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UMI Number: 3258317

3258317

2007

Copyright 2007 by

Rotjan, Randi Dawn

UMI Microform

Copyright

All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against

unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code.

ProQuest Information and Learning Company

300 North Zeeb Road

P.O. Box 1346

Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1346

All rights reserved.

by ProQuest Information and Learning Company.

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Corallivores

Taxa

Region

O or F

Consumption Rate

Style

Coral Prey

Ref.

Invertebrates (52)

Annelida (1) Hermodice carunculata A, P, Q F 12.9 cm

2 day

-1T Acr, Mil, Ocu, Por 1,2

Arthropoda, Crustacea (10) Alpheus lottini B, J F M Poc 3 Aniculus elegans B F 1.24 g (dry wt) day

-1T, S Poc 4

Calcinus obscurus B T, S Pyrgoma monticulariae G, M, N O T 5 Tetralia glaberrima E, F, J O T, M Acr, Ser 6 Tetralia cavimana F, I, J O T, M Acr 7 Trapezia cymodoce B, F, G, I, J O 1.3-1.5 cm

2day

-1T, M Poc, Sty 6,8

T. ferruginea B, E, F, G, J O M Poc 4,6,9 Trizopagurus magnificus B F 10.3 mg day

-1T, S Poc 4

Echinodermata, Asteroidea (10) Acanthaster ellisii B F 145 cm

2 day

-1T Pav, Poc, Por, Psa 10

A. planci B, E, F, G, H F 116-187 cm2 day

-1T Acr, Gar, Monti, Poc 11-15

Culcita novaguinaeae C, D, E, G, N F 28 cm2 day

-1T Acr, Poc 16

C. schmideliana L F T Acr, Gal, Gon 17 Echinaster purpureus L F M Por 17 Linckia laevigata L F M Por 17 Nardoa variolata L F M Por 17 Nidorellia armata B F T Pav 18 Pentaceraster cumingi B F T Psa 12 Pharia pyramidata B F T Poc 10,18 Echinodermata, Echinoidea (11) Astropyga radiata L F T 19 Diadema antillarum A F T, S Acr, Aga, Mad, Monta, Por 20,21 D. setosum L F T 19 Echinothrix calamaris L F T 19 Eucidaris thouarsii B F 0.47-1.83 g

m

2 day

-1T Pav, Poc 11, 18, 22

Echinometra mathaei E, L, M F T 19 E. viridis A F T 23 Echinoneus cyclostomus L F T 19 Microcyphus rousseaui L F T 19 Stomopneustes variolaris L F T 19 Tripneustes gratillia L F T 19

Mollusca (20) Aeolidia edmondsoni C O T Por 24 Phestilla melanobrachia E, G, F O Tur 25, 26 P. minor E, L O Por 27 P. sibogae (P. lugubris) C, E, F, G O 6.4 cm

2 day

-1T Por 27, 28

Coralliophilla abbreviata A O 0.08–16 cm2 day

-1T Acr, Monta 29-32

C. violacea D, E, G, N 0.25 cm2 day

-1T Por 25, 33

C. caribaea A T Acr, Por 31, 34 Drupella cornus C, E, F, H, I, N O 2.6 cm

2 day

-1T Acr, Monti, Poc, Por, Ser, Sty 25, 35-38

D. elata G, H O T Acr, Monti, Poc, Por 37, 39 D. fragum E, H O T Acr, Monti, Poc, Ser, Sty 35, 37, 39, 40 D. rugosa E, F, G, H O 137-229 min

day

-1T Acr, Monti, Poc, Ser, Sty 37, 39, 40

Epitonium ulu C T Fun 41 Habromorula spinosa H 42 Jenneria pustulata B O 0.8 g

day

-1T Poc, Por, Sid 4

Latiaxis hindsii B T Poc 18, 43 Muricopsis zeteki B T Poc 18, 43 Pedicularia decussata A T Sol 44 Philippia radiata C F T Por 45 Quoyula madreporarum B, E, G, L, M, N O T Monti, Poc, Por, Ser, Sty 25, 46 Q. monodonta B, E, M O 0.64 cm

2 day

-1T Monti, Poc, Por, Ser, Sty 43

Vertebrates (111)

Chordata, Tetraodontiformes Tetraodontidae (8) Arothron hispidus B, C, E, K, L, M, N F T, S Poc 4, 47, 48 A. meleagris B, C, D, E, G, H, K, L F 10.13 – 16.38 g day

-1T, S Acr, Poc, Por, Pav, Psa, Monti 4, 11, 48-50

A. nigropunctatus E, F, H, I, K, L, M, N F 1.73 bites min

-1T, S Acr, Pav, Poc, Por 47, 51, 52

A. stellatus D, E, F, G, H, I, K, L, M, N F T, S 47, 48 Canthigaster amboinensis B, C, D, E, F, G, H, M, N F 3.7% live coral diet T, S 48, 53 C. jactator C F 1.0% gut contents T, S 53 C. solandri C, E, G, K, L, M, M, N F 11.1% live coral diet T, S 53-55 C. valentini B, E, F, G, H, L, N F 0.06 – 3 bites

min

-1T, S Pav, Poc, Por 52

Balistidae (7) Balistapus undulatus D, E, F, G, I, L, M, N F 1.87 bites

min

-1T, S Pav, Poc, Por 47, 48, 52

Balistes polyepis B, C F T, S Pav, Por 4 B. vetula A, P F 0.2% gut contents T, S 56 Balistoides viridescens G, M, N F T, S 47 Melichthys niger A, B, C, E, G, H, L, M, N F 0.6% gut contents T, S Col 56 Rhinecanthus aculeatus G, I, K, L, M, N F T, S 48 Sufflamen verres B F T, S Poc, Por, Pav 4

