new proposed bu circuit and control logic design university of washington
TRANSCRIPT
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New proposed BU circuit and control logic design
University of Washington
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Outline
• Current BU circuit design • Proposed BU circuit design• Current sequence of operation • Proposed sequence of operation • Implementation issues• BU controller design• Lab test• High voltage circuits (component requirements
and availability)• Transient process simulation in network scenario
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Current BU circuit design
ControlControl
To Science
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Problems with current BU circuit• Shunt branch current:
– The current in shunt branch must be high enough to drive one controller and two solenoids.
• When the system is energized with fault, the low voltage in the system may not close the switches.
• In some simulation cases, even without fault, if the solenoid current is 100mA, the backbone current could exceed 10 A.
• Shunt resistance:– It is always connected to the system, a constant source of
unwanted heat dissipation. – It is hard to compute the fault location with the resistances in the
circuit
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Problems with current BU circuit• Memory
– The sequence of operation needs to be stored in the controller.
• Controller command is needed to close the switches.– Controllers must be powered before taking any switching actions.
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New proposed BU circuit design
Controller
Controller
Science Node
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Advantages of proposed circuit
• No storage of – switch status– Previous modes of operation.
• Less zeners are used. • Controller intervention is not needed to close the switches.
It is only used to isolate a fault. • Diode in shunt branch blocks the current when shore
station voltage is negative.– Power consumption in the shunt resistance is only temporary
during the closing process.– Fault is easier to be located without shunt resistances in the
network.
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Proposed Sequence of Operation
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Startup mode
Assume a fault exists
Fault identification
Delay T1
Normal mode
Normal mode with some switches open
Fault isolation
Delay T2
-5kV
+5kV
-10kV-5kV
-10kV
No fault Fault exists
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Sequence of Operation
Startup without fault
StartupFault
IdentificationDelay T1 Normal
+5 kV -5kV -10kV
Startup with fault
StartupFault
IdentificationDelay T1
Fault Isolation
Delay T2Normal with
open switches
+5KV -5kV -10kV
Actions of
PMACS
Fault location measurements
Measurement to identify
faulty cables
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Description of operations
• Startup: Energize the network at a positive voltage to close all switches without controller intervention (a lower voltage might be needed to limit the backbone current to 10A if there is a fault in the network).
• Fault identification: – System is energized at low negative voltage– If |V| >1kV inhibit any switching action (opening) because fault is
not within one cable section.– If |V| <1kV, BU computes V/I in all directions and compare with
thresholds. The threshold is related to the cable length.• Fault isolation:
– System is energized at low negative voltage– Open switches after a delay based on the V/I ratio
• Normal: Energize the system at –10kV.
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Proposed BU Control Actions
• The closing of the science load and backbone switches is done simultaneously without controller intervention.
• Controller is only active during fault identification and isolation modes.
• Controller can differentiate between faults in spur cable and in the backbone
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BU controller
• Main function: – Opening switches in the fault isolation mode
when low voltage (under 1kV) is detected
• Task modules:– System mode detection– Fault identification– Fault isolation
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BU controller
• Microprocessor + peripherals
• logic circuit + relays
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BU controller function and design
• The controller can be implemented using microprocessor or logic circuit and relays.
• Advantage of using microprocessor:– Only software programming is needed.– Qualified microprocessor maybe available.
• Advantage of using logic circuit and relay:– Simpler– Cheaper
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Laboratory Test(Ann Tran)
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Voltage and current sensing
Controller
Controller
Science Node
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Measurement requirements
• Voltage measurement:– Ranges from –10kV to +10kV. Accuracy is not a big
concern.– Input/output isolation is required. Isolation level >
10kV.
• Current measurement:– Ranges from –10A to +10A. Accuracy is not a big
concern.– Input/output isolation is required (considering the
current measurement from the other end of the switch to the controller). Isolation level > 10kV.
