aleqsandre kuxianiZealeqsandre kupataZe

roman gociriZe

Tbilisi2004

kontrabandis problemasaqarTveloSi:

afxazeTi da cxinvalis regioni

Transnational Crime andCorruption Center (TraCCC)

Georgia Office

transnacionaluri danaSaulisada korufciis kvleviTi centri

saqarTvelos ofisi

2003 wlisaTvis kontrabanda pirdapir daemuqra saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriv usafrTxoebas.Cven mier Catarebuli kvlevis mizania saqarTvelos separatistuli regionebis - afxazeTisada samxreT oseTis teritoriebze moZravi kontrabandis Seswavla. es regionebi 90-ianiwlebis dasawyisSi momxdari SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebis Sedegad gadaiqca Zaladobis,organizebuli danaSaulis, farTo kontrabanduli qselisa da kriminalebis TavSesafrad.interdisciplinuri meTodis gamoyenebiT, TraCCC-is mkvlevarTa jgufma Seiswavla kontrabandiszogadi tendenciebi, saxeobebi, meqanizmebi da aralegalur vaWrobaSi CarTuli ZiriTadikriminaluri jgufebi. kontrabandis winaaRmdeg brZolaze pasuxismgebeli organizaciebissaqmianobisa da normatiuli aqtebis analizi, afxazeTsa da samxreT oseTSi Seqmnili mdgomareobismimoxilva da fotodokumentebi, romlebic adasturebs kontrabandistul, korufciul dakriminalur jgufebs, samarTaldamcavebsa da rus samSvidoboebs Soris TanamSromlobis faqtebs,erTvis angariSs. 2003 wlis noembris “vardebis revoluciis” Semdeg, axali politikurirealobis, kontrabandisa da korufciis winaaRmdeg realuri brZolis pirobebSi, TraCCC-ismkvlevarTa jgufis mier 2003 wlis noembramde SemuSavebuli zogi rekomendacia, magaliTad,axali arCevnebis Catareba da saqarTvelos politikuri xelmZRvanelobis Secvla dRis wesrigidanmoixsna.

saredaqcio kolegia:luiz Seli, erik skoti, SoTa papava, qeTevan rostiaSvili,giorgi Rlonti, taras axalaia, irina kakoiaSvili

recenzentebi:kenet ialovici da giuli alasania

winamdebare naSromi Sesrulebulia amerikis universitetis transnacionaluri danaSaulisada korufciis kvleviTi centris (TraCCC) saqarTvelos ofisis programis farglebSi, romelsacafinansebs aSS saxelmwifo departamentis saerTaSoriso narkotikebisa da samarTaldamcaviorganoebis saqmeTa saxelmwifo biuro (INL) aSS iusticiis departamentis sazRvargareTisqveynebSi prokuraturis ganviTarebis xelSewyobisa da swavlebis ofisis koordinaciiT (DOJ/OPDAT). samuSaoebi Caatares qarTvelma da rusma mecnierebma. winamdebare angariSi warmoadgensTraCCC-is qarTuli jgufis kvlevis Sedegs. TraCCC-is rus mecnierTa mier momzadebuliangariSis naxva SeiZleba vebgverdze: http://sartraccc.sgap.ru/

© amerikis universitetis transnacionaluri danaSaulisada korufciis kvleviTi centris saqarTvelos ofisi

daibeWda Sps “poligrafSi”Tbilisi, 26 maisis moedani, # 2

ISBN 99928-0-830-6

SMUGGLING THROUGH ABKHAZIA AND TSKHINVALI REGION

OF GEORGIA

TBILISI2004

Transnational Crime andCorruption Center (TraCCC)

Georgia Office

transnacionaluri danaSaulisada korufciis kvleviTi centri

saqarTvelos ofisi

Alexandre KukhianidzeAlexandre Kupatadze

Roman Gotsiridze

By 2003 smuggling has become a direct threat to the national security of Georgia. The goal of thisresearch was to investigate smuggling through Abkhazia and South Ossetia, two secessionist regions ofGeorgia, which after the armed civil conflicts of the 1990s have been transformed into territories with highlevels of violence, organized crime, and smuggling networks. With an interdisciplinary approach, the TraCCCresearch group has investigated general trends and mechanisms of illegal trade, along with the main crimegroups involved in smuggling through these territories. The following materials are contained within thereport: an analysis of anti-smuggling normative acts of Georgia, an analysis of organizations responsible forthe prevention of smuggling, an overview of the general situation in Abkhazia and South Ossetia, and photo-graphic documents which illustrate different facts of smuggling, corruption, and criminal cooperation be-tween crime groups, law-enforcement bodies of Georgia, and Russian peacekeepers. The “Rose Revolu-tion” in November 2003 initiated a new political situation and a better environment to wage a successful fightagainst smuggling and corruption in the country. As a result, some conclusions and recommendations in-cluded in the report before November 2003 are no longer urgent – such as the need for new elections and achange of political leadership in Georgia.

EDITORIAL BOARD:Louise Shelley, Erik Scott, Shota Papava, Ketevan Rostiashvili, Georgi Glonti,Taras Akhalaia, Irine Kakoiashvili

REVIEWED BY:Kenneth Yalowitz and Giuli Alasania

This research project was conducted within the framework of the Georgia Office of AmericanUniversity’s Transnational Crime and Corruption Center (TraCCC)’s grants program. Financial supportwas provided by the Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs of the U.S. Depart-ment of State, in coordination with the Office of Overseas Prosecutorial Development Assistance andTraining (DOJ/OPDAT) of the U.S. Department of Justice. The work was undertaken by Georgian schol-ars in Georgia, and by Russian scholars in Russia. This report presents the results of research conductedby the Georgian TraCCC research group. The results of the Russian TraCCC research group can befound online at: http://sartraccc.sgap.ru/ .

© American University’s Transnational Crime andCorruption Center (TraCCC) Georgia Office

Printed in Polygraph Ltd.

2, 26 May Sq., Tbilisi

ISBN 99928-0-830-6

5

sarCevi

Sesavali ......................................................................................................................................................................7zogadi mimoxilva .....................................................................................................................................................7kvlevis meTodologia ........................................................................................................................................ 10

kvlevis wyaroebi ....................................................................................................................................... 10kvlevasTan dakavSirebuli sirTuleebi .................................................................................... 10

publikaciebi afxazeTisa da cxinvalis regionis gavliT moZravikontrabandis Sesaxeb ........................................................................................................................................... 11

kontrabandis problema saqarTveloSi: afxazeTi da cxinvalis regioni ................................. 12kontrabandis zogadi tendenciebi ............................................................................................................ 12

kontrabandis gzebi saqarTveloSi ................................................................................................13mdinare fsou................................................................................................................................................ 14vaWroba cecxlis Sewyvetis xazze ................................................................................................17kontrabanda da Zaladoba usafrTxoebis zonaSi ...............................................................18gemebis moZraoba da kontrabanda ................................................................................................. 20ergneTis bazroba cxinvalis regionSi ...................................................................................... 21

ergneTis bazrobis gasakontroleblad ganxorcielebuliqmedebebi ............................................................................................................................................. 24

kontrabandistuli jgufebi ......................................................................................................................... 24afxazuri, osuri da qarTuli jgufebi ................................................................................... 24afxazuri SeiaraRebuli dajgufebebi, qarTuli partizanulirazmebi da kriminaluri jgufebi .................................................................................................25osuri da qarTuli danaSaulebrivi jgufebi ......................................................................27samarTaldamcavi struqturebi .......................................................................................................30ruseTis samSvidobo Zalebi ..............................................................................................................30kontrabandaSi CarTuli socialurad daucveli jgufebi ..........................................31saxelisuflebo jgufebi da klanebi ..........................................................................................31

afxazeTis ori mTavroba .........................................................................................................32cxinvalis regionis mTavroba..............................................................................................34

kontrabandis saxeobebi da meqanizmebi .................................................................................................. 35radioaqtiuri masalebi (potenciuri safrTxe) ................................................................ 35iaraRi ................................................................................................................................................................36narkotikebi .................................................................................................................................................... 38adamianebiT vaWroba (trefikingi) ............................................................................................... 40moparuli manqanebiT vaWroba .......................................................................................................... 40navTobproduqtebi ..................................................................................................................................... 41Tambaqos produqtebi .............................................................................................................................43

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xe-tyis eqsporti .....................................................................................................................................46Txilis biznesi galisa da zugdidis raionebSi .............................................................. 48Tevzis rewva .................................................................................................................................................49jarTi ................................................................................................................................................................ 50qvanaxSiris mopoveba da eqsporti ............................................................................................... 51alkoholuri sasmelebi ....................................................................................................................... 52turizmi, rogorc kontrabanduli momsaxurebis forma .............................................. 52kulturuli faseulobebis kontrabanda.................................................................................53afxazeTis separatistuli mTavrobis winaaRmdeg SemoRebuli dsT-ssanqciebis Sesaxeb .....................................................................................................................................53TviTgamocxadebul respublikebTan ekonomikuri urTierTobisperspeqtivebi ................................................................................................................................................55

daskvnebi ...................................................................................................................................................................57

danarTi I. normatiuli aqtebi afxazeTisa da cxinvalis regionis gavliTkontrabandis Sesaxeb .......................................................................................................................................................58danarTi II . afxazeTisa da cxinvalis regionis gavliT kontrabandasTanbrZolaze pasuxismgebeli organizaciebi ......................................................................................................... 66danarTi III. mdgomareoba afxazeTsa da cxinvalis regionSi .............................................................78

rekomendaciebi .................................................................................................................................................................. 89slaidebi ..................................................................................................................................................................92bibliografia ................................................................................................................................................................ 108rukebi, sqemebi da diagramebi ................................................................................................................................... 116

7

Sesavali

zogadi mimoxilva

saqarTvelo mdebareobs kavkasiaSi, Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiroze. misi saxmeleTosazRvris mTliani perimetri Seadgens 1,461 km-s, xolo sazRvao zoli – 310 km-s.misi mosazRvre qveynebia: CrdiloeTiT _ ruseTi (723 km), aRmosavleTiT _ azerbaijani(322 km), samxreT-aRmosavleTiT _ somxeTi (164 km) da samxreT-dasavleTiT _ TurqeTi(252 km)1 . 1990-1993 wlebis SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebis Sedegad, ori separatistuliregioni – afxazeTi da cxinvalis regioni gavida saqarTvelos xelisuflebisiurisdiqciidan. orive konfliqturi zona esazRvreba ruseTs. saqarTvelo-ruseTissazRvris afxazeTis nawili aris 197 km, xolo afxazeTis sazRvao sasazRvro zoliSeadgens 200 km-s. saqarTvelosa da ruseTis saxmeleTo sazRvris cxinvalis regionismonakveTi (sazRvao ara aqvT) 66 km-ia (ix. ruka 1).2

ruka 1. saqarTvelo

kontrabanduli vaWroba saqarTvelosTvis umwvaves problemad iqca. misi uswrafesizrda daiwyo 1998 wels da dRes is ukve imdenad masStaburia, rom emuqreba qveyniserovnul usafrTxoebas. kontrabandam xeli Seuwyo korufciis ganviTarebas, gavlenianikriminaluri dajgufebebis Camoyalibebas da maT samarTaldamcav struqturebTan dapolitikur jgufebTan (centraluri, regionuli da adgilobrivi xelisuflebiswarmomadgenlebi) Serwymas. am process mohyva Raribi mosaxleobis nawilis CarTvacmsgavs saqmianobaSi.

afxazeTsa da cxinvalis regionSi kontrabanduli tvirTebis moZraoba umniSvnelovanesisakiTxia, radgan is mWidrod ukavSirdeba separatizms, mougvarebel SeiaraRebul konfliqtebs,sazRvrebis daucvelobas, Zaladobas da a.S.

1 Georgia. The World Factbook , August 1, 2003; http://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/gg.html2 interviu saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sazRvris dacvis saxelmwifo departamentis warmomadgenelTan, agvisto, 2003

8

rogorc cnobilia, SeiaraRebuli konfliqti cxinvalis regionSi 1991-92 wlebSi,xolo afxazeTSi 1992-93 wlebSi moxda. am samxedro dapirispirebebs 10 aTasze metiadamiani emsxverpla. orive regionSi separatistebma ruseTis samxedro daxmarebiTgaimarjves da de faqto damoukideblobac moipoves, Tumca afxazeTic da cxinvalisregionic de iure saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi rCeba. sadReisod orasi aTasamde devnilida iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli piri (ZiriTadad eTnikuri qarTvelebi) gaZevebulia sakuTarisaxlidan, xolo is, vinc konfliqtis zonaSi darCa, gausaZlis pirobebSi imyofeba.3 ZalzemZimea devnilTa udidesi nawilis mdgomareoba afxazeTs gareTac.

TviTgamocxadebuli respublikebis mosaxleobaSi SeimCneva iaraRis didi koncentracia.es, upirvelesad, danaSaulebriv samyaroze iTqmis.

afxazeTisa da cxinvalis regionis gavliT kontrabandas Tan sdevs Zaladobis, mkvlelobis,adamianis gatacebis, mZevlad ayvanis da sxva mZime danaSaulis uamravi faqti. am problemaTagadawyveta sakmaod rTulia im viTarebaSi, roca saqarTvelos da separatistulirespublikebis xelisuflebebi ver Tanxmdebian am teritoriebis politikur statusze.

viTarebas arTulebs geopolitikuri sakiTxebis mTeli speqtri, uwinaresad, ruseTismizani _ gamoiyenos afxazuri da osuri separatizmi saqarTveloze politikuri zewolisinstrumentad, anu aiZulos es ukanaskneli, darCes misi gavlenis sferoSi. ruseTi aqtiuradewinaaRmdegeba saqarTvelos mxridan alternatiuli mokavSiris Ziebasa da sakuTarierovnuli interesebis uzrunvelyofas. miuxedavad amisa, saqarTvelom daamyara mWidrourTierToba amerikis SeerTebul StatebTan da evrokavSirTan, romlebic dainteresebulniarian demokratiis gafarToebiTa da kaspiis auzSi arsebuli energoresursebiT _ sworedsaqarTveloze gadis kaspiis navTobisa da bunebrivi airis dasavleTSi transportirebisumoklesi gza. qarTuli saxelmwifos prodasavluri orientaciisa da evroatlantikurstruqturebTan misi mWidro TanamSromlobis sapasuxod ruseTma daiwyo separatizmisaqtiuri mxardaWera afxazeTsa da cxinvalis regionSi _ am teritoriebis sakuTarekonomikur sivrceSi integraciis axali formiT. misi es qmedeba saqarTveloSi Sefasda,rogorc “mcocavi aneqsia”.

SeiaraRebuli dapirispirebis dros da mis Semdgom periodSic rogorc saqarTvelosteritoriuli mTlianobis momxreebi, ise separatistebi ruseTs konfliqtis monawilemxared ganixilavdnen. afxazeTis de faqto sagareo saqmeTa ministris, sergei SambasgancxadebiT, afxazeTi imyofeba ruseTis proteqtoratis qveS.4 asea Tu ise, faqtia, romruseTis aTwlianma saSuamavlo misiam Sedegi ver gamoiRo da konfliqti CixSi moeqca.

sagareo faqtorebi, maTi didi mniSvnelobis miuxedavad, ar asrulebs gadamwyvet rolsSeqmnil mdgomareobaSi da naklebad gansazRvravs im adgilobrivi klanebis pozicias,romlebic uSualod ageben pasuxs konfliqtis mougvareblobaze. saqme isaa, rommougvarebeli konfliqtebi nayofieri niadagia saimisod, raTa demokratiis SezRudvisxarjze SeinarCuno xelisufleba da militaristul-revanSistuli ideologiis qadagebiTxalxi permanentuli SiSis qveS amyofo. afxazeTis SemTxvevaSi konfliqtis monawileorive mxares arsebobs kriminalur-politikuri klanebis Camoyalibebis tendencia _Seqmnil viTarebas da maT xelT arsebul Zalauflebas isini mSvenivrad iyeneben piradisargeblisTvis da kriminalur biznesSi CarTuli hyavT samarTaldamcavi struqturebi.samarTaldamcavebs ara aqvT pirdapiri kavSiri mowinaaRmdege mxaresTan, magram aqtiuradiyeneben “mediatorebs”: kriminaluri samyaros warmomadgenlebs da “ormag agentebs”(adgilobriv macxovreblebs an iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirebs). cxinvalis regionSiarsebobs mWidro TanamSromloba orive mxaris samarTaldamcavebs Soris kriminaluri

3 UN: Abkhazia Within Georgia Still The Basis of Talks, Says Envoy. By Robert McMahon; http://www.rferl.org/nca/features/2002/12/11122002222246.asp; Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty, Inc.4 Ôàêòè÷åñêè Àáõàçèÿ íàõîäèòñÿ ïîä ïðîòåêòîðàòîì Ðîññèè, ñ÷èòàåò Ñåðãåé Øàìáà, Ìèíèñòðèíîñòðàííûõ äåë. Íîâîñòè èç Àáõàçèè, 4 èþíÿ 2003 ã.; http://www.abhazia.com/news/detail.php?id=704

9

biznesSi. magaliTad, gazeT “rezonanss” mohyavs cxinvalis regionis de faqto prezidentis,eduard kokoiTis sityvebi, rom mis mier gaTavisuflebuli ministrebi monawileobdnenkriminalur saqmianobaSi da qarTvel samarTaldamcavebTan erTad koordinirebuladmoqmedebdnen. kokoiTi acxadebda, rom kargi iqneboda, Tu saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTaministri koba narCemaSvilic analogiur wmendas ganaxorcielebda Tavis saministroSi.5

simboluri xelfasebisa da adamianis uflebebis darRvevaze sruli upasuxismgeblobisgaremoSi samarTaldamcavi struqturebi Zalauflebas iyeneben piradi gamdidrebisaTvis.rac Seexeba qarTul da afxazur socialurad daucvel jgufebs, maT sxvadasxva SeiaraRebuliformirebebi (qarTveli partizanebi an wminda kriminaluri jgufebi) ZiriTadad iyenebenkontrabanduli produqtebis realizatorebad.

yovelive amas mohyva kargad gamarTuli kontrabanduli qselis Camoyalibeba, romelicmoicavs Tanamdebobis pirebs, samarTaldamcav organoebs, qarTvel partizanebs, kriminalurjgufebs, rus samSvidobo Zalebs da mosaxleobis nawils (upirveles yovlisa, iZulebiTgadaadgilebul pirebs, devnilebs da konfliqtis zonaSi mcxovrebT).

amave dros problemis analizma dagvanaxa, rom afxazeTisa da cxinvalis regionisgavliT moZravi kontrabandiT saqarTvelos ufro naklebi ekonomikuri zarali adgeba,vidre qveynis sxva (arakonfliqturi) nawilebidan (foTis portidan, azerbaijanis wiTelixididan da sarfidan) Semosuli aralegaluri produqciiT. sxvadasxva monacemebiT, qveyanaSikontrabanduli sawvavis mxolod 4-5 procenti Semodis afxazeTis gavliT da daaxloebiT13 procenti _ ruseTidan cxinvalis regioniT, Tumca sxva saxis kontrabanda gacilebiTdidia, magaliTad, fqvilis, xorblis da sigaretis.6 TviT is faqti, rom kontrabandasaxlavs Zaladoba, korufcia da sisxlisRvra, gacilebiT ufro sayuradRebo da saxifaToa.swored es ganasxvavebs konfliqtis zonebSi moZrav kontrabandas saqarTvelos sxvaregionebSi am mxriv arsebuli situaciisgan.

kontrabandis sawinaaRmdego sakanonmdeblo bazis analiziT dadginda, rom kontrabandiszrdis mTavari xelSemwyobi faqtorebia qveynis xelmZRvanelobaSi Sesabamisi nebis arqonada mTavrobasa da samarTaldamcav struqturebSi korufciis maRali done. upirvelesad,amiTaa ganpirobebuli moqmedi kanonebis sruli ignorireba an maTi cudi Sesruleba.

konfliqtur zonebsa da maT mimdebare teritoriebze moZravi kontrabandis winaaRmdegadministraciuli zomebis miReba delikaturi sakiTxia. mudmivi politikuri da socialuridaZabulobis viTarebaSi konfliqtur zonebSi kontrabandasTan Zalismieri meTodebiTbrZolam SeiZleba gamoiwvios konfliqtis ganaxleba, xolo Tu es RonisZiebebi mimarTuliiqneba kontrabandis qselis socialurad daucveli warmomadgenlebis winaaRmdeg, amasSeiZleba mohyves qveynis destabilizacia.

amdenad, samarTlebrivi da administraciuli zomebis gamoyeneba umjobesia msxvilikontrabandistebis, organizebuli danaSaulebrivi jgufebis, mTavrobisa da samarTaldamcavistruqturebis korumpirebuli warmomadgenlebis winaaRmdeg.

msgavsi RonisZiebebi unda gatardes sagadasaxado da sabaJo politikis gaumjobesebisparalelurad, raTa Seiqmnas Crdilovani ekonomikis legalizebisa da adgilobrivi warmoebisstimulirebisaTvis saWiro ekonomikuri garemo.

sakanonmdeblo bazis gaumjobesebis, instituciuri reformebis, personalis saTanadodmomzadebis, kontrolisa da informaciis kompiutizirebuli sistemis, axleburi menejmentis,samoqmedo strategiis SemuSavebis gareSe nebismieri samarTlebrivi da administraciuliRonisZieba SeiZens kampaniur xasiaTs da saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi xanmokle Sedegi eqneba.

5 gazeTi “rezonansi”, #177, 2 ivlisi, 20036 es informacia efuZneba interviuebs afxazeTis devnili xelisuflebis uSiSroebis saministros oficerTan(2003 wlis 29 maisi) da amerikis savaWro palatis eqspertebTan (2003 wlis 17 aprili)

10

kvlevis meTodologia

kontrabandis problema, misi sirTulidan da mravalwaxnagovnebidan gamomdinare,interdisciplinuri kvlevis sagania, amdenad, saWiro Seiqna misi samarTlebrivi, politikuri,ekonomikuri da socialuri aspeqtebis ganxilva.

kvlevis wyaroebi

gamokvleva eyrdnoba rogorc pirvelad, ise meorad wyaroebs: qarTul kanonmdeblobaskontrabandaze, masobrivi informaciis saSualebebis, gamoZiebis, raionuli da uzenaesisasamarTloebis, erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWos, Sinagan saqmeTa, uSiSroebis, finansTa,gansakuTrebul saqmeTa saministroebis, dazvervis departamentis, sazRvris dacvisdepartamentis, kontrolis palatis, antikorufciuli biuros, gadasaxadebisa daSemosavlebis saparlamento komitetis, zugdidisa da goris regionuli da adgilobrivisamTavrobo struqturebis, aSS-s sabaJo samsaxuris (saqarTvelos sazRvris dacvisada kanonis ganmtkicebis programa), aSS-s savaWro-samrewvelo palatis, saqarTveloSigaeros damkvirvebelTa misiis (UNOMIG), gaeros humanitarul saqmeTa koordinaciisofisis (UNOCHA), gaeros moxaliseebis (UNV), dsT-s qveynebisaTvis evrokavSiristeqnikuri daxmarebis programis (TASIC), evrogaerTianebis uSiSroebisa daTanamSromlobis organizaciis (OSCE) masalebs. mkvlevarTa jgufi Sexvda da gaesaubrazemoaRniSnuli saerTaSoriso da samTavrobo organizaciebis TanamSromlebs,damoukidebel Jurnalistebs, mewarmeebs da biznesmenebs, aseve im pirebs, romlebicuSualod monawileoben kontrabandaSi – wvril kontrabandistebs, qarTvel partizanebs,kriminaluri jgufebis warmomadgenlebs.

kvlevasTan dakavSirebuli sirTuleebi

kontrabandis kvleva rTuli, xSirad arcTu usafrTxoa respondentebisa damkvlevarebisaTvis. Cvens jgufs mWidro urTierToba hqonda kontrabanduli qselismonawileebTan da, zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, informaciis mopovebis dros SezRuduliiyo kvlevis meTodebi. magaliTad, praqtikulad SeuZlebeli iyo sociologiuri kvlevisiseTi meTodis gamoyeneba, rogoricaa mosaxleobis anketireba kontrabanduli bazrebisadgilebze, kerZod, ergneTsa da zugdidSi.

mkvlevarTa jgufi ZiriTadad mimarTavda respondentTa interviuirebis meTods. zogjersaubarze dasaTanxmeblad saWiro iyo respondentis moTxovnis gaTvaliswineba: argamogveyenebina foto da videoaRWurviloba, metic, ar Cagvewera masTan saubari. magaliTad,ase moxda qarTvel partizanTa jgufis, “tyis Zmebis” savele meTaurTan, slava bigvavasTan.im dros, roca saxifaTo iyo kvlevis miznebis Riad gacxadeba, jgufma gamoiyena “faruliinterviuirebis” meTodi, magaliTad, organizebuli danaSaulebrivi jgufebis wevrebTan,sagzao policiis TanamSromlebTan, mZRolebTan da ergneTis bazrobaze movaWre osebTanurTierTobisas.

ramdenjerme maRali Tanamdebobis pirebi da samarTaldamcavi organoebis warmomadgenlebiSexvedraze dagvTanxmdnen, magram mogvianebiT udrooba moimizezes da informaciis mowodebaar isurves.

calke problemaa pirveladi da meoradi wyaroebidan miRebuli informaciissandooba. afxazeTisa da cxinvalis regionis Sesaxeb informacia Zalian xSiradaapolitizirebuli, mikerZoebuli da arsebobs sxvadasxva, xSirad urTierTgamomricxavicnobebi erTsa da imave sakiTxze. calke statistika afxazeTisa da cxinvalis

11

regionis gavliT moZravi kontrabandis Sesaxeb ar arsebobs, amdenad, monacemebimiaxloebiTi da xSirad gamousadegaria. metic, saqarTvelos mTavrobis arc erTstruqturas ar aqvs sakmarisi statistikuri an analitikuri informaciaseparatistul respublikebSi arsebuli socialur-ekonomikur mdgomareobis Sesaxeb.Sesabamis zust informacias ar flobs TviTgamocxadebuli respublikebisstatistikuri samsaxurebic. arsebobda specialuri samsaxurebidan yalbi informaciismiRebisa da misi saSualebiT manipulirebis mcdeloba. zogadad, Cveni azriT, yvelasamTavrobo wyaro naklebad sandoa afxazeTsa da cxinvalis regionSi mimdinareprocesebis Sefasebisas da ara mxolod mikerZoebis, aramed sistemuri informaciisnaklebobis gamo. es gansakuTrebiT exeba iseT sakiTxebs, rogoricaa tvirTebismoZraoba mdinare fsous da rokis gvirabis gavliT.

Tumca yvelaze Zneli aRmoCnda mopovebul zRva informaciaSi tyuil-marTlis garCeva.am problemas awydeba yvela mecnieri, magram gansakuTrebiT kontrabandis sakiTxze momuSavenebismieri mkvlevari procesebis latenturobisa da separatistul da centralurmTavrobebs Soris arsebuli undoblobis gamo. miuxedavad amisa, mkvlevarTa jgufiSeecada informaciis yovelmxriv gadamowmebas, roca ki es SesaZlebeli iyo. verifikaciiserT-erTi meTodi iyo afxazuri, osuri, rusuli da qarTuli wyaroebis informaciisSedarebiTi analizi. amgvarad, qarTuli wyarodan momdinare argumentebi ganmtkicebuliarusuli, afxazuri da osuri wyaroebis monacemebiT, rac ufro damajerebels xdis ama Tuim daskvnasa Tu mosazrebas.

raki mkvlevarTa jgufma gamoiyena sxvadasxva wyaroebis masalebi da informacia, saboloodSesaZlebeli gaxda kontrabandis SeZlebisdagvarad obieqturi da zusti suraTis SeqmnaafxazeTisa da cxinvalis regionebis magaliTze.

publikaciebi afxazeTisa da cxinvalis regionisgavliT moZravi kontrabandis Sesaxeb

publikaciebi uSualod am sakiTxze ar arsebobs. Tumca parlamentis sabiujetoofisis mier Catarebulia kvlevebi afxazeTsa da cxinvalis regionSi arsebuli ekonomikurisituaciisa da saqarTvelos ekonomikaze Sida konfliqtebis gavlenis Sesaxeb.

gamocemebi kontrabandis Sesaxeb SeiZleba daiyos sam jgufad:1. publikaciebi, dakavSirebuli mxolod specifikur kontrabandul saqonelTan, roca

problema zogadad ar ganixileba;2. publikaciebi zogadad kontrabandis Sesaxeb, sadac ar aris ganxiluli afxazeTisa

da cxinvalis regionebi;3. publikaciebi konfliqtur zonebSi (afxazeTi da cxinvalis regioni) arsebuli

situaciis Sesaxeb. ganxilulia kriminogenuli viTareba da usafrTxoebis sakiTxebi daara kontrabanda.

I jgufi. es publikaciebi Seicavs zogad informacias kontrabandis zogierT saxeze.magaliTad, aseTia organizacia Safeworld-is angariSi iaraRiT vaWrobisa da misi gavrcelebisSesaxeb kavkasiis regionSi da statistikis saxelmwifo departamentis eqspertebis mierCatarebuli kvleva Tambaqos produqtebze.

II jgufi. es dokumentebi ganixilavs zogadad kontrabandis problemas saqarTveloSi,magaliTad, balceroviCis sakonsultacio jgufis poloneli eqspertebis angariSi.dokumentSi gaanalizebulia mTavrobis qmedebebi, sakanonmdeblo baza da aRweriliakontrabandis xelSemwyobi faqtorebi da misi gadaWris gzebi.

III jgufi. aq saubaria UNOMIG-is angariSze afxazeTSi arsebuli situaciis Sesaxeb,UNOCHA-s broSurebze konfliqturi zonebis Sesaxeb da zogierT sxvainternetpublikaciaze (magaliTad, doj bilingslis statia: “usafrTxoeba cecxlis

12

Sewyvetis xazze” da IWPR Caucasus Reporting Service–is masalebi galisa da zugdidisraionebSi Seqmnili situaciis Sesaxeb).

konfliqtur zonebSi arsebuli kontrabandis konceptualurad gansaxilveladsaWiro Seiqna gacnoba naSromebisa omebis ekonomikisa da sanqciebis Sesaxeb.konfliqtebis ekonometruli modeli ZiriTadad damuSavebulia msoflio bankiseqspertebis, p. kolies, d. melounis, m. berdalis, d. kinis da m. dafildis mier. esgamokvleva mTlianad esadageba Teoriul argumentebs naSromisa “sixarbe da siduxWire.ekonomikuri dRis wesrigi samoqalaqo omebSi” (redaqtirebuli mac berdalisa dadevid m. melounis mier).

kontrabandis problema saqarTveloSi:afxazeTi da cxinvalis regioni

kontrabandis zogadi tendenciebi

afxazeTsa da cxinvalis regionSi arsebuli viTarebis analizi adasturebs mis TandaTangamwvavebas.

afxazeTSi cecxlis Sewyvetis xazi nel-nela gadaiqca kriminalur zonad,romlis sruli kontroli aravis xelewifeba – arc saqarTvelos mTavrobas, arcafxazeTis legitimur xelisuflebas, arc afxazeTis separatistul mTavrobasda arc saerTaSoriso organizaciebs. es gansakuTrebiT galis raionsa da kodorisxeobaze iTqmis. regionSi mkvleloba da gataceba Cveulebriv movlenad iqca.cxinvalis regionSi kriminalurma samyarom samarTaldamcavi organoebiswarmomadgenlebTan erTad konfliqtis orive mxares kontrabandis ganviTarebisyvela piroba Seqmna.

saqarTvelos mTavrobis warmomadgenlebi acxadeben, rom maT ar SeuZliaT engurisxidsa Tu cxinvalis regionis administraciul sazRvarze sasazRvro da sabaJo punqtebisganTavseba, rasac TviTgamocxadebuli respublikebi sazRvris cnobad aRiqvamen. saqarTvelossazRvari ruseTTan ki dRemde Riaa kontrabandis Semotanisa da kriminaluri jgufebismoZraobisTvis.

rogorc bevr sxva konfliqtur situaciaSi, kriminaluri samyaro avsebs oficialurda legalur urTierTobebSi arsebul vakuums. danaSaulebrivi jgufebi moqnilad daswrafad aSeneben internacionalur kriminalur qselebs. es tendencia sul ufroSeuqcevadia _ SeiZleba dasaxeldes kontrabandaSi qarTuli, afxazuri da osuridanaSaulebrivi jgufebisa da samarTaldamcavi struqturebis TanamSromlobis uamravimagaliTi.

kontrabandis problema awuxebs rogorc saqarTvelos mTavrobas, ise afxazeTisseparatistul xelisuflebas, radgan ukanono tvirTbrunva xdeba orive mimarTulebiTda, Sesabamisad, oficialur Semosavlebs orive mxare kargavs. magaliTad, 2003 wlis 29maiss afxazeTis de faqto premier-ministri raul xajimba saubrobda saqarTvelodanSemaval kontrabanduli saqonlis nakadze da ganacxada, rom amgvari tvirTebis gadaadgilebaSesaZlebelia mxolod policielTa da kontrabandistTa Soris arsebuli korufciuligarigebis niadagze.7 cxinvalis regionis de faqto xelisuflebas arcki dauyenebiaruseTidan saqarTveloSi an sapirispiro mimarTulebiT moZravi kontrabandis problema,radgan am saqmianobidan mas didi mogeba aqvs.

7 Èíôîðìàöèîííîå Àãåíòñòâî “Ðåãíóí”; http://www.abhazia.com/news/.

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aralegaluri ekonomikuri aqtivoba TvalSisacemia afxazeTis regionSi. sxvadasxvanawarmis ukanono brunva xdeba mdinare enguris mTel xazze. afxazeTidan zugdidSiuxvad moedineba feradi liTonebis jarTi da uaqcizo sigareti. saqarTvelos sxvaregionebidan ki afxazeTisken kvebis produqtebi miemarTeba. sagangebo legionismonacemebiT, afxazeTis teritoriidan yovelTviurad daaxloebiT 4 milion 500 aTasikolofi kontrabanduli sigareti, anu 9 aTasi yuTi Semodis, rac weliwadSi 108aTasi yuTia.8 Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom afxazeTis teritoriaze 1 yuTi sigaretisSesasyidi fasi daaxloebiT 159 aSS dolaria, saqarTvelos danarCeni teritoriidanafxazeTSi kontrabanduli sigaretis sanacvlod gadinebuli Tanxebis odenoba 16.2milion dolars aRwevs.

saqarTvelo-ruseTis sazRvarze, mdinare fsouze eqsport-importis operaciebi izrdeba,rasac saqarTvelo dsT-s liderTa 1996 wlis gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze kontrabandadmiiCnevs. saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa saministros Tanaxmad, iuridiuli Zalis armqoneda baTilia afxazeTis separatistuli reJimis mier SemoRebuli yvela sakanonmdeblo dakanonqvemdebare aqti qonebis yidvisa da gadacemis Sesaxeb.9

kontrabanduli produqtebi afxazeTidan da cxinvalis regionidan aseve gadis ruseTSi.esaa narkotikebi, moparuli manqanebi, sigareti, Rvino, citrusi, Txili da zogierTi sxvaproduqti.

kontrabandis gzebi saqarTveloSi

kontrabanduli tvirTi saqarTveloSi mravali gziT Semodis. am mxrivmniSvnelovania konfliqturi regionebis roli. garda im centraluri magistralebisa,sadac sabaJo samsaxurebi da sakontrolo-gamSvebi punqtebi gvxvdeba, arsebobsmravalkilometriani SemovliTi gzebic da tvirTebis aralegalurad SemotanisTvisisinic gamoiyeneba.

ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi, saidanac kontrabanduli saqoneli Semoedineba (ix. ruka 2):1. ergneTi (ukontrolo teritoria cxinvalis regionSi, esazRvreba ruseTs);2. wiTeli xidi (sazRvari azerbaijanTan);3. afxazeTi (sazRvari ruseTTan, gasasvleli zRvaze);4. aWara (sazRvari TurqeTTan, gasasvleli zRvaze);5. foTi (gasasvleli zRvaze);6. axalcixe (sazRvari TurqeTTan);7. yazbegi (sazRvari ruseTTan);8. lagodexi (sazRvari azerbaijanTan);9. jandara (sazRvari azerbaijanTan);10. ninowminda (sazRvari somxeTTan).am arasruli CamonaTvalidanac naTlad Cans, Tu rogori mravalferovania kontrabandis

marSruti. saqoneli Semodis da gadis yvelanairi transportiT da WurWliT: msubuqavtomobilebSi Cawyobili kasrebiTa da tikebiT, avtobusebiT, satvirTo manqanebiT,cisternebiT da a.S.

8 Economic and Social Consequences of Internal Conflicts, Parliament’s Budgetary Office of Georgia, Tbilisi, 2003, p. 9;www.pbo.ge9 saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa saministros gancxadeba, 6 dekemberi, 2002, http://www.mfa.gov.ge/cgi-bin/news/viewnews.cgi?category=2&id=1023877169

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ruka 2. kontrabandis ZiriTadi marSrutebi saqarTveloSi

yazbegi

fsousgz a

soxumi

zugdidi

sadaxlo

cxinvalisregioni

afxazeTi

Tbilisi lagodexi

wiTeli xidi

quTaisi

sarfibaTumi

axalcixe

axalqalaqi

foTiaxmeta

gali

cxinvali

TurqeTi

Pankisi route

rokisgvirabi

ruseTis federacia

somxeTi azerbaijani

Savi zRva

winamdebare gamokvlevis Temaa kontrabanda afxazeTisa da cxinvalis regionis gavliT.afxazeTSi kontrabanda xorcieldeba: saqarTvelo-ruseTis sazRvris afxazur monakveTze(mdinare fsou da kavkasiis uReltexilebi); Sav zRvaze mdebare gagris, gudauTis, soxumis,oCamCiris portebSi da cecxlis Sewyvetis xazze mdinare enguris gaswriv (galisa dazugdidis raionebi). cxinvalis regionSi: vladikavkazidan (ruseTi) cxinvalisken(saqarTvelo) mimavali rokis gvirabiT da ergneTis bazrobaze; ergneTis bazrobidanTbilisisken da saqarTvelos sxva qalaqebisa da soflebisaken mimavali gzebiT.

amasTan, saqarTveloSi Sida konfliqtebis ZiriTadi Tavisebureba aris is, romseparatistuli teritoriebi esazRvreba ruseTs. konfliqtur regionebze gadissaqarTvelos ruseTTan da evropasTan damakavSirebeli ZiriTadi saxmeleTo gzebi. amgaremoebas mniSvnelovani gavlena aqvs am regionebSi arsebuli kontrabandis bunebasa damasStabebze.

kontrabanduli vaWrobis moculoba sakmaod didia saqarTvelosa da ruseTs Soris.meore umsxvilesi “partnioria” TurqeTi da saqonlis ukanono eqsport-importi ZiriTadadxorcieldeba afxazeTidan Savi zRvis gavliT. saqoneli, romelic saqarTveloSikonfliqturi zonebidan Semodis, safrTxes uqmnis legalur imports, amcirebs mismoculobas da axdens Sida bazris dezorganizacias. garda amisa, igi did zians ayenebsqveynis finansur sistemas, biujets akldeba mniSvnelovani Tanxebi, xolo adgilobriviwarmoeba zaraldeba, vinaidan igi konkurentuunaro xdeba. amgvarad, orive konfliqturisivrce faqtobrivad iqca erTgvar “Tavisufal savaWro zonad.” mosalodnelia ukanonovaWrobis kidev ufro zrda, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom afxazeTisa da cxinvalis regionismosaxleobas aqtiurad urigdeba rusuli pasportebi.

mdinare fsou

2002 wels ruseTidan Crdilokavkasiis regionuli administraciis gavliT gaiaradaaxloebiT 2,3 milionma adamianma da 500 aTasma satransporto saSualebam; daakaves800-ze meti kanondamrRvevi; aRmoCenilia daaxloebiT 70 erTeuli cecxlsasroli iaraRi,daaxloebiT 55 aTasi sabrZolo vazna, 19 kg. asafeTqebeli nivTiereba; amoRebulia 140

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aTasi aSS dolaris Rirebulebis kontrabanduli saqoneli; daaxloebiT 26 aTas adamiansuari eTqva sazRvris gadakveTaze dokumentebis ararsebobis an misi falsifikaciis gamo;aRmoCenilia 10 kg. narkotikuli saSualeba; sasazRvro nawilebma daakaves SeiaraRebuliformirebebis daaxloebiT 20 wevri.10

saqarTvelo-ruseTis sazRvris afxazeTis monakveTs icavs 5 rusuli qvedanayofi, erTirezervSia. sazRvris dacva organizebulia mTebSic, sadac mesazRvreebi gadahyavTvertmfrenebiT an manqanebiT – es sazRvris yvelaze rTuli monakveTebia. zafxulisganmavlobaSi uReltexilebis gavliT kontrabandis SemTxvevebi arcTu iSviaTia. mdinarefsou sakmaod meCxeria da satvirTo manqanebs advilad SeuZliaT misi gadalaxva. 2000wels krasnodaris mxaris administraciam am monakveTs saxelmwifo sazRvris statusimianiWa.11

1998 wlis 19 ianvars ruseTis mTavrobam gamosca brZanebuleba #60 ruseT-saqarTvelossazRvris afxazeTis monakveTze sasazRvro punqtis gaxsnis Sesaxeb. 2003 wlis maisSirusma specialistebma mdinare fsouze axali saavtomobilo xidis mSenebloba daiwyes.Zveli avariuli xidis eqspluatacia 10 wlis ganmavlobaSi xdeboda. xidis gadakveTisasxalxi did sirTuleebs awydeboda, gansakuTrebiT Semodgoma-zamTris ganmavlobaSi, e.w.citrusis sezonis dros.12 axali xidi mzad unda yofiliyo Semodgomaze.13 gadawyvetilia30 milioni rublis gamoyofa (daaxloebiT 990 aTasi aSS dolari) sazRvris ammonakveTze mdgomareobis normalizebisaTvis, rac gulisxmobs infrastruqturis ganviTarebas.Tanxebi gamoiyofa afxazeTisa da krasnodaris regionis biujetebidan.14 rac Seexebafsou-enguris sarkinigzo magistrals, de faqto mTavrobam ganacxada, rom misi kapitalurirekonstruqciisaTvis saWiroa 18 miliardi rusuli rubli (daaxloebiT 593 milioniaSS dolari). rkinigzis es nawili 314 km. sigrZisaa da aRdgeniTi samuSaoebis CatarebasruseTis federaciis sarkinigzo jarebis federaluri samsaxuri apirebs.15

sazRvris dacva da sabaJo kontroli xorcieldeba ormxrivad: “transdripSis” punqtidan(afxazeTi) da “vesioloedan” (ruseTi).16 citrusis sezonis dros sazRvarze mimosvlayvelaze intensiuria da daaxloebiT 12 aTasi adamiani da 600 satransporto saSualebamoZraobs.17 ruseTis teritoriaze vaWroba afxazebisTvis Semosavlis umniSvnelovanesiwyaroa. citrusis sezonze xalxis ZiriTadi masa miemarTeba soWSi da ruseTis sxvaqalaqebSi, ZiriTadad mandarinis, Txilis da dafnis gasayidad. rusuli wyaroebi ammonakveTs uwodeben mandarinis bums.18 qalebi tvirTs ezidebian urikebiT, kacebi _zurgiT.19 elmavali moZraobs dReSi erTxel. sazRvars matarebliT kveTs daaxloebiT200-300 kaci. vaWrebi matarebels ar iyeneben, radganac rkinigziT sargebloba sakmaodZviria, Tanac didi dro miaqvs (daaxloebiT 7 saaTi). isini sazRvars fexiT gadalaxavendaaxloebiT 10-jer 24 saaTis ganmavlobaSi.20 “mandarinis bumis” dros yoveldRiurad

10 Âàëåðèé Îëÿí÷óê, Íà ðîññèéñêî-ãðóçèíñêîé ãðàíèöå çàäåðæàí ãðàæäàíèí Ãðóçèè, ÐÈÀ “Íîâîñòè”, 30 àâãóñòà2002 ã.11 Ðóñëàí Èãíàòüåâ, Êîíòðàáàíäèñòû íå ëþáÿò øóòîê, 9 Èþíÿ 2000 ã., “Ðîññèéñêàÿ Ãàçåòà”, ¹ 2475;http://www.rg.ru/arhiv/2000/06/09.html12 “Àïñíûïðåññ”, Âûïóñê ¹085, 6 ìàÿ 2003 ã.; http://apsnypress.narod.ru/13 “Àïñíûïðåññ”, Âûïóñê ¹093, 15 ìàÿ, 2003 ã.; http://apsnypress.narod.ru/14 Èãîð Ñèçîâ, Íîðìàëèçàöèÿ ñèòóàöèè íà êîíòðîëüíî-ïðîïóñêíîì ïóíêòå Ïñîó, 2 ñåíòÿáðÿ 2002 ã.;http://www.yuga.ru/news/11553/index.html15 afxazeTis devnili xelisuflebis saxelmwifo uSiSroebis saministros masalebi16 Âîçîáíîâèëîñü æåëåçíîäîðîæíîå ñîîáùåíèå ìåæäó Ñî÷è è ñòîëèöåé Àáõàçèè Ñóõóìè, 26 äåêàáðÿ2002 ã.; http://www.yuga.ru/news/14615/index.html17 Òàìîæåííèêè òîíóò â ìàíäàðèíàõ, 30 ÿíâàðÿ 2003 ã.; www.abkhazeti.ru18 Ãðàíèöó ñ Àáõàçèåé åæåäíåâíî ïåðåñåêàþò 4 òûñÿ÷è ÷åëîâåê, íåêîòîûå – 10 ðàç â äåíü, 25 ôåâðàëÿ2003 ã.; http://www.anews.ru/archive/300767.html19 Òàìîæåííèêè òîíóò â ìàíäàðèíàõ, 30 ÿíâàðÿ 2003 ã.; www.abkhazeti.ru20 Ãðàíèöó ñ Àáõàçèåé åæåäíåâíî ïåðåñåêàþò 4 òûñÿ÷è ÷åëîâåê, íåêîòîðûå – 10 ðàç â äåíü, 25ôåâðàëÿ 2003 ã.; http://www.anews.ru/archive/300767.html

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daaxloebiT 20 aTas adamians sazRvarze 140-150 tona mandarini gadaaqvs”, – acxadebsvalentin meteruki, ruseTis sabaJo punqt “fsous” xelmZRvaneli.21

afxazeTis mcxovreblebs asobiT tona xili da bostneuli gaaqvT soWis, krasnodaris,rostovis bazrebze. ukan ki moaqvT fqvili, Saqari, marili da samrewvelo nawarmis yuTebi.22

kontrabanda ar aris iSviaTi: magaliTad, 2003 wlis aprilSi “adleri-saavtomobilo”punqtis kontroliorebma ruseTis saxelmwifo sabaJo komitetis warmomadgenlebTanerTad rusuli licenziis mqone “kamazis” tipis satvirTo manqanaSi aRmoaCineskontrabanduli sigaretis 60 yuTi (saerTo Rirebuleba 1000 aSS dolari), romelicafxazeTSi midioda. rogorc regionuli axali ambebis saagento iuwyeba, 2003 wlispirvel kvartalSi 1 milioni rusuli rublis (33 aTasi aSS dolaris) Rirebulebiskontrabanduli saqoneli amoiRes.23 es niSnavs, rom ruseT-saqarTvelos sazRvrisafxazeTis nawilSi kontrabanduli tvirTbrunvis saSualo wliuri done 132 aTasiaSS dolaris ekvivalenturia. zogierTi sxva faqti: 2002 wlis dekemberSi afxazeTSiaralegalurad gadahqondaT 1896 wels Seqmnili xati da igi soWis sabaJosTanamSromlebma aRmoaCines;24 sawvavis didi partiis kontrabandis mcdelobisasdaakaves vladikavkazis ori macxovrebeli;25 daapatimres 40-kaciani jgufi, ZiriTadadmoskovis olqis macxovreblebi, misi wevrebi TiTqosda moxaliseebad midiodnenafxazur armiaSi.26

aRnusxulia dokumentebis kontrabandis erTi metad mniSvnelovani SemTxveva:“2003 wlis ianvarSi ruseTis Sinagan saqmeTa saministros da uSiSroebisfederaluri samsaxuris Seuvsebeli piradobis mowmobebis didi nawili gadahqondaTruseTidan afxazeTSi”, _ ganucxada federaluri sasazRvro Zalebis Crdilokavkasiisregionuli administraciis pressamsaxuris xelmZRvanelma axali ambebis saagento“itar-tass”. mesazRvreebma aRmoaCines piradobis mowmobebis paketebi sasazRvropunqtze avtomanqana “volgis” Semowmebisas. “itar-tasi” acxadebs, rom dokumentebiSeiZleba gamoeyenebinaT TaRliTobisaTvis an teroristebs da damnaSaveebs ruseTisteritoriaze SesaRwevad. 27

afxazeTis legitimuri mTavrobis uSiSroebis saministro ityobineba afxazeTSidamnaSaveTa legalizaciis ramdenime SemTxvevaze. ruseTidan afxazeTSi damnaSaveebi Cadian,yalbi dokumentebis saSualebiT iReben axal rusul pasportebs da Secvlili piradobismowmobebiT samSobloSi brundebian. magaliTad, vinme ruslan elmurzaevi monawileobda“nord-ostis” gaxmaurebul teroristul aqtSi, iyo a. baraevis (CeCnuri teroristulijgufis lideris) moadgile. rusma samarTaldacavebma aRmoaCines soxumSi mcxovrebifuad xunovis saxelze gacemuli misi pasporti.28

sazRvarze sakmaod xSiria konfliqturi situaciebi. magaliTad, daakaves piri, romeliccdilobda sazRvarze sawvavis ukanonod gadatanas. kontrabandistma amoiRo avtomaturicecxlsasroli iaraRi da xelyumbara da moiTxova gaTavisufleba. rusebma daxmarebaafxazebs sTxoves da rogorRac moxerxda misi damSvideba. sxva SemTxvevaSi orma pirmamesazRvreebs urigod gatareba mosTxova. roca uari miiRes, maT amoiRes iaraRi da

