nhau. Tuy nhin dng du m th th i hi qui trnhcng ngh phc tp hn, mc d gi thnh tng i r hn. Dng parafin th khu

tch nm men c th b bt khu ty ra bng dung mi hu cv thc t parafinc nm men s dng hon ton


31/6631

CHNG 3

CNG NGH SN XUT PROTEIN T

CC NGUN HYDAT CARBON

1.Cng ngh sn xut protein trn nguyn liu polysacarit cha thu phn1.1. S cng ngh sn xut nm men tcc nguyn liu thc vt thu phn

bng H2SO4.

Cc loi dch th cha ng c tp trung vo b ln trc khi phn phi vocc b ln men. Sau c trung ho bng sa vi v lm trong. cc b lm trongthng c cc cch khuy v ng thng kh, nh cc cht c ch dng bay hi nhfucfurol, SO2 sc loi b.

Sau khi c trung ho v lm trong, dch lng cn nng sc lm nguin nhit 30 32o C, ri pha long n mt nng ng thch hp cho nm menv ty theo yu cu m b sung cc mui v c.

1.2.Xl nguyn liu v chun b mi trng

i vi cc nguyn liu ban u dng sn xut protein n bo t nm mencn phi c x l sb. Sau tin hnh pha ch mi trng. Tu tng loi nguynliu v chng vi sinh vt nui cy, chng ta s c cc thnh phn mi trng thch

Nguyn liu

Thu phn

Trung ho

Lc v lm sch

Lm ngui (30 320C)

Ln men

Tch sinh khi

Nc + H2SO4 (nng 0,5 0,6%)

Hi nhit (179 1900C)

Sa vi

B lng (CaSO4)

Nui men ging

Dch thi

Chng ct,tinh ch

Cn ethanol

Fucfurol v cccht bay hikhc, linhin

KCl, superfotfat,(NH4)2SO4Du ph btCht iu chnh pH


32/6632

hp. Ni chung, ngoi ngun ccht cbn l ngun cacbon ra, chng ta cn a vomi trng ngun nit, photpho, kali, magi, cc nguyn t khong khc na. Ngunnitthng l cc mui sunfat, ngun photpho l supephotphat, KKCl, Mg MgSO4.C th dng amoniac gi pH xc nh. Trong qu trnh ln men cn cn ngun chtsinh trng nh cao ng, cao nm men, hoc cc dch thu phn khc vv..

Cc thnh phn mi trng c ho tan, lc b cn, iu chnh pH n 4,85,2bng axit sunfuric hoc axit clohydric (i vi mi trng rng th pH l 4,2 4,5).

Nui cy nm men trong sn xut SCP chia lm hai giai on:

- Giai on nhn ging c lng ging (s lng t bo). Giai on chunb vt liu nui cy cn phi v trng. Mi trng nhn ging v khi tin hnh nhnging cn phi v trng.

- Giai on ln men: Giai on nui ln qui m cng nghip hay iu kinpilot c th thc hin trong thng kn hoc thng h, iu kin khng cn v trng.

Trng hp khng cn v trng th khng cn thanh trng p sut d ca hinc, m ch cn un nng hoc ozon ho, lc kh khun, clo ho, x l qua vi

focmalin v..v..1.3. Nui cy nhn ging

Nui cy nhn ging u tin c thc hin phng th nghim: ging ngnghim c cy chuyn vo bnh tam gic c mi trng v trng, sau cc bnh cging c nui cy trn my lc vi nhit bnh thng t 25 300C n tuisinh l thch hp s cy vo mi trng nhn ging ca phn xng : nhn ging cp 2trong cc bnh thp kn c sc kh n khi t c 3,5 5g sinh khi trong 1l dchnui. Qu trnh kt thc sau 12 15 gi. C th nhn ging cp 3 cc ni c th tchti 4 5 m3 . T l tip ging chuyn cp l 1:10. Trong qu trnh nhn ging dngnc amoniac gi pH v thi kh lin tc. T ni 4 5 m3 sc chuyn sang

thng 12 15 m3 v ti vi chc m3 hoc to hn.Nui ln men cng nghip : l nui mrng trong phn xng khng cn phi

v trng. Nhiu nh my t cc ni ln men kn hoc h, thng th tch cc ni lnmen l vi chc mt khi, c th ti 500m3.

Tin hnh nui men theo phng php bn lin tc cho hiu qu kinh t cao:khi t lng sinh khi c trong dch nui cy ly dn ra v cho thm mi trng mivo ni ln men c hm lng ng khong 1-2%.

1.4.Cc iu kin k thut:

sn xut sinh khi nm men giu protein cc dng nguyn liu trn cn m

bo cc iu kin k thut cbn sau:- Nng ng trong dch nui cy phi m bo t 2 -4 %.- Mui ur 3g/l.- Suphephotphat 4g/l.- Khng kh v trng- Thi gian nui t 18 36 gi.


33/6633

- Nhit nui cy 28 30oC.- pH mi trng 4,5 5,5 .

Qu trnh sn xut CSP l qu trnh hiu kh. V vy bt buc phi thng khmi trng.

Vic cung cp khng kh c mt s tc dng sau:

- Cung cp O2 cho vi sinh vt tng hp vt cht t bo.

- Tch CO2 ra khi dung dch nui cy.

- Xo trn mi trng, to iu kin thun li cho qu trnh trao i cht tt hn.

Khng kh cung cp cho qu trnh sinh tng hp protein phi c lm sch trckhi cho vo thit b ln men.

Mt yu t cn ch na l nng ng trong qu trnh nui cy. Khng nn nng ng qu cao trong mi trng v sc ch s tng trng t bo s tora nhiu sn phm ph khng cn thit. Do nng ng cn khng ch < 4 % lthch hp.

1.5.Thu hi sinh khi:

Bt v sinh khi trn ra ngoi trong qu trnh ln men c tch trc tin theophng php to thnh bt cng vi sinh khi tro ra ngoi ri a i li tm tch.