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Monacanthidae (5) Amanses scopas E, F, G, H, I, L, N O T, S 48 Cantherhines dumerilii B, D, E, F, G, L, M, N F T, S Acr, Poc, Monti, Lep, Por 47, 48, 50 C. pullus A F 0.7% gut contents T, S 56 C. sandwichiensis C, D F T, S 48 Oxymonacanthus longirostris E, F, G, H, L, M, N O 10.5 bites

min

-1M, T Acr 47, 48, 51, 57

Chordata, Perciformes Gobiidae (1) Gobiodon citrinus E, F, G, H, I, L, N O 99% gut contents T, M Acr 51 Labridae (8) Coris aygula G, N, O F 0.13 bites

min

-1T Pav, Poc, Por 52

Diproctacanthus xanthurus E, F, G F T, S 47 Gomphosus caeruleus N F 0.13 bites

min


Labrichthys unilineatus E, F, G, H, L, M, N O 1.9 bites min

-1T, S Acr, Monti 47, 48, 51, 58

Labropsis australis E, F O T, S 47, 48 L. polynesica E O T, S 48 L. xanthonota E, F, G, H, L, N O T, S 48 Thalasomma lunare E, F, G, H, I, L, N F 0.13 bites

min


Blennidae (1) Exallias brevis G, H, K, L, M, N F 72% gut contents T, S Acr 47, 51 Scaridae (18) Bolbometopon muricatum E, F, G, H, I, L, N F 6.09 bites

min

-1T, S Acr, Poc, Por, Mont 47, 48, 59-61

Calotomus carolinus B, C, D, E, F, G, H, L F 0.13 bites min


Cetoscarus bicolor G, L F 0.4 bites min

-1T, S Por 62

Chlororus gibbus I F 1.1 bites min

-1T, S Por 48, 62, 63

C. microrhinos E, F, G, H F T, S 48, 63 C. sordidus E, F, G, I, K, L, M, N F 2.2 bites

min

-1T, S 48, 62

C. strongylocephalus G, L, N F 0.26 bites min

-1T, S Pav, Poc, Por 48, 52

Scarus coelestinus A F 0.2% gut contents T, S 56 S. guacamaia A F T, S S. ghobban B, D, E, F, G, H, I, K, L F T, S Por S. perrico B F T, S Poc 4 S. perspicillatus C F T, S Por 61 S. rivulatus E, F, G, H, O F 1.7 bites

min

-1T, S Por 62

S. taeniopterus A F T, S Mad, Por 64 S. vetula A F T, S Monta, Sid 64, 65 S. viridifucatus L F 0.2 bites

min

-1T, S Pav, Poc, Por 52

Sparisoma aurofrenatum A F 0.2% gut contents T, S Monta, Por, Mad 56, 64, 65 S. viride A F 25 cm

2 day

-1T, S Col, Por, Monta, Sid, Dip, Aga 65-67

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monacanthidae

Pomacanthidae (1) Centropyge multispinus L F 0.2 bites

min


Pomacentridae (7) Cheiloprion labiatus F, G, H F 93% gut contents T, S Acr 51 Pomacentrus leucostictus A F 1.5% gut contents T 56 P. semicirculatus E, F, G F 0.13 – .26 bites

min


P. variabilis A F 1.7% gut contents T 56 Plectroglyphidodon dickii D, E, F, G, H, L F 37% gut contents T Acr. Poc 51 P. johnstonianus C, D, F, G, H, L F 96% gut contents M, T Acr 51 Stegastes planifrons A F 0.6% gut contents T Acr, Monta 56, 68 Zanclidae (1) Zanclus canascens/cornutus B, C, D, E, F, G, L, M, N F 0.53 bites min

-1T, S Pav, Por, Poc 52

Chaetodontidae (54) Chaetodon aculeatus A F 0.43 bites

min

-1T Aga, Monta, Sid 69

C. andamanensis K, M, N O T Acr 70 C. aureofasciatus E, F, O F T 47, 71 C. auriga E, G, H, I, L, N F 18-60% gut contents T 47, 51, 71, 72 C. auripes H F 12% gut contents T 51 C. austriacus I O 4.4-6.4 bites

min

-1T Acr, Fav, Monti, Poc, Por, Ser, Sty 71, 73-75

C. baronessa E, F, G, H O T Acr 47, 51 C. bennetti D, E, F, G, H, L, M O M, T 47, 51 C. capistratus A F 5.4 bites

min

-1T Aga, Sid, Mad, Myc 69, 71

C. citrinellus C, D, E, G, H, L, M, N F 15-19% gut contents T 47, 51, 71, 72 C. ephippium C, D, E, G, H F 19-26% gut contents T 51, 71, 72 C. falcula L F 0.26 bites

min

-1T Pav, Poc, Por 52, 71

C. flavirostris D, E, F F T 47, 48 C. guttatissimus L F T 71 C. kleinii C, E, G, H, I, L, N F 3% gut contents T 47, 51, 71 C. larvatus I O 10 bites

min

-1T 76

C. lineolatus E, G, I, L, N F T 47 C. lunula E, F, G, L, N F 0.2 bites

min

-1 T Pav, Poc, Por 47, 52, 71

C. lunulatus C, E, F, G, H, O O T 48 C. madagascariensis L F T 71 C. melannotus E, F, G, H, I, L, N F 42% gut contents T 47, 51, 71 C. mertensii D, E, F, G, H, L F T 71 C. mesoleucos I F 6 bites

min

-1T 76

C. meyeri F, G, H, L, M, N O T 47, 48 C. multicinctus C F 21.8 bites

min

-1T Poc, Por 71, 77

C. ocellatus A F T Acr 31

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C. octofasciatus G, H O T Acr 78 C. ornatissimus E, F, G, N, O O 2.08-5.62 bites

min

-1M, T Monti, Poc, Por 51, 71, 79

C. oxycephalus G, N, O F T 47 C. pelewensis D, E, F F 58.9% gut contents T 47, 71, 72 C. plebeius E, G, H, O O T Acr 47, 51, 71 C. punctatofasciatus M, N F T Poc 47, 80 C. quadrimaculatus C, D, E, G, H F 27.5% gut conents T Poc 48, 71, 72 C. rafflesii E, F, G, H, N F 10% gut contents T 47, 51 C. rainfordi F F T 71 C. reticulatus E, F, G, H O T 47, 71 C. semilarvatus G, H, I, N O 6 bites

