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The Early Middle AgesThe Early Middle Ages(ca. 600-900)(ca. 600-900)
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The Early Middle AgesThe Early Middle Ages““Middle Ages”Middle Ages”
Any other titles used for this period?Any other titles used for this period?What images come to your mind?What images come to your mind?What have we been led to think about What have we been led to think about
this period?this period?
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The Early Middle AgesThe Early Middle AgesThe Middle AgesThe Middle Ages
1,000-year era following “fall of Rome”1,000-year era following “fall of Rome”Originally a negative termOriginally a negative term
““Middle” AgesMiddle” Ages Negative traitsNegative traits
Recent scholarshipRecent scholarshipMiddle Ages was time of greatness, Middle Ages was time of greatness,
innovationinnovation““Middle Ages” here to stayMiddle Ages” here to stay
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The Rise of Islam
The Arabian Peninsula Desert Home of Arabs
Loyal to tribes No centralized authority Pastoral nomads
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The Rise of Islam
The Ka’ba
Arabian Religion Animistic, pagan Mecca
Commercial center of Arabia
Religious center Ka’ba
Pilgrimage site Brought money to city
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The Rise of Islam
Muhammad (570-632) Born in Mecca Involved in Meccan caravan trade Spiritual man Prophet of Islam
Angel Gabriel worship God alone (ca. 610) Continued revelations Must preach to others
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The Rise of Islam Islam on the Rise
Preached in Mecca Gained converts
UMMAH Overall response was
negative Flight of Muhammad
Invited to Medina Hijrah (622) Gained power base,
subdued enemies
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The Rise of Islam Islam on the Rise:
Return to Mecca Ummah wanted to see
city converted March on Mecca (630)
Muhammad, 10,000 men Offer made to city,
accepted by religious leaders
Muhammad entered city Cleansed Ka’ba
March on Mecca
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The Rise of Islam Questions?
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The Rise of Islam
Dome of the Rock (687-692), Jerusalem
Islam “Submission to God” Five Pillars of Islam
“There is no God but Allah and Muhammad is His Prophet”
Pray 5 times daily toward Mecca
Ramadan Almsgiving Pilgrimage to Mecca
MOSQUE
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The Rise of Islam The Quran
Muhammad’s revelations Teachings
Absolute monotheism “People of the Book” Jesus was an apostle,
prophet of God “God forbid that he should
have a son!” (4:171) Judgment on Last Day Make war on infidels
Jihad
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The Rise of Islam
Islamic Conquests (622-733)
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The Rise of Islam
Why the Successful Conquest? Arabs were fighters! Exhausted opponents Toleration of other
monotheists No forced conversions Relied on other
monotheists’ leaders Non-Muslims not equal to
Muslims
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The Rise of Islam The Caliphs
Muhammad died 632 Successor? THE CALIPHATE
Caliphs: successors of Muhammad First were early converts, from inner circle of Prophet Office was political, religious
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The Rise of Islam
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The Rise of Islam The Culture of the Islamic World
The “great” civilization of the time Science, mathematics Literature, books, libraries
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The Rise of Islam
Khadijah
Status of Women Women in the Quran
Men may have up to four wives
Wives to be treated equally
Some inheritance rights granted
Khadijah was first convert
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The Rise of Islam Questions?
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The Byzantine Empire
The Byzantine Empire Remnants of Eastern
Roman Empire Constantinople survived Strong army, navy “GREEK FIRE”
Weapon at sea Combustible!
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The Byzantine Empire
Greek Fire
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The Byzantine Empire
Virgin and Child between
Sts. Theodore and George,
6th or early 7th cent.
The Iconoclastic Controversy Emperors ordered
destruction of icons (726) Controversy: iconoclasts
vs. iconodules Iconoclasm first
condemned at Nicaea II (787)
Iconoclasm resurged, condemned for good 843
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The Byzantine Empire Questions?
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The Rise of the West The West during the Early Middle Ages
Italy, British Isles, Spain, Kingdom of the Franks Traits of West
Impoverished Fragmented Roman cities were shadows of antiquity Disintegrated infrastructure
Historical surprise: West came to dominate the world!
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The Rise of the West
Kingdom of the Franks Dominant in Western
Europe Unified by 700 Catholic Ruled by Merovingians
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The Rise of the West
Battle of Poitiers
The Carolingians CHARLES MARTEL
(d. 741) Halted Muslim advance
at Battle of Poitiers (732-33)
Family deposed last Merovingian king
Allied with papacy
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The Rise of the West
Charlemagne (r. 768-814) Devoutly Christian Promoted education His government
Ruled “by God’s will” Local rule: counts Missi dominici
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The Rise of the West Emperor Charlemagne
Pope faced hostility in Rome Charlemagne
To Rome Pope returned with
Frankish escort Charlemagne arrived soon
after Crowned augustus
Christmas Day, 800 Emperor Charlemagne
and “new” Roman Empire?
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The Rise of the West
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The Rise of the West
The Disintegration of the Carolingian Empire Empire divided in three Centralized government
vanished Foreign invasion,
fragmentation collapse
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The Rise of the West Questions?
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The Early Middle AgesThe Early Middle AgesHow was this world different from the How was this world different from the
ancient world?ancient world?Politically?Politically?Religiously?Religiously?Culturally?Culturally?