Bt v sinh khi trn ra ngoi c thu gom li i x l bng phng php tuynni (flotation) ri a i li tm qua cc my li tm tch (Seprator), c c chnkhng.

Sinh khi nm men thu c dng st c 75-80 % nc, 20-25% cht khtrong c cacbon 40-50%, nit7-10% tng ng vi 40-60% protein, hydro 5-7%,oxy 25-30%, cc nguyn t v c5-10% ( photpho v kali chim 95-97% tng lng

tro, s cn li l canxi, magi, nhm, lu hunh, clo, st. Ngoi ra cn c mt lngnh nguyn t Mn, Zn, Mo, Bo, Coban...). Sinh khi c a vo sy my sy 2trc hoc sy phun.

Trong t bo nm men k c vi khun, c nhiu vitamin nhm B (tr VTMB12): tiamin, riboflavin, axit niconitic, axit folic, c bit rt giu tin VTM D2(ergosterin). Di nh sng tia t ngoi (tia cc tm) ergosterin s chuyn thnh VTMD2. V vy trc khi ng gi sn phm sinh khi nm men c chiu tia t ngoi VTM ho sn phm.

Qu trnh cng ngh sn xut sinh khi nm men c gii thiu cc ssau :


34/6634

Hnh 3.1. Qu trnh chun b mi trng v nui cy iu kin v trng.1. Bnh cha dch amon sunfat. 7. Bnh pha mi trng

2. Supephotphat 8a,8b,8c. thanh trng

3. Nc nng 9. Bnh lng

4. Sa vi 10. Ni ging cp 2

5. KCl 11. Ni ging cp 3

6. Bnh t phn nm men. 12. Nui mrng

Hnh 3.2. S nui v thu sinh khi nm men.


35/6635

1. Ni ln men 9. Thng cha men c

2. Thng tuyn ni 10. Bnh iu chnh nhit lin tc

3. Bm 11. Thng tp trung men trc khi c c

4. Bnh tch kh 12. Thit b c c chn khng

5. v 8. Li tm tch I v II 13. Thit b to chn khng6. Thng cha men 14. Thng cha men trc khi sy

7. Bm nc 15. Sy phun

16, 17. Ct xiclon 18. Thng tn tr

1.6. Cng ngh sn xut protein tsn khng qua qu trnh thu phn banu.

Nghin cu ca Azoulay gip cho hng Adour Entreprise ( Php) phn lpc mt chng nm men Candida tropicalis c th ln men trc tip sn m khngcn qu trnh thu phn ban u theo qui trnh cng ngh nh sau:

C sn c ra, thi mng ri nghin nh. Ho tan tinh bt bng cch un nng> 100oC ng thi cng l thanh trng trnh nhim tp khun. Cch x l ny cnglm phn hu cc axit hydroxianic c trong sn (Manihot esculenta) chuyn thnhamon v axit focmic.

Ln men: qu trnh ln men c thc hin trong mt ni ln men c sc kh.Dch ln men thu c cha 10 25 kg nm men/m3 . Sau khi li tm, dch trong cthu hi quay trli ln men m sau, cn sinh khi nm men cha ti 15 % cht khc a i x l tip thu hi sinh khi. Trong mt s trng hp chn nui gia sc(ln), c th b sung trc tip nm men ti vo thc n m khng cn lm kh(Inchauspe, 1986).

1.7. Sn xut protein tchui: Encuador, nc xut khu chui hng u th gii, v nc Colombia cng

l nc ch cht v xut khu chui, lun lun c mt t l ln sn lng chui (> 25%) khng xut khu c v km cht lng. V vy chui c th l nguyn liu quantrng cho sn xut SCP. Khong 15000 tn chui c th chuyn ho thnh 100000 tnsinh khi mi nm.

2. Cng ngh sn xut protein trn dch thu phn g.

M, nm men gia sc c sn xut t dch kim sunfit ca cc nh my btgiy:

- Mt s cng ty nh cng ty Enviroson Ltd dng nc thi bt giy em khtrng (121oC/1gi) ri lm ngui n 37oC lm ccht cho s pht trin hiu khca mt loi vi nm Chactomium cellulolytium. Ngoi ra trong mi trng cn bsung cc cht dinh dng khc cha nit, photpho v kali. Vi nm tn ti nh nhngvt rn dng huyn ph, bm vo si xelluloza trong ccht v tit ra enzim xenlulozalm chuyn ho xenluloza thnh glucoza. Sau khi ng ho c xenluloza, vi nmto sinh khi v thi ra CO2. i vi dch kim sunfit ny, cc chng nm men snxut cn c lm quen vi nng axit sunfurcao ngay trong cc b tp trung. Cmi tn cacbon ca ccht th c th to ra 500kg sinh khi. Sn phm cui cng cha


36/6636

40 % protein, 60% lipit, xenluloza v hydrat cacbon (vi sn phm c m 5%)(theo Chemical Engineering News, 6-2-1984).

Mt s nh my khc s dng cng ngh Pekilo ca cng ty Tampella vichng nm thuc chiPaccilomyces nui cy trn dch sunfit. Trc khi ln men, huht SO2c loi b bng cch sc bng hi nc qua dung dch sunfit. a vo niln men cc cht c cht dinh dng khong nh axit photphoric, KCl, kh NH3 v scu bng khng kh nn. Sau khi ln men, sinh khi vi nm c tch ra v ra trongcc my p lc n Bx = 35%, sau em sy bng khng kh nng ri p v to ht.

3.Cng ngh sn xut protein trn dch thu phn cc nguyn liu thc vt

3.1. Sn xut protein trn nguyn liu chit ng v nc chit la m.

3.1.1. Nguyn liu: l nc chit ng v nc chit la m

Thnh phn nc chit t la m v ng ( theo kt qu nghin cu ca Vinnghin cu tinh bt M. V. Plevaco) c cho bng 3.1.

