#2a

#2a

#2a

#2a

#2b

#2b

#2b

#2b

Some Latin

Words & Phrases

Used As English

Et cetera(etc. / &c.)

Et cetera(etc. / &c.)

“And the other things.”“And the rest (of them).”

Circa(ca. / c.)

Circa(ca. / c.)

“Around.”

Id est.(i.e.)

Id est.(i.e.)

“That is.”(Lit., “It is.”)

Exempli Gratia

(e.g.)

Exempli Gratia

(e.g.)“For (the sake of)

example.”

Post Scriptum

(P.S.)

Post Scriptum

(P.S.)

“After the Writing.”

Via

Via

“By way of.”

Verbatim

Verbatim

“Word for Word.”

Et Alii(et al.)

Et Alii(et al.)

“And the other people.”

Agenda

Agenda

“Things to Be Done.”

Per Se

Per Se

“By Itself.”“By himself/herself/themselves.”

Agent

AgentThe doer (of a verb).

AgentThe doer (of a verb).

I love my wife.My wife is loved by me.

Direct Object

Direct ObjectObject directly receiving

the action of a verb.

Direct Object

I love her.I give the roses away.

Object directly receivingthe action of a verb.

Indirect Object

Indirect Object

Object affected by the verb indirectly.

Indirect Object

Object affected by the verb indirectly.

I give her the roses.She tells me a secret.

Nominative Case

Nominative Case

Set of forms for making a subject.

Nominative Case

1. I we2. thou [ye/you]3. he/she they

Set of forms for making a subject.

Genitive Case

Genitive CaseSet of forms for showing

belonging.

Genitive Case

1. my/mine our(s)2. thy/thine your(s)3. his/her(s)/its their(s)

Set of forms for showing belonging.

Objective Case

Objective CaseSet of forms for making an

object.(Direct Object, Indirect Object, or Object of a

Preposition)

Objective Case

1: me us2: thee [you]3: him/her them

Set of forms for making an object.

(Direct Object, Indirect Object, or Object of a Preposition)

Active Voice

Active VoiceWhen the agent is the subject.

Active Voice

I love her.

When the agent is the subject.

Passive Voice

Passive VoiceWhen the direct object is the

subject.

Passive VoiceWhen the direct object is the

subject.

She is loved by me.

The Passive Voice...

...is much beloved of politicians. Why?

Well, which of thesedo you have to usein the active voice,that you don’t necessarilyhave to have in the passive?—Agent

—Direct Object

Well, which of thesedo you have to usein the active voice,that you don’t necessarilyhave to have in the passive?—Agent

—Direct Object

Consider the following...

This trickof leaving out

the agenthasn’t gone

entirely unnoticed.

This trickof leaving out

the agenthasn’t gone

entirely unnoticed.

In other (active) words:

Some peopledo in fact

notice this trick.

Keep an earout for itnext timeyou hear apolitician

or bureaucrataddressinga scandal.

Keep an earout for itnext timeyou hear apolitician

or bureaucrataddressinga scandal.

Ask yourselfwho the agentof the passive

verb is.