memory & thought (cognition) chapter 11 (ap review book)

Memory & Thought (Cognition) Chapter 11 (AP Review Book)

The filing system Pledge of Allegiance, Indians starting line-up, 3 rd grade, Lines from your favorite movie, State capitals, First love Going beyond memory, how do we think? How do we solve problems? How do we store memories?

Memory Memory: capacity to register, store, and recover information over time (learning) Cognition all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing and remembering information Metacognition- thinking about how you think

Theories of Memory Molecular Theory (James McConnell) Memory stored in RNA molecules EX: Flatworm experiment McConnell made the astonishing discovery that memory has an identifiable chemical basis. He trained flatworms to run mazes, and noted how long it took to do so. Then McConnell took the trained worms and ground them up and fed them to untrained worms. The untrained worms learned to run the maze a lot faster than the original worms had, apparently demonstrating that there was some sort of information in the trained worms that survived being ground up and ingested. The hypothesis was that the information was somehow encoded in RNA molecules, and could be physically transferred from one individual to another.

Information Processing Model This is information processing model: compare your mind to a computer 3 steps Encoding input received from our sensory receptors Storage retain info in our brains for sometime (range: 1 second to a lifetime) Retrieval- when needed we can access it

Levels of Processing Robert Lockhart and Fergus Craik Levels of Processing Model How long and how well we remember information depends on how deeply we process the information when we encode it A. Shallow Processing - we assign NO relevance to information we store at this level, includes superficial sensory information that emphasizes physical characteristics, like lines, curves or sensory stimuli B. Semantic Encoding deeper level, emphasizes the meaning of verbal input, can be passed to short or long term memory

Levels of Processing Cont. C. Deep processing when we attach meaning to information and create associations between new and old information/memories Best way to remember a new persons names at a social event For Example - Hi Sam, I am Megan (in your head your thinking, Sam- cool name, the only Sam I know is Sam Booth and he is hot, this guy is kinda hot too! Hello Sam!) Creating associations between new memory and old memories is called Elaboration Processing information deemed important or relevant more deeply by relating the new information to ourselves, making it easier to recall self-reference effect or self-referent encoding

Atkinson-Shiffrin 3 Stage Model of Memory We have 3 different memory systems characterized by time frames 1) Sensory memory memory system that holds external events from the senses for up to a few seconds 2) Short-term memory working memory, 20 seconds before forgotten, capacity is 7 + or - 2 3) Long-term memory relatively permanent storage with unlimited capacity

Atkinson-Shiffrin 3 Stage Model of Memory Cont. 1) Sensory Memory: TERMS TO DEFINE AND KNOW! Visual encoding Iconic memory Acoustic encoding Echoic memory Selective attention Automatic processing Parallel processing Effortful processing Feature extraction

Atkinson-Shiffrin 3 Stage Model of Memory Cont. 2) Short Term Memory: TERMS TO DEFINE AND KNOW! Think of examples of each too! Rehearsal Maintenance rehearsal Elaborative rehearsal Chunking Mnemonic devices Method of loci Peg word system Many of the above strategies help convert info from short term to long-term

Atkinson-Shiffrin 3 Stage Model of Memory Cont. 3) Long Term Memory: TERMS TO DEFINE AND KNOW! Think of examples of each too! Subdivided into 2 Types: 1) Explicit memory (or declarative) Semantic memory Episodic memory 2) Implicit memory (or nondeclarative) Procedural memory

Organization of Memories TERMS TO DEFINE AND KNOW! Think of examples of each too! 1)Hierarchies- Concepts - Prototypes - 2) Semantic Networks - 3) Schemas - Script- 4) Connectionism -

Related Memory Terms TERMS TO DEFINE AND KNOW! Think of examples of each too! Artificial Intelligence (AI) Neural network or Parallel processing model

Biology of Long-term Memory TERMS TO DEFINE AND KNOW! Think of examples of each too! Long-term Potentiation (LPT) Flashbulb memory Thalamus Hippocampus Anterograde amnesia Retrograde amnesia Cerebellum

Retrieving Memories TERMS TO DEFINE AND KNOW! Think of examples of each too! Retrieval the process of getting information out of storage Recognition Recall Reconstruction Summarize Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve Theory(131) Also define these terms related to his research: savings method, overlearning effect, serial positioning effect, primacy effect and recency effect

Retrieving Memories TERMS TO DEFINE AND KNOW! Think of examples of each too! Retrieval Cues- Priming- Encoding specificity principle - Context- dependent memory effect- Mood congruence State-dependent - Distributed practice - Massed practice -

Retrieval, Reconstruction & Cues TERMS TO DEFINE AND KNOW! Think of examples of each too! Repression (Freud) Confabulation Summarize Elizabeth Loftus Theory on Confabulation (eye witness testimony) Misinformation effect Misattribution error

Retrieval + Interference = Forgetting TERMS TO DEFINE AND KNOW! Think of examples of each too! Forgetting the inability to retrieve information Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon Interference Proactive interference Retroactive interference

Combat Forgetting Overlearning continue to practice after memorizing information makes it more resistant to forgetting Elaborative rehearsal repetition that creates associations between new memory existing memories in LTM Differs from maintenance rehearsal which is just utilizing STM to keep info 20 seconds What else can we use to combat forgetting (think vocab)?

