Late 18c: French Economic Advantages

Late 18c: French Economic Advantages

Napoleonic Code.Napoleonic Code. French communal law.French communal law.

Free contractsFree contracts Open marketsOpen markets Uniform & clear commercial regulationsUniform & clear commercial regulations

Standards weights & measures.Standards weights & measures. Established technical schools.Established technical schools. The government encouraged & honored The government encouraged & honored

inventors & inventions.inventors & inventions. Bank of France Bank of France European model providing a European model providing a

reliable currency.reliable currency.

French Economic Disadvantages

French Economic Disadvantages• Years of warYears of war

• Supported the American Revolution.Supported the American Revolution.• French Revolution.French Revolution.• Early 19c Early 19c Napoleonic Wars Napoleonic Wars

• Heavy debts.Heavy debts.• High unemployment High unemployment soldiers soldiers

returning from the battlefronts.returning from the battlefronts.• French businessmen were afraid to take French businessmen were afraid to take

risks.risks.

That Nation of Shopkeepers!That Nation of Shopkeepers! -- Napoleon Bonaparte -- Napoleon Bonaparte

The Enclosure Movement

The Enclosure Movement

“Enclosed” Lands Today

“Enclosed” Lands Today

Mine & Forge [1840-1880]

Mine & Forge [1840-1880]• More powerful than water is coal.More powerful than water is coal.

• More powerful than wood is iron.More powerful than wood is iron.• Innovations make steel feasible.Innovations make steel feasible.• ““PuddlingPuddling”” [1820] – [1820] – ““pig iron.pig iron.””• ““Hot blastHot blast”” [1829] – cheaper, purer steel. [1829] – cheaper, purer steel.• Bessemer process [1856] – strong, flexible steel.Bessemer process [1856] – strong, flexible steel.

Coalfields & Industrial Areas

Coalfields & Industrial Areas

18001800 1 ton of coal 50, 000 miners

18501850 30 tons 200, 000 miners

18801880 300 million tons 500, 000 miners

19141914 250 million tons 1, 200, 000 miners

Coal Mining in Britain:

1800-1914

Coal Mining in Britain:

1800-1914

Young Coal MinersYoung Coal Miners

Child Labor in the Mines

Child Labor in the Mines

Child Child ““hurriershurriers””

British Pig Iron Production

British Pig Iron Production

Richard Arkwright:“Pioneer of the Factory

System”

Richard Arkwright:“Pioneer of the Factory

System”

The The ““Water FrameWater Frame””

Factory ProductionFactory Production• Concentrates production in oneConcentrates production in one

place [materials, labor].place [materials, labor].

• Located near sources of power Located near sources of power [rather than labor or markets].[rather than labor or markets].

• Requires a lot of capital Requires a lot of capital investmentinvestment[factory, machines, etc.] more[factory, machines, etc.] morethan skilled labor.than skilled labor.

) Only 10% of English industry in Only 10% of English industry in 1850.1850.

Textile FactoryWorkers in England

Textile FactoryWorkers in England

18131813 2400 looms 150, 000 workers

18331833 85, 000 looms 200, 000 workers

18501850 224, 000 looms >1 million workers

The Factory SystemThe Factory System

× Rigid schedule.Rigid schedule.

× 12-14 hour day.12-14 hour day.

× Dangerous Dangerous conditions.conditions.

× Mind-numbing Mind-numbing monotony.monotony.

Textile Factory Workers in England

Textile Factory Workers in England

British Coin Portraying a Factory, 1812

British Coin Portraying a Factory, 1812

Young “Bobbin-Doffers”Young “Bobbin-Doffers”

Jacquard’s LoomJacquard’s Loom

John Kay’s “Flying Shuttle”

John Kay’s “Flying Shuttle”

The Power LoomThe Power Loom

James Watt’s Steam Engine

James Watt’s Steam Engine

Steam TractorSteam Tractor

Steam ShipSteam Ship

An Early Steam LocomotiveAn Early Steam Locomotive

Later LocomotivesLater Locomotives

The Impact of the Railroad

The Impact of the Railroad

“The Great Land Serpent”

“The Great Land Serpent”

Crystal Palace Exhibition: 1851

Crystal Palace Exhibition: 1851

Exhibitions of the new industrial Exhibitions of the new industrial utopia.utopia.

Crystal Palace: Interior Exhibits

Crystal Palace: Interior Exhibits

Crystal Palace:British Ingenuity on

Display

Crystal Palace:British Ingenuity on

Display

Crystal Palace:American Pavilion

Crystal Palace:American Pavilion

The Great Exhibition• London, 1851 – world’s first industrial fair• Crystal Palace

– 6 million visitors in 6 months– Human domination over nature

• Prince Albert, “ man is approaching a more complete fulfillment of that great and sacred mission which he has to perform in this world…to conquer nature to his use…we are accomplishing the will of the great and blessed God.”