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Measurement availability
• Hall effect voltage transducer with voltage divider– LEM LV 100-4000:
• Measuring range: -6000V ~ +6000V
• Isolation: RMS voltage for AC, 50Hz 12kV
• Without voltage divider: ?• Current Transducer LEM APR50B10:
– Measuring range: 10,25,50A
– Isolation: RMS voltage for AC, 50Hz 5kV
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Transient simulation
Simulation network
1 2 3
4
5
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Transient simulation
BU simulation circuit
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Transient process simulation in network scenario
1
2
3
Capacitor voltage
Solenoid current
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Transient process simulation in network scenario
1
4
5
Capacitor voltage
Solenoid current
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End
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Current control logic design
• Concept of operations in Boston report:
Voltage Mode m(Meaning)
Operation to be performed
+500* Fault location Close all BB breakers. Disconnect all science nodes
- 500* Fault clearing Open breaker closest to fault
-1000 Connect Science Node
Measure resistance of spur cable to science node: close switch if good
-5000 (or more)
Normal Internal monitoring only: No switch operations at full voltage
* These mean current-limit operation at the shore station
Appropriate sequencing gives unambiguous operation
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Concept of operations
Un-powered +500V
Fault Locating Mode, + 500 V
• Initial switch state is unknown
• Shore station is in current limit operation
• Regardless of whether a fault is present– Positive voltage is sensed
– Backbone breaker is closed
– Science node connection is opened
• If there is a fault, its location is measured from shore
• Return to unpowered state after fault location determined
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Concept of operations
Un-powered
-500V
Fault Clearing Mode, -500V
• Initial BB switch state is closed
• Shore station is in current-limit operation
• If a fault is present– Time-coordinated protection
begins when current becomes non-zero
– Unit closest to fault trips first
• If no fault is present– Backbone breakers remain
closed
• In either case, status is stored
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Concept of operations
- 500V -1000V
Science Connecting Mode, -1000 V
• Initial science node switch state is open
• Shore station is constant voltage operation
• Spur cable resistance is measured at low current– If no fault detected, spur
switch closes
– If fault detected, spur switch stays open
• In either case, status is stored
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Concept of operations
-1000V -10kV
Normal Mode, -6000 V to – 10,000 V
• The control knows what the switch status is
• The control knows that is is in the Normal Mode
• If a fault occurs during Normal Mode operation– No switch action results
– Shore station enters current limit mode
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Concept of operations
Un-powered
-10kV
Controlled shutdown from normal mode
• Shore station shuts the system down
• There is no change in the state of any switch
• The location of faults, if any, is not known to the shore station
• If the shutdown is not because of a fault, the fault location step can be omitted
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Proposed control logic design
• Concept of operations:
Voltage Mode m(Meaning)
Operation to be performed
+5000* Reset process Close all BB breakers. Disconnect all science nodes
- 5000* Fault clearing Open breaker closest to fault
-6000 (or more)
Normal Internal monitoring only: No switch operations at full voltage
* These mean current-limit operation at the shore station
No sequencing info is stored in the controllers
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Concept of operations
Un-powered +5000V
Startup (Fault Locating Mode), + 5000 V
• Initial switch state is unknown
• Shore station is in current limit operation
• Regardless of whether a fault is present– Positive voltage is sensed
– Backbone breaker is closed
– Science node connection is closed (opened)
• (If there is a fault, its location is measured from shore)
• Return to unpowered state (after fault location determined)
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Concept of operations
Un-powered
-5000V
Fault identification and isolation (Clearing) Mode, -5000V
• Initial BB switch state is closed
• Shore station is in current-limit operation
• If a fault is present– Time-coordinated protection
begins when current becomes non-zero and voltage lower than 1kV.
– Unit closest to fault trips first
• If no fault is present– All (Backbone) breakers
remain closed
• (In either case, status is stored)
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Concept of operations
- 500V -1000V
(Science Connecting Mode, -1000 V)
• Initial science node switch state is open
• Shore station is constant voltage operation
• Spur cable resistance is measured at low current– If no fault detected, spur
switch closes
– If fault detected, spur switch stays open
• In either case, status is stored
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Concept of operations
-1000V -10kV
Normal Mode, -6000 V to – 10,000 V
• The control knows what the switch status is
• The control knows that it is in the Normal Mode
• If a fault occurs during Normal Mode operation– No switch action results
– Shore station enters current limit mode
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Concept of operations
Un-powered
-10kV
Controlled shutdown from normal mode
• Shore station shuts the system down
• There is no change in the state of any switch
• The location of faults, if any, is not known to the shore station
• If the shutdown is not because of a fault, the fault location step can be omitted
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What will happen if fault exists during startup mode?
