Output for D.T1.2.2 LAB ANALYSIS OF INGREDIENT

SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE: ANALYSIS ON POSSIBLE

ALTERNATIVE WAYS TO USE AROMATIC PLANTS

Author

ENVIRONMENT PARK

Summary

ROSMARINUS OFFICINALIS .......................................................................3

LAVANDULA ..................................................................................................6

MENTHA PIPERITA .......................................................................................7

ROSMARINUS OFFICINALIS

In the cosmetic industry it is used as a shampoo to revive hair color or as an

astringent in lotions; in ointments for tonic properties. In perfumery, the essential

oil extracted from the leaves is used for the preparation of colonies. It is used for

honey production. In the food industry, in the form of an extract, it is used as an

additive with antioxidant properties and labeled with the initials E392. Five types

are known and their acronyms are:

1. AR: extract obtained from an alcoholic extract of partially flavored

rosemary;

2. ARD: extract obtained from an alcoholic extract of flavored rosemary;

3. D74: extract obtained from dried rosemary leaves by extraction with

supercritical carbon dioxide;

4. F62: extract obtained from dried rosemary leaves by extraction with

acetone;

5. RES: extract obtained by extraction with hexane and acetone and then

decolored and dearomatized;

The dry leaves have digestive and stimulating properties of the nervous system,

the liver and the gall bladder;

macerated in wine is used as anti-rheumatic; in the pharmacy it is used for an

ointment against alopecia and eczema; the essential oil is extracted from the

leaves by steam distillation and it contains pyrene, camphene, cineole, eucalyptol,

camphor and borneol; it is important the chemotype that produces essential oil

rich in eucalyptol which stimulates the secretion of the gastric glands, responsible

for the effects on digestion and on mucolytic activity; in pharmacy it is used as

eupeptic, exciting, antiseptic, sedative and it is used for the treatment of

depressive states).

EXTRACTION OF ANTIOXIDANTS FROM PLANT RESIDUES AFTER

THE EXTRACTION OF ESSENTIAL OILS RESULTING IN APPLICATION IN

THE FOOD/COSMETIC/NUTRACEUTICAL INDUSTRY:

1) Paper: “Valorization of solid wastes from essential oil industry”

(good results for carnosic acid and carnosol, which possess anticancer

properties, attack tumor cells (apoptosis) and inhibit angiogenesis)

Abstract: Natural antioxidants have attracted attention owing to their potential

good effects in health. On the other hand, valorization of residues is an

opportunity to obtain profit in a sustainable way. In this work antioxidants were

obtained from residues of rosemary after extraction of essential oil using steam

distillation, hydrodistillation and Solvent Free Microwave Extraction (SFME). A

solvent extraction with ethanol was used to obtain the antioxidants. Then a

comparison of the results is made in order to know which process delivers a

residue with higher concentration of antioxidants. Mass transfer rates of

antioxidants from leaves are increased as a result of the previous extraction of

essential oils. Higher yields and rates of extract from leaves after SFME have been

observed.

2) Paper “Antioxidant activity of hydrodistillation water residues from

Rosmarisus officinalis leaves determinated by DPPH assay” (analysis of

rosmarinic acid and carnosic acid, possible application also in the food

industry, because they could replace synthetic antioxidants)

Abstract: Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) is a perennial herb with an

intensive aromatic flavor. It most important chemical constituents are essential

oils (e.g., 1,8-cineole and camphor) and antioxidants (e.g., carnosic acid and

rosmarinic acid). The common methods to extract the essential oil of rosemary

are steam or hydro distillation. The aim of this work is to investigate the residual

antioxidants after hydro distillation, especially rosmarinic acid and carnosic acid.

For this purpose, the hydro distillation water residues were analyzed by HPLC-

UV. Moreover, the influence of the extraction duration on the concentration of

the antioxidants was investigated. Also, the residual amount of these compounds

in the leaves was examined. The total antioxidant activity of the extracts and of

the pure compounds was determined by DPPH assays. It is shown that after 2.5 h

of hydro distillation the amount of rosmarinic acid and the antioxidant activity in

the water residue reaches a maximum value. In addition, the yield and the quality

of the essential oil were investigated to draw a comparison between steam and

hydro distillations of Moroccan rosemary leaves.

3) Paper “Antioxidant recovery from hydrodistillation residues of

selected Lamiaceae species by alkaline extraction”

Abstract: Aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide (KOH) was used in order to

obtain rich in antioxidant activity extracts from Origanum dictamnus, Origanum

hirtum, Origanum onites, Rosmarinus officinalis and Satureja thymbra, after

removal of the essential oil via hydrodistillation. The increase of extraction time

induced lower values of total phenolic content and DPPH radical scavenging

ability of the extracts, while lower alkaline concentrations, i.e. 1% and 3%, proved

to be more effective than 5% (v/w) KOH. The antioxidant activity of the extracts

in sunflower oil was also measured by the oxidative stability index (OSI) method.