21 Èñòî÷íèê: Îáçîð ÑÌÈ ãîðîäà Ñî÷è, 24 íîÿáðÿ 2002 ã.; http://www.yuga.ru/news/13693/index.html22 Èãîð Ñèçîâ, Íîðìàëèçàöèÿ ñèòóàöèè íà êîíòðîëüíî-ïðîïóñêíîì ïóíêòå Ïñîó, 2 ñåíòÿáðÿ 2000 ã.;http://www.yuga.ru/news/11553/index.html23 Èñòî÷íèê: Àãåíòñòâî Ðåãèîíàëüíûõ Íîâîñòåé, 18 àïðåëÿ 2003 ã.; www.uga.ru24 Èñòî÷íèê: “Ñåäüìàÿ Ñòîëèöà”, 14 ìàðòà 2003 ã.; http://www.yuga.ru/news/16828/index.html25 Ðóñëàí Èãíàòüåâ, Êîíòðàáàíäèñòû íå ëþáÿò øóòîê, “Ðîññèéñêàÿ Ãàçåòà”, ¹ 2475, 9 èþíÿ 2000 ã;http://www.rg.ru/arhiv/2000/06/09.html26 Òàì æå.27 Àáõàçñêèå áîåâèêè òîðãóþò êñèâàìè ÌÂÄ è ÔÑÁ; http://www.abkhazeti.ru/pub/abkhtoday/ksivi/; èç:gazeta.ru, 20 ÿíâàðÿ 2003 ã.; òàê æå, “Ñïðàâêà ÑÊÐÓ”; http://www.skru.stavkray.ru/press.htm28 wyaro: afxazeTis devnili xelisuflebis saxelmwifo uSiSroebis saministro

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daimuqrnen. rusuli wyaroebis cnobiT, saqarTvelo-ruseTis sazRvris afxazeTis monakveTzemsgavsi situaciebis ricxvi sul ufro izrdeba.29

saqarTvelo-ruseTis sazRvris afxazeTis monakveTze korufciis done Zalze maRalia.afxazuri wyaro “apsnipresi” ityobineba galis macxovreblebis saCivrebis Sesaxeb. isiniacxadeben, rom sasazRvro-sabaJo punqt “fsous” TanamSromlebi maT fuls sZalaven.raul xajimbam Sesabamis struqturebs damnaSaveTa dasja mosTxova.30

rus mesazRvreTa kordonebi damnaSaveebisTvis da e.w. “boevikebisaTvis” mniSvnelovandabrkolebas ar warmoadgens. sazRvarze moqmedebs tvirTebis kontrabandis daxvewilida gamarTuli sistema (“prizm”-is korespondentma es Tavad naxa). megzurebi sazRvarzepirovnebis gadayvanaSi 200 aTas rubls (daaxloebiT 40 aSS dolars) iReben. maT“prizms” ganucxades, rom daxmarebisTvis maT yvelaze xSirad mimarTaven damnaSaveni damarTlmsajulebas gamoqceulni – es xalxi afxazeTSi Tavs usafrTxod grZnobs.31

vaWroba cecxlis Sewyvetis xazze(gali-zugdidis monakveTi)

de faqto xelisuflebis galis uSiSroebis samsaxuri, romelic soxumSi ganlagebuluSiSroebis saministros emorCileba, policiur funqciebs axorcielebs. cecxlis Sewyvetisxazze sakontrolo punqtebi ganlagebulia soflebSi: dixazurga, saberio, samarkvalo,Tagiloni, aseve engurze mdebare centralur xidze. aq ganlagebuli danayofebi tvirTebisgatarebisTvis adgilobrivi mosaxleobisgan sxvadasxva saxis gadasaxadebs iTxoven.

galSi arsebuli saerTo siRaribe raionis mosaxleobas aiZulebs, miuxedavad didisafrTxisa, soflis meurneobis produqtebi cecxlis Sewyvetis xazis gavliT samegrelosregionSi Seitanos. xili gadis ruseTSic. afxazeTis mosaxleobis simcire da patarabazari gansazRvravs vaWrobis amgvar tendenciebs da ruseTsa da samegrelos regionzeorientacias.

galisa da zugdidis raionebs Soris kontrabandis moZraoba saTaves 1998 wlidaniRebs. ZiriTadi kontrabanduli saqonelia sawvavi da sigareti. rogorc Cans, sawvaviskontrabanda bevrad sWarbobs Tambaqos produqtebiT aralegalur vaWrobas da ufrometad organizebulia. zogierTi respondentis Tanaxmad, aralegaluri sawvaviT vaWrobasamarTaldamcavi struqturebisa da qarTveli partizanebis mier kontroldeba.samarTaldamcav organoebs ZiriTadad warmoadgens uSiSroebisa da Sinagan saqmeTasaministroebis regionuli da adgilobrivi ganyofilebebi. wvril movaWreebs ZiriTadadgadmoaqvT iafasiani sigaretebi “astra”, “naSa marka”, “vigori” da am produqcias zugdidisbazarze asaReben. kontrabanduli sigaretis didi partiebi (500-1000 yuTi) aRmoCeniliar aris. didi partiebis realizacia sakmaod rTulia, rac sabiTumo vaWrobas naklebadmimzidvels xdis. benzini gadmoaqvT 20-toniani cisternebiT, kviraSi daaxloebiT 2-3-jer da is adgilobriv avtogasamarT sadgurebze nawildeba.32 es niSnavs, rom cecxlisSewyvetis xazze moZravi kontrabanduli benzini TveSi 160-240 tonas Seadgens. Tumcaarsebobs gansxvavebuli monacemebic: sxvadasxva respondentebi asaxeleben 160 aTasidan600 tonamde moculobas.

intensiuria jarTisa da xe-tyis kontrabandac. nedleuli gadmodis galidan zugdidSi,Semdeg foTisa da baTumis portebidan evropaSi miemarTeba. fasTa meryeoba gansazRvravs

29 Ðóñëàí Èãíàòüåâ, Êîíòðàáàíäèñòû íå ëþáÿò øóòîê, “Ðîññèéñêàÿ Ãàçåòà”, ¹ 2475, 9 èþíÿ 2000 ã.;http://www.rg.ru/arhiv/2000/06/09.html30 “Àïñíûïðåññ”, Âûïóñê ¹112-113, 9 èþíÿ 2003 ã.; http://apsnypress.narod.ru/31 Abkhazia seems set to become a “second Chechnya” for both Russia and Georgia, Prism’s correspondent reports from theregion, By Igor Rotar; Prism, Volume 3, Issue 10, 27 June, 1997 http://russia.jamestown.org/pubs/view/pri_003_010_003.htm32 wyaro: afxazeTis devnili xelisuflebis uSiSroebis saministro

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fqviliTa da SaqriT vaWrobis mimarTulebas cecxlis Sewyvetis xazze. zogjer esproduqtebi Sedis galidan zugdidSi, zogjer ki _ piriqiT.

cecxlis Sewyvetis xazze mimdinareobs TxiliT vaWrobac. Txili gadmoaqvT galidanda zugdidis bazarze yidian. afxazebis mcdelobas, galSi Txilze zugdidis analogiurifasebi daewesebinaT da amiT misi gatana aRekveTaT, Sedegi ar mohyolia. 2003 welsTxilis fasi 1.5-2 laridan (kg-ze) 0.8 laramde daeca. samegrelo-zemo svaneTis regionuliprokuroris moadgilis, mebrZol Wkaduas TqmiT, movaWreebis mier cecxlis xazisgadakveTisas xSiria maTze yaCaRuri Tavdasxmebi. rac Seexeba citruss, is ZiriTadadruseTisken miemarTeba.

aseve mniSvnelovani problemaa moparuli manqanebiT vaWroba. regionuli prokurorismoadgilem aRniSna, rom problemis gadasawyvetad aucilebelia zugdidis raionSi policiisdamatebiTi Zalebis Seyvana (500 kacamde). am SemTxvevaSi sawvavis kontrabanda da moparulimanqanebiT vaWroba 50%-iT Semcirdeba. magram operacias aferxebs 1994 da 1999 wlebismoskovis SeTanxmebebi afxazeTis de faqto mTavrobasa da saqarTvelos xelisuflebasSoris _ usafrTxoebis zonaSi SeiaraRebul ZalTa raodenobrivi limitis dawesebisSesaxeb. es dadgenileba 12 km-ian zonaSi, mdinare enguris TiToeul mxares 600 SeiaraRebuliadamianis yofnas iTvaliswinebs. man Tqva, rom saWiroa am SeTanxmebebis gadaxedva, radganigi aferxebs danaSaulTan brZolas. daZabuli kriminogenuli viTarebis gamo zugdidSixalxs Rame (8 saaTis Semdeg) gareT gasvlis eSinia.

mdinare enguris gaswvriv cecxlis Sewyvetis xazis sigrZe 70 km-ia, amdenad, misikontroli sakmaod rTulia. arsebobs 6-8 oficialuri xidi, Tumca wylis donis daklebisdros gadasvla SesaZlebelia praqtikulad yvelgan – sxvadasxva respondentebis mixedviT,arsebobs daaxloebiT 70-80 aseTi gadasasvleli.

yvela oficialur xids afxazeTis de faqto sabaJo da sasazRvro samsaxuri, ruseTissamSvidobo Zalebi da qarTveli samarTaldamcavebi akontroleben. mdinare engurze mdebarecentralur xidze aris samSvidobo Zalebis ori sakontrolo punqti, erTi qarTulipunqti da erTi afxazuri sabaJo punqti. sainteresoa aRiniSnos, rom xidze xdebamxolod wvrili kontrabanda, romelsac axorcieleben galisa da zugdidis rogorcqarTveli, ise afxazi Raribi macxovreblebi. afxazebi lilos bazrobazec ki dadianTbilisSi, yiduloben nawarms da afxazeTSi brundebian. didi satvirTo manqanebi ZiriTadadsxva xidebiT an dafaruli bilikebiT gadadis.

afxazi da qarTveli kriminalebisa da biznesmenebis mWidro urTierTobebis Sedegadsxvadasxva kontrabanduli saqoneli, Saqrisa da sawvavis CaTvliT, Semodis foTisa dabaTumis portebSi da Semdeg nawildeba saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze. 2003 wlisagvistoSi oCamCireSi foTis portidan 100 tona Saqari Semoitanes da Semdeg tvirTicecxlis Sewyvetis xazis gavliT zugdidSi moxvda, sadac, rogorc wesi, realizaciisprocess partizanebi kurireben.33 uSiSroebis saministros erT-erTma regionulma filialmaSeZlo tvirTebisa da saqonlis mdinare engurze moZraobis monitoringi, Tumca mogvianebiTsaqarTvelos mTavrobis warmomadgenlebma es procesi SeaCeres ori savaraudo mizeziT:a) zogierTi maRali Tanamdebobis piri am saxis saqmianobidan Semosavals iRebs da b)yvela partizanul jgufs hyavs mfarveli saqarTvelos parlamentSi.34

kontrabanda da Zaladoba usafrTxoebis zonaSi

galisa da zugdidis raionebSi arsebuli Zaladoba mWidrod ukavSirdeba kontrabandulsaqmianobas. sagulisxmoa, rom afxazeTis de faqto mTavrobis mier kvalificirebuli“teroristuli aqtebi”-s 70 procenti xdeba galis raionSi, maT Soris aris cecxlis

33 interviu samauwyeblo telekompania “rusTavi 2”-is JurnalistTan zugdidSi ema gogoxiasTan, 3 agvisto, 200334 interviu saxelmwifo uSiSroebis saministros oficerTan, 29 maisi, 2003

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Sewyvetis xazze ganlagebuli afxazeTis sabaJos TanamSromlebisa da samxedroebismkvlelobis ramdenime SemTxveva.

doj bilingsli aRniSnavs, rom regionis kriminalur dajgufebebs Soris resursebisaTvismomxdari Setakebebi da bandebs Soris SeiaraRebuli dapirispirebebi ufro ekonomikurixasiaTisaa, vidre politikuris. metic, bevrs sjera, rom Tu mSvidobis damyareba realurigaxda, kontrabandis makontrolebeli bandebi Tavidan moawyoben dapirispirebas, rogorces 1998 wlis maisSi moxda an daiwyeba ormxrivi mkvlelobebi da mZevlebis ayvana. immovlenaTa nawili, romelic kvalificirebulia, rogorc ubralod bandituri Tavdasxmebiraime politikuri an strategiuli motivaciis gareSe, ukavSirdeba mxolod da mxolodkriminalur mizezebs. 19 im 40 danaSaulidan, romelic moxda 2001 wlis ianvarSi, iyobinis gaqurdva an yaCaRuri Tavdasxma.35

mebrZol Wkaduam ganacxada, rom mkvlelobebi da adamianTa gataceba umetesad ukavSirdebaCrdilovan bizness cecxlis Sewyvetis xazze. afxazi da qarTuli kriminaluri dajgufebebiZiriTadad TanamSromloben, Tumca isini erTmaneTs upirispirdebian, roca ver Tanxmdebianresursebis an mogebis ganawilebaze, an roca erTi mxare meores ukve miwodebuli tvirTissafasurs ar uxdis. aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac erTi mxare itacebs meore mxariswarmomadgenels, raTa moagvaros biznesgarigebis niadagze warmoqmnili dava da Semdegmeore mxarec analogiur zomebs mimarTavs. 2002 wlis oficialuri statistikis mixedviT,eTnikuri qarTvelebis mier ganxorcielda gatacebis 16 da mkvlelobis 4 SemTxveva;afxazurma mxarem Caidina adamianTa 46 gataceba da 8 mkvleloba. regionuli prokurorismoadgilis TqmiT, sisxlis samarTlis am danaSaulTa 90 procenti aralegalur biznessukavSirdeba.

xdeba politikurad motivirebuli danaSaulebebic – rodesac afxazebi xalxs“saxelmwifo sazRvris darRvevisaTvis” apatimreben. 2002 wels am mizeziT 4 piridaakaves. unda aRiniSnos, rom regionuli prokuroris moadgilem SeZlo galis raionissasamarTloze zugdididan qarTveli advokatis Cayvana da patimrebis pirdapir sasamarTlodarbazidan gaTavisufleba.

2001 wlis aprilSi kontrabandasTan dakavSirebuli konfliqti warmoiSva afxazeTSimoqmed qarTul partizanul dajgufeba “tyis Zmebsa” (xelmZRvaneli daviT Sengelia) daafxaz separatistebs Soris. dapirispirebis mizezi ukanono saqonliT vaWroba iyo.separatistebma daakaves partizanebis kuTvnili kontrabanduli sigaretiT datvirTulitransporti da scades saqonlis miTviseba. moxda seriozuli Setakeba. afxazebma moklesori da mZevlad aiyvanes oTxi qarTveli. sapasuxod partizanebma 4 afxazi daatyveves.konfliqts gauTvaliswinebeli Sedegi mohyva: galis mosaxleobam gadakveTa enguris xidida aralegalur vaWrobas daupirispirda. konfliqtSi myofi mxareebi mixvdnen, romsituaciaze kontrols kargavdnen da ekonomikurma interesebma maT ukarnaxa, swrafadmieRwiaT SeTanxmebisaTvis. asec moxda: mZevlebi gaicvala da orive mxaris interesebidakmayofilda.36

adgilobrivi policia acxadebs, rom mdinare enguris orive mxares myofi damnaSaveebisazRvars samarTlebrivi devnisagan Tavis dasaRwevad iyeneben. “gamoZiebam migviyvana daskvnamde,rom swored es biznesia (kontrabanda) mkvlelobebisa da afeTqebebis ZiriTadi mizezi.samwuxarod, unda vaRiaroT, rom formiani xalxi xSirad monawileobs kontrabandaSi”, _ganucxada IWPR-s uSiSroebis saministros regionuli sammarTvelos ufrosma goginaWyebiam.37

35 Billingsley, D. (2001). Security deteriorates along the Abkhazia-Georgia ceasefire line, from http://www.janes.com/security/international_security/news/jir/jir010906_1_n.shtml36 Mindorashvili, M. Gangster Wars in Abkhazia. By a Tbilisi-based independent expert. (2001, 20 June), Central Asia -Caucasus Analyst, from http://www.cacianalyst.org/37 IWPR’S Caucasus Reporting Service, No.168, 27 February, 2003. Western Georgia Blighted by Crime Wave. Smugglersand armed gangs flourishing in the border zone between western Georgia and Abkhazia; By Nana Khubutia in Zugdidi.

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qarTuli gazeTi “xvalindeli dRe” ityobineba, rom 3 afxazi mokles da erTi daWres2003 wlis dekembris Sua ricxvebSi. qarTuli mxaris Tanaxmad, mkvlelobebi ukavSirdebakriminalur dapirispirebas, radganac es pirovnebebi CarTulni iyvnen Txilisa da citrusisbiznesSi.38

gemebis moZraoba da kontrabanda

afxazeTSi eqsport-importis daaxloebiT 60-70 procenti zRviT xorcieldeba. afxazeTSifunqcionirebs soxumis, oCamCiris, gagrisa da gudauTis navsadgurebi. Tavisi SesaZleblobebiTmniSvnelovania soxumis navsadguri, romelsac didtonaJiani gemebis miReba SeuZlia. essazRvao navsadguri ZiriTadad mgzavrebis gadayvaniT iyo dakavebuli, rac gamowveuliiyo am regionis saerTaSoriso-rekreaciuli profiliT. soxumis navsadguridan tvirTebisgadazidva weliwadSi saSualod 190 aTas tonas Seadgenda. sazRvao transportis meSveobiTafxazeTSi sarkinigzo transportiT 24-jer da saavtomobilo transportiT 79-jernaklebi tvirTis gadazidva xdeboda39 . amJamad viTareba Secvlilia da tvirTebis udidesinawili, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, zRviT Semodis. am monacemebidan Cans isic, Tu ra uzarmazariroli hqonda am regionisaTvis im sarkinigzo da saavtomobilo magistralebs, romlebicamJamad blokirebulia.

savaWro SezRudvebis miuxedavad, tvirTbrunva afxazur portebSi mniSvnelovanmasStabebs aRwevs. dazvervis saxelmwifo departamentis operatiuli informaciisTanaxmad, 40-mde gemi intensiurad moZraobs afxazeTis wylebSi. soxumis navsadgurSiyovelkvireulad saSualod 3-5 gemi Sedis. navsadguri cudadaa aRWurvili _ masTanar midis rkinigza da ar aris konteinerebis dasatvirTi da gadmosatvirTimowyobilobebi.

oCamCireSi aris meore, yofili samxedro navsadguri, romelic ukeTesad aris aRWurvili.Sav zRvaze gasasvleli separatistulma mTavrobam gamoiyena TurqeTis, ruseTis, rumineTis,moldaveTis, ukrainis, italiis, espaneTisa da sxva qveynebis komerciul struqturebTankavSirebis dasamyareblad.

zRviT xdeba Tevzis, Savi da feradi liTonebis, qvanaxSiris, citrusisa da xe-tyiseqsporti. rac Seexeba imports, aq wamyvani adgili ukavia benzins, dizelis sawvavs,samrewvelo saqonels, xorbals, fqvils da mineralur sasuqebs. afxazeTis portebSiaralegalurad Semavali gemebi iyeneben yvela xerxs, raTa gverdi auaron afxazeTisnavsadgurSi gemebis mimosvlis wesebs (igulisxmeba oficialuri Tbilisis moTxovnatvirTebis foTis portSi inspeqtirebis Sesaxeb). 1999-2003 wlebSi sazRvao sivrceSisxvadasxva saxis kanonsawinaaRmdego qmedebebze saqarTvelos sazRvris dacvisqvedanayofebma daakaves 40-ze meti mcuravi saSualeba, aqedan 11 xomaldi _ 2002 welsafxazeTSi sxvadasxva saxis kontrabandis gadatanisTvis. aRnusxulia xe-tyis gatanis1 faqti, ukanono Tevzrewvis 5 faqti, jarTis gatanis 2 faqti, sigaretis kontrabandis1 faqti, qvanaxSiris eqsportis 1 faqti, sawvav-sapoxi masalebis importis 1 faqti.40

am mimarTulebiT arsebobs garkveuli sakanonmdeblo problemebi. erovnuli uSiSroebissabWos TanamSromeli sergo gumberiZe aRniSnavs, rom kanonmdebloba gvaiZulebs,davajarimoT gemebi da gavuSvaT. Tu gemi pirveladaa dakavebuli, jarima Seadgens 200aTas lars, ganmeorebiTi kanondarRvevisas SesaZlebelia sisxlis samarTlis saqmisaRZvra.41

38 gazeTi “xvalindeli dRe”, 24 dekemberi, 2003, #249 (408), http://www.opentext.org.ge/xdge/default.htm39 Report on Economic Situation in Abkhazia, Financial and Socio-economic Results of Separatist Regime , Parliament’sBudgetary Office of Georgia, 1998, p. 26; www.pbo.ge40 saqarTvelos sazRvris dacvis saxelmwifo departamentis informacia41 interviu s. gumberiZesTan, gazeTi “rezonansi”, 11 marti, 2003, http://www.opentext.org.ge/resonance/default.htm

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sanapiro dacvas SeuZlia srulad gaakontrolos Savi zRvis afxazeTis sanapirozoli, Tumca arsebobs sawvavis problema. sazRvris dacvis departamentis informaciiT,mxolod sawvavisaTvis saWiroa 4 milioni lari, maSin, roca departamentis wliuribiujeti Seadgens 9 milion lars.42 afxazeTis mimarTulebiT moZravi gemebis dakavebasTandakavSirebiT TviTgamocxadebuli respublikis vice-prezidentma valeri arSbam ganacxada:Tu qarTveli mesazRvreebi kvlav ganagrZoben gemebis inspeqtirebas, Cven saqarTvelosTansazRvao oms daviwyebTo.43 afxazeTis de faqto premier-ministris, raul xajimbas TqmiT,gemebis dakavebis statistika uCvenebs, rom maT gadaaqvT mxolod xe-tye, qvanaxSiri dasakvebi produqtebi. qarTvelebs sxva ram rom epovnaT, magaliTad, iaraRi an narkotikebi,mTel msoflios Seatyobinebdneno.44

afxazeTis de faqto xelisufleba imave zomebs mimarTavs, Tumca saerTaSorisodaRiarebuli iuridiuli safuZvlis gareSe. 1999 wlis aprilSi afxazma mesazRvreebma“afxazeTis sazRvao sazRvris darRvevisaTvis” daakaves qarTuli TevzmWeri gemis, “alionis”ekipaJi da soxumSi gadaiyvanes. ”Amnesty International”-is Tanaxmad, “alionis” kapitans damTavar meqanikoss adanaSaulebdnen afxazur wylebSi aralegalur SesvlaSi, xolo danarCenekipaJs _ ukanono rewvaSi.45

2003 wlis 26 ivliss soxumis portidan soWis mimarTulebiT kateri gavida,amgvarad, oficialurad aRdga sazRvao kavSiri afxazeTsa da ruseTs Soris. es faqtiafxazeTis de faqto mTavrobam Seafasa, rogorc erT-erTi mniSvnelovani movlena.saxelmwifo kompania “afxazeTis sazRvao navigaciis” generalurma direqtorma zaurarZinbam ganacxada, rom 2003 wlis ivlisamde afxazur katers iyenebda ofSorulzonaSi registrirebuli komerciuli struqtura. sxva oficialuri pirebi acxadebdnen,rom ruseTTan sazRvao marSrutis aRdgenas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs turizmisganviTarebisTvis. dagegmilia sxva, Sida marSrutebis gaxsnac, rogoricaa “soxumi-gagra”da “soxumi-axali aToni”.46

ergneTis bazroba cxinvalis regionSi

saqarTveloSi aralegaluri saqonlis didi partiebi Semodis ruseTidan rokisgvirabis gavliT da xvdeba ergneTis bazrobaze, romelic cxinvalis SesasvlelTanmdebareobs. es did zarals ayenebs qveynis ekonomikas. iuridiuli da kerZo pirebiyiduloben saqonels da saqarTvelos Sida bazarze yovelgvari sabaJo gaformebisgareSe SemoaqvT. zogjer saqoneli gadaitvirTeba sxva satransporto saSualebaSiergneTis bazrobaze da Semdgom gorisken miemarTeba an SeuCereblad aRwevs daniSnulebisadgils.

iqmneba ucnauri situacia: erTi mxriv, saqarTvelos teritoriaze Semodis saqoneli,romlis importi moqmedi kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad ar gaformebula saqarTvelossabaJo organoebSi, masze ar daricxula Sesabamisi gadasaxadebi da, aqedan gamomdinare,dauSvebelia Tavisufal mimoqcevaSi misi gaSveba. meore mxriv, saqonlis saboloomflobels – myidvels saqoneli saqarTveloSi garedan ar Semoutania, igi SeiZinasaqarTvelos teritoriaze, cxinvalis regionSi da gadaaqvs qveynis erTi nawilidan

42 interviu saqarTvelos sanapiro dacvis oficerTan, 15 aprili, 200343 Êîíòðîëü àêâàòîðèè Àáõàçèè, Äàéäæåñò ãðóçèíñêîé ïðåññû, 11 ìàðòà 2003 ã.; www.abkhazeti.ru44 Ïðåññ-êîíôåðåíöèÿ ïðåìüåð-ìèíèñòðà Ðàóëÿ Õàäæèìáà è åãî çàìåñòèòåëåé Àñòàìóðà Òàðáà è ÝììûÒàíèÿ, “Àïñíûïðåññ”, Âûïóñê ¹150, 24 èþëÿ 2003 ã.; http://apsnypress.narod.ru/45 Georgia Allegations Of Ill-treatment In Detention, Concerns In The Disputed Region of Abkhazia; Detention Of TheCrew Of The Alioni. (1999, January-June), Amnesty International Bulletin “Concerns in Europe”, from http://www.apsny.org/amnesty199906.html46 Source: Abkhazia; Correspondent: Corr, A. (2003, 28 Jule), www.apsny.ru

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meoreSi. amitom, moqmedi kanonmdeblobiT, mas ar evaleba tvirTis importis sabaJogaformeba.

am dros verc sabaJo da sagadasaxado, verc sxva samarTaldamcavi organoebi veraxerxeben (xSirad Segnebulad) ruseTidan saqarTveloSi Semotanili tvirTis dakavebas.korufciul garigebebSi monawileoben rogorc osuri, ise qarTuli mxaris (maT Soriskriminaluri sferos) warmomadgenlebi da samarTaldamcavi struqturebi, romlebicSeqmnil mdgomareobas gamdidrebisaTvis iyeneben.

saqonlis kontrabanda ZiriTadad xdeba ruseTidan saqarTveloSi (ergneTisbazrobis gavliT), piriqiT _ naklebad. umetesad Semodis fqvili, xorbali, sigareti,sawvavi da pirveladi moxmarebis sxva produqtebi (ZiriTadad sakvebi). ruseTissabaJo garigebulia samSvidobo ZalebTan da isini erToblivad axorcielebenaralegalur vaWrobas.47

sagangebo legionis monacemebiT, ergneTis bazrobidan Tbilisis mimarTulebiTyoveldRiurad 150-mde msubuqi avtomanqana moZraobs da TbilisSi naxevar milionlarze meti Rirebulebis kontrabanduli tvirTi (maT Soris rusuli warmoebisTambaqos nawarmi) Semodis.48 Cans, rom wlis ganmavlobaSi ergneTis “ofSoridan” martodedaqalaqSi daaxloebiT 200 milioni laris kontrabanduli saqoneli ileqeba.49 aqar Sedis is benzini da dizelis sawvavi, romelic aRniSnuli bazrobidan benzinmzidebiTsaqarTvelos sxvadasxva teritoriebze xvdeba. am SemTxvevaSic produqciis SeZenissanacvlod cxinvalis regionSi Sesuli naRdi fuli saqarTvelodan gadinebul kapitaladunda miviCnioT.

ergneTis bazroba iyofa or – osebisa da qarTvelebis mier kontrolirebad nawilad(ix. sqema 1. ergneTis bazroba). pirvel nawils akontrolebs loxa Cibirovi, cxinvalisregionis TviTgamocxadebuli respublikis yofili prezidentis, ludvig Cibirovis vaJi.meore nawilis direqtoria Sinagan saqmeTa saministros yofili TanamSromeli liangiWavWavaZe.

2003 wlis ivlisSi ergneTis bazrobaze TraCCC-is mkvlevarTaA jgufis mierCatarebuli erT-erTi savele kvlevis dros dadasturda organizacia Sps “eqspres-servisis” arseboba, romelic ganlagebulia sagzao policiis postis gverdiT daklientebs sTavazobs tvirTis usafrTxo gadazidvas. es organizacia SedgebadamnaSaveebisagan da mas bazris direqtoris ZmisSvili xelmZRvanelobs. firma klientebssTavazobs aralegaluri saqonlis gacilebas garkveul safasurad, magaliTad, tvirTismcxeTamde gacileba Rirda 800 lari, anu 400 aSS dolarze odnav naklebi. savaraudod,am Tanxis nawili rCeba maTTan, danarCeni ki nawildeba samarTaldamcavi struqturebiswarmomadgenlebze.

rac Seexeba cxinvalSi ganlagebul ruseTis samSvidobo Zalebs, maTi sakontrolopunqti xan funqcionirebs, xan _ ara. ergneTis bazrobaze momuSave “kamazis” mZRolisgadmocemiT, romelsac mkvlevarTa jgufi gaesaubra, samSvidoboebi tvirTis gatarebisTviskmayofildebian mcire gadasaxadiT (20 lariT – daaxloebiT 10 aSS dolariT erTsatvirTo manqanaze). tvirTebs ZiriTadad sagzao policiis, uSiSroebisa da sagangebolegionis warmomadgenlebi acileben.

47 interviu saqarTvelos dazvervis saxelmwifo departamentis oficrebTan, 30 maisi, 200348 wyaro: saqarTvelos parlamentis sabiujeto ofisis mier mowodebuli masalebi49iqve

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sqema 1. ergneTis bazroba.

qarTuli nawili

Sps "eqspres- servisi"

saqarTvelos sagzao policia

osuri nawili

ergneTis bazroba

cxinvali

metad momgebiania aralegaluri xorbliT vaWroba. erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWosmonacemebiT, saqarTveloSi moxmarebuli fqvilis 70 procenti ucxouri warmoebisaa daaqedan 35-40 procenti qveyanaSi kontrabanduli gziT Semodis.50 savaraudod, kontrabandulifqvilis udidesi nawilis gasaRebaAergneTis bazrobiT xdeba. ergneTis bazrobas fqviliTamaragebs krasnodaris da stavropolis mxareebSi registrirebuli 16-mde rusulikompania. uSiSroebis sabWos gaTvlebiT, ergneTis bazrobidan qveyanaSi aTeuli milionobiTaSS dolaris (zusti cifri ver saxeldeba) fqvili Semodis.51 fasTa Soris sxvaobaergneTsa da saqarTvelos danarCen nawils Soris uzrunvelyofs am saxis biznesisganviTarebas.

arsebobs fqvilis kontrabandis ori varianti: pirveli: kontrabanda Sesabamisidokumentebis gareSe, rodesac tvirTs acileben an damnaSaveebi, an samarTaldamcavebi dameore: kontrabanda yalbi dokumentebiT, rodesac fqvili miewodeba axlomdebare qarTulwisqvilebs, sadac mas rusulwarwerianidan qarTulwarwerian tomrebSi yrian da dgebadokumentacia, rom fqvili saqarTveloSia nawarmoebi. am SemTxvevaSi “specialuri eskorti”aucilebeli araa – saWiroa mxolod mcire qrTami sagzao policielebisaTvis Tbilisiskensaval gzaze.

50 saqarTvelos uSiSroebis sabWos angariSi antikontrabanduli RonisZiebebis Sesaxeb, gv. 951 saqarTvelos uSiSroebis sabWos angariSi kontrabandis saxifaTo masStabebisa da masTan brZolis Sesaxeb,1 ianvari, 2000 - 1 maisi, 2001, gv. 18

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ergneTis bazrobis gasakontroleblad ganxorcielebuliqmedebebi

saqarTvelos prezidentis brZanebulebas sabaJo “goris” gamocxadebis Sesaxeb cxinvalisregioniT Semosuli tvirTebis ganbaJebis adgilad garkveuli efeqti am cvlilebidanmxolod sami Tvis ganmavlobaSi hqonda. erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWos angariSis mixedviT,samarTaldamcavi struqturebis erToblivi moqmedebis Sedegad, sabaJo SemosavlebimniSvnelovnad gaizarda. Tumca Semdgom Sesabamisma struqturebma, rogorc Cans, saqmemoTavebulad CaTvales da sadReisod es meqanizmi aRar muSaobs.52

sagangebo legionisa da sxva samarTaldamcavi struqturebis mier drodadro tardebodaspecialuri reidebi ergneTis bazrobidan wamosuli tvirTebis gasakontroleblad, TumcaxSirad kontroliorebs aralegaluri Semosavlebi sabaJo gadasaxadebis amoRebaze metadainteresebdaT. erTi aseTi reidis Sedegad cxinvalis regionis mosazRvre qarTulisoflis mosaxleobam gadaketa cxinvali-goris saavtomobilo gza da samarTaldamcavTaganmoiTxova amgvari qmedebis erTxel da samudamod Sewyveta.53 es SemTxveva miuTiTebs, rommxolod osebi rodi arian dainteresebuli bazris SenarCunebiT, qarTvelebsac adardebTTavianTi Semosavlis wyaros SenarCuneba. cxinvalis regionis mosazRvre qarTulimosaxleobis didi nawili, ase Tu ise, dakavSirebulia ergneTis bazrobasTan, maT Sorismsxvili da wvrili movaWreebi, mZRolebi, mtvirTavebi da bolos momxmarebeli, romelsacSeuZlia iafi produqciis SeZena.

kontrabandistuli jgufebi

afxazuri, osuri da qarTuli jgufebi

kontrabanda SeuZlebeli iqneboda, rom ara danaSaulebrivi qselebi. maTSi gaerTianebulniarian sxvadasxva danaSaulebrivi jgufebi, samarTaldamcavebi da xelisuflebiswarmomadgenlebi. danaSaulebrivi jgufebi moqmedeben kodoris xeobaSi, galisa da zugdidisraionebSi. cxinvali-goris nawilSi moqmedeben qarTuli da osuri jgufebi, romlebickoncentrirebulni arian ergneTis bazrobaze – kontrabanduli saqonlis vaWrobisa dagadazidvis uSualo adgilze. es jgufebi TanamSromloben ganurCevlad eTnikuriwarmomavlobisa da politikuri orientaciisa. maT aqvT mravalferovani, zogjerparadoqsuli partnioruli urTierTobebi sxva danaSaulebriv jgufebTan,samarTaldamcavebTan da samTavrobo struqturebTan (an xelisuflebis calkeulwarmomadgenlebTan) afxazeTSi, cxinvalis regionsa da danarCen saqarTveloSi. Tukontrabandis jaWvidan amovarda Tundac erTi rgoli, mTeli procesi Cerdeba. kontrabandulisaqoneli, romelic saqarTveloSi ruseTidan, TurqeTidan an sxva qveynidan Semodis afxazeTisada cxinvalis regionebiT an miemarTeba sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT, uzrunvelyofiliadaxvewili korufciuli sistemiT, gavleniani oficialuri pirebis mfarvelobiT. yvelaZiriTadi aqtori (samarTaldamcavi struqturebi, danaSaulebrivi jgufebi da rusisamSvidoboebi) erTad qmnis kontrabandul qsels, romelic warmatebulad moqmedebs,zrdis Tavis gavlenas da sul ufro met adamians iTrevs aralegalur vaWrobaSi.

am viTarebidan gamomdinare, ibadeba uamravi kiTxva: ramdenad saxifaToa kriminogenulisituacia da kontrabanda afxazi da qarTveli mosaxleobisaTvis? ra gavlenas axdensigi regionis ekonomikur, politikur da samxedro mdgomareobaze? kontrabanduli vaWrobis

52 iqve, gv.2853 Íàñåëåíèå ãðóçèíñêèõ ñåë ïåðåêðûëî äâèæåíèå ïî òðàññå Öõèíâàëè-Ãîðè. Àïðåëü 2003 ã.; http://ossetia-info.narod.ru/9-04-2003-2.htm

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ra formebi da meqanizmebi gvxvdeba saqarTveloSi da romelia yvelaze gavrcelebulikontrabanduli saqoneli? konfliqtis romeli politikuri aqtorebi sargeblobenSeqmnili mdgomareobiT da _ rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania _ arsebobs Tu ara problemisgadaWris raime gza?

afxazuri SeiaraRebuli dajgufebebi, qarTulipartizanuli razmebi da kriminaluri jgufebi

afxazeTis teritorias akontrolebs 4 kriminaluri dajgufeba: dasavleT afxazeTisdajgufeba ganagebs navTobisa da sakvebi produqtebis gadazidvas, nawilobriv monawileobsruseTis teritoriaze narkotikebis gatanaSi. gagris dajgufeba (ZiriTadad somxebi)akontrolebs xe-tyis gatanas, CarTulia narkotikebis warmoebasa da vaWrobaSi. gudauTisdajgufeba (ZiriTadad afxazebi) mTlianad CarTulia narkobiznesSi da zedamxedvelobasuwevs narkotikebis eqsports. CeCnur-afxazuri dajgufeba (muslimanur-vahabituri) flobsafxazeTis aRmosavleT zonas, mis kontrolqveSaa tvirTbrunva gali-zugdidis zonaSi, afxazeTisZiriTadi satransporto magistralebi soxumidan aRmosavleTiT, afxaz biznesmenTa mniSvnelovaninawili.54 aRsaniSnavia, rom am mxriv oficialur Zalebs (uSiSroeba da policia), kriminalurda sxvadasxva SeiaraRebul dajgufebebs Soris gansxvaveba TiTqmis ar arsebobs.

cecxlis Sewyvetis xazze (gali-zugdidis monakveTi) yvela saxis kontrabandaxorcieldeba galis raionSi moqmedi afxazi SeiaraRebuli dajgufebebis mier. zogmaTgans “oficialuri statusi” aqvs. yvelaze did da Zlier 50-kacian jgufs xelmZRvanelobsvalmer buTba. masTan erTad moqmedebs roza mircxulavas razmi (10 kaci). maT aqvTprezidentis dacvis statusi, Tumca gaugebaria, ratomaa maTi dislokaciis adgili galida ara soxumi. afxazi roza mircxulava, Tavis somex qmarTan erTad, iyo qarTulipartizanuli jgufis, “tyis Zmebis” wevri, Tumca Semdeg partizanul jgufs daSorda daafxazeTs miaSura. axla is qarTvelebis mimarT gansakuTrebuli siZulviliT gamoirCeva.sxvadasxva wyaroebis Tanaxmad, buTbas dajgufebas aqvs Tanamedrove SeiaraReba,haersawinaaRmdego artileriac ki. buTba didi avtoritetiT sargeblobs rogorcdamnaSaveTa samyaroSi, ise de faqto samTavrobo struqturebSi.55

kidev erTi Zlieri jgufis meTauria oTar turnanba, romelic oficialurad afxazeTisuSiSroebis ZalebSi iricxeba. turnanbas dislokaciis adgilia maxunjia da SeSeleTi(galis raioni) da mis razms zedamxedvelobs Tavdacvis saministros dasavleT nawilissardali, generali anua.56 turnanbas ZiriTadi saqmianobaa Zarcva-yaCaRoba, Tumca es jgufikontrabandaSic monawileobs. turnanba aiZulebs galis raionSi mcxovreb eTnikurqarTvelebs, usasyidlod imuSaon mis miwis nakveTSi.

galSi moqmedebs sxva mcire jgufebic, magaliTad, genadi aSxacavas razmi, romelictipuri danaSaulebrivi jgufia.

samegrelos regionSi moqmedi qarTuli SeiaraRebuli dajgufebebi SeiZleba daiyos 2nawilad – partizanul jgufebad da e.w. “zviadistebad”. arian iseTebic, vinc Tavspartizanad asaRebs, Tumca Tavad partizanebi maT ar cnoben. rogorc “TeTri legionis”savele meTaurma ganacxada, partizanebis mxolod 5-10 procentia namdvili mebrZoli,sxvebi TviTmarqviebi arian.57 am ukanasknelT igi “asfaltis partizanebs” uwodebs,

54 saqarTvelos saxelmwifo uSiSroebis ministr valeri xaburZanias angariSi 2002 wels ganxorcielebulsaqmianobaze, http://www.sus.ge/#. es informacia aseve dadasturebulia ruseTis sxvadasxva internetwyaroebis mier55 Î ôàêòàõ íàðóøåíèé ïðàâ ÷åëîâåêà è êðèìèíîãåííîé îáñòàíîâêå íà òåððèòîðèè ÀâòîíîìíîéÐåñïóáëèêè Àáõàçèÿ (Ãðóçèÿ), 31 èþëÿ 2002 ã.; http://www.abkhazeti.ru/arc/InfoGenotside.zip56 Òàì æå.57 interviu partizanuli jgufis, “TeTri legionis” erT-erT meTaurTan, 3 agvisto, 2003

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radgan aqvT kargi manqanebi, tyis nacvlad cxovroben zugdidSi da kontrabandaSimonawileoben.

Tumca amgvar saqmianobas “namdvili partizanebic” ar Takiloben. rogorc erTiJurnalisti ambobs, ar arsebobs patiosani partizani, Tu ar CavTvliT zugdidis raionissofel TorsaSi ganlagebul afxazeTis uSiSroebis saministros specialur qvedanayofssergo ubilavas xelmZRvanelobiT.

qarTveli partizanebi warmodgenilia ori jgufiT – “tyis ZmebiT” (xelmZRvanelobsdaviT Sengelia) da “TeTri legioniT” (meTauri zurab samuSia). SesaZlebelia imis Tqma,rom “tyis Zmebs” ukaviaT wamyvani pozicia enguris xazze warmoebul kontrabandaSi,“TeTri legioni” am saqmeSi ar monawileobs da afxazebs maTi ufro eSiniaT, vidre “tyisZmebis”. sagadasaxado Semosavlebis yofili ministri mixeil maWavariani aRniSnavs, rommisi ministrobis dros “TeTri legioni” kontrabandaSi meorexarisxovan rolsasrulebda.58 partizanuli jgufebi yvelaze metad aqtiuroben galis raionis zeda daqveda zonebSi. qveda nawils swored “tyis Zmebi“ akontroleben.59

saqarTvelos uSiSroebis ministrma valeri xaburZaniam daviT Sengelia da misipartizanuli razmi Riad daadanaSaula kontrabandaSi. 2002 wlis 21 dekembers gamarTuluSiSroebis sabWos sxdomaze man aRniSna, rom daviT Sengelia monawileobs afxazeTsada danarCen saqarTvelos Soris arsebul administraciul sazRvarze mimdinare aralegalursaqmianobaSi. daviT Sengeliam uaryo es braldeba da kontrbraldebis saxiT miuTiTa,rom kontrabandas saxelmwifo uSiSroebis saministros warmomadgenlebi Tavadkurireben.60

partizanebze zugdidis raionSi sxvadasxva azri arsebobs. xalxi ambobs, rom rakipartizanul moZraobas ar aqvs xelisuflebis mxardaWera, amdenad, iZulebulia, awarmooses biznesi, Tavi irCinos da iaraRic SeiZinos. ICCN-is (konfliqtebisa da molaparakebebissaerTaSoriso centri) mier Catarebuli sociologiuri gamokvleva negatiur daskvnasiZleva. yoveli meoTxe zugdideli respondenti moiTxovs partizanuli saqmianobisSeCerebas, amgvar survils ki naklebad amJRavneben sxva regionebis macxovreblebi. aqedandaskvna: “partizanebisadmi zugdidelebis negatiuri damokidebuleba gamowveuli undaiyos am moZraobis zogierTi lideris kriminalur biznesSi monawileobiT”.61

qarTuli partizanuli jgufis, “tyis Zmebis” erT-erTma meTaurma TraCCC–is mkvlevarTajgufs ganucxada, rom marTalia, misi xalxi monawileobs sawvavis biznesSi, magram Tanaxmaa,gadaixados gadasaxadebi da moaxdinos Tavisi biznesis legalizacia, Tuki amas saqarTvelosmTavroba moiTxovs. misive TqmiT, cecxlis Sewyvetis xazze sawvavisa da sigaretiskontrabandaSi partizanebis garda qarTuli regionuli policiac monawileobs da maTSoris sferoebi ganawilebulia. man aRniSna, rom sagangebo legionis zugdidis ganyofilebasaerTod ar ereva maT saqmianobaSi.62

galis raionis erT-erTi soflis legitimuri xelisuflebis warmomadgenlis TqmiT,Sengelias wili kontrabandidan ar unda sWarbobdes 30 procents. danarCeni nawildebaadgilobriv da regionul samarTaldamcav struqturebze da midis centralurxelisuflebasTan.63

58 interviu, parlamentis wevr da sagadasaxado Semosavlebis yofil ministr mixeil maWavarianTan, 25Tebervali, 200359 Darchiashvili, D. (2003) Georgia: A Hostage to Arms; in Safeworld project, Arms and Security in the Caucasus, fromhttp://www.saferworld.co.uk/CaucasusRep.htm60 Security Minister Accuses Partisan Leader in Smuggling, Tbilisi, 23 December, 2002, Civil Georgia, www.civil.ge61 The Abkhazia Problem Reflected by Public Opinion, Findings of the Sociological Surveys in Georgia (2001-2002),edited by Dr. George Khutsishvili, ICCN, 2002, p. 234-23562 interviu partizanuli jgufis, “tyis Zmebis” erT-erT meTaurTan, 5 agvisto, 200363 interviu afxazeTis devnili mTavrobis galis raionis soflis sabWos TavmjdomaresTan, 4 agvisto, 2003

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qarTuli gasamxedroebuli SenaerTis, “mxedrionis” liderma jaba ioselianma (esSenaerTi moqmedebda afxazeTis omis dros) ganacxada, rom omis damTavrebis Semdegarsebobda mxolod erTi partizanuli jgufi – “tyis Zmebi” da mis umravlesobas,TiTqmis 80 procents, “mxedrioni” Seadgenda.64

mogvianebiT “tyis Zmebi” or nawilad – slava bigvavas da bakur buleskerias jgufebaddaiyo. “TeTri legionis” savele meTauri ar cnobs “tyis Zmebs”. mizezi SeiZleba iyos is,rom es ukanaskneli “TeTr legions” am bizness ar uTmobs, erT-erTi JurnalistisTanaxmad.