min

-1T 76

C. smithi D F T 48 C. speculum E, F, G, H, N, O F 75% gut contents T 47, 51 C. striatus A F T Acr 31 C. triangulum N O T 71 C. trichrous D F T 48 C. trifascialis C, E, G, H, I, L, M O 4.58-10.74 bites

min

-1T Acr, Poc, Por, Monti 51, 71, 78, 81

C. trifasciatus C, D, E, G, H, I, L, M O 1.1-3.1 bites min

-1T Acr, Pav, Poc, Por, Monti 47, 51, 52, 71, 79

C. ulietensis E, G, H F 10-69% gut contents T 51, 72 C. unimaculatus C, D, E, G, H, L, N, O - 4.9-7.2 bites

min

-1T Monti, Poc 47, 51, 71, 82

C. vagabundus E, G, H, L, M, N F 8-18% gut contents T 51, 71, 72 C. xanthocephalus L F T 71 Forcipiger flavissimus B, E, L F 6.2% gut contents T 72 Heniochus chrysostomus D, E, F, G, H, O F 7.1% gut contents T 47, 48, 72 H. intermedius I F 1.3 bites

min

-1T 76

H. singularus E, G, H F T 48 H. varius E, F, H, N, O F T 48

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#

Corresponding reference

#

Corresponding reference

1 (Sussman et al. 2003) 42 (Yokochi 2004) 2 (Witman 1988) 43 (Guzman 1988) 3 (Glynn 1980) 44 (Dall 1889) 4 (Glynn et al. 1972) 45 (Robertson et al. 1970) 5 (Ross and Newman 1969) 46 (Keen 1958) 6 (Knudsen 1967) 47 (Randall et al. 1996) 7 (Glynn 1987) 48 (Randall 2005) 8 (Rinkevich et al. 1991) 49 (Glynn 2004a) 9 (Castro 1978) 50 (Jayewardene and Birkeland 2006) 10 (Dana and Wolfson 1970) 51 (Sano et al. 1984) 11 (Reyes-Bonilla and Calderon-Aguilera 1999) 52 (McClanahan et al. 2005) 12 (Glynn 2004b) 53 (Allen and Randall 1977) 13 (Colgan 1987) 54 (Acero and Rivera 1992) 14 (Chess et al. 1997) 55 (Harmelin-Vivien 1979) 15 (Pearson and Endean 1969) 56 (Randall 1967) 16 (Glynn and Krupp 1986) 57 (Barlow 1987) 17 (Thomassin 1976) 58 (McIlwain and Jones 1997) 18 (Glynn et al. 1983) 59 (Choat 1991) 19 (Herring 1972) 60 (Bellwood et al. 2003) 20 (Bak and van Eys 1975) 61 (Randall 1974) 21 (Glynn 1988) 62 (Bellwood and Choat 1990) 22 (Glynn et al. 1979) 63 (Bellwood 1995) 23 (Griffin et al. 2003) 64 (Frydl 1979) 24 (Ostergaard 1955) 65 (Rotjan and Lewis 2006) 25 (Robertson 1970) 66 (Rotjan and Lewis 2005) 26 (Dalton and Godwin 2006) 67 (Bruckner and Bruckner 1998a) 27 (Ritson-Williams et al. 2003) 68 (Kaufman 1977) 28 (Haramaty 1991) 69 (Neudecker 1985) 29 (Miller 2001) 70 (Kuiter 1999) 30 (Baums et al. 2003) 71 (Harmelin-Vivien 1989) 31 (Brawley and Adey 1982) 72 (Harmelin-Vivien and Bouchon-Navaro 1983) 32 (Ward 1965) 73 (Wrathall 1992) 33 (Oren et al. 1998) 74 (Alwany et al. 2003) 34 (Miller 1981) 75 (Righton et al. 1998) 35 (Cumming 1999) 76 (Zekeria 2002) 36 (Kita et al. 2005) 77 (Tricas 1989) 37 (Turner 1994) 78 (Sadovy and Cornish 2000) 38 (Ayling and Ayling 1987) 79 (Reese 1977) 39 (Moyer et al. 1982) 80 (Neudecker 1979) 40 (Morton et al. 2002) 81 (Irons 1989) 41 (Bosch 1965) 82 (Cox 1986)

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30

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10

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E. Inner Reef Slope


10

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*

*

(Q/G3+7(U?*<$##+1"%'$.* $&* -"##$%&'()* 4#">'.4* '.0'6+.0+* $.*!"#$%&$'(%* 0$#"1(*5'%)*F.$5.*0$#"11':$#$2(*-"##$%&'()*6+.('%'+(*Pe*&'()*-+#*JLK*,JR*"0#$((*N*#++&*)"/'%"%(^(#R*74-)/,',6(*".6* ;R* 74-) %*'"8'(#%$*:8* =#'".41+(* ".6* 6$%%+6* 1'.+(* #+-#+(+.%*!-) %##*+%',&C* ([2"#+(* ".6*6"()+6* 1'.+(* '.6'0"%+* !-) 8%/("+%$%C* 0'#01+(* ".6* ($1'6* 1'.+(* '.6'0"%+* !-) 8'%#9&,8* S'.+"#*#+4#+(('$.*1'.+(*"#+*-1$%%+68**

*

*

*

*

*IV***!"%%+#.(*$&*0$#"11':$#3****

0 20 40 60 800

20

40

60

80a. Sc. iserti

1982

2004

0.0 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.00

5

10

15

20d. Sp. chrysopterum

1982

2004

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.00.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0b. Sc. vetula

1982

2004

0 10 20 30 4010

20

30

40e. Sp. aurofrenatum

1982

2004

0 5 10 15 200

5

10

15

20c. Sp. viride

1982

2004

0 1 2 3 4 50

1

2

3

4

5f. Sp. rubripinne

1982

2004

Backreef

USG

LSG

IRS

OR

*

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0.0 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.00.0

2.5

5.0

7.5

10.0

A. Porites porites

treatment (area removed, cm2)

co

ntr

ol

(are

a r

em

oved

, cm

2)