OSI values decreased as extraction time increased, while the effect of KOH

concentration at short extraction time was not significant. S. thymbra, O. hirtum

and R. officinalis extracts showed high total phenolic content and good antiradical

and antioxidant activity in just 30 min of extraction with KOH 1% (w/v). LC–MS

analysis showed that all extracts were rich in phenolic acids, such as caffeic acid

and rosmarinic acid, while R. officinalis was also rich in carnosic acid.

4) Paper “Oil distillation wastewater from aromatic herbs as new natural

source of antioxidant compounds” (the researchers recovered fresh aromatic

herb wastes (O. basilicum, R. officinalis, S. officinalis) from a farm specialized

in the production of packaged fresh herbs for retail chains; they used wastes to

produce essential oils and then they examined the concentration of antioxidant

compounds in wastewater (good results for caffeic acid, rosmarinic acid and

flavonoids)

Abstract: Distillation wastewaters (DWWs) are generated during the essential oil

steam distillation from aromatic herbs. Despite of growing interest on novel

source of natural antioxidant compounds as food additives, studies on DWWs are

scarse. Herein, the potential of DWWs produced by the distillation of packaged

fresh basil, rosemary and sage wastes was evaluated by chemical and antioxidant

characterization. HPLC-DAD-HRMS profiling revealed that DWWs contain

water-soluble phenolic compounds, mainly caffeic acid derivatives and flavonoid

glycosides, with rosmarinic acid (RA) as predominant components (29–135 mg/

100 mL). DWWs demonstrated high levels of total phenolic compounds (TPC,

152–443 mg GAE/100 mL) and strong antioxidant capacities, in ORAC, DPPH

and ABTS assays (1101–4720, 635–4244 and 571–3145 μmol TE/ 100 mL,

respectively). Highly significant correlations of TEAC values with TPC and RA

contents revealed that phenolic compounds and high RA content were responsible

of DWWs antioxidant properties.Thus, DWWs are proposed as a new promising

source of natural food additives and/or functional ingredients for cosmetic,

nutraceutical and food applications.

5) Paper “Polyphenol composition, antioxidant and bioplaguicide

activities of the solid residue from hydrodistillation of Rosmarinus

officinalis”

Abstract: Rosemary is one of the most important aromatic plants in terms of

commercialization of essential oil. Nevertheless, a large amount of solid residue

with a considerable content of bioactive compounds is generated during the

hydrodistillation of the essential oil. In this work we have identified the major

phenolic compounds present in such residue and evaluated its antioxidant and

bioplaguicide activities. Antioxidant activity was determined by several in vitro

methods, such as the -carotene/linoleate model system, reducing power, DPPH

radical scavenging, and iron and copper ion chelation. Bioplaguicide activity was

investigated by means of the antifeedant effects against Leptinotarsa decemlineata

Say, Spodoptera littoralis Boisd. and Myzus persicae Sulzer; and the phytotoxic

activity against Lactuca sativa L., Lycopersicon esculentum L. and Lolium

perenne L. Solid residue extract showed very high antioxidant activities,

comparable to an extract from red grape pomace that was used as a natural

antioxidant standard. It also showed strong antifeedant activity against L.

decemlineata, S. littoralis and M. persicae with effective doses within the range

of model antifeedants as well as limited phytotoxic effects on L. sativa, SL.

esculentum and L. perenne. These results suggest a potential use of the solid

residue from the hydrodistillation of rosemary as source of antioxidants and

natural crop protectants.

LAVANDULA

(Lavender is known for its anti-emetic, antiseptic, analgesic, bactericidal,

vasodilatory, anti-neuralgic, muscle pain activities and it is considered a bland

sedative. Lavender essential oil is the most used etheric oil in perfumery. In

aromatherapy, it is used as an antidepressant, soothing, balancing the nervous

system, as a decongestant against colds. It is also considered effective for

lowering blood pressure, to reduce digestive problems. Lavender flowers, unlike

many other species, retain their aroma for a long time even if dried).