“zviadistebi” ZiriTadad ganlagebulni arian walenjixis raionSi. cnobilia maTiori xelmZRvaneli: king-konga (metsaxeli) da gvazava (gvari). isini aseve monawileobenkontrabandaSi.

zugdidSi moqmedebda kidev erTi qarTuli SeiaraRebuli dajgufeba badri zarandiasmeTaurobiT. 2002 wlis ianvarSi igi daudgenelma pirebma mokles. vebgverd “civil.ge”-sTanaxmad, “xelisufleba acxadebs, rom “patriotTa kavSiris” TanaTavmjdomarisa daSeiaraRebuli dajgufebis lideris, badri zarandias mkvleloba dakavSirebuli undaiyos iaraRis kontrabandasTan. policia gamoricxavs Zarcvis versias”.65

afxazeTSi moqmed qarTvel partizanebs ormagi funqcia ekisrebaT: a) politikuri(afxazebTan brZola) da b) kriminaluri, rac gulisxmobs kontrabandaSi monawileobas.es jgufebi ibrZvian rogorc politikuri, ise kriminaluri mizezebis gamo. ukanaskneliSeiZleba gamowveuli iyos materialuri resursebis gayofis niadagze warmoqniliuTanxmoebiT. SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom partizanTa moRvaweoba warmoadgens kriminaluri daideologiuri saqmianobis ucnaur nazavs.

qarTveli da afxazi kriminalebi erTad Zarcvaven, yaCaRoben da, rac yvelaze sagulisxmoa,TanamSromloben kontrabandaSi. galis raionSi yaCaRoba xdeba niRbiani xalxis, savaraudod,qarTvelebis mier.66

osuri da qarTuli danaSaulebrivi jgufebi

cxinvalis regionsa da gorSi danaSaulebrivi jgufebis moqmedeba aseve mWidro kavSirSiakontrabandasTan. mosaxleobis siRaribem da politikurma arastabilurobam gamoiwviadamnaSaveobis SesamCnevi zrda. kontrabanduli saqmianobidan da ergneTis bazrobidanmiRebuli ukanono Semosavlebi sakmaod didia. aRniSnuli bazrobis teritoriazeganlagebulia aTamde osuri “saguSago”. maTi ZiriTadi funqciaa biujetSi SesataniTanxebis kontroli. amave dros, eqspertTa SefasebebiT, cxinvalis regionis biujetSiSedis akrefili Tanxebis ara umetes 10 procentisa, danarCeni ki korufciuli arxebiTTviTgamocxadebuli xelisuflebis sxvadasxva eSelonebisaken miemarTeba.67

aqtiurad moqmedi qarTuli danaSaulebrivi jgufebi aSkarad TanamSromloben oskolegebTan.

“robotas” danaSaulebrivi jgufi . 2003 wlis agvistoSi, mTavrobisantikontrabanduli RonisZiebis dros, policiam daakava ori qarTveli eWvmitanili –nikoloz xmiadaSvili, metsaxelad “robota” da giorgi durgliSvili, metsaxelad “koxta”.dakavebis oficialur motivad dasaxelda iaraRisa da narkotikebis (heroinis) ukanono

64 Billingsley, D. (2001). Security Deteriorates Along the Abkhazia-Georgia Ceasefire Line, from http://www.janes.com/security/international_security/news/jir/jir010906_1_n.shtml65 Murder of Zarandia Might Be Linked to Arms Smuggling - Officials Say, Tbilisi, 9 January, 2003, Civil Georgia, www.civil.ge66 interviu zugdidis adgilobrivi mTavrobis warmomadgenlebTan da samarTaldamcavi struqturebisoficrebTan, 2-6 agvisto, 200367 Economic and Social Consequences of Internal Conflicts, Parliament’s Budgetary Office of Georgia, Tbilisi, 2003, p.24; www.pbo.ge

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Senaxva. Sinagan saqmeTa yofilma ministrma koba narCemaSvilma ganacxada, rom ayvaniliaseriozuli kriminaluri jgufi, romelic ergneTis bazrobidan tvirTebs acilebda daseriozul problemebs uqmnida legaluri biznesiT dakavebul mewarmeebs. „robotas“jgufSi Sedis 40 damnaSave, romelic qarTul-osuri konfliqtis zonaSi cxovrobs.

maTi dapatimrebis Semdeg adgilobrivma mosaxleobam gadaketa gori-cxinvalis gza damoiTxova dakavebulTa gaTavisufleba. maTi TqmiT, am pirebis dapatimreba gamoiwvevdaosuri kriminaluri jgufebis gaaqtiurebas, radgan xmiadaSvili didi gavleniT sargeblobdada am nabijs SeiZleboda mohyoloda konfliqtis zonaSi viTarebis gamwvaveba. amasTan,durgliSvilis da xmiadaSvilis mxardamWerebma, ise, rogorc maTma advokatma, ganacxades,rom policiam am pirebs aSkarad “Caudo” iaraRi da narkotiki. saqarTvelos yofilisaxelmwifo ministris, avTandil jorbenaZis TqmiT, dakavebulebs hyavdaT mfarvelebisaxelmwifo kancelariaSi da is yvelafers gaakeTebda, rom Catarebuliyo obieqturigamoZieba”.68 gazeTi “kviris palitra” acxadebs, rom damnaSaveebi daakava zustad igivestruqturam, romelic maT mfarvelobda da rom ara saxelmwifo ministris mtkicemoTxovna, policia damnaSaveebs xels ar axlebda. bevris azriT ki, maTi dapatimrebaufro winasaarCevno svla iyo, vidre antikriminaluri RonisZieba.69 mogvianebiT SidaqarTlis yofilma gubernatorma, irakli oqruaSvilma, ganacxada, rom damnaSaveebs mfarvelobdaregionuli politikisa da marTvis samsaxuris xelmZRvaneli irakli boWoriZe.70 gazeT“rezonansis” Tanaxmad, saxelmwifo kancelariaSi am dajgufebis mier yovelTviuradmitanili wili Seadgenda 20-30 aTas aSS dolars, Sinagan saqmeTa saministros wili kigacilebiT meti iyo.71

“kviris palitra” aqveynebs detalebs damnaSaveTa Sesaxeb: “robota” iyo gorSidislocirebuli policiis specialuri daniSnulebis Zalebis wevri. 1997-1998 wlebSiigi wavida moskovSi, sadac misi kriminaluri saqmianoba ZiriTadad ukavSirdeboda manqanebismoparvas da centralur aziasa da saqarTveloSi maT realizacias. 2001 wels igisaqarTveloSi dabrunda da Seurigda Tavis yofil mowinaaRmdeges, aseve saxelganTqmulkontrabandistsa da viTomda policiis agents, givi jalabaZes. am ukanasknels hqondakavSirebi osur kriminalur dajgufebasTan da osebi orives sWirdeboda moparulimanqanebis realizaciisTvis. maT daiwyes TanamSromloba osi damnaSavis, alan ZigoevisjgufTan. „robotas“ dajgufeba monawileobda narkotikebiT vaWrobaSic. magaliTad, gujaCoxel-xubaSvili, warmoSobiT osi („robotas” jgufis wevri), vaWrobda narkotikulisaSualeba “metadoniT”, romelic saqarTveloSi cxinvalis gavliT Semohqonda.72

„robotas“ mfarvelobda misi biZaSvili, Sida qarTlis regionuli policiis ufrosismoadgile, Sss-s yofili ministris, koba narCemaSvilis megobari. amasTan, damnaSaveebsmfarvelebi hyavdaT kancelariaSi. Tu romelime struqtura iwyebda „robotas“ jgufissaqmianobis gamoZiebas da policia ver aCerebda samarTalwarmoebas, saqmeSi saxelmwifokancelaria erTveboda.73

meore pirovneba, giorgi durgliSvili, metsaxelad “koxta”, kontrabandiT 1996 wlidanaadakavebuli. 2002 wlidan igi TanamSromlobs “robotasTan” da isic poulobs mfarvelssaxelmwifo kancelariaSi. maTi kriminaluri jgufi xelmZRvanelobda Sps “eqspres-serviss”, romelic uzrunvelyofda aralegaluri tvirTebis “usafrTxo” gadaadgilebasergneTis bazrobidan saqarTvelos sxva bazrobebze. gazeT “kviris palitris” ucnobmarespondentma ganacxada, rom Tu patroni ar daTanxmdeba tvirTis gacilebas, mas SeiZleba

68 gazeTi “24 saaTi”, 25 agvisto, 2003, #228, gv. A269 gazeTi “kviris palitra”, 25-31 agvisto, 2003, #34, gv. 5, 2770 i. oqruaSvili citirebulia gazeT “xvalindel dRe”-Si, 26 dekemberi, 2003, #251 (410), http://www.opentext.org.ge/xdge/default.htm71 gazeTi “kviris palitra”, 29 dekemberi-4 ianvari, 2003, # 52, http://www.opentext.org.ge/kvirispalitra/default.htm72 iqve73 gazeTi “kviris palitra”, 25-31 agvisto, 2003, #34, gv. 5, 27

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transporti aufeTqon an sulac moklan da Semdeg ki danaSauli osur mxares dabraldes.74

TraCCC-is mkvlevarTa jgufma farulad gamokiTxa Sps “eqspres-servisis” wevrebimaT dakavebamde ramdenime dRiT adre. am pirebma, mas Semdeg, rac Tavi klientebad warvudgineT,erTi manqana xorblis SeZenasa da transportis mcxeTamde gacilebaSi (1.5 saaTis savali)800 lari mogvTxoves. Cvens saubars eswreboda sagzao policiis TanamSromelic da manrekomendaciac mogvca, rogor SeiZleboda amis ukeT gakeTeba.

“robota” cixidanac xelmZRvanelobda Tavisi jgufis kriminalur saqmianobas. “robota”da “koxta” “vardebis revoluciis” Semdeg male gaaTavisufles. rogorc amboben, maTmamfarvelebma amaSi didi fuli gadaixades. axladdaniSnuli gubernatoris, iraklioqruaSvilis antikontrabanduli RonisZiebebis dros daakaves “robotas” jgufis orivewevri da orma ki gaqceva SeZlo.75

alan Zigoevis zemoaRniSnuli jgufi, romelic moparuli manqanebiT vaWrobaSi “robotas”ZiriTadi partniori iyo, mxolod am saxis aralegaluri saqmianobiT ar Semoifargleboda.mis saxels ukavSirdeba adamianTa gatacebis kargad organizebuli qseli, romelic zugdidSimisi dakavebis Semdeg gamoaSkaravda. rogorc gazeTi “xvalindeli dRe” iuwyeboda, SinagansaqmeTa saministrom zugdidSi daakava 6-kaciani kriminaluri jgufi, maT Soris cxinvalisregionis TviTgamocxadebuli respublikis specdaniSnulebis razmis yofili xelmZRvaneli.gazeTi Zigoevis saxels ukavSirebda polkovnik zurab durgliSvilis gatacebas 2002wlis agvistoSi (durgliSvili monawileobda iaraRiT vaWrobaSi).76 gazeTi “24 saaTi”acxadebda, rom Zigoevs bralad edeba Teona bagrationis gatacebac77 . gazeTi “kvirispalitra” ityobineba, rom Zigoevis jgufi Careuli iyo kidev erTi gatacebis saqmeSi.78

amgvarad, Zigoevis jgufis saqmianoba iyo moparuli manqanebiT vaWroba da adamianTagataceba. Zigoevma dapatimrebis Semdeg Tavi moikla.

osi damnaSaveebidan gamoirCeva Zmebis, marek da erik dudaevebis bandituri dajgufeba,romelic xSirad esxmis Tavs qarTuli mxaris mier kontrolirebad teritoriebzemcxovreb moqalaqeebsa da samarTaldamcavi organoebis warmomadgenlebs. es jgufisargeblobs osuri mxaris sruli xelSeuxeblobiT, SeiaraRebuli moZraobs samSvidoboZalebis Tvalwin da moqmedebs agresiulad. is monawileobs narkobiznesSic.

sxva kriminaluri dajgufebebidan yvelaze gavleniania e.w. dgvrisis banda, romelsacxelmZRvanelobs alan driaevi. bandis wevrebi arian nugzar jioevi, grigol da mixeilxubaevebi, edik cxovrebovi da yofili xe-tyis gadamamuSavebeli saamqros direqtori,metsaxelad ‘maliSa~. aseve gavlenian kriminalur dajgufebas warmoadgens ‘teqstilSCikebis~dasaxlebaSi mcxovrebi jgufi ‘nadeJda~. javis raionSi situacias akontrolebsSeiaraRebuli dajgufeba alan bagievis xelmZRvanelobiT, znauris raionSi SeiaraRebulrazms meTaurobs slavik Tagilovi.79

kavkasiis sakiTxebSi eqspertis da yofili parlamentis wevris, mamuka areSiZis gancxadebiT,cxinvalis regionis Sav bizness mfarvelobs e.w. ‘sportuli mafia~, romelsac saTaveSiudgas ruseTis Tavisufali stilis moWidaveTa nakrebis mTavari mwvrTneli jambulTedeevi80 . am jgufSi Sedis samxreT oseTis (cxinvalis regionis) TviTgamocxadebulirespublikis e.w. ‘omonis~ (sagangebo daniSnulebis miliciis) yofili Sefi loxa Cibirovi.cxinvalis regionSi mimdinare procesebs uSualod akontrolebs Tedeevis Zma ibragimTedeevi.

74iqve, gv. 5, 2775 gazeTi “kviris palitra”, 29 dekemberi–4 ianvari, 2003, #52, http://www.opentext.org.ge/kvirispalitra/default.htm76 gazeTi “xvalindeli dRe”, 14 agvisto, 2003, N155(314), http://www.opentext.org.ge/xdge/default.htm77 gazeTi “24 saaTi”, 24 ivlisi, 2003, N201, gv. A378 gazeTi “kviris palitra”, 25-31 agvisto, 2003, #34, gv. 5, 2779 saqarTvelos saxelmwifo uSiSroebis ministr valeri xaburZanias angariSi 2002 wels ganxorcielebulsaqmianobaze, http://www.sus.ge/#.80 areSiZe m., konfliqtebis mimdinare ekonomikuri mizezebi, Tbilisi, 2002

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samarTaldamcavi struqturebi

marTali ar iqneboda imis mtkiceba, rom samarTaldamcavi struqturebi mTlianaddakavSirebulni arian kriminalur jgufebTan da kontrabandul qselTan. es ver moxdebodaim ubralo mizezis gamo, rom es aris arsebiTad gansxvavebuli sistema, gansxvavebulimiznebiT da amocanebiT, amdenad, oficerTa umravlesobas aranairi kavSiri ara aqvskontrabandasTan. Tumca ara erTi faqti metyvelebs imaze, rom samarTaldamcavistruqturebis zogierTi rgoli da warmomadgeneli aSkarad monawileobs aralegalursaqmianobaSi.

winamdebare angariSSi SeiZleba ixiloT am argumentis damadasturebeli ara erTifaqti da mtkicebuleba, Tumca, rogorc wesi, samarTaldamcavebi uaryofen TavianTistruqturebis kontrabandul qselSi monawileobas. magaliTad, Sida qarTlis uSiSroebisregionuli samsaxuris oficerma uaryo braldeba, rom misi TanamSromlebi kontrabandultvirTebs acileben. samagierod, is amtkicebs osi samarTaldamcavebis kontrabanduloperaciebSi monawileobas.81

ruseTis samSvidobo Zalebi

ruseTis samSvidobo Zalebi mTlianad arian CarTulni kontrabandaSi. afxazeTSi isiniakontroleben yvela oficialur xids. samSvidobo Zalebi iReben wils qarTveli daafxazi kontrabandistebisagan da uproblemod atareben ukanono tvirTebs sakontrolopunqtebze. amdenad, swored ekonomikuri motivebi gansazRvravs rusi samSvidoboebis mierkonfliqtis mougvareblobas, mandatis vadis gasvlisas ki – mis eskalacias, raTa regionSimaTi yofna gaxangrZlivdes.82

Tagilonis sasoflo sabWos Tavmjdomaris TqmiT, rusi samSvidoboebis simbolikianimanqanebi sawvaviT amarageben zugdidis avtogasamarT sadgurebs. Tumca am saqmianobaSiisini CamorCebian qarTvel partizanebs da regionul policias.

erTi faqti: rusi samxedroebis kuTvnili sawvaviT savse cisterna gadabrunda gagrisraionSi. samSvidoboebis presmdivanma ganacxada, rom sawvavi modioda krasnodaris mxarisqalaq adlerSi mdebare Crdilokavkasiis samxedro danayofidan, romelic sawvavs awvdisafxazeTSi ganlagebul mSvidobis damcvelebs. saqarTveloSi samxedroebi ar ixdian aranairgadasaxads sawvavis importze da qarTuli mxare ver akontrolebs importirebulisawvavis odenobas. sxvagvarad xdeba somxeTSi, sadac rus samxedroebs evalebaT benzinisadgilobrivi mimwodeblebisagan SeZena, rac gamoricxavs kontrabandis SesaZleblobas.83

rusi samSvidoboebi monawileoben moparuli manqanebis kontrabandaSic, raki nebasrTaven damnaSaveebs, gadakveTon cecxlis Sewyvetis xazi. amgvari momsaxurebisaTvis isiniqrTams iReben. es faqtebi dokumenturadaa dadasturebuli damoukidebeli telekompania“rusTavi 2”-is mier, romelmac am sakiTxs specialuri gadacema miuZRvna.

samegrelo-zemo svaneTis yofili gubernatoris, bondo jiqias mier dsT-s samSvidoboZalebis mTavarsardal sergei korobkosadmi gagzavnil werilSi samSvidoboebidadanaSaulebulni arian moparuli manqanebiT vaWrobasa da kriminalur jgufebTanTanamSromlobaSi, ityobineba 29 seqtembris “kavkaspresi”. s. korobkom, Tavis mxriv,ganacxada, rom kontrabandistebTan TanamSromlobs qarTuli policia.84

81 interviu uSiSroebis samsaxuris Sida qarTlis regionuli samsaxuris oficerTan, 30 ivlisi, 200382 Mindorashvili, M. Gangster Wars in Abkhazia. By a Tbilisi-based independent expert. (2001, 20 June), Central Asia - CaucasusAnalyst, from http://www.cacianalyst.org83 Ìèðîòâîðöû êîíòðîëèðóþò ïîòîê êîíòðàáàíäû áåíçèíà èç Ðîññèè â Ãðóçèþ, 27 àâãóñòà 2002 ã.; www.abkhazeti.ru84 Rein, A. Georgian regional officials say Russian peacekeepers engage in smuggling (2000, 2 October). Georgia Daily Digest.Eurasianet.org , from http://www.eurasianet.org/resource/georgia/hypermail/200010/0001.html

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afxazeTis legitimuri mTavrobis uSiSroebis saministros gancxadebiT, zogjersamSvidobo ZalebSi gawveul rus jariskacebs kontraqtiT gaTvaliswinebul xelfassar uxdian. zemoaRniSnulma struqturam TraCCC-is mkvlevarTa jgufs gadasca ruseTissasamarTlo saqmeebi, sadac jariskacebi da oficrebi Civian msgavsi mopyrobis gamo.Sesabamisad, arastabiluri oficialuri Semosavlis pirobebi samSvidoboebs ubiZgebs,CaerTon aralegalur saqmianobaSi. Tumca verc am SemTxvevaSi vityviT, rom ukleblivyvela mSvidobismyofeli kontrabandasa da korufciaSia gareuli.

kontrabandaSi CarTuli socialurad daucvelijgufebi

rogorc bevr sxva SemTxvevaSi, msxvili kontrabandistebi iyeneben socialurad daucvelmosaxleobas _ devnilebs, iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirebs, uRaribes fenas, romlisTvisackontrabanda Tavis rCenis erTaderTi saSualebaa, gamomdinare umwvavesi ekonomikurikrizisidan. TraCCC–is mkvlevarTa jgufi gaesaubra uaqcizo sigaretis biznesiT dakavebulpirebs ergneTis bazrobasa da zugdidSi. orive bazrobaze aris aTasobiT wvrilimovaWre, romelic fiqrobs, rom mas aqvs samsaxuri da mxolod am gziT SeuZlia ojaxisrCena. mraval maTgans samuSaoze bavSvic axlda.

konfliqtis mogvarebaze zogadi uaryofiTi gavlenis garda arsebobs dadebiTi gavlenac,rac kontrabandas ukavSirdeba. afxazeTisagan gansxvavebiT, sadac arsebobs postkonfliqturimtruli damokidebuleba, cxinvalis regionSi arsebulma ergneTis bazrobam dadebiTiroli iTamaSa osebsa da qarTvelebs Soris ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis CamoyalibebaSi.“osebi afxazebze Wkvianebi arian, – aRniSna amerikis savaWro-samrewvelo palatis eqspertma,_ radgan scades rokis gvirabis ekonomikuri miznebiT gamoyeneba. axla qarTvelebi daosebi Tavisuflad dadian Tbilissa da cxinvalSi, vaxSmoben restoranSi da SeuZliaT,met-naklebad usafrTxod saxlSi dabruneba. igive ram warmoudgenelia afxazeTis romelimenawilSi”.85

administraciuli meTodebiT kontrabanduli bazrebis daxurvam SeiZleba gamoiwviosaxali konfliqti an saerTod ar moitanos Sedegi, radganac mosalodnelia bazrobebissxva adgilebze gadatana. kontrabandas konfliqtur zonebSi mwvave socialuri foniaxlavs da masTan brZolis meTodebi frTxilad unda SeirCes.

saxelisuflebo jgufebi da klanebi

afxazeTsa da cxinvalis regionebSi moqmedi kontrabanduli qselebi stimuls aZlevsdanaSaulis zrdas, iwvevs korufciul-ekonomikur interesebs politikur jgufebSi daxels uwyobs status-kvos SenarCunebas. saxelisuflebo jgufebi sargebloben rogorcfinansurad, ise politikurad. kontrabanda da “gayinuli konfliqtebi” aris ori sayrdeni,romelic xels uwyobs afxazeTsa da cxinvalis regionebSi Tu maT gareT arsebulpolitikur klanebs, akontrolon materialuri da administraciuli resursebi, SezRudondemokratia da politikuri Zalaufleba ganusazRvreli droiT SeinarCunon. bolo aTiwlis ganmavlobaSi ar momxdara afxazeTis legitimuri mTavrobis xelmZRvanelis arCeva.amasobaSi separatistuli afxazeTis prezidentma Caatara sabWouri tipis arCevnebimowinaaRmdege kandidatebis gareSe da daagrova xmebis fantastikuri raodenoba – 98procenti. orive lideri mtruladaa ganwyobili erTmaneTis mimarT, Tumca maTi mxardamWerebida saxelisuflebo struqturebi warmatebiT TanamSromloben kontrabanduli qselismeSveobiT. zogjer isini iReben garkveul davalebebs TavianTi mfarvelebidan, ris Semdegac

85 interviu amerikis savaWro palatis eqspertebTan, 17 aprili, 2003

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situacia rTuldeba, Tumca ZiriTadad dakavebulni arian fulis keTebiT. gasakviri araa,rom saqarTveloSi bevri svams kiTxvas – vin arian “tyis Zmebi” – partizanebi Tukontrabandistebi? arsebobs analogiuri damokidebuleba afxazuri gasamxedroebuliqvedanayofebis mimarT, romlebic drodadro awyoben “wmendas” galis raionSi, Cveulebrivki qarTvel partizanebTan TanamSromloben.86

saqarTvelos mTavrobam aseve isargebla arsebuli viTarebiT. saqarTvelos konstituciiTsaqarTvelos administraciul-teritoriuli mowyoba ganisazRvreba afxazeTis konfliqtisgadaWrisa da afxazeTis statusis dadgenis Semdeg. regionuli da adgilobrivi mTavrobebiswarmomadgenelTa demokratiulad arCevis nacvlad, saqarTvelos prezidenti niSnavda maTda am arademokratiul zomebs amarTlebda separatistuli reJimebidan momdinare safrTxiT.adgilobrivi da regionuli xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebis Careva saprezidento,saparlamento da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebSi daMarCevnebis gayalbebasaqarTveloSi Cveulebrivi movlena iyo.

demokratiuli Tavisuflebebis SezRudva (gansakuTrebiT qveda doneze) iwvevspolitikuri klanebis Camoyalibebas, romlebic sazogadoebriv qonebas piradi interesebisSesabamisad gankargaven da rigiT moqalaqeebs siRatakeSi acxovreben. isini qadagebenmilitaristul ideologias, iyeneben korufciul da kriminalur struqturebs moqalaqeebisterorizebisaTvis (magaliTad, inergeba omis ganaxlebis mudmivi SiSi) an aRviveben maTSiSurisZiebis survils. nebismieri demokratiuli cvlileba warmoadgens seriozul safrTxesmmarTveli jgufebis ZalauflebisaTvis, radgan aseT Zvrebs mohyveba konfliqtis mogvarebisinicireba da kontrabanduli saqmianobis legalur biznesad gardaqmna.

afxazeTis ori mTavroba

dRemde arsebobs afxazeTis ori mTavroba – devnili, legitimuri mTavroba TamaznadareiSvilis xelmZRvanelobiT da de faqto, separatistuli xelisufleba vladislavarZinbas xelmZRvanelobiT. pirveli muSaobs TbilisSi, xolo meore – soxumSi.

“tyis Zmebis” meTaurs, daviT Sengelias xSirad adanaSaulebdnen Tamaz nadareiSvilTankavSirSi. gazeT “Georgia Daily Digest”-s Tanaxmad, oficialurma pirma dasavleT saqarTvelodansaparlamento komitets Seatyobina, rom saqarTveloSi afxazeTidan yoveldRiurad Semodisdidi raodenobiT kontrabanduli sigareti da sawvavi. misi TqmiT, 2000 wlis mxoloderTi Tvis ganmavlobaSi am gziT 800 tona sawvavi da 100 aTasi kolofi sigaretiSemovida. zugdidis raionis maJoritarma deputatma, Tengiz jguSiam, ganacxada, rom “tyisZmebis” meTauri daviT Sengelia, romelic moqmedebs galsa da zugdidSi, CarTuliakontrabandaSi da mas nadareiSvili mfarvelobs. nadareiSvilis TqmiT, msgavsi braldebebigamiznulia iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa Soris misi diskreditaciisaTvis.87 ufroadre nadareiSvilma daTo Sengelia devnili mTavrobis galis raionis gamgeblis moadgileddaniSna, Tumca 2003 wels igi postidan gaaTavisufla. man Tavisi gadawyvetilebismotivad Sengelias kontrabandaSi monawileoba daasaxela, Tumca SeiZleba iyos sxvamizezebic.88

afxazeTis de faqto prezidentma vladislav arZinbam Seqmna Tavisi naTesavebisaganSemdgari klani, romelsac aqvs farTo araformaluri gavlena da akontrolebs materialur-finansur resursebs. mis naTesavebs uWiravT wamyvani poziciebi biznesis yvelaze momgebiansferoebSi da gamdidrebisTvis yvela kanonier Tu ukanono saSualebas iyeneben. 1992-1993 wlebis omis Sedegebi da saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg mimarTuli postkonfliqturi86 bolo drois ganmavlobaSi aseTi “wmenda” moxda 2003 wlis maisis meore naxevarSi 500 SeiaraRebuli e.w.“specnazelis” monawileobiT, http://www.abkhazya.org/server/-docs/news/87 Burke, J. (2000, 9 June). Georgian security council focuses on smuggling. Georgia Daily Digest, Eurasianet.org , fromhttp://www.eurasianet.org/resource/georgia/hypermail/200006/0020.html88 interviu afxazeTis devnili mTavrobis xelmZRvanel Tamaz nadareiSvilTan, 24 ivnisi, 2003

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propaganda afxazurma politikurma elitebma gamoiyenes adgilobrivi mosaxleobisyuradRebis Sida socialur-ekonomikuri problemebidan sxva sakiTxebze gadasatanad.miuxedavad amisa, korufciisa da adgilobrivi klanebis problemebi kvlav aqtiurad dgasafxazeTis politikuri cxovrebis dRis wesrigSi.

rusuli wyaro axdens opoziciuri moZraoba “amcaxaris” anonimi warmomadgenliscitirebas: “prezident vladislav arZinbasTan daaxloebulma pirebma _ levan da pavle(paSa) arZinbebma, genadi gaguliam da “rux kardinalad” wodebulma ruslan arZinbammoaxdines Zalauflebis monopolizeba, aqvT SeuzRudavi gavlena da respublikaSi mTlianadganageben Crdilovan bizness”.89

yvelaze momgebiani biznessferoebi Semdegnairadaa gadanawilebuli: arZinbas qaliSvili,madina, akontrolebs turizmis bizness, is aris ruseTis federaciaSi 2002 wlis 5aprils registrirebuli turistuli saagento “rusal-tur Trevelis” generaluridireqtori, aseve afxazeTis respublikis generaluri warmomadgeneli ruseTis federaciaSiturizmisa da kurortebis sakiTxebSi, Tumca ruseTis ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa davaWrobis saministros gacemuli licenzia amgvar statuss ar iTvaliswinebs.90 mismameuRlem alxas argunma afxazeTSi axlaxan Seitana mobiluri kavSirgabmulobis sistema.misma kompania “akva-fonma” SeiZina aRWurviloba, romlis saSualebiTac SesaZlebeliayvela zRvispira qalaqisa da soflis dafarva.91 alxas arguni aris aseve kompania “TOKInternational”–is menejeri, romelic moskovSi mdebareobs da kompiuterul aRWurvilobasyidis. alxasi da madina arian Sps “dioskurias” damfuZneblebi. maT ijariT aqvTaRebuli yvelaze didi dasasvenebeli saxli gagraSi _ “narti”.

vladislav arZinbas axlo naTesavi – paSa arZinba ZiriTadad CarTulia xe-tyis biznesSida eweva mis eqsports TurqTSi. afxazeTidan yovelwliurad gaaqvT 20-30 aTasi kuburimetri Zvirfasi xe-tye, rac 5-6 milion aSS dolars iZleva. afxazeTis opoziciurmamoZraoba “amcaxaram” paSa aseve daadanaSaula kontrabanduli gziT 6 milioni aSS dolarisRirebulebis Savi jarTisa da 1.5 milioni aSS dolaris Rirebulebis foladis furclebisgazis aRWurvilobis damamzadebeli soxumis qarxnidan gatanaSi. soxumis portis ufrosi– zurab arZinba da misi Zma aka (es ukanaskneli 2003 wlis TebervalSi ucnobma pirebmamokles moskovSi) monawileobdnen navTobproduqtebis kontrabandaSi. zurabsnavTobproduqtebi dRemde Semoaqvs ruseTidan gemebiT da Semdeg sawvavi miemarTebagalis raionisken, saidanac misi Zmis cisternebiT gadaizideba samegrelos regionSi.arZinbas klani aseve akontrolebs sigaretis qarxanas gudauTaSi, romelic ruseTsa dasaqarTvelos uaqcizo sigaretiT amaragebs.

prezidentis ZmisSvili – levan arZinba (mokles 2003 wlis seqtemberSi) akontrolebdasigaretis bizness da monawileobda paSa arZinbas yvela biznesoperaciaSi. mas hqondafarTo kavSirebi qarTul mxaresTan. opoziciuri moZraoba “amcaxara” levans adanaSaulebdaqarTuli partizanuli jgufis, “tyis Zmebis” meTaurTan TanamSromlobaSi. amas garda, igixSirad Cadioda zugdidSi. rogorc telekompania “rusTavi-2”-is Jurnalistma TraCCC–is mkvlevarTa jgufs ganucxada, 2003 wlis agvistoSi zugdidSi erTmaneTs Sexvdnenlevan arZinba da saqarTvelos mTavrobisa da samarTaldamcavi struqturebis oficialuripirebi. bolo dros levan arZinba stumrobda baTums da Semdeg Tbiliss, sadac is Sexvdaxelisuflebis ramdenime warmomadgenels da biznesmenebs komerciuli SeTanxmebis misaRwevad.imave wyaros Tanaxmad, afxazeTis de faqto xelisuflebis uSiSroebis ministri, giviagrba, levan arZinba da samegrelos regionuli policiis yofili xelmZRvaneli elgujajamburia erTad awarmoebdnen bizness cecxlis Sewyvetis xazze.

89 Òèøêèí À, Äîáðîâîëüíàÿ îòñòàâêà – åäèíòñòâåíûé âûõîä?, 6 èþíÿ 2003 ã.; http://www.rusedina.org/mail/?id=303490 turistuli saagento “rusal-turi”, http://www.abkhazia.ru/main.php91 garda amisa, mdinare fsoudan biWvinTis teritoriamde moqmedebs sxva rusuli GSM operatorebi, rogorebicaa“Êóáàíü - GSM” da “Ñåâåðî-Çàïàäíûé GSM”, http://www.apsny.ru/turism/turism.php?page=content/call_to.htm

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cxinvalis regionis mTavroba

cxinvalis regionis separatistuli mTavroba aseve dainteresebulia kontrabandiT,rac misi oficialuri da araoficialuri Semosavlis wyaros warmoadgens. mixeil maWavarianmasagadasaxado Semosavlebis ministrobisas SesTavaza oseTis mTavrobas, moexdina vaWrobislegalizeba da mas oficialuri Semosavlebis did nawils Sehpirda, Tumca am ukanasknelmauari Tqva im motiviT, rom amas SeiZleba mohyoloda didi ukmayofileba osur interesTajgufebSi, adgilobriv mTavrobaSi, policiasa da uSiSroebis samsaxurebSi, romlebickontrabandaSi monawileoben. maWavarianis gancxadebiT: “Cibirovs eSinoda, rom xelisuflebasiZulebiT Camoacilebdnen, Tu igi ergneTis bazrobaze vaWrobis legalizebas Seecdeboda”.meore mxriv, SesaZlebeli iyo, rusebs aRar SemoeSvaT kontrabanduli saqoneli cxinvalisregionSi.92

2002 wlis noemberSi qarTulma da osurma mxareebma gamoxates TavianTi mzadyofna,monawileoba mieRoT evrokavSiris proeqtSi, romelic iTvaliswinebda cxinvalis regionisgavliT moZrav tranzitul tvirTebze gadasaxadebis erTobliv akrefas. programa undaganxorcielebuliyo euTo-s egidiT. gadasaxadebis erToblivi akrefis meqanizmze SeTanxmebissanacvlod, evrokavSiri gaagrZelebda 2.5 milioni evros Rirebulebis sareabilitacioproeqtebis ganxorcielebas, rac ZiriTadad gzebis rekonstruqciisTvis iyo gamiznuli.93

sabolood cxinvalma uari ganacxada evrokavSiris winadadebaze, Seqmniliyo erTobliviqarTul-osuri sabaJo saqarTvelo-ruseTis sazRvarze. TviTgamocxadebuli respublikissagareo saqmeTa ministrma murad jioevma ganacxada, rom es SeTavazeba miuRebeliacxinvalisaTvis, radganac mxolod samxreT oseTis mTavrobas aqvs ufleba, gaakontrolostranskavkasiuri gza.94

2003 wels cxinvalis regionis mTavroba Cabmuli iyo Sida dapirispirebebSi. gazeTi“24 saaTi” ityobineba, rom TviTgamocxadebuli respublikis prezidentma eduard kokoiTmaukidures zomebs mimarTa Tavisi ministrebis winaaRmdeg, rac SeiZleba gamowveuli iyo amukanasknelTa surviliT, moexdinaT gadatrialeba.95 gazeT “nezavisimaia gazeta”-s mohyavssaqarTvelos uSiSroebis sabWos mdivnis sityvebi: “gaTavisuflebuli xalxi monawileobdadanaSaulebriv saqmianobaSi, akontrolebda kontrabandas, iaraRiT vaWrobas, adamianTagatacebas da moparuli manqanebis bizness”. Sinagan saqmeTa yofilma ministrma kobanarCemaSvilma mxari dauWira kokoiTis RonisZiebebs, radgan cxinvalis regionSi Seqmnilisituacia sagangaSod miaCnda. is saubrobda Tedeevebis klanis Sesaxeb (valeri Tedeeviiyo TviTgamocxadebuli respublikis Tavdacvis ministri, alan Tedeevi – uSiSroebissabWos mdivani, maTi jgufis metsaxelia “diki”), romelsac urTierToba hqonda qarTveldamnaSaveebTan.

amgvarad, ukanono vaWroba xdeba kriminaluri jgufebis, legaluri da aralegaluribiznesjgufebis, samarTaldamcavi struqturebis, TviTgamocxadebuli respublikismTavrobebisa da gavleniani klanebis mfarvelobiT. isini konfliqtur situacias iyenebenpiradi sargeblisTvis da faqtobrivi damoukideblobis SesanarCuneblad. “piradisargeblis” kriminalur ganzomilebas aqvs gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba, radgan elitebiiyeneben mfarvelobidan miRebul Semosavlebs ara marto gamdidrebis, aramed politikuriZalauflebis gazrdisTvisac. konfliqturi situacia saSualebas aZlevs adamianTa mcirejgufs, gamdidrdes mosaxleobis udidesi nawilis xarjze. amgvarad, iqmneba mojadoebuliwre, sadac, rogorc amas pol kolie ityoda, “siduxWire iwvevs sixarbes, sixarbe ki

92 interviu parlamentis wevr da sagadasaxado Semosavlebis yofil ministr mixeil maWavarianTan, 25Tebervali, 200393 OCHA-Georgia leaflet on South Ossetia, December, 200294 gazeTi “24 saaTi”, 11 ivlisi, 2003, #188, gv. A495 gazeTi “24 saaTi”, 3 ivlisi, 2003, #180, gv. A1

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ufro met siduxWires”. susti mmarTvelobis pirobebSi rac ufro metia finansuri,materialuri da politikuri mogebis SesaZlebloba, miT ufro xangrZlivia konfliqti.aseTma SesaZleblobebma xeli Seuwyo bunebrivi resursebis eqspluatacias.96

kontrabandis saxeobebi da meqanizmebi

radioaqtiuri masalebi (potenciuri safrTxe)

sabWoTa epoqaSi saqarTvelo esazRvreboda natos wevr-qveyanas (TurqeTs) da Tanamedrovestrategiuli Tu birTvuli iaraRis CaTvliT aRWurvili Zalebi ganlagebuli iyosaqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis, am SeiaraRebuli Zalebisudidesi nawilis gasvlisa da birTvuli iaraRis gatanis Semdeg aRnusxulia ruseTisjarebis mier saqarTveloSi datovebuli radioaqtiuri masalebis aRmoCenis 197 SemTxveva.es masalebi warmoadgenda radiaciis rogorc sust, ise Zlier wyaroebs.97 axali monacemebismixedviT, radioaqtiuri masalebis aRmoCenis SemTxvevaTa ricxvma axla ukve 238-s miaRwia.98eqspertebma daaskvnes, rom saerTaSoriso sazogadoebas realuri safrTxe daemuqreba imSemTxvevaSi, Tu moxda am radioaqtiuri masalebis kontrabanduli gziT gatana: SesaZlebelia,moxdes “WuWyiani bombis” damzadeba da is gamoiyenon teroristuli TavdasxmebisTvisdasavleTsa da ruseTSi. arakontrolirebadi teritoriebi yvelaze xelsayrelia msgavsisaxis masalebis kontrabandisaTvis.99

meore msoflio omis Semdeg birTvuli kvleva daiwyo soxumis or laboratoriaSi:sinopSi da soxumis maxloblad mdebare aguZeraSi. am or laboratoriaSi mimdinareobdauranis gamdidreba difuzuri teqnologiebis gamoyenebiT da mas xelmZRvanelobda soxumisi. vekuas saxelobis fizikisa da teqnologiis instituti. arsebobs monacemebi, romgamdidrebuli uranis ori kilogrami inaxeboda aRniSnul institutSi. elementisgamdidrebis done savaraudod 90 procents aRwevda. institutis direqtoris, valterkaSias azriT, 90-iani wlebis Sua xanebSi kontrabandistebma urani afxazeTidan gaitanes.sxvadasxva wyaroebi miuTiTeben, rom kontrabandistebi TiTqosda poloneTSi daakaves.daudasturebeli monacemebiT, SesaZlebeli iyo gamdidrebuli uranis 2 kilogramis moparvada belarusis gavliT misi waReba. kontrabandis faqti ar dadasturda, Tumca institutSiaRweris Casatareblad Sesul „minatomis“ jgufs gamdidrebuli uranis sacavi carielidaxvda.100

uiliam poteris Tanaxmad, yvelaze mniSvnelovani da sayuradRebo iyo gasul welsbelarusSi gamdidrebuli uranis gadamtani pirebis dakaveba. qarTveli da rusi oficialuripirebis mtkicebiT, maT urani soxumis institutidan hqondaT waRebuli. wyarosidentificireba moxda im pirebis istoriis SeswavliT, romelTac gadahqondaT masalebi,aseve uranis gamdidrebis donisa da misi maxasiaTeblebis safuZvelze.101

96 Economic Agendas in Armed Conflict: Defining and Developing the Role of the UN . Background Paper; prepared byThe International Peace Academy and The Fafo Institute for Applied Social Science On the occasion of a symposiumSponsored by the Government of Norway; Monday, March 25, 2002, UN Millennium Hotel, New York, New York; p.197 George Kolbin, Environmental Aspects of Former Soviet Military Sites in Georgia. NATO CCMS Workshop onReuse and Cleaning of Former Military Sites, Bishkek, 27-29 May, 200298 interviu saqarTvelos garemos dacvisa da bunebrivi resursebis saministros radiaciuli da birTvuliusafrTxoebis departamentis ufrosis moadgile levan goguasTan, 15 oqtomberi, 200399 Ken Stier. Missing Radioactive Generators in Georgia Raise “Dirty Bomb” Concerns. 28 June, 2002, http://www.eurasianet.org100 Georgia: Sukhumi I. Vekua Institute of Physics and Technology (SIPT), http://www.nti.org/db/nisprofs/georgia/vekua.htm101 William Potter, Director, Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Less Well-Known Cases of Nuclear Terrorism andNuclear Diversion in the Former Soviet Union (For a chronology of reported nuclear smuggling cases please see the NISNuclear Trafficking Database), August, 1997;http://www.nti.org/db/nisprofs/over/nuccases.htm

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mogvianebiT valter kaSiam ganacxada, rom radioaqtiuri masalebis 244-mde saxeoba,gamdidrebuli uranis CaTvliT, inaxeboda soxumis institutSi da rom yvela masalaeraySi teroristebs mihyides. saqarTvelos garemosa da bunebrivi resursebis dacvisministrma nino CxobaZem ganacxada, rom ar arsebobs raime sando informacia soxumSiSenaxuli radioaqtiuri masalebis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. misive TqmiT, Tbilisma soxumsSesTavaza xsenebul institutSi monitoringis Catareba qarTveli da saerTaSorisoatomuri energetikis saagentos specialistebis daxmarebiT. es winadadeba soxumisxelisuflebam upasuxod datova. mogvianebiT soxumis institutis direqtorma anatolimarkoliam da afxazeTis sagareo saqmeTa ministrma sergei Sambam ganacxades, rom uraniafxazeTSi arasodes yofila da institutSi Senaxuli radioaqtiuri masalebi arwarmoadgens aranair safrTxes. markolias gancxadebiT, saqarTvelo da afxazeTi SeTanxmdnen,radioaqtiuri masalebi afxazeTidan gaetanaT da saqarTveloSi daeflaT. markoliamaseve daadastura afxazeTis mzadyofna, saerTaSoriso atomuri saagentos warmomadgenlebshqonodaT institutis inspeqtirebis saSualeba.102

iaraRi

Tu birTvuli masalebis afxazeTidan kontrabandaze varaudebis doneze SegviZliavisaubroT, regionSi iaraRis kontrabanda ukve eWvs aRar iwvevs. iaraRiT aralegalurivaWroba Semcirda 1993 wlis samxedro dapirispirebis Semdeg, Tumca regionSi da misgareT moqmedi kriminaluri jgufebis gaaqtiurebam iaraRiT aralegalur vaWrobas axalistimuli misca. 1997 wels moskovis kriminalurma policiam aRmoaCina didi danaSaulebriviqseli, romelic ori wlis ganmavlobaSi afxazeTidan awvdida iaraRs (pistoletebs,avtomatebs, yumbarebs, “muxebs”) moskovis organizebul danaSaulebriv jgufebs.103

2002 wlis zafxulSi qarTvelma samarTaldamcavebma daakaves rusi kriminaluriavtoriteti artur ludkovi (metsaxelad iaSa astraxanski) da saqarTvelos uSiSroebissaministros TanamSromeli, vinme maiori s. mWeliZe, romelTac gadahqondaT tanksawinaaRmdegoyumbarmtyorcnebi (“fagoti”), yumbarebi da sxva iaraRi. dapatimrebulTa gancxadebiT, maTes aRWurviloba SeiZines rusi samSvidoboebisgan cxinvalis regionSi. arsebobdasafuZvliani eWvi, rom es iaraRi cxinvalis regionidan gadahqondaT pankisis xeobaSi dagankuTvnili iyo CeCeni separatistebisaTvis. qarTuli partizanuli jgufis, “tyis Zmebis”meTaurma daviT Sengeliam ganacxada, rom aRniSnuli iaraRi mas ekuTvnoda da gankuTvniliiyo partizanuli saqmianobisTvis. Ziebam sasurveli Sedegi ver gamoiRo. artur ludkovmaganacxada, rom igi SemTxveviTi mgzavri iyo avtomanqana “lend kruizerSi” (romliTaciaraRi gadahqondaT) da is mxolod sami TviT daapatimres. avtomanqana cnobil qarTvelkriminalur avtoritets, Saqro kalaSovs ekuTvnoda. 2003 wlis aprilSi ludkovimoskovSi saeWvo viTarebaSi mokles.104

iaraRis kontrabandis sxva SemTxvevebi: saqarTvelos uSiSroebis saministrosinformaciiT, 2002 wlis zafxulSi rusma samarTaldamcavebma moskovis olqSi, q.zelenogradSi daakaves sergei butenko, romelmac afxazeTidan Caitana iaraRis didipartia (yumbarebi, avtomatebi da yumbarmtyorcnebi) lubercis kriminaluri dajgufebisTvis;rusuli wyaros cnobiT, daakaves “ikarusis” tipis avtobusi, romelSic damaluli iyoori avtomati da karabini; ruseT-saqarTvelos sazRvris afxazeTis monakveTze daakavesavtomobili, romlis samalavSic aRmoCnda ori avtomaturi tipis cecxlsasroli iaraRi,

102Abkhazia Denies Allegations of Selling Uranium to Terrorists, 7 January, 2002, http://www.nti.org/db/nisprofs/georgia/vekua.htm103 Ñòðîãèí À., Áàíäèòàì ïðèâåçëè èç Àáõàçèè öåëûé àðñåíàë, “Êîììåðñàíò Äåéëè”, Ìîñêâà, 30ñåíòÿáðÿ, 1997 ã.104 Ãàíãñòåðà ðàñòðåëÿëè çà ñâÿçü ñ “Ëåñíûìè Áðàòÿìè”?, “Ìîñêîâñêèé Êîìñîìîëåö”, 22 àïðåëÿ 2003ã., ñ. 1

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yumbarebi da tyviawamali;105 daakaves soWis Sinagan saqmeTa ganyofilebis TanamSromeli,romelic cdilobda, afxazeTidan gaetana avtomati tyvia-wamalTan erTad;106 soWSi, sasazRvro-gamSveb punqt “fsouze” daakaves axalgazrda mamakaci, romelic cdilobda, kontrabanduligziT gaetana tyvia-wamali.107 sasazRvro Zalebis monacemebiT, ramdenime Tvis ganmavlobaSiaRmoaCines 11 avtomaturi tipis cecxlsasroli iaraRi, yumbarmtyorcni, 30 yumbara, 5pistoleti da 10 aTasze meti tyvia; dafiqsirda narkotikebis kontrabandis 18 SemTxveva.108

dazvervis saxelmwifo departamentis oficerTa gancxadebiT, ruseTis samxedrozedamxedvelebma aRmoaCines didi danaklisi rus samSvidoboTaA iaraRis sawyobebSi.iaraRiT aralegalur vaWrobaSi qarTveli samSvidoboebic monawileoben. cxinvalis regionisoficialurma pirebma ganacxades, rom polkovniki zurab durgliSvili, romelic 2002wlis 15 agvistos cxinvalSi gaitaces, monawileobda kriminalur saqmianobaSi, maT SorisiaraRiT aralegalur vaWrobaSi. am TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa cxinvalis regionisTviTgamocxadebuli respublikis prezidentis, eduard kokoiTis gancxadeba: “saqarTveloSibevrs saubroben cxinvalis regionSi iaraRis gavrcelebis Sesaxeb, garda amisa, me miwodebenmTavar moqmed pirs iaraRis gavrcelebaSi. minda vupasuxo – diax, vyidulob iaraRs dame mas vyidulob saqarTveloSi, qarTveli samxedroebisagan...”.109 vebgverdze “cry.ru” arisinformacia, rom goris raionSi policiam daakava qarTuli samSvidobo Zalebis sameTauroStabis warmomadgeneli, romelic cdilobda iaraRis gasaRebas. policiam amoiRo erTiyumbarmtyorcni, 10 erTeuli “fagoti” da 8 aTasi tyvia.110

afxazeTis TviTgamocxadebuli respublikis premier-ministri raul xajimba rusulinternetgamocema “vremia novostei”-sTan interviuSi acxadebs: “afxazeTis armia yidulobssabrZolo masalebs qarTveli samxedroebisagan, anu im iaraRs, romelsac amerikelebi“wvrTnisa da aRWurvis” programis farglebSi aZleven qarTvelebs. me SemiZlia davasaxelomravali magaliTi, Tu rogor yidian qarTveli samxedroebi natos samxedro aRWurvilobasCvenze”, _ acxadebs xajimba.111

iaraRi cecxlis Sewyvetis xazze. respondentTa umravlesoba Tvlis, rom cecxlisSewyvetis xazze iaraRiT vaWrobis moculoba didi araa. samegrelo-zemo svaneTis regionisprokuroris moadgile, mebrZol Wkadua acxadebs, rom samxedro operaciebisa da iaraRzemoTxovnis ararsebobis gamo, im pirobebSi, rodesac regionSi orive mxares SeimCnevaiaraRis didi koncentracia, iaraRiT vaWroba minimaluria. iaraRiT ukanono vaWrobaxdeba mxolod wminda kriminaluri motiviT (SeiZleba zogjer gaiyidos 1-2 “kalaSnikovis”tipis avtomaturi cecxlsasroli iaraRi an pistoleti). legitimuri mTavrobisuSiSroebis saministros gancxadebiT, qarTveli partizanebi iaraRs rusi samSvidoboebisaganyiduloben.

afxazeTis konfliqtis mogvarebamde iaraRiT aralegaluri vaWroba yovelTvis iqneba“separatistebis winaaRmdeg brZolis” an “teroristuli jgufebis winaaRmdeg brZolis”sababiT. regionSi xdeba mkvlelobis, adamianTa gatacebis, mZevlad ayvanisa da adamianisuflebebis darRvevis uamravi faqti.