– Britain = “workshop, banker, and trader of the world”

Inventions of the 19Inventions of the 19thth century century• Battery

• Gas lighting

• steam-powered locomotive

• tin can

• Photography

• stethoscope

• Cement

• electromagnet

• matches

• typewriter

• sewing machine

• ice machine

• mechanical calculator

• Revolver• telegraph• postage stamp• Morse code• Rubber vulcanization• bicycle• hydrogen fuel cell• blueprints• stapler• antiseptics• pasteurisation• internal combustion engine• Plastic• Machine gun

• dynamite• telephone• First moving pictures• phonograph• Light bulb• metal detector• mechanical cash

register• dishwasher• radar• contact lenses• escalator• zipper• vacuum cleaner

19c Bourgeoisie: The Industrial Nouveau

Riche

19c Bourgeoisie: The Industrial Nouveau

Riche

Criticism of the New Bourgeoisie

Criticism of the New Bourgeoisie

Stereotype of the Factory Owner

Stereotype of the Factory Owner

“Upstairs”/“Downstairs” Life

“Upstairs”/“Downstairs” Life

Factory Wages in Lancashire, 1830

Factory Wages in Lancashire, 1830

Age of WorkerAge of Worker Male WagesMale Wages Female WagesFemale Wages

under 11under 11 2s 3d.2s 3d. 2s. 4d.2s. 4d.

11 - 1611 - 16 4s. 1d.4s. 1d. 4s. 3d.4s. 3d.

17 - 2117 - 21 10s. 2d.10s. 2d. 7s. 3d.7s. 3d.

22 - 2622 - 26 17s. 2d. 17s. 2d. 8s. 5d.8s. 5d.

27 - 3127 - 31 20s. 4d. 20s. 4d. 8s. 7d.8s. 7d.

32 - 3632 - 36 22s. 8d.22s. 8d. 8s. 9d.8s. 9d.

37 - 4137 - 41 21s. 7d.21s. 7d. 9s. 8d.9s. 8d.

42 - 4642 - 46 20s. 3d.20s. 3d. 9s. 3d.9s. 3d.

47 - 5147 - 51 16s. 7d.16s. 7d. 8s. 10d.8s. 10d.

52 - 5652 - 56 16s. 4d.16s. 4d. 8s. 4d.8s. 4d.

57 - 6157 - 61 13s. 6d.13s. 6d. 6s. 4d.6s. 4d.

Industrial Staffordshire

Industrial Staffordshire

Problems of PollutionProblems of Pollution

The Silent HighwaymanThe Silent Highwayman - 1858 - 1858

Peppered MothPeppered Moth

The New Industrial City

The New Industrial City

Early-19c London by Gustave Dore

Early-19c London by Gustave Dore

Worker Housing in Manchester

Worker Housing in Manchester

Factory Workers at Home

Factory Workers at Home

Workers Housing in Newcastle TodayWorkers Housing in Newcastle Today

The Life of the New Urban Poor: A Dickensian

Nightmare!

The Life of the New Urban Poor: A Dickensian

Nightmare!

Private Charities: Soup Kitchens

Private Charities: Soup Kitchens

Private Charities: The “Lady Bountifuls”

Private Charities: The “Lady Bountifuls”

The Luddites: 1811-1816

The Luddites: 1811-1816

Ned LuddNed Ludd [a mythical figure supposed to live [a mythical figure supposed to live in Sherwood Forest]in Sherwood Forest]

Attacks on the Attacks on the ““framesframes”” [power looms]. [power looms].

The Luddite TriangleThe Luddite Triangle

BritishBritishSoldiers Soldiers Fire on Fire on BritishBritish

Workers:Workers:

Let us die Let us die like men, like men,

and not be and not be sold like sold like slaves!slaves!

Peterloo Massacre, 1819Peterloo Massacre, 1819

The ChartistsThe Chartists

KeyKey

               ChartistChartistsettlementssettlements

                 Centres of Centres of ChartismChartism

           Area of plug riots, Area of plug riots, 18421842

The “Peoples’ Charter”

The “Peoples’ Charter”• Drafted in 1838 by Drafted in 1838 by William LovettWilliam Lovett..

• Radical campaign for Parliamentary reform Radical campaign for Parliamentary reform of the inequalities created by the Reform Bill of the inequalities created by the Reform Bill of 1832.of 1832.

