csh project nou

7/30/2019 CSH Project Nou

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TRANSILVANIA UNIVERSITY OF BRAOV

FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

AND COMPUTER SCIENCE

Master Study Program: Advanced Electrical

Systems

CSH PROJECT

Students: Banica Ana-Maria

Canja Cristina

Gr. SEA 4706

CSH PROJECT Wind-Solar Hybrid system for Probota hotel Pagin 1


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Project advisor: prof. Dr. ing. Corneliu

Marinescu

Project theme:

Design, modeling and performance analysis of a wind and PV hybrid system to supplyenergy for 10 - 12 rooms from a hotel situated in Bucovina.

The main objective of our project is to desing and analyze the hybrid system followingeach of these steps:

choice of the exact location and collect data about the wind speed, solar irradiance

coefficient, temperature, latitude, longitude, air pressure;

implementation of the bloc diagram;

design of the electrical scheme of the system;

calculation according to our consumers: number of appliances, installed power for

each appliance, power consumption for each month of the year;

choice of the wind turbine, solar panels, battery and diesel generator according to the

calculations on power consumption;

choice of the convertor based on the peak load of the system;

simulation of the system using all the details mentioned before;

analysis of the results, draw of the conclusions on the reliability and functionality of

the system also some further work solutions.

These steps are followed by the zone renewable energy sources, efficiency of the wind

turbine, solar panels, hydro generator and electric/electronic devices, economic issues all thisin accordance with comparison to other devices.

Introduction

Hybrid power systems based on new and renewable energy sources, especiallyphotovoltaic and wind energy, are an effective option to solve the power-supply problem forremote and isolated areas far from the grids.

Over the present years hybrid technology has been developed and upgraded its role in

renewable energy sources while the benefits it produces for power production can't be ignoredand have to be considered. Nowadays many applications in rural and urban areas use hybrid



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systems. Many isolated loads try to adopt this kind of technology because of the benefitswhich can be received in comparison with a single renewable system.

For the Palestinian case, the daily average of solar radiation intensity on horizontal surfaceis about 5.4 kWh/m2 and day, while the total annual sunshine hours amounts to about 3000[1]. These figures are relatively high and very encouraging to use PV generators for

electrification of certain loads as it has been world wide successfully used.The annual average of wind velocity at different places in Palestine is about 3 m/s which

makes the utilization of wind energy converters surely un feasible in such places . In otherplaces it exceeds this number and reaches up 3 to 5.5 m/s (Al-Mazra'a Al-sharqiyah/Ramallahis an example and it is the case under study in the thesis ) which makes it feasible to be usedto operate a wind turbine. At Nablus, the annual average of wind velocity reaches to about4.5 m/s . Nablus site is also considered in this study as a comparison with Ramallah site [2] .

Technically a system which is entirely dependent only on renewable energy sources cannot be a reliable electricity supply, especially for isolated loads in remote areas. This is

because the availability of the renewable energy sources can not be ensured. Therefore, wind ,solar PV hybrid systems, which combine conventional and renewable sources of energies, are

a better choice for isolated loads.A hybrid system using wind , solar PV, diesel generator as a back up system, and a battery

as a storage system is expected to: satisfy the load demands , minimize the costs , maximizethe utilization of renewable sources, optimize the operation of battery bank, which is used as

back up unit , ensure efficient operation of the diesel generator, and reduce the environmentpollution emissions from diesel generator if it is used as a stand alone power supply. The highcapital cost of hybrid systems is affected by technical factors such as efficiency, technology,reliability, location, as well as some nontechnical factors, so the effect of each of these factorsshall be considered in the performance study of the hybrid system.

One of the important factors, which directly affects the electricity cost is

correct system-sizing mechanism of the systems components. Over-sizing of

components in hybrid system make the system, which is already expensive,

more expensive, while under-sizing makes the system less reliable. Thus

optimum sizing for different components gives economical and reliable

benefits to the system.



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1.Location Chosen

PROBOTA

47 38 33 N, 27 5 E

47.2300, 27.3000



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Fig.1. Locations for the demonstration system (Google Earth)

Climatic conditions determine the availability and magnitude of solar and wind energy ata particular site. For different districts and locations, climatic conditions, including solarradiation, wind speed, air temperature, and so forth, are always changing.

For better utilization of the solar and wind energy resources we use a potential site whereare analysed the characteristics of solar radiation and wind.

1.1.Solar energy resource

With a solar radiation of 1000 1300 kWh/m Romania has a valuable potential forsolar energy application. Romanias geographical distribution of solar energy potential revealsthe fact that more than 50% of Romanias territory benefits from an annual energy flowranging between 1,000 1,300 kWh/m2 per annum. Solar energy potential is given by theaverage solar energy quantity received in horizontal plane which is estimated atapproximately 1,100 kWh/m2 per annum in Romania.