105 Ðóñëàí Èãíàòüåâ, Êîíòðàáàíäèñòû íå ëþáÿò øóòîê, “Ðîññèéñêàÿ Ãàçåòà”, 9 èþíÿ 2000 ã., ¹ 2475;http://www.rg.ru/arhiv/2000/06/09.html106 Èñòî÷íèê: ÐÈÀ Íîâîñòè, 19 àâãóñòà 2002 ã.; http://www.yuga.ru/news/11196/index.html107 Ïåðåêðûòü ïóòü îðóæèþ ÷åðåç Ðîññèéñêî-Àáõàçñêóþ ãðàíèöó, Ðàäèî “Ìàÿê Êóáàíè”, 1 èþëÿ 2002ã.; http://www.yuga.ru/news/9728/index.html108 Òàì æå109 interviu cxinvalis regionis de faqto prezidentTan gazeTSi “Ìîëîäåæü Îñåòèè”, www.kavkazweb.com110  Ãðóçèè çà òîðãîâëþ îðóæèåì çàäåðæàíû ïðåäñòàâèòåëè áàòàëüîíà ãðóçèíñêèõ ìèðîòâîð÷åñêèõñèë â çîíå Ãðóçèíî-Îñåòèíñêîãî êîíôëèêòà. Òáèëèñè, 10 ìàÿ 2001 ã.; http://www.cry.ru/text.shtml?200105/20010510094117.inc111 interviu gamoqveynebulia gazeT “rezonansSi”, 4 ivlisi, 2003, #178, http://www.opentext.org.ge/resonance/default.htm.

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narkotikebi

afxazeTsa da cxinvalis regionebSi narkotikebiT aralegaluri vaWroba kontrabandiskidev erTi gavrcelebuli saxea. bolo ramdenime wlis manZilze afxazeTSi mniSvnelovnadgafarTovda narkomafiis masStabebi, momravlda narkotikebis Semcveli mcenareebis naTesebi.

afxazeTis de faqto premier-ministrma raul xajimbam xazi gausva narkotikiT vaWrobiswinaaRmdeg brZolis gaaqtiurebis saWiroebas: “yvelam icis, Tu sad mohyavT narkotikirespublikaSi da saidan Semodis is. policiis muSaoba am mimarTulebiT TvalsaCinounda iyos”.112

2003 wlis 26 maiss cxinvalis regionis de faqto prezidentma gamoxata TavisiuaryofiTi damokidebuleba im faqtTan dakavSirebiT, rom cxinvalis nebismier afTiaqSiuproblemod SeiZleba narkotikuli saSualebis SeZena. man Tqva, rom samarTaldamcavistruqturebis oficrebi Tavadve mfarveloben narkodilerebs.113 qarTuli gazeTi“rezonansi” ityobineboda, rom axlaxan aRmoaCines 35 aTasi laris Rirebulebis yayaCosTesli, romelic opiumis dasamzadeblad gamoiyeneba. RonisZieba ganxorcielda SinagansaqmeTa axali ministris, giorgi baramiZis mier wamowyebuli antinarkotikuli operaciisfarglebSi. ministris TqmiT, yayaCos Tesli modioda ergneTis bazrobidan da gankuTvniliiyo somxeTSi eqsportisaTvis.114

saqarTveloSi narkotikis kontrabandis marSrutebi mravalferovania. yvelaferidamokidebulia imaze, Tu vin axorcielebs kontrabandas, ra saxis narkotikzea saubarida ra raodenobiT xdeba misi gatana. zogierTi narkotikuli saSualeba mohyavT adgilobrivimoxmarebisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT galis raionSi. nebismier CamorCenil qveyanaSi, sadacmaRalia siRaribisa da umuSevrobis done, maRalia narkotikis moxmarebis maCvenebelic.kontrabandis zogierTi marSruti gadis uReltexilebze (Crdilokavkasiis mimarTulebiT)an fsousa da enguris gavliT. Tumca am SemTxvevebSi narkotikebis mxolod mcirepartiebi gadaizideba.

adgilze mohyavT marixuana da haSiSi, iseTi narkotikebi ki, rogoricaa kokaini daheroini, afxazeTSi SemoaqvT TurqeTidan ruseTSi tranzitisaTvis an espaneTsa da sxvaevropul qveynebSi gadasazidad. narkotikebis importi xdeba TevzsaWeri gemebiT. regionSinarkobiznesis centrebad iTvleba soxumi da gudauTa115 . soxumi ZiriTadi sazRvaoportia, gudauTa ki _ yofili rusuli samxedro baza.116 saqarTvelos dazvervisdepartamentis cnobiT, ruseTis saxmeleTo da sazRvao ZalebisTvis, romlebic iyenebengudauTaSi mdebare portsa da aerodroms, narkotikis gadatana metad mosaxerxebelia.ruseTis sahaero Zalebs advilad SeuZliaT misi transportireba centraluri aziidangudauTis aeroportSi. amis Semdeg narkotrasa miemarTeba evropisaken. arc afxaz da arcqarTvel mebaJeebs Tu samarTaldamcav muSakebs ara aqvT ufleba, Seamowmon ruseTissamxedro tvirTebi.117

afxazeTSi kustarul laboratoriebSi warmoebuli narkotiki damnaSaveebs gamarTuliarxebiT SeaqvT ruseTis federaciis teritoriaze msubuqi da satvirTo avtomobilebSimowyobili specialuri samalavebiT, mdinare fsous gavliT. narkotikis gavrcelebisaRniSnul marSruts TiTqmis mTlianad akontroleben afxazeTsa da ruseTis samxreTregionSi mcxovrebi somxebi. maT mier narkotikuli nivTierebebis sazRvarze gadatana

112 “Àïñíûïðåññ”, Âûïóñê ¹144, 6 èþëÿ 2003 ã.; http://apsnypress.narod.ru/113 Íàðêîòèêè â ëþáîé àïòåêå, Èíôîðìàöèîííîå Àãåíòñòâî Ðåãíóí, 22 ìàÿ – 1 èþíÿ 2003 ã.; http://www.regnum.ru/expnews/172004.html114 gazeTi “rezonansi”, 18 dekemberi, 2003, #245, http://www.opentext.org.ge/resonance/default.htm115 saqarTvelos saxelmwifo uSiSroebis ministr valeri xaburZanias angariSi 2002 wels ganxorcielebulsaqmianobaze, http://www.sus.ge/#116 qarTuli wyaro amtkicebs, rom rusi samxedroebi kvlavac iq arian117 interviu saqarTvelos dazvervis saxelmwifo departamentis oficerTan, 30 maisi, 2003

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ZiriTadad agvisto-Tebervlis periodSi xdeba. moTxovnileba narkotikul nivTierebebzeruseTis samxreT regionSi mniSvnelovanwilad afxazeTidan kmayofildeba.118 rusuliwyaros Tanaxmad, soWis mebaJeebma marto erT dRes daakaves 1 kilogrami narkotikulinivTiereba. adamianis mier am odenobiT narkotikuli nivTierebis gadazidvis mcdelobapirveli iyo, radgan narkotikebi sazRvarze satransporto saSualebebSi mowyobilisamalavebiT gadaaqvT. soxumSi mcxovrebi qali, romelmac gayida citrusi soWSi, brundebodasoxumSi. ucnobma mamakacma mas hkiTxa, Tu undoda fulis gakeTeba. qali mas daTanxmda,gadaetana narkotikebi daaxloebiT 69 aSS dolaris safasurad.119

sxva rusuli wyaro ityobineboda, rom ruseT-saqarTvelos sazRvris afxazeTis monakveTzemesazRvreebma daakaves marixuanas 4 kg-iani 14 paketi. 29 wlis afxazeTis mcxovrebmamarixuaniT savse CanTa mdinareSi gadaagdo, romelic ruseTSi unda gadaetana mis partnior43 wlis rus qals .120 rusuli telekompania “TBC” adasturebs mdinare fsouzenarkotikebiT vaWrobis faqtebs.121

qarTuli samarTaldamcavi struqturebis warmomadgenlebma da sxva respondentebmaaRniSnes, rom ar xdeba narkotikebis didi odenobiT moZraoba cecxlis Sewyvetis xazze.Tumca galis raionSi mohyavT marixuana, romelic ZiriTadad samegrelos regions miewodeba.afxazeTis legitimuri mTavrobis galis administraciis gancxadebiT, raionSi mohyavTopiumi. mebrZol Wkaduas gancxadebiT, zugdidSi narkotiki ufro didi odenobiT SemodisdasavleT saqarTvelodan. magaliTad, aRricxulia quTaisidan narkotikebis Catanis 3SemTxveva.122

amJamad afxazeTis xelmZRvaneloba mZime viTarebSi imyofeba, vinaidan banditur dajgufebebsukve SeswevT unari, zegavlena moaxdinon regionis marTvaze. maT TavianTi xalxi hyavTxelisuflebis praqtikulad yvela StoSi. afxazeTis xelisuflebas, rogorc Cans, ukveaRar SeuZlia narkomafiis saqmianobis winaaRmdeg gadamWreli zomebis miReba da misifunqcia ZiriTadad operatiuli informaciis SegrovebiT Semoifargleba.123 es gansakuTrebiTSemaSfoTebelia, vinaidan evraziuli satransporto derefnis proeqtiT saqarTvelossatranzito qveynad Camoyalibebis Sansi eZleva, amdenad, didia safrTxe, is narkotikulisaSualebebis eqsportisa da gavrcelebisaTvis iqnas gamoyenebuli.

narkobiznesi viTardeba cxinvalis regionsa da pankisis xeobaSic. pankisSi viTarebasasikeTod icvleba „wvrTnisa da aRWurvis“ programis dawyebisa da xeobaSiantiteroristuli operaciis Catarebis Semdeg. narkodilerebisaTvis ukve sakmaodsaxifaToa am teritoriis gamoyeneba.124 samxreT da CrdiloeT oseTs Soris koridori(rokis gvirabi) ki dRemde Riaa iaraRisa da narkotikebis kontrabandisaTvis.125 wlebisganmavlobaSi am konfliqturi zonis gavliT saqarTveloSi Semodis narkotikuli saSualeba_ heroini. Semosuli narkotikis xarisxi, fasis Sesabamisad, dabalia. miuxedavad imisa,rom ergneTis bazris meSveobiT didi raodenobis narkotiki Semodis, am regionidanSemotanili narkotikis raodenoba orjer naklebia azerbaijanis teritoriidansaqarTveloSi SemoRweuli narkotikis moculobaze. narkotikisa da iaraRis kontrabandassami adgilobrivi osi _ lova Tedeevi, elbrus jioevi da xazbi Cibirovi akontrolebs.narkotikisa da iaraRis ZiriTadi Semomtan-gamsaReblebi arian ruseTis samSvidobo

118 wyaro: saqarTvelos dazvervis saxelmwifo departamenti119  Àáõàçèè âûðàùèâàþò íàðêîòèêè. Ìíîãî…. 13 ìàðòà 2003 ã.; www.abkhazeti.ru120 Âàëåðèé Îëÿí÷óê, Ïîãðàíè÷íèêè çàäåðæàëè 14 ïàêåòîâ ñ àíàøîé îáøèì âåñîì îêîëî 4 êã. íàÐîññèéñêî-Ãðóçèíñêîé ãðàíèöå. ÐÈÀ “Íîâîñòè”, 15 ÿíâàðÿ 2002 ã.; http://www.rambler.ru/db/news/msg.html?mid=2207065&s=11121  Àáõàçèè âûðàùèâàþò íàðêîòèêè. Ìíîãî…. 13 ìàðòà 2003 ã.; www.abkhazeti.ru122 interviu samegrelo-zemo svaneTis regionuli prokuroris moadgile mebrZol WkaduasTan,, 4 agvisto, 2003123 Ãðóíèí Â. Ô., Öåíà íåçàâèñèìîñòè. Äåêàáðü 2002 ã.; http://adgil.narod.ru/cenanezavisimosti.html124 Òàì æå125 John, B. Russia and the illicit arms trade. In Phythian Mark (Ed.). (2000). Under Counter and Over the Border. Aspectsof the Contemporary Trade in Illicit Arms, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrechts, The Netherlands. p. 91

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Zalebi. adgilobrivi respondentebis mtkicebiT, qarTuli mxridan maT mfarvelobs samxareoadministracia da policia. cxinvalis regionSi opiumi mohyavT kvaisis da javis raionebSi,romelic gadis ruseTsa da danarCen saqarTveloSi. heroini ZiriTadad Semodisazerbaijanidan da mcire odenobiT daRestnidan. heroinis mcire partiebi cxinvalisregionidan ruseTSic gaaqvT.126

adamianebiT vaWroba (trefikingi)

saqarTvelos uSiSroebis yofili ministris gancxadebiT, aris SemTxvevebi, rodesacaralegaluri migrantebi cdiloben afxazeTSi SeRwevas. ruxis xidze (cecxlis SewyvetisxazTan) daakaves afxazeTSi mikroavtobusiT mimavali TurqeTis 12 moqalaqe.127 afxazeTislegitimuri xelisuflebis uSiSroebis saministro ityobineba, rom Turqi moqalaqeebiSekribes qvanaxSiris mompovebeli kompania “okanis” warmomadgenlebma TurqeTSi da dapirdnenmaT TveSi 700-1000 aSS dolaris odenobis xelfass afxazeTSi muSaobis sanacvlod.128

es kompania, rogorc Cans, aqtiurad monawileobs adamianiT vaWrobaSi.saqarTvelos sanapiro dacvam aRmoaCina trefikingis trasa TurqeTidan afxazeTSi: maT

daakaves erT-erTi gemi, romelzec oTxi piri imyofeboda. isini gamoiqcnen afxazeTistyvarCelis raionis qvanaxSiris sabadodan, sadac muSebi Turqma kontrabandistebma erTiTvis win gadaiyvanes. kontrabandistebi maT Sehpirdnen maRal anazRaurebas ruseTSiqvanaxSiris sabadoze, magram amuSavebdnen monur pirobebSi afxazeTSi da araferi gadauxades.quTaisis saqalaqo sasamarTlom gamoiZia es SemTxveva.129

Turquli gemebi monawileoben qalebiT vaWrobaSi, romlebic ZiriTadad CamohyavTruseTidan da afxazeTis gavliT gadahyavT TurqeTSi. am saqmianobaSi CarTulni ariankriminaluri jgufebis warmomadgenlebi. Cveulebriv, qalebis gadayvana xdeba 5-6-kacianjgufebad.130

xSiria monuri Sromis (servitudi) SemTxvevebi. magaliTad, rusuli sainformaciosaagento ityobineboda: 2001 wlis 28 marts erT-erT sasazRvro-gamSveb punqtze daakavespiri, romelic cdilobda afxazeTidan ruseTSi gadasvlas. is aRmoCnda murmanskelioleg kalonovi. man ganacxada, rom igi imyofeboda servitudSi afxazebTan 1993 wlidan.131

moparuli manqanebiT vaWroba

bolo periodSi gansakuTrebiT imata moparuli manqanebiT vaWrobam. aseTi manqanebisdidi nawili midis cxinvalis regionsa da afxazeTSi. TbilisSi, quTaissa da sxvaqalaqebSi moparul manqanebs yidian ruseTSi an konfliqtur zonebSi, an damnaSaveebigamosasyidis miRebis Semdeg maT patronebs ubruneben. zogjer manqanebi icvleba narkotikSi.qarTveli, afxazi da osi damnaSaveebi warmatebiT TanamSromloben moparuli manqanebisbiznesSi. manqanebi afxazeTSi gadahyavT ZiriTadad ori soflis – Samgonasa da nafadus(walenjixis raioni) gavliT, xolo cxinvalSi _ centraluri da SemovliTi gzebiTgoris raionidan.132

qarTveli da afxazi samarTaldamcavebi danaSaulis aRkveTaSi TiTqmis ar TanamSromloben,rac qmnis sasurvel pirobebs am saxis saqmianobisaTvis. samegrelo-zemo svaneTis

126 interviu saqarTvelos dazvervis saxelmwifo departamentis oficrebTan, 30 maisi, 2003127 saqarTvelos saxelmwifo uSiSroebis ministr valeri xaburZanias angariSi 2002 wels ganxorcielebulsaqmianobaze, http://www.sus.ge/#128 wyaro: afxazeTis devnili mTavrobis saxelmwifo uSiSroebis saministro129 efuZneba saqarTvelos sazRvris dacvis saxelmwifo departamentis masalebs130 interviu saqarTvelos dazvervis saxelmwifo departamentis oficrebTan, 30 maisi, 2003131 Àáõàçèÿ ãîòîâà äàòü îòïîð âñåìó ìèðó, 24 èþíÿ 2002 ã. http://www.abkhazeti.ru/news_detail.php?id=147132 interviu samegrelo-zemo svaneTis regionuli prokuroris moadgile mebrZol WkaduasTan, 4 agvisto, 2003

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prokuroris moadgilem, mebrZol Wkaduam Tqva, rom roca es sakiTxi afxazuri mxariswarmomadgenlebis winaSe daayena, pasuxi aseTi iyo: qarTvelebma ukeTesad uyarauleTmanqanebso. erTaderTi jgufi, romlis farglebSi xdeba mxareTa TanamSromloba, arisWuburxinjis jgufi (masSi Sedian saqarTvelos, afxazeTis, ruseTisa da gaeroswarmomadgenlebi), romelsac aqvs mxolod mokvlevis ufleba da ufro politikurdebatebSia CarTuli, vidre danaSaulebebis gamoZiebaSi. praqtikulad, am jgufs ar SeuZliadamnaSaveTa identificireba.133

2002 wels mdinare engurze mokles zugdidis kriminaluri policiis xelmZRvanelibeglar fonia. moparuli manqana gaiWeda mdinare engurSi da policia mis gamoyvanasSeecada. am dros mdinaris meore napiridan afxazurma mxarem cecxli gaxsna. qarTulimxaris daJinebuli moTxovnis miuxedavad, afxazurma mxarem da rusma samSvidoboebmaqarTvel gamomZieblebs saSualeba ar misces, cecxlis gaxsnis zusti adgili daedginaT.

analogiuri problemebi aqvT qarTvel da os samarTaldamcavebs. TanamSromlobisnakleboba da maTi kolegebis Tanamonawileoba kriminalur saqmianobaSi dazaralebulebSipoliciisadmi undoblobas iwvevs. 2003 wlis gazafxulze SeiaraRebulma qarTvelmadamnaSaveebma quTaisel moqalaqes waarTves avtomanqana “BMW 700” da is cxinvalismimarTulebiT waiyvanes. mogvianebiT Tavdamsxmelebi mas daukavSirdnen da mosTxoves7.000 aSS dolari avtomanqanis dasabruneblad. man ar ganacxada policiaSi (misi TqmiT,am saqmeSi policia Tavad iyo gareuli) da didi vaWrobis Semdeg manqana 3.000 aSSdolarad daibruna.134

qarTuli gazeTi “rezonansi” iuwyeba, rom enguris xidze daakaves ori devnili, policiisyofili TanamSromeli. isini cdilobdnen moparuli manqanis afxazeTSi gadayvanas. avtomanqanamoparuli iyo TbilisSi. qarTulma mxarem ganacxada, rom es pirebi moqmedebdnen ruseTissamSvidobo ZalebTan SeTanxmebulad.135

moparuli manqanebis biznesSi monawileoben qarTveli, afxazi da osi damnaSaveebi,partizanebi, samarTaldamcavi struqturebis warmomadgenlebi da rusi samSvidoboebi.2002 wels damoukidebelma telekompania “rusTavi 2”-ma programaSi “60 wuTi” warmoadginadokumenturi masala am tipis kriminaluri qselis Sesaxeb.

navTobproduqtebi

kontrabandis kidev erTi saxeobaa sawvaviT vaWroba. ruseTsa da azerbaijanSinavTobproduqtebze sacalo fasebi saqarTveloSi arsebul fasebTan SedarebiT dabalia,rac kontrabandisTvis xelsayrel garemos qmnis. navTobproduqtebis kontrabanda ZiriTadadcxinvalis regionidan (ergneTis bazroba), afxazeTidan, foTis portidan da azerbaijanidanxorcieldeba.

ergneTis bazrobidan da cecxlis Sewyvetis xazze kontrabandas ZiriTadad wvriliimportiorebi ewevian, xolo didi raodenobiT aralegaluri importi xdeba azerbaijanidanda foTis portidan. finansTa saministros informaciiT, ergneTidan ukanonod SemotanilinavTobproduqtebis moculoba TveSi saSualod 5 aTas tonas Seadgens.136 PA ConsultingGroup-is gaTvlebiT, saqarTveloSi yovelTviuri saSualo moxmareba Seadgens 65 aTastonas (benzini da dizelis sawvavi erTad). gansxvaveba realur moxmarebasa daregistrirebul imports Soris (2002 wlis oficialuri monacemebis magaliTze) aris460 aTasi tona weliwadSi, rac Seadgens kontabanduli sawvavis daaxloebiT moculobas.amgvarad, ergneTidan ukanonod Semotanili sawvavi Seadgens yovelTviuri moxmarebis

133 iqve134 interviu quTaisis macxovrebelTan, 14 aprili, 2003135 gazeTi “rezonansi”, 27 dekemberi, 2003, #354, http://www.opentext.org.ge/resonance/default.htm136 Economic and Social Consequences of Internal Conflicts, Parliament’s Budgetary Office of Georgia, Tbilisi, 2003, p. 10; www.pbo.ge

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daaxloebiT 7.7 procents da mTliani kontrabanduli sawvavis 13 procents. konfliqturizonebidan ZiriTadad SemoaqvT benzini, dizeli ki umTavresad azerbaijanidan Semodis.

afxazeTSi benzini SemoaqvT gemebiT, Semdeg ki enguris centraluri xidiT da SemovliTigzebiT aRwevs saqarTvelos sxva regionebs, ZiriTadad samegrelos.

qarTuli wyaroebis mixedviT, afxazeTis mTliani mosaxleoba ar aRemateba 170 aTass,maSin, roca separatistuli wyaros Tanaxmad, es ricxvi 320 aTass aRwevs. es arTulebsafxazeTSi benzinis moxmarebis saSualo donis gamoTvlas. Tumca zogadad SeiZlebaiTqvas, rom afxazeTidan saqarTveloSi dizeli da benzini Zalian mcire odenobiT Semodis– ZiriTadad samegrelos regionSi adgilobrivi moTxovnis dasakmayofileblad, iSviaTad_ quTaissa da dasavleT saqarTvelos sxva regionebSi. azerbaijanidan da cxinvalisregionidan kontrabanda gacilebiT masStaburia, amasTan, cxinvalis regionidan ukanonodSemotanili sawvavis moculoba bevrad Camouvardeba azerbaijanidan Semotanils, upirvelesad,sarkinigzo da sazRvao komunikaciis ararsebobis gamo. zamTarSi ruseTis (CrdiloeToseTi) da cxinvalis regionis damakavSirebeli rokis gvirabi 4-5 TviT iketeba daSeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnas mxolod mcire kontrabandisaTvis.

saqarTvelos dazvervis saxelmwifo departamentis monacemebiT, afxazebs ruseTisfederaciidan sawvavi SemoaqvT ruseTis samSvidobo Zalebis kuTvnili benzinmzidebiT.rusebi acxadeben, rom samSvidoboebs sWirdebaT benzinis importis maRal doneze SenarCuneba,Tumca samSvidobo Zalebi realurad ar moixmaren im raodenobis sawvavs, rasac acxadeben.ruseTis federaciis teritoriidan afxazeTSi Semosuli navTobproduqtebis saerTomoculoba TveSi saSualod 8000 tonas aRwevs. am sawvavis nawili moixmareba adgilobrivimosaxleobis mier, nawili ki gadaaqvT samegrelos regionSi. benzini afxazeTSi SeaqvTTurqeTidanac da misi moculoba TveSi saSualod 1000 tonaa.137

diagrama 1. qarTuli da afxazuri monacemebis Sedareba afxazeTSi sawvavisimportis Sesaxeb (aTasi tona/TveSi)

138

2100

9000

6900

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

afxazuri monacemebi qarTuli monacemebi Nararegistrirebuliimporti

sawvavze adgilobrivi moTxovna afxazeTSi TveSi daaxloebiT 2500-3000 tonaa, anu regioniweliwadSi maqsimum 35-36 aTas tonas moixmars.139 sxvadasxva wyaroebis Tanaxmad, kontrabandulisawvavis saSualo moculoba afxazeTidan aris 2000-2500 tona TveSi, rac Seadgens yovelTviurimoxmarebis 3-4 procents da mTliani kontrabanduli sawvavis 5-6 procentia.140

amgvarad, konfliqturi zonebidan sawvavis kontrabanda ar aRemateba saqarTveloSiarsebuli mTliani kontrabandis 18-19 procents.

137 interviu saqarTvelos dazvervis saxelmwifo departamentis oficrebTan, 30 maisi, 2003138 afxazuri monacemebi efuZneba afxazur internetwyaroebs, xolo qarTuli monacemebi _ saqarTvelosdazvervis saxelmwifo departamentis gaTvlebs139 interviu saqarTvelos dazvervis saxelmwifo departamentis oficrebTan, 30 maisi, 2003140 interviu afxazeTis devnili mTavrobis saxelmwifo uSiSroebis saministros oficerTan, 24 maisi, 2003

43

sqema 2. sawvavis kontrabandis meqanizmi cecxlis Sewyvetis xazze

sawvavis kontrabanda cecxlisSewyvetis xazze

afxazuriSeiaraRebulidajgufebebi

afxazurisabaJo

Suamavlebi

rusulisamSvidobo

Zalebi

qarTuliregionuli

samarTaldamcavistruqturebi

Ppartizanebi

da“zviadistebi ”

avtogasamarTisadgurebiZiriTadad

zugdidisa dawalenjixisraionebSi

afxazeTis devniliselisufleba

(adgilobrivi dacentraluri)

wvrilimovaWreebi

sagadasaxadodepartamenti d asagangebo legioni

1998 wlis Semdeg saqarTvelos sagadasaxado sistemaSi Setanilma cvlilebebma gaauaresabiznesgaremo saqarTveloSi. sawvavze msoflio fassa da ruseTis Sida bazarze fassSoris sxvaoba gaizarda 1999 wlis Semdeg. aman Seqmna afxazeTidan da cxinvalisregionidan sawvavis kontrabandisaTvis xelSemwyobi ekonomikuri pirobebi. 1998 welsmsoflio fasebi dabali iyo da kontrabanda ar iyo momgebiani. magram Semdeg sawvavzegaizarda msoflio fasebi da ruseTidan kontrabandamac imata.

amave dros, ruseTi konkurencias ver uwevs azerbaijans. azerbaijanuli benzinisxarisxis miuxedavad, igi ufro iafia da ufro axlosaa qarTul bazarTan. rkinigziTsawvavis gadazidva gacilebiT iafi da advilia azerbaijanidan, vidre ruseTidan.fsiqologiurad, qarTvelebsa da azerbaijanelebs Soris biznesgaremo ukeTesia – qarTul-rusuli urTierTobebi sakmaod daZabulia, or samxreTkavkasiur saxelmwifos Soris kiarsebobs megobruli urTierTobebi, rac ganpirobebulia saerTo geopolitikuriinteresebiT. maSinac ki, Tu afxazeTSi rkinigza gaixsneba, biznesis keTeba mainc sariskoiqneba mxareebs Soris mtruli damokidebulebisa da regionSi arsebuli daZabulikriminogenuli viTarebis gamo.141

Tambaqos produqtebi

eqspertTa gaTvlebiT, Tambaqos biznesis 75 procenti ar ibegreba, amdenad, aralegaluria.142

1998 wlis meore naxevarSi rusuli valutis gacvliTi kursis dacemam mniSvnelovanwiladgazarda saqarTvelos bazarze rusuli saqonlis konkurentunarianoba. rusuli sigaretislegaluri importis konkurentunarianoba ki mniSvnelovnad Semcirda saqarTveloSisigaretze maRali aqcizuri gadasaxadis gamo. ruseTSi SedarebiT dabalma aqcizurma

141 interviu energetikis komitetis Tavmjdomare vano nakaiZesTan, amerikis savaWro palata saqarTveloSi, 17aprili, 2003142 Economic and Social Consequences of Internal Conflicts, Parliament’s Budgetary Office of Georgia, Tbilisi, 2003,p. 12; www.pbo.ge

44

gadasaxadma da saqarTvelo-ruseTis sazRvris daucvelobam rusuli Tambaqos produqtebiskontrabanda momgebianad aqcia. statistikis saxelmwifo departamentis gaTvlebiT, rusuliaqcizurmarkiani sigareti ufro metia saqarTvelos bazarze, vidre sxva qveynebis nawarmi.sigaretis mTliani bazris 17.6 procenti ukavia rusul aqcizian sigarets, anu ZiriTadadkonfliqturi zonebis gavliT Semosul kontrabandul saqonels.143 ruseTidan kontrabandaxdeba yazbegis mimarTulebidanac.

ergneTis bazrobaze kontrabanduli sigareti uxvadaa. saqarTvelos uSiSroebissaministros warmomadgenlis araoficialuri informaciiT, 500.000 kolofi sigaretiSemoitanes cxinvalis regionSi ruseTidan da mTeli partia 2 dReSi gaiyida.144 TumcaergneTis bazrobidan momavali Tambaqos aralegaluri produqtebis didi odenobaoficialurad arasdros daukavebiaT. TbilisSi moxmarebuli kontrabanduli sigaretisudidesi nawili swored am regionidan Semodis. kontrabanduli sigareti aseve aRwevsafxazeTidan da aWaridan. saqarTvelos periferiebSi aralegaluri Tambaqos produqtebsbazris 90 procenti uWiravs.145

afxazeTis teritoriaze Semotanili da adgilobrivi kontrabanduli tvirTebi mkacradkontroldeba afxazeTis xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebis da v. arZinbas ojaxuri klanismxridan.146 swored iseni ganageben afxazeTSi moqmed soxumisa da gudauTis Tambaqosfabrikebs. aRniSnul fabrikebSi iwarmoeba “Marlboro”-s, “Marlboro Medium”-is markisa da“A????”-s ufiltro sigaretebi.

sigareti kontrabandulad ZiriTadad ruseTidan (“Äîíñêîé Òàáàê”) da TurqeTidan(“Parliament” da sxv) SemoaqvT. adre afxazeTSi yvelaze gavrcelebuli kontrabandulisigareti “Viceroy” iyo, Tumca mas Semdeg, rac qarTulma Tambaqos qarxanam misi warmoebadaiwyo, am markis kontrabanduli sigareti TiTqmis gaqra.147

afxazeTis teritoriaze arsebobs ramdenime Tambaqos fabrika. soxumis fabrika garkveulwiladsaxelmwifo zedamxedvelobis qveSaa. misi mflobeli da menejeri iyo levan arZinba (vladislavarZinbas biZaSvili), warmoebis process ki zedamxedvelobs revaz tabaRua. levan arZinbasekuTvnoda soxumis maxloblad mdebare safermentacio qarxanac, romelic Tambaqos fabrikasnedleuls awvdis. nedleulis miwodeba aseve xdeba ruseTidan da TurqeTidan. soxumisfabrika moskovSi moqmed kompania “geogravionik”-Tan erTad ZiriTadad uSvebda “Marlboro”-s da“afxazeTs”.148 meore – gudauTis Tambaqos fabrika, dafuZnda 2001 wels safermentacioqarxnis bazaze, aRWurvilia bulgaruli teqnikiT da ZiriTadad “Marlboro Medium Menthol”-sawarmoebs _ mas akontrolebdnen paSa da levan arZinbebi.149 2001 wlis ianvarSi gudauTisTambaqos fabrikis bazaze gaixsna qarxana “leoni”. misi aqciebis 50 procenti ekuTvnisTviTgamocxadebuli respublikis mTavrobas, danarCeni ki Sps “LA Company”–s, romlis mflobeliiyo levan arZinba.150 gudauTis gareubanSi aris kidev erTi fabrika, romelic awarmoebssigaret “Astra”-s. misi mflobeli ucnobia.151

afxazeTSi adgilobrivad warmoebuli sigareti (Marlboro) gankuTvnilia TurqeTisa dasaqarTvelosTvis (ZiriTadad zugdidis raionisTvis). xSirad rusebs SemoaqvT TavianTiaqcizuri markebi afxazeTSi, akraven maT adgilobrivi warmoebis sigarets da isev ruseTSi

143 Mamuka Nadareishvili, Vakhtang Pkhakadze, Revaz Tsakadze, Supply and Use of Tobacco Goods in Georgia; StateDepartment of Statistics of Georgia, Tbilisi, 2002, p.20-25.144 interviu saxelmwifo uSiSroebis saministros oficerTan, 24 maisi, 2003145 Economic and Social Consequences of Internal Conflicts, Parliament’s Budgetary Office of Georgia, Tbilisi, 2003, p. 14; www.pbo.ge146 saqarTvelos dazvervis saxelmwifo departamentis 2002 wlis 19 dekembris #7/4-10-01766 weriliparlamentis sabiujeto ofisisadmi147 interviu saqarTvelos dazvervis saxelmwifo departamentis oficrebTan, 30 maisi, 2003148 wyaro: afxazeTis devnili mTavrobis saxelmwifo uSiSroebis saministro149 interviu saxelmwifo uSiSroebis saministros oficerTan, 24 maisi, 2003150 wyaro: afxazeTis devnili mTavrobis saxelmwifo uSiSroebis saministro151 interviu saxelmwifo uSiSroebis saministros oficerTan, 24 maisi, 2003

45

gaaqvT.152 afxazeTis teritoriaze moqmed kontrabandistebs mWidro kavSirebi aqvT rogorcruseTisa da TurqeTis, ise saqarTvelos sxva regionebSi moqmed “biznesmenebTan”.

afxazeTis teritoriaze Semotanili da adgilobrivi kontrabanduli Tambaqos produqciisgadatana xdeba galis teritoriaze, saidanac sigareti SedarebiT mcire partiebiT Sedis zugdidisraionSi. saamisod kontrabandistebi iyeneben mdinare engurze arsebul xidebsa da fonebs(ruseTis samSvidobo Zalebis #301 saguSago, ruxis xidi, sofel Samgonasa da nafadus fonebi).

sqema 3. sigaretis kontrabandis meqanizmi cecxlis Sewyvetis xazze

sigaretis kontrabanda cecxlisSewyvetis xazze

afxazuriSeiaraRebuliDdajgufebebi

valmerbuTbas

meTaurobiT

galisa dazugdidis

macxovreblebi,devnilebizugdidSi

zugdidSimdebare

qarTuliregionuli policia

zugdidisaDda walenjixis

Bbazrebi

AafxazurisabaJo

rusisamSvidoboebi

Cveulebriv, kontrabanduli sigareti rCeba samegrelos regionSi, Tumca mcire partiebimiemarTeba aWaraSi da saqarTvelos sxva regionebSi. 2001-2002 wlebis ganmavlobaSiafxazeTis teritoriidan aWaris mimarTulebiT gaigzavna afxazuri warmoebis “Marlboro”-sa da “Marlboro Medium”-is didi partiebi. TurqeTis respublikidan afxazeTSi gemebiTSehqondaT ” Viceroy”, xolo satvirTo avtomanqanebiT ruseTis federaciidan Semodis ”Parliament” da “Äîíñêîé Òàáàê”.153

zogierTi respondenti fiqrobs, rom sigaretiT vaWroba afxazeTis gavliT ar arisdidi moculobis. 1998 wlamde sigareti Semodioda TurqeTidan, gaivlida cecxlisSewyvetis xazs da miemarTeboda zugdidi-Tbilisis mimarTulebiT. afxazuri mxridansigaretiT vaWroba monopolizebulia valmer buTbas SeiaraRebuli dajgufebis mier,romelic sigarets iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirebze yidis. am gziT igi ara mxolodmogebas naxulobs, aramed iRebs yoveldRiur sadazvervo informaciasac zugdidis raionSiarsebul mdgomareobaze.

samegrelo-zemo svaneTis regionuli prokuroris moadgilem mebrZol Wkaduam aRniSna,rom adgilobrivi da regionuli samarTaldamcavi struqturebi da partizanebi msxvilkontrabandaSi monawileoben, adgilobriv mosaxleobas (ZiriTadad afxazeTidan) sigaretigadmoaqvs mcire odenobiT – 500 kolofamde. masobrivi umuSevrobis pirobebSikontrabandaSi monawileoba gaWirvebuli moqalaqeebisTvis Tavis rCenis SesaZloa erTaderTi

152 interviu saqarTvelos dazvervis saxelmwifo departamentis oficrebTan, 30 maisi, 2003153 wyaro: saqarTvelos dazvervis saxelmwifo departamenti

46

saSualebaa. man aseve aRniSna, rom am saxis Crdilovani biznesis akrZalvisaken mimarTulmamkacrma zomebma SeiZleba socialuri afeTqeba gamoiwvios. Wkaduas TqmiT, miuxedavadimisa, rom yovelwliurad daaxloebiT 100 piris (ZiriTadad qalebis) winaaRmdegsadamsjelo zomebi gamoiyeneba, im xalxis mimarT, vinc Tavis gadasarCenad ibrZvis, aseTisanqciebis gamoyeneba usamarTloa. amgvarad, aralegaluri sigaretiT vaWrobac socialuriproblemaa da mas organizebul danaSaulTan erTad siRaribe ganapirobebs.

zogierTi kompania cdilobs cxinvalis regionis ukontrolo zonis sakuTaribiznesinteresebisaTvis gamoyenebas. uaqcizo produqciis amkrZalavi brZanebulebis SemoRebisSemdeg sagadasaxado departamentma daluqa qarTuli kompania “omegas” kuTvnili sawyobi,sadac inaxeboda 1.72 milioni laris uaqcizo Tambaqos produqcia. sabaJo departamentmagamosca brZaneba, romliTac neba darTo kompaniebs, moexdinaT narCeni produqciis eqsporti.“omegam” daafiqsira Tavisi produqciis gagzavna rokis gvirabis gavliT duSanbeSi(tajikeTi) “dansia korporeiSenis” saxelze. aRmoCnda, rom es iyo yalbi operacia dasagangebo legionis mokvlevis Semdeg dadginda: ruseTis sabaJo samsaxuri ar adasturebs“omegas” kuTvnili tvirTis mier saqarTvelo-ruseTis sabaJo sazRvris gadakveTas, tajikeTissagadasaxado organoebi ar adastureben “dansia korporeiSenis” arsebobas da satransportosaSualebis nomeri, romelsac TiTqosda tvirTi gadahqonda, ar arsebobs. amis safuZvelze2001 wlis 27 aprils sagangebo legionma aRZra sisxlis samarTlis saqme, Tumca 6 dRisSemdeg generalurma prokuraturam masalebi legions ukan gaugzavna damatebiTigamoZiebisTvis.154 es SemTxveva miuTiTebs ara marto saqarTveloSi kargad cnobilizogierTi kompaniis aralegalur saqmianobaze, aramed antikontrabanduli samarTaldamcavistruqturebis uunarobasa da kontrabanduli vaWrobis winaaRmdeg brZolisaraefeqturobaze.

xe-tyis eqsporti

xe-tyis kontrabanda aris afxazeTis separatistuli mTavrobisa da adgilobriviklanebis Semosavlebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi wyaro.155 afxazuri wyaroebis Tanaxmad, 2002wels afxazeTis xe-tyis warmoebis moculobam Seadgina 1.723 milioni aSS dolari damisi 82 procenti daumuSavebel xe-tyeze modis.156 amJamad xe-tyis damuSavebuli produqciawarmoebis mxolod 18 procents Seadgens. mTavroba cdilobs am maCveneblis 25 procentamdegazrdas. de faqto mTavrobis ekonomikis saministros azriT, “mniSvnelovania afxazeTSixe-tyis gadamamuSavebeli mrewvelobis ganviTareba da axali teqnologiebis danergva.araa normaluri, rodesac xe-tye afxazeTidan gadis, adgilze ki ar iSoveba iseTi produqcia,rogoricaa parketi da aveji”.157 kompania “afxazles”-is (“afxaztye”) generaluri direqtoriadolf Samba adasturebs mrewvelobis am dargis ganviTarebis da ara mxolod nedleulismimwodeblad yofnis aucileblobas.158 rogorc acxadeben gagris, gudauTis da gulrifSissatyeo meurneobebi, sagadasaxado tvirTi xe-tyis mrewvelobaze sakmaod mZimea.159 afxazuriwyaros Tanaxmad, afxazeTSi xe-tyis gaCexvis nebadarTuli teritoria aris 52 aTasiheqtari da gamosadegi tyis resursi 17 milioni kuburi metria.

qarTuli wyaros Tanaxmad, saxelmwifo kompania “afxazles”-ma awarmoa 1.7 milioni

154 saqarTvelos uSiSroebis sabWos angariSi kontrabandis saxifaTo masStabebisa da masTan brZolis Sesaxeb;1 ianvari, 2000 _ 1 maisi, 2001155 es informacia efuZneba interviuebs sazRvris dacvis saxelmwifo departamentis, dazvervis departamentisada saqarTvelos saxelmwifo uSiSroebis saministros oficrebTan156 Èíôîðìàöèîííîå Àãåíòñòâî Ðåãíóí; http://www.abhazia.com/news/157 afxazeTis de faqto mTavrobis ekonomikis ministri konstantine tuJba citirebulia “Àïñíûïðåññ”,Âûïóñê ¹096, 20 ìàÿ 2003 ã.; http://apsnypress.narod.ru/158 adolf Samba citirebulia “Àïñíûïðåññ”, Âûïóñê ¹096, 20 ìàÿ 2003 ã.; http://apsnypress.narod.ru/159 “Àïñíûïðåññ”, Âûïóñê ¹096, 20 ìàÿ 2003 ã.; http://apsnypress.narod.ru/

47

aSS dolaris Rirebulebis produqcia, moaxdina 1.57 milioni dolaris produqciisrealizeba da TviTgamocxadebuli respublikis biujetSi 950 aTasi aSS dolari Seitana.160

afxazuri wyaros Tanaxmad, 2002 wels am kompaniam awarmoa 51.7 milioni kuburi metrixe-tye, xolo damuSavebuli mza produqcia 310 aTasi aSS dolaris ekvivalenturia.161

yovelwliurad izrdeba afxazeTidan gatanili xe-tyis moculoba. gansakuTrebiTsagangaSoa xis Zvirfasi jiSebis Wra da eqsporti.

diagrama 2. xe-tyis eqsportis dinamika mxolod ori _ gagrisa da gudauTisraionidan (aTasi kuburi metri)

2430

39,550

5763,4

80

16

61,8

0102030405060708090

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

dazvervis monacemebiafxazuri monacemebi

qarTuli monacemebi mogvawoda dazvervis saxelmwifo departamentma. rTuli iyoSesabamisi monacemebis moZieba afxazur wyaroebSi. eqsportis moculobis maCveneblebi,romlis povnac SeZlo TraCCC-is mkvlevarTa jgufma, Seexeba 1999 wlis monacemebsvebgverdze http://adgil.narod.ru/cenanezavisimosti.html da 2003 wlis gazeT „respublika afxazia“-s masalebs.162

1999 wlis qarTuli da afxazuri monacemebi erTmaneTisagan mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba.es SeiZleba niSnavdes, rom saqarTvelos dazvervis monacemebi ar aris zusti. Tumca SesaZloaimis mtkicebac, rom afxazebi ver aRricxaven xe-tyis eqsportis mTlian moculobas. esniSnavs, rom arsebobs xe-tyis biznesi, rac Tavad afxazebisTvisac kontrabandasa da aralegalureqsports warmoadgens. afxazi oficialuri pirebi acxadeben, rom “dResdReobiT xe-tyisukanono Cexva da aralegaluri eqsporti Cveulebriv movlenad da Semosavlis mniSvnelovanwyarod iqca”.163 gazeT “respublika afxazia”-s mohyavda premier-ministr g. gagulias sityvebi:“saxelmwifo kompania “afxazles”-is sami direqtori ara marto gaTavisufldeba dakavebuliTanamdebobidan, aramed maT winaaRmdeg aRiZvreba sisxlis samarTlis saqme im zaralis gamo,romelic maTma upatiosno qmedebam miayena afxazeTis biujets”.164

erTi kuburi metris fasi 100-125 aSS dolaria. saqarTvelos dazvervisdepartamentis Tanaxmad, xe-tyis biznesSi ZiriTadad CarTulni arian paSa da akaarZinbebi (aka arZinbas gardacvalebis Semdeg gavlenis sferoebi gadaeca mis Zmas,kutak arZinbas).

afxazeTis teritoriidan xe-tyis gatanis mxriv gansakuTrebiT aqtiuroben TurqeTismoqalaqeebi. maTi mxridan regionSi gaaqtiurda Zvirfasmerqniani xis jiSebis (magaliTad,

160 wyaro: afxazeTis devnili mTavrobis saxelmwifo uSiSroebis saministro161 “Àïñíûïðåññ”, Âûïóñê ¹096, 20 Ìàÿ 2003 ã.; http://apsnypress.narod.ru/162 Íàòàëüÿ Øóëüãèíà, Ëåñà Àáõàçèè: ÷òî îñòàâèì íàøèì âíóêàì? Ãàçåòà “Ðåñïóáëèêà Àáõàçèÿ”, ¹41(1545), 19-20 àïðåëÿ 2003 ã., ñ. 4-5.163 Åêîíîìèêà è Áèçíåñ, “Apsny.ru”; http://www.apsny.ru/economic/economic.php164 Ïðåññ-êîíôåðåíöèÿ Ïðåìüåð-ìèíèñòðà Ã. Ãàãóëèÿ. Ãàçåòà “Ðåñïóáëèêà Àáõàçèÿ”, ¹30 (1534), 19-20 ìàðòà2003 ã., ñ.3.

48

wablis) ganadgureba. damzadebuli xis masalis TurqeTSi transportirebas kviraSiorjer oCamCirisa da soxumis portebidan axdenen. uSiSroebis saministros warmomadgeneliityobineba, rom axlaxan daakaves xe-tyis gadamtani Turquli gemi. produqciis mTlianiRirebuleba Seadgenda 250 aTas aSS dolars. saqarTvelos dazvervis departamentisgaTvlebiT, am produqciis 90 procenti TurqeTSi gadis.

afxazeTSi mimdinare xe-tyis damzadebaSi monawileoben sxva qveynebis warmomadgenlebic.magaliTad, bzifis xeobaSi arsebul xe-tyes amuSavebs erT-erTi espanuri kompania. espanelTamier ganxorcielebulma investiciam Seadgina 4 milioni aSS dolari. amJamad bzifiskombinatSi (xelmZRvaneli paSa arZinba) moqmedebs 5 saamqro da amzadeben maRali xarisxisparkets (TveSi saSualod 4000 kubur metrs), romelic ZiriTadad Turqul-espanurmxares gaaqvs sazRvargareT.165 2002 wels bzifis qarxanam TviTgamocxadebuli respublikisbiujetSi Caricxa 30 milioni rusuli rubli (daaxloebiT 990 aTasi aSS dolari).166

mogvianebiT damnaSaveebma erTmaneTSi ver gaiyves zemoaRniSnuli qarxnidan miRebuliwili da kombinati dawves, Tumca espanurma mxarem aRWurviloba xelaxla daamontaJa.167

rogorc qarTveli, ise ucxoeli specialistebis azriT, afxazeTSi tyis ukontroloWra regionis bunebriv balanss arRvevs. de faqto mTavrobis ekologiuri usafrTxoebisada garemos dacvis samsaxuris ufrosis, roman dbaris Tanaxmad, 2002 wels gamovlindatyis ukanono Wris 45 SemTxveva.168 sabWoTa kavSiris periodSi am regionSi tyis moWrasaerTod akrZaluli iyo. amJamad ki afxazeTis teritoriaze tyis ukanono Wra daeqsporti Cveulebriv movlenad iqca.

