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Ajjchi aj Xtr`tioch Cgjare`tcag,

 ^isi`rhb `gl Vd`ggcgo

Bast Haugtry Cep`ht Xtuly

Ykr`cgi

Jcg`d ^ipart prip`ril ny tbi Ajjchi aj Xtr`tioch Cgjare`tcag,

^isi`rhb `gl Vd`ggcgo

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V`oi | >

\@NDI AJ HAG\IG\X

DCX\ AJ \@NDIX .........................................................................................................................8 

DCX\ AJ JCOY^IX .......................................................................................................................8 

@HKGA_DILOIEIG\X ..........................................................................................................9 

@H^AGSEX @GL LIJCGC\CAGX .............................................................................................: 

IRIHY\CZI XYEE@^S ...........................................................................................................? 

Cgtraluhtcag ................................................................................................................................... ? Vurpasi aj tbi Bast Haugtry Cep`ht Xtulcis ................................................................................ ? Iv`du`tcag Eitbaladaoy ............................................................................................................... ? Vramiht Liscog ̀ gl Vurpasi ........................................................................................................... 2 Iv`du`tcag Jcglcgos ....................................................................................................................... 2 

HB@V\I^ 0= CG\^ALYH\CAG ...............................................................................................00 

N`hkoraugl ................................................................................................................................. 00 

\bcs Bcstary aj tbi Vi`hi Harps/Ykr`cgi \i`hbcgo Igodcsb `s ` Jaricog D`gou`oi (\IJD)Vramiht .......................................................................................................................................... 0> Vurpasi aj tbi Bast Haugtry Cep`ht Xtulcis .............................................................................. 0> Iv`du`tcag Eitbaladaoy ............................................................................................................. 08 Baw _cdd tbi Cgjare`tcag ni Ysil1 ........................................................................................... 0= V^AMIH\ LIXCOG @GL VY^VAXI ..............................................................09 

Xihtar Avirvciw .......................................................................................................................... 09 HB@V\I^ 8= OA@D AGI JCGLCGOX .....................................................................................02 

Lcl Vi`hi Harps– Vramihts Bidp Vramiht V`rtgirs Eiit Xkcdd `gl H`p`hcty Nucdlcgo Giils1 .... 02 Jcglcgos ag Cglcvclu`d Hb`gois .................................................................................................. >9 Baw Lcl Xkcdds \r`gsjir Ahhur1 ................................................................................................. 8> Avir`dd BHG X`tcsj`htcag ............................................................................................................ 82 Xuppart ̀ gl N`rrcirs ta Vramiht Virjare`ghi ..............................................................................  

HAGHDYXCAGX ..........................................................................................................................?8 

@VVIGLCR 0= EI\BALADAOS ............................................................................................?9 

@VVIGLCR >= EI\BALADAOS J^AE \BI BAX\ HAYG\^S ^IXI@^HB \I@E ?2 

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V`oi | 8

DCX\ AJ \@NDIX

\`ndi 0= Guenir ̀ gl \ypi aj Bast Haugtry G`tcag`ds Cgtirvciwil= Ykr`cgi ............................. 0= Guenir ̀ gl \ypi aj Bast Haugtry G`tcag`ds Cgtirvciwil= Ykr`cgi ............................. ?: \`ndi 8= Xuee`ry aj Cgtirvciw Puistcags ny ^ispagligt \ypi ................................................. ?:

 

DCX\ AJ JCOY^IX

Jcouri 0= Avirvciw aj tbi \biary aj Hb`goi jar tbi \IJD Vramiht= Ykr`cgi ............................. 0: Jcouri >= Virhigt`oi aj \IJD Vramiht Haugtirp`rts `gl Nigijchc`rcis tb`t ^`til tbi Hb`goi `s

@t Di`st Xaeiwb`t Nittir= shbaad Divid (g506 Jcouri 8= Virhigt`oi aj \IJD Vramiht Haugtirp`rts `gl Nigijchc`rcis tb`t Cglch`til tb`t tbi

Xhbaad-Divid Hb`gois ̂ ie`cgil cg Ijjiht @jtir tbi Lip`rturi aj tbi Zadugtiir (g500 Jcouri  

Jcouri := Guenir aj \IJD Vramiht Xt`kibadlirs tb`t Cglch`til tb`t tbi Xhbaad-Divid Hb`goisD`roidy ar Haepditidy Eit \bicr Giils (g5: Jcouri 2= Virhigt`oi aj \IJD Haugtirp`rts `gl Nigijchc`rcis tb`t ^`til tbi Hb`goi `s `t Di`st

Xaeiwb`t Nittir= Cglcvclu`d Divid (g50? Jcouri 3= Virhigt`oi aj \IJD Vramiht Haugtirp`rts `gl Nigijchc`rcis _ba Cglch`til tb`t tbi

Cglcvclu`d-Divid Hb`gois ^ie`cgil cg Ijjiht @jtir tbi Lip`rturi aj tbi Zadugtiir (g502 

Jcouri 06= Virhigt`oi aj \IJD Vramiht Haugtirp`rts `gl Nigijchc`rcis _ba Cglch`til tb`t tbiCglcvclu`d-Divid Hb`gois D`roidy ar Haepditidy Eit \bicr Giils (g503 

Jcouri 00= Jriquighy wctb _bchb Iluh`tcag Vramiht Haugtirp`rts `gl Nigijchc`rcis ^ipartYscgo Xkcdds Di`rgil \brauob tbi Vi`hi Harps Vramiht= Ykr`cgi (_ark dcji g5:= \IJD Haugtirp`rt \r`cgcgo= Ykr`cgi (g5:9) .............................................................. 8> Jcouri 08= \ihbgch`d \r`cgcgo ^ihicvil ny \IJD Haugtirp`rts= Ykr`cgi (g5:9) ...................... 88 Jcouri 09) .................................................................................................................................. 8? Jcouri 0?= Haugtirp`rt `gl Nigijchc`ry X`tcsj`htcag wctb tbi \IJD Vramiht Authaeis= Ykr`cgi

(g5083) .................................................................................................................................. 83 

Jcouri 02= \IJD Vramiht Haugtirp`rts– ^`tcgo aj Dah`d H`p`hcty Nucdlcgo= Ykr`cgi (g5:>-:9)

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V`oi | <

Jcouri >>= N`rrcirs ta Vramiht Xuhhiss `eago \IJD Vramiht Xt`kibadlirs= Ykr`cgi (g5?= Apcgcag aj @eirch`gs Nijari Cgtir`htcag @eago Haugtirp`rts `gl Nigijchc`rcis=

Ykr`cgi (g502= Apcgcag aj @eirch`gs Nijari Cgtir`htcag @eago Bast J`ecdy Eienirs= Ykr`cgi

(g50:) .................................................................................................................................... 9: Jcouri >3= @htcvctcis tb`t Bast J`ecdy Eienirs Xb`ril wctb Zadugtiirs= Ykr`cgi (g50:) ........ 93 Jcouri 86= Bast J`ecdcis– ^`tcgo aj \bicr ^id`tcagsbcp wctb tbi Zadugtiir= Ykr`cgi (g50:)..... :6 Jcouri 80= Jriquighy aj Zadugtiirs– Cgtir`htcag wctb Haugtirp`rts `gl Nigijchc`rcis= Ykr`cgi

(g50 

= Hb`goi cg Divid aj Yglirst`glcgo aj @eirch`gs @jtir Hagt`ht wctb Zadugtiirs@eago Haugtirp`rts ̀ gl Nigijchc`rcis= Ykr`cgi (g50

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V`oi | 9

@HKGA_DILOIEIG\X0

 

Xivir`d piapdi `t Vi`hi Harps/bi`lqu`rtirs wiri cgstrueigt`d cg d`ughbcgo tbi wark aj tbicep`ht iv`du`tcag sircis. \brii riocag`d praor`e `gl tr`cgcgo `lvcsirs, N`rn`r` Nrawg, Echb`id

EhH`ni, `gl E`ro`rit EhD`uobdcg, sbipbirlil tbi stulcis jrae cgctc`d haghipt tacepdieigt`tcag cg tbicr riocags. Z`du`ndi suppart `gl cgput `dsa haei jrae Ykr`cgi HaugtryLisk Ajjchir Diggy N`gkistir .

\bi cgtirist `gl suppart jrae tbi Vi`hi Harps– st`jj cg tbi haugtrcis wbiri tbi risi`rhb w`shagluhtil wiri hrctch`d cg tbi igli`var. Aur scghiri `pprihc`tcag cs ixtiglil ta jareir HaugtryLcrihtar Lc`g` Xhbeclt `gl hurrigt Haugtry Lcrihtar Lauod`ss \ishbgir , Vraor`e `gl \r`cgcgoAjjchir \bae`s ^ass, \IJD Di`l Xpihc`dcst \`tc`g` O`cluk , `gl Sautb Lividapeigt Di`lXpihc`dcst @g`tadcy X`kbga. 

\bi suhhiss aj tbi stulcis cs lui udtce`tidy ta tbi wark aj tbi dah`d risi`rhb ti`e bi`lil ny

Xigcar ̂ isi`rhbir Dyunav V`dyval`. Bir  ti`e skcddjuddy ighaur`oil tbi p`rtgirs>

 0@dtbauob tbisi stulcis `ri ` ti`e ijjart cgvadvcgo `dd eienirs aj tbi AXC^V st`jj, wi waudl dcki ta rihaogcziBiclc Nraikieicir jar bir radi `s tbi stuly di`l `gl tbi scogcjch`gt suppart pravclil ny Xus`g Migkcgs `gl AXC^V–sHbcij aj Iv`du`tcag, M`git Kirdiy. Mabg Nry`g hapy-ilctil tbi p`pir `gl AXC^V Lcrihtar H`tbryg D. \baruprivciwil `gl e`li sunst`gtcvi ilcts ta tbi p`pir.

aj Vi`hiHarps Zadugtiirs ta sb`ri tbicr ixpircighis `gl pirspihtcvis.

> V`rtgirs cghduli `gy cglcvclu`ds wba e`y b`vi dcvil ar warkil wctb ` Vi`hi Harps Zadugtiir.

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V`oi | :

@H^AGSEX @GL LIJCGC\CAGX

@hragyes

HHH HHH Hri`tcvi Higtir

BHG Bast Haugtry G`tcag`d

JDIR Juturi Di`lirs Ixhb`goi Vraor`e

EAIX Ecgcstry aj Iluh`tcag `gl Xhcighi

 GOA Gag-Oavirgeigt`d Aro`gcz`tcag

AEN Ajjchi aj E`g`oieigt `gl Nuloit

AXC^V Ajjchi aj Xtr`tioch Cgjare`tcag, ^isi`rhb `gl Vd`ggcgo

VH/Y Vi`hi Harps/Ykr`cgiVHZ Vi`hi Harps Zadugtiir

\IJD \i`hbcgo Igodcsb ̀ s ` Jaricog D`gou`oi

Lijcgctcags

Nigijchc`rcis Cglcvclu`ds wba rihicvi `sscst`ghi ̀ gl bidp jrae tbi pramiht; tbi piapdi tb`t tbi pramiht cs prce`rcdy liscogil ta `lv`gt̀ oi

Haugtirp`rts/Vramiht p`rtgirs Cglcvclu`ds wba wark wctb Vi`hi Harps Zadugtiirs;Zadugtiirs e`y wark wctb eudtcpdi p`rtgirs ̀ gl haugtirp`rtslurcgo tbicr sirvchi. Vramiht p`rtgirs `dsa nigijct jrae tbi pramihts, nut wbig tbiy `ri p`cril wctb Zadugtiirs cg ` prajisscag`d rid`tcagsbcp ar n`sil ag tbicr pasctcag cg `garo`gcz`tcag ar haeeugcty (i.o., haeeugcty di`lir), tbiy `rihagscliril haugtirp`rts ar pramiht p`rtgirs

Bast j`ecdy eienirs J`ecdcis wctb wbae ` Zadugtiir dcvil lurcgo ̀ dd ar p`rt ajbcs/bir tr`cgcgo ̀ gl/ar sirvchi

Vramiht st`kibadlirs Bast haugtry ̀ oighy spagsars ̀ gl p`rtgirs8

 8 \bcs lijcgctcag, wbcdi g`rrawir tb`g tbi agi haeeagdy usil cg tbi lividapeigt jcidl, cs tbi s`ei `s tb`t usil cgtbi cglch`tar l`t` sbiit lividapil jar Vi`hi Harps Virjare`ghi Cglch`tar 0.0.0 n.

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V`oi | ?

IRIHY\CZI XYEE@^S

Cgtraluhtcag

Cg >662, tbi Vi`hi Harps d`ughbil ` sircis aj stulcis ta litirecgi tbi cep`ht aj cts Zadugtiirsag twa aj tbi `oighy–s tbrii oa`ds= nucdlcgo dah`d h`p`hcty `gl praeatcgo ` nittir uglirst`glcgoaj @eirch`gs `eago bast haugtry g`tcag`ds (BHGs). \bi Vi`hi Harps hagluhts `g `ggu`d surviytb`t h`pturis tbi pirspihtcvi aj hurrigtdy sirvcgo Zadugtiirs.<

\bcs ripart prisigts tbi jcglcgos jrae tbi stuly hagluhtil cg Ykr`cgi lurcgo E`y aj >606. \birisi`rhb jahusil ag tbi \i`hbcgo Igodcsb `s ` Jaricog D`gou`oi (\IJD) Vramiht.

_bcdi pravclcgo hrctch`d cgscobtcgta tbi Zadugtiir ixpircighi, tbi surviy h`g agdy `llriss agi scli aj tbi Vi`hi Harps– stary.\bi `oighy–s Bast Haugtry Cep`ht Xtulcis `ri ugcqui jar tbicr jahus ag di`rgcgo `naut tbi Vi`hiHarps– cep`ht lcrihtdy jrae bast haugtry g`tcag`ds wba dcvil `gl warkil wctb Zadugtiirs.

Vurpasi aj tbi Bast Haugtry Cep`ht Xtulcis

Ykr`cgi–s Bast Haugtry Cep`ht Xtuly w`s liscogil ta `ssiss tbi liorii ta wbchb tbi Vi`hiHarps w`s `ndi ta eiit tbi giils aj tbi haugtry cg lividapcgo iluh`tcag`d h`p`hcty, cgcepravcgo bi`dtb authaeis, `gl cg praeatcgo ` nittir uglirst`glcgo aj @eirch`gs `eago basthaugtry g`tcag`ds. \bi stuly w`s cgtiglil ta pravcli tbi Vi`hi Harps wctb ` nittiruglirst`glcgo aj tbi \IJD Vramiht, `gl ta cligtcjy `ri`s jar cepravieigt.