0 5 10 150

5

10

15

B. Diploria clivosa

treatment (area removed, cm2)

co

ntr

ol

(are

a r

em

oved

, cm

2)

0.0 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.00.0

2.5

5.0

7.5

10.0

C. Montastrea franksi, colony 419

control (area removed, cm2)

treatm

en

t (a

rea r

em

oved

, cm

2)

P.0=9+( S:! b,30%*3! $6! ;%,1,44",' 3,(&4(33! 6#,%2! *4#(%37! P(#4,2! /%$*3! '$./(4,! (4,(! 4,.$+,2!64$.!*-,!'$1*4$%!C,*-,4!$1%)L!+,4303!*4,(*.,1*!C'$4(%!,Q*4('*!n!,*-,4L!;%,1,44",!9%(2,3!#1!@E!.#1!6#,%2!*4#(%3!#1!*-,!9('=4,,6!-(9#*(*!$6!G(44#,!"$5!G();!",%#<,!6$4!C(L!!$+"#34'*$+"#34;!C9L;!<"*1$+",'51"8$4,;!(12!C'L!($)#,4#+,3,'9+,)=4"''$4(%37!!

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Stypo Mfav0

1

2

3

4

5

M. faveolata

p = 0.016

3

6

1

2

# c

ub

es l

eft

0 1 2 3 4 50

1

2

3

4

5

M. faveolata

# cubes left ( Stypopodium)

# c

ub

es l

eft

(M

. fa

v)

-4

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4

Stypopodium

M. faveolata

dif

fere

nce i

n #

cu

bes e

ate

n

Stypo Mfra0

1

2

3

4

M. franksi

p = 0.001

3

6

5

treatment

# c

ub

es l

eft

0 1 2 3 4 50

1

2

3

4

5

M. franksi


# c

ub

es l

eft

(M

. fr

a)

-4

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4M. franksi

Stypopodium

dif

fere

nce i

n #

cu

bes e

ate

n

Stypo Mann0

1

2

3

4

M. annularis

p = 0.003

5

1

4

3

treatment

# c

ub

es l

eft

0 1 2 3 4 50

1

2

3

4

5

M. annularis


# c

ub

es l

eft

(M

. an

n)

-4

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4M. annularis

Stypopodium

dif

fere

nce i

n #

cu

bes e

ate

n

Stypo Mcav0

1

2

3

4

M. cavernosa

p < 0.001

2

7

treatment

# c

ub

es l

eft

0 1 2 3 4 50

1

2

3

4

5

M. cavernosa


# c

ub

es l

eft

(M

. cav)

-4

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4

M. cavernosa

Stypopodium

dif

fere

nce i

n #

cu

bes e

ate

n

stypo steph0

1

2

3

4

Stephanocoenia intersepts

p < 0.001

5

2

5

3

treatment

# c

ub

es l

eft

0 1 2 3 4 50

1

2

3

4

5

Stephanocoenia intersepts


# c

ub

es l

eft

(S

tep

h)

-4

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4Stephanocoenia intersepts

Stypopodium

dif

fere

nce i

n #

cu

bes e

ate

n

!P.0=9+(T:!b,30%*3!$6!(&(4!'09,!6#,%2!*4#(%37!P(#4,2!'$./(4#3$13!$6!l!'09,3!4,.(#1#1&!6$4!'$4(%! ,Q*4('*! +,4303! '$1*4$%! (&(4! '09,3! #1! *-,! 6#,%2! (*! \$%2,1! b,,6;! ",%#<,7! 8(.,! 2(*(!'$./(4#3$13!(4,!/4,3,1*,2!#1!*-4,,!2#66,4,1*!6$4.(*3^!%,6*!'$%0.1!3-$53!*-,!*4#(%S3/,'#6#'!#1*,4('*#$13;! *-,! .#22%,! '$%0.1! 3-$53! ,('-! '$4(%! 3/,'#,3! /%$**,2! (&(#13*! (! %#1,! $6!,W0(%#*);! (12! *-,! 4#&-*! '$%0.1! 3-$53! *-,! 2#66,4,1',! 9,*5,,1! *4,(*.,1*! (12! '$1*4$%!'09,3!/%$**,2!6$4!,('-!*4#(%7!!

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M. c

aver

nosa

M. f

ranks

i

Sty

popodium

(-) c

ontrol

Pad

ina

(+) c

ontrol

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

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tank 2g

ram

s r

em

oved

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E/;79*( EE( =>( Z( 3(

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"?NY"""!:&),$,"&*#"7.*,$C)$*7$,"./"1&++.%/',0"-+&D'*-",$($7%'5'%4""!

!

"((Z.A;7*( Y@" " 9&61($" 1(.%" /+.6" %0$" K*,%+.*" U.#$(" TWYW" e*'5$+,&(" L$,%'*-" K*,%+)6$*%"6$&,)+'*-" ,3$($%&(" 0&+#*$,," F7.61+$,,'5$" (.&#" '*" &5$+&-$" 3'(.-+&6" /.+7$" *$$#$#" %."1$*$%+&%$" )" 1" %." O" 66" #$1%0G" 2.%0" <'%0'*" F%.1" 1&*$(;" ,1$7'6$*," ?AWG" &*#" 2$%<$$*"F(.<$+"1&*$(;" ,1$7'6$*," RA?YG" 7.+&(" 7&(47$," /.+" &" ,'*-($"!"#$%&$'%(%" ,118" 7.+&(" ,3$($%.*",&61($8"""

"?N?"""!:&),$,"&*#"7.*,$C)$*7$,"./"1&++.%/',0"-+&D'*-",$($7%'5'%4""!

!

Intact Grazed0

5

10

15

20A.

% C

Intact Grazed0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5B.

% N

Intact Grazed0.0

2.5

5.0

7.5C.