Txilis biznesi galisa da zugdidis raionebSi

galis administraciis xelmZRvaneli ruslan qiSmaria xazgasmiT aRniSnavs regionisTvisTxilis biznesis udides mniSvnelobas. gasul wels erTi kilogramis fasi 20 rusulirubli (daaxloebiT 0.65 aSS dolari) iyo, axla fasi 25 rublamde gaizarda (0.81433aSS dolari). gasul welTan SedarebiT mosavali orjer naklebia, magram xarisxiT _ukeTesi. misi TqmiT, 2002 wels galidan gaitanes 6 aTasi tona Txili saqarTveloSicecxlis Sewyvetis xazisa da mdinare fsous gavliT ruseTSi. qiSmaria ityobineba, romrusul komerciul kompania „babaevski“-s aqvs Txilis plantaciebi oCamCiris raionSi.169

sakonditro koncerni „babaevski“ uZvelesi warmoebaa ruseTSi.170 am sferoSi igisididiT mesamea „nestle“-sa da „krasni oqtiabri“-s Semdeg.171 mis aqcionerTa Sorisarian komerciuli banki „inkombanki“, „gosinkor holdingi“ da „naouape holdings lim-ited“ (kviprosi).172 sakontrolo pakets flobs „inkombanki“ (auditoruli kompania„artur andersen“-is gaTvlebiT, misi Rirebuleba 40 milioni aSS dolaria). mas Semdeg,rac „inkombanks“ finansuri problemebi Seeqmna, gaimarTa ara erTi sasamarTlo procesi:kompania „babaevski“-ze Tavisi uflebebis legitimurobas amtkicebda germanuli banki“Bayerische Landesbank”, Tumca moskovis saarbitraJo sasamarTlom misi es moTxovna ar

165 wyaro: saqarTvelos dazvervis saxelmwifo departamenti166 wyaro: afxazeTis devnili mTavrobis saxelmwifo uSiSroebis saministro167 interviu saqarTvelos dazvervis saxelmwifo departamentis oficrebTan, 30 maisi, 2003168 Íàòàëüÿ Øóëüãèíà, Ëåñà Àáõàçèè: ÷òî îñòàâèì íàøèì âíóêàì? Ãàçåòà “Ðåñïóáëèêà Àáõàçèÿ”, ¹41(1545), 19-20 àïðåëÿ 2003 ã., ñ. 4-5.169 Èíòåðâüþ Ç. Öâèøáà ñ Ð. Êèøìàðèÿ. Ãàçåòà “Ðåñïóáëèêà Àáõàçèÿ” 8 àâãóñòà 2003 ã.; http://www.abkhaziya.org/confer/kishmaria.html170 Ïðåçèäåíò ÎÀÎ “Êîíäèòåðñêèé Êîíöåðí Áàáàåâñêèé” Íîñåíêî Ñ.Ì.; http://www.babaev.ru/about/word_pr.html171 Èðèíà Òåëèöèíà, Èíêîìáàíêó ñòàëî íåñëàäêî, 29 ôåâðàëÿ 2000 ã. ¹103á ; http://www.ko.ru/document.asp?d_no=1389&p=1172 Ïðåçèäåíò ÎÀÎ “Êîíäèòåðñêûé Êîíöåðí Áàáàåâñêèé” Íîñåíêî Ñ. îñâîáîæäåí îò çàíèìàåìîéäîëæíîñòè, 10 îêòÿáðÿ 2002 ã.; http://www.konditer.com/article.php3?id=1532

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daakmayofila.173 2003 wlis dasawyisSi „babaevski“-m gaimarjva ruseTis SeiaraRebuliZalebisaTvis sakonditro produqciis miwodebis tenderSi.174

„respublika abxazia“ ityobineba, rom qarTveli partizanebi, gansakuTrebiT „tyisZmebis“ meTauris, daviT Sengelias warmomadgenlebi afrTxileben galis mosaxleobas, argayidos Txilis mosavali galis bazarze da produqcia zugdidSi Seitanos.175 Tavismxriv, qarTuli presa ityobineba, rom galis raionSi dabanakebuli TviTgamocxadebulirespublikis uSiSroebis Zalebis 400 mebrZoli itacebs qarTuli ojaxebis Txilismosavals da yidis TurqeTsa da ruseTSi.176

axlaxan omisa da mSvidobis instituti (IWPR) ityobineboda, rom ruseTis kriminalurmaelitam organizeba gaukeTes reketis axal formas galis raionSi. profesionali damnaSaveebi(e.w. “kanonieri qurdebi”) galSi mTeli ruseTidan Camovidnen. erTma moskovelmakriminalurma bosma Sekriba 90 mcire bandis meTauri, romelic qarTvel fermerebsZarcvavda, aukrZala maT amis keTeba, daawesa garkveuli gadasaxadi da gansazRvra, romelreketers miwis romel nakveTze unda aeRo pasuxismgebloba. ase rom, afxazebisaTvisgadasacemi gadasaxadis nacvlad, dawesda axali proteqcionistuli reketi. amgvarad,fulis gamoZalva ufro organizebulia da ojaxebs gakotreba ar elodebaT. kriminaluriwreebi uzrunvelyofen mosavlis didi nawilis mdinare fsous gavliT ruseTSi gadazidvas.TxiliT movaWreebs es gza gacilebiT iafi ujdebaT. am marSruts ewoda qarTul daafxazur mafiebs Soris “megobruli urTierTobebis aRdgenis gza”, sadac mogebas naxulobsyvela, centraluri biujetis garda. es yvelaferi xdeba saqarTvelos regionuli policiisaSkara mxardaWeriT.177

qarTuli gazeTi „xvalindeli dRe“ ityobineboda, rom galis raionSi TxilisbiznesiTYdainteresdnen Turqebi. isini qarTuli mosaxleobisagan Txils iafad, 50 TeTradyiduloben (daaxloebiT 50 centad), Semdeg ki 1.50 larad (daaxloebiT 0.75 centad)yidian. zugdidSi Txilis fasi 70 TeTridan 1 laramde gaizarda.178 Tumca, rogorc Cans,Turqebi Txils evropul bazarze asaReben, radgan „iq moTxovna didia da fasic maRali– 3 aSS dolari 1 kg-ze“.179

Tevzis rewva

ramdenime ucxourma kompaniam xeli moawera SeTanxmebas afxazeTis de faqtoxelisuflebasTan Tevzis rewvis uflebaze. afxazeTis sanapiro wylebSi Tevzis aralegalurirewviT ZiriTadad Turquli TevzsaWeri gemebi arian dakavebuli. maTi dapatimrebisSemTxvevebi iyo rogorc afxazi, ise qarTveli mesazRvreebis mxridan.180

Savi zRvis afxazeTis akvatoriaSi Turquli TevzsaWeri gemebi (7 seineri) yovelwliuradmoipoveben saSualod 700-dan 800-mde tona Tevzs. kerZod:

- 400 tona merlani – 1 kg-is Rirebuleba 0,35 aSS dolari;- 100-150 tona barabulka – 1 kg-is Rirebuleba 0,5 aSS dolari;

173 Íåìöàì îòêàçàëè â ïðàâå íà êîíöåðí «Áàáàåâñêèé», 8 Àïðåëÿ 2002 ã.; http://lenta.ru/economy/2002/04/08/babai/174 Ïðåññà î Áàáàåâñêîì; http://www.babaev.ru/about/pressa17.html175 Ãàçåòà “Ðåñïóáëèêà Àáõàçèÿ”, Âûïóñê ¹93 (1597), 21-22 àâãóñòà 2003 ã., ñ. 1-2.176 gazeTi “24 saaTi”, 20 agvisto, 2003, #224, gv. A3177 IWPR’S Caucasus Reporting Service, No192, 21 agvisto, 2003, Caucasus News Update; Tamuna Shonia , Abkhazia:Lucrative Farms Attracts Mafia. Hazelnuts farmers in disputed region are grateful to Russian mafia for imposing orderon local criminal gangs178 gazeTi “xvalindeli dRe”, #172 (331), 6 seqtemberi, 2003, http://www.opentext.org.ge/xdge/default.htm179 interviu msoflio bankis proeqtis “CERMA”-s warmomadgenelTan, dasavleT saqarTveloSi Txilisbiznesis konsultantTan180 Ñîòðóäíèêè ïðîêóðàòóðû ýêîëîãè÷åñêîãî íàäçîðà êîíôèñêîâàëè 300 êã. êàìáàëû è 130 êã. áåëóãè;http://www.abhazia.com/news/

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- 100-150 tona qafSia – 1 kg-is Rirebuleba 0,2 aSS dolari;- 30-40 tona qambala – 1 kg-is Rirebuleba 3 aSS dolari.181

afxazeTidan Tevzis gatanaSi gansakuTrebiT aqtiuroben Turquli kompaniebi “Koneviltd” da “Kiyak Kardes Liyar”, romelTac xelSekruleba hqondaT gaformebuliTviTgamocxadebuli respublikis ekonomikis saministrosTan. Tumca aris Tevzis rewvisfaqtebi, romelic aralegaluria TviT afxazuri mxarisaTvis. magaliTad, 2003 wlisaprilSi de faqto mTavrobis ekologiuri kontrolis ganyofilebis warmomadgenlebmakonfiskacia gaukeTes 500 kg. qambalas da 130 kg. svias, romelic TevzsaWeri kompania“altinis” kuTvnil Turqul-rusul gems gadahqonda. prokuraturam aRZra sisxlissamarTlis saqme Tevzis Zvirfasi jiSebis ukanono rewvis braldebiT. marTalia, “altins”kontraqti gaformebuli hqonda ekonomikis saministrosTan, magram TevzWera ucxourigemebisaTvis akrZaluli iyo 27 aprilidan 1 seqtembramde.182

Turquli seinerebis mier Tevzis rewva ZiriTadad akrZaluli wesiT mimdinareobs, racudides zians ayenebs Savi zRvis florasa da faunas.

jarTi

bolo wlebis manZilze jarTi saqarTvelos upirvelesi saeqsporto saqoneli gaxda.magaliTad, 2001 wels eqsportirebuli jarTis Rirebulebam Seadgina 56 milioni aSSdolari, anu mTliani eqsportis 17,6 procenti.183

afxazeTSi sawarmoTa absoluturi umravlesoba amortizebulia, maTi didi nawili kijarTis saxiT gaaqvT. saqarTvelos dazvervis saxelmwifo departamentis informaciiT,afxazeTis teritoriaze feradi da Savi liTonebis jarTis realizacia xorcieldebasoxumisa da oCamCiris portebidan. misi nawili manqanebiT gavliT gadmoaqvT zugdidSic,Semdeg ki adgilobrivi oficialuri da kriminaluri struqturebis daxmarebiT baTumi-foTis portebidan gaaqvT evropaSi. rogorc afxazeTis de faqto premier-ministri g.gagulia acxadebda, “dafiqsirebulia samarTaldamcavebsa da kriminalur struqturebsSoris TanamSromlobis faqtebi. kerZod, aris SemTxvevebi, roca saqarTveloSi gaaqvTaralegaluri jarTi, romelsac afxazuri milicia acilebs”.184

ukanasknel periodSi afxazeTSi gaCnda aralegaluri eqsportis axali saxe _ qarTvelebissasaflaoebis Zarcva aluminis an sxva saxis liTonisa da marmarilos mosapoveblad damaTi sazRvargareT gatana.185

aRniSnuli gemebi yovelwliurad 100-mde reiss axorcieleben. arsebuli monacemebiT,feradi da Savi liTonis aralegalurma eqsportma piks 1999 wels miaRwia. afxazeTidangaitanes: daaxloebiT 40000 tona feradi liToni, daaxloebiT 32000 tona Savi liTonebi(jarTi).186 saqarTvelos dazvervis monacemebiT, afxazeTis regionidan jarTis gatanam TandaTaniklo. amasTan, afxazeTis uSiSroebis saministro ityobineboda, rom jarTis mopovebis mizniTmudmivad iZarcveba rkinigza. aRsaniSnavia, rom msgavsi saxis Zarcvas xSirad ewevianTviTgamocxadebuli respublikis oficialuri pirebi. 2002 wlis ianvarSi afxazeTis defaqto mTavrobis transportis prokuraturam aRZra sisxlis samarTlis saqme “araliTonebiskavSiris” direqtoris, b. kviraias winaaRmdeg 13 vargisi vagonisa da benzinmzidis jarTadgayidvisaTvis, riTac TviTgamocxadebuli respublikis biujeti 33,2 aTasi aSS dolariTdazaralda. saqme aRiZra rkinigzis administraciis xelmZRvanelis, rita loluas sarCelis181 wyaro: saqarTvelos dazvervis saxelmwifo departamenti182 “Àïñíûïðåññ”, Âûïóñê ¹080, 29 àïðåëÿ 2003 ã.; http://apsnypress.narod.ru/183 Economic and Social Consequences of Internal Conflicts, Parliament’s Budgetary Office of Georgia, Tbilisi, 2003, pp.21-22; www.pbo.ge184 gagulia citirebulia Ãàçåòà «Ðåñïóáëèêà Àáõàçèÿ», Âûïóñê ¹29 (1533), 21-22 Ìàðòà, 2003 ã. ñ.2.185 gazeTi “rezonansi”, 30 noemberi, 2002, http://www.opentext.org.ge/resonance/default.htm186 wyaro: saqarTvelos dazvervis saxelmwifo departamenti

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safuZvelze. Tavis mxriv, kviraiam brali dasdo loluas kvirais aqtivebSi myofi 16 vagonismoparvaSi. prokuraturam aRmoaCina, rom rkinigzam 1996 wels gayida 20 vagoni, xolokviraiam 1998 wels _ 28 naxevar-vagoni. de faqto mTavrobis generaluri prokurorismoadgilem, safarbei miqanbam ganacxada, rom gamoZiebam daadastura orive braldeba.187

afxazuri wyaro aseve ityobineboda, rom Semcirda saeqsporto jarTis odenoba. 2003wlis TebervalSi de faqto mTavrobam gazarda sabaJo gadasaxadi eqsportze – “Tu2002 wels tona jarTi 55 aSS dolarad gahqondaT, dReidan is 100 aSS dolaramdegaizrdeba”.188

qvanaxSiris mopoveba da eqsporti

afxazeTis teritoriaze qvanaxSiris sabadoebis damuSavebas ZiriTadad Turquli kerZofirmebi awarmoeben, romlebic afxazeTSi mopovebuli nedleulis realizacias sakuTarqveyanaSi axdenen. erT-erTi aseTi kompaniaa Turquli firma ”Ada Madencelik San Ltd”,romelmac 2000 wlis aprilSi tyvarCelis, ”xudzga”-s karieridan qvanaxSiris mopovebisSesaxeb xelSekruleba gaaforma afxazeTis xelisuflebasTan. kontraqtSi gaTvaliswinebulia100 aTasi tona qvanaxSiris mopoveba.189 Turqi biznesmenebi de faqto mTavrobas 1 tonaqvanaxSirSi 5 aSS dolars uxdian.190 2002 wels maT moipoves da gadaamuSaves 1800tona koncentrati, romelic TurqeTSi gaitanes.191 meSaxteebis xelfasi TveSi 50-60 aSSdolars Seadgens.

tyvarCelis QqvanaxSiris sabadoebis damuSavebas axorcieleben sxva Turquli firmebic,magaliTad, firma ”Kara Elmasi LTD”. 2001 wlis bolos firmam xelSekruleba dadoafxazeTis ekonomikis saministrosTan da tyvarCelSi qvanaxSiris gamamdidrebeli miniqarxanadaamontaJa. aq amuSaveben ”xudzgis” karieridan miRebul pirvelad qvanaxSirs. tyvarCelisqvanaxSiris mrewvelobaSi garkveuli investiciebi ganaxorciela Turqulma firma ”baraSan”-ma, firmis xelmZRvanelia TurqeTis moqalaqe TuSalaini.192

qvanaxSiris mosapovebel samuSaoebs atarebs Turquli firma ”tamsaS”-i, holding“okanis” filiali, romlis direqtoria beqir okani. igi qvanaxSiris sabado ”dJigit”-s2002 wlis ivnisidan amuSavebs.193 am sabados qvanaxSiris resursebi Sefasebulia 4,5milion tonad.194

de faqto mTavroba “investorebTan” urTierTobaSi garkveul problemebs awydeba.afxazeTis samTavrobo delegaciis tyvarCelSi vizitisas aRiniSna, rom 2002 welsTurquli kompaniis transferebma Seadgina dagegmilis mxolod 20 procenti.195

Turquli firmis warmomadgenlebi imeds gamoTqvamen, rom afxazeTis xelisufleba maTuflebas miscems, gaafarTovon TavianTi moRvaweoba. maTi azriT, 2003 wlis ivlisisTvidan, rodesac damTavrdeba mosamzadebeli samuSaoebi, SesaZlebeli gaxdeba dReSidaaxloebiT 1500 tona qvanaxSiris mopoveba da transportireba. qvanaxSiri ZiriTadadgaaqvT oCamCiris portidan, sadac kompaniebma “okanma” da “tamsaSma” afxazebTan erTaddaamontaJes Sesabamisi aRWurviloba, romelic saaTSi 200 tona qvanaxSiris datvirTvis

187 Íàòàëüÿ Øóëüãèíà, Êòî îòäåëèò çåðíà îò ïëåâåë? Ïî ïîâîäó îäíîãî êîíôëèêòà. Ãàçåòà “ÐåñïóáëèêàÀáõàçèÿ”, Âûïóñê ¹29 (1533), 19-20 ìàðòà 2003 ã., ñ. 6-7.188 “Àïñíûïðåññ”, Âûïóñê ¹050, 24 ìàðòà 2003 ã.; http://apsnypress.narod.ru/2003/03_mar-03/AP03-24-03.htm189 News From Regions of Georgia. (2002, April), from http://georgia-gateway.org/index.php3?mw=ENG/Regional/General_Data/news.php3190 saqarTvelos saxelmwifo uSiSroebis ministr valeri xaburZanias angariSi 2002 wels ganxorcielebulsaqmianobaze, http://www.sus.ge/#191 wyaro: afxazeTis devnili mTavrobis saxelmwifo uSiSroebis saministro192 wyaro: saqarTvelos dazvervis saxelmwifo departamenti193iqve194 “Àïñíûïðåññ”, Âûïóñê ¹162, 11 àâãóñòà 2003 ã.; http://apsnypress.narod.ru/195 “Àïñíûïðåññ”, Âûïóñê ¹055, 31 ìàðòà 2003 ã.; http://apsnypress.narod.ru/

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saSualebas iZleva. Turquli kompaniebi de faqto xelisuflebisagan aseve moiTxovengemebis usafrTxoebis garantiebs, romlebsac xSirad akaveben qarTveli mesazRvreebi.196

alkoholuri sasmelebi

soxumis Rvinis qarxana iyides rusma biznesmenebma, romlebic savaraudod ruseTisyofili premier-ministris, sergei kirienkos patronaJiT moqmedeben. firma “afxazeTiswylebi da Rvinoebi” funqcionirebs qarxnis teritoriaze, romlis xelmZRvanelia valeriaviZba. aRWurviloba Semoitanes italiidan da mis damontaJebaSi monawileobdnen rusispecialistebi. danadgari dRe-RameSi 50 aTasi boTlis warmoebis saSualebas iZleva.unda aRiniSnos, rom xelmZRvanelobam ver SeZlo qarxnis adgilobrivi nedleuliTuzrunvelyofa da is moldaveTidan Semoitanes. momavalSi dagegmilia masalebis importiitaliidan, espaneTidan da argentinidan. produqciis realizacia moxdeba ruseTis bazarze.197

adiReis respublikaSi mdebare maikopis ludis qarxanam investicia Cado soxumisludis qarxanaSi. 2000 wlis ivnisidan qarxana produqcias uSvebs.198

afxazeTis de faqto mTavrobis Semosavlebis saministrom ganacxada, rom gadamWrelizomebia misaRebi uaqcizo alkoholuri produqciis winaaRmdeg. afxazeTSi aris 8 qarxana,romelsac aqvs licenzia spirtiani sasmelebis Camosxmaze. Tumca mewarmeebi ar ariankmayofili spirtis centralizebuli miwodebis arsebuli sistemiT. Sedegad, am qarxnebsaqvT de faqto xelisuflebis 30 aTas aSS dolaramde vali. 199

turizmi, rogorc kontrabanduli momsaxurebis forma

TviTgamocxadebuli afxazeTis respublikis mTavroba ekonomikis erT-erT mTavarmimarTulebad turistuli industriis ganviTarebas miiCnevs. rogorc ukve aRiniSna,vladislav arZinbas qaliSvili _ madina arZinba aqtiuradaa Cabmuli turizmis biznesSida 1999 wlidan monopolia aqvs dawesebuli sakurorto resursebze. misi turistulisaagento ‘rusal-turi”-i cdilobs, afxazeTSi rusi turistebi dabali fasebiT moizidos.man daiwyo afxazeTSi ganlagebuli kurortebis aRdgeniTi samuSaoebi, risTvisac iyenebdaafxazeTis TviTgamocxadebuli respublikis sabiujeto saxsrebs. pansionatebis SerCevisasmadina arZinba upiratesobas aniWebda im nagebobebs, romelic ganlagebulia afxazeTisdasavleT nawilSi, anu ruseTTan axlos (gudauTis, biWvinTis da gagris raionebs), radganes zona rus damsveneblebs ufro usafrTxod miaCniaT. turistebis misaRebad mzadaaafxazeTis sakurorto obieqtebi: “samSitovaia roSCa”, “pitiusi”, “picunda”, “narti”,“amra”, “energetiki”, “solneCni”, “gagra”, “daCa stalina” da “liZava”.

dReisaTvis moskovSi moqmedebs 10 afxazuri turistuli kompania da saagento.aRsaniSnavia, rom afxazeTis xelisuflebis oficialuri monacemebiT, turistuli biznesidanbiujetSi Sesuli Tanxebis 25 procenti Tavdacvisunarianobis ganmtkicebaze ixarjeba.

madina arZinbas garda, afxazeTSi turizmis biznesiT dainteresebuli arian rusulikompaniebi da samTavrobo struqturebic, romlebic grZelvadiani ijariT iReben dasasvenebelsaxlebs. esenia: ruseTis Tavdacvis saministro, ruseTis atomuri energiis saministro,moskovis metalurgiis instituti, yabardo-balyareTis saxelmwifo universiteti, ruseTisrostovis olqis qalaq aqsais administracia, ruseTis wamyvani kompaniebi, rogoricaa“lukoili”, “gazpromi” da sxv. saijaro xelSekrulebebis vada umTavresad 25-30 wliTganisazRvreba. kurortebis ijaras xSirad axlavs konfliqturi situaciebi vladislav

196 “Àïñíûïðåññ”, Âûïóñê ¹162, 11 àâãóñòà 2003 ã.; http://apsnypress.narod.ru/2003/08_avg-03/AP08-11-03.htm197 wyaro: afxazeTis devnili mTavrobis saxelmwifo uSiSroebis saministro198 iqve199 iqve

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arZinbas ojaxTan, upirvelesad, madina arZinbasTan.200

2000 wlidan ruseTis dainteresebuli wreebi intensiurad Seudgnen afxazeTSi msxviliinvesticiebis ganxorcielebas. moskovis sastumroebis qselis mflobelma firma”gladiolusma” soxumSi ukve Seisyida sastumro ”inturisti”. biWvinTaSi soliduriinvesticiebis Cadebas apirebs ruseTis yofili premier-ministris, v. Cernomirdinis vaJi,romelsac ganzraxuli aqvs aRniSnul kurortze turistuli bazis Seqmna. am proeqtisganxorcielebaSi mas aqtiurad exmareboda de faqto prezidentis daaxloebuli piri danaTesavi levan arZinba, romelsac saqmiani kontaqtebi Hhqonda v. CernomirdinTan.

afxazeTis xelisuflebis monacemebiT, 2003 wlis ganmavlobaSi sakurorto sezonzeafxazeTSi 160 aTasma adamianma daisvena. afxazeTis xelisufleba turistul biznesskargad iyenebs politikuri miznebisaTvis. ruseTis xelisuflebis umaRlesi rgolebisbevri warmomadgeneli isvenebs afxazeTis kurortebze (xSirad ufasod), rac Semdgomgavlenas axdens maT mier miRebul saxelmwifo gadawyvetilebebze.201

de faqto mTavroba garkveul problemebs awydeba rus moijareebTan. “apsnipresi”ityobineboda, rom mTavrobam gadawyvita gadamWreli zomebis miReba. Sedegad, ministrTakabinetma gauuqma xelSekrulebebi im moijareebs, romelTac ar Caatares aRdgeniTisamuSaoebi.202

kulturuli faseulobebis kontrabanda

rusuli raritetebi saqarTvelos teritoriiTac gadis. ase magaliTad, 1999 wlisdekembris bolos ruseTis federaciis kontrabandasTan brZolis donis rostovis ganyofilebismier (donis rostovi) gamovlinda saqarTveloSi Zveli xatebisa da sxva saeklesio nivTebiskontrabanduli arxi marSrutiT: moskovi-stavropoli-samxreT oseTis TviTgamocxadebulirespublika-saqarTvelos respublika. 2000 wlis martSi stavropolis sabaJos TanamSromlebmaaRkveTes sareiso avtobusiT 172 dasaxelebis saeklesio nivTis saqarTveloSi (cxinvalisregionis gavliT) gatanis mcdeloba.203 rusuli wyaroebi ityobineboda afxazeTis gavliTkulturuli faseulobebis gatanis kidev erT SemTxvevaze: soWis sabaJos TanamSromlebmaaRmoaCines XIX saukunis xati, romelic rostovis mcxovreb pirs ruseTidan afxazeTSigadahqonda. am faqtTan dakavSirebiT aRiZra sisxlis samarTlis saqme.204

afxazeTis separatistuli mTavrobis winaaRmdegSemoRebuli dsT-s sanqciebis Sesaxeb

zogierTi ucxoeli eqsperti amtkicebs, rom afxazeTis separatistuli mTavrobiswinaaRmdeg mimarTuli nebismieri sanqcia xels uwyobs kontrabandis ganviTarebas. msgavsisanqciebi mxolod exmareba afxazeTis adgilobriv xelisuflebs da sxvadasxva politikur-kriminalur jgufebs ukanono vaWrobiT fulis keTebaSi. aseT viTarebaSi separatistulireJimi iolad axerxebs, ganimtkicos Zalaufleba da moaxdinos sazogadoebis mobilizeba“qarTuli blokadis” sapirispirod.205

200 saqarTvelos saxelmwifo uSiSroebis ministr valeri xaburZanias angariSi 2002 wels ganxorcielebulsaqmianobaze, http://www.sus.ge/#201 Ãàçåòà “Òðóä”, ¹ 11, 19-25 èþíÿ 2003 ã..202 Áîðüáà êëàíîâ âûõîäèò èç ïîä êîâðà: Àáõàçèÿ, 26 ìàðòà – 6 àïðåëÿ, Îáçîð ÑÌÈ; http://www.abkhaziya.org/events_comment/egnum/abkhaz_kover.html203 Äàâëåòøèíà Î. Â. Êðèìèíàëüíûé ðûíîê êóëüòóðíûõ öåííîñòåé è áîðüáà ñ íèì â Þæíîì Ôåäåðàëüíîìîêðóãå // Ïðîáëåìû áîðüáû ñ êðèìèíàëüíûì ðûíêîì ýêîíîìè÷åñêîé è îðãàíèçîâàííîé ïðåñòóïíîñòè.Ìîñêâà, Ðîññèéñêàÿ êðèìèíîëîãè÷åñêàÿ àññîöèàöèÿ, 2001 ã., ñ. 87.204 Èñòî÷íèê: “Ñåäüìàÿ Ñòîëèöà”, 14 ìàðòà 2003 ã.; http://www.yuga.ru/news/16828/index.html205 interviu saerTaSoriso organizaciis TbilisSi myof warmomadgenelTan afxazeTSi

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devidsons da Sambos miaCniaT, rom efeqturoba aris yvelaze zusti indikatori imisa,miaRwia Tu ara sanqciebma sasurvel Sedegs.206 warmateba ganisazRvreba imiT, moxda Tuara sasurveli politikuri cvlileba, romelic ori komponentiTaa warmodgenili:ekonomikuri zianis miyenebiT da politikuri gavlenis moxdeniT. sasurveli efeqtigulisxmobs, rom is pirveladi miznebis adekvaturia. afxazeTis SemTxvevaSi sanqciebmaverc ekonomikuri zarali miayena separatistebs da verc sasurveli politikuri zegavlenamoaxdina maTze. metic, gamoiwvia de faqto xelisuflebis isedac Seurigebeli poziciisradikalizacia. ver moxerxda verc respublikis ekonomikaSi mzardi investirebis aRkveTa.piriqiT, sanqciebma gamoiwvia Crdilovani ekonomikis ganviTareba da masSi ucxourikompaniebis CarTva, xolo ekonomikurma blokadam separatistuli respublika politikuradkidev ufro daaaxlova ruseTTan, konfliqtis monawile mxareebi ki erTmaneTs kidevufro daSordnen. amgvarad, sanqciebs afxazeTSi mohyva nacionaluri Zalisxmevis zrda daekonomikuri damoukideblobis ganmtkiceba, nacvlad regionis saqarTveloSi reintegraciisa.

h. hezelheti amtkicebs, rom warmatebulobis gansazRvrisas mniSvnelovania sanqciebisukuCvenebebis Sefaseba207 . sanqciebis yvelaze mniSvnelovani ukuCveneba afxazeTSi ariskriminalur-kontrabanduli qselis ganviTareba da bunebrivi resursebis eqspluataciaadgilobrivi klanebisa da ucxouri kompaniebis mier. magaliTad, Turquli kompaniebiafxazeTSi mopovebul qvanaxSirSi ixdian mxolod 5 aSS dolars tonaze,208 msofliobazarze misi fasi 25-30 aSS dolaria.209 rogorc ukve aRiniSna, afxazeTSi erTi kuburimetri xe-tye Rirs 100-125 aSS dolari, roca msoflio fasi 150-170 aSS dolarsSeadgens. 210

valenstini amtkicebs, rom sanqciebs Cveulebriv warmateba ar moaqvs.211 igi gamoyofsor pirobas, romelsac gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs SedegisaTvis: sanqciebis obieqtixelisuflebis politikuri izolacia da Zlieri opoziciis arseboba qveynis SigniT.212

anu Tu mTavroba moeqceva farTo saerTaSoriso izolaciaSi da, amasTan, eqneba seriozuliproblemebi legitimurobasTan dakavSirebiT, didia Sansi, rom Sedegi warmatebuli iqneba.valenstini amtkicebs, rom saWiroa mniSvnelovani urTierTobebi sanqciebis damwesebelsada obieqtis opozicias Soris.213 ase rom, mniSvnelovania, yuradReba mieqces Sida pirobebs.sagareo zewola mxolod maSin moitans politikur cvlilebas, Tu mas axlavs SidawinaaRmdegoba. afxazeTis magaliTze unda aRiniSnos: a) separatistuli respublika araris mTlianad izolirebuli ruseTis faqtobrivi mxardaWeris gamo. b) opoziciisarsebobis miuxedavad, romlis yvelaze gavleniani warmomadgenelia moZraoba „amcaxara“,mTavrobas aqvs mosaxleobis farTo mxardaWera. metic, opoziciis damokidebuleba sanqciebismimarT mTavrobis analogiuria. am viTarebaSi sagareo zewolis nebismieri mcdelobawinaswarve marcxisTvisaa ganwiruli.

blokadam da savaWro akrZalvebma, rogorc zemoqmedebis radikalurma zomebma, cxadyo,rom amas SeiZleba mohyves mxareTa Soris antagonizmis gazrda. afxazebs sul ufronaklebad aqvT daTmobis survili, piriqiT, mzad arian, gawyviton yovelgvari urTierToba

206 Davidson, Jason and Shambaugh, George, “Who’s Afraid of Economic Incentives? The Efficacy-Externality Tradeoff”in Chan and Drury (eds.) 2000, p . 45207 Hazelzet, H. (1999). Assessing the suffering from ‘successful’ sanctions: an ethical approach. In Van Genugten, W. & De Groot, G.(Eds.), United Nations Sanctions: Effectiveness and Effects, Especially in the Field of Human Rights. Intersentia, Antwerpen, pp. 71-72.208 saqarTvelos saxelmwifo uSiSroebis ministr valeri xaburZanias angariSi 2002 wels ganxorcielebulsaqmianobaze, http://www.sus.ge/#209 IMF primary commodity prices; www.imf.org/external/np/res/commod/index.asp210 IMF primary commodity prices; www.imf.org/external/np/res/commod/index.asp211 Wallensteen, Peter, A Century of Economic Sanctions: A Field Revisited, Department of Peace and Conflict Re-search, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 2000, p. 5212 Wallensteen, Peter, Ekonomiska Sanktioner – En studie av tio fall i modern tid, Uppsala University, Department ofPeace and Conflict Research, Report No 16, September 1978, p. 41213 Wallensteen (1978), p. 41

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qarTvelebTan. amavdroulad, ruseTis zemoaRniSnuli poziciis Sedegad, blokadas mxolodformaluri da simboluri mniSvneloba aqvs. metic, man Seqmna Savi bazris warmomadgenlebis,adgilobrivi monopolistebis, mesazRvreebis, samSvidoboebisa da policiuri ZalebisaganSemdgari mTeli sistema, romelic sazrdoobs konfliqtis gamyof xazze cudadregulirebuli ekonomikuri urTierTobebiT.214

aqedan gamomdinare, sanqciebiT Seiqmna gansakuTrebuli xelSemwyobi garemo afxazeTisgavliT kontrabandisTvis, sadac ar aris Tanxmoba afxazeTis separatistul mTavrobasada saqarTvelos centralur Tu afxazeTis legitimur xelisuflebas Soris. ekonomikurmasiRaribem da eTnikur afxazebsa da qarTvelebs Soris piradi urTierTobis survilma(romelTac surT ekonomikuri kavSirebis damyareba da cxovrebis gaumjobeseba) ganapirobabevri maTganis kontrabandul qselSi monawileoba – anu TanamSromloba im erTaderTsivrceSi, romelic maT xelisuflebam dautova. aman kontrabandul qsels farTo socialuribaza Seuqmna, romelic scildeba galisa da zugdidis raionebs Soris arsebuldemilitarizaciis zonas da moicavs farTo teritorias gagridan vidre Tbilisamde.xalxi, romelic cxovrobs gagrasa da soxumSi, xSirad Camodis TbilisSi mdebare udidesbazrobaze liloSi (azerbaijanidan Semotanili kontrabanduli saqonlis realizaciisZiriTadi adgili) da miaqvs saqoneli afxazeTSi gasayidad. Tavis mxriv, eTnikuriqarTvelebic midian afxazeTSi komerciuli miznebiT.

daskvna: sanqciebis SenarCunebas azri ara aqvs da aRrmavebs mxareTa Soris antagonizms.igi xels uwyobs aralegalur saqmianobas sazRvarze, rac SeiZleba Semcirdes sanqciebisgauqmebiTa da vaWrobis legalizaciiT. es argumenti exmianeba mark teiloris azrs –konfliqtis xelSemwyobi saqmianobis daregulirebisa da kontrolis problemisgadasaWrelad unda moxdes am saqmianobis formaluri legalizacia.215 intensiurmaekonomikurma urTierTobam unda gamoiwvios afxazeTis da saqarTvelos biznesjgufebsSoris TanamSromlobis gaRrmaveba, rasac unda mohyves ukanono vaWrobis garkveulinawilis gardaqmna kanonier saqmianobad.

metic, vaWrobis legalizacia daazianebs kriminalur interesebs, Seuqmnis stimuls orivemxares konfliqtis mogvarebis mxardasaWerad da amgvarad xels Seuwyobs saerTo ekonomikuriinteresebis warmoqmnas Tu grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi konfliqtis daregulirebas.

TviTgamocxadebul respublikebTan ekonomikuriurTierTobis perspeqtivebi

saqarTveloSi arsebobs ramdenime gansxvavebuli pozicia konfliqtur regionebTanekonomikuri urTierTobebis Sesaxeb:

pirveli: saWiroa rac SeiZleba mWidro ekonomikuri urTierTobebis damyareba, racgulisxmobs erToblivi biznesproeqtebis ganxorcielebas, qarTuli kapitalis dabandebasafxazeTsa da cxinvalis regionebSi, sarkinigzo, sahaero da saavtomobilo mimosvlisaRdgenas da a.S.

am poziciis mxardamWerTa azriT, dakonservebuli konfliqtebis aTwlianma periodmadagvanaxa, rom saWiroa axali midgomebis Camoyalibeba. is moicavs ekonomikuri urTierTobebisganviTarebas, qarTveli, afxazi da osi moqalaqeebis biznespartniorobis ganviTarebas. esxels Seuwyobs maT Soris saerTo interesebis aRmocenebas, rasac unda mohyves konfliqtismogvareba da mxareTa politikuri daaxloeba.

214 Cohen J. (2002). Regional Introduction: Struggling to Find Peace, Published in: Searching for Peace inEurope and Eurasia, from http://www.euconflict.org/dev/ECCP/ECCPSurveys_v0_10.nsf/vwWebSurveys/380CB331C987C9E5C1256C5D0040611F?opendocument215 Mark Taylor, Emerging Conclusions (2002), Economies of Conflict: Private Sector Activity in Armed Conflict,Programme of International Cooperation and Conflict Resolution, FAFO institute for applied science, 2002; p . 12

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zemoaRniSnuli poziciis momxreTa rwmeniT, qarTuli mxaris pasiurobis gamokonfliqturi teritoriebis ekonomikur sivrces ikavebs rusuli da Turquli biznesi.“iyo msgavsi saxis urTierTobis garkveuli mcdelobebi, Tumca “koka-kola boTlersjorjias” da ludis mwarmoebeli kompania “yazbegis” Zalisxmeva “warmatebiT daibloka”garkveuli politikuri mosazrebiT”, _ ganucxada TraCCC-is mkvlevarTa jgufs afxazeTislegitimuri mTavrobis xelmZRvanelma Tamaz nadareiSvilma. miuxedavad imisa, rom orivemxaris bizneswreeebSi didia daintereseba oficialuri ekonomikuri urTierTobebisganviTarebisa, biznesmenebi iZulebulni arian, iTanamSromlon aralegalur da kriminalursawyisebze (gavixsenoT levan arZinbas saqmiani kavSirebi qarTvelebTan).

meore mosazrebis mixedviT, konfliqtur regionebTan ekonomikuri urTierTobebisganviTarebas, ekonomikuri sanqciebis oficialur gauqmebasa da satransporto komunikaciebisgaxsnas mohyveba am teritoriebis sruli dakargva da maTi myisieri integracia ruseTisSemadgenlobaSi. saqarTvelos mxridan savaWro-ekonomikuri kavSirebis damyarebis mxardaWeragamoiwvevs regionSi rusuli kapitalis masobriv da swraf Sesvlas. separatistulireJimebis mkveTri prorusuli orientaciis fonze moxdeba orive regionis ekonomikisudidesi nawilis gadasvla ucxoel mesakuTreTa xelSi. es niSnavs ruseTis ekonomikismxridan maT STanTqmas da afxazeTisa da cxinvalis regionis ruseTTan de faqtomierTebas.

aRsaniSnavia, rom es procesi mainc mimdinareobs. rusuli kapitalis oficialuridamkvidrebis Sedegad ki saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgena saboloodgaxdeba SeuZlebeli.

aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTvelos gavliT ruseTsa da somxeTs Soris sarkinigzo dasaavtomobilo mimosvlis gaxsna gamoiwvevs azerbaijanTan urTierTobebis garTulebas,rac ar Seesabameba qveynis arc politikur, arc ekonomikur interesebs.

arsebobs ufro zomieri, kompromisuli poziciebi. maTi mTavari idea SeiZlebaCamovayaliboT Semdegnairad: konfliqturi regionebis ekonomikis aRdgena-ganviTareba;maTTan savaWro-ekonomikuri urTierTobebis gaRrmaveba; ekonomikuri sanqciebis moxsnasaqarTvelos centralur xelisuflebasTan politikuri urTierTobebis mogvarebissanacvlod. es pozicia iTvaliswinebs iseT momentebs, rogoricaa:§ ekonomikuri sanqciebis moxsna iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli mosaxleobis dabrunebis

pirobiT;§ sarkinigzo da saavtomobilo gzis gaxsna ruseTis samSvidobo jarebis dislokaciisa

da mandatis Secvlis pirobiT;§ ruseTTan da TurqeTTan savaWro urTierTobebis daSveba am regionebTan saqarTvelos

sasazRvro dacvisa da sabaJo struqturebis gakontrolebis garantiiT;mimdinare procesebis analizis Sedegad ikveTeba ori ram:erTi mxriv, aralegaluri ekonomikuri urTierTobebi (rogorc afxazeTSi, ufro ki

cxinvalis regionSi) asrulebs konfliqtebis ganmuxtvis, mxareTa TanamSromlobisa dadaaxloebis funqcias, gvevlineba saomari moqmedebebis ganuaxleblobis erT-erT garantiad.meore mxriv, mdgomareobis Secvla, ukanono biznesis akrZalva ar awyobT am procesebSiCarTul Zalebs, romelTa Soris bevria regionuli da centraluri xelisuflebis maRalirangis warmomadgeneli da kriminaluri avtoriteti. am interesTa jgufebs awyobTafxazeTsa da cxinvalis regionSi status-kvos SenarCuneba, anu is viTareba, roca konfliqtiar gadadis aqtiur (samxedro dapirispirebis) fazaSi da cecxli Sewyvetilia, magrammisi saboloo politikuri gadawyveta ar xdeba. isini mxolod am dros inarCunebenZalauflebas, sxvagvarad kargaven Semosavlis mniSvnelovan wyaros.

ekonomikuri reformebis warumateblobis mizezTa analizisas sul ufro meti eqspertiaRniSnavs, rom daumTavrebeli reformebi awyobT ekonomikaSi moqmed im subieqtebs, romlebicarastabilur viTarebaSi rentiT (legaluri Tu aralegaluri Semosavali) sargebloben.

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daumTavrebeli reformebi warmoadgens am interesTa jgufebis keTildReobis mTavarpirobas. reformebis ganviTarebisa da qveynis instituciuri mowesrigebis Semdeg isinikargaven yovelives. aqedan gamomdinare, es Zalebi, anu “rentis maZieblebi” (romlebic ukvesocialur fenad Camoyalibdnen) yvelafers gaakeTeben arsebuli viTarebis SesanarCuneblad.216

Cveni azriT, aRniSnuli mosazreba savsebiT safuZvliani da prioritetulia saqarTveloSiarsebuli konfliqtebis ekonomikuri aspeqtebis ganxilvisas.

rac ufro Rrmaa aralegaluri ekonomikuri (biznes) urTierTobebi konfliqturregionebTan, miT ufro ewinaaRmdegebian misi monawileebi konfliqtis politikurgadawyvetas. aRniSnuli mtkiceba safuZvliania imitomac, rom am ekonomikur urTierTobebSiCarTulia xelisuflebis zogierTi is warmomadgenelic, visac uSualod evalebakonfliqtebis politikuri mogvareba.

TraCCC-is mkvlevarTa jgufis mier mopovebuli masalebi cxadyofs, rom arc centralurida arc separatistuli mTavroba aranair ekonomikur TanamSromlobas ar miesalmeba.metic, am sakiTxze saubaric tabudadebulia. amave dros, araoficialur doneze aseTiurTierTobebi, piriqiT, mxardaWerilia da xorcieldeba kidec. cxinvalis regionis mimdebaregoris raionis mosaxleobis ekonomikuri interesebi mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli ergneTisbazrobasTan. erT-erTi mefrinveleobis fabrikis mflobelis TqmiT, is warmoebaSi iyenebsiaf sakvebs, romelsac ergneTSi yidulobs.

mxareebi miT ufro advilad mivlen politikur SeTanxmebamde, rac ufro mWidroddauaxlovdeba maTi ekonomikuri interesebi. magram saqarTvelos magaliTi gviCvenebssawinaaRmdego tendencias _ aralegaluri ekonomikuri kavSirebi swored konfliqtebispolitikuri mougvareblobiT da arastabiluri viTarebiT sazrdoobs. aqedan gamomdinare,konfliqtebis gadawyvetaze dadebiTi zegavlena SeuZlia mxareTa Soris mxolod iseTekonomikur urTierTobas, romelic oficialuri mxardaWeriT sargeblobs da legalurxasiaTs atarebs.

daskvnebi

afxazeTisa da cxinvalis regionis gavliT kontrabandis negatiuri gavlena saqarTvelosekonomikaze umniSvneloa saqarTvelos sxva nawilebidan kontrabandis moculobasTanSedarebiT.

gacilebiT mniSvnelovania is, rom afxazeTsa da cxinvalis regionSi Camoyalibebulikontrabanduli qselebi amwvavebs kriminogenul viTarebas, gansazRvravs arasasurvelpolitikur da ekonomikur klimats da xels uwyobs arsebuli status-kvos („gayinulikonfliqtebis“) SenarCunebas.

afxazeTisa da cxinvalis regionis gavliT kontrabandis ZiriTadi mizezi ar arisdaucveli sazRvrebi an separatizmi. is ufro saxelmwifo struqturebis institucionalursisustesa da xelisuflebis Sesabamisi politikuri nebis ararsebobaSia saZiebeli.

afxazeTis mimarT SemoRebulma sanqciebma xeli Seuwyo mxolod kontrabandas da amteritoriaze Crdilovani biznesis ganviTarebas.