Bng 3.1. Thnh phn nc chit tla m v ng

Ch s Nc chit la m Nc chit ng

Nng cht kh (%)

ng kh g/1

Ni tg/1

Tro g/1

A. amin theo sc k, trong lyzin

a. aspactic v glutamic, alanin

Biotin /ml

Biotin /100g cht kh

7,1

2,0

3,14

4,79

10

0,18360

7,5

4,0

0,62

6,46

7

0,751025

Trong nc chit la m, thnh phn ng kh c mantoza v glucoza, chim30% cht kh ca nc chit. Trong nc chit ng, ng kh l mantoza, glucoza,xyloza trong glucoza chim t l cao nht. Hm lng biotin trong nc chit nggp 4 ln nc chit la m.

3.1.2. Chng nm men: nui nm men, dng chng Candida Tropicalis ckh nng ln men c mono v disacarit. Chng ny cho hiu sut cao v c kh

nng pht trin trn nc chit c nng cao.3.1.3. Nui cy nm men: Gin on v lin tc c sc khng kh. Nng ti

thch ca mi trng dinh dng nc chit la m l 1 2%, cn nc chit ng l 1-1,5%.

Theo phng php lin tc vi qui trnh nh sau:

Nc chit v mui khong (amon sunfat v i khi supephotphat ) c avo thit b nui men ( cho nm men ging ) vi tc tng dn trong 6 gi, trongkhi mi trng c thng kh lin tc. n cui gi th 6, lng sinh khi nm


37/6637

men sinh ra khong 25 30 % tnh theo nm men p. n gi th 7, mt phn mitrng t thng nui men c chuyn vo thit b ln men ph: 2 giu 10 %, 2gith 2- 15% v 2 gicui 20% th tch mi trng chung.

Sau 12 gi l bt u sang giai on 3, giai on nui cy lin tc. Trong giaion ny, c mi gi thit b nui men li ly ra 20% dung tch, ri b sung vo mitrng nc chit, nc v mui khong.

Amon sunfat cho vo tnh theo hm lng cc cht c trong nm men p: nit2%, photpho P2O5 1,5 -2%.

Tc pht trin nm men trn nc chit la m bng 16-20% ( so vi trnglng nm men trong thit b) trong 1h, cn trn nc chit ng 20-22% trong 1h.Hiu sut thu c nh sau: c 100kg cht kh tuyt i ca nc chit la m thuc lng nm men p ( c m 75%) l khong 194kg, cn t nc chit ng l240 -260 kg.

3.2. Sn xut sinh khi nm men trn nguyn liu nc chit tb khoai ty

3.3.1. Nguyn liu:

Trong cc nh my sn xut tinh bt t khoai ty, nc dch chit l nc pc trch ly t b khoai ty, t cc b lng v t cc thit b li tm.

Trong nc dch cha khong 96% dch t bo khoai ty, trong c gn77,8% cht nit, 88% gluxit ho tan, 87% lipit v 63,3% cht khong (tnh theo khilng ca cc cht ny c trong khoai ty. Trong 1m3 nc dch cha khong 0,54gkali oxit ( K2O) v 0,09 kg axit photphoric.

Cht kh cui nc dch ca cc nh my tinh bt c thnh phn (%) nh sau:

Thnh phn cht kh %

- Gluxit tan 0,97

- Cht khong 0,67

- Hp cht N2 1,76

- Lipit 0,13

- Cc cht khc 0,67

Bn cnh nc dch, nc sa ca cng nghip sn xut tinh bt l nc thuc khi ra tinh bt cc my cha 0,16% tinh bt kh tuyt i so vi s lngkhoai ty em ch bin. Lng nc ra chim khong 170 - 270% so vi khi lngkhoai ty.

Nc ra cha ch yu cc cht v cv hu cho tan. Thnh phn ho hcca nc ra rt khc nhau v ph thuc nhiu yu t nh: k thut sn xut, chtlng nguyn liu, iu kin bo qun nguyn liu, kch thc c v...v...Hm lngtinh bt khng vt qu 1g/l.

Nc dch v nc ra ny nu khng c tn dng ch bin, hoc x l trckhi thi ra ngoi, s lm nhim bn ngun nc, nu thi ra cc sng, h, ao s lmcht nhiu c. Vi hm lng protein kh ln trong nc dch, nu thi nc ny vocc cnh ng ti lm sch sinh hc t nhin, cng khng c hiu qu.


38/6638

V vy s dng nc dch thi ny sn xut sinh khi nm men rt c ngha v kinh t v bo v mi trng.

Cc nghin cu chng t rng nc dch t bo khoai ty c cha a.aspactic,biotin, D-alanin, l nhng cht rt cn cho nm men sinh trng, pht trin v sinhsn. Nng mi trng thng hp nht l 1,5-4oBx.

3.2.2.Hiu sut tng thu hi.Theo kinh nghim sn xut, c mi tn khoai ty em ch bin c th thu c

khng t hn 30kg nm men bnh hoc 7-8 kg nm men gia sc kh. Tnh theo lngprotein thu c th n bng 300kg khoai ty.

3.2.3. Qui trnh cng ngh:

Sn xut nm men gia sc c th theo s cng nghip sau y ( Hnh 3.3)

Hnh 3.3: S k thut sn xut nm men chn nui.

1. B phn lc 2. Thng trung gian

3. Bm pitng 4. Thit b nui men

5. Thng cha dchnm men 6. Thng ho tan cc cht b sung

7. Bm 8. Thng nh lng

9. Thng cha cht ph bt 10. Bm

11. Bnh o 12, 15, 18. Bm

13,16. my phn ly 14. Thng cha dch c c ln I

20. My sy hai trc ln 17. Thng cha dch c c ln II

21. Bng chuyn 22. Phu23. Bn ng gi 24. Cn

25,26. Bng chuyn 27. Qut gi turbin

29. B ra cc chi tit ca my phn ly.

Vic nui nm men theo qui trnh trn c trnh by bng 3.2.