\bi e`mar risi`rhb quistcags `llrissil cg tbi stuly `ri=

•  Lcl skcdds tr`gsjir `gl h`p`hcty nucdlcgo ahhur1•  _b`t skcdds wiri tr`gsjirril ta aro`gcz`tcags/haeeugctcis ̀ gl cglcvclu`ds ̀ s `

risudt aj Zadugtiirs– wark1•  _iri tbi skcdds `gl h`p`hctcis sust`cgil p`st tbi igl aj tbi pramiht1•  Baw s`tcsjcil wiri BHGs wctb tbi pramiht wark1•  _b`t lcl BHGs di`rg `naut @eirch`gs1•  Lcl BHGs ripart tb`t tbicr apcgcags aj @eirch`gs b`l hb`goil `jtir cgtir`htcgo

wctb tbi Vi`hi Harps `gl Vi`hi Harps Zadugtiirs (VHZs)1

Iv`du`tcag Eitbaladaoy

\bcs iv`du`tcag ripart cs n`sil ag l`t` pravclil ny haugtirp`rts, nigijchc`rcis, `gl st`kibadlirsaj tbi \i`hbcgo Igodcsb `s ` Jaricog D`gou`oi Vramiht, cghdulcgo=

•  :9 Haugtirp`rts/pramiht p`rtgirs•  ?: Nigijchc`rcis

66>, wbig ` nciggc`d surviy w`s cgstctutil. \bisurviy nih`ei `g `ggu`d surviy cg >663 ta eiit `oighy ripartcgo riqucrieigts.

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 IRIHY\CZI XYEE@^S

V`oi | 2

•  0: Bast j`ecdy eienirs•  < Xt`kibadlirs

Avir`dd, tbi surviy ri`hbil 0:0 rispagligts cg >6 haeeugctcis.

Cgtirvciws wiri hagluhtil jrae E`y 9 ta E`y 02, >606. \bi iv`du`tcag stulcis wiri liscogil nyVi`hi Harps/bi`lqu`rtirs– Ajjchi aj Xtr`tioch Cgjare`tcag, ^isi`rhb `gl Vd`ggcgo (AXC^V). \bcsiv`du`tcag w`s hagluhtil cg-haugtry ny tbi HHH Hri`tcvi Higtir (HHH), ` Ykr`cgc`g GOA.Ykr`cgc`g Xigcar ^isi`rhbir Dyunav V`dyval` `gl bir ti`e aj tig cgtirvciwirs hagluhtil tbirisi`rhb. (@ judd lishrcptcag aj tbi eitbaladaoy cs jaugl cg @ppiglcx 0. Vdi`si hagt`ht AXC^Vjar ` hapy aj tbi cgtirvciw quistcagg`cri.)

Vramiht Liscog ̀ gl Vurpasi

\bi \IJD Vramiht st`rtil cg Mugi aj 0338 wbig >8 Vi`hi Harps Zadugtiirs `rrcvil cg Ykr`cgi.\bi Vi`hi Harps/Ykr`cgi \JJD pramiht w`s arcocg`ddy lividapil cg rispagsi ta rijares cg

jaricog d`gou`oi iluh`tcag. \bi Ecgcstry aj Iluh`tcag `gl Xhcighi (EAIX) cg tbi Xt`ti G`tcag`d Vraor`e riquistil `sscst`ghi jrae Vi`hi Harps ta `llriss giils cg tbi jaddawcgo `ri`s=

•  Cepravi tbi Igodcsb d`gou`oi `ncdcty aj stuligts `gl ti`hbirs•  Jurtbir ti`hbir-ta-ti`hbir skcdds tr`gsjir nitwiig g`tcvi Igodcsb spi`kirs (Zadugtiirs)

`gl Nudo`rc`g Igodcsb ti`hbirs•  Lividap `gl/ar igb`ghi iluh`tcag`d e`tirc`ds•  Vravcli ixtr`-hurrchud`r `htcvctcis jar stuligts ta strigotbig tbicr h`p`hcty `gl eatcv`tcag

ta igo`oi cg haeeugcty autri`hb pramihts.

\bi Vi`hi Harps– \IJD Vramiht jahusil prce`rcdy ag iluh`tcag`d cgstctutcags cg autdycgo `ri`s

wbiri tbi lie`gl jar Igodcsb d`gou`oi cgstruhtcag cs cghri`scgo.

Iv`du`tcag Jcglcgos

Oa`d 0 Jcglcgos

\bi iv`du`tcag jcglcgos hagjcre tbi suhhissjud ri`dcz`tcag aj tbi \IJD Vramiht ny Vi`hiHarps/Ykr`cgi (VH/Y). \brii aj tbi jaur pramiht authaeis wiri suhhissjuddy `hbcivil. _bcdi tbiripart pravclis ` lit`cdil lcshusscag aj tbi risudts jar `dd tbi stuly quistcags, tbi kiy jcglcgos`ri prisigtil nidaw=

\IJD Authaeis _iri ^i`hbil

•  39% aj tbi ti`hbirs `gl stuligts ripartil cepravil Igodcsb d`gou`oi skcdds `eagostuligts 

•  30% aj tbi ti`hbirs ripartil cepravieigt cg tbicr usi aj hri`tcvi `gl stuligt-arcigtilti`hbcgo eitbals 

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 IRIHY\CZI XYEE@^S

V`oi | 3

•  ?:% aj rispagligts cglch`til tb`t tbi hb`goi cg tbi Igodcsb d`gou`oi skcdds aj stuligtseit tbicr shbaad–s giils 

Hcvch Igo`oieigt Authaei V`rtc`ddy @hbcivil

•

 

Jiwir tb`g 96% aj rispagligts gatil tb`t tbi aro`gcz`tcag-divid hb`gois cg hcvch`htcvctcis eit tbicr giils

Cglcvclu`d H`p`hcty _`s Nucdt

•  3% aj rispagligts ripartil di`rgcgo haeeugch`tcag skcdds 

H`p`hcty Nucdlcgo _`s Xust`cgil

•  3:% aj tbi hb`gois wiri e`cgt`cgil `t tbi 96% divid ar eari, `jtir tbi lip`rturi aj tbiZadugtiirs 

•  Eari tb`g :6% aj tbi rispagligts ripartil l`cdy prajisscag`d usi aj tbi skcdds lividapiltbrauob tbi pramiht. @deast

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 IRIHY\CZI XYEE@^S

V`oi | 06

N`rrcirs ta Vramiht Xuhhiss 

•  @ d`hk aj juglcgo w`s tbi east jriquigtdy eigtcagil n`rrcir ta pramiht suhhiss,

eigtcagil ny 86% aj \IJD pramiht rispagligts

Oa`d > Jcglcgos

BHGs Lividapil Eari Vasctcvi Apcgcags aj @eirch`gs

•  Nijari cgtir`htcgo wctb VHZs, 02% aj haugtirp`rts `gl nigijchc`rcis `gl twa aj 0: bastj`ecdy eienirs ripartil ` tbarauob uglirst`glcgo aj @eirch`gs 

•  @jtir cgtir`htcgo wctb tbi Zadugtiirs, 96 pirhigt aj haugtirp`rts, 83 pirhigt aj nigijchc`rcis, `gl scx aj 0: bast j`ecdy eienirs ripartil b`vcgo ` tbarauobuglirst`glcgo aj @eirch`gs 

•  Nijari cgtir`htcgo wctb VHZs, 06% aj haugtirp`rts, 09% aj nigijchc`rcis, `gl tbrii aj 0:

bast j`ecdy eienirs ripartil ` viry pasctcvi apcgcag aj @eirch`gs.

• 

@jtir cgtir`htcgo wctb tbi Zadugtiirs, ?>% aj nigijchc`r cis `gl 06 aj 0: bast j`ecdyeienirs ripartil eari pasctcvi apcgcags aj @eirch`gs9

 

9 Lui ta `g irrar cg tbi lividapeigt aj tbi cgtirvciw quistcags, tbcs quistcag w`s gat `skil aj haugtirp`rts.

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V`oi | 00

HB@V\I^ 0= CG\^ALYH\CAG

N`hkoraugl

\bi Vi`hi Harps tr`his cts raats `gl ecsscag ta 03:6, wbig tbig-Xig`tar Mabg J. Kiggilyhb`ddigoil stuligts `t tbi Ygcvirscty aj Echbco`g ta sirvi tbicr haugtry cg tbi h`usi aj pi`hi nydcvcgo `gl warkcgo cg lividapcgo haugtrcis. Jrae tb`t cgspcr`tcag oriw `g `oighy aj tbi jilir`doavirgeigt livatil ta wardl pi`hi `gl jrciglsbcp.

Ny tbi igl aj 03:0, Vi`hi Harps Zadugtiirs wirisirvcgo cg sivig haugtrcis. Xcghi tbig, eari tb`g>66,666 eig `gl waeig b`vi sirvil cg 083haugtrcis. Vi`hi Harps `htcvctcis havir cssuisr`gocgo jrae @CLX iluh`tcag ta cgjare`tcagtihbgadaoy ̀ gl igvcrageigt`d prisirv`tcag. Vi`hiHarps Zadugtiirs hagtcgui ta bidp haugtdisscglcvclu`ds wba w`gt ta nucdl ` nittir dcji jartbiesidvis, tbicr hbcdlrig, `gl tbicr haeeugctcis.

Cg h`rrycgo aut tbi `oighy–s tbrii hari oa`ds, Vi`hiHarps Zadugtiirs e`ki ` lcjjirighi ny nucdlcgodah`d h`p`hcty `gl praeatcgo ` nittir uglirst`glcgoaj @eirch`gs `eago bast haugtry g`tcag`ds. @e`mar hagtrcnutcag aj Vi`hi Harps Zadugtiirs, wbadcvi cg tbi haeeugctcis wbiri tbiy wark, stiesjrae tbicr `ncdcty ta lidcvir tihbgch`d cgtirvigtcagslcrihtdy ta nigijchc`rcis dcvcgo cg rur`d `gl urn`g `ri`s tb`t d`hk sujjchcigt dah`d h`p`hcty.

Zadugtiirs apir`ti jrae ` lividapeigt prcghcpdi tb`t praeatis sust`cg`ndi pramihts `glstr`tiocis.

\bi cgtirlipiglighi aj Oa`d 0 `gl Oa`d > cs higtr`d ta tbi Vi`hi Harps ixpircighi, `s BHGslividap rid`tcagsbcps wctb Zadugtiirs wba haeeugch`ti cg tbi dah`d d`gou`oi, sb`ri iviryl`yixpircighis, ̀ gl wark hadd`nar`tcvidy.

\bi Vi`hi Harps hagluhts `g `ggu`d surviy aj hurrigtdy sirvcgo Zadugtiirs,:

 

 nut ct hagviys agdyagi scli aj Vi`hi Harps– stary. Cg >662, tbi Vi`hi Harps d`ughbil ` sircis aj stulcis ta nittir`ssiss tbi cep`ht aj cts Zadugtiirs. \bisi stulcis `ri ugcqui jar tbicr jahus ag di`rgcgo `naut tbiVi`hi Harps– cep`ht lcrihtdy jrae tbi bast haugtry g`tcag`ds wba dcvil `gl warkil wctb

Zadugtiirs.

:Vi`hi Harps surviyil Zadugtiirs pircalch`ddy jrae 03?8 ta >66> wbig ` nciggc`d surviy w`s cgstctutil. \bi surviy nih`ei `g `ggu`d surviy cg >663 ta eiit `oighy ripartcgo riqucrieigts.

Vi`hi Harps–

Hari Oa`ds

Oa`d 0- \a bidp tbi piapdi aj cgtiristilhaugtrcis cg eiitcgo tbicr giil jar

tr`cgil eig `gl waeig.

Oa`d >- \a bidp praeati ` nittiruglirst`glcgo aj @eirch`gs ag tbi p`rtaj tbi piapdis sirvil.

Oa`d 8- \a bidp praeati ` nittiruglirst`glcgo aj atbir piapdi ag tbi p`rt aj @eirch`gs.

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\bcs Bcstary aj tbi Vi`hi Harps/Ykr`cgi \i`hbcgo Igodcsb ̀ s ̀ Jaricog

D`gou`oi (\IJD) Vramiht

\bi \i`hbcgo Igodcsb `s ` Jaricog D`gou`oi (\IJD) Vramiht st`rtil cg Mugi aj 0338 wbig >8Vi`hi Harps Zadugtiirs `rrcvil cg Ykr`cgi. \bi pramiht w`s arcocg`ddy lividapil cg rispagsi ta

rijares cg jaricog d`gou`oi iluh`tcag cligtcjcil ny tbi EAIX jar tbi Xt`ti G`tcag`d Vraor`e`gl ta `llriss tbi giils aj Ykr`cgc`g piapdi. \bi pramiht jahusil ag cepravcgo tbi Igodcsbd`gou`oi h`p`ncdctcis aj stuligts `gl ti`hbirs, praeatcgo ` haeeugch`tcvi `ppra`hb ta tbi\IJD eitbaladaoy, lividapcgo iluh`tcag`d e`tirc`ds, ̀ gl cgvadvcgo shbaads cg haeeugctyautri`hb.

Cg 0332 tbi @lvcsary Haeecttii, haeprcsil aj riprisigt`tcvis jrae Vi`hi Harps– st`jj `glZadugtiirs, tbi Ecgcstry aj Iluh`tcag `gl Xhcighi, `gl atbir g`tcag`d `gl cgtirg`tcag`daro`gcz`tcags“w`s jareil ta hagluht surviys, `g`dyzi tbi risudts, `gl iv`du`ti tbi pramiht–sjr`eiwark `gl ecl-tire `hhaepdcsbeigts. \bi oa`ds aj tbi \IJD Vramiht wiri h`rijuddyrivciwil `gl giw prcarctcis wiri litirecgil. \bi d`ttir cghdulil tbi pd`hieigt aj Zadugtiirs cg

se`dd tawgs `gl vcdd`ois, rioud`r ti`hbir tr`cgcgos jar haeeugcty Igodcsb ti`hbirs, `gl hagtigt- n`sil iluh`tcag wctb ` jahus ag haeeugcty `htcvcse.

Vurpasi aj tbi Bast Haugtry Cep`ht Xtulcis

\bcs ripart prisigts tbi jcglcgos jrae tbi cep`ht iv`du`tcag hagluhtil cg Ykr`cgi lurcgo E`y aj>606. \bi pramiht stulcil w`s tbi \i`hbcgo Igodcsb `s ` Jaricog D`gou`oi Vramiht (\IJD).

\bi cep`ht stuly lahueigts BHG pirspihtcvi ag tbi cep`ht aj Vi`hi Harps Zadugtiirs ag skcddstr`gsjir ta `gl h`p`hcty nucdlcgo aj bast haugtry haugtirp`rts `gl haeeugcty eienirs `gl aghb`gois cg bast haugtry g`tcag`ds– uglirst`glcgo aj @eirch`gs.

\bi e`mar risi`rhb quistcags `llrissil cg tbi stuly `ri=

•  Lcl skcdds tr`gsjir `gl h`p`hcty nucdlcgo ahhur1•  _b`t skcdds wiri tr`gsjirril ta aro`gcz`tcags/haeeugctcis ̀ gl cglcvclu`ds ̀ s `

risudt aj Zadugtiirs– wark1•  _iri tbi skcdds `gl h`p`hctcis sust`cgil p`st tbi igl aj tbi pramiht1•  Baw s`tcsjcil wiri BHGs wctb tbi pramiht wark1•  _b`t lcl BHGs di`rg `naut @eirch`gs1•  Lcl BHGs ripart tb`t tbicr apcgcags aj @eirch`gs b`l hb`goil `jtir cgtir`htcgo

wctb tbi Vi`hi Harps `gl Vi`hi Harps Zadugtiirs1

\bi cgjare`tcag o`tbiril tbrauob tbcs risi`rhb wcdd bidp tbi Vi`hi Harps `gswir quistcags `nauttbi liorii ta wbchb tbi `oighy cs `ndi“`hrass pasts, sihtars, `gl sctis“ta eiit tbi giils ajbast haugtrcis jar tr`cgil eig `gl waeig `gl ta praeati ` nittir uglirst`glcgo aj @eirch`gs`eago BHGs. \bcs cgjare`tcag haepdieigts tbi cgjare`tcag pravclil ny Vi`hi HarpsZadugtiirs cg tbicr Vramiht Xt`tus ^iparts `gl tbi @ggu`d Zadugtiir Xurviy.