Language Phonemes Morphemes Grammar Syntax Semantics

Language Acquisition Babbling Holophrase or holophrastic speech Telegraphic speech Overgeneralizations (overregularization)

Theory on Language Acquisition Nature (nativist) vs Nurture____________ Noam Chomsky/ Behaviorist, like Skinner Language acquisition / Shaping, reinforcement device Critical Period Genie the feral child

Theory on Language Acquisition Social Interactivist Perspective- most psychologist and linguists believe our acquisition of language is a combo of both the nature and nurture side of the debate Bio and Cognitive Psychologists- Have proven we have dense neuron connections during he 1 st few years of life = critical to master language

Theory on Language Acquisition Benjamin Whorf (linguist) Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis - language guides and determines our thinking & perceptions * largely discredited and controversial Most researchers and theorist believe the opposite: our experiences, perceptions, and thinking guide our language acquisition

Problem Solving Algorithm Heuristic Insight learning WOLFGANG KOHLER & chimpanzees (co-founder of Gestalt Psych) Trial and Error Approach Inductive reasoning Deductive reasoning

Wolfgang Kohler: ____?____ Learning

Kohler: Insight Learning Kohler attempted to prove that animals arrive at a solution through insight rather than trial and error. Kohler's experiments consisted of placing chimps in an enclosed area and presenting them with a reward that was out of reach, such as bananas. In one experiment, Kohler placed bananas outside Sultan's cage and two bamboo sticks inside his cage. Neither stick was long enough to reach the bananas so the only way to reach the bananas was to put the sticks together. After some contemplation, Sultan put the two sticks together and created a stick long enough to reach the bananas outside his cage. Another study involved bananas suspended from the roof. The chimps first tried to knock them down by using a stick. Then, the chimps learned to stack boxes on top of one another to climb up to the bananas.

Wolfgang Kohler: Insight Learning Kohler described three properties of insight learning: First, insight-learning is based on the animal perceiving the solution to the problem. Second, insight-leaning is not dependent on rewards. Third, once a problem has been solved, it is easier to solve a similar problem.

Obstacles to Problem Solving You must define the following terms & give an example of each = quiz next class!!! Know all homework terms on next three slides plus all the terms on the guided notes handout from today Fixation Mental set Functional fixedness Availability heuristic Representative heuristic Framing Anchoring effect

Biases You must define the following terms & give an example of each = quiz next class!!! Confirmation Bias Belief perseverance Belief bias Hindsight bias Overconfidence bias

Creativity You must define the following terms & give an example of each = quiz next class!!! Creativity Incubation Convergent thinking Divergent thinking Brainstorm

Sensory Memory: Echoic Memory Holds auditory information for approximately 1 second EX: Teacher asks OFF TASK student a question Iconic memory Form of sensory memory that holds visual information

Long-Term Memory: 2 Types Explicit (declarative) Memory conscious memory we recall as needed (facts, events) Example- episodic, semantic Implicit (nondeclarative) Memory unintentional memories, dont realize we know it until we do it Example procedural

Explicit Memory: 2 Types 1. Semantic Memory Memory of factual knowledge about the world, concepts, definitions, and grammar EX: Spelling, Xmas. Independence Day 2. Episodic Memory Memories of ones personal experiences in life EX: 1 st date & kiss, personal diary

Implicit Memory Procedural Memory Memories of actions, skills, operations, not requiring conscious recollection ITS AUTOMATIC EX: Throwing a ball, riding a bike, tying a tie, juggling, driving, muscle memory

Unique Type of Memory Yet another specific type of memory: Eidetic Memory (photographic memory) Retain detailed visual image for several minutes, or longer, like Sheldon Cooper

Review: What type of memory do these terms fall under? Selective Attention Feature Extraction Effortful Processing Parallel processing Automatic Processing

Review: What type of memory do these terms fall under? Chunking Rehearsal

Stages of Memory Short-term Memory to Long-term Memory HOW can we do this? Chunking Rehearsal Peg word System Mnemonic device story, visual, rhyming, acronyms Method of Loci

Short-Term Memory EXERCISE Please read the word aloud as a class After all words are complete you will be instructed to do something!

Short-term memory Handout coming around with the words

Stages of Memory Levels of processing Maintenance rehearsal (shallow processing) Repetition Elaborative Rehearsal (Deep processing) Making associations between new & old information

Stages of Memory 50 states in 1 minute Activity On a separate/scrap piece of paper List the 50 states! You have 1 minute, GO!

Stages of Memory EEncoding/Retrieving strategies in LTM AA very simple illustration of the fact that people encode and search for information in predictable ways PPlease read lists of states, in order originally written. FFamiliar patterns AAlphabetical order RRegion SSimilarity of name (New) FFamiliar ways to individual (Systematic) WWhere one has lived, a significant event took place, NFL teams

Mnemonic Devices Peg word Narrative chaining Rhyming Song Method of loci

Chunking? Here is a list of numbers 17761234201143212323 Now list the numbers

Now look at the list one more time 17761234201143212323 Now list again CHUNKING MAKES SENSE

Stages of Memory 3. Long-Term Memory Storing almost unlimited amounts of information over long periods of time LTM information organized by categories and features Who is on the $10 dollar bill? What direction is Lincoln facing?