39/6639

Bng 3.2. Qui trnh nui cy nm men v trng

Gia vo (Mi trng:nc dch) m3

a vo (Amonsunfat)

kg

avo(Axitoctphotphoric) kg

Ly ram3

12

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

44

4

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

5,35,3

5,3

10,6

10,6

10,6

10,6

10,6

10,6

10,6

10,6

0,450,45

0,45

0,90

0,90

0,90

0,90

0,90

0,90

0,90

0,90

--

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Tng cngsau 11 gi

Tng cngsau cc gitip theo

80

15

106

6

9

1,8

-

15

Thuyt minh qui trnh sn xut

Nc dch c tch bi tinh bt nhb phn lc 1, chy xung bm pitng 3qua thng trng gian 2 vo thit b nui nm men 4. Amon sunfat sau khi ho tan trongthng 6, ri cng vi axit octphotphoric c my bm 7 bm vo thng nh lng 8,ri i vo thng nui men 4. S sinh sn ca nm men theo qui trnh lin tc t thngln men 4 v thng cha sinh khi 5.

Cht ph bt t thng cha 9 c bm 10 a v thng nui men qua bnho 11.

Thng nui men lun lun c sc kh nhqut gi turbin 27

Vic nui men theo qui trnh bng 3.2.Sau 11 giln men, khi thng 4 cha y mi trng, ngha l 80m3 th bt u

tho lin tc nm men xung thng 5 vi lng 15m3/ gi.

ng thi a lin tc nc dch vo vi lng bng chng y ( 15m3/ gi) cngvi amon sunfat v axit octphotphoric .

Sinh khi ly c t thng 5, nhbm 12, chy lin tc vo my phn ly 13, rivo thng cha 14, sau tit tc phn ly ln 2 thit b 16 ri cha 17. thng 17,


40/6640

nhmy bm 18 vo my sy 20. Men kh c bng chuyn 21 chuyn sang phu22, vo b phn ng gi trn bn 23 vba c cn trn cn 24. sau qua cc bngvn chuyn 25, 26 i phn ly.

4. Cng ngh sn xut protein trn b ru trng

Phn ln cc nh my sn xut ru t nguyn liu rng c mt s lng b

thi rt ln. Hin nay lng b thi c c s dng li vi s lng khng ng knn phn ln phi thi ra ngoi. Nu khng c x l ng mc, b ru phn hukhng hon ton, thng l ngun gy nhim h cha nc. Ngoi ra, do s phnhu cc hp cht hu ccha trong b ru to thnh nhng cht c mi hi thi gy nhim mi trng khng kh trm trng. Ngoi ra cn phi tiu tn mt khong chi

ph ln cho vic thi b ( lm sch, m rng, thay thng ng v..v..).V vy vicnghin cu ng dng cng ngh sn xut cc sn phm thc phm hoc l sinh hc cnguyn liu t b ru ca rng c mt ngha quan trng v kinh t v bo vm trng. B ru c thc ch bin thnh nhng sn phm sau:

- Glyxein v than cc.

- Tch t rng axit glutamic v betain lm thc n gia sc.- Sn xut nm men bnh m v sinh khi nm men cho gia sc trong sn

xut sinh khi nm men cho gia sc c quan tm v sn xut nhiu hn c.

Qui trnh cng ngh sn xut sinh khi nm men dng cho gia sc tng qut cth trnh by trn s tm tt nh sau: ( S qui trnh cng ngh sn xut)

4.1. Nguyn liu rng

Vi b ru t rng ma c c thnh phn c cho bi bng 3.3.

Bng 3.3. Thnh phn ca b ru trng ma

Thnh phn T l % Thnh phn T l %Nc

Cht kh

Protein

Tro

Cht humin

ng kh

54,67

45,33

6,95

10,93

10,4

5,30

Glyerin

Axit lactic

Cht bo

Xenluloza

Sap, linhin, gluzzit, phenol,

Cc axit hu c

2,60

2,70

0,00

0,30

6,15

Thnh phn cc vitamin c trong b ru c c c cho bng 3.4


41/6641

Hnh 3.4. S qui trnh sn xut sinh khi nm men tb ru rng.

Bng 3.4. Thnh phn cc vitamin c trong b ru c c ( mg/g)

Thnh phn ca cc vitamin Hm lng mg/gAxit niconitic ( PP)

Riboflavin (B2)Piridoxin (B5)

Axit pentotenic ( B3)Biotin ( B7)Axit folic

218

30391,50,3

B ru

Lc thng quay

Dch b

Lm ngui (35-370C)

Ln men

B chn nuiNc

Rng

O2

Nui men ging

VTM ho sinh khi nm men

Tch sinh khi

Sa men c

H2SO4, superfotfat

(NH4)2SO4

Du ph btCht iu chnh pH

Sy 2 trc hoc sy phunThnh phm


42/6642

Nh vy b ru t rng l mi trng c gi tr v y cc cht nuicy nm men to sinh khi. Sinh khi nm men l mt ngun giu protein v ccvitamin l nhng cht quan trng i vi s pht trin ca gia sc, c b sung vothc n iu chnh, lm cn bng v protein cho thc n gia sc (1 kg ch phm

protein c gi tr bng 3,5 kg ht)

4.2. Chng vi sinh vt: Candida Tropicalis, Torulopsis Utilis

4.3. Xl nguyn liu v chun b mi trng:

Tu theo qui trnh cng nghip ca nh my, nu mun thu nm men thc n giasc trn b ru khng b sung thm r ng, th s dng chng CandidaTropicalis. B sung thm rng c th tng hiu sut ca nm men nhng s lmgim h s s dng gluxit ca b ru, do s lm tng gi thnh sn phm. Nu bsung rng th c t l rng thanh trng l 1% so vi b ru. B rutrc khi a vo sn xut c bm n thit b lc chn khng thng quay tchnm men cht trong qu trnh chng ct ru trc .

