Worksite Hazard Analysis

ObjectivesDiscuss the sub elements of worksite hazard analysisIdentify typical hazards in the workplaceReview various techniques that can be used to identify hazards in the workplace

Hazards Vs. Unsafe BehaviorUnsafe behavior sometimes leads to unsafe conditions that can cause accidents.Consider Maintenance OperationsUnsafe behaviors may show weakness in the safety management system.

Effective Worksite AnalysisWorksite analysis involves a variety of worksite examinations, to identify not only existing hazards, but also conditions and operations where changes might occur to create hazardsEffective management actively analyzes the work and the worksite to anticipate and prevent harmful occurrences

Plan for Worksite AnalysisComprehensive Facility SurveysChange AnalysisRoutine Job Hazard Analysis (JHA)Periodic and Daily Inspections

Comprehensive SurveyComprehensive surveys should be performed depending on the business size and hazardousness every 1-3 yearsResources for comprehensive survey: private consultants, insurance company, and state funded programs

Change AnalysisChange analysis is simply the management of change in the work environment.Changes in the following items need to be reviewed:FacilitiesMaterialsProcess TechnologyEquipment

Change AnalysisA competent team consisting of managers, engineers, superintendents and employees should be involvedHow can you best manage change in the work environment?

Job Hazard AnalysisA job hazard analysis is a technique that focuses on job tasks as a way to identify hazards before they occur.It focuses on the relationship between the worker, the task, the tools, and the work environment.After uncontrolled hazards are identified, take action to eliminate them or reduce risk.

Job Hazard AnalysisPerforming a job hazard analysis is one of the best methods to develop safe work procedures for the equipment that is operated.The JHA can also be used to train employees in the hazards associated with task and what control measures should be practiced.

JHA TeamA Job Hazard Analysis requires the cooperation of all parties involved that includes:Safety ProfessionalEngineers-Technical AdvisorSupervisors-Frontline Personnel responsible for making changeEmployee-Person most familiar with job

Communication of the JHASafety MeetingsDistribution of CopiesSOP and Operations ManualWhat are some other methods?______________________________________

What are the Possible Uses of a JHA1._________________________2._________________________3._________________________

Prioritization of JHAJobs with the highest injury and illness ratesJobs that have the potential to cause serious injuryJobs in which one simple human error could cause injuryJobs complex enough to have written instructionsJobs that are new to you facilityJobs that significantly had changes in process technology or procedures

Steps for JHAInvolve EmployeesReview accident historyConduct preliminary job review

List, rank, and set priorities for hazardous jobsOutline the steps or tasks

Involvement of Employees They have a unique understanding of the job, and this knowledge is invaluable for finding hazards.Involving employees will help minimize oversights, ensure a quality analysis.Get workers to buy in to the solutions because they will share ownership

Job ReviewDiscuss with employees the hazards that they know exist. Brainstorm with them for ideas to eliminate or control those hazards.If any hazards exist that pose an immediate danger, to an employees life or health, take immediate action to protect the worker. Any problems that can be corrected easily should be corrected as soon as possible.

Outline the StepsWatch the employee perform the job and list each step as the worker takes it. Be sure to record enough information to describe each job action without getting overly detailed. Avoid making the breakdown of steps so detailed that it becomes unnecessarily long or so broad that it does not include basic steps.

Outline the StepsReview the job steps with the employee to make sure you have not omitted something. Include the employee in all phases of the analysisfrom reviewing the job steps and procedures to discussing uncontrolled hazards and recommended solutions.

Identifying the HazardsA job hazard analysis is an exercise in detective work. Your goal is to discover the following:What can go wrong?What are the consequences?How could it arise?What are other contributing factors?How likely is it that the hazard will occur?

Common Hazards in the Workplace

StressorHazard TypeHazard TypeHazard TypeChemicalCorrosiveFireExplosionToxicElectricalShockShort CircuitFire-StaticMechanicalMoving PartsFailureNoisePressureErgonomicStrainHuman ErrorFatigue

Common Hazards in the Workplace

StressorHazard TypeHazard TypeHazardTypeRadiationIonizingNon IonizingContactStruck ByStruck AgainstCaught InEnvironmentTemp.VisibilityWeatherMisc.SlipsTripsFalls

Hazard Identification WorkshopBased on the following slides of machinery, identify the potential hazards.Hint: Use the previous tables and analyze the machinery and work environmentPrepare to discuss your findings.

Hazard Identification

Hazard Identification

Hazard Identification

Hazard Identification

Controlling the HazardsThe order of precedence and effectiveness of hazard control is the following:1. Engineering controls.2. Administrative controls.3. Personal protective equipment.

Controlling the HazardsThe most effective controls are engineering controls that physically change a machine or work environment to prevent employee exposure to the hazard. The more reliable or less likely a hazard control can be circumvented, the better. If this is not feasible, administrative controls may be appropriate.This may involve changing how employees do their jobs.