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Solar energy is converted into electricity using photovoltaic installations consisting ofsolar modules of different configurations and dimensions. Romanias exploitable potential forelectrical energy generation by photovoltaic systems is approximately 1,200 GWh perannum.

Performance of Grid-connected PV

PVGIS estimates of solar electricity generation

Location: 4722'47" North, 2731'14" East, Elevation: 0 m a.s.l.

Fixed system: inclination=35, orientation=0

Month Ed Em Hd Hm

Jan 1.54 47.8 1.82 56.4

Feb 2.39 67.0 2.88 80.6

Mar 3.27 101 4.10 127

Apr 3.59 108 4.71 141

May 4.26 132 5.78 179

Jun 4.23 127 5.83 175

Jul 4.30 133 5.96 185

Aug 4.31 133 5.93 184

Sep 3.78 113 5.01 150

Oct 2.94 91.1 3.75 116

Nov 1.68 50.3 2.05 61.5

Dec 1.27 39.3 1.50 46.5

Yearly average 3.13 95.3 4.12 125

Total for year 1140 1500

Ed: Average daily electricity production from the given system (kWh)Em: Average monthly electricity production from the given system (kWh)Hd: Average daily sum of global irradiation per square meter received by the modulesof the given system (kWh/m2)



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Hm: Average sum of global irradiation per square meter received by the modules of thegiven system (kWh/m2)

Fig. 2. Global Solar Rank [http://www.3tier.com]

Fig.3. Global radiation and solar electrical potential1.2.Wind energy resource



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For the first year since 2007, wind energy in 2010 was not the leading sector in termsof the value of the capacity of new facilities based on ecological electrical energy sources.Wind constituted 16.8% of the capacity of all new energy sources.

Wind energy has taken the lead among alternative energy sources in Romania.According to the Energy Regulatory Authority, the total capacity of wind farms in use

amounted to 469 MW at the end of May 2011.

Wind measured at 10 m height:

Mounth[day] Wind speed [m/s]

January 5.0

February 5.0

March 5.4

Aprilie 4.7

May 4.0

June 3.9

July 3.6

August 3.6

September 3.9

October 5.0

November 4.9

December 5.1

Monthly wind data recorded near the village Probota [http://www.inmh.ro]:

Fig.4. Wind speed in January



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Fig.5. Wind speed in February

Fig.6. Wind speed in March

Fig.7. Wind speed in April

Fig.8. Wind speed in May



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Fig.9. Wind speed in June

Fig.10. Wind speed in July

Fig.11. Wind speed in August

Fig.12. Wind speed in September

Fig.13. Wind speed in October



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Fig.14. Wind speed in November

Fig.15. Wind speed in December

Fig. 16. Global Wind Rank [http://www.3tier.com]



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Fig.17. Annual average wind speed

According to many renewable energy experts, a small "hybrid" electric system thatcombines wind and solar (photovoltaic) technologies offers several advantages over eithersingle system.

In much of the places, wind speeds are low in the summer when the sun shinesbrightest and longest. The wind is strong in the winter when less sunlight is available.Because the peak operating times for wind and solar systems occur at different times of theday and year, hybrid systems are more likely to produce power when you need it.

Solar and wind energy systems are omnipresent, freely available, environmentalfriendly, and they are considered as promising power generating sources due to theiravailability and topological advantages for local power generations. Hybrid solarwind

energy systems, uses two renewable energy sources, allow improving the system efficiencyand power reliability and reduce the energy storage requirements for stand-alone applications.The hybrid solarwind systems are becoming popular in remote area power generationapplications due to advancements in renewable energy technologies and substantial rise in

prices of petroleum products.

To demonstrate the efficiency of the wind and the solar in our location, we simulate ahybrid system for a hotel situated in Probota. We use also a wind turbine and a solar panels.In the next pages we describe the system components and the most efficiency solution.

The solar and wind power outputs can fluctuate on an hourly or daily basis. The stand-

alone system must, therefore, have some means of storing energy, which can be used later to

http://www.eere.energy.gov/consumer/your_home/electricity/index.cfm/mytopic=10880http://www.eere.energy.gov/consumer/your_home/electricity/index.cfm/mytopic=10710http://www.eere.energy.gov/consumer/your_home/electricity/index.cfm/mytopic=10710http://www.eere.energy.gov/consumer/your_home/electricity/index.cfm/mytopic=10880


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supply the load during the periods of low or no power output. Alternatively, the wind or pv orboth can also be used in a hybrid configuration with diesel engine generator or with fuel cells.

2. Hybrid System Components

Block diagram:

Fig. 18. Block diagram of the hybrid system.