Ngoi b ru v r ng, mi trng dinh dng cn c b sung axit

photphoric k thut (70%) hm lng 0,5kg/m3

b ru v sunfat amon tinh th(0,5kg/m3). Axit ho dch nui cy bng axit sunfuric hoc HCl n pH mi trngbng 4,5. Lng axit sunfuric dng n 1kg trn 1m3 b ru. Nu pha long vi nctheo t l 1: 1 th cn pha thm 50-70g/m3 magi sunfat.

4.4. Nui cy men ging:

Theo qui trnh cng ngh ca Vin nghin cu cng nghip ru Ucraina vinguyn liu l b ru c tch nm men, vic nhn ging nm men t men gingc tin hnh trong 4 giai on.

Trong giai on u ngi ta s dng rng pha thm 1% super photphat theokhi lng rng. Nng dch l 2,5% c axit ho thnh axit sunfuric hay

axit HCl n pH = 5-5,2 v c thanh trng ni hp p sut 0,5ati trong thi gian30 pht, sau lm ngui n 30oC (rt 200ml dch vo bnh cu dung tch 700ml )cy men ging vo dich v bnh trong my lc phng th nghim trong iu kin csc kh trong 24h. Sau tin hnh nhn ging ln lc vo 3 thit b c th tch l15,120 v 12001 c trang b my sc kh v my lc khng kh. Khi lng mitrng trong cc thit b l 10,100 v 1000l vi nng dch mi trng l 3,5%thi gian nui cy l 24,18 v 16 gi. T thit b cy men sau cng (thng 1000l)ngi ta a lin tc nm men ging vo thng cha men c dung tch 32m3, chac 25m3 dung dch sau chuyn vo thit b nui men cng nghip c dung tchtng cng khong 310 m3.

4.5. Nui men cng nghip: Th tch men ging a vo thng ln men c nng 18-20 g/l (m 75%) bng 10% dung tch c ch ca thng. Qu trnh ln menlin tc c sc kh, thi gian ln men t 5-6 ngy. Sinh khi nm men lng c chiu

bng tia t ngoi chuyn ergosterin thnh canxipherol trc khi qua cc thit b lytm tch v thit b sy.

5. Cng ngh sn xut protein tngun ph liu xenluloza:

T lu ngun xenluloza c ng dng rng ri lm vt liu hu crn trongnhiu lnh vc. Ngun ph liu xenluloza t nng nghip nh b ma l 36 triu tn.


43/66


44/6644

Ln men; Sau khi lm ngui dch ln men qua van kim tra vo thng ln men.Dch men c th t thng cha hay thng nh tng ho li. iu chnh pH bng

NH4OH.

Hnh 3.5. S qu trnh sn xut protein n bo t b thi xenluloza ( theoV.W.Han v cng s 1971)

Thnh phn mi trng nh sau: Ngun xenluloza, nc mui v c, mt s cht

dinh dng c bit v mt s cht chng bt.Thnh phn g/1

Ccht: b ma ch bin (trng lng kh) 6,0

Cht dinh dng: Sunfat amn 3,0

Mui Photphat 1

MgSO4 0,1

CaCl2 0,1

NACl

Nc chit men 0,5

Mui khong 1,0ml

Polyglycol P -2000 0,1ml

Nc 1lit


45/6645

* Thnh phn mui khong g/1

CaCl2 0,5

FeCl3.6H2O 16,7

ZnSO4.7H2O 0,18

CaSO4.7H2O 0,16Clorua Coban.6H2O 0,18

Ethilene dinitriclotetraacetic acid 20,1


46/6646

CHNG 4

CNG NGH SN XUT PRTOTEIN TNGUN HIDRO CACBUADU M V KH T

1. CNG NGH SN XUT SINH KHI PROTEIN DU M

Trong thnh phn cacbua hydro thiu rt nhiu cht dinh dng, trong cc loimui khong l thiu trm trng nht. V th trong khi nui vi sinh vt trong mitrng ny i hi phi cung cp cc cht dinh dng vi lng v khong cho chng

pht trin

1.1. Cc chng vi sinh vt

Vn la chn cc chng vi sinh vt c hot lc sinh tng h p cao dngtrong sn xut c mt ngha quan trng. Trong cng nghip sn xut protein t dum v kh t, phi chn cc chng p ng c cc yu cu sau:

- C kh nng s dng tt ngun nguyn liu hydrocacbua dng trong sn xut.

- Sinh trng nhanh chng, cho sn lng cao trong thi gian ngn, khng ihi cc yu t sinh trng b sung trong sn xut ln.

- C c im ho hc v nui cy n nh, c hm lng protein cao, cha y cc axit amin cn thit, khng c c t v phi c ng vt ng ho tt.

Phn ln cc chng nm men c sn lng cao trn c cht hydrocacbua cphn lp t nhng mu t v bn nhng ni c m du hoc chung quanh cc nhmy ch bin du m.

Trong hn 500 chng nm men phn lp c, cc nh khoa hc thy cc chngnm men thuc ging Candida cho sn lng cao hn c. Cc chng ny c nui

th trong thit b c sc kh trong iu kin phng th nghim trn mi trng n- paraphin cho hiu sut khi ti 80-100% (trng lng men kh so vi trng lngparafin c dng). Hm lng protein trong sinh khi khong 50%. Kt qu xc nhtrn hai loi nm men Candida cho bng 4.1 nh sau;

Bng 4.1.

Tn nm men Hiu sut nm men kh

(%)

Hm lng protein

(% cht kh)

Candida Tropicalis

Candida Intermedia

94,4

87,1

58,8

51,0Cc chng nm men thng s dng:

- a s cc loi thuc ging Candidas nh: C.Tropicalis, C.Lipolitica,C.pelliculosa.

- Torulopsis Famata v..vv.

c im ca cc chng vi sinh vt ny ni chung l:


47/6647

- S dng hidrocacbua lm ngun cacbon duy nht trao i cht v nnglng.

- Bn vng vi c t ca hidrocacbua vi nng cao.

- C kh nng hp th hidrocacbua vo t bo.