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Iv`du`tcag Eitbaladaoy

Cg >662, tbi Vi`hi Harps– Ajjchi aj Xtr`tioch Cgjare`tcag, ^isi`rhb `gl Vd`ggcgo (AXC^V)cgctc`til ` sircis aj iv`du`tcag stulcis cg rispagsi ta ` e`gl`ti jrae tbi Ajjchi aj E`g`oieigt`gl Nuloit (AEN) tb`t Vi`hi Harps iv`du`ti tbi cep`ht aj cts Zadugtiirs cg `hbcivcgo Oa`d >.

\brii haugtrcis wiri sidihtil ta pcdat ` eitbaladaoy tb`t waudl ix`ecgi tbi cep`ht aj tbitihbgch`d wark aj Zadugtiirs, `gl tbicr haradd`ry wark aj praeatcgo ` nittir uglirst`glcgo aj@eirch`gs `eago tbi piapdi wctb wbae tbi Zadugtiirs warkil `gl dcvil. Cg hadd`nar`tcag wctbtbi Vi`hi Harps– haugtry lcrihtar `t i`hb past, AXC^V pcdatil ` eitbaladaoy ta haddihtcgjare`tcag lcrihtdy jrae bast haugtry g`tcag`ds `naut skcdds tr`gsjir `gl h`p`hcty nucdlcgo, `swidd `s hb`gois cg tbicr uglirst`glcgo aj @eirch`gs.

\bi risi`rhb jar tbcs stuly w`s liscogil ny AXC^V sahc`d shcigtcsts `gl cepdieigtil cg-haugtry ny Xigcar ^isi`rhbir Dyunav V`dyval` `gl ` ti`e aj cgtirvciwirs, uglir tbi supirvcscag aj tbiVi`hi Harps– haugtry st`jj. \ihbgch`d lcrihtcag w`s pravclil ny tbi AXC^V ti`e. @ win-n`sil

l`t`n`si w`s usil ta e`g`oi tbi quistcagg`cri l`t` `gl sunsiquigt `g`dyscs.

Cg Ykr`cgi, tbi ti`e hagluhtil cgtirvciws cg >6 haeeugctcis wbiri Zadugtiirs warkil. \briibuglril scxty-agi pd`hieigts nitwiig >669 ̀ gl >606 wiri cligtcjcil jar passcndi p`rtchcp`tcagcg tbi stuly. @ riprisigt`tcvi, r`tbir tb`g ` r`glae, s`epdi w`s lr`wg jrae tbi dcst aj Zadugtiir`sscogeigts scghi >669. Ykr`cgc`g Xigcar ^isi`rhbir Dyunav V`dyval` `gl bir ti`e hagluhtilsiec-struhturil cgtirvciws wctb Ykr`cgc`gs wba b`l dcvil `gl/ar warkil wctb Vi`hi HarpsZadugtiirs. (\bi cgtirvciw shbiludi cs `v`cd`ndi upag riquist jrae AXC^V.)

\bi surviy ri`hbil 0:0 rispagligts cg >6 haeeugctcis. Xctis wiri sidihtil ta ni `sriprisigt`tcvi aj Ykr`cgi ̀ s passcndi, cghdulcgo oiaor`pbch ̀ gl dcgoucstch lcvirscty.

Cgtirvciws wiri hagluhtil jrae E`y 9 tbrauob E`y 02, >606 wctb sivig oraups aj bast haugtrycglcvclu`ds (\`ndi 0)=

•  Vramiht p`rtgirs/haugtirp`rts= Igodcsb ti`hbirs, lip`rteigt lcrihtars `gl liputy

lcrihtars, ̀ gl Igodcsb d`gou`oi spihc`dcsts jrae sihagl`ry shbaads, ugcvirsctcis, artr`cgcgo cgstctutcags

•  Vramiht nigijchc`rcis= Igodcsb ti`hbirs, ti`hbirs aj atbir sunmihts, Igodcsb hduneienirs, `gl stuligts jrae :8 sihagl`ry shbaads, gcgi ugcvirsctcis, `gl jaur tr`cgcgocgstctutcags

•  Bast j`ecdy eienirs= J`ecdcis tb`t bastil ar sirvil `s d`gldarls ta Zadugtiirs lurcgo`dd ar p`rt aj tbicr sirvchi, cghdulcgo lurcgo Vri-Xirvchi \r`cgcgo

•  Vramiht st`kibadlirs= Cglcvclu`ds wctb scogcjch`gt cgvadvieigt cg tbi liscog,

cepdieigt`tcag ar risudts aj tbi Vi`hi Harps pramiht, cghdulcgo ajjchc`ds jrae tbiEcgcstry aj Iluh`tcag `gl Xhcighi, tbi Ecgcstry aj tbi Ihagaey, `gl tbi ilctar aj `gIgodcsb d`gou`oi giwsp`pir

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Cgtirvciwirs riharlil tbi rispagligts– haeeigts, halil tbi `gswirs, `gl igtiril ta ` win- n`sil l`t`n`si e`cgt`cgil ny AXC^V. \bi l`t` wiri `g`dyzil ny AXC^V risi`rhbirs `gl tbisigcar risi`rhbir.

\`ndi 0= Guenir `gl \ypi aj Bast Haugtry G`tcag`ds Cgtirvciwil= Ykr`cgi

Cgtirvciw \ypi Guenir aj Viapdi Guenir aj Xctis

Vramiht haugtirp`rts•  D`gou`oi ti`hbirs•  Lcrihtars•  Dcgoucsts•  Xt`jj `t tr`cgcgo

cgstctutcags

:96

Vramiht nigijchc`rcis ?: >6Bast j`ecdy eienirs 0: 06 cg-sirvchi j`ecdcis

: VX\ j`ecdcisVramiht st`kibadlirs < -

\at`d 0:0 -

Baw _cdd tbi Cgjare`tcag ni Ysil1

\bi cgjare`tcag o`tbiril wcdd cgjare Vi`hi Harps st`jj `t past `gl bi`lqu`rtirs `naut basthaugtry g`tcag`ds– pirhiptcags aj tbi haeeugcty pramihts ̀ gl tbi Zadugtiirs. Cg hagmughtcagwctb Zadugtiir jiiln`hk jrae tbi @ggu`d Zadugtiir Xurviy, tbcs cgjare`tcag wcdd `ddaw tbiVi`hi Harps ta nittir uglirst`gl cts cep`ht `gl `llriss `ri`s jar cepravieigt. Jar ix`epdi, tbi

cgjare`tcag e`y ni usijud jar Zadugtiir tr`cgcgo `gl autri`hb ta bast j`ecdcis `gl pramiht p`rtgirs.

\bcs cgjare`tcag cs `dsa giilil ta pravcli pirjare`ghi cgjare`tcag ta tbi Y. X. Ajjchi ajE`g`oieigt `gl Nuloit (AEN) `gl tbi Y.X. Hagoriss. @s p`rt aj tbi Vi`hi Harps–Cepravieigt Vd`g, lr`jtil cg rispagsi ta cts >669 Vraor`e @ssisseigt ^`tcgo \aad rivciw,tbi Vi`hi Harps prapasil —hri`tcgo n`sidcgis ta ei`suri risudts cghdulcgo surviy l`t` cghaugtrcis wctb ` Vi`hi Harps prisighi ta ei`suri tbi praeatcag aj ` nittir uglirst`glcgo aj@eirch`gs ag tbi p`rt aj tbi piapdis sirvil.―?

 ? AEN. Vraor`e @ssisseigt= Vi`hi Harps. Cgtirg`tcag`d Zadugtiircse. >669. Cepravieigt Vd`g.

Jiiln`hk jrae tbi arcocg`d pcdats w`s usil tarivcsi tbi eitbaladaoy raddil aut ta gcgi pasts cg Jcsh`d Si`r >663 `gl icobt pasts cg JS >606,jar ` tat`d aj 0? pasts `hrass Vi`hi Harps– tbrii oiaor`pbch riocags= @jrch`; Cgtir-@eirch` `gl

tbi V`hcjch; `gl Iurapi, Eilctirr`gi`g, `gl @sc`. \aoitbir, tbisi stulcis hagtrcnuti ta Vi`hiHarps– `ncdcty ta lahueigt tbi liorii ta wbchb tbi `oighy cs `ndi ta natb eiit tbi giils ajbast haugtrcis jar tr`cgil eig `gl waeig `gl ta praeati ` nittir uglirst`glcgo aj @eirch`gs`eago tbi piapdis sirvil.

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HB@V\I^ >= V^AMIH\ LIXCOG @GL VY^VAXI

Xihtar Avirvciw2

 \bi Vi`hi Harps/Ykr`cgi \JJD Vramiht w`s arcocg`ddy lividapil cg rispagsi ta tbi giil jarrijares cg jaricog d`gou`oi iluh`tcag cligtcjcil ny EAIX jar tbi haugtry–s G`tcag`d Vraor`e`gl ta `llriss tbi giils aj tbi Ykr`cgc`g piapdi. Ykr`cgi's cgtior`tcag cgta tbi odan`de`rkitpd`hi riqucris tbi lividapeigt aj Igodcsb-spi`kcgo `ncdcty cg ` d`roi partcag aj cts papud`hi. \bi iluh`tcag`d systie cs gat `ndi ta pravcli Igodcsb d`gou`oi tr`cgcgo jar `ddcgtiristil stuligts.

\bi \IJD Vramiht siiks ta cepravi stuligts– `gl ti`hbirs– Igodcsb haeeugch`tcag skcdds `gl taighaur`oi cglipigligt tbcgkcgo ̀ gl prandie-sadvcgo tbrauob tbi hri`tcag aj ̀ g cgtir`htcvidi`rgcgo igvcrageigt `gl tbrauob tbi usi aj hagtiepar`ry eitbals `gl e`tirc`ds. Zadugtiirswark cg iluh`tcag`d cgstctutcags `s Igodcsb ti`hbirs `gl ti`hbir tr`cgirs. Zadugtiir Igodcsbti`hbirs wark cg hd`ssraaes wctb eari tb`g >6,666 stuligts i`hb yi`r. E`gy hd`ssraae

ti`hbirs `dsa wark `s ti`hbir tr`cgirs nrcgocgo hagtiepar`ry eitbaladaocis ta tbi Ykr`cgc`giluh`tcag`d systie jastircgo lin`ti, hrctch`d tbcgkcgo skcdds, `gl ti`hbir-ta-ti`hbir dcgk`ois. \biZadugtiirs ̀ dsa wark ag lividapcgo iluh`tcag e`tirc`ds ̀ gl cghri`scgo haeeugcty autri`hb.

\bi Vi`hi Harps– \IJD Vramiht cs prce`rcdy haghigtr`til ag iluh`tcag`d cgstctutcags cg autdycgo`ri`s wbiri tbi lie`gl jar Igodcsb d`gou`oi cgstruhtcag cs cghri`scgo. Zadugtiirs bidp tadissig tbi ijjihts aj ` sbart`oi aj Igodcsb ti`hbirs `t sihagl`ry shbaads cg se`dd tawgs `glvcdd`ois, wbiri g`tcvi Igodcsb-spi`kcgo ti`hbirs `ri r`ridy jaugl. \biy `dsa `sscst Ykr`cgc`ghaddi`ouis cg lividapcgo tbicr d`gou`oi haepitighcis tbrauob l`cdy haeeugch`tcag cg cgjare`dsittcgos `gl jare`d ti`hbir tr`cgcgo prisigt`tcags ar warksbaps. \bi \IJD Vramiht `dsa riqucris`dd Zadugtiirs ta t`hkdi tbi sbart`oi aj e`tirc`ds tbrauob tbi hri`tcag aj risaurhi higtirs;

e`tirc`d lividapeigt `gl rivcscag; `gl tbi `htcvi sadchct`tcag aj pundcsbirs, aro`gcz`tcags,cgstctutcags, jrcigls, `gl j`ecdcis. Zadugtiirs `dsa praeati `ttctulis `gl skcdds issigtc`d jar `sbcjt ta ` e`rkit ihagaey `gl ` lieahr`tch sahcity“prandie sadvcgo, hrctch`d tbcgkcgo, hcvchrispagscncdcty, igvcrageigt`d ̀ w`rigiss, `gl bi`dtby dcjistydis.

Vramiht Oa`ds=

0.  Ykr`cgc`g sihagl`ry shbaad `gl ugcvirscty/haddioi stuligts `t `dd divids wcdd lividap sidj-hagjclighi `gl iepawireigt tbrauob tbi usi aj tbi Igodcsb d`gou`oi.

>.  Ykr`cgc`g ti`hbirs wcdd pravcli nittir Igodcsb d`gou`oi iluh`tcag ny utcdczcgo cggav`tcvi

tihbgcquis ̀ gl ̀ ppdycgo cepravil hagvirs`tcag`d skcdds.

8.  Ykr`cgc`g Igodcsb ti`hbirs, cg hadd`nar`tcag wctb Vi`hi Harps Zadugtiirs, wcdd igb`ghi`gl/ar praluhi Igodcsb d`gou`oi hurrchudue e`tirc`ds jar sihagl`ry shbaads ̀ glugcvirsctcis.

 2 \bi Xihtar Avirvciw cs n`sil ag tbi Ykr`cgi Iluh`tcag Vramiht Vd`g Hali= 8663). 

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V`oi | 0:

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V`oi | 0?

\bi Zadugtiirs– _ark @htcvctcis

Haugtirp`rts, nigijchc`rcis, `gl bast j`ecdy eienirs wiri `skil `naut tbi wark `htcvctcis ajZadugtiirs cg tbicr haeeugctcis. @s ixpihtil, haugtirp`rts ripartil Zadugtiirs spigt east ajtbicr tcei warkcgo cg iluh`tcag`d cgstctutcags wctb tbicr haugtirp`rts, ti`hbcgo Igodcsb,

hagluhtcgo Igodcsb hduns `gl wiiks, `gl prip`rcgo stuligts jar Adyepc`ls `gl atbirixtr`hurrchud`r ̀ htcvctcis.

Nigijchc`rcis– lishrcptcag aj Zadugtiirs– wark cghdulil ` eari lit`cdil sit aj `htcvctcis,cghdulcgo=

@h`liech hd`ssis

•  Igodcsb hd`ssis, spihc`d —Igodcsb D`gou`oi L`ys― `gl —Igodcsb D`gou`oi _iiks―•  D`gou`oi sueeir shbaads•  Haeeugch`tcag dissags•  Xe`dd @h`liey aj Xhcighis

• 

Vrip`r`tcag jar tbi JDIR praor`e (oraup `gl cglcvclu`d)

Ixtr`hurrchud`r `gl sueeir hduns •  Ncndi hd`ssis cg Igodcsb cg tbi hburhb•  Lin`ti Hduns•  Igodcsb Hdun•  Igodcsb sueeir h`ep•  Iurapi`g Hdun•  Eavcis ̀ gl lcshusscag (Eavci Hdun)•  Xhbaad giwsp`pir

Cepdieigt`tcag aj pramihts

•  @g igvcrageigt`d h`ep`cog cg tbi oyeg`scue•  Hri`tcag aj ` risaurhi higtir

Xpihc`d ivigts •  Hidinr`tcag aj @eirch`g badcl`ys taoitbir wctb tbi ti`hbirs suhb `s B`ddawiig ar Xt.