Controlling the HazardsDiscuss your recommendations with all employees who perform the job and consider their responses carefully.If you plan to introduce new or modified job procedures, be sure they understand what they are required to do and the reasons for the changes.

Engineering ControlsEngineering controls include the following:Elimination/minimization of the hazardSubstitution of equipment or process to decrease hazardIsolation of the hazard with interlocks, machine guards, blast shields, or other means; andRemoval or redirection of the hazard such as with local and exhaust ventilation.

Administrative ControlsAdministrative controls include the following:Written operating procedures, work permits, and safe work practices;Exposure time limitations (used most commonly to control heat stress and ergonomic hazards);Monitoring the use of highly hazardous materials;Alarms, signs, and warnings;Buddy system; and training

PPEPersonal Protective Equipment is acceptable as a control method in the following circumstances:When engineering controls are not feasible or do not totally eliminate the hazard; While engineering controls are being developed;When safe work practices do not provide sufficient additional protection; and During emergencies when engineering controls may not be feasible.

JHA ExerciseWe are going to perform an exercise on grinding metal casting.Based on the steps, please identify the hazards and controls.

JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS

Job Title:

Job Description:

Date Conducted

Task Step

Task Hazard

Cause

Hazard Control Measures

Comments:

Periodic Review of JHAReviewing job hazard analysis ensures that it remains current and continues to prevent accidents and injuries.It is possible that during the review process you will identify hazards that were not identified in the initial analysis.Review the JHA after accidents, you may determine that you need to change the job procedure to prevent similar incidents. Review after all close calls and discuss the situation with all employees that do the job.

Safety and Health InspectionsCover entire worksiteRegular intervalsInspectors trainedHazards tracked to correction

Objectives for InspectionsThere may be many objectives to the inspection process:Meet OSHA or other legal responsibilityInvolve the teamIdentify areas of undue risk and control hazardsIdentify and develop positive attitudesSuggest better methods of doing job

InspectionsOSHA recommends that you perform general workplace inspections.Check the standard so that you know what must be inspected.What are some examples of items that must be inspected?

Employee InvolvementWhat are some reasons for involving employees in the process?Demonstrate commitment to safetyAllow them to become familiar with the process safety requirement._______________________________________________________________

Documenting the InspectionA checklist of workplace specific hazards should be developed. To accomplish this:List the potential hazards in the workplaceExamine the work areas to locate hazardsCheck with employees and records

Resources for ChecklistInsurance and safety consultantsAccident/incident investigation reports (past problems)Small business handbookManufacturer SpecificationsJHA and/or employee inputStandards that apply to industry

Checklist DevelopmentAvoid making the checklist: vague, excessive detail, and overwhelming.Checklist is a tool.As the inspectors become more skilled, the less reliance there will be on this checklist.You should get the point that hazards rarely are identified and hazards are corrected immediately.

Examination of the WorkplaceIdentify conditions that might developLocation of the hazardSeverity potential

Safety Inspection Report

Safety Inspection WorkshopMock inspection of a company is to be performed.Identify the hazards in the slides and rate the severity.Be prepared to discuss your results.

Inspection ReportDate:Inspection Team:

Number &ClassificationFindings

Hazard ClassificationA = Loss of life, body part, extensive damageB = Serious injury or property damageC = Non-disabling injury or minor damage

Safety Inspection

Safety Inspection

Safety Inspection

Safety Inspection

Safety Inspection

Safety Inspection

Safety Inspection

Safety Inspection

Safety Inspection

Safety Inspection

Safety Inspection

Safety Inspection

Safety Inspection

Safety Inspection

Safety Inspection

Safety Inspection

Safety Inspection

Safety Inspection

Safety Inspection

Safety Inspection

Safety Inspection

Safety Inspection

Safety Inspection

Safety Inspection

Hazard ReportingEffective hazard reporting systems will:encourage employees to report hazards and effectively track them for prioritizing.create feedback between management and the employee reporting the hazard.have a system to analysis the hazards reported to determine its effectiveness.

Accident InvestigationAll accidents and incidents need to be investigated.What is an accident?Why do we investigate accidents?Why should near misses be investigated?

Accident Investigation

Causes of Injuries and AccidentsDirect CausesIndirect CausesRoot Causes

Trend AnalysisTrends need to analyzed over time to identify any emerging patterns of injury and intervene to prevent its recurrence.Review injury records over timeWhat items should be trended over time to determine any emerging pattern?

SummaryWorksite hazard analysis consists of:Change analysisJHAWorkplace inspectionsHazard ReportingTrend Analysis Effective programs will result in the identification of potential and existing hazards.