216 Please see: World Bank Development Report. The Challenge of Development: 1991, Oxford, pp. 131-132; Hellman J.S.1998. Winners Take All. The Politics of Partial Reform in Postcommunist Transitions, World Politics, Vol. 50, No 2;gociriZe r., kandelaki o., gavleniani jgufebi da korufcia, saqarTvelos erovnuli usafrTxoebis muqara,Tbilisi, 2001, gamomcemloba „elfi“

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danarTi I

normatiuli aqtebi afxazeTisa da cxinvalisregionis gavliT kontrabandis Sesaxeb

kontrabanda (ital. contrabando, contra _ sawinaaRmdego, bando _ samTavrobo brZanebuleba)– saqonlis farulad gadatana saxelmwifo sazRvarze217 .

termini “kontrabanda” saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi ar gvxvdeba.218sanacvlod gvaqvs muxli 214 – ̀ sabaJo wesebis darRveva” da samarTaldamcavi organoebimis damrRvevTa winaaRmdeg sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis magivrad administraciul sanqciebsiyeneben. amis erT-erTi mizezi is aris, rom sabiTumo vaWrobiT dakavebuli msxvilikontrabandistebi Tavdacvis iaraRad politikur Zalauflebas iyeneben. xelSeuxeblobismeore mizezia samarTaldamcav organoebSi Rrmad fesvgadgmuli korufcia.

sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi sabaJo wesebis darRvevad ganisazRvreba ‘saqarTvelossabaJo sazRvarze didi odenobiT moZravi nivTis gadatana an gadmotana, Cadenili sabaJokontrolis gverdis avliT an misgan malulad, dokumentis an sabaJo identifikaciissaSualebis motyuebiTi gamoyenebiT, deklaraciaSi yalbi monacemis SetaniT anda moxelisan masTan gaTanabrebuli piris mier samsaxurebrivi mdgomareobis gamoyenebiT, danaSauliisjeba jarimiT an 5 wlamde Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT”.219 am muxliT aseve kriminalurqmedebad miCneulia sabaJo procedurebis ugulebelyofiT saqarTvelos sazRvarze Sxamiani,momwamlavi, radioaqtiuri an feTqebadi nivTierebis, SeiaraRebis, asafeTqebeli mowyobilobis,cecxlsasroli iaraRis, sabrZolo masalis an samxedro aRWurvilobis, masobriviganadgurebis iaraRis, strategiuli mniSvnelobis nedleulis, nivTis, xelovnebis nimuSis,Zvirfasi liTonis, Zvirfasi liTonisagan damzadebuli saiuveliro nakeTobis an jarTis,istoriuli, arqeologiuri Rirebulebis nivTis Semotana an gatana.

am muxlSi aRniSnuli danaSaulebrivi qmedeba, Cadenili araerTgzis, moxelis an masTangaTanabrebuli piris mier samsaxurebrivi mdgomareobis gamoyenebiT, sabaJo kontrolisganmaxorcieleblis mimarT ZaladobiT eqvemdebareba dajarimebas an Tavisuflebis aRkveTasxuTidan Tormet wlamde.

am muxlis Tanaxmad, organizebuli jgufis mier Cadenili msgavsi danaSaulebriviqmedeba isjeba Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT Svididan TxuTmet wlamde an jarimiT.220

214-e muxlis SeniSvnaSi miTiTebulia, rom sabaJo wesis darRvevisaTvis sasjelTanerTad SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnas sisxlissamarTlebrivi iZulebiTi RonisZiebadanaSaulis sagnis an saSualebis CamorTmevis saxiT. Tumca am zomis gatarebasavaldebulo araa da, rogorc wesi, mosamarTleebi mas ar iyeneben. amgvari ‘SerCeviTi”kriteriumi negatiur gavlenas axdens kontrabandasTan brZolaze da qmnis korufciisSesaZleblobas samarTaldamcav sistemaSi. 2002 wlis dasawyisSi polonel eqspertTajgufis winadadeba iyo danaSaulis Cadenis saSualebaTa konfiskaciis savaldebulodcnoba (sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze), aseve saqarTvelos sabaJo teritoriazedeklaraciaSi miuTiTeblad saqonlis Setanis danaSaulad gamocxadeba.221 es cvlileba

217 ucxo sityvaTa leqsikoni, Tbilisi, 1973218 rogorc saqarTvelos finansTa saministroSi Segvatyobines, mzaddeba cvlileba sisxlis samarTliskodeqsSi, romelic iTvaliswinebs kanonmdeblobaSi termin “kontrabandis” Setanas219 SeniSvna: am muxliT did odenobad iTvleba nivTi, romelzedac sabaJo gadasaxdelis gadauxdeli TanxaaWarbebs rvaas lars, gansakuTrebiT did odenobad iTvleba nivTi, sabaJo gadasaxdelis gadauxdeli TanxaaWarbebs xuTi aTas lars220 saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi, Tavi XXVIII, muxli 214, Tbilisi, 2003, gv. 84-85221 Report on the Activities of Governmental Administration of Georgia, dedicated to the fight against smuggling of cigarettesand fuel on the custom territory of Georgia. (2002). By Polish Experts from Baltserovich Consulting Group. p. 5-6

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absoluturad misaRebia, radgan is dadebiTad imoqmedebs kontrabandasTan brZolisprocesze.

garda amisa, sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis muxli 200-iT aseve danaSaulebriv qmedebadiTvleba aqcizuri saqonlis warmoeba, Senaxva, gayidva an gadazidva aqcizuri markisgareSe.222 es kanoni erT-erTi msxvili kontrabanduli saqonlis, sigaretis kontrabandasTanwarmatebiT sabrZolvelad legalur safuZvels iZleva. amave kodeqsis 262-e da 263-emuxlebiT aseve danaSaulebriv qmedebad miiCneva narkotikis an narkotikuli nivTierebebisukanono Semotana, saqarTvelodan ukanonod gatana an tranziti.223

saqarTvelos administraciuli samarTlis kodeqsis 193-e muxliT aseve sabaJowesebis darRvevaa: saqonlis, satranporto saSualebebis, fizikur pirTa unebarTvodgadaadgileba sabaJo zonis kontrolis teritoriaze; deklarirebis wesebisa dasxva instruqciebis darRvevebi saqonlis Senaxvasa da distribuciasTan dakavSirebiTim adgilebze, sadac sabaJo kontroli vrceldeba; aralegaluri operaciebis Catarebasaqonlis an satransporto saSualebebis gamoyenebiT, maTi Semadgenlobis Secvla,maTiT sargebloba sabaJo reJimis wesebis gauTvaliswineblad, saqarTvelos sabaJoteritoriaze moZraobisas saqonlis damalva sabaJo kontrolisagan, aseve calkeulisamalavi adgilebis an sxva xerxebis gamoyeneba, rac saqonlis aRmoCenas arTulebs;Duzusto deklarirebis gziT Semotanili saqonlisa da satransporto saSualebebistransportireba, Senaxva, SeZena, gamoyeneba da gankargva, sabaJo Rirebulebis an saqonlisada satransporto saSualebis warmoSobis qveynis Sesaxeb uzusto cnobebis Setana,rac safuZvels iZleva sabaJo gadasaxdelebisagan gasaTavisufleblad an odenobisSesamcireblad.224

saqarTvelos sabaJo kodeqsis me-10 muxlis Tanaxmad, unda ganisazRvros saqonlisSemotanis an satransporto saSualebebis mier saqarTvelos sabaJo sazRvrebis gadakveTisdro da adgili. sabaJo sazRvris gadakveTa daSvebulia mxolod saqarTvelos prezidentismier gansazRvrul adgilebSi. me-2 muxli akonkretebs, rom saqarTvelos teritoriazeSeiZleba iyos Tavisufali sabaJo zonebi da Tavisufali sawyobebi, romelTa teritoriebiganixileba, rogorc saqarTvelos sabaJo teritoriis gareT arsebuli.225 amgvarad, kodeqsSiarsebobs daTqma, rom saqarTvelos sabaJo sazRvrebi SesaZloa ar emTxveodes saxelmwifosazRvrebs. es faqtori, Tavis mxriv, imis saSualebas iZleva, rom sabaJo gadasaxadebiTdaibegros is saqoneli, romelic saqarTvelos gaukontrolebeli teritoriebidan,afxazeTidan da samxreT oseTidan Semodis da amave dros ar arsebobdes safuZvelipolitikuri spekulaciebisTvis, rom vcnobT TviTgamocxadebuli respublikebisdamoukideblobas.

satranzito reJimis gamoyeneba kontrabandis farTod gavrcelebuli meqanizmia.saqoneli Tavisufldeba begarisgan da Tan ar tovebs saqarTvelos teritorias, Sesabamisad,aralegalurad xdeba misi adgilze moxmareba. Tumca am tipis kontrabandas iSviaTadvxvdebiT konfliqtis zonebidan saqonlis Semotanisas.

arsebobs mravali saxis (meryeobs 6-dan 14-mde da damokidebulia saqonlistipze) dokumenti (serTifikati, specialuri nebarTva transportirebisTvis, deklaracia,angariS-faqtura da a.S.), romelic unda waredginos sabaJo organos saqonlis eqsport-importis dros. eqsportiorebsa da importiorebs am raodenobis dokumentaciis momzadeba-wardgena dabrkolebebs uqmnis biznessaqmianobaSi da ubiZgebs maT aralegalurigarigebebisken. gacilebiT ufro advili da efeqturi iqneboda Sesabamisi dokumentaciis

222 saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi, Tavi XXVI, muxli 200, Tbilisi, 2003, gv. 79223 saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi, Tavi XXVIII, muxli 262-263, Tbilisi, 2003, gv. 105-106224 sabaJo kanonmdebloba, saqarTvelos administraciuli kodeqsi, muxli 193, Tbilisi, 2002, gv. 205-206225 saqarTvelos sabaJo kodeqsi, Tavi I, muxli 2; Tavi II, muxli 10; gamoqveynebulia 2003 wlis 1 TebervlismdgomareobiT, gv. 5, 10

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gamartiveba da administraciuli kontrolis gamkacreba, magram biurokratiuliprocedurebis garTuleba korumpirebuli samTavrobo struqturebis nacadi meTodia _es maT biznesmenebisgan qrTamis aRebis saSualebas aZlevs.

normatiuli aqtebi Tambaqos produqtebis Sesaxeb

prezidentis brZanebulebis Tanaxmad, Tambaqos produqtebis importi saqarTveloSiSesaZlebelia mxolod specialuri licenziis safuZvelze, romelsac gascems vaWrobisada sagareo ekonomikur urTierTobaTa saministro (am struqturis daSlis Semdeg esfunqcia gadaeca ekonomikis saministros)226 . metic, prezidentisa da ministrebisbrZanebulebebis Tanaxmad, imisaTvis, rom SeizRudos aqcizuri saqonlis aralegaluriimporti, sagadasaxado Semosavlebis saministro (amJamad finansTa saministrosdepartamenti) gascems specialur nebarTvas da ‚Tambaqos produqtebis importiorisbaraTs” (tranzitiT gadatanisa da reeqsportis CaTvliT).227 amasTan erTad, saministros#90 brZanebulebis Tanaxmad, arsebobs transportirebis specialuri nebarTva. igivebrZanebuleba gansazRvravs specialur “aqcizur xazs”, romlis gavliTac unda moxdesTambaqos saqonlis transportireba. sxva ganawesebi miuTiTebs, rom saaqcizo saqonlistranziti SesaZlebelia mxolod ‚aqcizuri marSrutiT”. Tumca, im mizniT, rom xeliSeuwyon evrokavSiris proeqtis – TRACECA – ganviTarebas, Tambaqos produqtebi mesameqveynis aqcizuri markebiT ar eqvemdebareba aqcizuri marSrutebiT gadaadgilebas da masunda acilebdnen sabaJo kontrolis samsaxurebi.

normatiuli aqtebi navTobproduqtebis Sesaxeb

prezidentis brZanebulebis Tanaxmad, msubuqi, saSualo da mZime navTobdistilatebzesagadasaxado administrirebis gaumjobesebis mizniT, dawesebulia specialuri satvirTo-sabaJo deklaraciebi. 1999 wlis agvistodan msubuqma, saSualo da mZime navTobdistilatebmamxolod mas Semdeg unda gadakveTon qveynis sazRvari, rac saqarTvelos sabaJo departamentigascems specialur satvirTo-sabaJo deklaracias. metic, 1999 wlis 29 agvistodanimportirebuli an adgilze warmoebuli msubuqi, saSualo da mZime navTob distilatebistransportireba, Senaxva da realizacia dauSvebelia deklaraciis gareSe.228 amgvarad, TubenziniT datvirTuli konteineri modis ergneTis an afxazeTis bazridan da ar axlavssabaJo departamentis mier gacemuli specialuri sabaJo deklaracia, tvirTi avtomaturadiTvleba aralegalurad.

sabaJo departamentis momdevno ganawesebis Tanaxmad, navTobdistilatebis saqarTveloSiimporti CrdiloeTidan (ruseTidan) daSvebulia mxolod yazbegis sabaJos gavliT (romelicesazRvreba ruseTis _ zemo larsis sabaJos). Semosavlebis ministris brZanebulebiT ampunqts mogvianebiT daemata goris sabaJo.229 savaraudod, am gziT Semosavlebis yofiliministri, m. maWavariani, cdilobda, aRekveTa kontrabanduli navTobproduqtebis SemotanaruseTidan cxinvalis regionis gavliT da rogorme moexdina importis legalizacia.Tumca sagangebo legionis cnobiT,230 romelic emTxveva goris sabaJo punqtis informacias,

226 prezidentis gankarguleba #391, 28 ivnisi, 1998227 prezidentis gankarguleba #10, 15 ianvari, 2001 da finansTa saministros #90 brZanebuleba, 1998 wlis30 seqtemberi228 prezidentis gankarguleba #434, 12 ivlisi, 1999229 ministris gankarguleba #105, 19 ivnisi, 2000230 es gasamxedroebuli struqtura Seiqmna sagadasaxado Semosavlebis saministroSi specialurad saqarTveloSikontrabandasTan sabrZolvelad

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2000-2001 wlebSi daakaves kontrabanduli benziniT datvirTuli mxolod erTi msubuqiavtomanqana (“opelis” markis) da waradgines goris sabaJo terminalze, xolo dizeliskontrabanda saerTod ar dafiqsirebula.

samarTaldacviTi sirTuleebi

saqarTvelos sabaJo kodeqsis 145-e muxli iTvaliswinebs sabaJo kanonmdeblobisdarRvevisas sisxlissamarTlebriv an administraciul pasuxismgeblobas231 da legaluradiZleva im saqonlis dabegvris saSualebas, romelic saqarTveloSi konfliqturi zonebidanSemodis. miuxedavad amisa, samarTaldamcavi organoebis warmomadgenlebi acxadeben, romdabrkolebebi mainc arsebobs, radgan konfliqtis zonebidan kontrabandis SemotanasaqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsiT ver kvalificirdeba, rogorc danaSaulebriviqmedeba. saqoneli, romelic Sedis afxazeTSi da samxreT oseTSi, xdeba adgilobrivisakuTreba da maTi Semdgomi gayidva/Sesyidva an mezobel regionebSi gadatana ver CaiTvlebasabaJo wesebis darRvevad. aseT faqts eZleva savaWro wesebis darRvevis kvalifikacia,radgan saqoneli an satransporto saSualeba moZraobs Sesabamisi dokumentaciisa danebarTvis gareSe. am SemTxvevaSi saqme SeiZleba dasruldes mxolod administraciulisasjeliT.

sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 214-e muxli232 vrceldeba mxolod im saqonelze, romelicSesyidulia ruseTSi da afxazeTis an samxreT oseTis gavliT moZraobs saqarTvelosdanarCen teritoriaze Sesabamisi gadasaxadebis gadauxdelad. rogorc wesi,kontrabandistebi irwmunebian, rom saqoneli araa ruseTSi damzadebuli da, amasTan,rTulia specifikuri saqonlis mwarmoebeli qveynis dadgena.233 ra Tqma unda, produqciisudidesi nawili, romelic ergneTis bazridan da afxazeTidan Semodis, rusuli warmoebisaa,magram amis dadastureba xsenebul mizezTa gamo garTulebulia.

goris sasamarTloSi naklebad moiZebneba sisxlis samarTlis saqme sabaJo wesebisdarRvevis Sesaxeb, xolo zugdidis sasamarTlos mier arc erTi aseTi saqme ar ganxilula.goris sasamarTlom aRZra mxolod sami saqme da damnaSaveebi dajarimdnen 214-e muxlisTanaxmad (400-400 lariT da 700 lariT). or maTgans ruseTidan macivrebi Semohqonda,xolo mesames – xorbali.

prezidentis ramdenime brZanebulebiT kontrabandis winaaRmdeg brZolis gaumjobesebisada saxelmwifo biujetSi damatebiTi Tanxebis mobilizaciis Sesaxeb, goris sabaJoterminali droebiT valdebulia, moaxdinos sabaJo regulireba im saqonelsa da transportze,romelic ruseTis federaciidan cxinvalis regionis gavliT saqarTveloSi Semodis.234

specialuri marSruti cxinvali-ergneTi-tyviavi-gori gankuTvnilia msgavsi saqonlisada satransporto saSualebebisTvis. brZanebuleba #234 uSiSroebis saministros, sabaJoda sagadasaxado departamentebs miuTiTebs, moamzadon erToblivi gegma, raTa miiRongadamwyveti zomebi importisa da tvirTis moZraobis SesazRudad cxinvalis regionidanmomaval SemovliT gzebze. am brZanebulebiT saxelmwifo ministrma iusticiis ministrTanda sazRvris dacvis saxelmwifo departamentis TavmjdomaresTan erTad unda daiwyosmolaparakebebi ruseTis federaciis Sesabamis struqturebTan imis Taobaze, rom buron-

231 saqarTvelos sabaJo kodeqsi, Tavi 28, muxli 145, gamoqveynebulia 2003 wlis 1 Tebervlis mdgomareobiT,gv. 61232 saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi, Tavi XXVIII, muxli 214, gamoqveynebulia 2003 wlis 20Tebervals, redaqtirebulia “saqarTvelos iuridiuli macnis” oficialur masalebze dayrdnobiT, 2003,gv. 105-106233 interviu saqarTvelos uSiSroebis sabWos mdivnis moadgile da saxelmwifo uSiSroebis yofilministr jemal gaxokiZesTan, 2003 wlis ivnisi234 prezidentis gankarguleba #234, 5 maisi, 1999 da #221, 31 maisi, 2000

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rokis uReltexilis gavliT saqonlis moZraoba ruseTidan saqarTveloSi da piriqiTorganizebuli saxiT warmoebdes. Tumca am mimarTulebiT realurad araferi gakeTebula,kontrabanda ki ufro metad gaizarda.

rac Seexeba aqcizuri saqonlis gatanas ruseTis federaciaSi, arsebobs saqarTvelossabaJo departamentis ufrosis brZanebuleba: ‘miuxedavad samarTaldamcav organoebTanerTad gatarebuli RonisZiebebisa, jer kidev gvxvdeba aqcizuri saqonlis, maT Sorisspirtis, Tambaqos produqtebis, navTobproduqtebisa da sxva saqonlis aralegaluribrunvis SemTxvevebi Sida qarTlis regionSi, gansakuTrebiT ki gori-cxinvali-rokismimarTulebiT. am saqonlis gadaadgileba nebismieri saxis sabaJo reJimSi (tranzituli,eqsporti, re-eqsporti, importi da sxv.) akrZalulia”.235 amgvarad, am brZanebulebis Tanaxmad,saqonlis gadazidva saqarTvelodan ruseTSi cxinvalis regionis gavliT aralegaluradiTvleba. d. abesaZem, sabaJo departamentis ufrosis yofilma moadgilem da am brZanebulebisaRsrulebis monitoringze uSualod pasuxismgebelma pirma, ganacxada, rom es zoma miiResim mizniT, raTa saqonlis gatana momxdariyo kontrolirebadi teritoriidan, anu yazbegissabaJodan, sadac gacilebiT advili iyo saqonlis moZraobis kontroli.236

saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebebi

1994 wlis 10 maiss miRweuli iqna SeTanxmeba Tavisufali vaWrobis TaobazesaqarTvelos mTavrobasa da ruseTis federacias Soris. SeTanxmebis ratifikaciaparlamentis #146 dadgenilebiT ganxorcielda 2000 wlis 11 Tebervals. mxareebiTanxmdebian, iTanamSromlon vaWrobis sferoSi da ar daaweson sabaJo mosakrebeli imsaqonelze, romlis warmoSobis adgilia saqarTvelos da ruseTis teritoriebi. me-3muxlis Tanaxmad, qveynebi ar apireben raodenobrivi SezRudvis dawesebas eqsport-importze. aseTi SezRudva romelime mxaris mier SeiZleba ganxorcieldes, mxolodmkacrad gansazRvrul periodSi da gamonaklis SemTxvevaSi. saqarTvelo da ruseTi aseveSeTanxmdnen Tavisufal satranzito moZraobaze. xelSekruleba ar vrceldeba afxazeTisteritoriaze separatistuli respublikis winaaRmdeg dawesebuli dsT-s qveynebis sanqciebisgamo.

meore SeTanxmeba exeba saqarTvelos da ruseTis federaciis sabaJo sazRvrebze ganlagebulgamSveb punqtebs. xelSekruleba xelmowerilia 1994 wlis 31 maiss.237 misi pirvelimuxliT mxareebi Tanxmdebian, gaxsnan Semdegi gamSvebi punqtebi saqarTvelo-ruseTissazRvrebze: ganTiadi (saqarTvelo) – adleri (ruseTi); roki (saqarTvelo) – niJnizaramagi (ruseTi); mamisoni (saqarTvelo) – niJni zaramagi (ruseTi); yazbegi (saqarTvelo)– verxni larsi (ruseTi).

zogierT samarTaldamcav organos, magaliTad, saqarTvelos uSiSroebis saministroskontrsabotaJisa da kontrdazvervis departaments, ar aqvs ucxo qveynebis msgavsstruqturebTan TanamSromlobis legaluri safuZveli, Tu ar CavTvliT dsT-s qveynebs.aseTi SeTanxmeba ar arsebobs aSS-sTan, TurqeTTan da sxva qveynebTan. departamenti aSS-s Sesabamis struqturebTan mxolod informaciis gacvlis doneze TanamSromlobs.238

235 saqarTvelos sabaJo departamentis gankarguleba #156, 12 agvisto, 1999236 interviu sabaJo departamentis ufrosis yofil moadgile da saqarTvelos savaWro-samrewvelos palatisvice-prezident dimitri abesaZesTan, 2003 wlis marti237 saqarTvelos sabaJo kanonmdebloba, Tbilisi, 2002, gv. 350-351238 interviu uSiSroebis saministros oficerTan, 2003 wlis 24 maisi

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afxazeTis de faqto xelisuflebis winaaRmdegdawesebuli dsT-s sanqciebi da ruseT-saqarTvelossaxelisuflebo brZanebulebebi

afxazeTis omis dasrulebidan 3 wlis Semdeg 1996 wlis 19 ianvars dsT-s qveynebismmarTvelTa sabWom miiRo gadawyvetileba afxazeTis konfliqtis mogvarebisTvis saWirozomebis gatarebis Sesaxeb. gadawyvetilebaSi aRniSnulia:

adastureben ra, rom afxazeTi saqarTvelos ganuyofel nawils warmoadgens, dsT-swevri qveynebi saqarTvelos mTavrobis nebarTvis gareSe:

a) ar daamyareben savaWro-ekonomikur, finansur, satransporto an sxva urTierTobebsafxazuri mxaris xelisuflebasTan;

dsT-s wevri qveynebi ar dauSveben maT teritoriaze afxazuri mxaris mTavrobiswarmomadgenlobis an maTi warmomadgeneli oficialuri pirebis funqcionirebas.239 amdokumentis Tanaxmad, nebismieri saxis eqsport-importi, romelic SeTanxmebuli ar iqnebasaqarTvelos xelisuflebasTan da ar iqneba mis mier nebadarTuli, aralegaluria dakontrabandul saqmianobad miiCneva. es seriozulad zRudavs saqarTvelos iurisdiqciidangasuli respublikis SesaZleblobas, daamyaros sagareo ekonomikuri urTierTobebi. Sedegad,prestiJuli saerTaSoriso kompaniebis nacvlad, afxazeTis teritoriaze saqmianobensaeWvo reputaciis biznesmenebi, savaraudod, fulis gaTeTrebis mizniT. unda aRiniSnos,rom miuxedavad 19 ianvris dadgenilebisa, rusuli saxelmwifo da kerZo kompaniebixSirad uSualod monawileoben afxazeTTan biznesoperaciebSi. niSandoblivia, rom 1997wlis 7 noembers ruseTis premier-ministrma viqtor Cernomirdinma xeli moawera ruseTisfederaciis mTavrobis brZanebulebas citrusisa da soflis meurneobis sxva produqtebisruseTis federaciaSi importis Sesaxeb.

saxelmwifo dumam miiRo ori dadgenileba, romlis Tanaxmad unda moxsniliyo afxazeTisTviTgamocxadebuli respublikis winaaRmdeg dawesebuli sanqciebi. pirveli maTganidaTariRebulia 1997 wlis 24 ivnisiT, xolo meore – 1998 wlis 24 ivnisiT.240

pirveli dadgenileba ruseTis federaciis xelisuflebas sTavazobs, SezRudos sanqciebiafxazeTis Raribi mosaxleobis mimarT;

meore iniciativa iTvaliswinebs:1. waredginos winadadeba ruseTis federaciis prezidents da dsT-s qveynebis

xelmZRvanelTa sabWos maT mierve dawesebuli afxazeTTan dakavSirebuli SezRudvebisgauqmebis Taobaze;

2. rekomendacia gaewios ruseTis federaciis mTavrobas gaauqmos 1994 wlis 19dekembers miRebuli #1394 brZanebuleba ‘sazRvris gadakveTis droebiTi SezRudvebiszomebis Sesaxeb”;

3. rCeva mieces ruseTis federacias, ufro intensiuri gaxados afxazeTTan ekonomikurida kulturuli urTierTobis damyarebis procesi (xels awers saxelmwifo dumisTavmjdomare g. selezniovi).

saxelmwifo dumis am mcdelobebis Sedegad ruseTis federaciis mTavrobam gamoscabrZanebuleba, romelsac 1999 wlis 9 seqtembers xels awers ruseTis prezidentivladimer putini.241 mis safuZvelze gauqmda yvela adrindeli brZanebuleba saqarTvelosada ruseTis federaciis sazRvrebis gadakveTisas SezRudvebis Sesaxeb. ruseTis federaciissaxelmwifo sabaJo komiteti, kavSirgabmulobis saministro da transportis saministro

239 Diasamidze Tamaz, Regional Conflicts in Georgia – the Autonomous Oblast of South Ossetia, the AutonomousRepublic of Abkhazia (1989-2002). The Collection of Political-Legal Acts. Tbilisi 2003, p.170240 Ibid., p.p . 195, 216241 Ibid., p.236

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valdebulia, miiRos zomebi ‘adleri saavtomobilos” da ‘adleri rkinigzis” sabaJo-gamSvebi punqtebis mosamzadeblad.

am droidan moyolebuli, ruseTis mTavroba irCevs ruseTis federaciaSi afxazeTisekonomikuri integraciis axal strategias. strategia moicavs afxazeTis separatistulreJimTan ekonomikuri urTierTobebis damyarebas, saqarTvelos iurisdiqciidan gasuliafxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis respublikebTan savizo reJimis gauqmebas, xolo saqarTvelosdanarCen teritoriasTan am reJimis SenarCunebas, separatistuli regionebis mosaxleobisTvisruseTis moqalaqeobis miniWebas, soWsa da soxums Soris sarkinigzo mimosvlis aRdgenas.es yvelaferi xdeba saqarTvelos mTavrobis sruli ignorirebiT. aman gamoiwvia rusul-qarTuli urTierTobebis daZabva, xolo afxazeTis separatistul mTavrobas ubiZga,gamoecxadebina damoukidebloba 1999 wels Catarebuli referendumis safuZvelze. masSiafxazeTidan devnili (ZiriTadad qarTuli) mosaxleoba ar monawileobda.

yovelive amis gaTvaliswinebiT, ruseTi SeiZleba CaiTvalos kontrabanduli saqmianobisxelSemwyobad saqarTveloSi, romelic ‘xels uwyobs bunebrivi resursebis aralegalureqspluatacias da konfliqtis Semdgom gaRvivebas.”242

kontrzomis saxiT saqarTvelos mTavrobam miiRo prezidentis ramdenime brZanebulebaafxazeTSi savaWro SezRudvis Sesaxeb.

- prezidentis brZanebuleba saqarTvelo-ruseTis sazRvris afxazeTis monakveTzesasazRvro da sabaJo reJimis Sesaxeb iTvaliswinebs, rom zogadad kavkasiaSi da kerZodafxazeTSi arsebuli mZime kriminogenuli viTareba, rac moicavs iaraRis, narkotikis,kontrabanduli saqonlis Setanas afxazeTSi, safrTxes uqmnis saqarTvelos saxelmwifousafrTxoebas da mis sasicocxlo interesebs, arRvevs keTilganwyobil urTierTobebsmezobel qveynebTan; imisaTvis, rom uzrunvelyofili iqnas dsT-s sanqciebis ganxorcieleba,soxumis porti, sazRvao akvatoria da saqarTvelo-ruseTis sazRvris afxazeTis monakveTidaxurulia nebismieri saxis saerTaSoriso savaWro operaciisaTvis, garda humanitarulitvirTebis moZraobisa.243 prezidentis morigi brZanebulebis Tanaxmad, afxazeTismimarTulebiT mimavalma yvela gemma Semowmeba unda gaiaros foTis portSi. gemis mflobelebs,tvirTis gamomgzavn organizaciebs an kerZo kompaniebs evalebaT, saqarTvelos sakonsuloebsan saelCoebs warudginon detaluri informacia afxazeTSi mimavali gemebis Sesaxeb.244

2001 wlis 10 ianvris prezidentis brZanebuleba #2 exeba afxazeTidan xe-tyisaralegalurad gatanas. masSi aRniSnulia, rom Sesabamisi struqturebis mxridan saWiroaufro intensiuri muSaoba, raTa Sesruldes prezidentis brZanebuleba #328. afxazeTissaxelmwifo uSiSroebisa da Sinagan saqmeTa saministroebi da afxazeTis ministrTasabWo valdebulni arian, moamzadon gasatarebel RonisZiebaTa gegma, raTa aRikveTos xe-tyis ukanono eqsporti.

saqarTvelos parlamenti aseve cdilobda kontrabandasTan brZolas ruseTis mxridan.erT-erT aseT nabijs warmoadgenda 2002 wlis 5 dekembris dadgenileba: parlamentmamimarTa saqarTvelos mTavrobas, ar daeWira mxari ruseTis msoflio savaWro organizaciaSigawevrianebisTvis, Tu ruseTi kvlav ganagrZobda saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebis darRvevas.dadgenilebaSi miTiTebuli braldebebia: afxazeTisa da cxinvalis regionebis separatistulreJimebTan ukanono TanamSromlobis damyareba; afxazeTis daxuruli sazRvao portebisgamoyeneba saerTaSoriso normebis darRveviT; savizo reJimis diskriminaciuli gamoyenebasaqarTvelos teritoriaze; saqarTvelo-ruseTis SeTanxmebis darRveva sasazRvro gamSvebpunqtebze da am darRvevis gamo arsebuli kontrabanduli saqmianoba, romelic ekonomikurzians ayenebs orive mxares; xelovnuri savaWro barierebis Seqmna saqarTvelos da

242 Economic Agendas in Armed Conflict: Defining and Developing the Role of the UN , Background Paper by theInternational Peace Academy and the Fafo Institute for Applied Social Science (2002).243 prezidentis brZanebuleba #140, 31 ianvari, 1996244 prezidentis brZanebuleba #328, 19 maisi, 1999

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satranzito tvirTebisaTvis erTaderT legitimur sabaJo gamSveb punqtze saqarTvelosada ruseTs Soris (yazbegi – verxni larsi); saqarTvelos mimarTulebiT momavalitranzituli tvirTis aralegalurad Seferxeba.

daskvnebi

STambeWdavi raodenobis ‘amkrZalavi” brZanebulebebi da instruqciebia gacemulisxvadasxva mTavrobis mxridan 1998 wlis Semdgom. am normatiuli aqtebis umetesobawarmoadgens administraciul-samarTlebrivi iZulebis zomebs da ara ekonomikur meqanizmebs.formalurad isini miznad isaxavs kontrabandis akrZalvas an Semcirebas, magram faqtobrivadxels uwyobs mis swraf zrdas da Crdilovani biznesis ganviTarebas. mTavrobiswarmomadgenlebi da samarTaldamcavi organoebi dakavebulni arian meqrTameobiT dabiurokratiuli procedurebis garTulebiT, romelic mewarmeebma unda gaiaron eqsport-importis operaciebisa da tvirTebis transportirebisTvis saWiro nebarTvebis misaRebad.Seusabamo normatiuli aqtebi mZime tvirTad daawva mewarmeebs da ubiZgebs maT aralegalurisaqmianobisaken. amis Sedegad Semosavlebi saxelmwifo biujetis nacvlad midiskorumpirebuli biurokratebis jibeebSi. centraluri samTavrobo uwyebebidan (magaliTad,finansTa an ekonomikis saministroebidan) damatebiTi nebarTvebisa da licenziebis aRebisaucilebloba iwvevs kontrabandis centralizacias, monopolizacias da mTavrobis maRalirangis warmomadgenlebs ubiZgebs kontrabandul qselebSi monawileobisken.

aSkaraa, rom administraciul-samarTaldacviTi zomebis gatareba efeqturi iqneba mxolodmaSin, Tu moxerxda sabaJo da samarTaldamcav moxeleTaTvis normaluri xelfasebisdaniSvna da gadasaxadebis harmonizacia mezobeli qveynebis Sesabamis kanonmdeblobasTan.sxva SemTxvevaSi, roca sazRvrebi daucvelia, yovelTvis SeiZleba maTi gamoyenebakontrabandisTvis, miT ufro, Tu ar arsebobs aranairi ekonomikuri meqanizmebi da Sesabamisiadministrireba.

igive iTqmis afxazeTis Sesaxeb saqarTvelosa da ruseTis federaciis mier miRebulgadawyvetilebebze. cxadia, rom ruseTis mTavroba cdilobs iseTi normatiuli aqtebismiRebas, romlebic uzrunvelyofs afxazeTis ekonomikur integracias ruseTis federaciaSi.meore mxriv, saqarTvelos mTavroba upiratesobas aniWebs tradiciul amkrZalavadministraciul-legalur sanqciebs. aseTi meTodebi, efeqturia, roca saxelmwifo sakmaodZlieria, rasac saqarTveloze ver vityviT. meti aqcenti unda gakeTdes afxazeTTanekonomikur TanamSromlobasa da mis ekonomikur integraciaze saqarTvelosTan. Tumca esZnelad misaRwevi amocanaa sakmarisi resursebis uqonlobis gamo.

sakanonmdeblo baza, romliTac xdeba kontrabandasTan brZola, arasrulyofili dabundovania. es gansakuTrebiT exeba Tambaqosa da navTobproduqtebs, afxazeTidan dasamxreT oseTis teritoriidan kontrabandiT Semotanili saqonlis yvelaze gavrcelebulsaxeobebs. umTavresi problema ki is aris, rom arsebuli kanonebi ar sruldebasamarTaldamcav organoebSi gavrcelebuli korufciisa da saqarTvelos centralurimTavrobis upasuxismgeblobis gamo.

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danarTi II

afxazeTisa da cxinvalis regionis gavliTkontrabandasTan brZolaze pasuxismgebeli

organizaciebi

saqarTveloSi kontrabandis winaaRmdeg brZola ramdenime struqturas evaleba. mokvlevaekisreba finansTa saministros, Sinagan saqmeTa saministros da sazRvris dacvissaxelmwifo departaments. ZiriTadi sagamoZiebo struqturebia: finansTa da saxelmwifouSiSroebis saministroebi, gamoZiebaze zogad zedamxedvelobas axorcielebs generaluriprokuratura.

saxelmwifo uSiSroebis saministros kontrsabotaJisa da kontrdazvervis departamenti,amave saministros antiteroristuli departamenti, regionuli danayofebi da finansTasaministroSi axladSeqmnili sagamoZiebo departamenti uflebamosilni arian, Caataronmokvleva da ganaxorcielon operatiuli RonisZiebebi kontrabandis winaaRmdeg. miuxedavadimisa, rom Sinagan saqmeTa saministros ara aqvs kanoniT gansazRvruli uflebamosileba,is mainc axorcielebs msgavs saqmianobas korufciisa da ekonomikuri danaSaulis winaaRmdegbrZolas departamentisa da regionuli struqturebis saSualebiT. sazRvris dacvisdepartaments aseve SeuZlia gaataros operatiuli RonisZiebebi kontrabandis winaaRmdeg,magram angariSSi am departaments ar ganvixilavT, radgan sasazRvro jarebi afxazeTSi ancxinvalis regionSi ganlagebuli araa. am struqturebs ar eniWeba kontrabandis SemTxvevebisgamoZiebis ufleba, es funqcia ekisreba finansTa da saxelmwifo uSiSroebis saministrossagamoZiebo departamentebs da generalur prokuraturas. es ukanaskneli warmoadgensZiriTad instituts, romelic monawileobs sasamarTlo gamoZiebaSi, axorcielebs dazedamxedvelobs winaswar gamoZiebas.

arsebobs kidev ramdenime departamenti finansTa saministroSi, saparlamento komitetida saxelmwifo uSiSroebis sabWo, romelTac, marTalia, samarTaldacviTi funqcia araaqvT, magram kontrabandis problema maTac exeba.

2003 wlis ivnisamde ar arsebobda saxelmwifo organo, romelic moaxdendaantikontrabanduli RonisZiebebis koordinacias. es mniSvnelovnad gaaumjobesebdaaralegaluri vaWrobis winaaRmdeg brZolas.Nrogorc mkvlevarTa jgufma zemoT xsenebulistruqturebis warmomadgenlebTan gasaubrebidan Seityo, am uwyebaTa Soris TanamSromlobada maTi RonisZiebebis koordinacia TiTqmis ar xdeboda.

saqarTvelos finansTa saministro

sagangebo legioni

sagangebo legioni 2000 wlis 30 ivniss saqarTvelos prezidentis brZanebulebiTSeiqmna. Tavdapirvelad misi personali Seadgenda 290 kacs, SemdgomSi ki 450 adamianamdegaizarda. aRsaniSnavia, rom im dros, roca mdinare engurTan da ergneTis bazrobaze ariyo ganlagebuli qarTuli sasazRvro jarebi da sabaJo punqtebi, legioni warmoadgendakontrabandasTan brZolaze pasuxismgebel ZiriTad struqturas.

legioni iyo gasamxedroebuli, samarTaldacviTi funqciis mqone, specialuri daniSnulebisstruqtura. mis movaleobebSi Sedioda: sabaJo wesebis darRvevis gamovlena da prevencia;kompetenciis farglebSi mokvlevis ganxorcieleba; operatiuli informaciis Sekreba dasaqarTvelos teritoriaze ukanono saqonelbrunvisa da ukanono vaWrobis, am saqmianobaSiCarTuli calkeuli pirebis winaaRmdeg brZola; sabaJo wesebis darRvevis xelSemwyobipirobebis Seswavla; miRebuli informaciis sistematizacia, monacemTa bazebis Seqmna da

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samarTaldamcavi organoebisaTvis, sabaJo da sagadasaxado departamentebisaTvis Sesabamisiinformaciis miwodeba.245

2002 wlamde legioni, sabaJo da sagadasaxado departamentebTan erTad, Semosavlebissaministros struqturuli erTeuli iyo. mas Semdeg, rac es saministro daiSala, yvelaes struqtura finansTa saministros SeuerTda.

finansTa saministros Tanaxmad, sakanonmdeblo xarvezebis gamo legioni mniSvnelovanproblemebs awydeboda. daviwyoT imiT, rom ar arsebobda kanoni TviT legionis Sesaxeb.misi saqmianoba regulirdeboda policiis Sesaxeb kanoniT. ar arsebobda samoqmedo gegmada oficialurad damtkicebuli da SemuSavebuli dokumenti misi uflebebisa dapasuxismgeblobebis Sesaxeb. roca legionma im sawyobebis Semowmeba daiwyo, sadac,operatiuli informaciiT, kontrabanduli saqoneli inaxeboda, pirveli instanciissasamarTlom gamoitana gadawyvetileba, rom legions ar hqonda msgavsi saqmianobisufleba. saolqo sasamarTlom SeZlo am saqmeSi garkveva da legionerebs neba darTo,SeesrulebinaT TavianTi movaleoba, Tumca daikarga erTi Tve. ra Tqma unda, aseTi faqtebiantikontrabandul RonisZiebebze negatiurad moqmedebda.246

legionis struqtura moicavda: administraciul departaments, informaciuliuzrunvelyofis departaments, sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobis darRvevis winaaRmdeg brZolisdepartaments, sabaJo wesebis darRvevis winaaRmdeg brZolis departaments, teqnikuriuzrunvelyofis departaments da specialuri daniSnulebis Zalebs.

sagadasaxado Semosavlebis ministris, levan ZnelaZis 2002 wlis 9 Tebervlis angariSiT,legioni ver axerxebda Tavisi funqciebis Sesrulebas. ZnelaZis azriT, ZiriTadi mizeziiyo is, rom legions ar gaaCnda samoqmedo strategia ekonomikuri usafrTxoebisuzrunvelsayofad. aman ganapiroba legionis arakoordinirebuli saqmianoba finansTasaministros sxva struqturebTan da sxva samTavrobo uwyebebTan. ZiriTadi problemebiiyo adamianuri resursebis aramiznobrivi gamoyeneba, sakadro kvalifikaciis dabali doneda mouqneli struqtura. saerTod ar mimdinareobda sabaJo wesebis darRvevisa da amdanaSaulSi CarTuli pirebis Sesaxeb informaciis sistematizacia da monacemTa bazisSeqmna. mokvlevisas ar xdeboda generalur prokuraturasTan koordinacia. legions argaaCnda gamoZiebis Sedegebi im 425 saqmidan umravlesobaze, romelic generalurprokuraturas 2001-2002 wlebSi miewoda.247

problemebi iyo legionsa da sabaJos Soris TanamSromlobaSi. 2001 wlis 6 apriliswerilSi legionis xelmZRvaneli adanaSaulebs sabaJo departaments misTvis saqarTvelossabaJo teritoriaze saqonlis moZraobis Sesaxeb drouli informaciis miuwodeblobaSi,rac abrkolebda legionis saqmianobas.248

2000-2002 ww. sagadasaxado Semosavlebis saministros generalurma inspeqciam aRnusxalegionis TanamSromelTa dasjis 13 SemTxveva.249 ministri ZnelaZe ki saubrobs 23daTxovil da 68 administraciuli wesiT dasjil TanamSromelze.250

mTavroba apirebda legionis amocanebis gadaxedvas da finansuri policiis Seqmnas,romelsac unda damateboda gamoZiebis funqcia.

sagangebo legionis daSla da finansTa saministroSi sagamoZiebo departamentis Seqmna2003 wlis ivnisSi dawyebuli antikontrabanduli kampaniis dros sagangebo legioni

moeqca samTavrobo komisiisa da TviT finansTa saministros gansakuTrebuli kritikis qveS.finansTa ministris moadgilem, laSa Jvaniam ganacxada: “legionis xelmZRvanel kaxniaurs finansTa

245 finansTa saministros debuleba, http://www.mof.ge/en/about/policy/246 finansTa ministr mirian gogiaSvilis angariSi mTavrobis sxdomaze, 31 ivlisi, 2002247 sagadasaxado Semosavlebis ministr levan ZnelaZis angariSi, 9 Tebervali, 2002248 kontrolis palatis angariSi sagangebo legionis saqmianobaze 2001-2002 wlebSi249 finansTa saministros generaluri inspeqciis vebgverdi, http://www.ig-trm.gov.ge/250 sagadasaxado Semosavlebis ministr levan ZnelaZis angariSi, 9 Tebervali, 2002

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saministros 4900 TanamSromlidan 6 Tvis ganmavlobaSi ar dausjia arcerTi. es niSnavs, romigi mfarvelobs da icavs damnaSaveebs”.251 legionma antikontrabanduli kampaniis 1 TvisganmavlobaSi daakava 340 kontrabandisti, Tumca maTi umravlesoba “CanTiani qali” iyo.252

sabolood gadawyda, rom finansTa saministroSi legionis bazaze Seiqmneboda sagamoZiebodepartamenti, romelsac aseve eqneboda ekonomikuri danaSaulis gamoZiebis funqcia.sagamoZiebo departaments unda eTanamSromla saxelmwifo uSiSroebisa da Sinagan saqmeTasaministros Sesabamis samsaxurebTan, romlebic inarCunebdnen mokvlevisa da gamoZiebisfunqciebs. finansTa saministrom Tavdapirvelad SeimuSava ew. “italiuri varianti”,romlis Tanaxmadac mxolod finansTa saministros struqturebs unda hqonodaT ekonomikurdanaSaulze operatiul-sagamoZiebo RonisZiebaTa gatarebis ufleba. uSiSroebisa daSinagan saqmeTa saministroebma am iniciativas didi winaaRmdegoba gauwies. mogvianebiT esproeqti Seicvala da finansTa ministris moadgilem TviTonve aRiara, rom “dResdReobiTfinansTa saministro ar aris mzad operatiul-sagamoZiebo saqmianobis damoukidebladgatarebisTvis”. Sedegad, 2003 wlis seqtemberSi gadawyda sagangebo legionis daSla damis TanamSromelTa 70 procenti gadanawilda sxva samsaxurebSi.

sabaJo da sagadasaxado departamentebi iZenen operatiul funqcias, anu maT uflebaaqvT, awarmoon ekonomikuri danaSaulebebis mokvleva da Semdgom masalebi miawodonsagamoZiebo departaments. am ukanasknels SeuZlia mimarTos sasamarTlos. sagamoZiebodepartaments zedamxedvelobas gauwevs generaluri prokuratura. ucvleli rCeba erTiram – ekonomikuri danaSaulis mokvlevas da gamoZiebas axorcielebs is struqtura,romelic danaSauls pirveli aRmoaCens.253

sabaJo departamenti

sabaJo departamenti Seiqmna 1992 wels. mogvianebiT iyo am struqturis reorganizaciisaraerTi mcdeloba. sabaJo departamentis funqciebia: saqarTvelos ekonomikuri usafrTxoebisdacva, sabaJo saqmianobis organizeba da sabaJo politikis ganxorcieleba.254

misi struqtura ase gamoiyureba: Tavmjdomaris aparati, sabaJo kontrolis organizaciissammarTvelo, safinanso-satarifo ganyofileba, gansakuTrebul davalebaTa sammarTvelo,kadrebis sammarTvelo, materialur-teqnikuri uzrunvelyofis sammarTvelo, centraluribuxhalteria, sabaJo statistikisa da informatikis sammarTvelo, aqcizuri saqonlissammarTvelo, iuridiuli sammarTvelo, aRmosavleTis, dasavleTis, CrdiloeTis, samxreTis,afxazeTis, aWaris, energetikis, rkinigzis regionuli sabaJoebi, sabaJo laboratoria.mTlianobaSi sabaJo departamentSi 1000-ze meti adamiani muSaobs.255

1999 wlis 1 ivniss saqarTvelos mTavrobam xelSekruleba gauforma britanul kompanias“ITS Group” (ITS), romelsac saqarTvelos sabaJo samsaxurisTvis unda exelmZRvanela. ITS-ma ajoba saerTaSoriso tenderSi monawile danarCen eqvs kompanias, Sveicaruli SocieteGenerale Surveillance (SGS)-is CaTvliT. ITS pasuxismgebeli iyo saqarTveloSi importuliproduqtebis kontrolze, mas unda uzrunveleyo sabaJo deklaraciebis swori Sevseba dawinaswar gaeTvala importis moculoba. gazeT “izvestia”-s Tanaxmad, kontraqts Sedegadunda moetana operatiuli problemebis gadaWra. saqarTvelos sabaJos TanamSromlebsucxoelebisgan miRebuli gamocdilebis Semdeg Tavad unda emoqmedaT saerTaSoriso

251 qvliviZe nona, ratom daiSala sagangebo legioni; gazeTi “xvalindeli dRe”, #176 (335), 22 seqtemberi, 2003,http://www.opentext.org.ge/xdge/default.htm252 gazeTi “xvalindeli dRe”, #153 (312), 12 agvisto, 2003, http://www.opentext.org.ge/xdge/default.htm253 qvliviZe nona, ratom daiSala sagangebo legioni; gazeTi “xvalindeli dRe”, #176 (335), 22 seqtemberi, 2003,http://www.opentext.org.ge/xdge/default.htm254 finansTa saministros debuleba, http://www.mof.ge/en/about/policy/255 saqarTvelos sabaJo departamentis vebgverdi, http://www.customs.ge/

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standartebis Sesabamisad, SeemcirebinaT korufcia da gaezardaT Semosavlebi.256 firmisTanamSromlebma ganacxades, rom sabaJos oficialuri pirebi win aRudgnen maT Zalisxmevas.“Cven gveqceodnen, rogorc mtrebs,” – ganacxada erTma yofilma TanamSromelma.257

ITS-ma Tavidanve uari ganacxada, aeRo pasuxismgebloba iaraRisa da narkotikiskontrabandis kontrolze. ITS aseve ar agebda pasuxs saqarTvelos sabaJo sazRvrebisdacvaze. igi atarebda mxolod im saqonlis inspeqtirebas, romlis Semowmebasac iTxovdatvirTis mflobeli an sabaJo departamenti. amgvarad, ITS-ma aiRo mxolod is funqciebi,romelTa Sesruleba isedac ioli iyo. kontrolis palata saubrobs ramdenime faqtze,romelic metyvelebs kompaniis saqmianobis dabal efeqturobaze da, zogierT SemTxvevaSi,misi warmomadgenlebis korufciaSi monawileobaze, maTi mxridan saxelmwifo interesebisupativcemulobasa da ignorirebaze.258 mogvianebiT saqarTvelos mTavrobam ar ganaaxlakompaniasTan xelSekruleba da 2002 wlis dasawyisSi ITS-ma saqarTvelo datova.Semosavlebis saministros gauqmebis Semdeg sabaJo departamenti finansTa saministrosdaeqvemdebara.

gadasaxadebisa da Semosavlebis saparlamento komitetis informaciiT, 2002 welssabaJo Semosavlebis parametrebi 1997 wlis donesac ver aRwevda. kontrolis palatisangariSSi naTqvamia, rom sabaJo wesebis darRvevisa da administraciul samarTaldarRvevaTawinaaRmdeg mimarTuli RonisZiebebi ar iyo efeqturi. xelmZRvanelTa upatiosno moqmedebamda uyuradRebobam gamoiwvia strategiuli resursebis aralegaluri eqsporti, saqonlisukontrolo da ukanono brunva saqarTvelos teritoriaze. sxvadasxva wyaroebi adasturebssabaJo struqturebSi arsebul diletantizms, cud marTvas, saxelmwifo fondebisaramiznobriv gamoyenebas da sxva samarTaldarRvevebs.

sabaJo departamentis funqciaa, SeimuSavos saqonlis moZraobis maregulirebeliinstruqciebi da maTi aRsruleba. amgvarad, sabaJo departamenti krebs informaciassaqonlisa da satransporto saSualebebis moZraobis Sesaxeb da am informaciis safuZvelzelegioni axorcielebs operatiul saqmianobas. sagadasaxado Semosavlebis ministrisgankargulebiT, Tu sabaJo departamenti daafiqsirebs saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTliskodeqsis 214-e muxlis (sabaJo wesebis darRveva) darRvevas da sabaJo gadasaxadebisdamalva gadaaWarbebs 800 lars, man 3 dRis ganmavlobaSi unda miawodos informacialegions Semdgomi mokvlevisaTvis.259 am gankargulebis arsebobis miuxedavad, TanamSromlobaaraefeqturi rCeboda.

departamentis warmomadgenlebi yovelTvis iyenebdnen sxva struqturebze kontrabandisxelisSewyobis gadabralebis nacad meTods. finansTa ministris yofili moadgile levanCrdileli aRniSnavs, rom sxvadasxva samTavrobo struqturebis kontrabandasTan brZolisfunqciebi ar iyo mkafiod gansazRvruli da Camoyalibebuli, rac kidev ufro amZafrebdaproblemas da qmnida SesaZleblobas, sxvadasxva struqturebis warmomadgenlebs bralierTmaneTisTvis daedoT. sabaJos oficialuri pirebi acxadebdnen, rom ZiriTadipasuxismgebloba sagangebo legionsa da aqcizuri saqonlis monitoringis biuroze modioda.Tumca ase ar iyo. sabaJo departamentis uSualo funqciaa saqarTvelos teritoriazesaqonlis moZraobis monitoringi, misma regionulma samsaxurebma ki unda uzrunvelyonimportirebul saqonelze gadasaxadebis biujetSi moxvedra.

sabaJo departamentis saqmianobaze uaryofiTad moqmedebda misi xelmZRvanelobisswrafi cvlileba. 2000 wlis 1 ianvridan dRemde 10 piri Seicvala.