Z`digtcgi–s L`y•  Vrip`r`tcag aj stuligts jar tbi Adyepc`l•  Igvcrageigt`d ixhurscags jar tbi vadugtiirs•  \r`cgcgo ag di`lirsbcp `gl hcvch iluh`tcag• 

Hidinr`tcag aj tbi _aeig–s L`y (tbi 2tb aj E`rhb) `gl _ardl @CLX L`y

_b`t Zadugtiirs la w`s gchidy sueeil up ny agi aj tbi nigijchc`rcis wba s`cl= —Zadugtiirshri`til haglctcags jar us ta t`dk `naut aursidvis cg Igodcsb.―

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V`oi | 02

HB@V\I^ 8= OA@D AGI JCGLCGOX

Virjare`ghi uglir tbi Vi`hi Harps– jcrst oa`d w`s ix`ecgil ny ei`surcgo=

0.  \bi ixtigt ta wbchb BHGs ansirvil haeeugcty/shbaad-divid hb`gois `gl pirsag`dhb`gois, ripartil o`cgcgo giw tihbgch`d skcdds, `gl ripartil b`vcgo tbi h`p`hcty jare`cgt`cgcgo tbi hb`gois aghi tbi haeeugcty pramiht iglil.

>.  BHGs– s`tcsj`htcag wctb tbi wark aj tbi \IJD pramiht, cg p`rtchud`r s`tcsj`htcag wctb tbiixtigt ta wbchb tbicr giils b`l niig eit.

\bi haeeugcty/shbaad-divid hb`gois ansirvil ny tbi pramiht p`rtgirs `ri prisigtil jcrst,jaddawil ny tbi cglcvclu`d hb`gois ripartil ny rispagligts.

Lcl Vi`hi Harps– Vramihts Bidp Vramiht V`rtgirs Eiit Xkcdd ̀ gl H`p`hcty

Nucdlcgo Giils1

Haugtirp`rts, nigijchc`rcis, `gl st`kibadlirs wiri `skil `naut pramiht authaeis cg twa w`ys=

0.  Jar i`hb aj ` dcst aj prilijcgil pramiht authaeis lircvil jrae tbi pramiht pd`g,rispagligts wiri `skil `naut wbitbir tbiri w`s ` hb`goi, wbitbir tbi haeeugcty–s `glshbaad–s giils wiri eit, `gl“wbiri `ppdch`ndi“wbitbir tbi hb`goi w`s e`cgt`cgil`jtir tbi Zadugtiir lip`rtil.

>.  ^ispagligts wiri `dsa `skil ta oigir`ti ` dcst aj hb`gois cg ictbir tbi haeeugcty ar tbishbaad lurcgo tbi pircal aj tbi VHZ–s `sscogeigt. Jar i`hb hb`goi dcstil, tbi rispagligt

w`s tbig `skil `naut tbi sczi aj tbi hb`goi, tbi ixtigt ta wbchb tbi VHZ w`s rispagscndijar tbi hb`goi, `gl“wbiri `ppdch`ndi“wbitbir tbi hb`goi w`s stcdd ivcligt `jtir tbilip`rturi aj tbi Zadugtiir.

Liorii ta _bchb tbi \IJD Vramiht Vd`g Authaeis _iri Eit= Haeeugcty/Xhbaad Divid

\brauob tbi prahiss aj lividapcgo tbi pramiht tbiary aj hb`goi (Jcouri 0) ` dcst aj pramihtauthaeis w`s hri`til. ^ispagligts wiri `skil `naut tbi ixtigt ta wbchb tbiy s`w hb`gois cgtbicr haeeugctcis ar shbaads rid`til ta i`hb authaei.

Cg tbcs stuly, hb`gois cg tbi jaddawcgo haeeugcty/shbaad-divid authaeis wiri ei`suril. \bi

authaeis `ri dcstil cg arlir, jrae bcobist cep`ht ta dawist, `s r`gkil ny tbi ti`hbirs `glstuligts lurcgo tbi cgtirvciws.

0.  Cepravil Igodcsb d`gou`oi skcdds aj ti`hbirs>.  Haeeugcty eienirs ri`hbcgo tbicr prajisscag`d lividapeigt oa`ds8.  Cepravil Igodcsb d`gou`oi skcdds aj stuligts

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V`oi | 03

:.  Cgctc`tcag aj hcvch ̀ htcvctcis?.  Haeeugcty pramiht e`g`oieigt skcdds (i.o., cgctc`tcag `gl haepditcag aj pramihts)2.  ^ur`d stuligts `tt`cgcgo `lv`ghil h`riir oa`ds

Agi jahus aj Zadugtiirs– wark wctb ti`hbirs w`s ta pravcli tbie wctb nittir Igodcsb d`gou`oi

skcdds ny utcdczcgo cggav`tcvi tihbgcquis ̀ gl `ppdycgo cepravil hagvirs`tcag`d skcdds. @t tbis`ei tcei, Zadugtiirs warkil wctb ti`hbirs ta ti`hb hri`tcvi `gl stuligt-higtirileitbaladaocis. \bi rispagligts wiri `skil ta `ssiss ta wb`t ixtigt tbi Igodcsb d`gou`oi skcddsaj ti`hbirs cepravil. \bi e`marcty aj `dd rispagligt oraups (39% aj haugtirp`rts, 30% aj nigijchc`rcis, `gl 066% aj st`kibadlirs) ripartil tb`t tbi Igodcsb d`gou`oi skcdds aj ti`hbirswiri euhb nittir ar saeiwb`t nittir . Agdy ` viry se`dd partcag aj tbi haugtirp`rts (9%) `gl nigijchc`rcis (2%) rispaglil tb`t tbiy tbauobt ti`hbirs– Igodcsb skcdds wiri tbi s`ei `s nijaritbi Zadugtiir h`ei ta tbi shbaad.

\bi ti`hbirs `dsa ripartil tb`t tbicr prajisscag`d lividapeigt skcdds b`l cepravil `gl 30 pirhigt ripartil cepravieigt cg tbi usi aj hri`tcvi `gl stuligt-arcigtil ti`hbcgo eitbals

(Jcouri >).

Xcecd`r suhhiss cg cepravcgo tbi stuligts– d`gou`oi skcdds w`s ripartil. @ haradd`ry purpasi jartbi Zadugtiirs– wark wctb stuligts w`s ta bidp lividap sidj-hagjclighi `eago stuligts `gl taiepawir tbie tbrauob tbi usi aj tbi Igodcsb d`gou`oi. @dd rispagligts (38%) `ssissil tbicep`ht aj Zadugtiirs– wark ag tbi Igodcsb skcdds aj stuligts `s viry bcob, lieagstr`tcgo tbiijjihtcvigiss aj tbi `ppra`hbis usil cg tbi \IJD pramiht (Jcouri >). \bi e`marcty aj `ddrispagligts (3?% aj haugtirp`rts, 3>% aj nigijchc`rcis, `gl 066% aj st`kibadlirs) tbauobt tb`ttbi stuligts– Igodcsb d`gou`oi skcdds wiri euhb nittir ar saeiwb`t nittir . Agdy ` se`dd jr`htcagaj rispagligts jrae `eago tbi haugtirp`rt (0.9%) `gl nigijchc`ry (9%) oraups tbauobt tb`t tbistuligts– Igodcsb d`gou`oi skcdds wiri tbi s`ei.

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V`oi | >6

Jcouri >= Virhigt`oi aj \IJD Vramiht Haugtirp`rts `gl Nigijchc`rcis tb`t ^`til tbi Hb`goi `s @t Di`st

Xaeiwb`t Nittir= Xhbaad Divid (g50

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V`oi | >0

_big `skil wbitbir tbi hb`gois ri`dczil tbrauob tbi pramiht b`l niig e`cgt`cgil `jtir tbilip`rturi aj tbi Zadugtiir, 9< pirhigt aj rispagligts s`cl tb`t hb`gois cg tbi Igodcsb d`gou`oiskcdds aj stuligts b`l niig e`cgt`cgil (Jcouri 8).

Jcouri 8= Virhigt`oi aj \IJD Vramiht Haugtirp`rts `gl Nigijchc`rcis tb`t Cglch`til tb`t tbi Xhbaad-Divid

Hb`gois ^ie`cgil cg Ijjiht `jtir tbi Lip`rturi aj tbi Zadugtiir (g50

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V`oi | >>

Xivigty-scx pirhigt aj rispagligts s`cl tb`t tbi hb`gois cg tbi Igodcsb d`gou`oi skcdd divids ajstuligts eit tbicr shbaad–s giils (Jcouri

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V`oi | >8

@dd jaur aj tbi pramiht st`kibadlirs ripartil tb`t tbiri wiri cepravieigts cg jaur aj tbi icobt pramiht authaeis, cghdulcgo hri`tcvi ti`hbcgo eitbals, stuligts– Igodcsb d`gou`oi skcdds,ti`hbirs– Igodcsb d`gou`oi skcdds, `gl rur`d stuligts `tt`cgcgo eari `lv`ghil h`riir oa`ds(Jcouri 9). \brii aj tbi jaur st`kibadlirs `dsa gatil tb`t haeeugcty pramiht e`g`oieigt skcddsb`l cepravil, `s b`l tbi `ncdcty aj ti`hbirs `gl stuligts ta cgctc`ti hcvch `htcvctcis.

Jcouri 9= Guenir aj \IJD Vramiht Xt`kibadlirs tb`t ^`til tbi Hb`goi `s @t Di`st Xaeiwb`t Nittir= Xhbaad

Divid (g5

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V`oi | ><

@dd jaur st`kibadlirs cglch`til tb`t tbi pramiht haepditil cts anmihtcvis. \bi stuligts– Igodcsbd`gou`oi skcdds cepravil, rur`d stuligts `tt`cgil eari `lv`ghil h`riir oa`ds, `gl ti`hbir–sIgodcsb d`gou`oi skcdds cepravil (Jcouri :). Ct cs gat surprcscgo tb`t tbi stuligts `gl ti`hbirsripartil tbicr giils wiri eit (Jcouri :), ocvig tb`t bi e`mar jahus aj tbi Zadugtiirs– `htcvctcisw`s ag shbaad-n`sil `htcvctcis. Ag tbi atbir b`gl, tbi st`kibadlirs ripartil tb`t tbi authaeis

jahusil ag tbi haeeugcty - haeeugcty jahusil, haeeugcty pramiht e`g`oieigt `gl tbicgctc`tcag aj hcvch `htcvctcis - wiri gat eit.

Jcouri := Guenir aj \IJD Vramiht Xt`kibadlirs tb`t Cglch`til tb`t tbi Xhbaad-Divid Hb`gois D`roidy ar

Haepditidy Eit \bicr Giils (g5

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V`oi | >9

Haeeugcty/Xhbaad-Divid Authaeis

Haugtirp`rts `gl nigijchc`rcis wiri `dsa `skil cj tbiri wiri `llctcag`d hb`gois cg tbicr shbaadstb`t risudtil jrae tbi wark aj tbi VHZ gat `dri`ly eigtcagil cg i`rdcir cgtirvciw quistcags(ug`gtchcp`til hagsiquighis aj tbi pramiht).

\bi hb`gois tbi rispagligts lishrcnil cghdulil=

0. V`rtchcp`tcag ̀ gl suhhiss cg cgtirg`tcag`d haepitctcags/or`gts>. Cgctc`tcag aj Igodcsb hduns/oraups8. Cghri`sil eatcv`tcag aj stuligts ta di`rg Igodcsb

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V`oi | >:

Jcouri ?= Guenir aj Si`rs Iluh`tcag Haugtirp`rts B`l _arkil cg tbi Jcidl= Ykr`cgi (g5:9)

Liorii ta _bchb tbi \IJD Vramiht Vd`g Authaeis _iri Eit= Cglcvclu`d Divid

\brauob tbi prahiss aj lividapcgo tbi pramiht tbiary aj hb`goi (Jcouri 0) ` dcst aj cglcvclu`d-divid pramiht authaeis w`s hri`til. ^ispagligts wiri `skil `naut tbi ixtigt ta wbchb tbiy s`whb`gois cg tbiesidvis rid`til ta i`hb authaei. \bi cglcvclu`d-divid authaeis ei`suril cg tbcsstuly `ri dcstil nidaw, jrae bcobist ta dawist, `s ripartil ny tbi rispagligts=

0.  Haeeugcty eienirs ri`hbcgo prajisscag`d lividapeigt oa`ds>.  Xtuligt–s cepravcgo Igodcsb d`gou`oi skcdds8.  \i`hbirs– uscgo hri`tcvi `gl stuligt-arcigtil ti`hbcgo eitbals

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V`oi | >?

Jaur aj tbi pramiht authaeis wiri r`til ny avir 36 pirhigt aj tbi rispagligts `s nicgocepravil= haeeugcty eienirs– ̀ ncdcty ta ri`hb tbicr prajisscag`d lividapeigt oa`ds (3

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V`oi | >2

_big `skil wbitbir tbi pirsag`d hb`gois wiri e`cgt`cgil `jtir tbi lip`rturi aj tbi Zadugtiir,96 pirhigt aj rispagligts s`cl tb`t tbi Igodcsb d`gou`oi skcdds aj stuligts wiri e`cgt`cgil,

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V`oi | >3

Jiwir tb`g b`dj aj tbi rispagligts cglch`til tb`t `gy aj tbi authaeis d`roidy ar haepditidy eittbicr cglcvclu`d giils (Jcouri 06).

Jcouri 06= Virhigt`oi aj \IJD Vramiht Haugtirp`rts `gl Nigijchc`rcis _ba Cglch`til tb`t tbi Cglcvclu`d-

Divid Hb`gois D`roidy ar Haepditidy Eit \bicr Giils (g50

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\bi jriquighy wctb wbchb rispagligts ripartil uscgo tbi skcdds di`rgil tbrauob tbi pramihts cg natb tbicr wark `gl pirsag`d dcvis suooists tb`t, jar tbi east p`rt, tbi skcdds tr`gsecttil wiri pr`htch`d, usijud, `gl euhb giilil (Jcouri 00). Avir :6 pirhigt aj tbi piapdi ripartil uscgotbicr giw skcdds `t wark ag ` l`cdy n`scs wctb rid`tcvidy jiw ripartcgo tb`t tbiy givir usil tbiskcdds ictbir `t wark ar cg tbicr pirsag`d dcvis.

Jcouri 00= Jriquighy wctb _bchb Iluh`tcag Vramiht Haugtirp`rts `gl Nigijchc`rcis ^ipart Yscgo Xkcdds

Di`rgil \brauob tbi Vi`hi Harps Vramiht= Ykr`cgi (_ark dcji g5:

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V`oi | 80

`pprihc`tcag jar pirsag`d lividapeigt cg spbiris suhb `s lividapeigt aj e`g`oieigt skcdds jar

cgctc`tcgo `gl cepdieigtcgo haeeugcty pramihts, `gl cepravcgo tbi Igodcsb skcdds aj [tbicrU

ti`hbirs.―3

 

3 Jcg`d ^ipart= Vi`hi Harps Ykr`cgi Cep`ht Xtuly ^isudts. HHH Hri`tcvi Higtir. Xiptienir >606. p.:9

_`ys Haugtirp`rts Ysi Vramiht Xkcdds cg \bicr _ark Dcji

 C usi tbi wark cg oraups `gl p`crs, radi pd`ys, `gl vcsu`d ei`gs (sbiits aj p`pir).