1.2. Chun b mi trng dinh dng

1.2.1. Cc cht b sung:

Cc hp cht b sung vo mi trng dinh dng:

- Axit octophotphoric hoc supephotphat

- KCl

- MgSO4

- Ngun nit: Nc amoniac c 20-25% NH3 v mt lng nh amon sunfat oxi ha mi trng ban u. NH3 cn dng iu chnh pH trong thi gian nui cy.

B sung nguyn t vi lng:

Nguyn liu u cc hydrocacbon khng c cc nguyn t vi lng. V vyphi thm vo mi trng dinh dng cc mui sau:

- FeCl3.6H2O

- MnSO4.H2O

- ZnSO4.7H2O

- CuSO4.5H2O

- KI

- Na2MoO4.H2O

1.2.2. Mt s mi trng nui cy vi sinh vt trong du m

Sau y gii thiu mt vi mi trng nui cy vi sinh vt trn hidro cacbualng (theo Nadirop v Popov, 1974)

a. Mi trng nui cy nm men

Thnh phn kg

n-parafin 12,5

Supephotphat 2,7

Amon sunphat 0,45

Nc amoniac (25%) 4,0

KCl 0,56

MgSO4 0,28

Nc b sung vo cho 1000

C th thay supephotphat, bng axit octophotphat, amon sunphat bngamon clorua hoc cho ng thi axit sunfuric vi nc amoniac.


48/6648

Hiu sut c th thu c trn 100kg men kh/m3 mi trng

b. Mi trng nui cy vi khun

Thnh phn kg

n-parafin 10

K2HPO4 1KNO3 1

MgSO4 0,5

NaCl 0,1

FeCl2 0,01

Nc b sung vo cho 1000 lt

c. Mi trng nui cy nm mc

Thnh phn kg

Du diezen 30NaNO3 3

K2HPO4 1

KCl 0,5

FeSO4 0,01

Nc b sung vo cho 1000.

Cc nguyn t vi lng cn cho Aspergilus niger (mg/l mi trng):

Fe 0,2; Zn 0,18; Cu 0,04; Mn 0,22 v Ca 0,02.

Vic tuyn chn cc chugr nm men v vi khun c kh nng phn hy du mv parafin ngy nay c ngha rt ln trong vic bo v mi trng khi b nhim dum, sc bit l cc vng t quanh kho cha hoc t ven bin sau cc s c nhimdu do cc tu chb nn.

1.2.3. K thut nui cy:

Hin nay nng cao hiu sut s dng ccht v tn dng trit thit b nuicy, nhiu nc ng dng k thut nui cy lin tc trong cng nghip sn xutsinh khi nm men.

Qu trnh nui cy nh sau:

- Parafin nng (50-600C) c lin tc cho vo thng ln men, nng parafintrong mi trng ban u l 1,5 -2 % th tch.

- S tch t sinh khi nm men trong thi gian nui cy c th thc hin tronghai ni ln men:

+ Ln men chnh: ni th nht; c thi kh mnh.

+ Ln men ph: c thi kh nhng yu hn.


49/6649

Nu so snh qu trnh ln men sinh khi trn mi trng cha parafin vi mitrng hydratcacbon, chng ta thy c nhng im ging v khc nhau sau y:

. Nui cy nm men trn mi trng cha paraphin thng phi thi kh mnhgp 2,6 - 2,8 ln so vi kh nui cy nm men trn mi trng hydrat cacbon.

. S sinh trng ca vi sinh vt trn hidrocacbua ph thuc vo pH cng ging

nh khi nui trn mi trng sacaroza (pH = 5-6). Tuy nhin, c thtr s pH thphn trnh tp nhim.

. Khi sinh trng trn hydrocacbua, nm men to nhit hn v yu cu v thanhtrng khng cht ch nh khi nui trn mi trng sacaroza.

1.4. Ngun ccht:

Cht lng ca parafin nh hng ln n sn lng nui cy nm men. Trongn-parafin thng c 93-98% hydro cacbua c to thnh phc cht vi cacbamit, l cc n-ankan c s nguyn t cacbon t 12-24, 2-7% izoparafin naphten v khngqu 0,5% hydro mt hoc hai vng thm.

Qua cc s liu cng b trong vic nghin cu la chn cc ngun nguyn liukhc nhau, ta thy:

- Sn phm nm men rt ph thuc vo ngun hydrocacbua c trong nguynliu v phng php lm sch. Nu trong nguyn liu c cha mt s cacbua khc,hm lng ca chng qu mt gii hn nht nh no c th lm c ch sinh trngca vi sinh vt.

- Sn phm oxy ha ca mt s hydrocacbua khc trong nguyn liu c th tchi n tng sinh khi ca ging nui cy.

-c tnh l hc ca ccht ( nng chy, nht, mu sc..) c th lm choqu trnh sn xut gp kh khn. Th d: parafin khng khuch tn trong mi trng

nnuwowoo nhit sinh trng bnh thng ca nm men, d l c s khuy o. khc phc, c th chn cc chng vi sinh vt c nhit sinh trng ti thch cao,tt nht l cc chng vi sinh vt a nhit (trn 400C).


50/6650

1.5. S cng ngh sn xut sinh khi nm men tdu m th v tparafin tinh khit:

A B

2. Cng ngh sn xut sinh khi vi sinh vt tkht

2.1. u im ca sn xut sinh khi vi sinh vt tkht:

- Kh t thng r hn du m, do gi thnh sinh khi thu c cng r

hn.- Sinh khi thu nhn c t kh t thng sch hn rt nhiu so vi sinh khi

t du m.

2.2. Nhc im

. Cc vi sinh vt ng ho kh thin nhin u l nhng vi sinh vt hiu kh.Chng cn oxy h hp. Khi cho CH4 vo cng O2 s to thnh mt hn hp kh rtd n.