Condition

C:N

"Z.A;7*(^@""K*'%'&("7.+&("*)%+'%'.*&("C)&('%4"F6$&*"f"9]G"+$1+$,$*%$#"24"#8"1$+7$*%"7&+2.*;"X8" 1$+7$*%" *'%+.-$*;" &*#"!8" :HI" +&%'." /.+"!"#$%&$'%(%" ,118" 7.(.*'$," #',1(&4'*-" -+&D'*-",7&+,"24"7.+&(('5.+.),"1&++.%/',0$,"F-+$4G;"&*#"'*%&7%"7.(.*'$,"F<0'%$G8""""""""""""

"?NO"""!:&),$,"&*#"7.*,$C)$*7$,"./"1&++.%/',0"-+&D'*-",$($7%'5'%4""!

!

Intact Grazed0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11A.

% C

Intact Grazed0.00

0.25

0.50

0.75

1.00

1.25

1.50

1.75B.

% N

Intact Grazed0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8C.

Condition

C:N

""Z.A;7*( _@" " :.+&(" *)%+'%'.*&(" C)&('%4" F6$&*" f" 9]G" '*" h)*$;" '66$#'&%$(4" /.((.<'*-" 7&-$"+$6.5&(;" +$1+$,$*%$#" 24"#8" 1$+7$*%" 7&+2.*;" X8" 1$+7$*%" *'%+.-$*;" &*#"!8" :HI" +&%'." /.+"!"#$%&$'%(%" ,118" 7.(.*'$," #',1(&4'*-" -+&D'*-" ,7&+," 24" 7.+&(('5.+.)," 1&++.%/',0$," F-+$4G;"&*#"'*%&7%"7.(.*'$,"F<0'%$G8""""""

"?NM"""!:&),$,"&*#"7.*,$C)$*7$,"./"1&++.%/',0"-+&D'*-",$($7%'5'%4""!

!

Aug

ust 0

4

Octob

er 0

4

Janu

ary 05

June

05

Septe

mbe

r 05

Febru

ary 06

0.0

2.5

5.0

7.5

10.0Intact

Grazed

A. Control colonies

10 8 15 11 15 13 16 13 17 14

C:N

rati

o

13 9

Aug

ust 0

4

Octob

er 0

4

Janu

ary 05

June

05

Septe

mbe

r 05

Febru

ary 06

0

1

2

3

4Intact

Grazed

C. Control colonies

10 8 15 11 15 13 16 13 17 14

% N

913

Aug

ust 0

4

Octob

er 0

4

Janu

ary 05

June

05

Septe

mbe

r 05

Febru

ary 06

0

5

10

15

20

25Intact

Grazed

E. Control colonies

10 8 15 11 15 13 16 13 17 14

% C

13 9

Aug

ust 0

4

Octob

er 0

4

Janu

ary 05

June

05

Septe

mbe

r 05

Febru

ary 06

0.0

2.5

5.0

7.5

10.0

B. Caged colonies

19 23 5 8 17 19 17 19 15 18 13 13

Month

C:N

rati

o

dcba

Aug

ust 0

4

Octob

er 0

4

Janu

ary 05

June

05

Sep

tem

ber 0

5

Febru

ary 06

0

1

2

3

4

D. Caged colonies

19 23 5 8 17 19 17 19 15 18%

N13 13

dcba

Month

Aug

ust 0

4

Oct

ober

04

Janu

ary 05

June

05

Septe

mbe

r 05

Febru

ary 06

0

5

10

15

20

25

F. Caged colonies

19 23 5 8 17 19 17 19 15 18 13 13

dcba

Month

% C

* * *

**

p = 0.0441p = 0.0371

p = 0.0269

p = 0.0393p = 0.0486

p = 0.0163

*p = 0.0101

p = 0.0066

*

p = 0.0002

*

p = 0.0085

p = 0.0485

p = 0.0465

*p = 0.0006

**

*

*p = 0.0408

*

"Z.A;7*(`@"I)%+'%'.*&("5&+'&2($,"F6$&*"f"9]G;"'*7()#'*-":HI"+&%'."F#a(XG;"J"*'%+.-$*"F!a(IG;"&*#"J"7&+2.*"F&a(ZG"'*"7.+&("%',,)$",&61($#"/+.6"!"#$%&$'%(%),118"7.(.*'$,"+&*#.6(4"&,,'-*$#"%."7.*%+.("F#a(!a(&G"&*#"7&-$#"FXa(Ia(ZG"%+$&%6$*%,8"9'-*'/'7&*%"('*$&+"7.*%+&,%,"&+$" '*#'7&%$#"<'%0" &*" &,%$+',3S" &((" .%0$+" 7.*%+&,%," 1" s" Y8YW8" :'+7($#" (.<$+" 7&,$" ($%%$+,"'*#'7&%$"3$4"$5$*%,H"'*'%'&("7&-$"'*,%&((&%'.*"F&G;">)++'7&*$"K5&*"+$6.5'*-"7&-$,"F2G;"7&-$,"+$A'*,%&(($#"F7G;"&*#"7&-$,"'*%$*%'.*&((4"+$6.5$#"F#G8"X.+"7.61($%$"$B1$+'6$*%&("#$,'-*"#$%&'(,;",$$"X'-)+$"?8""9$$"L&2($"O"/.+"/)(("OA<&4"!I`_!"6.#$("+$,)(%,8""""

"?NT"""!:&),$,"&*#"7.*,$C)$*7$,"./"1&++.%/',0"-+&D'*-",$($7%'5'%4""!

!