Long-Term Memory Exercise Whose portrait is on the $10 bill Hamilton Is Lincoln facing to the right or left on the penny?

Simon Anyone? http://neave.com/simon/

Retrieval of Information Key to retrieval is organization and deep processing Recognition Identify previously learned information EX: Photographs, Objective type tests, 7 dwarfs Name the 7 dwarfs

Retrieval of Information Recall Active reconstruction of memory, no cue EX: Essay tests Confabulation Unconsciously filling in memory gaps Eye witness testimony Schemas Learned generalizations and preconceptions about objects, events, and people A cognitive framework or concept that helps organize & interpret information Created based on expectations by past experiences

Schemas & Constructive Memory Rumor Chain Does long-term memory get distorted during encoding or retrieval by prior knowledge, particularly by schemas about the world, which include gender role expectations and other bias? 3 people to the hall!! Do not laugh when errors are made

Rumor Chain Story A Boeing 747 had just taken off from the Dallas-Fort Worth Airport for Chicago when a passenger near the rear of the aircraft announced that the plane was being taken over by the Peoples Revolution Army for the liberation of the oppressed. The hijacker then held a 22-caliber pistol to the head of James Buckner, a flight attendant, and forced him to open the door to the cockpit. There, the hijacker confronted the pilot, Melanie Adams, and ordered her to change course for Mexico. The pilot radioed the Dallas-Fort Worth Airport Air Traffic Control Center to report the situation, but then suddenly hurled the microphone a the hijacker, who fell backward through the open cockpit door and onto the floor, where angry passengers took over from there. The plane landed back at the Dallas-Fort Worth Airport a few minutes later and the hijacker was arrested.

Rumor Chain Story Errors made in story? RECONSTRUCTION retrieval can be distorted by adding dropping or changing details to complete the picture or story Did the description get shorter? Were details left out? (Name of Airport, terrorist group) This is called leveling Misinformation effect - incorporating misleading information in to memories Confabulation combing and substituting memories from events other than the one youre trying to remember The descriptions will reflect the tellers schemas EX: Pilots are men, women are flight attendants

BoyNieceSister DollsDanceAunt FemaleBeautifulDaughter YoungCuteHair DressDatePretty

Primacy & Recency Effect How many people recalled the word girl = reconstructive memory! Recall scores should be Serial Positioning Effect Primacy (best at the beginning of the list) Recency (best at the end of the list) The work of Herman Ebbinghaus

Forgetting Forgetting Inability to retrieve information in Long Term Memory Herman Ebbinghaus- Forgetting Curve Steep decline initially then gradual decline Conducted one of the 1 st studies of retention and forgetting in the late 1800s. He learned a large number of nonsense syllables, 3-letter combinations that had no meaning, studying the material until he could recite it perfectly. He then, tested himself on what he remembered after certan periods of time had elapsed.

Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve

Forgetting Interference (Inhibition) Theory Memories inhibit retrieval of other memories Proactive Interference Prior info inhibits retrieval of new memories, cant remember the new ( you move, asked your address you give old one) Retroactive Interference New inhibits retrieval of prior memories, cant remember older info (insert example here)

Repression Freudian Defense Mechanism Unpleasant experiences are kept out of consciousness and cannot be retrieved voluntarily EX: False accusation based in repressed memories

Amnesia Causes Organic: Head injury, physical trauma or disease Rapid forgetting New information fades from memory with a few minutes Old memories, such as those from childhood, are retained Permanent

Amnesia Psychogenic: Mental disorder, post-traumatic stress, defense mechanisms Sometimes called Traumatic Amnesia Loss of ones identity and personal history without obvious brain injury Rare Some never recover past memories and have to start new lives

Amnesia Anterograde Inability to form new memories, cant put them into explicit memory Damage to hippocampus People find themselves constantly forgetting information, people or events after a few seconds or minutes Data does not transfer successfully from their conscious short-term memory into permanent long-term memory Retrograde Memory loss for a segment of past usually around injury or trauma The loss of pre-existing memories to conscious recollection The person may be able to memorize new things that occur after the onset of amnesia Unable to recall some or all of their life or identity prior to the onset.

Movies about amnesia 50 first dates (Organic Amnesia, Anterograde Amnesia)

Brain Diseases Alzheimers Alzheimers disease is a chronic brain disease that gradually erodes an individuals memory, intellectual abilities and personality. During the early stages, the most obvious symptom is an inability to learn and remember new information. In advanced stages, the ability to think, speak or perform such basic tasks as getting dressed or eating is severely impaired. The time between diagnosis and death typically ranges from seven to 10 years.

memory & thought (cognition) chapter 11 (ap review book)

Documents

new memory

sensory memory memory

longterm memory

shortterm memory

information processing

new information

stage model of memory

long term memory slide