faults, folds, and landscapes. objectives introduce basic terminology used in describing rock...
TRANSCRIPT
Faults, Folds, and Landscapes
Objectives
• Introduce basic terminology used in describing rock structure
• Distinguish between types of fault movements and the landforms they produce
• Discuss the folding of rocks and relate it to the landforms produced
• Call attention to occurrence of regional deformation of the crust, in addition to more local faults and folds
Terminology of Structure
• Strike– Line representing the
intersection of a planar feature with a horizontal plane
• Dip– Angle of a tilted bed
relative to a horizontal plane
Fault Terminology• Fault– Fracture in crustal rock
involving displacement of one side of the facture with respect to the other
• Joint– Fracture in the earth’s crust,
but with no displacement of rock bodies
An aerial view of the San Andreas fault in the Carrizo Plain, Central California. © USGShttp://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/earthq1/how.html
Fault Terminology
• Hanging Wall– Block of rocks above
the fault line
• Footwall– Block of rocks below
the fault line Figure. Image of hanging wall and footwall. © USGS NPS
Compressional Faults
• Reverse fault• Hanging wall moves up relative
to the footwall• Fault plane angle >45°
Compressional Faults
• Thrust fault• Hanging
wall moves up relative to footwall• Fault plane
angle <45°
Tensional Fault
• Normal fault– Hanging wall moves down
relative to footwall– Produced by extensional
forces
Tensional Fault
Tensional Fault Landscapes
• Basin and Range– A series of mountains
(horsts) and valleys (grabens)
• Rift Valleys– Long, narrow band of
downdropped block caused by plates being pulled apart (tension) and
Transverse Fault
• Strike-slip fault– Blocks of rock slide past
one another– Horizontal displacement
Fold Formation
• Folding– Compressional force is applied to rocks– Rocks respond by bending before fracturing
Fold Structures
• Anticlines– Archlike fold with limbs
dipping away[Insert 34.12 - anticline]
Fold Structures
• Synclines– Troughlike
fold with limbs dipping toward the axes
Anticlines
• Erosion removes upper portion of anticline• Limbs dip toward the center of fold• Older rocks are near center and becomes
progressively younger with distance
Synclines• Erosion removes
upper portion of anticline
• Limbs dip toward the center of fold
• Older rocks are near center and becomes progressively younger with distance
Plunging Folds and Associated Landscapes
• Anticlines and synclines often plunge; axes dip