256 Semen Novoprudskiy, “British ‘Trick Riding’: Georgian Customs To Be Turned Over to British ManagementEffective June 1", Newspaper “Izvestiya”, April 27, 1999, p. 5; In “British Firm to Manage Customs Work ,” FBISDocument FTS1999042900283.257 Eurasia Insight, March 21, 2003, Entrenched Corruption Begins at Georgia’s Border, Ken Stier, 27 June, 2002258 saqarTvelos kontolis palatis angariSi sabaJo departamentis saqmianobis Sesaxeb, dekemberi, 2002259 sagadasaxado Semosavlebis ministris brZanebuleba #532, 18 dekemberi, 2000

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msoflio bankis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis institutisa da msoflio bankis evropisada centraluri aziis regionuli ganyofilebis mier Catarebuli sociologiuri kvlevisTanaxmad, saqarTvelos sabaJo samsaxuri yvelaze korumpirebul struqturaTa Sorismesame adgilzea saqarTvelos sagadasaxado inspeqciisa da Sinagan saqmeTa saministrosSemdeg.260 am dros ki sabaJo da sagadasaxado organoebis mxolod 50 muSaki daisajaTanamdebobis borotad gamoyenebisTvis. ra Tqma unda, es ricxvi sakmaod mokrZalebuliastruqturaSi gamefebuli korufciis masStabebidan gamomdinare. igive iTqmis sagadasaxadoSemosavlebis saministros monacemebze, 2000-2002 ww. am uwyebis generalurma inspeqciamaRnusxa sabaJo departamentis TanamSromelTa dasjis sul 44 faqti.261

rac Seexeba afxazeTis regionul sabaJos – ar arsebobs aranairi instruqcia an wesi,romelic gansazRvravda am struqturis funqciebs da pasuxismgeblobebs. misi arsebobamxolod da mxolod formaluria afxazeTis legitimuri xelisuflebis sxva struqturebismsgavsad. CvenTvis gaugebaria, ratom axorcielebs afxazeTis sabaJo Tavis funqciebs imtvirTebze, romlebic azerbaijanidan modis da metic, ratom amowmebs im kompaniebissaqmianobas, romlebic registrirebulni arian kaxeTis regionis sagadasaxadodepartamentSi.262

aqcizuri saqonlis monitoringis biuro

aqcizuri saqonlis monitoringis biuro Seiqmna prezidentis gankargulebisa dasagadasaxado Semosavlebis ministris brZanebulebis safuZvelze, sabolood ki Camoyalibda,rogorc “sakoordinacio analitikuri jgufi” da “komisia”.263

biuros funqciebia: aqcizuri saqonlis miwodebisa da aRricxvis monitoringi,sagadasaxado administrireba, kompetenciis farglebSi sabaJo da sagadasaxadokanonmdeblobis dacvis monitoringi; calkeuli saqmianobis ganxorcieleba aqcizurisaqonlis aRricxvis, dabegvrisa da kanonieri realizaciis gasaumjobeseblad; aRricxvisada dabegvris koordinacia da analizi; sagadasaxado politikis ZiriTad mimarTulebebzewinadadebebis momzadeba.264

misi struqtura Sedgeba:1. aqcizuri saqonlis monitoringis sammarTvelo (navTobproduqtebis monitoringis

ganyofileba, Tambaqos produqtebis monitoringis ganyofileba, alkoholuri produqtebismonitoringis ganyofileba da sxva aqcizuri saqonlis monitoringis ganyofileba);

2. informaciis damuSavebis, analizisa da gaTvlebis sammarTvelo (mkacri aRricxvisdokumentaciis ganyofileba, informaciis damuSavebis ganyofileba, analizisa da gaTvlebisganyofileba, regionuli koordinaciis ganyofileba).

zemoaRniSnuli funqciebis mqone struqturis Seqmna ganapiroba navTobproduqtebisdeklarirebuli importis dabalma donem. 2001 wlis aprilis Semdeg, rodesac biurommuSaoba daiwyo, benzinis oficialuri importi gaizarda 83,5 aTasi toniT, xolo dizelis– 34,0 aTasi toniT. Tumca es cifrebi kvlav mokrZalebulia 1998 wlis monacemebTanSedarebiT. gadasaxadebisa da Semosavlebis saparlamento komitetis angariSSi naTqvamia,rom ar sruldeba aqcizuri saqonlidan dagegmili Semosavlebi, rac arakoordinirebulida araswori midgomis Sedegia. biuros warmomadgenlebi acxadeben, rom maTi funqciaa

260 In “Opinion Poll Reveals Most Unscrupulous Civil Services in Georgia”, Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, http://web.lexis-nexis.com/.] {Entered March 9, 1999 TR}261 finansTa saministros generaluri inspeqciis vebgverdi, http://www.ig-trm.gov.ge/262 es faqtebi moxseniebulia kontrolis palatis mier afxazeTis sabaJo departamentis Semowmebis masalebSi,2000-2002.263 prezidentis brZanebuleba #475, 2 noemberi, 2000.264 finansTa saministros debuleba, http://www.mof.ge/en/about/policy/

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navTobproduqtebis monitoringi mxolod TbilisSi, Sesabamis instruqciaSi ki naTqvamia,rom am organom monitoringi unda warmarTos saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze. sxvaaqcizur saqonelze monitoringi aseve zereled xorcieldeba, rac imas niSnavs, rombiuros ar SeuZlia misi funqciebis Sesruleba. angariSi daaskvnis, rom biuros saqmianobisproduqtiuloba dabalia da xSiria sxva struqturebis funqciebis dublirebis SemTxvevebi.pasuxismgebloba ar aris gansazRvruli.265

finansTa saministroSi arsebobs sami ganyofileba, romelic ukavSirdeba kontrabandasTanbrZolas: sagadasaxado Semosavlebis koordinaciisa da mobilizaciis ganyofileba;makroekonomikuri prognozis, sabaJo-sagadasaxado politikisa da finansuri statistikisganyofileba; sagadasaxado departamenti.

pirveli aris axladSeqmnili struqtura da misi ZiriTadi funqciebia sabaJo dasagadasaxado departamentebs, sagangebo legions, aqcizuri markebis sammarTvelosa dasxva struqturebs Soris informaciis gacvlis organizeba da maTi urTierTqmedebiskoordinacia.266 meore ZiriTadad dakavSirebulia sabaJo da sagadasaxado politikasada kanonmdeblobasTan, safinanso-sabiujeto procesebis analizsa da prognozTan. amgvarad,kontrabandis winaaRmdeg sakanonmdeblo zomebis SemuSaveba aris departamentis saqmianobiserT-erTi mniSvnelovani mimarTuleba.267 mesame, sagadasaxado departamenti, aseve ukavSirdebakontrabandas, radganac mis funqciaSi Sedis adgilobrivi bazris regulireba dagadasaxadebis mobilizacia.

saqarTvelos saxelmwifo uSiSroebis saministro

saxelmwifo uSiSroebis saministroSi aris ori mTavari departamenti, romelicpasuxismgebelia kontrabandis winaaRmdeg brZolaze – kontrdazvervisa da kontrsabotaJisdepartamenti, antiteroristuli departamenti.

uSiSroebis saministros orive departaments aqvs mokvlevis funqcia, sagamoZiebodepartamenti ki warmarTavs winaswar gamoZiebas. saxelmwifo uSiSroebis saministroexeba mxolod sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulebebs da ara administraciulisamarTaldarRvevis SemTxvevebs.

kontrdazvervisa da kontrsabotaJis departamenti Seiqmna 2002 wlis aprilSi.departamenti ZiriTadad dakavebulia ekonomikur kontrdazvervasTan dakavSirebulioperatiuli saqmianobiT. mis interesTa sferoSi Sedis sigaretis, sawvavisa da sxvastrategiuli saqonlis msxvili kontrabanda. uSiSroebis saministros regionuliganyofilebebi pasuxismgebelni arian kontrabandis winaaRmdeg brZolaze aRmosavleT dadasavleT saqarTveloSi.

mTlianobaSi 2002 wlis aprilidan 2003 wlis maisamde departamentma gamoavlinakontrabandis 43 SemTxveva, 25.000.000 laris Rirebulebis kontrabanduli saqoneli dagadauxdeli gadasaxadebis 9.100.000 laris Rirebulebis finansuri zarali.268 am monacemebSiar Sedis saministros regionuli ganyofilebebis saqmianobis Sedegebi.

zogadad, departaments aqvs seriozuli problemebi – mcire dafinanseba, logistikuriuzrunvelyofis nakleboba: specialuri aRWurvilobis, transportirebis xarjebisa dakompiuterisaTvis saWiro qaRaldis deficitic ki. departamenti daxmarebas iRebs aSS-dan.

uSiSroebis saministros antiteroristuli departamenti ibrZvis saerTaSoriso

265 saqarTvelos gadasaxadebisa da Semosavlebis saparlamento komitetis angariSi, aqcizuri saqonlismonitoringis biuros ganxorcielebul saqmianobaze, Tbilisi, 2003266 finansTa saministros debuleba, http://www.mof.ge/en/about/policy/267 finansTa saministros makroekonomikuri prognozirebis, sabaJo-sagadasaxado politikisa da finansuristatistikis departamentis informacia268 interviu saxelmwifo uSiSroebis saministros oficerTan, 24 maisi, 2003

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narkovaWrobisa da iaraRiT ukanono vaWrobis winaaRmdeg, aseve masobrivi ganadgurebisiaraRis gavrcelebisa da vaWrobis aRsakveTad.269

imis gamo, rom SeuZlebelia konfliqturi zonebidan Semosuli kontrabandiskvalificireba sabaJo wesebis darRvevad, sagamoZiebo departamenti saerTod ar iZiebsafxazeTidan da cxinvalis regionidan kontrabandis SemTxvevebs.270 Tumca uaqcizo Tambaqosproduqtebi arsebuli kanonmdeblobis mixedviT eqvemdebareba sisxlissamarTlebriv devnas.

ministr valeri xaburZanias azriT, samrewvelo kontrabandis gamoZieba da mokvlevamTlianad unda daeqvemdebaros finansTa saministros da uSiSroebis saministro dakavebuliunda iyos mxolod maRali Tanamdebobis pirebis, e.w. “TeTrsayeloianTa” korufciissaqmeebiT. igi fiqrobs, rom kontrabandis winaaRmdeg brZolaze pasuxismgebeli undaiyos mxolod erTi struqtura.271

saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministro

saministro aseve ebrZvis kontrabandas korufciisa da ekonomikuri danaSaulis winaaRmdegmebrZoli departamentisa da regionuli struqturebis saSualebiT.

1992 wels Camoyalibda antinarkotikuli ganyofileba, Tumca 1994 wels igi Seicvalanarkotikis moxmarebisa da aralegaluri vaWrobis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli erovnuli biuroTi.amJamad biuroSi muSaobs 400 TanamSromeli rogorc TbilisSi, ise regionebSi dapasuxismgebelia narkovaWrobis ukanono operaciebis aRkveTaze. biuros ar evalebanarkotikTan dakavSirebuli SemTxvevebis gamoZieba. am funqcias Sinagan saqmeTa saministrosmTavari sagamoZiebo departamenti asrulebs da swored igi iZiebs narkotikebTandakavSirebul danaSaulTa umravlesobas.272

saqarTvelos generaluri prokuratura

zogadad prokuratura araa CarTuli kontrabandis winaaRmdeg mimarTul saqmianobaSi.mas SeiZleba SesTavazon nebismieri sisxlis samarTlis saqme an Tavad aiRos pasuxismgeblobasisxlis samarTlis danaSaulTa gamoZiebaze. sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kanonmdeblobisTanaxmad, generaluri prokuratura iZiebs yvelaze mniSvnelovan danaSaulebebs da axorcielebswinaswari gamoZiebis zogad zedamxedvelobas.

generaluri prokuroris moadgilis, g. TvalavaZis Tanaxmad, arsebobs afxazeTidan dacxinvalis regionidan kontrabandis sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis problema, radganacsaqoneli Semodis saqarTvelos teritoriidan, Tundac es de faqto ukontrolo,separatistuli respublikebi iyos. amdenad, rTulia imis mtkiceba, aris Tu ara saqoneliimportirebuli ruseTidan da gadasaxdelia masze sabaJo mosakrebeli Tu ara. es niSnavs,rom ar arsebobs sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebi konfliqturi zonebidan kontrabandaze.TvalavaZem aseve aRniSna, rom azri ara aqvs sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebis naxvas, radganacisini mikerZoebulia. magaliTad, narkotikis momxmarebelma dakavebulma pirovnebam SeiZlebaicruos, rom man akrZaluli nivTiereba cxinvalis regionidan Semoitana, realurad kinarkotiki SeZenili iyos sadme TbilisSi. amgvarad, konfliqturi zonebis ukontrolobaqmnis pirobebs, rodesac damnaSaves advilad SeuZlia, gza aubnios samarTaldamcavebs.273

269 prezidentis gankarguleba #72, 5 marti, 2003270interviu saxelmwifo uSiSroebis saministros oficerTan, 21 maisi, 2003271saqarTvelos saxelmwifo uSiSroebis ministr valeri xaburZanias moxseneba mTavrobis sxdomaze,ivlisi, 2002272 European Commission/UNDP Anti-Drug Programme in Southern Caucasus, SCAD Programme, output 1: assess-ment of legislation and regulatory framework, Georgia; Date: November, 2001; Author: Olga Zudova, UNDCP, p.7273 Sexvedra saqarTvelos generaluri prokuroris moadgilesTan, giorgi TvalavaZesTan, 16 aprili, 2003

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Tumca SesaZlebelia rusulaqciziani sigaretis warmoSobis dadgena – romelicafxazeTidan da cxinvalis regionidan Semosuli erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebulikontrabanduli saqonelia. rogorc Cans, samarTaldamcav struqturebSi, maT Sorisgeneralur prokuraturaSi kontrabandis winaaRmdeg brZolis survilis ararsebobaaSeqmnili situaciis realuri mizezi.

saqarTvelos sasamarTlo sistema

2002 wels pirveladi instanciis sasamarTloebma Caatares kontrabandis 45 saqmis(sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 214-e muxli) sasamarTlo ganxilva, 2001 wels – 37-is.am 82 saqmidan arc erTi ar aris gansakuTrebiT mZime danaSauli, anu ar exeba didiraodenobiT kontrabandas da yvela ‘msubuq” kategorias miekuTvneba. daisaja 94 pirovneba(2002 wels – 44, 2001 wels _ 50). sasamarTlo saqmeebidan irkveva, rom am pirTaumravlesoba socialurad daucveli jgufebidanaa, rac gvafiqrebinebs, rom isjeba mxolodsocialuri problemebiT ganpirobebuli danaSauli.

separatistuli afxazeTisa da cxinvalis regionisorganizaciebi

afxazeTis de faqto mTavrobis gadawyvetilebiT, arsebobs antikontrabanduli funqciisramdenime struqtura:274 gadasaxadebisa da Semosavlebis saministro; Sinagan saqmeTasaministros ekonomikuri danaSaulis winaaRmdeg brZolis departamenti da saxelmwifosabaJo komiteti.

am struqturebSi arsebuli korufcia aris erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi problema,romelic xels uSlis kontrabandis winaaRmdeg brZolas afxazeTSi. pirveli vice-premieri astamur tarba amtkicebs, rom arsebobs sami ZiriTadi faqtori, romelmacgamoiwvia arasasurveli kriminogenuri viTareba afxazeTSi: dausjelobis sindromi; SinagansaqmeTa saministros TanamSromlebis ZiriTadi nawilis dabali profesionalizmi;korufciis maRali done Sss-Si, prokuraturasa da sasamarTlo sistemaSi.275 de faqtomTavrobis warmomadgeneli da opoziciuri moZraoba “amcaxaras” wevri naCaC-oRli aRniSnavda,rom “saWiroa samarTaldamcavi struqturebis radikaluri reforma... damnaSaveebi moqmedebenufro koordinirebulad, vidre samarTaldamcavebi”.276 afxazeTis de faqto premier-ministrma, raul xajimbam gaakritika saxelmwifo avtoinspeqciis struqturebi: “TavianTifunqciebis Sesrulebis nacvlad, zogierTi oficeri gadaiqca gamomZalvelad... mTavrobasamarTaldamcavi struqturebisgan moiTxovs, rom gansakuTrebuli yuradReba mieqcesdanaSaulebebs ekonomikur sferoSi”, _ ganacxada man.277

ruseTidan kontrabanda Semosavlis ZiriTadi wyaroa cxinvalis regionisTviTgamocxadebuli respublikisaTvis, romelmac Seqmna sakuTari sabaJo samsaxuri rokisgvirabis gavliT ormxriv moZravi saqonlis gasakontroleblad. samarTaldamcavistruqturebi kontrabandasTan brZolis magivrad monawileoben am saqmianobaSi. am mogebisgamo cxinvalis mTavrobam uari Tqva evrokavSiris winadadebaze erToblivi qarTul-osuri sabaJos Seqmnis Sesaxeb saqarTvelo-ruseTis sazRvris oseTis monakveTze.TviTgamocxadebuli respublikis sagareo saqmeTa ministrma murad jioevma ganacxada,

274 “Àïñíûïðåññ”, Âûïóñê ¹013, 24 ÿíâàðÿ 2003 ã.; http://apsnypress.narod.ru/275 Ïðåññ-êîíôåðåíöèÿ Ïðåìüåð-ìèíèñòðà Ðàóëÿ Õàäæèìáà è åãî çàìåñòèòåëåé Àñòàìóðà Òàðáà è ÝììûÒàíèÿ, “Àïñíûïðåññ”, Âûïóñê ¹150, 24 èþëÿ 2003 ã.; http://apsnypress.narod.ru/276 naCaC-oRli citirebulia, “Àïñíûïðåññ”, Âûïóñê ¹028, 18 ôåâðàëÿ 2003 ã.; http://apsnypress.narod.ru/2003/02_feb-03/AP02-18-03.htm277 “Àïñíûïðåññ”, Âûïóñê ¹100, 26 ìàÿ 2003 ã.; http://abhazia.com/news/detail.php?id=645

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rom cxinvalisTvis es winadadeba miuRebelia, radgan kontroli transkavkasiur gzazeSeiZleba ganaxorcielos mxolod cxinvalis regionis mTavrobam.278

TanamSromloba qarTul da separatist samarTaldamcav organoebs Soris sakmaodsusti da usistemoa, rac Zabavs situacias konfliqtis zonaSi da gzas uxsniskontrabanduli qselis ganviTarebas.

UNOCHA-s broSuris Tanaxmad, qarTulma da osurma mxareebma bolo wlebis ganmavlobaSimniSvnelovan SeTanxmebebs miaRwies danaSaulis winaaRmdeg brZolis sferoSi. 2000 wlisTebervalSi erTobliv samSvidobo ZalebTan Seiqmna samarTaldacvis sakoordinacio organo,romelic dakompleqtda cxinvalis regionis da adgilobrivi qarTuli samarTaldamcaviorganoebis warmomadgenlebiT. 2002 wlis TebervalSi evrokavSiri am organos sakomunikacioaRWurvilobiTa da satransporto saSualebebiT daexmara.279 sxva sakiTxiaantikontrabanduli RonisZiebebis araefeqturoba, rac ganpirobebuli unda iyos orivemxaris samarTaldamcavi organoebis kontrabandaSi monawileobiT.

afxazeTis SemTxvevaSi orive mxaris samarTaldamcav organoebs Soris TanamSromlobaufro zantad viTardeba. Tumca, rogorc qarTuli gazeTi “xvalindeli dRe” ityobineba,mxareebi SeTanxmdnen, iTanamSromlon konfliqtis zonaSi situaciis gasaumjobeseblad.2003 wlis dekembris bolos saerTo problemebis gansaxilvelad Seikriben galis, tyvarCelis,zugdidisa da walenjixis raionebis qarTveli da afxazi samarTaldamcavebi. 280

amasTan, unda aRiniSnos, rom CaiSala samarTaldacvis sferoSi gaeros egidiT SemuSavebuliTanamSromlobis gegma. afxazebma uari ganacxades saerTaSoriso policielebisusafrTxoebis zonaSi daSvebaze. saerTaSoriso samoqalaqo policielebis saqmianobisdawyeba gaeros egidiT damtkicda 2003 wlis zafxulSi galisa da zugdidis raionebissamarTaldamcavTa konsultaciebiT daxmarebisTvis. policielebs muSaoba unda daewyoTdekemberSi, magram afxazuri mxris uaris gamo es wamowyeba CaiSala, Tumca saerTaSorisosamoqalaqo policiis ori warmomadgeneli ukve saqmianobs soxumSi, gaeros generalurimdivnis specialuri warmomadgenlis, elC heidi taliavinis mrCevlis statusiTsamarTaldamcav struqturebTan urTierTobebis sakiTxebSi.

saqarTvelos mTavrobis specialuri kompleqsurioperatiuli gegma (“skogi”)

2003 wlis 23 ivniss saxelmwifo biujetSi Semosavlebis mobilizebisaTvis prezidentisgankargulebis safuZvelze Seiqmna specialuri komisia saxelmwifo ministris moadgilis dageneraluri prokuroris yofili moadgilis, anzor baluaSvilis TavmjdomareobiT. finansTaministrma aRiara, rom igi ver umklavdeboda kontrabandas. amdenad, saxelmwifo uSiSroebissaministros daevala navTobproduqtebis kontrabandasTan, xolo Sinagan saqmeTa saministros– Tambaqos produqtebis kontrabandasTan brZola. dagegmili iyo antikontrabanduliRonisZiebebis ganxorcieleba finansTa saministros Sesabamis struqturebTan, gansakuTrebiTsabaJo da sagadasaxado departamentebTan da sagangebo legionTan koordinirebulad. uSiSroebissaministrom SeimuSava specialuri gegma “skogi”, romelic gulisxmobda eqsport-importisoperaciebis legalizacias, sarealizacio qselis zedamxedvelobas, avtogasamarTi sadgurebisSemowmebas, aralegaluri sawyobebis daluqvas, saqarTvelos saxmeleTo da sazRvao sazRvrebzearsebuli sabaJo-gamSvebi punqtebis mudmiv kontrols, faruli gzebis gamovlenasa da kontrols,saqarTvelos teritoriaze moZravi satransporto saSualebebis Semowmebas.281

278 gazeTi “24 saaTi”, #188, 11 ivlisi, 2003, gv. A4279 UNOCHA-Georgia briefing note on South Ossetia, December, 2002, p.3280 gazeTi “xvalindeli dRe”, #249 (408), 24 dekemberi, 2003281 gazeTi “xvalindeli dRe”, #138 (297), 22 ivlisi, 2003 da #149 (308), 6 agvisto, 2003, http://www.opentext.org.ge/xdge/default.htm

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komisiis Tavmjdomarem da saxelmwifo ministrma ramdenimejer gaimeores, rom finansTasaministros ar SeeZlo kontrabanduli vaWrobis winaaRmdeg brZola da finansTa saministrosgasakeTebel saqmes samarTaldamcavebi akeTebdnen. finansTa saministrom upasuxa, rom msgavsikritika usafuZvlo iyo, radgan saxelmwifo uSiSroebas da policias igive funqciebihqonda prezidentis specialur davalebamde. amjerad maTi Zalisxmeva mimarTuli iyo specifikuriaqcizuri saqonlisken, miuxedavad amisa, sabiujeto Semosavlebi ar gaizarda.282 v. xaburZaniamganacxada, rom finansTa saministros warmomadgenlebi umalaven informacias da xels uSlianmuSaobaSi. finansTa ministris TqmiT ki, swored uSiSroeba da policia iWreboda maTfunqciebSi. “sami saministros uflebebi da pasuxismgeblobebi araa gamijnuli. vidre ariqneba erTi pasuxismgebeli subieqti, situacia ucvleli darCeba”. amgvarad, mowodebasantikontrabanduli struqturebis TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb ufro didi konfrontacia mohyva.283

saxelmwifo uSiSroebis saministrom daiwyo sawvavis distribuciis qseliT:avtogasamarTi sadgurebis 60 procenti dailuqa da gamomZieblebma daiwyes im pirebisSeswavla, romlebic mfarvelobdnen aralegalur avtogasamarT sadgurebs. ministrxaburZanias TqmiT, ergneTis bazrobaze kontroldeba 28 benzingasamarTi sadguri, romelicZiriTadad kontrabandul navTobproduqts asaRebs.284 gazeTi “xvalindeli dRe” ityobinebodaSida qarTlSi saxelmwifo uSiSroebis saministrosa da policiis erToblivad Catarebulioperaciis Sesaxeb, romlis drosac amoiRes 150 tona kontrabanduli sawvavi.285

am Zalisxmevis Sedegad sawvavze fasi 0.80-0.90 laridan 1.10-1.20 laramde gaizarda.v. xaburZanias gancxadebiT, navTobproduqtebis realizacia gaizarda 10-jer, biujetSimobilizebuli Tanxebi ki _ mxolod 3.5-jer.286 mogvianebiT gazeTi “xvalindeli dRe”ganixilavda sawvavze fasis gazrdis mizezebs da Semdeg daskvnamde mivida: navTobproduqtebiskontrabandistebi emzadebian “skogis” sabotaJisTvis, isini erTdroulad gazrdian fasssawvavze, amgvarad gamoiwveven sazogadoebriv ukmayofilebas da “skogis” CaSlas.287

Sinagan saqmeTa saministro afiqsirebs sigaretiT aralegaluri vaWrobis 206 SemTxvevas.k. narCemaSvilis informaciiT, biujetSi mobilizebuli Tanxa gaizarda 250 procentiT.288

“xvalindeli dRis” Jurnalisti nona qvliviZe saubrobs sigaretis kontrabandaze:policielebma daaweses “gadasaxadi” kontrabandistebisaTvis, romlebsac SemoaqvT saqoneliergneTis bazrobidan. antikontrabanduli struqturebis warmomadgenlebi “ver amCneven”did tvirTebs da iWeren mxolod “CanTian qalebs”. metic, samarTaldamcavebi, gansakuTrebiTpolicia, CamorTmeul kontrabandul saqonels kanonis Sesabamisad ganadgurebulad acxadebs,Semdeg ki sxva movaWreebze yidis. amgvarad, TviT dakavebul kontrabandistebs da sxvamovaWreebs SeuZliaT “kontrabanduli saqonlis” samarTaldamcavebisgan SeZena.289

generalurma prokurorma ganacxada, rom samarTaldamcavTa Zalisxmeva ar aris efeqturida maT SeZles mxolod wvrili vaWrebis dakaveba – dakavebul movaWreTa 40 procentiaris e.w. “CanTiani qali” da maT mier kontrabandulad Semotanili uaqcizo sigaretismaqsimaluri Rirebuleba 500 laria.290 specialuri komisiis Tavmjdomarem, anzorbaluaSvilma aRniSna, rom antikontrabandul RonisZiebebs ara aqvs finansuri efeqti,

282 qvliviZe nona, ratom daiSala sagangebo legioni; gazeT “xvalindeli dRe”, #176 (335), 22 seqtemberi, 2003,http://www.opentext.org.ge/xdge/default.htm283qvliviZe nona, kontrabanda daumarcxebelia? veravin bedavs kontrabandistebis dasaxelebas; gazeTi “xvalindelidRe”, #153 (312), 12 agvisto, 2003, http://www.opentext.org.ge/xdge/default.htm.284 gazeTi “xvalindeli dRe”, #155 (314), 14 agvisto, 2003; http://www.opentext.org.ge/xdge/default.htm285gazeTi “xvalindeli dRe”, #152 (311), 9-11 agvisto, 2003; http://www.opentext.org.ge/xdge/default.htm286 qvliviZe nona, kancelaria amzadebs “Sav sias”: rogor daamarcxa ministrma CanTiani qalebi; gazeTi“xvalindeli dRe”, #170 (329), 4 seqtemberi, 2003, http://www.opentext.org.ge/xdge/default.htm.287 gazeTi “xvalindeli dRe”, #152 (311), 9-11 agvisto, 2003; http://www.opentext.org.ge/xdge/default.htm288 gazeTi “xvalindeli dRe”, #165 (324), 28 agvisto, 2003; http://www.opentext.org.ge/xdge/default.htm289 gazeTi “xvalindeli dRe”, #171 (330), 5 seqtemberi, 2003; http://www.opentext.org.ge/xdge/default.htm290 qvliviZe nona, kancelaria amzadebs “Sav sias”: rogor daamarcxa ministrma CanTiani qalebi; gazeTi“xvalindeli dRe”, #170 (329), 4 seqtemberi, 2003, http://www.opentext.org.ge/xdge/default.htm

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Tumca horizontze Cans dadebiTi Sedegebi.291 baluaSvili ramdenjerme daimuqra, rom isdaasaxelebda “msxvil kontrabandistebs” da gamoaqveynebda maTi danaSaulis damadasturebelmniSvnelovan masalebs, Tumca sazogadoebam vera da ver Seityo mniSvnelovanikontrabandistebis saxelebi.

qarTuli presa aseve ityobineboda, rom samarTaldamcavebi TviTneburad iWrebianmcire qarxnebSi da luqs adeben im obieqtebs, sadac aRmoCenilia kontrabanduli saqoneli.“xvalindeli dRe” aqveynebs intervius mcire biznesis kavSiris Tavmjdomare anzorsakandeliZesTan, romelic acxadebs: “policielebi midian sawarmoebSi da xelSeuxeblobissanacvlod iTxoven 5-10 aTas aSS dolars”. misive gancxadebiT, isani-samgoris raionSidaarbies 200 wvrili mewarme.292 amgvarad, antikontrabanduli kampania gadaiqca mcire dasaSualo biznesze laSqrobis kampaniad.

qarTuli presa mTavrobis antikontrabandul kampanias “maskarads” da “Sous” uwodebs.gazeTma “axalma versiam” gamoaqveyna profesor bondo zarnaZis statia, romelic Zaliansaintereso Sefasebas iZleva: arcerT qveyanas ar SeuZlia kontrabandis damarcxeba policiur-administraciuli meTodebiT. igive gazeTi acxadebs, rom “am sadamsjelo operaciebs araferiaqvT saerTo kontrabandis winaaRmdeg brZolasTan. ubralod, samTavrobo bloki am gziTaxdens saarCevno saxsrebis mobilizacias”.293 21 seqtembris gazeTi “xvalindeli dRe”ityobineba – arCevnebis moaxloebasTan erTad Semcirda sxva mniSvnelovani problemebissimwvave – specialuri antikontrabanduli komisiis muSaobaSi CarTuli arasamTavroboorganizaciaTa warmomadgenlebi uSedegod iTxovdnen Sexvedris organizebas da uSiSroebisada Sinagan saqmeTa ministrebis mowvevas. seqtembris bolos komisiam Seajama antikontrabandulikampaniis Sedegebi da cxadyo, rom komisias aRar ecleboda Semdegi SekrebisTvis.294

2003 wlis noembris “vardebis revoluciis” Semdeg Sida qarTlis axladdaniSnulmagubernatorma irakli oqruaSvilma wamoiwyo ergneTis bazrobis gavliT momavalkontrabandasTan brZola. Tumca man SeZlo mxolod xaxviTa da xorbliT datvirTuliramdenime manqanis dakaveba, benzinisa da sigaretis aralegalur tvirTebs ki ver miagno.295

saxelmwifo uSiSroebis saministros specialuri daniSnulebis Zalebisagan Semdgarmaantikontrabandulma jgufma aseve ver SeZlo “robotas” jgufis ori damnaSavis dakaveba.saxelmwifo uSiSroebis ministrma valeri xaburZaniam ganacxada, rom operaciis drowinaswar ecnobaT damnaSaveebs. gazeTi “kviris palitris” ucnobi respondentis Tanaxmad,piri, romelmac samsaxurebrivi saidumlo gasca, yofili policieli da Sida qarTlisregionuli uSiSroebis samsaxuris Tanamdebobis piria.296

daskvnebi

arsebobs mravali problema, romelsac awydeba kontrabandis winaaRmdeg mebrZoliyvela samarTaldamcavi struqtura. es dabrkolebebi SeiZleba or kategoriad daiyos:

institucionaluri problemebi

samarTaldamcavi struqturebis funqciebi dRemde ar aris mkveTrad gansazRvruli daxSir institucionalur cvlilebebs, magaliTad, sagadasaxado Semosavlebis saministros

291 qvliviZe nona, kontrabanda daumarcxebelia? veravin bedavs kontrabandistebis dasaxelebas; gazeTi“xvalindeli dRe”, #153 (312), 12 agvisto, 2003, http://www.opentext.org.ge/xdge/default.htm292 akaki gogiCaiSvilis presis mimoxilva, 2003 wlis agvisto, TraCCC-GO, gv. 11, www.traccc.cdn.ge293 gazeTi “axali versia”, 25-31 agvisto, 2003, #110, http://www.open.ge/axali_versia/default.htm294 gazeTi “xvalindeli dRe”, 20-21 seqtemberi, 2003, #182 (341), http://www.opentext.org.ge/xdge/default.htm295gazeTi “axali versia”, 17-23 dekemberi, 2003, #126, http://www.open.ge/axali_versia/default.htm296 gazeTi “kviris palitra”, 29 dekemberi-4 ianvari, 2003, #52

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da sagangebo legionis gauqmebas, an uSiSroebis da Sinagan saqmeTa saministroebis axalidepartamentebis Seqmnas, Sedegad moaqvs saministroebs Soris funqciebis aRreva. uTanxmoebissagania ZiriTadad erTi sakiTxi: vis eqneba mokvlevisa da gamoZiebis ufleba da romelisaxeobis kontrabandul saqonelze. samTavrobo uwyebebi, magaliTad, finansTa saministroda sasazRvro departamenti, moiTxoven TavianTi struqturebis reformas da damatebiTfunqciebs – mokvlevasa da gamoZiebas. samarTaldamcavi struqturebis (uSiSroebisa daSinagan saqmeTa saministroebis) xelmZRvanelebi undoblad ekidebian status-kvos Secvlasda xsenebuli funqciebis xelaxal gadanawilebas. ar aris gamoricxuli, es gamowveuliiyos aralegaluri Semosavlebis wyaroebisTvis brZoliT. aseve arakoordinirebuliasasazRvro departamentis, uSiSroebisa da Sinagan saqmeTa saministroebis urTierTqmedeba.Sedegad, samarTaldamcav struqturebs Soris TanamSromloba an Zalze sustia, an gardaiqmnebaarajansaR konkurenciad.

susti sakanonmdeblo baza, aRWurvilobis nakleboba, saerTo kompiutizirebuli sistemisararseboba _ is faqtorebia, rac aferxebs zemoaRniSnuli institutebis kontrabandiswinaaRmdeg brZolas.

bihevioristuli problemebi

aqtualuria samarTaldamcavi struqturebis personalTan dakavSirebuli ramdenimeZiriTadi sakiTxi: araswori sakadro politika (dabali kvalifikaciisa da ganaTlebisda saeWvo reputaciis mqone pirebis daniSvna Tanamdebobebze) da simboluri xelfasebi.oficrebi, romelTac minimaluri xelfasebi aqvT, bunebrivia, mondomebiT ar ebrZviankontrabandas.

saqarTveloSi ar arsebobs gasagebi da kargad koordinirebuli antikontrabandulisamTavrobo politika, saqarTvelos erovnuli usafrTxoebis wliuri koncefciakontrabandis winaaRmdeg mkacrad gansazRvruli prioritetebis da gansaxorcielebeliRonisZiebebis CaTvliT, aseve amis gansaxorcieleblad saWiro finansuri resursebi.

2003 wlis ivnisSi Seqmnili samTavrobo komisiis saqmianoba Semoifargleboda wvrilkontrabandistTa dasjiT da am gziT ki sasurveli Sedegi ver miiRweva. saWiroa ekonomikuristimulirebisa da sasurveli biznesgaremos Semqmneli sakanonmdeblo iniciativebi, per-sonalis treningi da samarTaldamcavi struqturebis TanamSromelTaTvis xelfasisgazrda. sxvagvarad kontrabandis donis Semcireba isev da isev survilad darCeba.

78

danarTi III

mdgomareoba afxazeTsa da cxinvalis regionSi

afxazeTi

afxazeTi mdebareobs saqarTvelos Crdilo-dasavleT nawilSi. misi farTobi 8.7 aTasikm2-ia da saqarTvelos mTeli teritoriis (69.7 aTasi km2) 12.5 procents Seadgens. 1989wlis aRweris mixedviT, afxazeTis mosaxleoba 525 aTasi kaci iyo, anu saqarTvelosmTeli mosaxleobis 9.7 procenti. gaeros misiis eqspertTa SefasebiT, amJamad afxazeTSi180 aTasamde mosaxlea da SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis Sedegad demografiuli struqturaZireulad aris Secvlili297 .

mTliani Sida produqti da samomxmareblo kalaTa

1992-93 wlebis omis Semdeg afxazeTis ekonomika mZime krizisSia (ix. diagrama 1).mTliani Sida produqtis moculoba 70-80 mln. aSS dolars utoldeba (SedarebisaTvis,1998 wels igive maCvenebeli 700 mln. AaSS dolars Seadgenda), rac erT mosaxlezegaangariSebiT daaxloebiT 350 aSS dolaria. am maCvenebliT igi danarCen saqarTvelosorjer CamorCeba298 .

diagrama 3. afxazeTis saxelmwifo seqtorSi produqciis zrdis dinamika 1989-1998 wlebSi (efuZneba gaeros specialistTa Sefasebas)

299.

3117,5

20 25,5 24,4 25,5 37,3

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

aSS dolarimln

1989 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998

100%

0,64% 0,81% 0,78% 0,81% 1,19

afxazeTis sainformacio saagento “apsnipresis” mixedviT, dResdReobiT samomxmareblokalaTa Seadgens 1966 rusul rubls (daaxloebiT 65 aSS dolari), roca minimaluriyovelTviuri xelfasi 513 rusuli rubli (17 aSS dolari) da minimaluri pensia ki 60rusuli rublia (2 aSS dolari).300

297 Economic and Social Consequences of Internal Conflicts. (2003). Parliament’s Budgetary Office of Georgia, Tbilisi,Georgia, p. 3; www.pbo.ge298 wyaro: saqarTvelos sabiujeto ofisis masalebi299 angariSi afxazeTis ekonomikuri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, separatistuli reJimis finansuri da socialur-ekonomikuri Sedegebi, saqarTvelos parlamentis sabiujeto ofisi, 1998 weli, gv. 7; www.pbo.ge300 “Àïñíûïðåññ”, Âûïóñê ¹042, 6 ìàðòà 2003 ã.; http://apsnypress.narod.ru/

79

biujeti

afxazeTis biujeti Zalze mwiria. 2001 wels misi mTliani Semosavali 7.2 mln. aSSdolars Seadgenda. mosaxleobis erT sulze afxazeTSi sabiujeto xarjebi 2001 welsdaaxloebiT 30 dolari iyo.301 Sesabamisad, es maCveneblebi miuTiTebs afxazeTis biujetisuunarobaze, uzrunvelyos regionis mosaxleobis keTildReoba.

afxazeTSi faqtobrivad moSlilia koleqtiuri socialuri moxmarebis institutebi.masobrivi umuSevrobis pirobebSi mosaxleoba Tavs naturaluri meurneobidan miRebuliproduqciiTa da humanitaruli daxmarebebis wyalobiT irCens. 2003 wlis ivnisSi afxazeTisde faqto parlamentis warmomadgenlebma ganacxades, rom isini ar eTanxmebian mosazrebas2002 wlis biujetis 104%-iT Sesrulebis Sesaxeb. maTi azriT, biujetis parametrebisSesrulebis realuri maCvenebeli 86.4%-ia.302 mogvianebiT afxazeTis de faqto xelisuflebisyofilma premier-ministrma g. gaguliam ganacxada, rom “uzarmazari gansxvavebaa warmodgenilda realur cifrebs Soris”.303 es faqti gvaZlevs saSualebas, vivaraudoT, rom afxazeTSididia Crdilovani ekonomikis masStabebi.

samTavrobo sxdomebze, romelsac warmarTavda de faqto premier-ministri raul xajimba,iTqva, rom 2003 wlis 5 Tvis biujeti Sesrulebulia 57.9 procentiT. gadasaxadebiTmiRebulma Semosavlebma Seadgina dagegmilis 74%, 30 milioni rusuli rubli (daaxloebiT1.150.000 aSS dolari) navaraudevi iyo sabaJo Semosavlebi, Tumca xelisuflebam mxolod20 milioni rublis amoReba moaxerxa (es daaxloebiT 660. 000 aSS dolari, anudagegmili Semosavlebis 51.7%-ia)304. aRniSnuli faqti migvaniSnebs afxazeTSi aralegalurivaWrobis maRal doneze. afxazeTis de faqto xelisufleba acxadebs, rom kontrabandadid problemas uqmnis biujets. Sedegad, izrdeba janmrTelobis dacvis, ganaTlebis,Tavdacvisa da Sinagan saqmeTa saministroSi dasaqmebulTa saxelfaso davalianebebi.305

Tumca isic aRsaniSnavia, rom 2001 wlis biujetTan SedarebiT 2002 wlis biujeti 123procentiT gaizarda (ix. diagrama 2). sagadasaxado Semosavlebis Sesruleba mxolod soxumis,gagrisa da tyvarCelis raionebma moaxerxes.306 afxazeTis de faqto xelisuflebis monacemebiT,dRg-s gadasaxadebis gegma Sesrulebulia 94%-iT, xolo aqcizebisa – 43%-iT.307

diagrama 4. afxazeTis biujeti 1995-2001 wlebSi (mln. aSS dolarSi)308

0

2

4

6

8

10

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002(gegma)

Semosavalixarjebi

301 Economic and Social Consequences of Internal Conflicts, Parliament’s Budgetary Office of Georgia, Tbilisi, 2003, p.25-26; www.pbo.ge302 “Àïñíûïðåññ”, Âûïóñê ¹136, 7 èþëÿ 2003 ã.; http://apsnypress.narod.ru/303 “Àïñíûïðåññ”, Âûïóñê ¹048, 20 ìàðòà 2003 ã.; http://apsnypress.narod.ru/304 “Àïñíûïðåññ”, Âûïóñê ¹112-113, 9 èþíÿ 2003 ã.; http://apsnypress.narod.ru/305 Òàì æå.306 “Àïñíûïðåññ”, Âûïóñê ¹026, 14 ôåâðàëÿ 2003 ã.; http://apsnypress.narod.ru/307 “Àïñíûïðåññ”, Âûïóñê ¹151, 25 èþëÿ 2003 ã.; http://apsnypress.narod.ru/308 Òàì æå.