Ln men

Tch nm men

Ra nc

Lm kh

X l bng dung mi

Thu hi dung mi

Ra nc

Lm kh

Bao gi

Nm men thnh phm

Du th

Du ht parafin

Ln men

Tch nm men

Ra nc

Lm kh

Bao gi

Nm men thnh phm

Parafin


51/6651

. ng ho O2 v CH4, chng phi tan trong mi trng v phi ti p xcc vi t bo vi sinh vt. Trong khi ho tan ca O2 v CH4 trong iu kin

bnh thng rho km. tng ha tan ca metan c th tn p sut d trong thitb, nh vy cn phi ch to thit b chu p lc cao rt phc tp v nh vy s mttnh kinh t ca phng php. Cch th hai c th l a mt dung mi hu cno vo mi trng dinh dng tng ha tan ca metan, nhng lc s c th lm

vi sinh vt thch dung mi hn metan v vic dng kh thin nhin mt ht ngha.2.3. Cc phng php sn xut sinh khi vi sinh vt bng kht:

Hin nay c 2 phng php sn xut sinh khi vi sinh vt bng kh t

- Phng php 1: Ngi ta to ra mi trng dinh dng gm c mui amonv cht khong v a mi trng ny vo cc bnh ln men.

Tin hnh nui vi sinh vt c kh nng to sinh khi t kh thin nhin trongbnh ln men ny.

Thi kh thin nhin v kh vo bnh dung dch ln men c sn vi sinh vt.Kh khng kh v kh thin nhin vo dung dch ln men s tip xc vi vi sinh vt.

Khi vi sinh vt sng ho kh thin nhin cng vi cc cht dinh dng tothnh sinh khi

- Phng php th2:

. Thit k nhng bnh phn ng c cha y cht mang. Cht mang ny chay vi sinh vt trong

. a khng kh v kh thin nhin t di ln.

. Khng kh v kh thin nhin i qua cht mang s to c sng ho caVi sinh vt.

. Sinh khi oc to thnh nhiu s tch khi cht mang v ri xung pha di

. Thu nhn sinh khi ty thit b.

Theo phng php ny th hiu sut khng cao nhng c ngha khi xl CH4 trong mi trng khng kh. CH4 c nh hng cao nht n s to thnh hintng hiu ng nh knh (CH4 lm tng hiu ng nhag knh gp 21 ln so vi CO2.Phng php ny loi trc CH4 v thu oc sinh khi cng mt lc. y l mt

phng php kh l tng trong k thut mi trng.


52/6652

CHNG 5

CNG NGH SN XUT PROTEIN TTO N BO

5.1.GII THIU V TO SPIRULINA

5.1.1. c im ca to Spirulina:

t lu, to l mn n dn gian ca nhiu a phng trn th gii. Dn min

Kanem dng thng mng vt loi to lam a bo Spirulina maxima trong cc ao h

giu mui cacbonat lm thc n nhng lc h cha bit c trong to lam cha

rt nhiu cc cht c gi tr dinh dng.

u nhng nm 70 ca th k XX, Vin nghin cu du m ca Php pht

hin ra to c kh nng pht trin nhanh v c hm lng protein rt cao. T nm

1967, Sosa Texcoco( Cng ha Sat, chu Phi) trthnh cssn xut cng nghip

to Spirulina u tin trn th gii. Trc y ngi ta sn xut nhiu Chlorella nhng

dn dn, do nhng im ni bt, to Spirulina chim v tr ch yu. Hin nay rt

nhiu nc trn th gii trong c c Vit Nam cng t chc sn xut loi to ny

nhng qui m khc nhau.

To Spirulina c cu to hnh si a bo, c hnh dng xon l xo, kch thc

khong 0.25 0.5 mm, sng t nhin nc kim giu natri bicacbonat.


53/6653

To Spirulina sinh sn bng cch gy ra tng khc, tc sinh trng rt nhanh,

c th sng trong mi trng ngho cht dinh dng, iu kin nui cy n gin. c

bit iu kin t nhin c cng chiu sng ln v trong mi trng c pH =8.5

9 th tc sinh trng l ln nht. Hiu sut s dng nng lng mt tri cao ti 3

4.5 %. Hiu sut s dng kh CO2 lm ngun cacbon cng rt cao, ti 80 85 %

trong khi Chlorella cht khong 30 %. To Spirulina c kch thc ln, li c xu

hng ni ln mt nc v t tp sinh khi nn d dng thu hoch bng cch vt v

lc trong khi Chlorella c kch thc nh nn phi thu nhn bng phng php ly

tm phc tp. Nng sut tnh trn n v din tch nui trng rt cao do n c gi tr

kinh t rt cao. Theo bo Vietnam Net, Long An nui trng to Spirulina bng

nh knh, so vi s dng t trng la vi thu nh p 50 triu ng/ha/nm, vic

chuyn sang nui to Spirulina s to mc thu nhp khong1.2 tng/nm, tc tng

gp 24 ln so vi trng la.

Ngoi nhng u im trn, vic to Spirulina c a vo sn xut vi qui m

ln nhiu nc trn th gii cn do gi tr dinh dng to ln ca n. To Spirulina


54/6654

cha hm lng protein rt cao, khong 60 70 % trng lng cht kh c bit l c

y cc axit amin khng thay th. Hm lng cc axit amin ca nhng protein ny

gn vi qui nh ca protein tiu chun, tng ng vi protein ng vt v cao hn

hn protein thc vt.

Bng 5.1.Thnh phn axit amin ca to Spirulina

S th t Thnh phn g/10g S lng(% tng cht kh)

1

23

4

5

6

7

8

910

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

Isoleucin

LeucinLysin

Methionin

Phenilalanin

Theonin

Tryptophan

Valin

AlaninArginin

Axit aspartic

Cystin

Axit glutamic

Glycin

Histidin

Prolin

Serin

Tyrosin

350

540290

140

280

320

90

400

470430

610

60

910

320

100

270

320

300

5.6

8.74.7

2.3

4.5

5.2

1.5

6.5

7.66.9

9.8

1.0

14.6

5.2

1.6

4.3

5.2

4.8


55/6655

Gi tr dinh dng ca to cn th hin cn th hin cht lng v s lng

cc vitamin cha trong n nh caroten, vitamin B3, B6, B1, E v c bit rt nhiu

vitamin B12. Vin nghin cu ng dng cng ngh chit c caroten dng

lm thc n bi dng sc khe, chng suy dinh dng cho tr em. Ngoi ra trong

Spirulina cn cha nhiu xantophyl l cht rt cn thit cho gia cm. Nu dng to vilng 10 % trong khu phn thc n nui c th s c tc dng lm tng cao t l

sng ca c bt.

