7/25/2019 consti 1 q2

1/14

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW IQUIZ II REVIEWER

CHAPTER 4 DOCTRINE OF STATEIMMUNITY

*The State may not be sued without itsconsent*

REASON

1. Infallibility2. There can be no leal riht aainst the

authority which ma!es the law onwhich the riht de"ends

#. The demands and incon$eniences oflitiation will di$ert the time andresources of the state from the more"ressin matters demandin itsattention% to the "re&udice of the"ublic welfare

'. Par in parem non habet imperium (the "rinci"le of the so$erein e)ualityof States one State cannot assert&urisdiction o$er another

+,ASSI+A,-ASO,/TE T0EOR ( aso$erein cannot% without its consent%be made a res"ondent in the courts ofanother so$erein

RESTRI+TIE T0EOR ( the immunity

of the so$erein is reconi3ed onlywith reard to "ublic acts or actsjureimperiiof a state% nut not with reardsto "ri$ate acts or actsjure getionis

4 This theory came aboutbecause of the entry ofso$erein states into "urelycommercial acti$itiesremotely connected with thedischare of o$ernmentalfunctions.

A55,I+ATION6 Actions are rarelyinstituted directly aainst the Re"ublic of the5hili""ines% "resumably because such a ste"will "ro$o!e resort to the doctrine of StateImmunity and "ossible dismissal of thecom"laint for lac! of &urisdiction.

4 The usual "ractice is to 7le suchclaims aainst the o8cer of the

o$ernment who is su""osed todischare the res"onsibility or rantthe redress demand.

4 It is im"ortant to determine if theState is the REA, 5ART ININTEREST% that the claim if "ro$edwill be a direct liability of the Stateand not merely of the o8cerim"leaded. If this is shown% theaction can be dismissed as a suitaainst the State unless its immunityhad been "re$iously wai$ed.

4 9here a "ublic o8cial acts withoutor in e:cess of &urisdiction% any in&urycaused by him is his own "ersonaliability and cannot be im"uted tothe State.

WAIVER OF IMMUNITY*the doctrine of State Immunity is sometimecalled ;the royal "reroati$e of dishonestyI+ATION6 the State may% if it sodesires% di$est itself of its so$ereinimmunity and thereby $oluntarily o"en itselfto suit. In 7ne% the State may be sued if iti$es its consent.

FORMS OF CONSENT

1. EXPRESS CONSENT ( may bemanifested either throuh a eneralaw or a s"ecial law

4 The e:"ress consent of theState to be sued must beembodied in a duly enactedstatue and may not be i$enby a mere counsel of theo$ernment.

a. General lai. Act No #?@# ( ;theo$ernment of the 5hili""ineIslands hereby consents andsubmits to be sued u"on anymoneyed claim in$ol$inliability arisin from contracte:"ress or im"lied% whichcould ser$e as a basis of ci$i

1 B 5 a e

7/25/2019 consti 1 q2

2/14

action between "ri$ate"artiesili"ino "eo"leree E:ercise+lause and for accommodation of moralitybased on reliion% "ro$ided it does not oFendcom"ellin state interests

REPU7LICANISM BSECTION I

*The +onstitution describes the 5hili""inesas a republican and democratic State.

*Democracy ( essentially a o$ernment bythe "eo"le

4 It rants them the riht to interfere in theaFairs of o$ernment and challene any acttendin to "re&udice their interest.

4 the "eo"le can now directly "ro"ose andenact laws or a""ro$e or re&ect any act orlaw or "art thereof "assed by the +onressor local leislati$e body% e$en directly"ro"ose amendments to the +onstitution oninitiati$e

CHARACTERISTICS OF A REPU7LICANSTATE

1. The "eo"le are declared su"remeE$ery citi3en is an indi$iduare"ository of so$ereinty.

Hustice ,aurel ;an enfranchisedciti3en is a "article of "o"ular

' B 5 a e

7/25/2019 consti 1 q2

5/14

so$ereinty and is the ultimatesource of the establishedauthority

2. A re"resentati$e o$ernment% ao$ernment run by and for the "eo"le.It is not a "ure democracy where the"eo"le o$ern themsel$es directly.

The essence of re"ublicanism isrepresentation and renovation%the selection by the citi3enry ofa cor"s of "ublic functionarieswho deri$e their mandate fromthe "eo"le and act on theirbehalf% ser$in for a limited"eriod only% after which they arere"laced or retained at theo"tion of their "rinci"al.