Aug

ust 0

4

Octob

er 0

4

Janu

ary 05

June

05

Sep

tem

ber 0

5

Febru

ary 06

0

4.0!10 6

8.0!10 6

1.2!10 7

1.6!10 7

B. Caged colonies

19 23 5 7 17 19 14 15 1815 1314

dcba

Month

Zo

oxan

thell

ae D

en

sit

y (

# c

m-2

)

Aug

ust 0

4

Octob

er 0

4

Janu

ary 05

June

05

Sep

tem

ber 0

5

Febru

ary 06

0

4.0!10 6

8.0!10 6

1.2!10 7

1.6!10 7

A. Control colonies

15 10 14 1010 8 16 14 1416 813

Zo

oxan

thell

ae D

en

sit

y (

# c

m-2

)grazedintact

*p = 0.0097

""Z.A;7*(b@" "l..B&*%0$((&$"#$*,'%4"F6$&*"f"9]G" '*"7.+&(" %',,)$",&61($#" /+.6"!"#$%&$'%(%),118"7.(.*'$,"+&*#.6(4"&,,'-*$#"%."#8"7.*%+.("&*#"X8"7&-$#"%+$&%6$*%,8"9'-*'/'7&*%"('*$&+"7.*%+&,%,".*"(.-A%+&*,/.+6$#"#&%&"&+$"'*#'7&%$#"<'%0"&*"&,%$+',3S"&((".%0$+"7.*%+&,%,"1"s"Y8YW8" :'+7($#" (.<$+" 7&,$" ($%%$+," '*#'7&%$" 3$4" $5$*%,H" '*'%'&(" 7&-$" '*,%&((&%'.*" F&G;">)++'7&*$" K5&*" +$6.5'*-" 7&-$," F2G;" 7&-$," +$A'*,%&(($#" F7G;" &*#" 7&-$," '*%$*%'.*&((4"+$6.5$#"F#G8"X.+"7.61($%$"$B1$+'6$*%&("#$,'-*"#$%&'(,;",$$"X'-)+$"?8""9$$"L&2($"M"/.+"/)(("OA<&4"!I`_!"6.#$("+$,)(%,8"""

"?NW"""!:&),$,"&*#"7.*,$C)$*7$,"./"1&++.%/',0"-+&D'*-",$($7%'5'%4""!

!

Augus

t 04

Octob

er 0

4

Janu

ary 05

June

05

Sep

tem

ber 0

5

Febru

ary 06

0

1

2

3

4

5

Intact

GrazedA. Control colonies

10 8 10 11 15 13 16 13 17 14 13 9

RG

B P

C1

Aug

ust 0

4

Octob

er 0

4

Janu

ary 05

June

05

Septe

mbe

r 05

Febru

ary 06

0

1

2

3

4

5

B. Caged colonies

19 23 8 7 17 19 17 19 15 18 13 13

dcba

Month

RG

B P

C1

*p = 0.0131

p = 0.0021p = 0.0369

*p = 0.0421

**

p = 0.0021

*

*p = 0.0062

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!

Aug

ust 0

4

Octob

er 0

4

Janu

ary 05

June

05

Sep

tem

ber 0

5

Febru

ary 06

0

5000

10000

15000

Intact

GrazedA. Control colonies

10 8 15 1115 13

16 13 17 14 13 9

Ho

lotr

ich

den

sit

y (

#/m

g d

ry w

eig

ht)

Aug

ust 0

4

Octob

er 0

4

Janu

ary 05

June

05

Sep

tem

ber 0

5

Febru

ary 06

0

5000

10000

15000

B. Caged colonies

19 23 5 8 17 19 17 19 15 18 13 13

dcba

Month

Ho

lotr

ich

den

sit

y (

#/m

g d

ry w

eig

ht)

*

p = 0.0006

* p = 0.0485

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!

1-05

6-05

9-05

2-06

1-05

6-05

9-05

2-06

0

20000

40000

60000

80000holotrichs

spirocysts

p-basics

A. Control

Intact Grazed

Nem

ato

cyst

Den

sit

y

1-05

6-05

9-05

2-06

1-05

6-05

9-05

2-06

0

20000

40000

60000

80000B. Caged

Intact Grazed

Nem

ato

cyst

Den

sit

y

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!

within calyx between calyces0

25

50

75Grazed

Intact

Sampling Location

Hard

ness

(avera

ge k

gf)

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To directly investigate fitness consequences of parrotfish corallivory, I sampled

grazed versus intact coral tissue immediately prior to a coral spawning event and

dissected out coral gonads and eggs (Chapter 8). With these dissections, I established that

parrotfish grazing has major reproductive fitness consequences by /'0#3-+5$ 0#%*4'()$

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(INTRODUCTION

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!E?G!!!:#7#1)(5#!/$&&-)3("*!%&$8(+%!-+!!"#$#%%&#'()%(*+&,*-!"#$%&$""!47$,#"!!

#4.40:,.6(6+7793.,.5/(

! e/(/*0)(1! 1-22.+()(#"! %&-'(+%! -+!2$+%&-5#! 5#&"."! &##3! "#$%&$""! 47$,#"!'#&#!

1&.,#70!5(".$770!(+"/#1)#,9!Y##3!"#$%&$""!47$,#"!1-22-+70!*-")#,!1&.")-"#!1-&$77(+#!&#,!

$7%$#M!/0&1217&%!"//9!/-701*$#)#"M!4&0-8-$+"M!$+,!3-&$2(+(3#&$+"9!Q+!1-2/$&("-+M!2$+%&-5#!

"#$%&$""! 47$,#"! *-")#,! $! ".()#! -3! *0,&-(,"! $+,! 3-&$2(+(3#&$+"M! 4.)! *$,! $72-")! +-!

1-&$77(+#! $7%$#9! Q+! 1-77$4-&$)(-+! '()*! :.#! Y(1*$&,"-+M! $! :2()*"-+($+! "/#1($7(")! -3!

"#$%&$""! #/(/*0)(1! 1-22.+()(#"M! #/(/*0)#"! 3&-2! )*("! #\/#&(2#+)! $&#! 1.&&#+)70! 4#(+%!

2-&#!&(%-&-."70!(,#+)(3(#,9!e/(/*0)#"!1-22-+70!3-.+,!-+!"#$%&$""#"!(+!<7-&(,$!(+17.,#!$!

5$&(#)0! -3! 2$1&-"1-/(1! &#,! $7%$#! ;Y*-,-/*0)$BM! $+,! $! '(,#! ,(5#&"()0! -3! #/(3$.+$!

;R++#7(,$M! 6&0-8-$M! N*-&,$)$M! I0,&-8-$M! $+,!Z-77."1$B! ;<&$+=-5(1*! $+,! <-.&b.&#$+!

?@@UB9!!

