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Energy Storage – a global challenge and a global prize

Jo ColemanStrategy Director


Overview

• System design issue (a UK perspective)

• Storage technologies and applications

• UK policy and regulation

• A global perspective


ETI technology programme areas ETI Members

4.


The ETI works with:

6.


Energy Storage features across the ETI’s programmes• Energy Systems Modelling

– Understanding the role and value of different energy storage technologies– Understanding potential future roles and challenges for the gas grid

• Carbon Capture and Storage – Generating H2 from coal, gas & biomass with CCS– H2 storage in salt caverns– H2 turbines deliver low carbon peaking power as well as potentially H2 vehicles

• Buildings, Distributed Energy & Smart Systems and Heat– District heating and individual building level storage of heat

• Energy Storage & Distribution– Distribution level storage through pumped heat– Gas Vectors Transition Pathways

• Transport– Electric & H2 vehicles and infrastructure


Energy Storage – not just about electricity

Hea

t / E

lect

ricity

(GW

)

0

50

100

150

250

200

Jan 10 Apr 10 July 10 Oct 10

HeatElectricity

Data source: UKERC (2011)

GB 2010 heat and electricity hourly demand variability - commercial & domestic

The gas grid is our biggest energy storage device


+132 GW heat demand in 1 hr

(0630-0730)

-121 GW heat demand in 1 hr(0830-0930)

291GW

8am 6pm

304GW

16 GW 67 GW

132GW/hr = 36MW/sDinorwig = 108MW/sand 1.32GW total

Saturday 18th Dec 2010

Hea

t Dem

and

(GW

)

Time of Day

Low carbon heating may be the biggest challenge

100x the capacity of Dinorwigpumped store in 1 hour


New energy vectors and infrastructure challenges predominantly mid and downstreamMean Reference Case 2050


Removing a key option leads to very different infrastructure requirements, including storageNo CCS Sensitivity 2050


Efficient use of thermal plants with CCS providing peaking power capacity (H2 storage / Flexible turbines)


Space heat: 2050 capacity & supply by technology

-50

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

GW

Heat Pumps

DistrictHeating

Electric resistive

Gas Boiler

Heat Storage


Distributed Heat Storage may dwarf other forms


Energy storage technologies for electricity networks

• Could have a critical role to play in delivering energy securely, cost effectively and with reduced CO2 emissions

• Competes with certain types of generation (and other options, e.g. interconnection, DSR) BUToperates differently

• At the moment...– it’s expensive– and/or inefficient– and/or difficult to site

• Value is dependent on a variety of factors

Lagoon pumped storage

Pb-Acid

Power

Energy

1 kW

10 kW

100 kW

1 MW

10 MW

100 MW

1 GW

10 kWh 100 kWh 1 MWh 10 MWh 100 MWh 1 GWh

Capa

citor

s

Capacitors

VRF & Zn-BR Flow batteries

VRFVRF

Zn-Br Flow Battery

Lithium based

Lithium based

Lithiu

m ba

sed

Zn-air

Pb-Acid PHES (Isentropic)

Adiabatic CAES

Flywh

eel Fly

whee

l

Molten chloride high

temperature batteries


Energy Storage for electricity networks

• Value is dependent on a variety of factors:

– The generation mix and demand variation

– Existing network capacity in relation to this

– Often only sufficient if it can deliver multiple services BUTwhich services can it deliver simultaneously?

– The ability for stakeholders to derive that value

– The level of integration between different network types

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Pow

er M

W

Time

Dispatched generation by type

GB - Nuclear ICs GB - Hydro

GB - CCGT GB - CCGT w CCS GB - H2 Turbine (ETI)

GB - Offshore Wind GB - Onshore Wind GB - Storage


Renewable integration

GB security of supply

Operating reserve

Energy storage applications

Arbitrage

Seconds Minutes Hours

Minutes

Seconds

Hours

Discharge duration

Response timeSeasonal storage

Months

Network investment

deferral

Frequency regulation

Network congestion

relief

CHP imbalance

End consumer bill

management


Alternative technologies

Interconnectors

Flexible generation

Domestic and non-domestic

DSR

Network reinforcement

and technologies


Current technology costs

Technology Innovation Needs Assessment (TINA) Electricity Networks & Storage (EN&S), LCICG (2012)

• “Over the next 10 years, innovation could lower costs by around 13%, with further savings after 2020 capable of lowering costs by around 44% by 2050 compared with 2010 costs” (LCICG, 2012)


Isentropic• Electrical energy to heat and cold in reversible process• System range 700kW – 6MW• Multiple storage services capability• £400/kW, £45/kWh

500 degrees C

-160 degrees C

Motor/Generator

• 11kV connected substation on Western Power Distribution’s network

• 1.4 MW / 4 hour (5.6 MWh) rating• Design, development, construction,

testing & operation for up to 2 years


UK policy and regulation

Generation- CfDs- Capacity mechanism

Balancing - Focus on sharpening price signals

(cash out)- New market creation (DSR)

Supply and wholesale markets

- Future trading arrangements- Smart meter roll out- Price volatility

Networks- RIIO- Smart Grid Forum

• UK energy policy driven by sustainability, energy security and affordability aims – ‘the Trilemma’


UK storage innovation policyInnovation

- LCICG core members expect to invest up to £75m between 2011 and 2015 in RD&D for energy storage technologies (LGICG 2012).

- DECC: Energy Storage Technology Demonstration SBRI Competition – focus on feasibility studies into innovative and diverse energy storage ideas

- £8ml to Viridor Waste Management Ltd and Highview Power Storage- EPSRC: £30m for five centres to support new science capital facilities for grid-scale energy

storage- ETI: £14m investment in Isentropic project to develop and demonstrate a 1.5MW/6MWh grid-

scale electricity storage unit

- Ofgem Low carbon networks fund (LCNF) and Network innovation competition (NIC) - Funds awarded to network owners to trial novel technologies- Storage competes against other technologies- Largest award for storage is Smarter Network Storage project by UKPN (£13.2ml)


Current global installed grid-connected storage capacity (MW)


• Germany – very high renewables penetration, solar dominated in south, wind in north, poor electricity grid connectivity, knock on impacts to neighbours

• African/tropical countries – abundant sunshine but need electricity at night• Island nations – security of supply, displacement of diesel

National challenges and opportunities differ considerably


National mechanisms being developed to support storage technologies


Global Energy Storage – IEA

• Energy storage technologies are valuable in most energy systems

• Individual technologies often have the ability to supply multiple energy services

• 310 GW of additional grid-connected electricity required to support electricity sector in the US, Europe, China and India

• Significant thermal energy storage and off-grid electricity storage potential

• Market design is key to accelerating deployment.

• Public investment in energy storage research and development has led to significant cost reductions.


Energy Storage – the missing link in the UK’s energy commitments

• We needs to focus on heat and transport, as well as electricity

• Energy storage cannot be incentivised by conventional market mechanisms.

• The UK must reject its obsession with ‘cheapness’ in the energy sector.

http://www.imeche.org/docs/default-source/reports/imeche-energy-storage-report.pdf?sfvrsn=4

http://www.imeche.org/docs/default-source/reports/imeche-energy-storage-report.pdf?sfvrsn=4


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The ETI can also be followed on Twitter @the_ETI

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