#. It is a res"onsible o$ernment whoseo8cials hold and dischare their"osition as a PU7LIC TRUST andshall% accordin to the +onstitution%AT

ALL TIMES E A!!"#$TALE T" T%EPE"PLEthey are sworn to ser$e

'. The "ur"ose of a re"ublicano$ernment is the "r&&'$&n &2 '3e#&&n el2are a##&r($n) '& '3e$ll &2 '3e "e&"le. This 9I,, isusually determined by the rule of the

ma&ority% the reater number of the"eo"le. E:"ress throuh theenactment of laws by the law ma!inbody.J

In the election of the membersthemsel$es% the winners arethose who recei$e the hihestnumber of $otes in theirres"ecti$e constituencies% or amere PLURALITY which maynot necessarily be a ma&ority of

the total $otes cast.

In the Sandianbayan% thedissent of one member will"re$ent a decision of the othertwo members of the di$ision asa unanimous $ote is re)uire forsuch decision ( ;ma&ority of

one< when "rotected by the bilof rihts

. Ours is a 9A GOVERNMENT OFLAWS AND NOT OF MEN:.

The ascendancy of the law isa:iomatic in a re"ublic andmust be reconi3ed by e$ery"ublic o8cial no matter howe:alted. NO PERSON ISA7OVE THE LAW ALL MUST7OW TO ITS MAESTY. E$eryo8cial act must be based u"onand conform to the authority ofa $alid law% lac!in which theact must be re&ected. Nobility ofintention is insu8cient to$alidate an unauthori3ed act.

1. The e:istence of a bill of rihts2. The obser$ance of the rule ofma&ority#. The obser$ance of the "rinci"le thatours is a o$ernment of laws% and notof men'. The "resence of elections throuh"o"ular will. The obser$ance of the "rinci"le ofse"aration of "owers and the systemof chec!s and balances

K. The obser$ance of the "rinci"le thatthe leislature cannot "assirre"ealable lawsC. The obser$ance of the law on "ublico8cers and@. The obser$ance of the "rinci"le thatthe State cannot be sued without itsconsent.

DEFENSE OF THE STATE B SECTION IV

+ This "ro$ision is based u"on theinherent riht of e$ery State toe:istence and self4"reser$ation. y$irtue of this riht% a State may ta!e u"all necessary action% includin the useof armed forces% to re"el any threat toits security.

B 5 a e

7/25/2019 consti 1 q2

6/14

+ ART 1'% SE+TION ' ( the armed forcesof the 5hili""ines shall &be composed ofa citi'en armed force (hich shallundergo military training and serve) asmay be provided by la(*++.A. NO. 1 (NATIONA, DE>ENSE A+TJ

+ The duty of the o$ernment to defendthe State cannot be "erformed e:ce"tthrouh an army. To lea$e theorani3ation of an army to the will of theciti3ens would be to ma!e this duty ofthe o$ernment e:cusable should therebe no su8cient men who $olunteer toenlist therein.

+ The duty to defend the State is im"osedu"on all citi3ens% includin women% andthat the military or ci$il ser$ice thatmay be re)uired of them by law must be5ERSONA,. This "recludes the hirin bythe rich of ;mercenaries< or;"rofessional soldiers< to ta!e their"lace in the defense of the State.

PEACE AND ORDER BSECTION V B"&/"6l"/ )/ e/ 7&D

INCORPORATION CLAUSE BSECTION 6

+ E$ery State is% by reason of itsmembershi" in the family of nations%bound by the enerally acce"ted"rinci"les of international law% whichare considered to be automatically"art of its own laws. ( DOCTRINE OFINCORPORATION

+ /nder the 1L@C +onstitution%international law can become "art of

the s"here of domestic law either bytransformation or incorporation*

o TRANSFORMATION METHOD

( an international law betransformed into a domesticlaw throuh a constitutionalmechanism such as localleislation

o INCORPORATION METHOD (by mere constitutionadeclaration% international law isdeemed to ha$e the force ofdomestic law.