Possible applications of distilled straw of lavandula:

1. Paper: “Essential oil and distilled straws of lavander and lavandin, a

review of current use and potential application in white biotechnology”

Abstract: The Lavandula genus, which includes lavender (Lavandula

angustifolia) and lavandin (L. angustifolia× Lavandula latifolia), is

cultivated worldwide for its essential oils, which find applications in

perfumes, cosmetics, food processing and, more recently, in aromatherapy

products. The chemical composition of lavender and lavandin essential oils,

usually produced by steam distillation fromthe flowering stems, is

characterized by the presence of terpenes (e.g. linalool and linalyl acetate)

and terpenoids (e.g. 1,8-cineole), which are mainly responsible for their

characteristic flavour and their biological and therapeutic properties.

Lavender and lavandin distilled straws, the by-products of oil extraction,

were traditionally used for soil replenishment or converted to a fuel source.

They are mineral- and carbon-rich plant residues and, therefore, a cheap,

readily available source of valuable substances of industrial interest,

especially aroma and antioxidants (e.g. terpenoids, lactones and phenolic

compounds including coumarin, herniarin, α-bisabolol, rosmarinic and

chlorogenic acids). Accordingly, recent studies have emphasized the

possible uses of lavender and lavandin straws in fermentative or enzymatic

processes involving various microorganisms, especially filamentous fungi,

for the production of antimicrobials, antioxidants and other bioproducts

with pharmaceutical and cosmetic activities, opening up new challenging

perspectives in white biotechnology applications.

MENTHA PIPERITA

The essence of peppermint is mostly used in the preparation of beverages

and confectionery products; In aromatherapy it is recommended as a tonic

of the nervous system, digestive system, liver, intestine, to reduce spasms

and flatulence. It is an effective expectorant, analgesic and antiseptic. It is

used in case of bad digestion, nausea, diarrhea, colds, flu, acne, toothache,

migraine. It is also used in the pharmaceutical industry as a flavoring agent

(mouthwashes, toothpastes, herbal teas), is antineuralgic and decongestant

of the upper airways.

2. Paper “Distillation waste water can modify pepperint oil composition”

Abstract: We evaluated the effects of foliar sprays made of residual

distillation waters from 13 species containing essential oil (Melissa

officinalis, Mentha arvensis, M. gracilis, M. ×piperita, M. spicata, Monarda

citriodora, Nepeta mussinii, Porophyllum ruderale, Rosmarinus officinalis,

Salvia officinalis, Satureja montana, Tagetes lucida, and Thymus vulgaris),

hot water extracts from two alkaloid-containing species (Glaucium flavum,

Datura innoxia), and three plant hormones (methyl jasmonate, gibberellic

acid, and salicylic acid) on growth, productivity, and essential oil content

and composition (_-pinene, _-pinene, sabinene, myrcene, l-limonene, 1,8-

cineole, l-menthone, menthofuran, d-isomenthone, menthyl acetate, neo-

menthol, bcaryophyllene, l-menthol, pulegone, germacrene-d, and

piperitone) of peppermint (Mentha ×piperita L.) ‘Black Mitcham’.

The results showed significant effects of the treatments on plant height and

weight, essential oil content and yield, and essential oil composition.

Cluster analysis indicated similarities between the effects of plant

hormones and some extracts on peppermint oil composition. None of the

distillation waters had strong in vitro antimicrobial activity. The results

indicated that residual distillation water of some plant species may

influence monoterpene synthesis and accumulation in peppermint and

hence may be used for targeted modification of peppermint essential oil

composition.

3. Lamiaceae phenols as multifaceted compounds: bioactivity, industrial

prospects and role of “positive-stress”

Abstract: There is a tremendous growing interest both in various industrial

sectors and among people worldwide, towards the use of natural

compounds from plant origin. The natural compounds obtained from plants

have been more and more employed by cosmetic, food and pharmaceutical

industries and could represent potential alternatives to synthetic chemicals.

In the Lamiaceae family there are herbs with enormous socio-economic

value, including several species of horticultural and ornamental interest,

many used as culinary herbs, and with diversified industrial applications

essentially due to their high content in valuable phenolic compounds. This

review focuses on the wide spectrum of bioactive phenolic compounds in

several species in the Lamiaceae, which possess known pharmacological

properties and are used by humans for therapeutic purposes. It also reports

other challenging and innovative industrial applications of these

compounds as potential alternatives to conventional synthetic chemicals,

because natural phenols would have lesser

environmental and human health impacts than most of the conventional

ingredients used in cosmetic, pesticides and food additives-preservatives

industries. Finally, the review considers how an enhanced understanding of

the effects of elicitation could be applied to increase and/or modify tissue

content of active principles. Chemical or physical elicitors can activate the

stress-signaling pathways leading to enhance the content of bioactive

secondary metabolites, thus representing a new perspective for sustainable

production of industrial crops.