Task Analysis Tools

Risk Factors Ergonomic Body DivisionsReview the Basics

Force Frequency Posture Duration Contact Stress Environment VibrationRisk Factors

Upper Extremity Lower Extremity TrunkErgonomic Body Division

Use OSHA 200/300 logs Accident Reports Workmans Compensation info Employee Surveys Visual CuesRecognizing a WMSD Problem

Body Part Discomfort Form and Rating Scale

A narrative, quantitative and/or checklist system that provides a standardized evaluation of a job/task Tools based on biomechanical and physiological information compiled and calculated providing a relative risk of injury probability Can be specific for body region and/or risk factorsWhat is a Task Analysis Tool

Provide guidanceWhere to begin corrective actionsHelps direct efforts toward specific body division, risk factors Involve employeesEmployees can perform assessments Provide a level of measurementShows improvement of tasksBaseline dataWhy do we need these tools?

Two criteria for use: What are you trying to find out?General vs. Specific information What limitations must be considered?Various tools are only able to assess specific body regionsHow do we use them?

Checklists Easy to use Less time consuming Minimal training Very sensitive: One check, task must be consideredTypes of Analysis Tools

Types of Analysis ToolsQuantitative Less sensitive More specific training Provide a relative risk assessment

Types of Analysis ToolsNarrative More formal training and experience required Provides specific areas for improvement Very time consuming

Washington State Checklist (WISHA) NIOSH

University of MichiganChecklists

Checklist system that identifies caution or hazard zone jobs Incorporates each of the risk factors including vibration and contact stress Has separate evaluation for heavy, frequent or awkward lifting Uses verbal cues to guide user through evaluation criteria Not generally left or right side independentWISHA

Does address combination of risk factors Great first cut ergonomic tool Draw BacksHigh sensitivity: identify many jobsDoesnt separate frequency component by body partWISHA

3 basic sectionsEntire body checklistLifting hazard sectionVibration hazard analysis Entire body checklistIdentify if a particular hazard exist as a result of a risk factor for a body partIf a hazard exists then corrective action is neededUsing WISHA

Lifting hazard analysis Calculated weight limit is adjusted by: Compares the actual weight lifted to a calculated weight limit Actual weight lifted > Weight limit = Hazard existsUsing WISHA

Vibration hazard analysis Compares the time an employee uses the machine to a pre-measured vibration value Plot time vs. vibration data on graph Intersection point indicates degree of hazard Vibration data: www.lni.wa.gov/wisha/ergoUsing WISHA

Job Strain

Job Strain Index Rapid Upper Limb Assessment ACGIH Threshold Limit Value HAL Rapid Entire Body Assessment Rodgers Muscle Fatigue Analysis Snook Push/Pull Hazard TablesQuantitative Tools

Only evaluates hand, wrist and elbow (distal upper extremity) Assess task based on posture, frequency and force FORCE driven Doesnt consider vibration or contact stress Index based on a relative risk (1-1053)7 considered hazardousJob Strain Index

Can assess right and left sides independently as well as worst case Used in meat packing, small part assembly, keyboarding and other highly repetitive hand motionsJob Strain Index

Intensity of exertions (force) Duration of Exertion (% cycle) Efforts per minute Hand/wrist posture Speed of work Duration of task per dayStrain Index Elements

Assign a value for each of the 6 elements Multiply each element = strain index Compare calculated value to decision threshold provided Decision Threshold 7 hazardousUsing the Job Strain Index

Job Strain

Job Strain

JHA/Work Methods

Videotaping Tips Announce the name of the job on the tape Tape 5 to 10 minutes for each task At least 3-4 cycles Start with whole body shots and then zoom in on problems areas Try different angles to get the best shotJHA/Work Methods

Step 1: Breaking The Job Down List each step in order of occurrence Be sure to record enough information Can use Gilbreths terms to describe steps Can use video or photosJHA/Work Methods

SearchSelectGraspReachMoveHoldPositionInspectAssembleDisassembleUseUnavoidable DelayAvoidable DelayPlanRest to overcome fatigueGilbreths Table of Work ElementsJHA/Work Methods

Step 2: Identify the Hazards Look for Risk Factors in each job Repeat the job observation until all hazards identifiedVideo and photos can be especially helpful Consider abnormal activities and conditionsJHA/Work Methods

Step 3: New Procedure or Protection Can the job be performed in another way? Can you make physical changes to the job? Does the job have to be performed? Can it be done less often?JHA/Work Methods

Work Methods

Work Methods

What does the worker need to know from this presentation?

*********************************************************************************Why are these important to know?Understand what each tools measures.*Understand that different tools are designed to assess different areas of the body**This can give us excellent information from employees. I like it best when used before there are actual injuries. It can help you figure out what your priorities are for a task, job, or area of a facility based on the discomfort level being experienced by the employees. Be careful with this data also because you are sometimes going to get someone that is hurting everywhere and it may not be related to the job at all. ***General information: what job should we start specific controls forSpecific: In this previously identified job, what areas are the most concern**************************