\bi risaurhi higtir ajjirs tihbgch`d suppart, iqucpeigt, tixtnaaks `gl eavcis.

 Ey kgawdiloi e`cgdy li`dt wctb ti`hbcgo jaricog d`gou`oi. _i tistil saei

hri`tcvi eitbals `gl prisigtil tbie ta tbi ti`hbirs lurcgo tbi dihturis (Oire`g

ti`hbirs). @dsa wi usil tbi pramiht `ppra`hb.

[C usi tbi skcdds cg tbiU aro`gcz`tcag aj ixtr`-hurrchud`r ivigts, prip`r`tcag aj pramihts `gl saei eitbals `gl jares aj ti`hbcgo.

_`ys Haugtirp`rts `gl Nigijchc`rcis usi Vramiht Xkcdds cg tbicr Virsag`d Dcvis

Haugtirp`rts

 C b`vi di`rgil ta ni eari hri t̀cvi cg wb t̀ C la `gl ivig cg tbi w`y C aro`gczi

 j`ecdy badcl`ys `gl hidinr`tcags. C b`vi `lv`ghil ey dcji-pd`ggcgo skcdds.

[\biU kgawdiloi o`cgil wctb tbi suppart aj tbi Zadugtiir bidps ` dat wbighaeeugch`tcgo wctb jaricog jrcigls vc` tbi Cgtirgit.

 C `ppdy tbi giw kgawdiloi wbig C giil ct. Nut, C tbcgk C b`vi nihaei earirid`xil `gl tadir`gt.

 Ey cgtir`htcag wctb tbi Zadugtiir bidpil ei `lv`ghi ey Igodcsb skcdds. \bi

tr`cgcgo b`l ` ori`t cep`ht. C usi tbi kgawdiloi o`cgil cg ey hd`ssis wctb

 Igodcsb ti`hbirs ta hagluht tr c̀gcgos ag di`lirsbcp `gl stiriatypis. C t`uobt

atbir ti`hbirs baw tbcs cgjare`tcag haudl ni prisigtil ta hbcdlrig `gl baw ct

haudl ni usil.

Nigijchc`rcis

Xaeitceis C usi tbisi skcdds wbig C haeeugch`ti wctb @eirch`g aro`gcz`tcags vc`

tbi Cgtirgit.

 Ey haeeugch`tcag wctb tbi Zadugtiir hagtrcnutil ta ey avir̀ dd lividapeigt `gl

tbcs w`s usijud jar tbi iviryl`y dcji. \bi vadugtiir tadl us ` dat `naut tbi dio`d

systie cg tbi YX. D`tir tbcs kgawdiloi w`s cgstrueigt`d jar ey stulcis `t tbi

Ygcvirscty.

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V`oi | 8>

Baw Lcl Xkcdds \r`gsjir Ahhur1

Vi`hi Harps st`jj, `s widd `s Zadugtiirs, hagluhtil v`rcaus tr`cgcgo haursis jar haugtirp`rts `gl nigijchc`rcis `t lcjjirigt st`ois aj tbi \IJD pramiht. Lurcgo tbi prip`r`tcag st`oi, east aj tbihaugtirp`rts (9?%) p`rtchcp`til cg tr`cgcgo ta prip`ri tbie ta wark wctb Zadugtiirs `gl Vi`hi

Harps st`jj cg Ykr`cgi. Haugtirp`rts wba rihicvil tr`cgcgo `t tbi prip`r`tary st`oi wiri s`tcsjcilwctb tbi cgjare`tcag tbiy rihicvil. Bawivir, scx rispagligts lcl gat rihicvi `gy tr`cgcgo `s tbiy prip`ril ta rihicvi ` Zadugtiir, nut p`rtchcp`til cg e`gy atbir ivigts.

\bi Vi`hi Harps st`jj cg Ykr`cgi pravclis natb jare`d `gl cgjare`d tr`cgcgo ta haugtirp`rts, `sla tbi Zadugtiirs tbrauobaut tbi haursi aj tbi twa yi`r pramiht. \bi cepart`ghi aj tbcs typi ajtr`cgcgo, ajtig lishrcnil ny tbi haugtirp`rts `s —haeeugch`tcag wctb riocag`d e`g`oir aj tbiVi`hi Harps st`jj,― cs uglirsharil ny tbi j`ht tb`t tbi e`marcty aj tbi haugtirp`rts (9?%)eigtcagil tbcs wbig `skil `naut tbicr tr`cgcgo ixpircighi wctb Vi`hi Harps (Jcouri 0>).

Jcouri 0>= \IJD Haugtirp`rt \r`cgcgo= Ykr`cgi (g5:9)

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Haugtirp`rts ripartil rihicvcgo ` r`goi aj tihbgch`d tr`cgcgo cg sivir`d jahus `ri`s aj tbi pramiht(Jcouri 08). @eago tbi haugtirp`rts, 99 pirhigt aj rispagligts p`rtchcp`til cg haeeugch`tcagskcdds tr`cgcgo. Atbir widd-`ttiglil tr`cgcgo haursis cghdulil vadugtiircse (

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V`oi | 8<

Jcouri 08= \ihbgch`d \r`cgcgo ^ihicvil ny \IJD Haugtirp`rts= Ykr`cgi (g5:9) 

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V`oi | 89

Icobty-sivig pirhigt aj nigijchc`rcis cglch`til tb`t tbi pramiht bidpil tbie ta cepravi tbicrIgodcsb d`gou`oi skcdds (Jcouri 0

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V`oi | 8:

_big `skil `naut tbi v`dui aj tbi tr`cgcgo, haugtirp`rts `gl nigijchc`rcis wiri d`roidy pasctcvi,wctb east rispagligts s`ycgo tb`t tbi tr`cgcgo hagtrcnutil ta tbicr tihbgch`d skcdds `gl ta pramihtsust`cg`ncdcty (Jcouri 09). Cg ̀ llctcag, ̀ dd jaur st`kibadlirs cglch`til tb`t tbi tr`cgcgo pravcliltbrauob tbi pramiht hagtrcnutil ta natb tbi tihbgch`d skcdds aj haugtirp`rts `gl nigijchc`rcis `glta pramiht sust`cg`ncdcty.

Jcouri 09= Ysijudgiss aj \r`cgcgo jar \IJD Vramiht \ihbgch`d Xkcdd Lividapeigt `gl Xust`cg`ncdcty= Ykr`cgi

* Xuhhiss `gl sust`cg`ncdcty wiri `skil agdy aj Haugtirp`rts, g5:>, rispagsi r`ti jar Cglcvclu`ds– Xkcdds w`s 080.

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Jurtbireari, tbi dah`d sigcar risi`rhbir st`til, —Ykr`cgc`gs `ri hagvcghil tb`t tbiy h`g hagtcguitbi wark `jtir tbi Zadugtiirs di`vi, `s ‒tbi wark cs gat sadidy hagluhtil ny tbi Zadugtiir. Ct cslagi taoitbir wctb atbir ti`hbirs; tbirijari, C tbcgk tb`t tbi cgctc`tcvis aj tbi Zadugtiir wcdd ni

hagtcguil `jtir bi/sbi di`vis.– Cg sbart, Ykr`cgc`gs hagviyil tbiy wiri prip`ril jar tbilip`rturi aj tbi Zadugtiir, ̀ dtbauob saei haugtirp`rts, —hagst`gtdy `sk tbi riprisigt`tcvis aj

tbi Vi`hi Harps ta sigl giw Zadugtiirs sa tbiy h`g hagtcgui tbi wark.

00

  ―

Avir`dd BHG X`tcsj`htcag 

\bi avir`dd r`ti aj s`tcsj`htcag wctb tbi hb`gois nrauobt `naut ny tbi wark aj Vi`hi HarpsZadugtiirs w`s viry bcob `eago tbi e`marcty aj tbasi cgtirvciwil. Xivigty-gcgi pirhigt aj\IJD Vramiht rispagligts ripartil nicgo —viry s`tcsjcil― wctb tbi risudts aj tbi pramiht (Jcouri0?). 

@s tbi sigcar risi`rhbir pacgtil aut, bir `g`dyscs aj tbi cgtirvciws cglch`tis tb`t atbir j`htarshagtrcnuti ta Vi`hi Harps nicgo `ndi ta `hhaepdcsb cts wark, saei cgtirg`d, suhb `s v`rycgo divids

aj Zadugtiirs– d`gou`oi `gl haeeugch`tcag skcdds, tbi `ncdcty ta ant`cg or`gts jar tbicepdieigt`tcag aj pramihts, lcjjircgo —divids aj uglirst`glcgo aj @eirch`g `gl Ykr`cgc`ghudturis, p`rtchcp`tcag cg hagjirighis, dctir`turi, iqucpeigt, tbi bue`g j`htar, `gl eilc`havir`oi aj \IJD pramihts.―

Ixtirg`d j`htars bidpil tbi0>

 

Vi`hi Harps– pramiht suhhiil, cghdulcgo haeeugcty suppart,iqucpeigt, pirsag`d cgtir`htcag, haapir`tcag nitwiig tbi Ecgcstry aj Iluh`tcag `gl Xhcighi `gltbi Vi`hi Harps, `gl tbi ridiv`ghi aj tbi pramiht. @eago autscli j`htars tb`t ecobt bcglir wb`ttbi Zadugtiirs wiri `ndi ta `hhaepdcsb wiri  pupcds– nib`vcar, tbi ti`hbcgo prahiss, jcg`ghc`d prandies, tihbgch`d prandies, Zadugtiirs– divid aj iluh`tcag, ` d`hk aj spihcjch cgjare`tcag`naut Ykr`cgc`gs, ̀ l`pt`tcag, ̀ gl pirsag`d prandies aj Zadugtiirs.

\brii aj tbi jaur st`kibadlirs cglch`til tb`t tbiy wiri viry s`tcsjcil wctb tbi Igodcsb d`gou`oiskcdds tr`gsjir, `gl twa aj tbi jaur cglch`til tb`t tbiy wiri `t di`st saeiwb`t s`tcsjcil wctb tbihb`gois tbiy b`l siig cg tbi `htcvctcis/nib`vcars aj haeeugcty eienirs.

00 HHH Hri`tcvi Higtir. Jcg`d ^ipart= Vi`hi Harps Ykr`cgi Cep`ht Xtuly ^isudts. Xiptienir >606. p. - HHH Hri`tcvi Higtir. Jcg`d ^ipart= Vi`hi Harps Ykr`cgi Cep`ht Xtuly ^isudts. Xiptienir >606. p. 0:-0?

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V`oi | 83

Jcouri 0?= Haugtirp`rt `gl Nigijchc`ry X`tcsj`htcag wctb tbi \IJD Vramiht Authaeis= Ykr`cgi (g5083)

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V`oi |

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_audl BHGs _`gt ta _ark wctb tbi Vi`hi Harps @o`cg1

@gatbir ei`suri aj avir`dd s`tcsj`htcag cs wbitbir haugtirp`rts `gl nigijchc`rcis waudl w`gt tawark wctb `gatbir Zadugtiir. Gcgity-scx pirhigt aj tbi \IJD Vramiht rispagligts ripartil tb`ttbiy waudl w`gt ta wark wctb `gatbir Vi`hi Harps Zadugtiir (Jcouri 03). \bi cg-haugtry

risi`rhb ti`e l ividapil tbi jaddawcgo `g`dyscs aj tbi w`ys cg wbchb VHZs nigijct Ykr`cgc`ghaeeugctcis.08

 @hharlcgo ta rispagligts, Zadugtiirs nrcgo=

•   Giw kgawdiloi tb`t bidps stuligts `gl ti`hbirs ta di`rg Igodcsb, `s widd `s ta cepravi

tbi prajisscag`dcse aj ti`hbirs•  @ odan`d autdaak

08 Jcg`d ^ipart= Vi`hi Harps Ykr`cgi Cep`ht Xtuly ^isudts. HHH Hri`tcvi Higtir. Xiptienir >606. p.?>

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V`oi |

•  \bi appartugcty jar hbcdlrig ta sahc`dczi wctb piapdi jrae lcjjirigt haugtrcis•  \bi appartugcty ta hagvirsi cg Igodcsb wctb ` g`tcvi spi`kir•  Cepravieigts cg haeeugch`tcag skcdds•  @llil ixhctieigt ta Igodcsb dissags•   Giw kgawdiloi `naut `gatbir hudturi `gl haugtry

• 

 Giw cgtirist cg dah`d p`rtchcp`tcag cg hcvch `htcvctcis

Jcouri 03= Virhigt`oi aj \IJD Vramiht Haugtirp`rts `gl Nigijchc`rcis _ba _audl Dcki ta B`vi @gatbir

Zadugtiir `t \bicr Xcti= Ykr`cgi (g50

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V`oi |

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V`oi | 6).

Jcouri >6= J`htars \IJD Vramiht Haugtirp`rts `gl Nigijchc`rcis Hrilctil wctb Vramiht Xuhhiss= Ykr`cgi(g593)

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HB@V\I^ 8= OA@D AGI JCGLCGOX

V`oi | 0).

Jcouri >0= N`rrcirs ta Vramiht Xust`cg`ncdcty `eago \IJD Vramiht Haugtirp`rts `gl Nigijchc`rcis= Ykr`cgi

(g5 0

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HB@V\I^ 8= OA@D AGI JCGLCGOX

V`oi | >).

Jcouri >>= N`rrcirs ta Vramiht Xust`cg`ncdcty `eago \IJD Vramiht Xt`kibadlirs= Ykr`cgi (g5

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V`oi |

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V`oi |

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HB@V\I^ 9). \bi e`marcty aj bast j`ecdcis eienirs (08 aj0:), twa-tbcrls aj haugtirp`rts (::%), `gl avir b`dj aj tbi nigijchc`rcis (90%) ripartil `ealir`ti uglirst`glcgo aj @eirch`gs.

E`gy eari nigijchc`rcis ripartil b`vcgo dcectil kgawdiloi ̀ naut @eirch`gs (>:%) tb`g lclhaugtirp`rts (3%) `gl bast j`ecdcis (:%). @ qu`rtir aj haugtirp`rts (>9%), agi jcjtb aj nigijchc`rcis (>0%), `gl 0>.9 pirhigt aj bast j`ecdcis ripartil ` tbarauob uglirst`glcgo aj@eirch`gs (Jcouris >9 `gl >:).

\bi rispagligts wba s`cl tbiy b`l ` tbarauob uglirst`glcgo aj @eirch`gs cghdulil piapdi wctbrid`til ahhup`tcags (i.o. bcstarc`gs, Igodcsb ti`hbirs), `s widd `s tbasi wba ictbir b`vi rid`tcviscg tbi Ygctil Xt`tis `gl tr`vid tbiri ar piapdi wba wark wctb @eirch`gs cg Ykr`cgi `gl cgtir`htwctb tbie ajtig. \biy ixpd`cgil=

•   Lui ta tbi g`turi aj ey ahhup`tcag, C b`vi viry oaal kgawdiloi `naut @eirch`g piapdi.