A hybrid solarwind system consists of PV array, wind turbine, battery bank, inverter,controller, and other accessory devices and cables. A schematic diagram of a basic hybridsystem is shown in Fig. 18. The PV array and wind turbine work together to satisfy the loaddemand. When the energy sources (solar and wind energy) are abundant, the generated power,after satisfying the load demand, will be supplied to feed the battery until its fully charged.

On the contrary, when energy sources are poor, the battery will release energy to assistthe PV array and wind turbine to cover the load requirements until the storage is depleted.

The hybrid solarwind system design is mainly dependent on the performance ofindividual components. In order to predict the systems performance, individual componentsshould be modeled first and then their combination can be evaluated to meet the demandreliability.

2.1.Wind turbine

General Aspects

Small wind turbines are wind turbines which have lower energy output than largecommercial wind turbines, such as those found in wind farms. These turbines may be as smallas a fifty watt generator for boat, caravan, or miniature refrigeration unit. Small units oftenhave direct drive generators, direct current output, aeroelastic blades, lifetime bearings and

use a vane to point into the wind. Larger, more costly turbines generally have geared power

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_farmshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_farmshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_current


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trains, alternating current output, flaps and are actively pointed into the wind. Direct drivegenerators and aeroelastic blades for large wind turbines are being researched.

Smaller scale turbines for residential scale use are available, they are usuallyapproximately 2.17.6 m in diameter and produce electricity at a rate of 300 to 10,000 wattsat their tested wind speed. Some units have been designed to be very lightweight in their

construction, e.g. 16 kilograms, allowing sensitivity to minor wind movements and a rapidresponse to wind gusts typically found in urban settings and easy mounting much like atelevision antenna. It is claimed, and a few are certified, as being inaudible even a few feet(about a metre) under the turbine.

The majority of small wind turbines are traditional horizontal axis windturbines, but Vertical axis wind turbines are a growing type of wind turbine in the small-windmarket. These turbines, by being able to take wind from multiple dimensions, are moreapplicable for use at low heights, on rooftops, and in generally urbanized areas. Their abilityto function well at low heights is particularly important when considering the cost of a hightower necessary for traditional turbines.

Dynamic braking regulates the speed by dumping excess energy, so that the turbine

continues to produce electricity even in high winds. The dynamic braking resistor may beinstalled inside the building to provide heat (during high winds when more heat is lost by the

building, while more heat is also produced by the braking resistor). The location makes lowvoltage (around 12 volt) distribution practical.

Wind turbine implementation

GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS:

Supplier / producer: WES BV

Life expectancy: Minimum 15 years

Service maintenance: once a year

Nominal Power Output: 2.5 kW at 140 rpm

Cut in wind speed: 3 m/s

Cut out wind speed: 20 m/s

Nominal wind speed: 9 m/s

Survival wind speed: 59,5 m/s (IEC 61400-

1 class 2).

Yawing active: yawing Power regulation: fixed pitch stall

Hub height: 12.25 m. or 6.25 m.

Number of blades: 3

Rotor diameter: 5 m

Noise emissions: at 9 m/s 35 dB(A) at 20 m

Fig.19.WES 5 Tulipo 2.5 kW AC

Wind Turbine

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_turbine#Horizontal_axishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_turbine#Horizontal_axishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical_axis_wind_turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_brakinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_turbine#Horizontal_axishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_turbine#Horizontal_axishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical_axis_wind_turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_braking


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ELECTRICAL SPECIFICATIONS:

Power: 2,5 kW

Voltage: 400V/50Hz 3 phase or 400V/60Hz 3 phase Connection grid: connected

Converter back-to-back inverter (IGBT)

CERTIFICATION: Wind turbine IEC 61400-2 (wind class 2)

Certification IEC 61400-22 by ULLightning security NEN 1014Protection IEC 529Harmonics NEN 11000-3-2- (< 16A)EMC EN 55081-1 en EN 55082-2 (CE)SAFETY (IEC 61400-2)

Safety: normal safety through central control Autonomous: safety circuit rpm > 150, stop (brake and emergency yawing)

Safety actions: Failsafe brake on fast shaft of generator independent yawing of 90

degrees

Emergency battery: 24Vdc/24 Ah for yawing and safety circuit

GENERATOR:

Type: a-synchronous

Brake: Spring powered electromagnetic brake of 80 Nm on fast shaft

MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS: Tower: steel, height 12 m, diameter 273 mm

Total weight: 850 kg

Foundation: Concrete block with anchor

Nose, cover glass reinforced epoxy

Blades glass reinforced epoxy

Corrosion protection

Total construction is galvanised

Fig. 20. Energy production of the turbine WES Tulipo



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The power of the turbine at the specifical wind speed:

Windspeed[m/s]