RESULTS

As predicted, I found that /$&&-)3("*! /&#3#&#+)($770! %&$8#! "#$%&$""! 47$,#"! '()*!

#/(/*0)#"M!&#%$&,7#""!-3!*$4()$)!;<(%.&#!E!R!$+,!6H!&##3!/$(&#,!)!_!@9EGM!,3!_!?EM!/!f!F9FF?H!

2$+%&-5#!/$(&#,!)!_!E9UAM!,3!_!??M!/!_!F9F?@B9!I-'#5#&M!(+!1-+)&$")!)-!20!#\/#1)$)(-+"M!&##3!

/$&&-)3("*! "(%+(3(1$+)70! /&#3#&! "#$%&$""! 7#$5#"! '()*! #/(/*0)(1! 1-22.+()(#"! 3&-2! )*#!

4$1=&##3!*$4()$)M!1-2/$&#,!)-!2$+%&-5#!#/(/*0)#"!;<(%.&#!ENM!/$(&#,!)!_!P9GEM!,3!_!?EM!/!f!

F9FF?B9! X*#+! /&#"#+)#,! '()*! 17#$+! 7#$5#"! ;'()*! #/(/*0)#"! &#2-5#,B! 3&-2! 4-)*!

2$+%&-5#! $+,! &##3! *$4()$)"M! /$&&-)3("*! -+! )*#! 4$1=&##3! "*-'#,! +-! "(%+(3(1$+)!

,("1&(2(+$)(-+!4#)'##+!)*#2!;<(%.&#!EgM!/$(&#,!)!_!CF9OPM!,3!_!??M!/!_!F9U?GB9!(

R7)*-.%*! &##3! "#$%&$""!47$,#"!'()*! &##3! #/(/*0)#"! $&#! "(%+(3(1$+)70!/&#3#&&#,!40!

&##3! /$&&-)3("*#"! (+! #5#&0! 1*-(1#! )#")M! &##3! #/(/*0)#"! $//#$&! )-! 4#! )*#! /--&#")! (+!

+.)&()(-+$7! b.$7()0M! $"! )*#0! *$5#! )*#! 7-'#")!c! 1$&4-+M! )*#! 7-'#")!c!+()&-%#+M! $+,! )*#!

*(%*#")!NV]!&$)(-"!;<(%.&#!OB9! !Y##3!"#$%&$""!47$,#"!'()*!#/(/*0)(1!1-22.+()(#"!$//#$&!

!E?L!!!:#7#1)(5#!/$&&-)3("*!%&$8(+%!-+!!"#$#%%&#'()%(*+&,*-!"#$%&$""!47$,#"!!

)-!4#! #b.$770!/--&! (+!+.)&()(-+$7! b.$7()0M! 4.)! &#2-5$7! -3! )*#! #/(/*0)#"! 3&-2! )*#! 7#$5#"!

,&$2$)(1$770!(+1&#$"#"!)*#!+.)&()(-+$7!b.$7()0!;$"!2#$".&#,!40!cNM!c]M!$+,!NV]B!-3!)*#!

7#$3!$7-+#9!R"!/&#,(1)#,M!*-'#5#&M!2$+%&-5#!"#$%&$""#"!'()*!-&!'()*-.)!#/(/*0)#"M!$+,!

2$+%&-5#! #/(/*0)#"! $7-+#M! $&#! ".4")$+)($770! *(%*#&! (+! +.)&()(-+$7! b.$7()0! 1-2/$&#,! )-!

)*#(&!&##3!1-.+)#&/$&)"!;<(%.&#!OB9!!

!

!

!

!

!E?U!!!:#7#1)(5#!/$&&-)3("*!%&$8(+%!-+!!"#$#%%&#'()%(*+&,*-!"#$%&$""!47$,#"!!

A.19*5(BC!e\/#&(2#+)$7!:#)./9!d$(&"!-3!"#$%&$""!47$,#"!'#&#!17(//#,!(+)-!17-)*#"/(+"!'()*!3#7)!17-)*!".&&-.+,(+%!)*#!4$"#!-3!#$1*!7#$3M!$+,!)*#+!3#,!)-!/$&&-)3("*#"!3-&!?G!2(+.)#"!(+!$!4$1=&##3!*$4()$)!(+!6#7(8#9!!

0 5 10 150

5

10

15

C. Epiphytic Thalassia: Mangroves versus Reef

p < 0.001

Reef (+) epiphytes

leaf area removed (cm 2)

Man

gro

ve (

+)

ep

iph

yte

sle

af

are

a r

em

ov

ed

(c

m2)

0 5 10 150

5

10

15

D. Non-epiphytic Thalassia: Mangroves versus Reef

p = 0.715

Reef (-) epiphytes


Man

gro

ve (

-) e

pip

hyte

sle

af

are

a r

em

ov

ed

(c

m2)

0 5 10 150

5

10

15

A. Reef Thalassia: Epiphytes versus none

p < 0.001

Reef (+) epiphytes


Reef

(-)

ep

iph

yte

sle

af

are

a r

em

ov

ed

(c

m2)

0 5 10 150

5

10

15

B. Mangrove Thalassia: Epiphytes versus none

p = 0.019

Mangrove (+) epiphytes


Man

gro

ve (

+)

ep

iph

yte

sle

af

are

a r

em

ov

ed

(c

m2)

A.19*5(DC!N-2/$&("-+"!-3!!"#$#%%&#' ()%(*+&,*-! 7#$3! $&#$! &#2-5#,!40!/$&&-)3("*#"! 3-&!E!F!&##3! $+,! EGF! 2$+%&-5#! "#$%&$""! 47$,#"! '()*! $+,! '()*-.)! )*#(&! +$).&$7! #/(/*0)(1!1-22.+()0M! EHF! 2$+%&-5#! 5#&"."! &##3! "#$%&$""! 47$,#"! '()*! $+,! E%F! '()*-.)( )*#(&!+$).&$7!#/(/*0)(1!1-22.+()(#"9!

!E?P!!!:#7#1)(5#!/$&&-)3("*!%&$8(+%!-+!!"#$#%%&#'()%(*+&,*-!"#$%&$""!47$,#"!!