•   C b`vi lcst`gt rid`tcvis cg tbi YX. C b`vi niig cg hagt`ht wctb tbie scghi cglipiglighi

tceis `gl C kgaw qucti widd wb`t kcgl aj dcji tbiy b`vi `gl wb`t prandies tbiy j`hi.

• 

 C dcvil cg tbi YX jar agi yi`r `gl C b`vi oaal kgawdiloi ̀ naut tbi piapdi `gl tbicr

tr`lctcags.

•   C rihicvil cgjare`tcag lurcgo ey stuly cg tbi ugcvirscty. C di`rgt eari `naut tbie wbig

ey l`uobtir riturgil jrae tbi YX. Nut C h`ggat s`y tb`t ey kgawdiloi w`s oaal `gl

 prajaugl.

• 

 Ct w`s viry tbarauob. Ey sag b`s niig dcvcgo cg tbi YX jar icobt yi`rs gaw.

\basi wba ripartil  ` ealir`ti kgawdiloi aj @eirch`gs n`sil tbicr ansirv`tcags agcgjare`tcag rihicvil jrae tbi giws, e`o`zcgis, `gl tixtnaaks, nut d`hkil `gy pr`htch`dixpircighi cg haeeugch`tcag wctb tbi piapdi jrae tbi Ygctil Xt`tis.

• 

 @dd C kgiw `naut tbi haugtry w`s t`kig jrae tbi giws/tixtnaaks. C kgiw gatbcgo `naut tbi

w`y aj dcji, eigt`dcty, `gl hustaes.

\bi e`marcty aj rispagligts wctb dcectil  uglirst`glcgo aj @eirch`gs b`l ` pasctcvi pirhiptcagaj tbie, cg oigir`d, `s iluh`til, padcti, `gl sahc`d piapdi. Xaei rispagligts eigtcagil tbicr

nc`sil apcgcags aj @eirch`gs. Jar ix`epdi=•   C b`l must ` rauob, nc`sil pirhiptcag.

•   C b`l saei pchturi aj tbi YX cg ey bi`l jrae ̀ g appartugcty C b`l ta cgtir`ht wctb

 @eirch`gs lurcgo Xavcit tceis. Nut C h`g s`y tb`t C b`l e`gy stiriatypis `naut tbie.

•   C kgiw tb t̀ tbiri wiri piapdi wba dcvil cg @eirch` `gl tb`t tbiy wiri rchb.

•   Lurcgo tbi Xavcit tceis, @eirch`gs wiri prisigtil `s igiecis. D`tir C uglirstaal tb`t

tbiy `ri dcki us. \biri `ri oaal piapdi `eago tbie `gl gat sa oaal `s widd.

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•   C w`s givir cgtiristil cg tb`t. Nut jar saei ri`sag C tbauobt tb`t tbiy wiri `dw`ys

secdcgo `gl b`ppy.0<

 

Jcouri >9= Divid aj Yglirst`glcgo aj @eirch`gs Nijari Cgtir`htcag @eago Haugtirp`rts `gl Nigijchc`rcis=

Ykr`cgi (g50

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HB@V\I^ := Divid aj Yglirst`glcgo aj @eirch`gs Nijari Cgtir`htcgo _ctb Bast J`ecdy Eienirs= Ykr`cgi

(g50:)

\bi e`marcty aj tbi rispagligts jrae `dd tbrii oraups (ixhipt st`kibadlirs) ripartil ictbir ` pasctcvi ar ` giutr`d apcgcag aj @eirch`gs nijari warkcgo ar cgtir`htcgo wctb `gy Vi`hi HarpsZadugtiirs (Jcouris >? `gl >2). Xpihcjch`ddy, ?> pirhigt aj haugtirp`rts, ?9 pirhigt aj nigijchc`rcis, `gl :8 pirhigt aj bast j̀ ecdy eienirs b`l ` saeiwb`t pasctcvi ar viry pasctcvi apcgcag. Agi qu`rtir aj haugtirp`rts, agi jcjtb aj nigijchc`rcis, `gl eari tb`g agi-tbcrl ajj`ecdy eienirs b`l ` giutr`d apcgcag.

Agdy ` jiw haugtirp`rts (0.9%) `gl nigijchc`rcis (

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HB@V\I^ 606. p.?3.

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HB@V\I^ ?= Apcgcag aj @eirch`gs Nijari Cgtir`htcgo wctb Haugtirp`rts `gl Nigijchc`rcis= Ykr`cgi (g50

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HB@V\I^ 2= Apcgcag aj @eirch`gs Nijari Cgtir`htcgo wctb Bast J`ecdy Eienirs= Ykr`cgi (g50:)

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HB@V\I^ eagtbs.Bast j`ecdy eienirs ripartil bastcgo `g `vir`oi aj agi Zadugtiir `gl b`vcgo bastil tbi eastrihigt Zadugtiir jar ̀ ppraxce`tidy jcvi eagtbs.

Baw Euhb `gl _b`t Kcgls aj Hagt`ht Lcl BHGs B`vi wctb Zadugtiirs1

Oa`d > aj tbi Vi`hi Harps cs n`sil ag tbi nidcij tb`t tbrauob jriquigt `gl v`rcil cgtir`htcag wctb

Zadugtiirs, BHGs wcdd lividap ` nittir uglirst`glcgo aj @eirch`gs. \bcs sihtcag lishrcnis tbig`turi `gl tbi guenir aj cgtir`htcags tb`t BHGs b`l wctb Zadugtiirs.

Haugtirp`rts b`l ixpircighi warkcgo `gl sahc`dczcgo wctb ga eari tb`g 06 vadugtiirs, nut tbie`marcty ripartil tbiy b`l privcausdy haeeugch`til wctb agi, twa, ar tbrii Vi`hi HarpsZadugtiirs. \bi e`marcty aj nigijchc`rcis b`l kgawg `gl cgtir`htil wctb Zadugtiirs jar > ar 8yi`rs.

Icobty-sivig pirhigt aj bast j`ecdcis b`l bastil agdy agi vadugtiir; 08 pirhigt b`l bastil twaZadugtiirs. \bi digotb aj tbi baei-st`y r`goil jrae twa ta 09 eagtbs, wbcdi tbi e`marcty aj tbij`ecdcis (::%) bastil vadugtiirs jar twa ta tbrii eagtbs.

_big bast j`ecdcis wiri `skil wby tbiy b`l niig cgtiristil cg bastcgo ` Vi`hi HarpsZadugtiir, east aj tbie cglch`til tbiy wiri —cgtiristil cg cepravcgo tbicr Igodcsb ar oittcgod`gou`oi pr`htchi jar tbicr hbcdlrig.― @s gatil cg tbi sigcar risi`rhbir–s ripart, —XaeiYkr`cgc`gs wiri cgtiristil ‒ta try baw ct waudl ni– ar ‒ta oit ta kgaw `gl haeeugch`ti wctb ` pirsag jrae ` lcjjirigt hudturi `gl di`rg eari `naut @eirch`– ar ‒cg sahc`dczcgo wctb tbi @eirch`g.–― 

—Xivir`d j`ecdy eienirs wiri `skil ny iluh`tcag`d cgstctutcags ta pravcli sp`hi ta dcvi jar `vadugtiir tb`t hacghclil wctb [tbiU j`ecdy–s h`p`ncdcty `gl cgtirist. Jar ix`epdi, ‒C davi tahaeeugch`ti wctb giw piapdi, cgtiristcgo piapdi jrae tbi YX@. Ey sag dcvis cg tbi YX `gl C

w`gtil ta sii wbitbir C waudl ni `ndi ta bast `g @eirch`g hctczig. Ct w`s `dsa ` riquist jrae tbi

shbaad `utbarctcis.– @dsa, ‒ey l`uobtir dcvil cg tbi YX `gl C rihicvil [`U viry baspct`ndiwidhaei. Xa wbig C di`rgil `naut tbi vadugtiir–s vcsct, C lihclil ta s`y tb`gk-yau cg tbcs w`y.

Xihagl, ct w`s d`gou`oi pr`htchi jar ey l`uobtir.–0? 

 

0: Jcg`d ^ipart= Vi`hi Harps Ykr`cgi Cep`ht Xtuly ^isudts. HHH Hri`tcvi Higtir. Xiptienir >606. p.200? Jcg`d ^ipart= Vi`hi Harps Ykr`cgi Cep`ht Xtuly ^isudts. HHH Hri`tcvi Higtir. Xiptienir >606. p.82

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_iri ^ispagligts– Apcgcags aj @eirch`gs Nittir ar _arsi @jtir Cgtir`htcgo wctb

Zadugtiirs1

@jtir cgtir`htcgo wctb Zadugtiirs, `dd aj tbi rispagligts“haugtirp`rts, nigijchc`rcis, `gl bastj`ecdy eienirs“o`cgil ` nittir uglirst`glcgo aj @eirch`gs (Jcouris 8> `gl 88). Jarty-gcgi pirhigt aj tbi haugtirp`rts, 82 pirhigt aj tbi nigijchc`rcis, `gl 82 pirhigt aj tbi bast j`ecdyeienirs o`cgil ` eari tbarauob uglirst`glcgo aj @eirch`gs. Xivigtiig pirhigt aj tbihaugtirp`rts, 82 pirhigt aj nigijchc`rcis `gl :8 pirhigt aj tbi bast j`ecdy eienirs b`l `ealir`ti uglirst`glcgo aj @eirch`gs jaddawcgo tbi Zadugtiirs– st`y.

\bi sigcar risi`rhbir ripartil tb`t —`dd rispagligts jrae `dd tbrii oraups wba b`l dcectiluglirst`glcgo aj @eirch`gs nijari warkcgo ar cgtir`htcgo wctb [ZadugtiirsU b`l hb`goil tbicrapcgcag `naut piapdi jrae tbi YX@.―

@ lit`cdil `g`dyscs aj i`hb oraup rivi`ds tbi ri`sags nibcgl tbisi hb`gois. Haugtirp`rts– hb`gois cg `ttctuli `ri ta ni [`ttrcnutilU ta @eirch`gs– nib`vcar `gl `g `ttctuli aj ` ri`lcgiss tabidp… `s widd `s ` wcddcgogiss ta sb`ri ixpircighi `gl kgawdiloi.

\bi haugtirp`rts eigtcagil tbi jaddawcgo hb`gois (saei aj wbchb `ri hagtr`lchtary ta agi`gatbir).

• 

 Ct [ey apcgcagU turgil jrae giutr`d ta pasctcvi. Ct cs lcjjchudt ta s`y wb t̀ cg p`rtchud`r

scghi bcs ce`oi `gl nib`vcar wiri sa cglcvcscndi tb`t C h`ggat tbcgk aj saeitbcgo

sip`r`ti.

•  Xbi cs widd-ei`gcgo `gl secdcgo, `gl ivirytbcgo oais jrae bir saud `gl bi`rt Xbi cs

str`cobtjarw`rl `gl t`digtil ‘ saeitbcgo ta di`rg jrae bir.

• 

Xaeitceis tbi pirhiptcag lais gat hacghcli wctb tbi ri`dcty. Nut cg aur h`sis tbiy lcl.\bi vadugtiirs wiri viry i`sy ta haeeugch`ti wctb. C dckil tbicr autdaak ag dcji. \biy

dcki ta e`ki eagiy.

• 

Xystie aj v`duis `gl vciws tb`t hb`goi apcgcag aj @eirch`gs.

• 

\bi `ncdcty aj tbi vadugtiir ta sip`r`ti bcs wark `gl prcv`ti dcji . 02

 Nigijchc`rcis gatchil tbi Zadugtiirs– bi`dtby dcjistydis, padctigiss, haepitighi, `gl prajisscag`dcse. Ct w`s ` haencg`tcag aj lcjjirigt hb r̀`htircstchs tb`t dil ta tbi hb`goi cg`ttctulis taw`rl @eirch`gs.

@t tbi s`ei tcei, Ykr`cgc`g nigijchc`rcis `dsa e`li saei cgtiristcgo ansirv`tcags.

•   @nsadutidy ivirytbcgo, st`rtcgo jrae rclcgo ` nchyhdi ta eitbals aj ti`hbcgo Igodcsb, -bi

lcl ivirytbcgo lcjjirigtdy `gl ct w`s sa cgtiristcgo. Jar cgst`ghi, rclcgo ` nchyhdi jar ei

cs ` gihisscty `gl jar Vi`hi Harps Zadugtiir ct w`s ori`t jug; bi b`l ` hri`tcvi

`ppra`hb.

02 Jcg`d ^ipart= Vi`hi Harps Ykr`cgi Cep`ht Xtuly ^isudts. HHH Hri`tcvi Higtir. Xiptienir >606. p. 2?

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HB@V\I^ 606. p. 22

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HB@V\I^ = Hb`goi cg Divid aj Yglirst`glcgo aj @eirch`gs `jtir Hagt`ht wctb Zadugtiirs @eago

Haugtirp`rts ̀ gl Nigijchc`rcis= Ykr`cgi (g50

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HB@V\I^ 6

 \bi risi`rhbir gatil, bawivir, tb`t, —@dtbauob Zadugtiirs prapasil ` v`rcity aj cgjare`tcag`gl tr`cgcgo ag tbi lcvirscty aj tbi YX cg tires aj r`hc`d/itbgch/ridcocaus oraups, tbi e`marcty ajrispagligts lcl gat ar b`vi gat t`kig judd `lv`gt`oi aj [tb`tU di`rgcgo appartugcty.― \bcshaeeigt e`y ni dcgkil ta ` d`hk aj cgtirist cg tbcs sunmiht, `s widd `s ` gatil prijirighi jar

>6 Jcg`d ^ipart= Vi`hi Harps Ykr`cgi Cep`ht Xtuly ^isudts. HHH Hri`tcvi Higtir. Xiptienir >606. p.0:.

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HB@V\I^ aj 0:) `gl Y.X. badcl`ys (0> aj 0:) (Jcouri 8?).

Jcouri 8?= _b`t Bast Haugtry G`tcag`ds ^ipartil Di`rgcgo jrae Zadugtiirs= Ykr`cgi (g50:)

_big ̀ skil ̀ naut tbicr apcgcags aj Zadugtiirs ̀ jtir cgtir`htcag, east rispagligts pravcliloigir`d rispagsis suooistcgo tb`t tbiy b`l igb`ghil tbicr uglirst`glcgo `gl lividapil eariri`dcstch vciws aj @eirch`gs. \bcs tbiei ieiroil cg rispagsis jrae haugtirp`rts `gl nigijchc`rcis, `s widd `s bast j`ecdy eienirs. @s suee`rczil ny tbi cg-haugtry risi`rhb ti`e,Vi`hi Harps Zadugtiirs suhhiilil cg hb`gocgo nib`vcars, autdaak ag dcji, `gl tbi oigir`d`ttctuli aj `dd rispagligts oraups. @hharlcgo ta tbi ti`e, Ykr`cgc`gs wba warkil, cgtir`htil,

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 Ykr`cgc`g rispagligts sb`ril tbicr nist eiearcis aj warkcgo wctb VHZs, wbchbcghdulil= man ̀ htcvctcis; pirsag`d cgtir`htcags; badcl`ys; dicsuri tcei; `gl tbi VHZ–s pirsag`dcty. \biri wiri agdy ` jiw gio`tcvi eiearcis `ssahc`til wctb warkcgo wctbVHZs `gl tbiy wiri eastdy haggihtil ta ecsuglirst`glcgos cg d`gou`oi `gl hudtur`dtr`lctcags. @s tbi risi`rhbir ripartil, —\biy b`vi nrauobt may ta bast j`ecdy eienirs nylacgo bausibadl hbaris, oacgo ta tbi e`rkits, sahc`dczcgo, `gl hidinr`tcgo badcl`ystaoitbir.―

>> Jcg`d ^ipart= Vi`hi Harps Ykr`cgi Cep`ht Xtuly ^isudts. HHH Hri`tcvi Higtir. Xiptienir >606. p. 38

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Dissags Di`rgil ̂ io`rlcgo Oa`d > Virjare`ghi

Agi `ri` jar `llctcag`d risi`rhb cs lishrcnil nidaw=

Cghri`scgo sahc`d hagt`ht= Xahc`d hagt`ht cs agi aj tbi nist w`ys tb`t Zadugtiirs di`rg `nautatbir hudturis `gl ti`hb BHGs `naut piapdi jrae tbi Ygctil Xt`tis. Sit `deast 86 pirhigt ajrispagligts ripartil b`vcgo sahc`d hagt`ht agdy aghi ar twchi ` eagtb ar diss. Cj passcndi, VHZs`gl BHGs sbaudl ni ighaur`oil ta jcgl ` ori`tir guenir `gl `rr`y aj appartugctcis jar sahc`dhagt`ht.