× Votes for all men.Votes for all men.× Equal electoral districts.Equal electoral districts.× Abolition of the requirement that Members of Abolition of the requirement that Members of

Parliament [MPs] be property owners.Parliament [MPs] be property owners.× Payment for Members of Parliament.Payment for Members of Parliament.× Annual general elections.Annual general elections.× The secret ballot. The secret ballot.

The ChartistsThe Chartists

A physical force-Chartists A physical force-Chartists arming for the fight.arming for the fight.

A female ChartistA female Chartist

Anti-Corn Law League, 1845Anti-Corn Law League, 1845

• Give manufactures more outlets for Give manufactures more outlets for their products.their products.

• Expand employment.Expand employment.• Lower the price of bread.Lower the price of bread.• Make British agriculture more Make British agriculture more

efficient and productive.efficient and productive.• Expose trade and agriculture to Expose trade and agriculture to

foreign competition.foreign competition.• Promote international peace through Promote international peace through

trade contact.trade contact.

Thomas MalthusThomas Malthus× Population growth willPopulation growth will

outpace the food outpace the food supply.supply.

× War, disease, or famineWar, disease, or faminecould control could control population.population.

× The poor should have The poor should have less children.less children.

× Food supply will then Food supply will then keep up with keep up with population.population.

David RicardoDavid Ricardo× ““Iron Law of Wages.Iron Law of Wages.””

× When wages are high,When wages are high,workers have moreworkers have morechildren.children.

× More children create aMore children create alarge labor surplus thatlarge labor surplus thatdepresses wages.depresses wages.

The Utilitarians:Jeremy Bentham & John

Stuart Mill

The Utilitarians:Jeremy Bentham & John

Stuart Mill× The goal of society The goal of society is is the greatest good the greatest good for the greatest for the greatest number.number.

× There is a role to There is a role to play for government play for government

intervention to intervention to provide some social provide some social safety net.safety net.

Jeremy BenthamJeremy Bentham

The Socialists: Utopians & Marxists The Socialists: Utopians & Marxists

× People as a society would operate and own thePeople as a society would operate and own themeans of production, not individuals.means of production, not individuals.

× Their goal was a society that benefited Their goal was a society that benefited everyone, not just a rich, well-connected few.everyone, not just a rich, well-connected few.

× Tried to build perfect communities [Tried to build perfect communities [utopiasutopias].].

Economic Difficulties• European farming suffers due to farming

outside of Europe BUT– Cost of consumer goods falls

• Several lg. banks fail SO– industrial stagnation in some areas BUT– standard of living keeps increasing

• Unemployment, strikes support growth of unions, labor and socialist parties

Government Response

Government Response• Abolition of slavery in the coloniesAbolition of slavery in the colonies

in 1832 [to raise wages in Britain].in 1832 [to raise wages in Britain].• Sadler Commission to look intoSadler Commission to look into

working conditionsworking conditions• Factory Act [1833] – child labourFactory Act [1833] – child labour

• New Poor Law [1834] – indoor relief.New Poor Law [1834] – indoor relief.• Poor houses.Poor houses.

• Reform Bill [1832] – broadens theReform Bill [1832] – broadens thevote for the cities.vote for the cities.

British Reform Bill of 1832

British Reform Bill of 1832

British Reform BillsBritish Reform Bills

By 1850: Zones of Industrialization

on the European Continent

By 1850: Zones of Industrialization

on the European Continent• Northeast France.Northeast France.• Belgium.Belgium.• The Netherlands.The Netherlands.• Western German states.Western German states.• Northern ItalyNorthern Italy• East Germany East Germany Saxony Saxony

Industrialization By 1850Industrialization By 1850

Railroads on the ContinentRailroads on the Continent

Share in World Manufacturing Output:

1750-1900

Share in World Manufacturing Output:

1750-1900

The Politics of IndustrializationThe Politics of

Industrialization• State ownership of some industries.State ownership of some industries.

• RRs RRs Belgium & most of Germany. Belgium & most of Germany.• Tariffs Tariffs British Corn Laws. British Corn Laws.• National Banks granted a monopoly on issuing bank National Banks granted a monopoly on issuing bank

notes.notes.• Bank of England.Bank of England.• Bank of France.Bank of France.

• Companies required to register with the government Companies required to register with the government & publish annual budgets.& publish annual budgets.

• New legislation to:New legislation to:• Establish limited liability.Establish limited liability.• Create rules for the formation of corporations.Create rules for the formation of corporations.

• Postal system.Postal system.• Free trade zones Free trade zones Ger. Ger. ZollvereinZollverein