+ enerally acce"ted "rinci"les ofinternational law% by $irtue of theincor"oration clause of the+onstitution% form "art of the laws ofthe land e$en if they do not deri$efrom treaty obliations. E:Renunciation of war as an instrumentof national "olicy% the "rinci"le ofso$erein immunity% a "ersonMs rihtto life% liberty and due "rocess% and

pacta sunt servanda) amon others

KURUDA V. JALANDONI

Fa#'@ 5etitioner challened the &urisdictionof the military commission tryin himcontendin that the 5hili""ines was notco$ered by the 0A/E +ONENTION underwhich he was bein "rosecuted% since the5hili""ines was not a sinatory to thisareement.

Hel(@ 9e are bound by that con$entionbecause it embodied enerally acce"ted"rinci"les of international law bindin u"onall States.

TREAT S EE+/TIE AREEGENTS

Treaty ( a treaty has reater dinity than ane:ecuti$e areement because itsconstitutional e8cacy is beyonddoubt% a treaty ha$in behind it theauthority of the 5resident% the Senateand the "eo"le

4 A rati7ed treaty% unli!e an e:ecuti$eareement% ta!es "recedence o$erany "rior statutory enactment

STATE POLICIES

K B 5 a e

7/25/2019 consti 1 q2

7/14

Se#'$&n . T3e S'a'e 3all "-r-e an

$n(e"en(en' 2&re$)n "&l$#*. In $'

rela'$&n $'3 &'3er 'a'e/ '3e

"ara&-n' #&n$(era'$&n 3all !e

na'$&nal &1ere$)n'*/ 'err$'&r$al

$n'e)r$'*/ na'$&nal $n'ere'/ an( '3e

r$)3' '& el2+(e'er$na'$&n.

Se#'$&n . T3e P3$l$""$ne/ #&n$'en'

$'3 '3e na'$&nal $n'ere'/ a(&"' an(

"-r-e a "&l$#* &2 2ree(& 2r&

n-#lear ea"&n $n $' 'err$'&r*.

Se#'$&n . T3e S'a'e 3all "r&&'e a

5-' an( (*na$# $al &r(er '3a' $ll

en-re '3e "r&"er$'* an(

$n(e"en(en#e &2 '3e na'$&n an( 2ree '3e

"e&"le 2r& "&1er'* '3r&-)3 "&l$#$e

'3a' "r&1$(e a(e;-a'e $al er1$#e/"r&&'e 2-ll e"l&*en'/ a r$$n)

'an(ar( &2 l$1$n)/ an( an $"r&1e(

;-al$'* &2 l$2e 2&r all.

Se#'$&n %. T3e S'a'e 3all "r&&'e

$al 5-'$#e $n all "3ae &2 na'$&nal

(e1el&"en'.

Se#'$&n %%. T3e S'a'e 1al-e '3e ($)n$'*

&2 e1er* 3-an "er&n an( )-aran'ee

2-ll re"e#' 2&r 3-an r$)3'.

Se#'$&n %6. T3e S'a'e re#&)n$>e '3e

an#'$'* &2 2a$l* l$2e an( 3all "r&'e#'

an( 'ren)'3en '3e 2a$l* a a !a$#

a-'&n&&- $al $n'$'-'$&n. I' 3all

e;-all* "r&'e#' '3e l$2e &2 '3e &'3er

an( '3e l$2e &2 '3e -n!&rn 2r&

#&n#e"'$&n. T3e na'-ral an( "r$ar*

r$)3' an( (-'* &2 "aren' $n '3e rear$n)

&2 '3e *&-'3 2&r #$1$# eJ#$en#* an( '3e(e1el&"en' &2 &ral #3ara#'er 3all

re#e$1e '3e -""&r' &2 '3e G&1ernen'.

Se#'$&n %e '3e

1$'al r&le &2 '3e *&-'3 $n na'$&n+!-$l($n)

an( 3all "r&&'e an( "r&'e#' '3e$r

"3*$#al/ &ral/ "$r$'-al/ $n'elle#'-al

an( $al ell+!e$n). I' 3all $n#-l#a'e

$n '3e *&-'3 "a'r$&'$ an( na'$&nal$/

an( en#&-ra)e '3e$r $n1&l1een' $n

"-!l$# an( #$1$# aKa$r.

Se#'$&n %4. T3e S'a'e re#&)n$>e '3e

r&le &2 &en $n na'$&n+!-$l($n)/ an(

3all en-re '3e 2-n(aen'al e;-al$'*

!e2&re '3e la &2 &en an( en.