_b`t BHGs Jaugl East Eiear`ndi @naut Cgtir`htcgo wctb Zadugtiirs

Haugtirp`rts

\bi cgtir`htcag wctbcg ey j`ecdy, cgvct`tcags jar hajjii, haeeugch`tcag aj

tbi Zadugtiir wctb ey sag.

Xbi vcsctil ei wbig C w`s schk. Xbi cs n`d`ghil, bagist, `gl ridc`ndi.

Nigijchc`rcis

 Ey nist eieary cs tbi prip`r`tcag jar tbi ti`hbirs– warksbap. _i spigt `

dat aj tcei taoitbir, `rouil ` dat `naut tbi di`rgcgo `ppra`hbis, `naut tbi

eitbals, `gl saei `sscogeigts ( i.o. wbitbir tbiy waudl ni `hhiptil ny

tbi stuligts ar gat) .

\bi `sscst`ghi aj tbi vadugtiir wbig tbiri w`s `g ieiroighy wctb tbi

lcstrcht bi`tcgo gitwark pcpi cg tbi shbaad.

Bast j`ecdy eienirs

Hidinr`tcags aj ncrtbl`ys, prisigts (gat ixpigscvi prisigts, nut ct w`s viry

cgtiristcgo).

 Bi w`s viry cgtiristil cg tbi Bady Ivigcgo. [C rieienirU baw bi bidpil ta

wark cg tbi jcidl, baw bi vcsctil us `jtir bi eavil aut, pchturis aj bcs j`ecdy,`gl ` prisigt jrae bcs eatbir (ienracliry). [C rieienir bcsU cgtirist cgYkr`cgi `gl bi tadl us `naut bcs j`ecdy.

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V`oi | ?8

HAGHDYXCAGX

Vi`hi Harps eiits ct oa`ds aj nucdlcgo dah`d h`p`hcty (Oa`d 0) `gl praeatcgo ` nittiruglirst`glcgo aj @eirch`gs `eago bast haugtry g`tcag`ds (Oa`d >) prce`rcdy tbrauob tbi sirvchiaj cts Zadugtiirs. @ kiy idieigt aj tbcs sirvchi cs tb`t Vi`hi Harps Zadugtiirs dcvi cg tbi

haeeugctcis wbiri tbiy wark `gl lidcvir tihbgch`d cgtirvigtcags lcrihtdy ta nigijchc`rcis dcvcgocg rur`d `gl urn`g `ri`s tb`t d`hk sujjchcigt dah`d prajisscag`ds. \bi Bast Haugtry Cep`ht Xtulcis`ri agi w`y tbi Vi`hi Harps ei`suris tbi cep`ht aj cts Zadugtiirs. Xpihcjch`ddy, tbisi stulcislahueigt tbi BHG pirspihtcvi ag tbi wark aj Vi`hi Harps Zadugtiirs.

\bi haghduscags aj tbi stuly wiri viry widd `rtchud`til cg tbi sigcar risi`rhbir–s ripart `gl `ri`l`ptil ̀ gl cgtirwavig tbrauobaut tbi ripart.

\bi sigcar risi`rhbir–s ripart gatis tb`t, —Vi`hi Harps, `s `g aro`gcz`tcag `gl tbrauob tbi usi ajZadugtiirs, b`s ori`tdy cepravil tbi prajisscag`d kgawdiloi `gl skcdds, `s widd `s, tbi pirsag`ddcvis aj e`gy piapdi wctb wbae VH Zadugtiirs wark, cgtir`ht, `gl dcvi.―

\bi stuly jcglcgos cglch`ti tb`t tbi \IJD authaeis wiri `hbcivil. Igodcsb d`gou`oi skcdds`eago stuligts `gl ti`hbirs cepravil `gl tbi ti`hbirs– `ncdctcis ta ri`hb tbicr prajisscag`doa`ds wiri igb`ghil. Ag tbi cglcvclu`d divid, rispagligts ripartil cepravieigts cg tbicr awgd`gou`oi `gl haeeugch`tcag skcdds. \bi e`marcty aj rispagligts ripartil tb`t tbiy wiris`tcsjcil wctb tbi pramiht wark `gl hrilctil tbi prajisscag`dcse aj tbi Zadugtiirs wctb tbisuhhiss aj tbi pramiht.

\bi pramiht authaei cg Hcvch Igo`oieigt w`s p`rtc`ddy `hbcivil . \bi pramiht `hbcivil skcddstr`gsjir jar cglcvclu`d haeeugcty eienirs, `s hdasi ta 26 pirhigt st`til tb`t tbi pramiht b`l niig saeiwb`t ta viry ijjihtcvi cg cghri`scgo tbi h`p`hcty aj haeeugcty eienirs ta t`ki `htcag

cg tbicr haeeugcty. Givirtbidiss, diss tb`g b`dj aj tbi rispagligts gatil tb`t tbi aro`gcz`tcag-divid hb`gois cg hcvch `htcvctcis eit tbicr giils `gl skcdds.

\bi risi`rhbirs haghdulil tb`t tbi —stuly sbaws tbi ijjihts aj tbi Zadugtiirs `ri jidt nyrispagligts jar ` dago tcei `jtir Zadugtiirs di`vi tbicr haeeugctcis. ^ispagligts haudl gatrieienir e`gy lit`cds aj tbi Zadugtiirs– wark, nut tbiy stcdd rieienir `gl usi Igodcsb,`ppra`hbis ta prandie sadutcag [lieagstr`til ny tbi ZadugtiirU, nib`vcar/e`ggirs, ̀ htcvcse,`gl [tbiU dcjistydi t`uobt ny Vi`hi Harps Zadugtiirs. \bi e`marcty aj pasctcvi authaeis aj tbiZadugtiirs– wark cg cgstctutcags `gl haeeugctcis wiri ajtig e`cgt`cgil ny tbi rispagligts `jtirtbi Zadugtiirs– lip`rturi.

—@dd rispagligts `ri cgtiristil cg b`vcgo `gatbir Vi`hi Harps Zadugtiir wark cg tbicrcgstctutcags `o`cg, ` scogcjch`gt [haepdceigtU ta Vi`hi Harps/Ykr`cgi `gl ` ri`d [v`dcl`tcagU ajZadugtiirs– wark.―

\bi avir`dd r`ti aj s`tcsj`htcag `gl tbi avir`dd hb`goi nrauobt ag `s ` risudt tbi wark aj tbiVi`hi Harps Zadugtiirs w`s viry bcob `eago tbi e`marcty aj tbasi cgtirvciwil. Bawivir, ` jiwrispagligts wiri lcss`tcsjcil wctb tbi `nsighi aj suhb hb`gois. \bi dcectil guenir aj hd`ssis `

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HAGHDYXCAGX

V`oi | ?<

Zadugtiir w`s `ddawil ta ti`hb pir wiik `gl tbi d`hk aj cgctc`tcvi ag tbi p`rt aj saeiZadugtiirs wiri cglch`til `s lr`wn`hks.

Jar natb tbi Haugtirp`rt `gl Nigijchc`ry oraups aj rispagligts tbi igtbusc`se aj tbi Zadugtiir`gl tbi prajisscag`d `ppra`hb aj tbi Zadugtiir wiri viry cepart`gt ta nrcgocgo `naut `gl

suppartcgo hb`gois cg Ykr`cgc`gs, tbauob sdcobtdy eari cepart`gt jar tbi haugtirp`rts.

\bi e`marcty aj rispagligts jrae `dd rispagligt oraups jidt tb`t tbi pasctcvi authaeis jrae tbiZadugtiirs– wark cg tbicr cgstctutcags ̀ gl haeeugctcis wcdd ni sust`cgil. Xt`kibadlirs cglch`tiltb`t Vi`hi Harps– wark `gl tr`cgcgo hagtrcnutil ta tbi Ykr`cgc`g aro`gcz`tcags– `ncdcty ta sust`cgtbi \IJD pramiht wark `jtir tbi Zadugtiir di`vis.

@ se`dd partcag aj rispagligts w`s diss aptcecstch tb`t tbi `hbcivil risudts haudl ni juddye`cgt`cgil `jtir tbi Zadugtiirs– lip`rturi. \biy jidt tbi d`hk aj jugls waudl ni `g anst`hdi. Jarix`epdi, wbcdi ` haeeugcty e`y b`vi rihicvil ti`hbcgo ar hd`ssraae e`tirc`ds lurcgo tbi pramiht, tbiri wiri jriquigtdy ga jugls ta upl`ti ar e`cgt`cg tbasi cties `jtir tbi lip`rturi aj

tbi Zadugtiir.

Cg `llctcag ta ` d`hk aj juglcgo, saei s`cl ` d`hk aj dah`d di`lirsbcp stragody riluhil tbisust`cg`ncdcty aj tbi `hbcivil risudts. Ct cs `dsa cepart`gt ta uglirst`gl tb`t rispagligtsrihaogczil tb`t ajtig atbir prcarctcis `gl ` d`hk aj piapdi ta e`cgt`cg tbi hb`gois scogcjch`gtdyriluhil hagtcgucty cg tbi wark cgctc`til ny Zadugtiirs.

\biri `ri ga d`stcgo gio`tcvi ijjihts aj tbi Vi`hi Harps wark  eigtcagil ny `gy rispagligts. Cghagtr`st, agi haeeigt pravclil lurcgo `g cgtirvciw pacgtil aut —tbi d`stcgo ijjihts `gllcjjchudty aj avirhaecgo tbi ‒Xavcit eigt`dcty `gl stiriatypis– ag sust`cgcgo pasctcvi hb`goi cgYkr`cgi.― 

Oa`d > w`s ijjihtcvidy `hbcivil cg Ykr`cgi, `s BHGs wba cgtir`htil wctb Zadugtiirs ripartileari pasctcvi apcgcags aj @eirch`gs. \bi Zadugtiirs wiri hrilctil wctb b`vcgo e`liscogcjch`gt hagtrcnutcags ta cghri`scgo Ykr`cgc`gs– uglirst`glcgo aj @eirch`gs lui ta tbicr l`cdyixpasuri ta @eirch`g dcjistydi, v`duis `gl tr`lctcags.

@s ansirvil ny tbi sigcar risi`rhbir  , —\bi hb`gois cg `ttctuli e`y ni ̀ ttrcnutil ta @eirch`gs,cg p`rtchud`r, tbicr nib`vcar `gl avir`dd `ttctuli.―

\bi Vi`hi Harps wcdd hagtcgui cts ijjarts ta `ssiss cts cep`ht `gl ta usi tbi jcglcgos ta cepraviapir`tcags ̀ gl praor`eecgo.

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V`oi | ?9

@VVIGLCR 0= EI\BALADAOS

Baw _iri tbi Haeeugcty Xctis `gl Cgtirvciw ^ispagligts Xidihtil1

Cg Ykr`cgi, tbi ti`e hagluhtil cgtirvciws `t >6 \IJD Vramiht pd`hieigts. @t i`hb past `riprisigt`tcvi, r`tbir tb`g ` r`glae, s`epdi w`s lr`wg jrae tbi dcst aj Zadugtiir `sscogeigtsscghi >668. Xctis tb`t wiri ixtrieidy rieati wiri ixhdulil. Xtuly sctis wiri r`glaedy sidihtiljrae tbi rie`cgcgo dcst. Cglcvclu`d rispagligts wiri tbig sidihtil cg agi aj tbrii w`ys=

0.  @t e`gy sctis, agdy agi haugtirp`rt b`l warkil wctb ` Zadugtiir. Cg tbasi h`sis, aghitbi scti w`s sidihtil, sa w`s tbi haugtirp`rt.

>.  _ctb rio`rl ta tbi sidihtcag aj nigijchc`rcis `gl bast j`ecdy eienir“`gl cg h`siswbiri eari tb`g agi passcndi haugtirp`rt w`s `v`cd`ndi“past st`jj `gl/ar tbi Zadugtiir prapasil cglcvclu`ds kgawg ta b`vi b`l scogcjch`gt cgvadvieigt cg tbi pramiht ar wctbtbi Zadugtiir. _ctbcg ` bast j`ecdy, tbi pirsag wctb tbi east ixpircighi wctb tbiZadugtiir w`s `skil jar `g cgtirvciw.

8.  Cg h`sis wbiri tbiri wiri stcdd eudtcpdi passcndi rispagligts, tbi risi`rhb ti`e r`glaedysidihtil tbi rispagligts.

Baw _iri L`t` Haddihtil1

\bi risi`rhb quistcags `gl cgtirvciw pratahads wiri liscogil ny AXC^V st`jj `gl rijcgiltbrauob hagsudt`tcags wctb tbi haugtry lcrihtar, past st`jj `gl riocag`d st`jj `t Vi`hiHarps/bi`lqu`rtirs.

@ ti`e aj dah`d cgtirvciwirs, tr`cgil `gl supirvcsil ny ` bast haugtry sigcar risi`rhbirhagtr`htil cg-haugtry, hagluhtil `dd tbi cgtirvciws. \bi cgtirvciwirs hagluhtil j`hi-ta-j`histruhturil cgtirvciws wctb tbi jaddawcgo h`tioarcis aj Ykr`cgc`g g`tcag`ds=

•  Vramiht p`rtgirs/haugtirp`rts= Igodcsb ti`hbirs, lip`rteigt lcrihtars•  Vramiht nigijchc`rcis= Igodcsb ti`hbirs, ti`hbirs aj atbir sunmihts, Igodcsb hdun

eienirs, stuligts•  Bast j`ecdy eienirs= j`ecdcis tb`t bastil ar sirvil `s d`gldarls ta Zadugtiirs lurcgo

`dd ar p`rt aj tbicr sirvchi•  Vramiht st`kibadlirs= riprisigt`tcvis aj tbi Ecgcstry aj Iluh`tcag `gl Xhcighi, ilctar aj

`g Igodcsb d`gou`oi giwsp`pir

Cgtirvciwirs usil wrcttig pratahads spihcjch ta i`hb h`tioary aj rispagligts.