Poweroutput[kW]

1.00 0.0002.00 0.0003.00 0.0684.00 0.2435.00 0.5306.00 0.9587.00 1.553

8.00 2.1599.00 2.47410.00 2.59511.00 2.62512.00 2.59813.00 2.55214.00 2.38215.00 2.19216.00 1.96017.00 1.76818.00 1.49519.00 1.31020.00 1.055

Fig. 21. The power curve of the WES Tulipo Turbine



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2.2. Solar panel

General Aspects

Photovoltaic energy is the energy produced by photovoltaic cells that convert solarenergy directly into electricity, based on the photoelectric effect. These cells are made ofsemiconductor materials similar to those used in electronic circuits in semiconductor chipsand electronic devices composition.Today, solar energy is considered as an alternative to conventional fuels, used for powergeneration. However, because this energy depends on many factors such asweather, season, day-night alternation or positioning on the globe, the use of this resource ismore restricted. In order to optimize and obtain a good efficiency as specialmethods have been developed, such as MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking), which aims

to extract maximum power at any point of time.Whether we speak of power watts or order of tens of kilowatts, solar panels are always

accompanied by a voltage and frequency converter (inverter power) which allows itsconnection to the grid (or another application) and transfer control power. At the same time,these power converters include some algorithms to improve the overall efficiency of theentire equipment. However, any constructive solution would choose, high efficiency can notexceed a few percent. Because of this, and the relatively high price per kW installed, thespreading of this type of energy is made in a reduced rhythm.

Even so, solar panels are starting to be used increasingly often in residentialapplications, to provide part of the electricity consumed in homes.Solar PV generation involves the generation of electricity from free and inexhaustible solarenergy.

The major advantages of a PV system are:

Sustainable nature of solar energy as fuel;

Minimum environmental impact;

Drastic reduction in customers electricity bills due to free availability of sunlight;

Long functional lifetime of over 30 years with minimum maintenance;

Silent operation no sound pollution (no moving parts).

The major disadvantages of PV system are:

Initial cost;

Solar cells produce DC which must be converted to AC when used in curently existing

distribution grids;

The PV energy conversion efficiency is up to 22%, but usually under 15%;

Limited power density: approximately 1000W/m2 depends of the location;

Solar electricity is not available at night and is less available in cloudy weather

conditions;

Solar electricity is almost always more expensive than electricity generated by other

sources.



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A PV system consists mainly of:

PV panels that convert the solar power into DC electrical power; Power converter that transforms the DC power into AC power.

Basics of PV energy conversion: PV cell converts sunlight directly into electricity;

It is made of semi-conducting material in two layer: P and N;

When radiation from the sun hits the photovoltaic cell, the boundary between P and N

acts as a diode: electrons can move from N to P, but not the other way around; Photons with sufficient energy hitting the cell cause electrons to move from the P

layer into the N layer;

An excess of electrons builds up in the N layer while the P layer builds up a deficit; The difference in the amount of electrons is the voltage difference, which can be used

as a power source.

PV Module Characteristics:

Fig. 22. Sunmodule SW 245 Mono



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Nominal voltage = 24 VPrice per module (5>quantities) = 470 $Price per module (10>quantities) = 450 $Price per module (20>quantities) = 400 $

[http://www.solarpanelstore.com/solar-power.large-solarpanels.solarworld_sw.sw_245.info.1.html]

http://www.solarpanelstore.com/solar-power.large-solarhttp://www.solarpanelstore.com/solar-power.large-solar


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Maximum power of one module calculated in the month with the lowest daily solar radiation :22065.219230045.0245245'

maxmaxmax=== tempcoef dtPPP (W)

where:

maxP - maximum power at a cell temperature of 25 C;

coeft - temperature coefficient;

tempd - difference between 25 C and 2 C (temperature in december)

2.3. Charge Controller (Regulator) Modeling and Sizing

Charge controller is an essential component in hybrid systems where astorage system is required. It protects battery against both excessiveovercharge and deep discharge. Charge controller shall switch off the loadwhen a certain state of discharge is reached, also shall switch off battery from the DC buswhen it is fully charged. Charge controller can be adjusted to dealwith different charge and discharge conditions.Charge controller act as interface between each of wind turbine and PV

panel and the DC bus where the battery is connected

2.4.Battery

Leadacid batteries are the oldest type of rechargeable battery. Despite having a verylow energy-to-weight ratio and a low energy-to-volume ratio, their ability to supply highsurge currents means that the cells maintain a relatively large power-to-weight ratio. Thesefeatures, along with their low cost, make them attractive for use in motor vehicles to providethe high current required by automobile starter motors.