Se#'$&n %8. T3e S'a'e 3all "r&'e#' an(

"r&&'e '3e r$)3' '& 3eal'3 &2 '3e

"e&"le an( $n'$ll 3eal'3 #&n#$&-ne

a&n) '3e.

Se#'$&n %?. T3e S'a'e 3all "r&'e#' an(

a(1an#e '3e r$)3' &2 '3e "e&"le '& a

!alan#e( an( 3eal'32-l e#&l&)* $na##&r( $'3 '3e r3*'3 an( 3ar&n* &2

na'-re.

Se#'$&n %. T3e S'a'e 3all )$1e "r$&r$'*

'& e(-#a'$&n/ #$en#e an( 'e#3n&l&)*/

ar'/ #-l'-re/ an( "&r' '& 2&'er

"a'r$&'$ an( na'$&nal$/ a##elera'e

$al "r&)re/ an( "r&&'e '&'a

3-an l$!era'$&n an( (e1el&"en'.

Se#'$&n %. T3e S'a'e aJr la!&r a a

"r$ar* $al e#&n&$# 2&r#e. I' 3al

"r&'e#' '3e r$)3' &2 &r0er an(

"r&&'e '3e$r el2are.

Se#'$&n %. T3e S'a'e 3all (e1el&" a

el2+rel$an' an( $n(e"en(en' na'$&na

e#&n&* eKe#'$1el* #&n'r&lle( !*

F$l$"$n&.

Se#'$&n 6. T3e S'a'e re#&)n$>e '3e$n($"ena!le r&le &2 '3e "r$1a'e e#'&r/

en#&-ra)e "r$1a'e en'er"r$e/ an(

"r&1$(e $n#en'$1e '& nee(e(

$n1e'en'.

C B 5 a e

7/25/2019 consti 1 q2

8/14

Se#'$&n 6%. T3e S'a'e 3all "r&&'e

#&"re3en$1e r-ral (e1el&"en' an(

a)rar$an re2&r.

Se#'$&n 66. T3e S'a'e re#&)n$>e an(

"r&&'e '3e r$)3' &2 $n($)en&-

#-l'-ral #&-n$'$e $'3$n '3e

2rae&r0 &2 na'$&nal -n$'* an(

(e1el&"en'.

Se#'$&n 6

7/25/2019 consti 1 q2

9/14

SOCIAL USTICE BARTICLE II/ SECTION /%/ %%/ %/ 6%

+ One of the most serious "roblems of thenation is the acute imbalance betweenthe rich and the "oor and the resultantdi$isi$eness and hostility between them.This "olari3ation has created an e:"losi$esituation that% unless corrected in time%may lead to a $iolent social u"hea$al.

+ ,aws which ha$e for their ob&ect the"reser$ation and maintenance of social&ustice are not only meant to fa$or the"oor and the under"ri$ileed. They a""lywith e)ual force to those who%notwithstandin their more comfortablesituation in life% are e)ually deser$in of"rotection from the courts. Social &usticeis not a license to tram"le on the rihts ofthe rich in the uise of defendin the"oor% where no act of in&ustice or abuse isbein committed aainst them.

A++ORDIN TOUSTICE LAUREL@S$al 5-'$#e

4 Neither communism% nor des"otism% noratomism% nor anarchy% but thehumani3ation of laws and thee)uali3ation of social and economicforces by the State so that &ustice in itsrational and ob&ecti$ely secularconce"tion may at least bea""ro:imated.

4 Geans the "romotion of the welfare ofall the "eo"le% the ado"tion by theo$ernment of measures calculated toinsure economic stability of all thecom"onent elements of society% throuhthe maintenance of a "ro"er economicand social e)uilibrium in the

interrelations of the members of thecommunity% constitutionally% throuhthe ado"tion of measures leally&usti7able% or e:tra4constitutionally%throuh the e:ercise of "owersunderlyin the e:istence of allo$ernments on the time4honored"rinci"le of SAL#S P"P#LI ESTS#P,EMA LE-*

SEPARATION OF CHURCH AND STATEB ART II/ SEC ?

4 The se"aration of +hurch and State shalbe in$iolable

RATIONALE@ stron fences ma!e oodneihbors.

4 The idea is to delineate theboundaries between the twoinstitutions and thus a$oidencroachments by one aainst theother because of a misunderstandinof the limits of their res"ecti$ee:clusi$e &urisdictions.

1. A union of +hurch and State ;tend todestroy o$ernment and to deradereliion.