PROBLEM STATEMENT

“Conceptualize a laparoscopic device which avoids a port to send the light source”

STATE OF THE ART

Light source

WHY?

Reduce the number and size of incisions => Minimizing scar tissue

Need to drive down the cost of the equipment: especially in developing countries

Need for convenience for the surgeonOpportunity for enhancing the image acquired

DERIVATION OF IDEA

IDEA 1: ILLUMINATING THE LIGHT SOURCE

DERIVATION OF IDEA

DEVELOPMENT -1

Using the property of Photoluminescence which include fluorescence and phosphorescence may be used for illuminating the instruments.

Merits :The factor of radioactivity is avoided.It operates for a longer period when compared to the coat of

luminating material.Intensity of photoluminescence is higher. Demerits:Heat is generated which may be tackled by using heat absorbers

externally or a mechanism may be designed for using heat generated as an energy source for coagulation

IDEA-2 : BIO- LUMINESCENCE

DERIVATION OF IDEA

DEVELOPMENT 1 : USING ENZYMES WHICH MAY EMIT LIGHT AFTER

APPROPRIATE REACTION

Oxidation of luciferins, which is catalyzed by luciferases, yields a peroxy compound 1,2-dioxetane. The dioxetane is unstable and decays spontaneously to carbon dioxide and excited ketones, which release excess energy by emitting light (bioluminescence).

Loss of CO2 of a dioxetane, giving rise to an excited ketone, which relaxes by emitting light.

Enzyme produced by bio luminous bacteria may be inserted through the laparoscopic key hole which act as a light source for the surgery. Interaction of blue fluorescent protein (also known as the lumazine protein) in Photobacterium phosphoreumand Photobacterium leiognathi with the respective luciferases yields photon emission at higher energy ( MAX ~478 nm) corresponding to a blue color. Similarly, the presence of the yellow fluorescence protein in the strain Y-1 of V. fischeri results in yellow light emission

MERITS AND DEMERITSMerits : No incision is required for the light source .Intensity can be altered by controlling enzymatic action.In the case of using luciferase , the end product of the reaction is

carbon dioxide.Demerits :Heat which is liberated should either be absorbed or used for the

purpose of coagulation.The end products in the reaction of Luciferin should be carefully

disposed

IDEA 3 : USING ELASTIC MATERIAL AS A SPACE FOR CHEMOLUMINESCENCE

IDEA -4 SENDING THE LIGHT SOURCE INSIDE AND CONTROLLING USING A

MAGNET

Origination of the idea

•Peretonnial Cavity is inflated •Leaves the operating areas not in intact with the wall of the abdomen.

• Deduction made from the fact that gas filled area gives us a large aperture for the light source .

• A magnet attached light which is operated with a magnetic control from outside .

• Intensity can also be controlled.• Just like a paper weight on the table .

IDEA-5 : Fiber-Optics, Depth Perception & Multispectral Imaging

Miniaturized (expensive) camera heads

Separate light source

Existing commonly used setup

Proposed alternative

Stereoscopic (3D) vision headset for live depth perception to the surgeon

Focal stacking to extract clinically relevant features from different

depths

Multispectral imaging mechanism (can alternatively be provided at light

source using different wavelength LEDs)

Multispectral Imaging

A combination of minor tweaks can make a major difference!

• Diameter of Laparoscope port can be minimized, implying minimal scar tissue

• At the tip, lens can be used (or made from fiber cable) to increase field of view (if required)

• Instead of looking at a display monitor, the surgeon can have a live stereoscopic video fed to his/her headset => depth perception

• A larger, much cheaper CCD camera can be used, as it can be placed outside and doesn’t need to be in the line of sight of incoming light

• Additionally, a visually richer image can be obtained by implementing multispectral imaging at the light source or CCD sensor (outside)

ALTERNATIVE MECHANISM

FINAL DEVELOPMENT A mechanical system may be designed with a light source

embedded into it . In this system the light sources are attached to the branches which are extended or unfolded after the incision.

Merits :High intensity of light can be generated using this mechanism.The branches of this system can be rotated facilitating the

surgeon to focus light at required area.Light intensity can be altered by adjusting the position of branch.Demerits: The extended branches may restrict the movement of other

instruments .They may go in contact with other tissues .The diameter of probe may increase

Pranav SantoshTanayRadhikaSoniyaRamya