The following battery is used:

MODEL: L16RE-BDIMENSIONS: inches (mm)BATTERY: Flooded/wet lead-acid batteryCOLOR: Maroon (case/cover)MATERIAL: Polypropylene

Fig. 23. Trojan L16P Battery

Product specification:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rechargeable_batteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surge_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power-to-weight_ratiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_self_starterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rechargeable_batteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surge_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power-to-weight_ratiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_self_starter


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Charging Instruction:

Operational data:

TROJAN L16RE-B PERFORMANCE:

CYCLE LIFE:



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Capacity vs. temperature:

Battery dimensions:



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Price for 1 baterry = 155$[http://www.solarpanelstore.com/solar-

power.batteries.trojan_battery.trojan_l16reb.info.1.html]

2.5.Diesel Generator

A diesel generator is the combination of a diesel engine with an electrical generator(often called an alternator) to generate electrical energy. Diesel generating sets are used in

places without connection to the power grid, as emergency power-supply if the grid fails, as

well as for more complex applications such as peak-lopping, Grid Support and export to thepower grid. Sizing of diesel generators is critical to avoid low-load or a shortage of power andis complicated by modern electronics, specifically non-linear loads.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_generatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power_transmissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peak-lopping&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_generatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power_transmissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peak-lopping&action=edit&redlink=1


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Fig.24. Diesel Generator

Product Description:

Max. AC output(KVA): 2.2/2.5

Rated AC output(KVA): 1.7/2.0

Rated AC Voltage(V): 110, 220, 230, 240, 110/220V, 120/240V

Power Factor(cos): 1.0

Type: Brushless, self-excitation, 2-poles, Single-phase

Voltage Regulator: Condenser Type

DC Output: 12V/8.3A(option)

Engine Model: DH170F

Type: Forced air-cooled, 4-stroke, Diesel Engine Displacement(cc): 211

Max. Output(Hp/rpm): 4.2/3600

Fuel: Diesel Light Fuel

Fuel Tank capacity(L): 14

Continuous Operating Hours(H): 12.0/11.0

Oil: SAE 10W30(Above CC grade)

Oil capacity(L): 0.75

Ignition System: Direct injection

Starting System: Recoil

Operating Noise Level(7m)db(A): 78 79

Net Dimension LXWXH(mm): 640x480x535

Overall Dimension LXWXH(mm): 655x495x555 N. W. /G. W. (kg): 58/61

20GP/40GP/40HQ: 156/324/324 Place of Origin: China(Mainland)

Model No.: Andi2500L

Payment Terms: 30% T/T before production

Minimum Order: 5 pcs

Price Terms: CIF

Packaging: Carton

Delivery Lead Time: 20-25 days

Price for 1 diesel generator = 685 $



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Fuel consumption: 895 l/year

Fuel price: 1.65 $/l

Total price for Diesel generator and fuel for a 5 years project:

8068565.1895685_ =+=priceDG ($)

[http://chinaandi.en.made-in-china.com/product/XqSEUcpvXukg/China-Diesel-

Generator-AD-03-.html]

2.6.Convertor

Fig. 25. FX & VFX Series FX3048T Convertor

The OutBack FX Series is a modular "building block" sine wave inverter/chargerwhich can be used for both small and large power systems. Each OutBack FX inverter/chargermodule is a complete power conversion system - DC to AC inverter, battery charger and ACtransfer switch. Additional FX inverter/chargers can be connected at any time in parallel (120VAC), series (120/240 VAC), or three-phase (120Y208 VAC) configurations. This allows asystem to be tailored to meet the specific power conversion requirements of the application,

both at the time of the installation and in the future. The OutBack FX series is also availablein export versions with 230 VAC, 50 Hz output that can be connected in parallel (230 VAC)or in three-phase (230Y400 VAC) configurations. Up to eight FX inverter/chargers can beconnected together to provide up to 20 KW of continuous power conversion capacity.

The OutBack FX is designed to survive harsh environments anywhere in the world.The unique sealed, gasketed die-cast aluminum chassis protects and keeps the powerconversion components cool without requiring outside air to be blown through the sensitiveelectronics. This reduces the major causes of inverter failure - corrosion, dust, insect andanimal damage.

The FX can be used in high ambient applications up to 60 degree C with reducedoutput ratings.