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afxazeTis separatistuli respublika Semosavlebis mniSvnelovan nawils samxedromSeneblobaze xarjavs. 2001 wels afxazeTis de faqto xelisuflebis samxedro xarjimTliani biujetis 15.8 procents Seadgenda, socialuri usafrTxoebis sferosa dapensiebisTvis gaRebuli Tanxa ki mTeli danaxarjis 0.97 procentia. samxedro sferosada samarTaldamcavi organoebisTvis (romlebic aseve unda miviCnioT gasamxedroebulstruqturebad, maTi funqciebidan gamomdinare) gaRebuli xarji mTeli danaxarjebis34.4 procents Seadgens, maSin, rodesac ganaTlebaze modis 14-15 procenti, xolojanmrTelobaze – 9-10 procenti.309

bankebi da fulis mimoqceva

afxazeTSi oficialuri sagadamxdelo saSualeba aris rusuli rubli. regionSifunqcionirebs 15 komerciuli banki, romlis sakredito portfeli mxolod 4 milioniaSS dolaria. kreditebze saprocento ganakveTi maRalia da TveSi 5-10 procents Seadgens310 .mosaxleobis anabrebi minimaluria, amitom finansuri uzrunvelyofa ucxouri, ZiriTadad,rusuli wyaroebis xarjze xdeba.

mrewveloba

afxazeTis mrewveloba, iseve, rogorc ekonomikis sxva dargebi, faqtobrivad moSlilia.garda mcire gamonaklisisa, ar funqcionirebs samrewvelo sawarmoebi. bolo periodSigamococxleba SeiniSneba xe-tyis gadamamuSavebel mrewvelobaSi, romelic de faqtoxelisuflebis erT-erT ZiriTad saeqsporto saqonels warmoadgens. afxazuri wyaroebismixedviT, 2002 wels afxazeTis xe-tyis mrewvelobaSi damzadebuli produqciis RirebulebaSeadgenda 1,723 milion aSS dolars _ misi 82% xis morebia.311 ekonomikis am dargSisruli ukontrolobaa, rac regions seriozul ekologiur safrTxes uqmnis. afxazeTSifaqtobrivad aRar arsebobs soflis meurneobis produqciis gadamamuSavebeli dargebi.funqcionirebs mxolod puris sacxobebi da erTi qarxana, romelSic xdeba xilisdakonserveba, ualkoholo sasmelebisa da mineraluri wylebis Camosxma. afxazeTSiarsebuli 23 Cais fabrikidan 2000 wels arasruli datvirTviT muSaobda mxolod 9,anu gamoyenebuli iyo am dargis potencialis mxolod 1.5 procenti. Tu, magaliTad,1989 wels gadamuSavda 111 aTas tonaze meti Cais foToli, 2000 wels am produqciismoculobam mxolod 2 aTasi tona Seadgina.312

energetika

afxazeTi eleqtroenergias ZiriTadad enguris hidroeleqtrosadguridan iRebs.aRniSnuli hesis wylis rezervuari mdebareobs saqarTvelos xelisuflebis mierkontrolirebad teritoriaze, TviT eleqtrosadguri da gamanawilebeli transformatoriki _ afxazeTSi. mxareebis SeTanxmebiT, gamomuSavebuli eleqtroenergiis daaxloebiT 60procenti miewodeba saqarTvelos, xolo 40 procenti – afxazeTs (ufasod). afxazeTisekonomikisa da sagareo ekonomikur urTierTobaTa de faqto ministris, konstantinetuJbas TqmiT, afxazeTi eleqtroenergiis 50%-s enguris hidroeleqtrosadguridan

309 Sedareba emyareba afxazeTis sabiujeto danaxarjebis monacemebs, mowodebulia saqarTvelos parlamentissabiujeto ofisis mier310 wyaro: saqarTvelos parlamentis sabiujeto ofisis masalebi311 Èñòî÷íèê: ÈÀ Ðåãíóì; http://www.abhazia.com/news/312 Åêîíîìèêà è áèçíåñ, “Apsny.ru”; http://www.apsny.ru/economic/economic.php

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iRebs da mas aqvs sruli ufleba, es energia sazRvargareT gayidos.313 meore mxriv,afxazeTis de faqto vice-premieri, ema tania, acxadebda, rom adgilobrivi eqspertebisSefasebiT, afxazeTi zafxulis periodSi ar xarjavs am energiis 15 procentsac.314saqarTvelos parlamentis wevris, irakli CubiniSvilis TqmiT, afxazeTi engurishidroeleqtrosadguridan miRebuli eleqtroenergiis 30 procents ruseTze yidis daigi saqarTvelos saTbob-energetikis saministros bralad sdebs afxazeTis separatistulxelisuflebasTan aralegalur kavSirs. k. tuJba am braldebas uaryofs.

amJamad evropis rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis bankis (EBRD) kreditiT (40 milionievro) iwyeba enguris kaSxlis reabilitacia. es vali saqarTvelos mTavrobam undadafaros. enguris eleqtroblokTan da hidroeleqtrosadgurTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebSiTanamSromloba, romelic arsebiTia orive mxarisTvis, dRemde mSvidobianad mimdinareobsda mxareTa Soris urTierTobis karg magaliTs warmoadgens.

transporti

konfliqtis Sedegad afxazeTis satransporto sistema saerTod moiSala. mniSvnelovnaddazianda gzebi da xidebi. konfliqtis Semdgom maTi remonti ar Catarebula.

afxazeTSi funqcionirebs soxumis, oCamCiris, gagrisa da gudauTis navsadgurebi. TavisiSesaZleblobebiT mniSvnelovania soxumis navsadguri, romelsac SeuZlia didtonaJianigemebis miReba.

regionis mTavari aeroporti soxumis maxloblad, gulrifSSi mdebareobs da mTeliwlis ganmavlobaSi muSaobs. aeroporti sakmaod kargadaa aRWurvili, rac satransportoreisebis ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobas iZleva. amJamad igi am funqcias ar asrulebs.meore aeroporti mdebareobs gudauTaSi, sadac ganlagebulia ruseTis samxedro baza.ruseTis mxarem es aeroporti oficialurad daxurulad gamoacxada, Tumca saerTaSorisoda qarTvel damkvirveblebs arasodes miscemiaT amis gadamowmebis saSualeba.

konfliqtis Sedegad sarkinigzo magistrali mwyobridanaa gamosuli. nawilobrivigaremontebis miuxedavad, didi tvirTebis gadatana sadReisod ar xerxdeba, Tumca samgzavroda mcire satvirTo Semadgenlobebi soxumidan oCamCiremde da soWis mimarTulebiT maincmoZraobs. sarkinigzo kavSiri ar arsebobs oCamCiresa da zugdids Soris.

soflis meurneoba

soflis meurneobas wamyvani roli ekava afxazeTis ekonomikaSi. sasoflo-sameurneosavargulebis saerTo farTobis 40 procentze meti Cais, citrussa da sxva mravalwliankulturebs ekava. politikurma konfrontaciam da samxedro moqmedebebma aunazRaurebeliziani miayena regionis soflis meurneobas – ganadgurda infrastruqtura, daikargagasaRebis bazari, ramac am seqtoris sruli gaCanageba gamoiwvia.

afxazeTis soflis meurneobis Taviseburebas sabWoTa kavSiris respublikebze misisaeqsporto orientacia warmoadgenda. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlam afxazeTs da mTlianadsaqarTvelos daukarga subtropikuli produqciis monopolistis statusi. am garemoebasdaerTo 1996 wels afxazeTisaTvis dawesebuli sagareo vaWrobis SezRudva, ramac damatebiTiproblemebi Seqmna. Tumca afxazeTidan legaluri Tu aralegaluri gzebiT produqciis

313 Íè îäèí êèëîâàòò ýëåêòðîýíåðãèè íå áûë ïðîäàí çà ðóáåæ â 2003 ãîäó, “Àïñíûïðåññ”, Âûïóñê ¹148,22 èþëÿ 2003 ã.; http://apsnypress.narod.ru/314 interviu afxazeTis mTavrobis vice-premier ema taniasTan; http://www.apsny.ru/economic/economic.php?page=content/vice_prem.2003.htm

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gatana ruseTsa da TurqeTSi mainc xdeba. 2001 wels afxazeTSi warmoebuli citrusisTiTqmis mTeli raodenoba (4.5 aTasi tona) ruseTSi iyo eqsportirebuli.315

dRes saxnavi miwebis daaxloebiT 60 procenti saerTod daumuSavebelia. mosavlianobismkveTri Semcireba gamowveulia saTesle kulturebis, qimikatebis, sasuqisa da sawvavisuqonlobiT, agreTve meqanizaciis donis SemcirebiT.

diagrama 5. soflis meurneobis sxvadasxva saxeobis produqtebis warmoebis Sedareba (tonebSi)316

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

Cai simindi citrusi Tambaqo

produqcia 1989 wels

produqcia 1997 wels

dResdReobiT tradiciuli produqciis (Cai, citrusi, Tambaqo) eqsportis moculoba1989 wlis saerTo moculobis 10 procents Seadgens. advilad gasayidi soflis meurneobisproduqtebis, magaliTad, Txilis warmoeba gaizarda galis raionSi. adre am raionzemTeli afxazeTis soflis meurneobis produqciis 50 procenti modioda. regionis Caiswarmoebis potenciali weliwadSi 100 aTas tonas Seadgens. soflis meurneobis amdargs SeuZlia mniSvnelovani roli Seasrulos afxazeTis ekonomikis aRorZinebaSi dagadawyvitos mosaxleobis didi nawilis dasaqmebis problema. daaxloebiT 11,1 aTasiheqtari Cais plantaciebidan 1989 wels moikrifa 111,5 aTasi tona Cais foToli, 2001wels ki – mxolod 2 aTasi tona, e.i. dargis potencialis mxolod 1,5 procenti iqnagamoyenebuli. „apsnipresis“ mixedviT, afxazeTis Cai gadis ruseTSi. rogorc soflismeurneobis ministri acxadebda, 2003 wels ruseTSi ukve 271 tona Cai gaigzavna. Caisawarmoebs oCamCireSi moqmedi agrokompania “borisi”, gudauTis #2 qarxana, kindRisqarxana da gulrifSis agrokompania “Saumiani”. 2003 wels dagegmilia 5 aTasi tona CaisfoTlis mokrefa.317

sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebaSi ZiriTadi adgili kvlav mecxoveleobas uWiravs, TumcaamJamad dargs mxolod mosaxleobis saarsebo produqtebiT uzrunvelyofis funqciaakisria. afxazeTis mmarTveli wreebisaTvis biznesis erT-erTi momgebiani saxeoba TxilisSesyidva gaxda. Txilis eqsporti afxazeTSi valutis Sedinebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovaniwyaroa. Txilis mimRebi punqtebi gaxsnilia mraval sofelSi. komerciuli miznebidangamomdinare, mosaxleoba Caisa da citrusis plantaciebis adgilze Txilis nergebsrgavs. amasTan, galis raionSi afxazuri administracia TiToeul qarTul ojaxs weliwadSidaaxloebiT 70-80 kilogramis Cabarebas avalebs. qarTvelebis mier mitovebul miwebsafxazebi ijariTac gascemen. garda amisa, SeiaraRebuli pirebi da adgilobrivadministraciaSi dasaqmebuli moxeleebi aiZuleben mosaxleobas, darCenili produqciasabazroze dabal fasebSi maT mihyidon.

galis raionSi glexebi yidian Warbi produqciis nawils. yvelaze momgebiani glexisTviszugdidis bazaria, magram zogierTi adgilobrivi mosaxle Tavis produqcias galis, zogi

315 Economic and Social Consequences of Internal Conflicts, Parliament’s Budgetary Office of Georgia, Tbilisi, 2003,p. 28; www.pbo.ge316 Ýêîíîìèêà è áèçíåñ, “Apsny.ru”; http://www.apsny.ru/economic/economic.php?317 “Àïñíûïðåññ”, Âûïóñê ¹155, 31 èþëÿ 2003 ã.; http://apsnypress.narod.ru/

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ki soWis bazarze yidis. araoficialuri gadasaxadebi ikrifeba maTgan, vinc cecxlisSewyvetis xazs kveTs da zugdidis bazarSi miemgzavreba. cnobilia, rom galis bazarzekriminaluri dajgufebebi gamyidvelebs vaWrobis uflebis sanacvlod fuls sZalaven.sxvadasxva saxis gadasaxadia dawesebuli mdinare fsous gadakveTisTvis, romelicsaqarTvelo-ruseTis sazRvris afxazeTis monakveTs warmoadgens.318

turizmi da sakurorto meurneoba

afxazeTSi mosaxleobis dasaqmebis da, Sesabamisad, Semosavlis erT-erTi ZiriTadiwyaro turizmi da sakurorto meurneoba iyo. sakurorto meurneoba ganadgurda omisada Semdgom periodSi. Tumca ekonomikis sxva dargebTan SedarebiT, rekriaciuli indus-tria gacilebiT ukeTes mdgomareobaSia. miuxedavad amisa, 2001 wels gagraSi gayidulisagzurebis raodenoba konfliqtamdel periodSi realizebuli sagzurebis mxolod 3procentia. damsveneblebi ZiriTadad ruseTis moqalaqeebi arian, romelTa Soris WarbobssamSvidobo jarebisa da gudauTis samxedro nawilis mosamsaxureTa ojaxis wevrebi.

vaWroba

afxazeTSi savaWro operaciebis umravlesoba erTjeradi miwodebis saxiT, naRd fulzean barteruli gacvlis meSveobiT xorcieldeba, rac xels uSlis xangrZlivi saqmianiurTierTobebis damyarebas. finansuri operaciebi regularulad ver xorcieldeba, xoloadgilobrivi sabanko sistema cudad aris uzrunvelyofili kapitaliT da orientirebuliamoklevadiani kreditebis gacemaze Zalze maRali saprocento ganakveTiT.

SezRudulia sagareo vaWroba. dsT-s liderebis 1996 wlis 19 ianvris gadawyvetilebisTanaxmad, afxazeTis separatistul mTavrobasTan ekonomikuri kavSirebis damyarebaSezRudulia. nebadarTulia mxolod produqtebis, medikamentebisa da msgavsi saqonlisimporti. sxva saxis produqciis importisTvis saWiroa saqarTvelos mTavrobis miergacemuli licenzia, Tumca es piroba TiTqmis ar sruldeba da formalur saxes atarebs.amgvarad, nebismieri saxis tvirTi an saqoneli, rac regionSi Sedis an regionidan gadis,aralegaluria. unda aRiniSnos isic, rom afxazeTis teritoriaze da sazRvrebze moZravisaqonlis nawili TviT afxazebisTvisac kontrabandaa, radgan saqonlis es nawili aribegreba “mTavrobis” mier da Semosavali calkeuli kriminaluri jgufisa Tu politikuriklanis jibeSi xvdeba.

diagrama 6. eqsport-importis dinamika afxazeTSi (mln. aSS dolari)319

02468

10121416

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

importi eqsporti

318 Report of the Joint Assessment Mission to the Gali district (November 20-24, 2000) United Nations Observer Missionin Georgia (UNOMIG)319 wyaro: saqarTvelos parlamentis sabiujeto ofisi

84

qarTuli wyaroebis mixedviT, ZiriTadi produqtebis eqsport-importi afxazeTSiSemdegnairad aris warmodgenili:

diagrama 7. importi afxazeTSi (2001)320

35%

51%

8%4%2%

fqvili da xorbali

sawvavi

kartofili

Saqari

cximi da karaqi

diagrama 8. eqsporti afxazeTidan (2001)321

17%

27%52%

3%

1%

citrusi jarTi

xe-tye Cai

Tambaqo

registrirebuli importis daaxloebiT 60 procenti TurqeTze modis, danarCeni ki _ruseTze. registrirebul eqsportSi ruseTis xvedriTi wili 54 procentia, TurqeTis –45%.322 afxazeTis yofili premier-ministri, genadi gagulia acxadebda, rom mTavrobammoaxerxa ruseTTan vaWrobis gazrda, rasac arsebiTi mniSvneloba hqonda. g. gaguliagansakuTrebiT amayobda imiT, rom mTavrobam SeZlo, aRekveTa afxazeTidan xe-tyis, jarTisada Tevzeulis dabal fasebSi gatana. igi acxadebda, rom amieridan ekonomikuri TanamSromlobadaemyareboda kontraqtebs ruseTis federacias subieqtebTan da gakontroldebodaregionuli mTavrobebis mier. “apsnipresis” monacemebiT, afxazeTsa da ruseTis federaciiskrasnodaris mxares Soris SeTanxmebebis ganxorcielebisTvis ekonomikisa da sagareovaWrobis saministroSi moqmedebs 6 jgufi. maTi samuSao sfero moicavs mineralebismopovebasa da damuSavebas, energoseqtors, sawvavisa da gazis seqtorebs, soflis meurneobas,rkinigzis reabilitacias da Tevzis warmoebas.323 TviTgamocxadebuli respublikisprezidenti, vladislav arZinba, gazeT ‘respublika abxazia”-sTvis micemul interviuSiacxadebda, rom ‘ruseTis mTavrobis konstruqciuli midgomis wyalobiT, bolo periodSinawilobriv moxerxda blokadis moxsna. metic, ekonomikuri kavSirebi rusul arasamTavrobo,

320 wyaro: saqarTvelos parlamentis sabiujeto ofisis masalebi321 wyaro: saqarTvelos parlamentis sabiujeto ofisis masalebi322 Economic and Social Consequences of Internal Conflicts, Parliament’s Budgetary Office of Georgia, Tbilisi, 2003, p. 30; www.pbo.ge323 Áîðüáà êëàíîâ âûõîäèò èç ïîä êîâðà: Àáõàçèÿ, 26 ìàðòà – 6 àïðåëÿ 2003 ã., Îáçîð ÑÌÈ; http://www.abkhaziya.org/events_comment/regnum/abkhaz_kover.html

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komerciul struqturebTan da mewarmeebTan dinamikurad viTardeba sakurorto momsaxurebissferoSi, sadac xdeba rusuli investiciebis Semosvla.”324 premier-ministri r. xajimbadasZenda, rom ̀ rusi investorebi mzad arian, invesiticiebi Cadon Cvens ekonomikaSi, raTasaSualeba mieceT, Seisyidon xarisxiani da konkurentunariani produqcia”.325 afxazieqspertebis Tanaxmad, afxazeTis soflis meurneobisa da turizmis ganviTareba SeuZlebeliaruseTis bazris gareSe, radgan alternatiuli bazari ar arsebobs.326

eqsportze dawesebuli begara ufro maRalia, vidre importze, radgan eqsportiSemosavlebis ZiriTad wyaros warmoadgens. savaraudod, es faqtori ganapirobebs afxazeTidansxvadasxva saxis saqonlis aralegalur gadinebas. importze dawesebuli begara sakmaoddabalia (erT kolof sigaretze 2 centi, 1 litr ualkoholo sasmelze 10 centi, erTlitr mineralur wyalze 20 centi).327 sabaJo Semosavlebis 70 procenti eqsportzemodis, xolo 30 procenti _ importze328 . importis moculoba TandaTan izrdeba dadResdReobiT orjer metia eqsportis moculobaze.

mTavrobam ganixila sabaJo gadasaxadebis Semcirebis sakiTxi eqsportisa da importisim nawilze, romelic afxazeTSi ar iwarmoeba (garda benzinisa da fqvilisa).329 tarifebisdakleba da finansuri disciplinis gaumjobeseba erTdroulad unda mimdinareobdes,ganacxades oficialurma pirebma. “apsnipresi” iuwyeba, rom respublikaSi CrdilovanekonomikasTan brZoliT mTavroba miznad isaxavs, SezRudos moZrav avtogasamarT sadgurebSibenziniT vaWroba, rac mosaxleobis Semosavlis mniSvnelovan wyaros warmoadgens.330

afxazeTis sabaJo komiteti iuwyeboda, rom 2003 wlis 6 Tvis monacemebiT, vaWrobisamonagebi 22,3 milion aSS dolars gautolda, eqsportma Seadgina 5.06 milioni aSSdolari, xolo importma _ 17.1 milioni aSS dolari. es monacemebi gviCvenebs, romvaWrobis amonagebi gaizarda 2002 wlis parametrebTan SedarebiT, ZiriTadad importismatebis xarjze, eqsporti ki daaxloebiT 132 aTasi aSS dolariT Semcirda. am 6 TvisganmavlobaSi eqsportze dawesebuli sabaJo tarifebidan biujetma miiRo 759 aTasi aSSdolari, 2002 wlis Sesabamisi monacemebiT ki _ 923 aTasi aSS dolari. xe-tyiseqsportis gegmuri moculoba 61 procentiT Sesrulda, rkinis jarTisa – 56 procentiT,Tambaqosi – 3 procentiT, Cais – 6 procentiT. naxSiris eqsportis gegmis Sesrulebamxolod 9 procents aRwevs, ris gamoc biujets 55,7 aTasi aSS dolari daaklda.mTlianobaSi, saeqsporto gegma Sesrulebulia 46 procentiT. importma Seadgina savaWroamonagebis 76 procenti.331

sabaJo samsaxuris oficialuri warmomadgenlebi acxadeben, rom pirvelad bolo aTiwlis manZilze galSi gatarebuli RonisZiebebis Sedegad SesaZlebeli gaxda sabaJogadasaxadebis amoReba danarCeni saqarTvelodan afxazeTSi Semavali tvirTebidan. importzedawesebulma sabaJo Semosavlebma 544,1 aTasi aSS dolari Seadgina. afxazeTis sabaJokomitetma gaatara antikontrabanduli RonisZiebebi da SeZlo daaxloebiT 3,4 milioniaSS dolaris mobilizeba. afxazeTis sabaJo samsaxurma mdinare fsouze ver moaxerxa

324 Íàì äîðîãè ñâÿçè ñ Ðîññèåé. Èíòåðâüþ Ïðåçèäåíòà ÐÀ Â. Ã. Àðäçèíáà ãàçåòå “Êðàñíàÿ Çâåçäà”.Ãàçåòà “Ðåñïóáëèêà Àáõàçèÿ”, Âûïóñê ¹64 (1568), 21-22 èþëÿ 2003 ã., ñ. 1-2325 Èíòåðâüþ ñ Ïðåìüåð-ìèíèñòðîì Ð. Õàäæèìáà, Ãàçåòà “Ðåñïóáëèêà Àáõàçèÿ”, Âûïóñê ¹58 (1562), 31èþíÿ -1 èþëÿ 2003, ñ. 3326 Ìîæåò ëè ðàçâèâàòüñÿ íàøà ýêîíîìèêà. Ãàçåòà “Ðåñïóáëèêà Àáõàçèÿ”, Âûïóñê ¹35 (1539), 5-6 àïðåëÿ2003 ã., ñ. 6327 Report on Economic Situation in Abkhazia, Financial and Socio-economic Results of Separatist Regime , Parliament’sBudgetary Office of Georgia, 1998; www.pbo.ge328 Ibid.329 Èíòåðâüþ ñ Âèöå-ïðåìüåðîì ïðàâèòåëüñòâà Àáõàçèè Ýììîé Òàíèÿ. “Àïñíûïðåññ”, Âûïóñê ¹098, 22ìàÿ 2003 ã.; http://apsnypress.narod.ru/330 Áîðüáà êëàíîâ âûõîäèò èç ïîä êîâðà: Àáõàçèÿ, 26 ìàðòà – 6 àïðåëÿ 2003 ã. Îáçîð ÑÌÈ; http://www.abkhaziya.org/events_comment/regnum/abkhaz_kover.html331 afxazeTis saxelmwifo sabaJo komitetis 2003 wlis 6 Tvis Sedegebis ganxilva, “Àïñíûïðåññ”, Âûïóñê¹148, 22 èþëÿ 2003 ã.; http://apsnypress.narod.ru/

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dagegmili parametrebis Sesruleba, 100 procentiT amoiRes mxolod Txilis eqsportzedawesebuli gadasaxadi.

xilisa da bostneulis eqsportis moculoba Semcirda Sida bazarze maTi gasaRebisxarjze. Sida bazris zrda gamoiwvia turistebis matebam. sabaJo komitetis ufrosigrigori eniki kmayofilebas gamoTqvamda antikontrabanduli jgufis muSaobis gamo,Tumca man isic aRniSna, rom savaWro dawesebulebebSi jer kidev moipoveba didi raodenobiTuaqcizo saqoneli.

kodoris xeobaamJamad afxazeTSi mxolod kodoris xeobaSi, qluxoris uReltexilidan sofel laTamde

(18 dasaxlebul punqtze) vrceldeba saqarTvelos faqtobrivi iurisdiqcia. xeobismkvidri mosaxleobisa da iZulebiT adgilnacval pirTa raodenoba Seadgens 630-mdeojaxs (3100 kacs).332

1995 wlidan saqarTvelos xelisufleba xeobaSi eweva aRdgeniT samuSaoebs, mosaxleobismomaragebas sursaTiTa da pirveladi moxmarebis saqonliT. xeobaSi moqmedebskavSirgabmuloba, damontaJda radio-satelefono sadguri, romelic TbilisTan dakavSirebissaSualebas iZleva. mosaxleobas SeuZlia, satelitis saSualebiT miiRos saqarTvelosteleviziis pirveli arxis gadacemebi. sahaero moZraoba xeobaSi garTulebulia,satransporto gzebi gamosulia mwyobridan, funqcionirebs 8 skola, xe-tyis gadamamuSavebeliqarxnebi daxurulia.

eleqtrosistemebis dacvas kodoris xeobaSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba,radgan saqarTvelos eleqtroenergia am xeobis gavliT miewodeba ruseTidan.

kodoris xeobaSi kriminogenuri mdgomareoba kvlav mZimea. garda adgilobrivi Zebnilebisa,aq imalebian is pirebic, romelTac danaSauli aqvT Cadenili saqarTvelos sxvadasxvaregionSi. erT-erT mwvave problemad kvlav rCeba narkobiznesis sakiTxi. yvelazeSemaSfoTebelia iseTi danaSaulebis zrda, rogoricaa yaCaRoba, mkvleloba, banditizmi.1994 wlidan moyolebuli, registrirebulia mkvlelobis 60 SemTxveva (maT Sorissisxlis aRebis SemTxvevebic).333

aRsaniSnavia, rom xeobaSi ar arsebobs prokuraturis qvedanayofi. policiis Semadgenlobasul ramdenime kacs iTvlis. mosaxleobaSi didi raodenobiTaa araregistrirebulicecxlsasroli iaraRi, rac TavisTavad qmnis kriminogenur saSiSroebas. rogorc akakigogiCaiSvili aRniSnavda, Jurnalistebma kargad ician, rom xeobaSi momxdar yvela kriminalurincidentze sruli pasuxismgebloba ekisreba emzar kvicians, saqarTvelos prezidentisrwmunebuls kodoris xeobaSi. Jurnalistebi floben informacias, rom 1998 welsswored kvicianma moawyo svaneTSi vizitis dros samTavrobo delegaciisa da TanmxlebiJurnalistebis gataceba da gaTavisufleba.334

saerTod, adamianis gataceba Cveulebrivi movlenaa xeobaSi. 2003 wlis ivnisSigaeros damkvirvebelTa gatacebis gamo emzar kviciansa da Tamaz nadareiSvils SoriswarmoiSva konfliqti. es ukanaskneli varaudobda, rom saqarTvelos xelisuflebamgadaixada didi gamosasyidi yvela im SemTxvevaSi, roca mZevlad ucxoelebi imyofebodnen.gogiCaiSvilis azriT, es braldeba bevrad ufro sarwmunoa, vidre xelisuflebis uaryofagamosasyidis gadaxdis Taobaze. kviciani irwmuneboda (mas ramdenime oficialuri piricdaemowma), rom mZevlebTan dakavSirebul problemebs yovelTvis agvarebda Tavisi megobris,tariel onianis, daxmarebiT. oniani gaxlavT amJamad safrangeTSi mcxovrebi erT-erTigavleniani qarTveli kriminaluri avtoriteti. am konfliqtis Sedegad qarTulipartizanuli jgufis, ‘tyis Zmebis” xelmZRvaneli, daviT Sengelia, ganudga Tamaz

332 Report on Economic Situation in Abkhazia, Financial and Socio-economic Results of Separatist Regime , Parliament’sBudgetary Office, 1998, p. 40; www.pbo.ge333 wyaro: saqarTvelos parlamentis sabiujeto ofisis masalebi334 akaki gogiCaiSvili, qarTuli presis analizi #6, 2003 wlis ivnisi, TraCCC GO, gv. 2, www.traccc.cdn.ge

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nadareiSvils. am movlenas win uswrebda nadareiSvilis mier misive daniSnuli Sengeliasmoxsna galis raionis gamgeblis moadgilis Tanamdebobidan. Sengeliam ganacxada, romsamomavlod misi yoveli qmedeba nadareiSvilis winaaRmdeg iqneboda mimarTuli.gogiCaiSvilis azriT, TviT is faqti, rom Sengelia daupirispirda Tavis gavlenianmfarvels, miuTiTebs imaze, rom ukeTesi mfarveli ipova.335

xeobis dacvis mTeli simZime adgilobriv mosaxleobas awevs, radgan 1994 wlissammxrivi xelSekrulebiT, kodoridan gamoyvanilia yvela samxedro formireba da teqnika.amJamad xeobaSi mxolod Sinagani jaris aseuli imyofeba.

afxaz separatistTa samxedro formirebebi koncentrirebulia gvirabebis midamoebsada sofel laTas mimdebare teritoriaze. aqve, orasiode metrSi ganlagebulia ruseTissamSvidobo Zalebis posti. sofel laTas CrdiloeT mxares (gvirabebis zeda mxares)akontrolebs saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros qvedanayofi, maruxis uReltexilski qarTvel mesazRvreTa razmi icavs.

cxinvalis regioni

saqarTvelos iurisdiqciidan gasuli meore regioni aris yofili samxreT oseTisavtonomiuri mxare, an rogorc axla mas saerTaSoriso organizaciebis dokumentebSi moixsenieben– cxinvalis regioni. es kuTxe mdebareobs saqarTvelos CrdiloeT nawilSi. regionisfarTobia 3.9 aTasi km2, rac saqarTvelos mTeli teritoriis 5.6 procents Seadgens.

ekonomikuri mdgomareoba

cxinvalis regionis ekonomikuri mdgomareoba dResdReobiT sakmaod mZimea. eqspertTagaangariSebiT, regionis mSp wliurad 15 milioni dolari, anu mosaxleobis erT sulze250 dolaria, rac msoflios uRaribesi qveynebis maCveneblis tolia.

aRsaniSnavia, rom samxreT oseTis biujetSi Semosavlebis ZiriTad wyaros sabaJogadasaxadebi Seadgens, kerZod, 2000 wels sabiujeto Semosavlebi sul 48,6 milionirusuli rubli (anu 1,7 milioni aSS dolari) iyo. sabaJo gadasaxadebidan biujetSiSemosuli Tanxis moculobam mTliani Semosavlis 54,5 procenti Seadgina. samxreToseTis mTliani biujeti 8,810 aTasi aSS dolaria, aqedan Semosavali 3.950 aTasi aSSdolaris ekvivalenturia, xolo gasavali – 4, 860 aTas aSS dolars utoldeba.336“samxreT oseTis” biujeti, romlis odenoba erTi dasavluri skolis biujetze naklebia,faqtobrivad, simbolur rols asrulebs regionis cxovrebaSi.

mrewveloba

TviTgamocxadebuli respublikis samrewvelo obieqtebis umravlesoba amortizebulida gaCerebulia. 2000 wels mrewvelobis mier warmoebuli produqciis RirebulebamSeadgina 10,2 milioni rusuli rubli (333 aTasi aSS dolari). ruseTidan da saqarTvelosenergosistemidan eleqtroenergiis SezRuduli miwodebis pirobebSi, mcire datvirTviT(saproeqto simZlavris 10-25%) funqcionirebs mxolod cxinvalis xe-tyis gadamamuSavebelikombinati da mineraluri wylis oriode qarxana. amasTan, samrewvelo produqciis saerTomoculobaSi mineraluri wylebis xvedriTi wili 60%-s aRemateba.337

335 iqve., gv. 3-4336 Ãàçåòà “Þæíàÿ Îñåòèÿ”, 19 ôåâðàëÿ, 2003, ¹15 (977), ñ. 1337 Economic and Social Consequences of Internal Conflicts, Parliament’s Budget Office of Georgia, Tbilisi, 2003, p. 23;www.pbo.ge

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soflis meurneobis mier warmoebuli (saojaxo, fermeruli) produqcia nawilobrivuzrunvelyofs regionis moTxovnilebas. irigaciuli sistema mTlianad moSlilia damoiTxovs rekonstruqcias.

pensiebi da xelfasebi

samxreT oseTSi minimaluri pensia 60 rusuli rublia (2 aSS dolari), xelfasi -200 rusuli rubli (7 aSS dolari), xolo saarsebo minimumi 1100-1200 rusul rubls(40 aSS dolari) Seadgens.338

separatistul mTavrobas gaaCnia didi Sida davalianeba mosaxleobisadmi gaucemelixelfasebis, pensiebisa da socialuri daxmarebis saxiT. osi axalgazrdobis didi nawiliumuSevaria, danarCeni ki _ TviTdasaqmebuli da xSir SemTxvevaSi CarTuli naxevradkriminalurbiznesSi.

“prestiJuli” da “elitaruli” samsaxuris kategorias ganekuTvneba Zalovanistruqturebi (uSiSroeba, policia, jari), sagzao fondi da sabaJo samsaxuri. sainteresoais faqti, rom sabaJo samsaxuris rigiTi TanamSromlis Semosavali dRe-RameSi 1200-1500rusul rubls (40-50 aSS dolars) Seadgens.339

demografiuli mdgomareoba

1992 wlidan dawyebuli, regionSi Zireulad Seicvala demografiuli suraTi. qarTulimosaxleobis umetesi nawilis gamodevnisa da TviT osi erovnebis warmomadgenlebisruseTSi migraciis Sedegad mosaxleobis raodenoba 100 aTasidan 60 aTas kacamdeSemcirda.340

migracia, romelic moicavs 17 aTasamde pirs, Seexo regionis mosaxleobis yvelazeganaTlebul da Sromisunarian nawils; sagulisxmoa, rom CrdiloeT oseTis respublikis(ruseTis) teritoriaze myofi ltolvili mosaxleobisaTvis Sendeba 11 dasaxleba, romelic900 ojaxisTvisaa gaTvaliswinebuli.

investiciebi

regionis ekonomikis ganviTarebisTvis saWiroa mniSvnelovani investiciebi. am procesisdawyebas xels uSlis politikuri xasiaTis winaaRmdegobebi. sakuTari energetikisuqonloba da finansuri saSualebebis deficiti energetikuli krizisis daZlevasSeuZlebels xdis. dReisaTvis cxinvalis xelisuflebas ruseTis energokompaniebis mimarTramdenime milioni dolari vali aqvs. cxinvalis regionze gamavali saxmeleTo komunikaciebi,romelic saqarTvelos akavSirebs ruseTis federaciasTan, dReisaTvis srulad ar gamoiyeneba.

338 Ibid., p.23339 Ibid., p.23-24340 Ibid., p.24

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rekomendaciebi

arsebobs kontrabandis problemis mogvarebis ramdenime gza. afxazeTsa da cxinvalisregionebSi ZiriTadi Zalisxmeva unda moxmardes kontrabanduli bazrebisa da ukanonovaWrobis legalizacias mougvarebeli konfliqtebis miuxedavad.

afxazeTis separatistul reJims sanqciebi upirobod unda moexsnas. qarTuli mxarises nabiji daamtkicebs, rom SesaZlebelia konfliqtis mogvarebis procesSi gardatexisSetana, rac waadgeba mxareebs Soris ndobis aRdgenas. am daTmobis sanacvlod, afxazeTisde faqto xelisuflebam unda gadasinjos Tavisi antiqarTuli pozicia da gamoexmaurosama Tu im problemis erToblivad gadawyvetis iniciativas.

kontrabanduli bazrebis Zalismieri aRkveTis cdam SeiZleba gamoiwvios konfliqtisganaxleba da socialuri afeTqeba.

araefeqturi nabijebi:- samarTlebriv-iZulebiTi zomebis gamoyeneba1) socialurad daucveli fenis mimarT _ saxifaToa saqarTveloSi arsebuli daZabuli

politikuri viTarebis gamo2) konfliqturi zonebis adgilobrivi separatistuli klanebis winaaRmdeg, sadac

kontrabanda gadaiqca maTi Semosavlis erT-erT mniSvnelovan wyarod _ SeuZlebelia,radgan didia konfliqtis ganaxlebis safrTxe.

efeqturi nabijebi:- samarTlebriv-iZulebiTi zomebis gamoyeneba3) qarTvel msxvil kontrabandistTa winaaRmdeg;4) samarTaldamcavi struqturebisa da mTavrobis korumpirebuli warmomadgenlebis

winaaRmdeg.

yvelaze efeqturi nabijebi:1) ekonomikuri stimulebi:- mezobel qveynebTan aqcizuri da sagadasaxado politikis koordinacia;- xelfasis donis racionalizacia, personalis socialur-ekonomikuri pirobebis

optimizacia;- moqmedi kanonmdeblobis, upirveles yovlisa, saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsis,

daxvewa.

remarka:1998 wlis Semdeg Seicvala saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kanonmdebloba da Seiqmna

garemo, sadac legaluri biznesi araTu ver ganviTarda, aramed bazridan TandaTan ganidevna.dResdReobiT saqarTvelos aqvs yvelaze maRali gadasaxadebi oTxive mosazRvre

qveyanasTan (ruseTi, azerbaijani, somxeTi da TurqeTi) SedarebiT, garda navTobproduqtebzegadasaxadisa (somxeTSi sawvavze gadasaxadi ufro maRalia). es faqtori mezobeliqveynebidan kontrabandas momgebian biznesad aqcevs.

2) sasazRvro departamentis reforma, samxedro danayofidan sasazRvropoliciad misi gardaqmna

sasazRvro kontrolis Zveli filosofiaa saxelmwifo sazRvris sabWouri tipis„rkinis fardiT“ dacva. axali filosofia gulisxmobs sasazRvro-policiuri funqciebisSesrulebas saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze (cxinvalis regionisa da afxazeTis mosazRvreregionebis CaTvliT). samegrelosa da Sida qarTlSi mobiluri sasazRvro policia

90

mniSvnelovani wingadadgmuli nabiji iqneboda afxazeTisa da cxinvalis gavliT kontrabandisaRsakveTad, Tundac mougvarebeli konfliqtebis pirobebSi.

damatebiTi nabijebi:sabaJo infrastruqturisa da sabaJo operaciebis modernizacia: sabaJo punqtebis,

mosamsaxureTa treningisa da menejmentis axali sistemis danergva.

ZiriTadi problema:xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebs ar gaaCniaT am reformebis institucionalizaciisaTvis

saWiro politikuri neba. Tumca survilis SemTxvevaSi advilia amis gakeTeba.magaliTi:saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis zewola da saqarTvelos mTavrobis anti-kontrabanduli

kampania 2003 wlis agvisto-seqtemberSi.

3) saqarTvelos prezidentisa da parlamentis da afxazeTi-cxinvalis regionisliderebis axali, samarTliani arCevnebi

demokratiuli cvlilebebi seriozul safrTxes warmoadgens saqarTvelos centralurida separatistuli reJimebis ZalauflebisaTvis. samarTlianma arCevnebma SeiZleba xeliSeuwyos konfliqtis mogvarebas da kontrabanduli saqmianobis legalur biznesadtransformacias. 2003 wlis noembris “vardebis revoluciam” da xelisuflebis SecvlammniSvnelovnad gaaumjobesa politikuri garemo saqarTveloSi, Tumca gaurkvevelia moxdebaTu ara msgavsi cvlilebebi uaxloes momavalSi afxazeTsa da cxinvalis regionSi.

grZelvadiani perspeqtivakonfliqtebis politikuri mogvareba grZelvadiani perspeqtivaa.zemoaRniSnulma nabijebma SeiZleba xeli Seuwyos Zaladobis Semcirebas da kontrabandis

problemis mogvarebas.

arsebuli strategia:konfliqtis mxareebi da mediatorebi cdiloben separatistuli teritoriebis

politikuri statusis gansazRvras, magram qarTveli, afxazi da osi politikosebi arianarsebuli mdgomareobis mZevlebi. arcerT liders ar surs da ar SeuZlia daakmayofiloserTmaneTis moTxovnebi politikuri statusis gansazRvris Sesaxeb, romelic mdgomareobsSemdeg formulaSi: an damoukidebloba an teritoriuli mTlianoba. magaliTad, TusaqarTvelos prezidenti daTanxmdeba afxazeTis damoukideblobis cnobas, misi impiCmentiar daaxanebs. igive moxdeba, Tu afxazeTis de faqto prezidenti afxazeTs aRiarebssaqarTvelos nawilad.

Sedegi :orive konfliqti CixSia Sesuli, ar arsebobs axlo momavalSi maTi mogvarebis perspeqtiva.

SemoTavazebuli strategia:1. separatistuli regionebis politikuri statusis gansazRvris gadavadeba

(savaraudod, politikosebis Semdgom Taobamde) – konfliqtSi myofma mxareebma undagamoacxadon moratoriumi: anu separatistuli reJimebi ar acxadeben damoukideblobasda saqarTvelos xelisufleba ar acxadebs, rom afxazeTi da cxinvalis regioni arissaqarTvelos nawili, vidre dRis wesrigSi ar dadgeba evrokavSirSi gawevrianebis formaluriprocedura;

2. evropeizaciis strategiis ganxorcieleba. dResdReobiT rogorc afxazi, ise

91

qarTveli politikosebi acxadeben, rom isini unda wavidnen evropeizaciis gziT, racZalian mniSvnelovania konfliqtis mogvarebis axali strategiisaTvis. evrokavSirma undaSeimuSaos standartizaciis specialuri programa (rogorc konfliqtis mogvarebissaSualeba), teritoriuli davis mqone, magram evrokavSirSi gaerTianebis msurveliteritoriuli erTeulebis Semdgomi integraciisTvis. kipris gamocdileba SeiZlebagamosadegi iyos am SemTxvevaSi.

mosalodneli Sedegi :1. evropul normebze dafuZnebuli, saqarTvelos yvela regionis kanonmdeblobis,

sabaJo da sagadasaxado politikis standartizaciis daCqareba. afxazeTis separatistulireJimis winaaRmdeg SemoRebuli sanqciebis dauyovnebliv gauqmeba, iZulebiT gadaadgilebulpirTa dabrunebis dawyeba afxazeTsa da cxinvalis regionSi. demokratiisa da sabazroekonomikis ganviTareba evrokavSirSi integraciisaken mimarTuli politikis konteqstSi;

2. gansazRvruli politikuri statusi evrokavSirSi gaerTianebis formaluriproceduris momentisaTvis. afxaz, os da qarTvel politikosTa axali Taoba gansazRvravs,Tu ra formiT unda evrokavSirSi gawevrianeba – rogorc erT subieqts Tu ramdenimes.Tuki dRes qarTveli, afxazi da osi politikosebi arian Seqmnili mdgomareobis mZevlebi,mosalodnelia, rom evrokavSirSi formaluri gawevrianebis momentisaTvis (romelsacaucileblad dasWirdeba ramdenime aTwleuli) politikosTa axal Taobas eqneba ukeTesipolitikuri, ekonomikuri da socialuri pirobebi, rac xels Seuwyobs afxazeTisa dacxinvalis regionis politikur statusze konsensusis miRwevas. evrokavSirTan mierTebisstimulma SeiZleba dadebiTi roli iTamaSos mxareebs Soris dagrovili problemebisgadawyvetaSi.

92

slaidebi

slaidi 1. qarTuli, rusuli da afxazuri blokpostebi mdinare engurze warmoadgenskontrabanduli qselis elementebs (ix. momdevno Svidi slaidi).

slaidi 2. qarTuli samauwyeblo telekompania „rusTavi 2“ faruli kameriT iRebsruseTis samSvidobo Zalebis blokpostis xelmZRvanelTan warmoebul kriminalurmolaparakebas moparuli manqanis saqarTvelodan afxazeTSi gadayvanis Taobaze (ix.slaidebi 3-7 – dialogi mdinare engurze mdebare rusuli samSvidobo Zalebis blokpos-tis xelmZRvanelTan).

afxazeTi

93

slaidi 3. dialogi:- manqanis gadayvana minda.- romlis?- „Opel Frontera“–si- ruseTSi?- ara, ruseTSi ara. iq biWebi melodebian.

slaidi 4. dialogi:- diax, me am blokpostis xelmZRvaneli var.- ooo, blokpostis xelmZRvaneli? miT ukeTesi.- kargi, partizanebTan SeTanxmdiT?

94

slaidi 5. dialogi:- swored amitomac geubnebi, amitom movedi pirdapir SenTan. magaT mere SevuTanxmdebi.- mTavaria, Tqven gamiSvaT.

slaidi 6. dialogi:- Tumca aq problemebi ar geqnebaT- me aq gadasaxadi maqvs dawesebuli - 100...- dolari?-Aara, lari. problema ar iqneba...

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slaidi 7. dialogi:- axla me maT davurekav... isini manqaniT movlen, Tu SeTanxmdebiT.- kargi, movilaparakeT.

slaidi 8. es aris dialogi qarTuli blokpostis oficerTan moparuli manqanisgadayvanaze afxazeTSi, romelic aseve warmatebiT dasrulda.

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slaidi 9. ai, ase xdeba, rodesac kontrabandistebi moqmedeben damoukideblad, russamSvidoboebTan, qarTvel da afxaz samarTaldamcavebTan da qarTvel partizanebTanSeuTanxmeblad (ix. slaidebi 10 da 11).

slaidi 10.

97

slaidi 11.

slaidi 12. de faqto mTavrobis galis raionis prokurori acxadebs, rom galisraionSi mkvlelobebis da mZevalTa ayvanis umravlesoba dakavSirebulia kriminalurgarCevebTan da kontrabandasTan.

98

slaidi 13 . afxazeTis de faqto prezidentis qaliSvilis, madina arZinbas kuTvnili rusuli firma, romelic amavdroulad aris turizmis sakiTxebSi afxazeTis mTavrobis generaluri warmomadgeneli ruseTis federaciaSi (ix. dokumentebi - slaidebi 13, 14 da 15 an veb-gverdi: http://www.abkhazia.ru/about.htm).

99

slaidi 14.

100

slaidi 15.

101

slaidi 16. mosaxleobis socialurad daucveli jgufebi, gansakuTrebiT iZulebiTgadaadgilebuli pirebi, monawileoben kontrabandaSi mdinare engurze.

102

ergneTis bazroba

slaidi 17. kontrabanduli dizelis sawvavis gadatvirTva rusuli avzidan (marcxniv)qarTulSi (marjvniv).

slaidi 18. kontrabanduli sawvaviT (benzini da dizeli) datvirTuli cisternebisnawili ergneTis bazrobaze.

103

slaidi 19. kontrabanduli xorbali, romelic specialuri aRWurvilobiT gadaitvirTebarusuli manqanidan (marjvniv) qarTul manqanaSi (marcxniv).

slaidi 20. kontrabanduli fqvili ruseTidan. TraCCC–is mkvlevarTa jgufma daTvala70 manqanamde ergneTis bazrobaze da yvela maTgans aqvs rusuli nomrebi. es ariskontrabanduli fqvilis yvelaze didi bazari saqarTveloSi.

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slaidi 21. kontrabanduli sigaretiT sabiTumo da sacalo vaWroba.

slaidi 22. kontrabanduli kvercxi gadaizideba rusuli manqanidan qarTulmikroavrobusSi.

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slaidi 23. damoukidebelma telekompania „rusTavi 2“-ma (programa „60 wuTi“) Caataraeqsperimenti 2002 wels – Jurnalistebi Tavs asaReben kontrabandistebad. isini yidulobenkontrabandul fqvils ergneTis bazrobaze gorSi transportirebisaTvis.

slaidi 24. kontrabanduli fqvili itvirTeba „rusTavi 2“-is JurnalistebismikroavtobusSi Semdegi transportirebisaTvis.

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slaidi 25. qarTuli blokpostis warmomadgenlebma SeaCeres Jurnalistebismikroavtobusi.

slaidi 26. „rusTavi 2“-is Jurnalisti qarTuli blokpostis warmomadgenels qrTamsuxdis da gzas agrZelebs.

107

slaidi 27. ergneTis kontrabandulma bazrobam Seqmna asobiT samuSao adgili socialuraddaucveli jgufebisaTvis – rogorc osebisaTvis, ise qarTvelebisaTvis, romlebicmegobrulad TanamSromloben am saxis vaWrobaSi.

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saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi, Tbilisi, saqarTvelo, 2003

saqarTvelos sabaJo kodeqsi. sabaJo kanonmdebloba, Tbilisi, 2003

saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsi. sabaJo kanonmdebloba, Tbilisi, 2003

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legitimuri xelisuflebis uSiSroebis saministros monacemebi

saqarTvelos finansTa saministros monacemebi

”saqenergos” eleqtroenergiis realizaciis da zedamxedvelobis mTavari sammarTvelosmonacemebi

saqarTvelos dazvervis saxelmwifo departamentis monacemebi

saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sazRvris dacvis saxelmwifo departamentis monacemebi

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gazeTebi da sainformacio saagentoebi

afxazuri da osuri gazeTebi da sainformacio saagentoebi

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qarTuli gazeTebi da sainformacio saagentoebi

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interviuebi da Sexvedrebi

interviu saparlamento komisiis Tavmjdomaris moadgile jambul bakuraZesTan, (maisi,2003). Tbilisi

interviu amerikis savaWro palatis prezident fadi o. aslisTan, (aprili, 2003). Tbilisi

Sexvedra saqarTvelos parlamentis wevr da sagadasaxado Semosavlebis yofil ministrmixeil maWavarianTan (Tebervali, 2003). Tbilisi

interviu saqarTvelos sabaJo departamentis direqtoris yofil moadgile, saqarTvelos

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savaWro palatis vice-prezident dimitri abesaZesTan (marti, 2003). Tbilisi

interviu saqarTvelos uSiSroebis saministros kontrsabotaJisa da kontrdazvervisdepartamentis ufrosis moadgile daviT CxataraSvilTan, (maisi, 2003). Tbilisi

interviu saqarTvelos uSiSroebis saministros sagamoZiebo departamentis xelmZRvanelmalxaz salayaiasTan, (maisi, 2003). Tbilisi

interviu amerikis savaWro palatis direqtorTa sabWos wevrTan, energetikis komitetisTavmjdomare vano nakaiZesTan da andro kotetiSvilTan, damoukidebeli eqsperti.(aprili, 2003). Tbilisi

interviu gaeros humanitarul saqmeTa sakoordinacio ofisis moqmed xelmZRvanel srdjanstoianoviCTan, (aprili, 2003). Tbilisi

Sexvedra dazvervis saxelmwifo departamentis Tavmjdomaris moadgile ramaz jabaurTan

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telekompania „rusTavi 2“-is JurnalistTan zugdidSi ema gogoxiasTan, (agvisto, 2003),zugdidi

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uSiSroebis saministros regionuli departamentis xelmZRvanel gogi naWyebiasTan, (agvisto,2003), zugdidi

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qarTuli partizanuli jgufis, „TeTri legionis“ savele meTaur ramin fircxelavasTan,

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(agvisto, 2003), zugdidi, saqarTvelo

qarTuli partizanuli jgufis, „tyis Zmebis“ meTauris moadgile slava bigvavasTan(agvisto, 2003), zugdidi

uSiSroebis saministros Sida qarTlis regionuli departamentis xelmZRvanel kotekalandaZesTan, (ivlisi, 2003), gori

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kriminaluri jgufis, e.w. Sps „eqspres servisis“ wevrebTan – ergneTis bazrobaze (ivnisi,2003), cxinvali

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rukebi, sqemebi da diagramebi

ruka 1. saqarTvelo ..............................................................................................................................................................7

ruka 2. kontrabandis ZiriTadi marSrutebi saqarTveloSi ..................................................................... 22

sqema 1. ergneTis bazroba ............................................................................................................................................. 23

diagrama 1. qarTuli da afxazuri monacemebis Sedareba afxazeTSi sawvavis importis

Sesaxeb ................................................................................................................................................................................ 42

sqema 2. sawvavis kontrabandis meqanizmi cecxlis Sewyvetis xazze ................................................ 43

sqema 3. sigaretis kontrabandis meqanizmi cecxlis Sewyvetis xazze ............................................ 45

diagrama 2. xe-tyis eqsportis dinamika .........................................................................................................47

diagrama 3. afxazeTis saxelmwifo seqtorSi produqciis zrdis dinamika 1989-1998 wlebSi..... 78

diagrama 4. afxazeTis biujeti 1995-2001 wlebSi ....................................................................................79

diagrama 5. soflis meurneobis sxvadasxva saxeobis produqtebis warmoebis Sedareba ...... 82

diagrama 6. eqsport-importis dinamika afxazeTSi .......................................................................................83

diagrama 7. importi afxazeTSi (2001 weli) ................................................................................................. 84

diagrama 8. eqsporti afxazeTidan (2001 weli) ........................................................................................... 84