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Fault in radial branch during reset process
7kV0V
38
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1
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shore station
Port AlberniShore station
100
97.8
29.5
75.3
26.6
66.4
74.3
70.4
64.5
64.9
63.7
63.5
58.2
54.8
57.2
56.2
51.2
50.8
73.929.5
73.572.449.6
79.6
91
52.8
59.4
36.1
40.5
81.7
98.962.7 62.7
76.238.4
633.29
Node 5
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Fault in radial branch during reset process
7kV0V
38
37
3635
34
27
26
25
19
20
21
22
23
24
5
15
33
32
31
40
3943 44 45
46
41 42
47
48
4
3
2
1
30 2928
1617 18 Nedonna beach
shore station
Port AlberniShore station
100
97.8
29.5
75.3
26.6
66.4
74.3
70.4
64.5
64.9
63.7
63.5
58.2
54.8
57.2
56.2
51.2
50.8
73.929.5
73.572.449.6
79.6
91
52.8
59.4
36.1
40.5
81.7
98.962.7 62.7
76.238.4
633.29
Node 5
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Fault in radial branch during reset process
1kV0V
•Rest of radial cable is isolated.•The section behind the fault has no impact on fault location algorithm.
38
37
3635
34
27
26
25
19
20
21
22
23
24
5
15
33
32
31
40
3943 44 45
46
41 42
47
48
4
3
2
1
30 2928
1617 18 Nedonna beach
shore station
Port AlberniShore station
100
97.8
29.5
75.3
26.6
66.4
74.3
70.4
64.5
64.9
63.7
63.5
58.2
54.8
57.2
56.2
51.2
50.8
73.929.5
73.572.449.6
79.6
91
52.8
59.4
36.1
40.5
81.7
98.962.7 62.7
76.238.4
633.29
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Fault in the loop during reset process
8kV 7kV
38
37
3635
34
27
26
25
19
20
21
22
23
24
5
15
33
32
31
40
3943 44 45
46
41 42
47
48
4
3
2
1
30 2928
1617 18 Nedonna beach
shore station
Port AlberniShore station
100
97.8
29.5
75.3
26.6
66.4
74.3
70.4
64.5
64.9
63.7
63.5
58.2
54.8
57.2
56.2
51.2
50.8
73.929.5
73.572.449.6
79.6
91
52.8
59.4
36.1
40.5
81.7
98.962.7 62.7
76.238.4
633.29
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Fault in the loop during reset process
8kV 7kV
38
37
3635
34
27
26
25
19
20
21
22
23
24
5
15
33
32
31
40
3943 44 45
46
41 42
47
48
4
3
2
1
30 2928
1617 18 Nedonna beach
shore station
Port AlberniShore station
100
97.8
29.5
75.3
26.6
66.4
74.3
70.4
64.5
64.9
63.7
63.5
58.2
54.8
57.2
56.2
51.2
50.8
73.929.5
73.572.449.6
79.6
91
52.8
59.4
36.1
40.5
81.7
98.962.7 62.7
76.238.4
633.29
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38
37
3635
34
27
26
25
19
20
21
22
23
24
5
15
33
32
31
40
3943 44 45
46
41 42
47
48
4
3
2
1
30 2928
1617 18 Nedonna beach
shore station
Port AlberniShore station
100
97.8
29.5
75.3
26.6
66.4
74.3
70.4
64.5
64.9
63.7
63.5
58.2
54.8
57.2
56.2
51.2
50.8
73.929.5
73.572.449.6
79.6
91
52.8
59.4
36.1
40.5
81.7
98.962.7 62.7
76.238.4
633.29
Fault in the loop during reset process
1kV 2kVA
Voltage at A could be low but should still be above the SIDAC break over voltage. The switch behind the fault still can be closed.