4. Extraction of bioactive compounds and essential oils from

mediterranean herbs by conventional and green innovative

techniques: A review

Abstract: Market interest in aromatic plants from the Mediterranean is

continuously growing mainly due to their medicinal and bioactive

compounds (BACs) with other valuable constituents from essential oils

(EOs). From ancient times, these plants have been important condiments

for traditional Mediterranean cuisine and remedies in folk medicine.

Nowadays, they are considered as important factors for food quality and

safety, due to prevention of various deteriorative factors like oxidations and

microbial spoilage. EOs have different therapeutic benefits (e.g.

antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antifungal), while BACs

mostly affect nutritive, chemical, microbiological, and sensory quality of

foods. Currently, many plant extracts are used for functional (healthy)

foods, which additionally fuels consumer and industrial interest in

sustainable and non-toxic routes for their production. EO yields from dried

plants are below 5%. Their extraction is strongly dependent on the

hydrophobic or lipophilic character of target molecules, hence the common

use of organic solvents. Similarly, BACs encompass a wide range of

substances with varying structures as reflected by their different

physical/chemical qualities. Thus, there is a need to identify optimal non-

toxic extraction method(s) for isolation/separation of EO/ BCs from plants.

Various innovative non-thermal extractions (e.g. ultrasound-, high-

pressure-, pulsed electric fields assisted extraction, etc.) have been

proposed to overcome the above mentioned limitations. These techniques

are “green” in concept, as they are shorter, avoid toxic chemicals, and are

able to improve extract yields and quality with reduced consumption of

energy and solvents. This research provides an overview of such extractions

of both BAC and EOs from Mediterranean herbs, sustained by innovative

and non-conventional energy sources.

5. “Antifungal activity and chemical composition of twenty essential oils

against significant indoor and outdoor toxigenic and aeroallergenic

fungi”

They can note that essential oils from O. vulgare, T. vulgaris and P.

racemosa, particularly thanks to their naturally high content of phenols

such as thymol, carvacrol or eugenol, evidently with the highest antifungal

effects, provide a very promising and effective alternative in the field of

antifungal applications).

Abstract: Health affecting, loss-inducing or otherwise harmful fungal

pathogens (molds) pose a serious challenge in many areas of human

activities. On the contrary, frequent use of synthetic fungicides is

undesirable in some cases and may be equally problematic. Moreover, the

ever more increasing fungal resistance against commercial synthetic

fungicides justifies development of rising efforts to seek new effective,

while environmentally friendly alternatives. Botanical fungicides based on

Essential oils (EOs) undoubtedly provide such an alternative. The study

explores the efficacy of 20 EOs against Alternaria alternata, Stachybotrys

chartarum, Cladosporium cladosporioides and Aspergillus niger, related to

abundance of majority active substances. Minimum inhibitory

concentration (MIC100 and MIC50) was evaluated. GC–MS analysis

revealed high abundance of highly effective phenolic compounds whose

different molecular structures correlates with differences in EOs efficacy.

The efficacy of some EOs, observed in our study, can be similar to the

levels of some synthetic fungicides used in medicine and agriculture e.g.

sometimes problematic azole-based formulations. Thanks to the EOs

environmental safety and natural origin, they offer the potential to become

an alternative where the use of synthetic fungicides is impossible for

various reasons

6. “The correlation between skin-care effects and phytochemical contents

in Lamiaceae plants”

good results for Rosmarinus officinalis: it has a strong anti-infiammatory

activity and the UVA and UVB average absorption of Rosmarinus was

higher than for the other genera

Abstract: In this study, well-known skin-care functional parameters were

used, including UV absorption, DPPHscavenging, NO-production-

inhibition, tyrosinase-inhibition activity and anti-Staphylococcus aureus

activity to measure the effects of the 70% acetone-extracts form 28 species

of Lamiaceae plants. Further, the phytochemical contents were explored by

total phenol (TP), total flavone (TF) and total coumarin (TC). The

correlation between the skin-care effects and the phytochemical contents

was analysed by non-parametric correlation analysis. Amongst the 70%

acetone-extracts, Origanum majorana displayed the strongest DPPH-

scavenging and tyrosinase-inhibitory effects and the richest phenol content.

Based on the statistics results, the phytochemical contents were related with

those parameters, such as: DPPH-scavenging effects vs. TP (R = 0.542),

TF vs. TP (R = 0.613), and NO-inhibitory vs. anti-bacterial activities (R =

0.767). Moreover, each genus of Lamiaceae had different properties of

skin-care effects. Form our research works, the Lamiaceae is good

resources to develop skin-care cosmetics.