Ngy nay ngi ta pht hin v chit tch t to Spirulina cht phycoxianin l

mt cht c tc dng cha bnh ung th vng hm, vm hng. Qua nghin cu cho

thy rng nu dng phycoxianin kt hp vi gamma Cobalt 60 s hn chc 70 80

% s pht trin cc t bo ung th. To cn c tc dng bo v cth khi tc hi ca

cht phng x v chng suy mn do nhim hi cChnh v nhng li ch to ln trn ca Spirulina nn hin nay to ang c nui

trng rt rng ri nhiu ni trn th gii lm thc n dinh dng cho ngi, l

nguyn liu chnh sn xut bt dinh dng cho tr em, s dng trong lnh vc y hc

cha bnh ung th, sn xut thuc li sa, thuc chng suy dinh dng ..., s dng

lm thc n gia cm, lm m phm...

5.1.2.TNH HNH SN XUT TO SPIRULINA TRN TH GII V

VIT NAM5.1.2.1. Trn th gii:

Hin nay trn th gii pht trin rt mnh vic nui cy to Spirulina v

Chlorella thu nhn sinh khi cho ngi v ng vt, trong Spirulina c sn

xut nhiu hn. Thc t cho thy, 1 ha b mt nui cy to thu nhn c 10- 15 tn

to mt nm, cao hn rt nhiu so vi trng la. Mt trong nhng ging c s dng

nhiu nht l Spirulina maxima. To lam ny pht trin thnh si, do d thu nhn

thm ch bng cc phng php th cng nh co v lc.

T thp nin 70, Nht Bn v M to Spirulina c xem l mt loi siu

thc phm. n nhng nm 1990, vn tiu th Spirulina tng vt bc ti Trung

Quc, n , chu , Bc M lm cho Spirulina ngy cng trnn ph bin.


56/6656

Mexico: vo nhng nm 70, mt cng ty ca Php pht hin to trong hTexcoco pht trin tt trong mi trng kim c nhiu mui cacbonat. Nh my sn

xut cng nghip ln u tin trn th gii c xy dng y.

H Sosa Texcoco -MexicoNm 1979, ln u tin Mexico xut khu nhng loi thc n dinh dng t

Spirulina sang U.S.

Myanmar: Vic sn xut bt u vo nm 1988 h Twin Taung. Nm 1993,30 tn to c thu hoch v tiu th trong a phng. Vo nm 1999, vic sn xut

tng ln 100 tn/ nm. Khong 60 % to c thu hoch bng thuyn bn ngoi ca

h v khong 40 % mc dc theo cnh h. trong sut thi k to pht trin mnh vo

ma h, khi Spirulina mc thnh nhng thm dy bn trong h, ngi ta dng thuyn

thu hoch to vo trong nhng ci thng. Sau khi thu hoch xong c em i lc,

ra sch vi nc tinh khit, tch nc v lp qu trnh mt ln na

H Twin Taung- Myanmar


57/6657

Sat: Nhng ci ao c tnh kim xung quanh h Sat chu Phi l mt vng ltng cho to Spirulina pht trin. Ph n bn x thu hoch Spirulina v ch bin

thnh mn n gi l dih, sn lng thu hoch khong 30 tn/nm.

Thailand: To c trng vo nm 1978 gn Bangkok. Vi iu kin kh hunhit i, to y pht trin tt v cho nng sut cao 150 tn/nm v lc ny l 170tn/ nm. Ngoi ra cn mt vi cssn xut nhThi Lan. To c bn cho Nht

Bn lm thc n dinh dng.

H trng Spirulina ca cng ty Siam- Thi Lan

Hawaii, USA: Cyanotech mmt nng tri sn xut Spirulina vo nm 1985 trnbbin Kon thuc o Big- Hawaii, nhng nm gn y, khu vc ny c m

rng v sn sinh hn 400 tn Spirulina/nm cng vi to Dunaliella.

Trung Quc: Ngy nay Trung Quc c khong 80 loi Spirulina vi nng sutthu hoch khong 500 tn/nm trong o Hainan c sn lng 300 tn/nm.

i Loan: Vo thp nin 70, i Loan ch yu trng Chlorella nhng c 5 loiSpirulina c kh nng sn sinh vi trm tn/nm. Ngy nay Spirulina c nui trng

rt nhiu v c thu hoch khong 460 tn/nm.

n : Vic nghin cu bt u vo cui nhng nm 70, t qui m gia nh hchuyn sang dng canh tc ln hn. Vo nm 1990, n thnh l p nn mt tiu

chun quc t v cc loi thc n t Spirulina. Hin nay c 2 cssn xut ln c

tnh sn lng khong vi trm tn/nm.

Cuba: C hai cssn xut khong 40 tn/ nm.


58/66


59/6659

Phng th nghim Khu nhn ging cao tc

H nui trng to Sn phmNgoi ra, nm 2003, m hnh nui to bng nh knh Long An theo qui trnh

nui to sch ca Thc sL Vn Lng c sn xut n nh v c hiu qu kinh

t. Hin nay m hnh nui trng ny c a vo ng dng vi qui m sn xut 2

3 tn/nm. Gi thnh ca loi to xon ny khong 10 16 USD/kg. n nay, to

Spirulina c cng ty thc phm ng Tm dng lm nguyn liu chnh sn

xut bt dinh dng cho tr em. To Spirulina c mt s cng ty dc mua

cnsx protein

Documents