The OutBack FX series inverter/charger system is designed for both residential andcommercial stand-alone or back-up power applications with battery energy storage. It isdesigned to operate as a coordinated system with the other OutBack products (i.e. the PSDC,PSAC and PSR enclosures as well as the MX60 MPPT charge controllers and MATE system

controller and display).Applications:

http://chinaandi.en.made-in-china.com/product/XqSEUcpvXukg/China-Diesel-Generator-AD-03-.htmlhttp://chinaandi.en.made-in-china.com/product/XqSEUcpvXukg/China-Diesel-Generator-AD-03-.htmlhttp://chinaandi.en.made-in-china.com/product/XqSEUcpvXukg/China-Diesel-Generator-AD-03-.htmlhttp://chinaandi.en.made-in-china.com/product/XqSEUcpvXukg/China-Diesel-Generator-AD-03-.html


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Hot and humid climates where a protected area is not available for installation

of the inverter/charger system

Salt air environments such as Hawaii where you can't get away from the salt air

and where there is little difference between indoors and outdoors

Dirty environments where dust or drifting organic matter such as cottonwood

could clog air openings in an unattended system

Boats and RV's where water might splash on the inverter

Greater control of unwanted radio frequency interference

Specifications:

Continuous Output Power: 3000 VA

Continuous Output Current at 25 degrees: 25 amps AC RMS

Idle Power (120 VAC Output No Load): 23 W DC

Output Voltage: 120 VAC/60 Hz

DC Input Voltage (Nominal): 48 VDC

Peak Efficiency: 92%

Output Voltage Regulation: +/-2%

Continuous DC Charge Rate: 35 Amps DC

Frequency Range: 50-70 Hz

DC Input Voltage Range: 42-68 VDC

Warranty: 2 years (Optional 5 year extended warranty

Price for one inverter/charger = 1863 $

[http://www.solarpanelstore.com/pdf/fx_vfx_series_domestic.pdf

http://www.solarpanelstore.com/solar-power.outback-inverters.outback-

fx.fx2548t.info.1.html]

http://www.solarpanelstore.com/solar-power.outback-inverters.outback-fx.fx2548t.info.1.htmlhttp://www.solarpanelstore.com/solar-power.outback-inverters.outback-fx.fx2548t.info.1.htmlhttp://www.solarpanelstore.com/solar-power.outback-inverters.outback-fx.fx2548t.info.1.htmlhttp://www.solarpanelstore.com/solar-power.outback-inverters.outback-fx.fx2548t.info.1.html


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6. Consumers (Loads)

Power consumers:

DISPOZITIVE Quantity Power[W] hours/day day/week Wh/dayTotal

percentage/day

Becuri economice 40 20 6 7 4800 10.85%

Frigider 2 90 5 7 900 2.04%

Congelator 1 90 5 7 450 1.02%

Masina de spalat rufe 1 2200 2 6 4400 9.95%

Cuptor microunde 1 1220 0.5 7 610 1.38%

Masina de spalat vase 1 2300 7.5 7 17250 39.01%

Aspirator 1 1000 1 7 1000 2.26%

Mixer 1 450 0.5 1 225 0.51%

Cafetiera 1 1160 0.25 7 290 0.66%

Statie de calcat rufe 1 2400 0.5 5 1200 2.71%

TV 13 100 6 7 7800 17.64%

Computer 2 500 3 7 3000 6.78%

Imprimanta Ink jet 1 35 1 1 35 0.08%

Sistem 5.1 1 200 2 2 400 0.90%

Storcator de fructesi legume 1 700 0.25 5 175 0.40%

Lampa de birou 10 7 1 7 70 0.16%

Toaster 1 860 0.25 5 215 0.49%

Centrala electrica 1 100 14 7 1400 3.17%

Energie totala/zi

= 44220

Power consumed during one day:



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Power consumed during one day

Energy daily consumption

There are considered two types of loads:

AC consumers (big consumers)

DC consumers represented by the iluminate, refrigerator, microwave



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Fig. .AC Consumers

Fig. DC Consumers



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For a complex analysis Homer software is used.

Fig. Designed Hybrid System in Homer software

In Homer we simulated a lot of systems. We chose six exemple s to find the best pricefor our implementation project.

Case 1.PV(2.2kW)+WT(2.5kW)+Diesel Generator(5kW)+Batteries(8strings x 3 in parallel)+Converter(3kW)



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Figure: Monthly average active power production

We optained a total production of 12.398 kWh/year and the consumption is 10.096 kWh/yearand we have a 622 kWh/year excess of the electricity.The fuel consumption of the diesel generator is 1.002 l/year and the electrical production is

2.751 kWh/year.The total cost of the system is: 202.048$.

2. PV(3.51kW)+WT(2.5kW)+Diesel Generator(5kW)+Batteries(8strings x 4 in parallel)+Converter(3kW)


We optained a total production of 12.375 kWh/year and the consumption is 10.096 kWh/yearand we have a 784 kWh/year excess of the electricity.



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The fuel consumption of the diesel generator is 433 l/year and the electrical production is1.244 kWh/year.The total cost of the system is: 199.311$.

3.PV(7.91kW)+WT(2.5kW)+Diesel Generator(5kW)+Batteries(8strings)+Converter(3kW)


We optained a total production of 18.047 kWh/year and the consumption is 10.096 kWh/yearand we have a 6.863 kWh/year excess of the electricity.