0

10

20

30

40

%C

0

1

2

3

%N

Man

grove

leav

es a

lone

Man

grove

leav

es w

/ epip

hytes

Man

grove

epip

hytes

Ree

f lea

ves

alone

Ree

f lea

ves

w/ e

piphyt

es

Ree

f epip

hytes

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Samples

C:N

A.19*5(IC!N-2/$&("-+"!-3!+.)&()(-+$7!b.$7()0!;c!1$&4-+M!c!+()&-%#+M!$+,!NV]B!-3!!"#$#%%&#'()%(*+&,*-!7#$5#"!3&-2!2$+%&-5#!$+,!&##3!#+5(&-+2#+)"!$7-+#!$+,!'()*!)*#(&!+$).&$7!#/(/*0)(1!1-22.+()(#"9!].)&()(-+$7!b.$7()0!$7"-!$""#""#,!3-&!#/(8--)(#"!$7-+#!3&-2!#$1*!*$4()$)9!]!_!O!"$2/7#"!/#&!1$)#%-&0H!*-&(8-+)$7!7(+#!&#/&#"#+)"!)*#!2#$+!3-&!#$1*!,$)$!17.")#&9!!

!E?@!!!:#7#1)(5#!/$&&-)3("*!%&$8(+%!-+!!"#$#%%&#'()%(*+&,*-!"#$%&$""!47$,#"!!

!

!EEF!!!:#7#1)(5#!/$&&-)3("*!%&$8(+%!-+!!"#$#%%&#'()%(*+&,*-!"#$%&$""!47$,#"!!

!!!!!!!!

"#!$%&'&!()!*+,(-!./!$%()!01+/&$2!($!()!-./$+(/&3!(/!4+$&'5!!

6.'&/!7()1&8!!

!""#$%&'() ((

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*+,-.(/0!"#$%&'()#*!#+!,-.!,".!&*/!"0-!'&1(#)!&$#*2!3&'(#4)!"&'(556&*!)786'&71(*(&*!7#'&8!)%67(6)9!:88!)&$%86)!;6'6!7#886716/!5<!=&$$6'!&*/!7=()68!+'#$!1=6!>&2##*!=&5(1&1!?@AB!$!/6%1=C!&1!"&''(6!D#;!"&<.!D68(E69!"#'&8!1())46!;&)!&('5'4)=6/!+'#$!1=6!4*/6'8<(*2!)F6861#*!&*/!/'(6/!1#!7#*)1&*1!;6(2=1!&1!GH#"!56+#'6!&*&8<)()!;(1=!&*!-"AIJHH!K86$6*1&8!:*&8<E6'!?"K!K8&*167=C.!'4*!&2&(*)1!&*!&%%86A86&+!)1&*/&'/9!!

"#'&8!L%67(6)! -! ,!-(1'#26*!?ML9K9C! ,!"&'5#*!?ML9K9C! "0-!

!"#$%&%#'#"#$%&%()*' B! B9I@!?H9BHC! II9JN!?@9OIC! P9HG!

!"#$%&%#'()+,%-./%#' I! Q9IB!?H9H@C! IQ9HJ!?H9H@C! J9GN!

!&$.0.$#'&)$1%&.$+%*' B! @9N@!?H9BIC! @@9PQ!?@9OIC! G9JI!

!&$.0.$#'0#/2#(#' Q! @9JJ!?H9IQC! @@9NB!?@9N@C! P9GJ!

3./0.045//%#'+#(#+*' B! I9GG!?H9QIC! @N9JO!?H9OOC! P9IJ!

6%0/.$%#'&/%1.*#' Q! Q9JH!?H9BHC! IP9JO!?@9JIC! G9@J!

6%0/.$%#'/#75$%+(4%-.$2%*' Q! B9JI!?H9NHC! I@9ON!?B9N@C! G9GB!

6%0/.$%#'*($%".*#' Q! B9ON!?H9IIC! IQ9IJ!?@9BQC! G9@H!

6%&4.&.)+%#'*(.8)*%%' Q! B9BH!?H9BPC! IB9QP!?@9JGC! P9IB!

9.+(#*($#)#'#++,/#$%*' Q! I9NI!?H9BGC! I@9JB!?H9QPC! N9IJ!

9.+(#*($#)#'&#1)$+.*#' B! Q9GJ!?H9IGC! IJ9OI!?H9O@C! J9GH!

9.+(#*($#)#'-#1)./#(#' B! I9OG!?H9QBC! @O9H@!?I9GOC! G9QQ!

9.+(#*($#)#'-$#+8*%' Q! Q9JO!?H9I@C! IJ9J@!?@9H@C! J9JG!

9%//)0.$#'&.20/#+#(#' Q! @9JH!?H9I@C! O9JQ!?@9IGC! G9QH!

9)#+:$%+#'2)#+:$%()*' @! Q9BI! B@9Q@! P9IP!

;.$%()*'#*($).%:)*' B! @9JQ!?H9BHC! @I9BG!?I9POC! P9OP!

;.$%()*'0.$%()*'' Q! I9O@!?H9HGC! IH9GQ!?H9BPC! P9@H!

<%:)$#*($)#'*%:)$)#' Q! @9JQ!?@9OHC! @I9JJ!?H9PJC! N9BI!

<()04#+.&.)+%#'%+()$*)0(#' Q! I9BQ!?H9I@C! @J9IP!?@9B@C! G9JJ!

!IIB!!!-41'(1(#*&8!R4&8(1<!#+!"&'(556&*!)786'&71(*(&*)!!!!

!IIQ!!!-41'(1(#*&8!R4&8(1<!#+!"&'(556&*!)786'&71(*(&*)!!!!

!!!!!!!!

"!#$%&!'(!)*&!'+&,(!-,.&/!"!*'0&!'(!)*&!1'##$(2!3&&45!

6*&1&!)*&!7+,))&1&3!-,)&17!1,.&8!"(3!)*&!-$(37!)*&$1!1&.&#7!9&&4/!

!:4&7!;,12&()!

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