\bi risi`rhb ti`es `dsa rivciwil ixcstcgo pirjare`ghi l`t` rautcgidy ripartil ny pastscg tbi Vramiht Xt`tus ^iparts, `s widd `s tbi risudts aj tbi Vi`hi Harps– @ggu`d ZadugtiirXurviy. Bawivir, tbi risudts prisigtil cg tbcs ripart `ri `deast ixhduscvidy n`sil ag tbicgtirvciw l`t` haddihtil tbrauob tbcs stuly.

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 @VVIGLCR 0= EI\BALADAOS

V`oi | ?:

Agi buglril scxty-agi cglcvclu`ds wiri cgtirvciwil cg Ykr`cgi (\`ndi >) jar tbcs stuly.

\`ndi >= Guenir `gl \ypi aj Bast Haugtry G`tcag`ds Cgtirvciwil= Ykr`cgi

Cgtirvciw \ypi Guenir aj Viapdi Guenir aj XctisVramiht haugtirp`rts

•  D`gou`oi ti`hbirs•  Lcrihtars•  Dcgoucsts•  Xt`jj `t tr`cgcgo

cgstctutcags

:96

Vramiht nigijchc`rcis ?: >6Bast j`ecdy eienirs 0: 06 cg-sirvchi j`ecdcis

: VX\ j`ecdcisVramiht st`kibadlirs < - 

\at`d 0:0 -

_b`t L`t` _iri Haddihtil1

Cgtirvciwirs usil wrcttig pratahads spihcjch ta i`hb h`tioary aj rispagligts. \bihaugtirp`rts `gl nigijchc`rcis wiri `skil quistcags rid`til ta natb Oa`d 0 `gl Oa`d >.Bast j`ecdy eienirs wiri `skil agdy quistcags rid`til ta Oa`d >. \bi h`tioarcishaviril jar i`hb aj tbi tbrii oraups `ri sbawg nidaw (\`ndi 8).

\`ndi 8= Xuee`ry aj Cgtirvciw Puistcags ny ^ispagligt \ypi

^ispagligt

\ypi

Puistcag H`tioarcis @ppraxce`ti

Digotb aj

cgtirvciw

Haugtirp`rt

Xt`kibadlir

quistcags

wiri

`l`ptil jrae tbi

haugtirp`rt

quistcags. 

Oa`d 00.  Hd`rcjch`tcag aj tbi pramiht purpasi>.  ^ispagligt–s wark bcstary cg tbi jcidl `gl wctb tbi

Vi`hi Harps8.  Jriquighy aj hagt`ht wctb tbi Zadugtiir

0.  Xaurhi aj cgjare`tcag `gl apcgcag aj @eirch`gs prcar ta

tbi Vi`hi Harps wark>.  \ypi aj cgjare`tcag di`rgil `naut @eirch`gs jrae

cgtir`htcag wctb tbi Zadugtiir

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V`oi | ??

^ispagligt

\ypi

Puistcag H`tioarcis @ppraxce`ti

Digotb aj

cgtirvciw

8.  Apcgcag aj @eirch`gs `jtir cgtir`htcag wctb tbiZadugtiir

.  Jriquighy aj hagt`ht wctb tbi Zadugtiir8.  Vramiht authaeis `gl s`tcsj`htcag wctb tbi pramiht

0.  Xaurhi aj cgjare`tcag `gl apcgcag aj @eirch`gs prcar ta

tbi Vi`hi Harps wark>.  \ypi aj cgjare`tcag di`rgil `naut @eirch`gs jrae

cgtir`htcag wctb tbi Zadugtiir8.  Apcgcag aj @eirch`gs `jtir cgtir`htcag wctb tbi

Zadugtiir

0.  Xaurhi aj cgjare`tcag `gl apcgcag aj @eirch`gs prcar ta

tbi Vi`hi Harps wark>.  \ypi aj cgjare`tcag di`rgil `naut @eirch`gs jrae

cgtir`htcag wctb tbi Zadugtiir8.  Apcgcag aj @eirch`gs `jtir cgtir`htcag wctb tbi

Zadugtiir

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 @VVIGLCR >= EI\BALADAOS J^AE \BI BAX\

HAYG\^S ^IXI@^HB \I@E

V`oi | ?3

vccc. Haeeugch`ti tbi st`tus aj tbi pramiht ta tbi Vraor`e `gl \r`cgcgo Ajjchir ag `rioud`r n`scs.

cx.  Hagluht kiy cgjare`gt cgtirvciws wctb Ykr`cgc`g oavirgeigt `gl kiy GOAajjchc`ds `s cligtcjcil ny tbi Vi`hi Harps/Ykr`cgi st`jj.

x.  Igtir `dd cgtirvciw l`t` cgta ` win-n`sil l`t` igtry systie ta ni pravclil ny

Vi`hi Harps/Ykr`cgi. L`t` wcdd ni igtiril cg natb tbi d`gou`oi aj tbi cgtirvciw(Ykr`cgc`g) ̀ gl tr`gsd`til cgta Igodcsb.

xc.  Vraluhi ` pramiht ripart cg natb Igodcsb `gl Ykr`cgc`g.

\bi eitbaladaoch`d `ppra`hb jar tbi surviy w`s prce`rcdy pravclil ny tbi Vi`hi Harps`gl w`s lit`cdil lurcgo tbi cgctc`d st`oi aj tbi stuly cepdieigt`tcag `gl tr`cgcgo aj basthaugtry g`tcag`d cgtirvciwirs. \bi cgjare`tcag ag tbi cep`ht aj Vi`hi Harps w`so`tbiril ny tbi hagtr`htar, prce`rcdy tbrauob cgtirvciws wctb piapdi wba b`vi dcvil `glwarkil wctb Vi`hi Harps Zadugtiirs. V`rtchud`rdy, tbi jaddawcgo oraups b`vi niigcgtirvciwil=

0. 

Bast Haugty G`tcag`d shbaad/ugcvirscty-n`sil haugtirp`rts (ti`e ti`hbirs, shbaad`lecgcstr`tars, ti`hbir supirvcsars, ith.)

>.  BHG nigijchc`rcis aj Vi`hi Harps pramihts (stuligts aj hd`ssis t`uobt ar ti`et`uobt ny VHZ, `s widd `s `ttigliis `t h`eps ar ivigts)

8.  Bast j`ecdy eienirs

), tbi bast haugtry cglcvclu`ds wba cgtir`ht wctbVHZs wiri sidihtil jar cgtirvciws. \bi bi`lqu`rtirs `gl past st`jj e`li tbi cgctc`dsidihtcag aj stuly sctis. Vi`hi Harps/bi`lqu`rtirs st`jj hri`til ` l`t` jcdi hagt`cgcgo `ddVHZ `sscogeigts jar tbi past scghi >666 pirhigt aj tbi sctis wiri hbasig jar tbi stuly. \bi >6 sctis wiri oiaor`pbch`ddy spri`ltbrauobaut Ykr`cgi. @ppraxce`tidy tbrii ta scx piapdi wiri cgtirvciwil pir scti. \birisi`rhb ti`e `gl bast haugtry g`tcag`d cgtirvciwirs hagt`htil spihcjch cglcvclu`ds pravclil ny Vi`hi Harps/Ykr`cgi `gl cligtcjcil eari cglcvclu`ds ta ni cgtirvciwil wbiggiilil.

L`t` Haddihtcag Eitbals, Xaurhis, `gl Cgstrueigts

Eitbals aj l`t` haddihtcag cghdulil ` rivciw aj lahueigts `gl cglcvclu`d cgtirvciwswctb riprisigt`tcvis aj jaur t`roit oraups. \bi stuly ridcil prce`rcdy ag cg-liptb, j`hi-ta-j`hi cgtirvciws wctb cglcvclu`ds wba b`l warkil ar dcvil wctb ` VHZ. Cgtirvciws wirisidihtil `s tbi prce`ry eitbal ta haddiht tbi l`t` nih`usi tbiy `ri widd suctil tao`tbircgo cgjare`tcag `naut `ttctulis, `w`rigiss, `gl pirhiptcags. Cgtirvciws `ri `dsaixhiddigt taads jar o`tbircgo cgjare`tcag ̀ naut oigir`d kgawdiloi ̀ gl nib`vcars.

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 @VVIGLCR >= EI\BALADAOS J^AE \BI BAX\

HAYG\^S ^IXI@^HB \I@E

V`oi | 26

Cg `llctcag ta tbi cgjare`tcag o`tbiril tbrauob tbi cgtirvciws, tbi jaddawcgo sihagl`ryl`t` w`s pravclil ny Vi`hi Harps `gl rivciwil lurcgo l`t` `g`dyscs=

•  Vi`hi Harps lahueigts• 

\IJD Vramiht lahueigts•  Bast Haugtry Cep`ht stuly riparts jrae atbir haugtrcis•  ^ipart igtctdil, —@ssisscgo tbi Cep`ht aj Vi`hi Harps= @ H`si Xtuly cg Ykr`cgi

(>662).―

Vi`hi Harps pravclil HHH wctb lr`jt quistcagg`cris jar i`hb t`roit oraup, wbchb wiritistil `gl upl`til `jtir hagsudt`tcag wctb tbi risi`rhb ti`e `gl tbi bast haugtry g`tcag`dcgtirvciwirs lurcgo tr`cgcgo. \bi cgtirvciwir b`l `g appartugcty ta t`cdar bcs ar birjaddaw-up quistcags `gl pranis ta tbi spihcjch rispagligt `gl o`tbir cgjare`tcag cg eariliptb tb`g waudl ni tbi h`si wctb ` st`gl`rl quistcagg`cri.

Bast haugtry cglcvclu`ds wiri cgtirvciwil uscgo tbi cgtirvciw oucli spihcjch ta i`hbh`tioary aj rispagligt. \bi cgtirvciw oucli hagscstil aj sivir`d p`rts tb`t cghdulilcgtirvciw cgtraluhtcag, hagjcre`tary ̀ gl ixpdar`tary quistcags, quistcags ̀ naut tbi pramiht wark `gl `naut rispagligts– uglirst`glcgo aj @eirch`gs, `gl tb`gkcgo p`rtchcp`gts. Cg oigir`d, i`hb cgtirvciw d`stil 86-36 ecgutis.

L`t` @g`dyscs

\bi surviy l`t` wiri tr`gsd`til cgta Igodcsb `gl igtiril cgta tbi L`tXt`t agdcgi systie pravclil ny Vi`hi Harps. D`tir tbi igtiril l`t` wiri hagvirtil ta `g Ixhid jcdi tb`t w`ssigt ta tbi HHH. L`t` `g`dysis wiri hagluhtil `hharlcgo ta tbi rispagligt oraup

jcglcgos `gl tbig oraupil `hharlcgo ta i`hb iv`du`tcag quistcag. \bi rispagligts wirisiorio`til cgta jaur oraups= haugtirp`rts, nigijchc`rcis, bast j`ecdy eienirs, ̀ glst`kibadlirs. \bi `g`dyscs w`s jahusil ag haencgcgo scecd`r jcglcgos `gl prisigtcgotbasi cg `hharl`ghi wctb tbi iv`du`tcag quistcags.

Xtuly \i`e

\bi iv`du`tcag ti`e hagscstil aj ` sigcar risi`rhbir `gl ` risi`rhb e`g`oir. \ig dah`dcgtirvciwirs wiri rispagscndi jar hagluhtcgo cgtirvciws wctb tbi e`cg nigijchc`ryoraups. Jaur piapdi wiri bcril ta igtir l`t` cgta tbi agdcgi L`tXt`t systie. \bi sigcarrisi`rhbir `gl risi`rhb e`g`oir supirvcsil tbi jcidl cgtirvciws `gl hagluhtil

cgtirvciws wctb kiy st`kibadlirs. @dd l`t` `g`dyscs `gl lividapeigt aj tbi surviy ripartswiri j`hcdct`til ny tbi sigcar risi`rhbir.

Xtuly Dcect`tcags

\bi jaddawcgo iv`du`tcag dcect`tcags wiri oigir`til ny Vi`hi Harps, `gl wirihagscliril wbig cgtirpritcgo tbi stuly risudts=

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HAYG\^S ^IXI@^HB \I@E

Nc`s lui ta rispagligt eieary ar wcddcgogiss ta ripart= \a tbi ixtigt passcndi, tbicgtirvciw l`t` o`tbiril w`s haep`ril ta VHZs– rispagsis rio`rlcgo tbi ixtigt ta wbchbZadugtiirs tbauobt tbiy bidpil BHGs ta o`cg ` nittir uglirst`glcgo aj @eirch`gs._biri passcndi, rispagligt cgjare`tcag `naut baw `gl wbitbir tbiy tbauobt tb`t tbiVHZ `jjihtil tbicr uglirst`glcgo aj @eirch`gs `gl atbirs w`s haep`ril wctbcg

sunoraups aj rid`til rispagligts ̀ gl ix`ecgil jar trigls.

Ei`surieigt aj nra`l haghipts= \bi haghipts aj eiitcgo bast haugtry giils `gl praeatcgo ̀ nittir uglirst`glcgo aj @eirch`gs `ri sa nra`l tb`t tbiy la gat b`vist`gl`rl lijcgctcags. Jurtbir, tbiri `ri ga ugcvirs`ddy `hhiptil v`dcl `gl ridc`ndiei`suris aj tbisi haghipts. @s ` risudt, tbi l`t` o`tbiril tbrauob tbisi cgtirvciws csixpdar`tary r`tbir tb`g hagjcre`tary.

Ei`surcgo sbart-tire authaeis= Hb`gois cg `ttctulis, kgawdiloi, `gl `w`rigiss `ritypch`ddy sbart-tire pramiht authaeis. Hb`gois cg nib`vcars `gl pr`htchis e`y nicgtireilc`ti authaeis. \bisi cgtirvciws e`li ct passcndi ta o`tbir cgjare`tcag `naut

`ttctuli, `w`rigiss, `gl kgawdiloi hb`gois (c.i., sbart-tire authaeis) rid`til ta natbstr`tioch oa`ds.

Dcectil `v`cd`ncdcty aj haugtirp`rts, nigijchc`rcis, ar bast j`ecdy eienirs. \biriwiri saei lcjjchudtcis cg jcglcgo bast j`ecdy eienirs `s saei VHZs dcvil cg rigtillaechcdis. Cg suhb h`sis, d`gldarls wiri cgtirvciwil.

Cg `llctcag ta tbi `jarieigtcagil, tbi jaddawcgo tihbgch`d dcect`tcags wiri `dsa rivi`dillurcgo tbi prip`r`tcag, jcidl wark, `gl l`t` `g`dyscs st`ois `gl hagscliril `hharlcgody.

Anmihtcvcty aj rispagligts– muloeigt= \bi cgtirvciw ouclis jar `dd tbi rispagligt

oraups hagt`cgs haep`r`tcvi quistcags, `s widd `s, quistcags `naut tbi rispagligts–uglirst`glcgo aj @eirch`gs nijari warkcgo/dcvcgo wctb VHZs. \bi cgtirvciw prahisssbawil tb`t rispagligts j`hil lcjjchudtcis `gswircgo tbcs kcgl aj quistcag, scghi cg easth`sis tbi ixpircighi aj warkcgo wctb ` VHZ b`s b`l ` scogcjch`gt cgjduighi ag tbi basthaugtry cglcvclu`ds– ecglsits. _bcdi cgtirpritcgo tbi l`t`, tbi iv`du`tcag ti`e taak tbcs nc`s uglir hagsclir`tcag wbig pravclcgo `g iv`du`tcag aj tbi jcglcgos.