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The fuel consumption of the diesel generator is 943 l/year and the electrical production is1.967 kWh/year.The total cost of the system is: 209.259$.

4. WT(2.5kW)+Diesel Generator(5kW)+Batteries(8strings x 4 in parallel)+Converter(3kW)


We optained a total production of 12.318 kWh/year and the consumption is 10.096 kWh/yearand we have a 36.1 kWh/year excess of the electricity.The fuel consumption of the diesel generator is 1.819 l/year and the electrical production is5.144 kWh/year.The total cost of the system is: 207.588$.



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5. PV(7.91kW)+Diesel Generator(5kW)+Batteries(8strings x 4 in parallel)+Converter(3kW)


We optained a total production of 12.792 kWh/year and the consumption is 10.096 kWh/year

and we have a 644 kWh/year excess of the electricity.The fuel consumption of the diesel generator is 1.360 l/year and the electrical production is3.885 kWh/year.The total cost of the system is: 46.357$.



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6. Diesel Generator(5kW)+Batteries(8strings x 3 in parallel)+Converter(3kW)


We optained a total production of 12.238 kWh/year and the consumption is 10.096 kWh/year

and we have a 0.0711 kWh/year excess of the electricity.The fuel consumption of the diesel generator is 4.442 l/year and the electrical production is12.238 kWh/year.The total cost of the system is: 60.201$.

System[kW] Totalproduction[kWh/year]

Excess ofthe

electricity[kWh/year]

Fuelconsumption

[l/year]

El.Productionof the DG

[kWh/year]

TotalCost[$]PV WT DG Bat Conv

2.2 2.5 5 8x3 3 12.398 622 1.002 2.751 202.048

3.5 2.5 5 8x4 3 12.375 784 433 1.244 199.3117.9 2.5 5 8 3 18.047 6.863 943 1.967 209.259

X 2.5 5 8x4 3 12.318 36 1.819 5.144 207.588

7.9 X 5 8x4 3 12.792 644 1.360 3.885 46.357

X X 5 8x3 3 12.238 0.071 4.442 12.238 60.201

The best price of the system simulated in Homer is obtained in the second exempleand we detail in the next pages.



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Figure : Solar resource for PV

Figure: Output active power of the PV power



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Figure: Site specific wind resource

Figure 22: Wind turbine output active power



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Figure 23: WT inverter and rectifier output active power

Figure : Diesel generator output active power



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Figure Battery Characteristics




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Figure: Cash Flow by components

Figure: Cash Flow by cost type

PV + battery+WT+Diesel Generator

We use :

16 PV modules were chosen, 4 strings connected in parallel with 4 PV modules connected inseries on each string, so that we have a 48 V DC Bus;



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8 string x 4 in paralle battery Trojan L16P with this specification:

Because one Trojan T105 Plus battery has 6 V nominal voltage, 8 batteries connected inseries must be used in one or more strings connected in parallel so that the total nominalvoltage of the batteries to be the same as the DC Bus voltage.A Tulipo wind turbine:

Diesel Generator

Maximum power of one module calculated in the month with the lowest daily solar radiation :22065.219230045.0245245'

maxmaxmax=== tempcoef dtPPP (W)

where:

maxP - maximum power at a cell temperature of 25 C;

coeft - temperature coefficient;

tempd - difference between 25 C and 2 C (temperature in december)

Total power obtained from solar panels:



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3520220*16 ==P [W]Total price for the solar panels:

6400400*16_ ==pricePV ($)

After we explain the most efficient method, we calculate the total electrical consumption ofthe hotel.

The amount of electricity bill based on annual consumption is:

Tariff D

simple monomial

Quantity

[kVARh]

Price unitary

without TVA

Value

excluding

TVA[lei]

Value with

TVA[lei]

Consumption 10096 0.4651 4695.65 5822.61

Inductive energy billed 0 0 0.00 0.00

Capacitive energy billed 0 0.0635 0.00 0.00

Loss 0 0.4651 0.00 0.00

Excise 10096 21.55 26.72

Total 4717.20 5849.33

Result a invoice monthly average of 60 million.

7. HYBRID SYSTEM SIMULATION in Matlab

A software program using Matlab was developed to simulate the hybrid

system behavior. An hourly time step is used through this simulation. Byusing computer simulation, the optimum system configuration can be foundby comparing the performances and energy production costs of differentsystem configurations.