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Fault between shore station and the network
10kV
38
37
3635
34
27
26
25
19
20
21
22
23
24
5
15
33
32
31
40
3943 44 45
46
41 42
47
48
4
3
2
1
30 2928
1617 18 Nedonna beach
shore station
Port AlberniShore station
100
97.8
29.5
75.3
26.6
66.4
74.3
70.4
64.5
64.9
63.7
63.5
58.2
54.8
57.2
56.2
51.2
50.8
73.929.5
73.572.449.6
79.6
91
52.8
59.4
36.1
40.5
81.7
98.962.7 62.7
76.238.4
633.29
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Fault between shore station and the network
10kV
38
37
3635
34
27
26
25
19
20
21
22
23
24
5
15
33
32
31
40
3943 44 45
46
41 42
47
48
4
3
2
1
30 2928
1617 18 Nedonna beach
shore station
Port AlberniShore station
100
97.8
29.5
75.3
26.6
66.4
74.3
70.4
64.5
64.9
63.7
63.5
58.2
54.8
57.2
56.2
51.2
50.8
73.929.5
73.572.449.6
79.6
91
52.8
59.4
36.1
40.5
81.7
98.962.7 62.7
76.238.4
633.29
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Fault between shore station and the network
• The network will lose one energy source. However, the switches should be able to close with the voltage from the other source.
10kV
38
37
3635
34
27
26
25
19
20
21
22
23
24
5
15
33
32
31
40
3943 44 45
46
41 42
47
48
4
3
2
1
30 2928
1617 18 Nedonna beach
shore station
Port AlberniShore station
100
97.8
29.5
75.3
26.6
66.4
74.3
70.4
64.5
64.9
63.7
63.5
58.2
54.8
57.2
56.2
51.2
50.8
73.929.5
73.572.449.6
79.6
91
52.8
59.4
36.1
40.5
81.7
98.962.7 62.7
76.238.4
633.29
0V
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Conclusion
• The network will be closed as expected in any case.
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Component requirements: Capacitance
• Voltage: voltage over capacitor will not exceed SIDAC break over voltage, which should be within 100V. It is a low voltage capacitor.
• Capacitance: solenoid of latching switch needs to be energized over a certain time (5-10ms) with a current over a certain value. Capacitance needs to meet both of these requirements, typically around 1e-4 F.
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Component requirements: SIDAC
• Break over voltage VBO: – This is the maximum voltage that will be added across
the two solenoids in series. It needs to meet the requirement of the solenoid to close the switch.
– The voltage is also the lowest voltage under which BU could close its switches in startup mode. It needs to be as low as possible.
– Proper value is around 40~100V.
• Current: – Maximum current is VBO/ (Rsolenoid *2). It should be
below 1A.
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Component requirements: Diode
• Voltage: diode needs to withstand 10kV in the normal situation.
• Current: – There will be current in the diode only when the network is
positively energized. – The current is equal to BU voltage divided by shunt resistance. – Its value will influence the capacitance charging time, thus the
time to close the switches.– If we can bear a longer time to close all the switches in the
network, this current could be set to a very low value by using a big shunt resistance or low shore station voltage. A reasonable value is around 0.2 A.
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Component requirements:Shunt resistance
• Resistance: – Value of resistance decides the charging current of capacitance
– And the voltage variation range in the network, which is shown below.
0 5 10 15 200
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Equivalent shunt branch resistance (k )
Vo
lta
ge
(k
V)
Lowest backbone voltage under 10kV shore station voltage
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Component requirements:Shunt resistance
• The bigger the resistance, the smaller the voltage variation in the network. But the cap charging time will be increased. Around 50,000 ohms is recommended. (Equivalent shunt branch resistance is 25,000 ohms.)
• Power: When using 50,000 ohms resistance, the biggest shunt resistance current will be 0.2 A, assuming the shore station voltage is 10kV. So the maximum power dissipated by it is 2 kW. And it will only last tens of seconds.
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Component availability
• This will be presented by Ann.