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8.Economic Evaluation of the Hybrid SystemThe costs of a hybrid system include acquisition costs, operating costs,maintenance costs and replacement costs. At end of the life of the system, thesystem may have a salvage value. An economic analysis is done based on lifecycle costing method, which accounts for all costs associated with the systemover its life time, taking into account the value of money. Life cycle costing isused in the design of the hybrid system that will cost the least amount over itslifetime. Cost annuity( cost required to generate 1 kWh of energy) is anindication on the cost of the system so that the system with the least costannuity is selected.

Costs of hybrid system include: components initial costs, components

replacement costs, system maintenance costs, fuel and/or operation costs, andsalvage costs or salvage revenues.Initial costs include purchasing the following equipments required bythe hybrid system: wind turbine, PV modules, batteries, diesel generator,charge controllers, bidirectional inverter, management unit, cables, and otheraccessories used in the installation including labors .

We know that the entire investition is aprox. 200.000$. We can calculate the amortization ofthe investition, and we can see that is 20 years.

Amortization Calculator

Calculation Results:

Summary:

monthly pay $716.43

total of 240.00 monthly payments $171,943.45

total interest paid $71,943.45



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Annual Amortization Schedule

beginning balance interest principal ending balance

1 $100,000.00 $5,927.37 $2,669.80 $97,330.20

2 $97,330.20 $5,762.71 $2,834.47 $94,495.74

3 $94,495.74 $5,587.88 $3,009.29 $91,486.45

4 $91,486.45 $5,402.28 $3,194.90 $88,291.55

5 $88,291.55 $5,205.22 $3,391.95 $84,899.60

6 $84,899.60 $4,996.01 $3,601.16 $81,298.44

7 $81,298.44 $4,773.90 $3,823.27 $77,475.17

8 $77,475.17 $4,538.09 $4,059.08 $73,416.09

9 $73,416.09 $4,287.74 $4,309.44 $69,106.65

10 $69,106.65 $4,021.94 $4,575.23 $64,531.42

11 $64,531.42 $3,739.75 $4,857.42 $59,674.0012 $59,674.00 $3,440.15 $5,157.02 $54,516.98

13 $54,516.98 $3,122.08 $5,475.09 $49,041.89

14 $49,041.89 $2,784.39 $5,812.78 $43,229.10

15 $43,229.10 $2,425.87 $6,171.30 $37,057.80

16 $37,057.80 $2,045.24 $6,551.94 $30,505.86

17 $30,505.86 $1,641.13 $6,956.05 $23,549.82

18 $23,549.82 $1,212.09 $7,385.08 $16,164.74

19 $16,164.74 $756.60 $7,840.57 $8,324.1620 $8,324.16 $273.01 $8,324.16 $0.00

An annual interest rate of 6% was considered, while the project life year was taken as 20years.



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9. Conclusions:

Based on the simulation program results previously presented, the followingconclusions can be demonstrated:

Anna & Cristina Mountain House (Fig. ) is an example of a building used through the entire

year and powered by a hybrid system consisting of a diesel generator,solar panels, wind

turbine and storage batteries.

Fig. . Anna&Cristina Mountain House

The building reliable electricity supplies.



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Solar modules installed on the roof convert sunlight into ecological electricity -no noise and emissions. While electrical consumers can be fully electrical fed when sunlightis strong enough, and the energy excess can be stored in batteries, and the power can be usedfrom the batteries at night and during bad weather.If the wind speed is high enough, wind turbine provides energy and charge batteries.

Once the batteries are fully charged, wind turbine production is reduced when thewind is strong.An inverter converts direct current from batteries in 230 V, alternating the current so that allordinary commercial electrical can be used. A diesel generator provides energy security evenwhen the weather is bad. To take advantage of energy supply as well as possible,computer monitors and controls the whole system.

Solar and wind energy are the most accessible natural resources, and inexhaustiblesource of renewable energy. Depending on the weather, and the geographical area, solarand wind energy are complementary. Making a hybrid system (sun, wind) generation usingthe most favorable state of nature at a time, renewable energy is the essenceof efficiency.Wind-solar hybrid system (WSH) is the best (complete, efficient, versatile,

economical, advantageous) power supply system, totally or partially independent of localresources / national.WSH is a power generation system that uses wind energy entirely and solar energy. The results are widely used in areas withoutelectricity or frequent power interruptions, the lighting ofroads, housing, communications stations, islands. The system combines two types of greenenergy, wind energy and solar energy, taking into account environmental protectionand energy saving,wind-solar combination can produce more energy. The system is easy toinstall, low maintenance cost.

The WSH is more efficient than classic solar generation system (PV), inensuring power supply and is ideal as a new source of supply of housing.

The stand-alone hybrid solarwind power generation system is recognized as a viablealternative to grid supply or conventional fuel-based remote area power supplies all over theworld. It is generally more suitable than systems that only have one energy source for supplyof electricity to off-grid applications. However, the design, control, and optimization of thehybrid systems are usually very complex tasks.



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